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The Hippocratic Oath proclaims: “I will keep [the sick] from harm and injustice. I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody who asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to this effect.” This is an essential precept for a flourishing civil society. No one, especially a doctor, should be permitted to kill intentionally, or assist in killing intentionally, an innocent neighbor.
Human life need not be extended by every medical means possible, but a person should never be intentionally killed. Doctors may help their patients to die a dignified death from natural causes, but they should not kill their patients or help them to kill themselves. This is the reality that such euphemisms as “death with dignity” and “aid in dying” seek to conceal.
In 2015, at least 18 state legislatures and the District of Columbia are considering whether to allow physician-assisted suicide (PAS). Legalizing physician-assisted suicide, however, would be a grave mistake because it would:
- Endanger the weak and vulnerable,
- Corrupt the practice of medicine and the doctor–patient relationship,
- Compromise the family and intergenerational commitments, and
- Betray human dignity and equality before the law.
First, PAS endangers the weak and marginalized in society. Where it has been allowed, safeguards purporting to minimize this risk have proved to be inadequate and have often been watered down or eliminated over time. People who deserve society’s assistance are instead offered accelerated death.
Second, PAS changes the culture in which medicine is practiced. It corrupts the profession of medicine by permitting the tools of healing to be used as techniques for killing. By the same token, PAS threatens to fundamentally distort the doctor–patient relationship because it reduces patients’ trust of doctors and doctors’ undivided commitment to the life and health of their patients. Moreover, the option of PAS would provide perverse incentives for insurance providers and the public and private financing of health care. Physician-assisted suicide offers a cheap, quick fix in a world of increasingly scarce health care resources.
Third, PAS would harm our entire culture, especially our family and intergenerational obligations. The temptation to view elderly or disabled family members as burdens will increase, as will the temptation for those family members to internalize this attitude and view themselves as burdens. Physician-assisted suicide undermines social solidarity and true compassion.
Fourth, PAS’s most profound injustice is that it violates human dignity and denies equality before the law. Every human being has intrinsic dignity and immeasurable worth. For our legal system to be coherent and just, the law must respect this dignity in everyone. It does so by taking all reasonable steps to prevent the innocent, of any age or condition, from being devalued and killed. Classifying a subgroup of people as legally eligible to be killed violates our nation’s commitment to equality before the law—showing profound disrespect for and callousness to those who will be judged to have lives no longer “worth living,” not least the frail elderly, the demented, and the disabled. No natural right to PAS exists, and arguments for such a right are incoherent: A legal system that allows assisted suicide abandons the natural right to life of all its citizens.
Instead of embracing PAS, we should respond to suffering with true compassion and solidarity. People seeking PAS typically suffer from depression or other mental illnesses, as well as simply from loneliness. Instead of helping them to kill themselves, we should offer them appropriate medical care and human presence. For those in physical pain, pain management and other palliative medicine can manage their symptoms effectively. For those for whom death is imminent, hospice care and fellowship can accompany them in their last days. Anything less falls short of what human dignity requires. The real challenge facing society is to make quality end-of-life care available to all.
Doctors should help their patients to die a dignified death of natural causes, not assist in killing. Physicians are always to care, never to kill. They properly seek to alleviate suffering, and it is reasonable to withhold or withdraw medical interventions that are not worthwhile. However, to judge that a patient’s life is not worthwhile and deliberately hasten his or her end is another thing altogether.
Citizens and policymakers need to resist the push by pressure groups, academic elites, and the media to sanction PAS. Recent experience with PAS both in the United States and in Europe suggests how problematic it is.
Endangering the Weak and Marginalized
To understand how PAS endangers the weak and marginalized, one must understand what PAS entails and where it leads. With PAS, a doctor prescribes the deadly drug, but the patient self-administers it. While most activists in the United States publicly call only for PAS, they have historically advocated not only PAS, but also euthanasia: the intentional killing of the patient by a doctor.
This is not surprising: The arguments for PAS are equally arguments for euthanasia. Neil Gorsuch, currently a federal judge, points out that some contemporary activists fault the movement for not being honest about where its arguments lead. He notes that legal theorist and New York University School of Law Professor Richard Epstein “has charged his fellow assisted suicide advocates who fail to endorse the legalization of euthanasia openly and explicitly with a ‘certain lack of courage.’”
The logic of assisted suicide leads to euthanasia because if “compassion” demands that some patients be helped to kill themselves, it makes little sense to claim that only those who are capable of self-administering the deadly drugs be given this option. Should not those who are too disabled to kill themselves have their suffering ended by a lethal injection?
And what of those who are too disabled to request that their suffering be ended, such as infants or the demented? Why should they be denied the “benefit” of a hastened death? Does not “compassion” provide an even more compelling reason for a doctor to provide this release from suffering and indignity? As Professor John Keown points out:
If compassion justified us in giving a lethal prescription to a terminally ill patient on request to end their suffering, it would equally justify us in giving them a lethal injection, particularly if they were physically unable to commit suicide. It would also justify us in giving a lethal injection to a terminally ill patient who was incapable of making a request.
Judge Gorsuch notes that for the Dutch, “it is the physician’s assessment of the patient’s quality of life as ‘degrading’ or ‘deteriorating’ or ‘hopeless’ that stands as the ultimate justification for killing.”
Although the Supreme Court of the United States has ruled in two unanimous decisions that there is no constitutional right to PAS, three states permit it by statute: Oregon, Washington, and Vermont. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia are allowed in three European countries—the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg—and Switzerland allows assisted suicide.
The evidence from these jurisdictions, particularly the Netherlands, which has over 30 years of experience, suggests that safeguards to ensure effective control have proved inadequate. In the Netherlands, several official, government-sponsored surveys have disclosed both that in thousands of cases, doctors have intentionally administered lethal injections to patients without a request and that in thousands of cases, they have failed to report cases to the authorities.
Physician-Assisted Suicide Will Most Threaten the Weak and Marginalized. Physician-assisted suicide will most threaten the weak and marginalized because of the cultural pressures and economic incentives that will drive it. The New York State Task Force on Life and the Law, established by Governor Mario Cuomo, explained in its report:
The Task Force members unanimously concluded that legalizing assisted suicide and euthanasia would pose profound risks to many patients.…
… The practices will pose the greatest risks to those who are poor, elderly, members of a minority group, or without access to good medical care.…
… The clinical safeguards that have been proposed to prevent abuse and errors would not be realized in many cases.
Dr. Paul McHugh, University Distinguished Service Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Psychiatrist-in-Chief at Johns Hopkins Hospital from 1975 to 2001, highlights that “with physician-assisted suicide, many people—some not terminally ill, but instead demoralized, depressed and bewildered—die before their time.” This sad reality led Dr. Leon Kass—a medical doctor, philosopher, and former chairman of the President’s Council on Bioethics—to explain that physician-assisted suicide “is, in fact, the state’s abdication of its duty to protect innocent life and its abandonment especially of the old, the weak, and the poor.”
The people most likely to be assisted by a physician in their suicide are suffering not simply from terminal illness, but also from depression, mental illness, loneliness, and despair. “Researchers have found hopelessness, which is strongly correlated with depression, to be the factor that most significantly predicts the wish for death,” write Dr. Herbert Hendin, Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science at New York Medical College and Chief Executive Officer and Medical Director of Suicide Prevention Initiatives, and Dr. Kathleen Foley, Professor of Neurology at Cornell University’s medical school and attending neurologist, pain and palliative care services, at Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center. As Dr. Hendin reports:
Mental illness raises the suicide risk even more than physical illness. Nearly 95 percent of those who kill themselves have been shown to have a diagnosable psychiatric illness in the months preceding suicide. The majority suffer from depression that can be treated. This is particularly true of those over fifty, who are more prone than younger victims to take their lives during the type of acute depressive episode that responds most effectively to treatment.
From their decades of professional medical practice, Drs. Hendin and Foley report that when patients who ask for a physician’s assistance in suicide “are treated by a physician who can hear their desperation, understand the ambivalence that most feel about their request, treat their depression, and relieve their suffering, their wish to die usually disappears.” They conclude: “Patients requesting suicide need psychiatric evaluation to determine whether they are seriously depressed, mentally incompetent, or for whatever reason do not meet the criteria for assisted suicide.”
Yet only five of the 178 Oregon patients who died under the Oregon assisted suicide laws in 2013 and 2014 were referred for any psychiatric or psychological evaluation. Remarkably, patients were referred for psychiatric evaluation in less than 5.5 percent of the 859 cases of assisted suicide reported in Oregon since its law went into effect in 1997. “This constitutes medical negligence,” writes Dr. Aaron Kheriaty, Associate Professor of Psychiatry at U.C. Irvine School of Medicine. Dr. Kheriaty concludes, “To abandon suicidal individuals in the midst of a crisis—under the guise of respecting their autonomy—is socially irresponsible: It undermines sound medical ethics and erodes social solidarity.”
Regrettably, even in jurisdictions that require a doctor to mention palliative care and hospice alternatives before proceeding with assisted suicide, the doctors need not be experts. Drs. Hendin and Foley point out:
They are not required, however, to be knowledgeable about how to relieve physical or emotional suffering in terminally ill patients. Without such knowledge, which most physicians do not have, they cannot present or make feasible alternatives available. Nor in the absence of such knowledge are they required to refer the patient to a physician with expertise in palliative care.
The Legal Protections in Physician-Assisted Suicide Are Ineffective. Even if one were to accept an argument for PAS on the basis of autonomy and compassion, one would be forced to conclude that neither value is sufficiently protected in laws that have been enacted in several states and in current bills that would authorize it in additional jurisdictions. One of the greatest concerns is that autonomy will be violated and people pressured or coerced into killing themselves.
The District of Columbia’s Death With Dignity Act of 2015 would authorize physicians to prescribe deadly drugs to patients. This act is substantially similar to the laws passed in Oregon, Washington, and Vermont and others pending in various jurisdictions. None of the purported protections offered in the bill are sufficient; the experience with PAS to date shows that all will prove ineffective. Professor Alexander Capron, a leading health lawyer, has concluded that the Oregon safeguards are “largely illusory.” So, too, are those in the D.C. proposal.
The D.C. bill states that to receive a physician’s assistance in suicide, the patient must make two oral requests, separated by 15 days, to a physician of the patient’s choice. Before the second request, the patient must also make a written request, no less than 48 hours before the lethal drugs are prescribed or provided. This written request must be witnessed by two individuals, neither of whom may be the physician and only one of whom may be related to the patient, stand to inherit upon the patient’s death, or be an owner or employee of a health care facility where the patient is residing. The witnesses must attest that the patient is capable and acting voluntarily.
Likewise, the chosen physician must judge the patient to be capable and acting voluntarily and that the patient will likely die within six months. Then the physician refers the patient to a consulting physician who must verify these judgments.
Despite the purported safeguards, this system is ripe for abuse. One of the witnesses may be a family member with a financial or emotional incentive to see the patient die, and the other may simply be a friend willing to affirm that judgment. Patients or their more powerful guardians could shop around for a doctor who is willing to make the judgment that they are capable, acting freely, and likely to die within six months.
Moreover, the bill does not specify whether death need be likely with medical treatment or without. As a team of physicians has noted, “Deciding who should be counted as ‘terminally ill’ will pose such severe difficulties that it seems untenable as a criterion for permitting physician-assisted suicide.”
Of course, there is no reason to assume that all doctors will seek to make a serious diagnosis, because a patient can shop around for a compliant physician. Richard Doerflinger notes that Compassion and Choices (C&C), formerly known as the Hemlock Society and one of the advocacy groups pushing for assisted suicide laws nationwide, keeps a list of “friendly” doctors:
The doctors who declare patients qualified for assisted suicide are not randomly selected. C&C has boasted of its direct involvement in the vast majority of such cases in Oregon, as it has its own list of doctors who are willing and able to get patients around any pesky “safeguards.” If the patient’s own physician, or the next physician, discovers a disorder such as depression, the patient can simply shop around to find one who won’t care (or just call C&C in the first place).
Such shopping around for doctors claimed the life of Helen, a woman in Oregon. Judge Gorsuch recounts:
Helen was a breast cancer patient in her mid-eighties when the Oregon law went into effect. Helen’s regular physician refused to assist in her suicide; a second doctor was consulted but also refused, on the stated ground that Helen was depressed. At that point, Helen’s husband called Compassion in Dying. The medical director of the group spoke with Helen and later explained that Helen was “frustrated and crying because she felt powerless.” Helen was not, however, bedridden or in great pain…. The Compassion in Dying employee recommended a physician to Helen. That physician, in turn, referred Helen to a specialist (whose specialty is unknown), as well as to a psychiatrist who met Helen only once. A lethal prescription was then supplied.
Remarkably, the D.C. bill provides explicit protections for doctors to engage in such judgments by providing immunity from liabilities: “No person shall be subject to civil or criminal liability or professional disciplinary action for: (A) Participating in good faith compliance with this act.” Doerflinger explains:
“Good faith” is the loosest of legal standards, much weaker than the negligence standard physicians are generally held to. Instead of meeting the objective standards for what doctors should know, a doctor need only say that he sincerely didn’t know that he failed to live up to them.
The political left is ordinarily quite opposed to tort reform or medical malpractice limitations, yet here they explicitly support them. Doerflinger concludes:
So, in a matter of literal life and death, standards are much lower than anywhere else in law or medicine. You’re likely to be seen as terminal (hence a candidate for assisted suicide) if the doctor feels that you are, or thinks that you could become so without treatment. If you take the lethal drugs in a few weeks based on that prediction, there is, of course, no chance to prove him wrong.
Judge Gorsuch echoes this concern:
[I]t is also rather remarkable that, while physicians in Oregon are held to a standard of professional competence in administering all other treatments they provide, the Oregon assisted suicide statute creates an entirely different regime when it comes to administering this “treatment,” specifically and uniquely immunizing doctors from criminal prosecution, civil liability, or even professional discipline for any actions they take in assisting a suicide, as long as they act in “good faith.” Thus, while a doctor may be found liable for mere negligence in any other operation or procedure, there is no recourse for family members when a doctor kills a patient even on the basis of gross negligence by misdiagnosing the patient as terminal or by misassessing the patient as competent.
The disability-rights group Not Dead Yet agrees:
[I]t cannot be seriously maintained that assisted suicide laws can or do limit assisted suicide to people who are imminently dying, and voluntarily request and consume a lethal dose, free of inappropriate pressures from family or society. Rather, assisted suicide laws ensure legal immunity for physicians who already devalue the lives of older and disabled people and have significant economic incentives to at least agree with their suicides, if not encourage them, or worse.
Moreover, there are no protections relating to the time when the lethal drugs are taken. Once the requirements are met, a doctor may prescribe the deadly drugs and send the patient home to self-administer them. The D.C. bill, like the state bills, provides no safeguards to ensure that the patient is mentally competent when he or she takes the drugs and is not being pressured to do so. The lack of any legal protections ensuring autonomy at the time the lethal choice is made led Judge Gorsuch to ask: “How does it serve the putative goal of autonomous patient decision making to set up a regime that allows people to commit suicide without considering whether they are, in fact, acting freely, competently, and autonomously at the time of suicide?”
In sum, a family member or friend who might benefit financially from the death of a patient may act as a witness that the patient is voluntarily requesting the lethal prescription, and doctors who support the ideology of death and have never before met the patient (or the patient’s family) can judge the patient to be “qualified” under the law. Finally, at the time of administering the deadly drug, there are no safeguards to ensure voluntariness or competence or to guard against coercion. Such a measure woefully fails to protect autonomy.
The World’s Experience with Physician-Assisted Suicide Laws Confirms the Lethal Logic. While many assisted suicide laws attempt to limit PAS eligibility to the terminally ill, and while many laws attempt to provide protections ensuring autonomous consent, the experience of countries with PAS and euthanasia suggests that safeguards fail to ensure effective control.
In 1989, while teaching law and medical ethics at the University of Cambridge, Professor John Keown began to investigate PAS and euthanasia in the Netherlands. He found that key Dutch guidelines, such as requiring an explicit request from the patient, have long been widely violated with virtual impunity. He pointed out that the first of several official surveys conducted by the Dutch found that in 1990, “the total number of life-shortening acts and omissions where the doctor’s primary intention … was to kill, and which are therefore indubitably euthanasiast, is 10,558.”
Shockingly, the majority of these cases were nonvoluntary. Oxford legal scholar John Finnis, commenting on the Dutch data, remarks: “[W]ell over half … were without any explicit request. In the United States that would be over 235,000 unrequested medically accelerated deaths per annum.” In 2013, 1.7 percent (1,807 patients) of all deaths in Belgium were due to euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. A 2010 study discovered that 66 of 208 identified deaths in Belgium were administered without an explicit patient request.
Keown confirms that “the undisputed empirical evidence from the Netherlands and Belgium shows widespread breach of the safeguards, not least the sizeable incidence of non-voluntary euthanasia and of non-reporting.” In October of 2013, three judges of the High Court of Ireland voiced the same concern: “[T]he incidence of legally assisted death without explicit request in the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland is strikingly high.” And the numbers of those assisted in committed suicide keep growing.
Part of the reason for these troubling statistics is that any purported legal safeguards can be and have been abused, and over time the logic of a “right to die” is extended to ever-wider groups of patients, including the incompetent. Keown describes the logic of PAS as based on judging some lives as unworthy of life:
Once a doctor is prepared to make such a judgment in the case of [a] patient capable of requesting death, the judgment can, logically, equally be made in the case of a patient incapable of requesting death.… If a doctor thinks death would benefit the patient, why should the doctor deny the patient that benefit merely because the patient is incapable of asking for it?… The logical “slippery slope” argument is unanswerable.
Dr. Ezekiel Emanuel, writing in the Atlantic Monthly, affirms that this is the lesson to take from the Netherlands and that proposed American PAS laws cannot avoid the same outcome:
The Netherlands studies fail to demonstrate that permitting physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia will not lead to the nonvoluntary euthanasia of children, the demented, the mentally ill, the old, and others. Indeed, the persistence of abuse and the violation of safeguards, despite publicity and condemnation, suggest that the feared consequences of legalization are exactly its inherent consequences.
In 1996, two doctors prosecuted in the Netherlands for the nonvoluntary euthanasia of disabled infants were acquitted when they argued medical necessity. The Dutch courts simply followed the inexorable logic that drives the case for PAS and voluntary euthanasia to a new extent. If necessity justifies ending the life of a suffering patient who requests it, it equally justifies ending the life of a suffering patient who cannot request it. Dutch pediatricians have now devised a protocol for infanticide.
A 2005 study in the New England Journal of Medicine recorded that in the previous seven years, 22 cases of infant euthanasia were reported in the Netherlands. A 2013 Netherlands commission on euthanasia argued that as many as 650 infants per year should be eligible for euthanasia on the basis of the children’s diagnosis as “babies who in spite of very intensive treatment are certain to die in the short term, babies with a poor prognosis and very poor expected quality of life, or babies who are not dependent on intensive treatment but who face a life of severe suffering with no prospect of improvement.” The U.N. Human Rights Committee formally condemned this Dutch infanticide: “The Committee is gravely concerned at reports that new-born handicapped infants have had their lives ended by medical personnel.”
In March 2014, Belgium became the first country to legislatively allow doctors to euthanize “consenting” minors, despite the objections of 160 physicians. In an open letter, these doctors argued that legalization without age restriction was unnecessary, as palliative care is sufficient, and the bill would create excessive pressure on both children and parents to choose premature death. Nevertheless, Belgium went forward and removed the age restrictions.
Diagnoses of disability are now considered sufficient grounds for death. In December 2012, Marc and Eddy Verbessem, 45-year-old deaf twins, were euthanized in a Belgian hospital after they discovered they were going blind. Nancy Verhelst, a 44-year-old transsexual Belgian whose doctors made mistakes in three sex change operations, was left feeling as though she was a “monster.” She then requested—and was granted—euthanasia by lethal injection.
In the Netherlands, the euthanized include Ann G., a 44-year-old woman whose only ailment was chronic anorexia. In the beginning of 2013, Dutch doctors administered a lethal injection to a 70-year-old blind woman because she said the loss of sight constituted “unbearable suffering.” In early 2015, a 47-year-old divorced mother of two suffering from tinnitus, a loud ringing in the ears, was granted physician-assisted suicide in the Netherlands. She left behind a 13-year-old son and a 15-year-old daughter. Gerty Casteelen was a 54-year-old psychiatric patient with molysomophobia, a fear of dirt or contamination. Her doctors decided that she would not be able to control her fear and agreed to administer a lethal injection.
Corrupting the Practice of Medicine
Physician-assisted suicide threatens to:
- Corrupt the culture in which medicine is practiced;
- Corrupt the profession of medicine by permitting the tools of healing to be used as a technique for killing;
- Fundamentally distort the doctor–patient relationship, greatly reducing patients’ trust of doctors and doctors’ undivided commitment to the healing of their patients; and
- Create perverse incentives for insurance providers and the financing of health care.
Physician-Assisted Suicide Corrupts the Profession of Medicine. The heart of medicine is healing. Doctors cannot heal by assisting patients to kill themselves or by killing them. They rightly seek to eliminate disease and alleviate pain and suffering. They may not, however, seek to eliminate the patient. Allowing doctors to assist in killing threatens to fundamentally corrupt the defining goal of the profession of medicine.
In testimony before the U.S. House of Representatives, Dr. Kass elaborated on this point:
The legalization of physician-assisted suicide will pervert the medical profession by transforming the healer of human beings into a technical dispenser of death. For over two millennia the medical ethic, mindful that power to cure is also power to kill, has held as an inviolable rule, “Doctors must not kill.”
Dr. Paul McHugh agrees that this inviolable rule is essential to the practice of medicine:
Since ancient Greece physicians have been tempted to help desperate patients kill themselves, and many of those Greek doctors must have done so. But even then the best rejected such actions as unworthy and, as the Hippocratic Oath insists, contrary to the physician’s purpose of “benefiting the sick.”
For this reason, the American Medical Association (AMA) code of ethics rejects physician-assisted suicide. The AMA states: “Physician-assisted suicide is fundamentally incompatible with the physician’s role as healer.” As law professor O. Carter Snead notes, dozens of professional associations and groups representing vulnerable persons oppose physician-assisted suicide, including the:
- American Medical Association,
- World Health Organization,
- American Nurses Association,
- American Association of Critical-Care Nurses,
- Hospice Nurses Association,
- Oncology Nurses Society,
- American Osteopathic Association,
- American Psychiatric Association,
- American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine,
- American Academy of Pain Management,
- American Academy of Pain Medicine,
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons,
- American Academy of Physical Medicine,
- Society of Critical Care Medicine,
- American Academy of Neurology,
- American Neurological Association,
- American Society of Anesthesiologists,
- American Society of Clinical Pathologists,
- College of American Pathologists,
- American Society of Abdominal Surgeons,
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists,
- Society of Medical Consultants to the Armed Forces,
- American Institute of Life Threatening Illness and Loss,
- Massachusetts Medical Society,
- Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund,
- American Disabled for Attendant Programs Today,
- American Association of People with Disabilities,
- Association of Programs for Rural Independent Living,
- Justice for All,
- National Council on Disability,
- National Council on Independent Living,
- National Spinal Cord Injury Association,
- Not Dead Yet,
- World Association of Persons with Disabilities, and
- World Institute on Disability.
Practicing medicine is a not a morally neutral act of mere technical skill. Physicians do not practice medicine simply to fulfil the desires of consumer-patients, whatever those desires may be. Rather, medicine is a profession governed by its core commitment to healing patients. Dr. Kass explains that professionals profess their devotion to the purposes they serve and the ideals to which they look. Teachers are devoted to learning, lawyers to justice, clergy to things divine, and “the physician devotes himself to healing the sick, looking up to health and wholeness.” Dr. Kass adds: “Healing is thus the central core of medicine: to heal, to make whole, is the doctor’s primary business.”
Killing is incompatible with caring. Dr. Kass explains: “Can wholeness and healing ever be compatible with intentionally killing the patient? Can one benefit the patient as a whole by making him dead?… ‘Better off dead’ is logical nonsense.” Indeed, “to bring nothingness is incompatible with serving wholeness: one cannot heal—or comfort—by making nil. The healer cannot annihilate if he is truly to heal. The boundary condition, ‘No deadly drugs,’ flows directly from the center, ‘Make whole.’”
Dr. McHugh illustrates what happens when this boundary is crossed: “Once doctors agree to assist a person’s suicide, ultimately they find it difficult to reject anyone who seeks their services. The killing of patients by doctors spreads to encompass many treatable but mentally troubled individuals, as seen today in the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland.” Disability groups note that “numerous studies have demonstrated that physicians underestimate the quality of life of people with disabilities compared to our own assessments.”
Physician-Assisted Suicide Distorts the Doctor–Patient Relationship. Physician-assisted suicide will not only corrupt the professionals who practice medicine, but also affect the patients because it threatens to fundamentally distort the doctor–patient relationship, greatly reducing patients’ trust of doctors and doctors’ undivided commitment to the healing of their patients.
Our laws shape our culture, and our culture shapes our beliefs, which in turn shape our behaviors. The laws governing medical treatments will shape the way that doctors behave and thus shape the doctor–patient relationship. Legal philosopher John Finnis explains how a change in the law will lead to a change of heart on the part of doctors:
Now change the law and the professional ethic. Killing with intent becomes a routine management option. Oh yes, there are restrictions, guidelines, paperwork. Well meant. Not utterly irrelevant. But as nothing compared with our doctors’ change in heart, professional formation, and conscience.
On this point, Dr. Kass agrees:
Won’t it be tempting to think that death is the best treatment for the little old lady “dumped” again on the emergency room by the nearby nursing home? Even the most humane and conscientious physician psychologically needs protection against himself and his weaknesses, if he is to care fully for those who entrust themselves to him. A physician friend who worked many years in a hospice caring for dying patients explained it to me most convincingly: “Only because I knew that I could not and would not kill my patients was I able to enter most fully and intimately into caring for them as they lay dying.”
Dr. Kass asks us to consider the new normal that PAS would bring to patients:
Imagine the scene: you are old, poor, in failing health, and alone in the world; you are brought to the city hospital with fractured ribs and pneumonia. The nurse or intern enters late at night with a syringe full of yellow stuff for your intravenous drip. How soundly will you sleep? It will not matter that your doctor has never yet put anyone to death; that he is legally entitled to do so—even if only in some well-circumscribed areas—will make a world of difference.
Finnis dramatizes this new normal, highlighting how the change in law leads to a change in patients’ behavior:
A new zone of silence. Can I safely speak to my physician about the full extent of my sufferings, about my fears, about my occasional or regular wish to be free from my burdens? Will my words be heard as a plea to be killed? As a tacit permission? And why does my physician need my permission, my request?
The trust that patients place in their doctors will be seriously breached if patients fear that their doctors may encourage—and actively facilitate—their death.
Physician-Assisted Suicide Creates Perverse Incentives for Insurance Providers. Physician-assisted suicide will create perverse incentives for insurance providers and the financing of health care. Assisting in suicide will often be a more “cost-effective” measure from the perspective of the bottom line than is actually caring for patients. In fact, some advocates of PAS and euthanasia make the case on the basis of saving money.
Baroness Mary Warnock, a leading ethicist in the United Kingdom, has argued, “If you’re demented, you’re wasting people’s lives—your family’s lives—and you’re wasting the resources of the National Health Service.” Warnock went on to suggest that such people have a “duty to die.”
Derek Humphry, founder of the Hemlock Society, also points to the role of money, noting that “the pressures of cost containment provide impetus, whether openly acknowledged or not, for the practicalities of an assisted death.” He goes on to add that “the connections between the right-to-die and the cost, value, and allocation of health care resources are part of the political debate, albeit frequently unspoken.” Humphry, however, was one advocate willing to speak about that cost: “It is impossible to predict exactly how much money could be saved.… Conservative estimates, however, place the dollar amount in the tens of billions.”
Physician-assisted suicide has affected the financing of health care in the United States as well. Dr. McHugh notes:
When a “right to die” becomes settled law, soon the right translates into a duty. That was the message sent by Oregon, which legalized assisted suicide in 1994, when the state-sponsored health plan in 2008 denied recommended but costly cancer treatments and offered instead to pay for less-expensive suicide drugs.
Richard Doerflinger adds:
Last year, over half the patients who committed assisted suicide in Oregon relied on the government for their health coverage or had no coverage at all. Over three-quarters of those dying under Washington’s assisted suicide law were partly or completely dependent on Medicare or Medicaid.
This sets the stage for a perverse alignment of public financing and patient death, just as the New York Task Force predicted in its 1994 report:
Limits on hospital reimbursement based on length of stay and diagnostic group, falling hospital revenues, and the social need to allocate health dollars may all influence physicians’ decisions at the bedside.… Under any new system of health care delivery, as at present, it will be far less costly to give a lethal injection than to care for a patient throughout the dying process.…
Physicians who determine that a patient is a suitable candidate for assisted suicide or euthanasia may be far less inclined to present treatment alternatives, especially if the treatment requires intensive efforts by health care professionals.
These perverse financial incentives will exercise a subtle but profound pressure on patients as the advice from their physicians and the procedures covered by their insurance increasingly point toward PAS. Given the increasing number of elderly patients in modern societies, their increasing longevity, and the increasing cost of treating their chronic illnesses, PAS will increasingly be seen as a cost-effective option and one that the elderly should be encouraged to consider.
Compromising the Family and Intergenerational Obligations
Physician-assisted suicide will also negatively affect our culture, especially the family and our intergenerational obligations. The temptation to view elderly or disabled family members as burdens will surely rise. The temptation for elderly and disabled family members to view themselves as burdens will also surely rise. Instead of the solidarity of civil society and true compassion, PAS threatens to create cheap solutions by eliminating those who are perceived as socially and economically burdensome.
The Family Has Responsibility for Disabled and Elderly Relatives. There is a natural cycle to human life. Human beings enter the world as entirely needy, totally dependent newborns. Many people exit life dependent on others as well. Along the way, there will undoubtedly be periods of trial and tribulation when people need the assistance of others. Traditionally, the family has been a central social institution for weathering life’s storms. Mothers and fathers take care of children at the dawn of life, and then children take care of their aging parents at the twilight.
Family life is meant to include shouldering one another’s burdens and assisting those in need. In his provocatively titled essay “I Want to Burden My Loved Ones,” ethicist Gilbert Meilaender explains why he refuses to accept the logic of atomistic individualism:
Is this not in large measure what it means to belong to a family: to burden each other—and to find, almost miraculously, that others are willing, even happy, to carry such burdens? Families would not have the significance they do for us if they did not, in fact, give us a claim upon each other. At least in this sphere of life we do not come together as autonomous individuals freely contracting with each other. We simply find ourselves thrown together and asked to share the burdens of life while learning to care for each other.
While the family is the primary institution tasked with intergenerational care, no family is an island. As Dr. Kass and Eric Cohen point out, families are situated within a larger culture—and the law shapes this culture:
Even if the burdens of aging and death are always borne most fully by individuals and families, how we age and die are not only private matters. Our communal practices and social policies shape the environments in which aging and caregiving take place—not only in moments of crisis, when life-or-death decisions need to be made, but in the long days of struggle and everyday attendance. Faith-based institutions and community groups support families in meeting those needs they cannot meet alone. Programs like Medicaid assist those who are old and impoverished, in need of nursing that they cannot themselves afford.
Physician-Assisted Suicide Creates Heightened Pressures on Disabled and Elderly Family Members. The introduction of PAS would undermine familial relationships and promote the view that disabled and elderly relatives are not people to be loved but burdens to be managed. Physician-assisted suicide would alter how people in general view the disabled and elderly and how the disabled and elderly view themselves. On the interaction between the two groups, Professor Finnis describes a dramatic scene:
Another zone of fearful silence. Outside the door are the relatives. What will they be telling the doctor about my condition and my wishes? What is prudent to tell them about my suffering, my depression, my wishes? Are they interpreting my state of mind just as I would wish? Are their interests in line with mine?
Physician-assisted suicide creates a temptation for relatives and thus undermines trust. Because of its potential to corrupt these intergenerational ties, Finnis concludes that in a world with PAS, “[m]any people will find that their nearest and dearest are less and less near, and less and less dear.”
Victoria Reggie Kennedy, widow of the late Senator Edward Kennedy (D–MA), campaigned against a bill that would have legalized PAS in Massachusetts on precisely these grounds. Kennedy noted that “the proposed law is not about bringing family together to make end of life decisions; it’s intended to exclude family members from the actual decision-making process to guard against patients’ being pressured to end their lives prematurely.” She went on to explain how her husband was able to die a true death with dignity by avoiding the pressures of assisted suicide:
When my husband was first diagnosed with cancer, he was told that he had only two to four months to live, that he’d never go back to the U.S. Senate, that he should get his affairs in order, kiss his wife, love his family and get ready to die.
But that prognosis was wrong. Teddy lived 15 more productive months.… Because that first dire prediction of life expectancy was wrong, I have 15 months of cherished memories—memories of family dinners and songfests with our children and grandchildren; memories of laughter and, yes, tears; memories of life that neither I nor my husband would have traded for anything in the world.
When the end finally did come—natural death with dignity—my husband was home, attended by his doctor, surrounded by family and our priest.
Mrs. Kennedy concluded that most people wish for a good death “surrounded by loved ones, perhaps with a doctor and/or clergyman at our bedside.” But with PAS, “what you get instead is a prescription for up to 100 capsules, dispensed by a pharmacist, taken without medical supervision, followed by death, perhaps alone. That seems harsh and extreme to me.” Indeed it is.
Even if legal protections against pressure and coercion could somehow be made effective, how could they prevent the corruption of culture? In a society with PAS, legal safeguards will not mute the clear moral message transmitted by laws allowing PAS: that some lives are “not worth living” and that some people have a duty to end their lives.
These cultural pressures are not merely the suppositions of cultural philosophy. They play out in real life. Dr. Hendin has documented many such stories, such as this one:
A wife who no longer wished to care for her sick, elderly husband gave him a choice between euthanasia and admission to a home for the chronically ill. The man, afraid of being left to the mercy of strangers in an unfamiliar place, chose to have his life ended; the doctor, although aware of the coercion, ended the man’s life.
These stories are not isolated incidents. Dr. Hendin reports that a study of Dutch hospitals found that “doctors and nurses reported that more requests for euthanasia came from families than from patients themselves. The investigator concluded that the families, the doctors, and the nurses were involved in pressuring patients to request euthanasia.” The same pressure is evident in the limited places where physician-assisted suicide is legal in the United States. Oregon Health Authority research found that 40 percent of those who were assisted with suicide cited being a burden on family or friends and caregivers as their motivation to end their lives.
These considerations are particularly disturbing because suicide is a phenomenon that can spread throughout a society, based on imitation. Social scientists, Dr. Kheriaty notes, “know that there is a ‘social contagion’ aspect to suicide.” In its guide to preventing suicide, the World Health Organization notes the scholarly research on the imitative nature of suicide:
Over 50 investigations into imitative suicides have been conducted. Systematic reviews of these studies have consistently drawn the same conclusion: media reporting of suicide can lead to imitative suicidal behaviours.… Particular subgroups in the population (e.g., young people, people suffering from depression) may be especially vulnerable to engaging in imitative suicidal behaviours. Finally, and probably most importantly, overt description of suicide by a particular method may lead to increases in suicidal behaviour employing that method.
Commenting on Brittany Maynard’s suicide, Dr. Kheriaty argues that “given what we know about suicide’s social effects, and given the media portrayal around her death, we can anticipate that her decision will influence other vulnerable individuals.” Dr. Kheriaty concludes that PAS will send a signal to legitimize such suicidal desires:
Refusing to legitimate suicide helps those in need. The practice of physician-assisted suicide … sends a message that some lives are not worth living. The law is a teacher: If assisted suicide is legalized, this message will be heard by everyone who is afflicted by suicidal thoughts or tendencies.
In doing so, PAS undermines our entire culture.
Betraying Human Dignity and Equality Before the Law
Perhaps the most profound injustice of PAS is that it violates human dignity and denies equality before the law. Every human being has intrinsic dignity and worth. For our legal system to be coherent and just, the law must respect this dignity by taking all reasonable steps to prevent the taking of innocent lives. Classifying a subgroup of people as legally eligible to be killed violates our nation’s commitment to equality before the law and shows profound disrespect for the elderly and disabled.
No natural right to physician-assisted suicide exists, and arguments for such a right are indeed incoherent. A legal system that permits assisted suicide undermines the natural right to life for all of its citizens.
Every Human Being Has Intrinsic Human Dignity and Worth. The American Creed, best articulated in the Declaration of Independence, holds it to be a self-evident truth “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.” Philosophers Patrick Lee and Robert P. George explain that “every human being, of whatever age, size, or degree of development, has inherent and equal fundamental dignity and basic rights.”
This dignity does not depend on subjective evaluations of worth, even of self-worth, or on the ability to “contribute” to society. Rather, the dignity is intrinsic. Human dignity is not based on an instrumental account of what a person can do, but on recognition of what a human being is: a person made for reason, freedom, and love. Lee and George explain that “a human being is valuable as a subject of rights in virtue of what he or she is…. And so a human being remains a subject of rights, someone who has a right not to be intentionally killed, for as long as he or she exists.”
Of course, a belief in human dignity is not unique to the United States. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights begins by noting that the “recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.” The European Convention on Human Rights also emphasizes the inalienable right to life: “Everyone’s right to life shall be protected by law. This right is one of the most important of the Convention since without the right to life it is impossible to enjoy the other rights.”
The Law Must Respect Human Dignity and Equality Before the Law. The deepest injustice of PAS, then, is that it treats some human lives as lacking dignity or worth—and therefore unworthy of the law’s protection. Lee and George conclude that “the choice to kill an innocent human life, whether one’s own or another’s, even for the sake of avoiding terrible suffering, is intrinsically immoral. Euthanasia and suicide are contrary to the intrinsic dignity of human persons.”
Obviously, this does not require that every medical procedure to extend life must be accepted. As the Supreme Court held in a unanimous decision upholding New York’s prohibition on PAS, there is a significant difference between allowing someone to die of natural causes and killing him.
The D.C. assisted suicide bill, like most, attempts to define which lives are unworthy of legal protection and thus eligible for physician assistance in killing. That definition is unavoidably a statement of who is unworthy of legal protection. There is no way around it. While the evidence discussed in the first section of this paper indicates that its proposed safeguards would fail to ensure effective control, even the attempt to define which lives are eligible for suicide is a grave injustice: It violates human dignity and equality before the law. It declares that some lives matter less than others.
Disability-rights groups are particularly concerned about the ways in which assisted suicide deprives disabled people of the law’s equal protection. In 2009, for example, Not Dead Yet, ADAPT, the Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund, the National Council on Independent Living, and the National Spinal Cord Injury Association filed a joint amicus brief in the Montana court system in a case reviewing Montana’s law on assisted suicide.
Diane Coleman, president of Not Dead Yet, summarized these arguments in an article for the Disability and Health Journal. Coleman explains that the push for assisted suicide undermines the value of the lives of people with disabilities:
The primary underlying practical basis for the physician’s determination that the individual is eligible for assisted suicide is the individual’s disabilities and physical dependence on others for everyday needs, which is viewed as depriving them of what nondisabled people often associate with “autonomy” and “dignity,” and may also lead them to feel like a “burden.” This establishes grounds for physicians to treat these individuals completely differently than they would treat a physically able-bodied suicidal person.
In addition to denying the intrinsic human dignity of the disabled, PAS laws violate the equal protection of the law. The law and government officials would treat suicidal disabled citizens differently from able-bodied citizens:
Not Dead Yet’s central argument is that legalized assisted suicide sets up a double standard for how health care providers, government authorities, and others respond to an individual’s stated wish to die. Some people get suicide prevention while others get suicide assistance, and the difference between the two groups is the health status of the individual.
As the joint amicus brief notes, “Assisted suicide singles out some people with disabilities, those labeled ‘terminal’ or very severely impaired, for different treatment than other suicidal people receive.” Government policy should seek to respect the innate dignity of the disabled by eliminating every form of unjust discrimination against them, not by expressly approving the worst form of discrimination of all.
A “Right” to Physician-Assisted Suicide Is Incoherent, Grounded in Neither Nature Nor Reason. Not only does PAS violate human dignity and equality, but any supposed right to assisted suicide is incoherent, grounded neither in nature nor in reason.
Dr. Kass highlights the absurdity of a “right to die”: “As the ultimate new right, grounded neither in nature nor in reason, it demonstrates the nihilistic implication of the new (‘postliberal’) doctrine of rights, rooted in the self-creating will.” He later adds: “If we start at the beginning, with the great philosophical teachers of natural rights, the very notion of a right to die is nonsensical.” This is partly because “the right to life is a matter of nature, not will.” Dr. Kass notes that:
We Americans hold as a self-evident truth that governments exist to secure inalienable rights, first of all, the right to self-preservation; now we are being encouraged to use government to secure a putative right of self-destruction. A “right to die” is surely strange and unprecedented, and hardly innocent.
If there is a right to the pursuit of happiness, how could one argue that the pursuit of happiness could entail the elimination of the person with that right?
The American Founders would agree with Professors Kass, Lee, and George. They distinguished liberty from license. Liberty, they rightly understood, is self-directed action in accord with the moral law; license is self-destructive action that debases one’s community. The Founders would have little patience for an argument based on “autonomy” (what they would view as license) to commit PAS, especially as the legal allowance of such a practice would threaten other people’s right to life. Dr. Kass highlights the absurdity in terms of the philosophy of Kant:
For Kant, autonomy, which literally means “self-legislation,” requires acting in accordance with one’s true self—that is, with one’s rational will determined by a universalizable, that is, rational maxim. Being autonomous means not being a slave to instinct, impulse or whim, but rather doing as one ought, as a rational being. But “autonomy” has now come to mean “doing as you please,” compatible no less with self-indulgence than with self-control.
Any purported right to assisted suicide is both incoherent and impossible to specify. To highlight this incoherence and lack of specificity, John Finnis reflected on the phrase “right to die”:
Where is the proposition specifying who has the right, to what acts, by which persons? Is it the right of terminally ill patients? (And what is terminal illness?) Or only of those who are suffering? (And what sort and degree of sufferings?) Or of all who are suffering whether or not their illness is terminal? Is it a right only to be assisted in killing oneself…? Or also that others be permitted (or perhaps under a duty) to kill me? (When I cannot do so myself? Or also when I choose?)
In truth, the entire concept of a right to assisted suicide will be applied only to certain people whom government officials have classified as “eligible.” Finnis explains:
Even when you fall seriously ill, or become clinically depressed, you will find (if the reformers [i.e., those proposing bills to allow assisted suicide] are to be believed) that your right to autonomy does not give you the right to be assisted in suicide unless you are ill enough or suffering enough, or depressed severally and incurably enough—in each case “enough” in the view of somebody else, other people.
Rather than allow the government to decide whose life is unworthy of life, it is much better to have the government respect the intrinsic dignity of every human life and thus provide for the equal protection in law of all human beings. The alternative, as Finnis presents it, requires that we “allow some people to sit in judgment on the life of another human person, to judge that person’s life worthless, and so to authorize themselves or others to carry out that person’s request for death.”
If we empower such people to judge other people’s lives as worthless, how long will it be until the choice for death under certain circumstances becomes an obligation—perhaps enforced by other people. Thus, an incoherent “right” to assisted suicide might very well result in a duty to have oneself euthanized.
The Legal System as a Whole Must Protect Rights. Physician-assisted suicide would transform our nation’s legal system. A society that creates a right to assisted suicide will seriously compromise the natural right not to be killed. As Finnis has argued, “A whole new breed of lawyers and law teachers and judges will rapidly come into existence to give effect to the new régime.” With this new set of legal officials interpreting and enforcing new laws, society can expect to see more people have their right not to be killed violated.
Given the various ways in which PAS will change the practice of medicine, law, and the culture, Finnis asks “which legal framework will take … rights most seriously.” He answers:
[T]he secular, highly experienced, and sophisticated members of the Walton Committee [House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics, chaired by Lord Walton] and the New York Task Force judge that if euthanasia were legalized at all, the right not to be killed would be catastrophically nullified for very many more people than the few whose supposed right to die is compromised by present law.
The right not to be killed cannot be protected effectively in a nation that allows physician-assisted suicide.
The Alternative: Respecting Human Dignity and Equality and Offering True Compassion
Physicians are always to care, never to kill. They are to eliminate illness and disease but never eliminate their patients. Not every medical means must be used. Patients can refuse or doctors can withhold particular treatments that are useless or causing more harm than good. But in deciding that a treatment is useless, we must not decide that a patient is worthless. Doctors should not kill.
Mental Health and Palliative Care: True Compassionate Treatment. Instead of embracing PAS, we should respond to suffering with true compassion. Most people seeking PAS suffer from depression or other mental illnesses, physical illness, or simply loneliness. Dr. Kheriaty notes:
Suicidal individuals typically do not want to die; they want to escape what they perceive as intolerable suffering. When comfort or relief is offered, in the form of more-adequate treatment for depression, better pain management, or more-comprehensive palliative care, the desire for suicide wanes.
Rather than helping suicidal people to kill themselves, we should offer them treatment and support. For those in physical pain, palliative care and other pain management can manage their symptoms effectively. For those for whom death is imminent, hospice care and fellowship to accompanying them in their last days is what a true death with dignity looks like. Victoria Reggie Kennedy has said it best:
My late husband Sen. Edward Kennedy called quality, affordable health care for all the cause of his life. [PAS] turns his vision of health care for all on its head by asking us to endorse patient suicide—not patient care—as our public policy for dealing with pain and the financial burdens of care at the end of life. We’re better than that. We should expand palliative care, pain management, nursing care and hospice, not trade the dignity and life of a human being for the bottom line.
Palliative care focuses on improving a patient’s quality of life by alleviating pain and other distressing symptoms of a serious illness. Palliative care is an option for people of any age at any stage in illness, whether that illness is curable, chronic, or life threatening.
When a patient receives a terminal or life-altering diagnosis, the subsequent life changes are not limited to the medical challenges. Patients encounter the physical trauma of the medical diagnosis while also experiencing psychological difficulties, social changes, and even existential concerns. In Oregon Health Authority research, 91 percent of those who were assisted with suicide cited loss of autonomy as their motivation to end their lives, and 71 percent cited loss of dignity as their motivation. Only 31 percent cited inadequate pain control. These needs require different forms of care. Palliative care seeks to take into consideration every facet of the patient’s situation—with professionals who can attend to all aspects of the patient’s needs.
The most common structure in which patients receive palliative care is in hospice. Hospice care can be provided in patients’ homes, hospice centers, hospitals, long-term care facilities, or wherever a patient resides. By rejecting PAS and committing to palliative care and hospice care, we can better people’s lives at the end of life. As Dr. Kass notes:
We must care for the dying, not make them dead. By accepting mortality yet knowing that we will not kill, doctors can focus on enhancing the lives of those who are dying, with relief of pain and discomfort, moral and social support, and, when appropriate, the removal of technical interventions that are merely useless or degrading additions to the burdens of dying.
Regrettably, palliative care is not as widely available as it should be. The United States has only one palliative care physician for every 1,200 persons living with a serious or life-threatening illness. Even with the aging population, only 63 percent of hospitals report a palliative care program.
In order to increase the availability and understanding of palliative care, medical schools should ensure that students are trained in managing pain and other common distressing symptoms and that they learn how to talk to patients about palliative options at the end of life. As Drs. Hendin and Foley note, when there is a lack of comprehensive support for patients with terminal or life-altering diagnosis, “the focus shifts away from relieving the distress of dying patients considering a hastened death to meeting the statutory requirements for assisted suicide.” This we must resist.
Always to Care, Never to Kill
Doctors should help their patients die a dignified natural death, but doctors should not assist in killing or self-killing. Physicians are always to care, never to kill.
Physician-assisted suicide endangers the weak and marginalized in society. Where PAS has been allowed, safeguards that were put in place to minimize this risk have proved inadequate and over time have been weakened or eliminated altogether.
Introducing PAS changes the culture in which medicine is practiced. It corrupts the profession of medicine by permitting the tools of healing to be used as techniques for killing. It also distorts the doctor–patient relationship by reducing patients’ trust of doctors and doctors’ undivided commitment to the healing of their patients. Physician-assisted suicide also creates perverse incentives for insurance providers and the financing of health care.
Worse yet, PAS negatively affects our entire culture. The temptation to view elderly or disabled family members as burdens will increase, as will the temptation for elderly and disabled family members to view themselves as burdens. Instead of solidarity through civil society and true compassion, PAS creates quick-fix, discriminatory, and lethal solutions.
The most profound injustice of PAS is that it violates human dignity and denies equality before the law. Every human being has intrinsic dignity and is the subject of immeasurable worth. No natural right to PAS exists, and arguments for such a right are incoherent. A legal system that sought to vindicate a right to assisted suicide would jeopardize the real natural right to life for all of its citizens.
For all of these reasons, citizens and policymakers need to resist the push for physician-assisted suicide.
—Ryan T. Anderson, PhD, is William E. Simon Fellow in the Richard and Helen DeVos Center, of the Institute for Family, Community, and Opportunity, at The Heritage Foundation. | <urn:uuid:eaa2a270-d785-45be-ba11-1a9bc4dbfd31> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://www.heritage.org/health-care-reform/report/always-care-never-kill-how-physician-assisted-suicide-endangers-the-weak | 2020-09-27T17:44:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400283990.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200927152349-20200927182349-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.953061 | 13,342 |
- Open Access
A metabolic reconstruction of Lactobacillus reuteri JCM 1112 and analysis of its potential as a cell factory
Microbial Cell Factories volume 18, Article number: 186 (2019)
Lactobacillus reuteri is a heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacterium (LAB) that is commonly used for food fermentations and probiotic purposes. Due to its robust properties, it is also increasingly considered for use as a cell factory. It produces several industrially important compounds such as 1,3-propanediol and reuterin natively, but for cell factory purposes, developing improved strategies for engineering and fermentation optimization is crucial. Genome-scale metabolic models can be highly beneficial in guiding rational metabolic engineering. Reconstructing a reliable and a quantitatively accurate metabolic model requires extensive manual curation and incorporation of experimental data.
A genome-scale metabolic model of L. reuteri JCM 1112T was reconstructed and the resulting model, Lreuteri_530, was validated and tested with experimental data. Several knowledge gaps in the metabolism were identified and resolved during this process, including presence/absence of glycolytic genes. Flux distribution between the two glycolytic pathways, the phosphoketolase and Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathways, varies considerably between LAB species and strains. As these pathways result in different energy yields, it is important to include strain-specific utilization of these pathways in the model. We determined experimentally that the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway carried at most 7% of the total glycolytic flux. Predicted growth rates from Lreuteri_530 were in good agreement with experimentally determined values. To further validate the prediction accuracy of Lreuteri_530, the predicted effects of glycerol addition and adhE gene knock-out, which results in impaired ethanol production, were compared to in vivo data. Examination of both growth rates and uptake- and secretion rates of the main metabolites in central metabolism demonstrated that the model was able to accurately predict the experimentally observed effects. Lastly, the potential of L. reuteri as a cell factory was investigated, resulting in a number of general metabolic engineering strategies.
We have constructed a manually curated genome-scale metabolic model of L. reuteri JCM 1112T that has been experimentally parameterized and validated and can accurately predict metabolic behavior of this important platform cell factory.
Lactobacillus reuteri is a heterofermentative Lactic Acid Bacterium (LAB) that is present in the human gut and is an important probiotic organism . There is an increasing interest in using it as a cell factory for the production of green chemicals and fuels in a biorefinery [11, 44], due to its robustness properties. It has high growth and glycolytic rates, without the requirement for either aeration or strictly anaerobic conditions. It is tolerant to low pH, ethanol and salt, and has a wide growth temperature range. Moreover, it is genetically accessible, enabling metabolic engineering for cell factory optimization . The species is known to produce 1,3-propanediol, reuterin, and other related industrially important compounds in high yields from glycerol , of which reuterin has also since long been known as antimicrobial . L. reuteri also has most of the genes encoding for the enzymes needed for biosynthesis of 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol, both of which are industrially relevant chemicals. These compounds are, however, not produced under normal conditions by L. reuteri, requiring improved engineering- and optimization strategies to achieve commercial level cell factories and production processes .
Genome-scale metabolic models are highly useful for directing metabolic engineering strategies, as well as to improve understanding of the physiology and metabolism of the target organism [43, 52]. So far, highly curated and experimentally validated metabolic models have been primarily developed for model organisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but models for several LAB species are also available, including Lactobacillus plantarum , Lactobacillus casei , Lactococcus lactis [16, 38] and Streptococcus thermophilus (Table 1). These LAB are homofermentative or facultatively heterofermentative organisms and have substantial differences in metabolism compared to strict heterofermenters such as L. reuteri . Metabolic models for the heterofermenters Leuconostoc mesenteroides [29, 39] are available (Table 1), but this is only distantly related to L. reuteri and shows different metabolic features such as malolactic fermentation and a limited ability to use amino acids as energy source . Models for two probiotic strains of L. reuteri have been previously published (Table 1). They were automatically reconstructed from the same draft model we started with here . The two previously published L. reuteri models were used along with transcriptomics data to identify qualitative metabolic differences between the two strains as well as to analyze their probiotic properties . However, these previous models were not manually curated and were not used to quantitatively predict metabolic behavior. The construction of a genome-scale metabolic model that can be reliably used in basic research and cell factory design is a time-consuming process, requiring significant amount of manual curation and availability of strain-specific phenotypic data. At present, models obtained using automated tools or models that do not include experimental data are generally of limited use for quantitative predictions.
Here, we set out to reconstruct the metabolic network of L. reuteri JCM 1112, specifically for use in metabolic engineering applications, which requires collection of phenotypic data under several different conditions. We first performed an in-depth analysis of the genome to evaluate conflicting reports about metabolic pathways compared to strain DSM 20016. We then performed experiments to collect phenotypic data for the wild-type strain as well as for an alcohol dehydrogenase (adhE) knockout strain to constrain, validate, and test the model. Lastly, we use the model to test predictions for metabolic engineering strategies. The model as well as the experimental data are available in Additional files.
Materials and methods
Strains, media and culture conditions
Strains used in this study are listed in Table 2 and an overview of the experimental datasets in Table 3. All experiments were performed in triplicate except the one used for determining biomass composition and energy requirements as well as dataset B (Table 3). Apart from the growth mode, the dataset used for determining biomass and energy components and dataset A are identical, and the resulting data is in good agreement (Additional file 1). Dataset B was included, as it was available from the previous work that this paper builds upon , and is in good agreement with dataset D (Additional file 1).
De Mann Rosa Sharp (MRS) medium (incl. 20 g/L glucose) was obtained from VWR and prepared according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Chemically defined medium (CDM) was used as described in [48, 60] with the following modifications: arginine 5 g/L, tween-80 1 mL/L. Substrates were 111 mM glucose and 20 mM glycerol as indicated. The CDM was filter-sterilized and the final pH after mixing all components was 5.6.
All flask cultivations were performed in a stationary incubator at 37 °C. A 5 mm inoculation loop of culture was inoculated from − 80 °C glycerol stocks into 1 mL MRS with or without glycerol in a 1.5 mL Eppendorf tube and grown overnight (16 h). Next morning, cultures were washed 3× with sterile 0.9% NaCl, after which OD600 was measured and cells were transferred to 12 mL CDM with or without glycerol in a 15 mL Falcon tube to a starting OD600 of 0.08. After 4 h of growth, OD600 was measured and cultures were transferred to a starting OD600 of 0.05 in 100 mL pre-warmed CDM with or without glycerol in a 100 mL Schott flask. Samples for OD600 measurement and HPLC were taken directly after inoculation (t = 0 h) and at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h; cultures were swirled for mixing prior to taking samples. The 6 h samples were also used for protein and amino acid determinations. The time points used were all during exponential growth, ensuring a pseudo steady state (Additional file 1).
All bioreactor cultivations were performed in batch mode and samples were taken during exponential/pseudo-steady state (Additional file 1). One of the fermentations was performed in CDM at 37 °C in 3.0 L bioreactors (BioFlo 115, New Brunswick Scientific/Eppendorf) with a 2.2 L working volume, 50 rpm agitation without gas sparging. The pH was controlled at 5.7 ± 0.1 using 5 N NaOH. Pre-cultures were performed similarly as for the flask cultures described above, with the pre-culture in CDM in 100 mL medium in 100 mL flasks, and reactors inoculated to an OD600 of 0.1. The other two reactor cultivations were performed in CDM, with and without glycerol, at 37 °C in 0.4 L reactors with a 0.5 L working volume, 50 rpm agitation and sparged with N2 at 15 mL/min for 1 h prior to inoculation. The pH was controlled at 5.8 using 5 M NaOH. Fermenters were inoculated to an initial OD600 of 0.05 from an exponentially growing culture on CDM without glycerol. As can be seen in Additional file 1, there is no difference between the cultures in the reactors that were sparged with N2 prior to fermentations and those that were not and hence we decided to treat these as replicates.
The correlation factor between cell dry weight (gDW) and OD600 was experimentally determined to be 0.4007 gDW/OD600 in CDM and used for calculating gDW from OD600 in all experiments.
Protein concentration of the cells was determined in the 6 h samples as described above, via a BCA protein assay (Merck-Millipore cat. 71285) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Prior to the BCA assay, cell pellets were washed once in 0.9% NaCl and resuspended in 0.25 mM Tris–HCl pH 7.5 and sonicated on ice with an Ultrasonic Homogenizer 300VT (BioLogics) for 3 × 30 s at 40% power, with 30 s breaks on ice.
Amino acid composition of the cells was determined by Ansynth BV (The Netherlands) on washed cell pellets of a 6 h CDM culture as described above.
Substrates, products and amino acids secreted and taken up during the cultivations were quantified using HPLC. Glucose, glycerol, ethanol, lactate, acetate, citrate, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, pyruvate, succinate and malate were quantified with either one of two HPLCs: 1) a Dionex Ultimate 3000 (Thermo Scientific) containing an LPG-3400SD pump, a WPS-3000 autosampler, a UV–visible (UV–Vis) DAD-3000 detector, and an RI-101 refraction index detector. Injection volume was 20 µL. An Aminex HPx87 ion exclusion 125-0140 column was used with a mobile phase of 5 mM H2SO4, a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and an oven temperature of 60 °C; 2) a Shimadzu LC-20AD equipped with refractive index and UV (210 nm) detectors, with an injection volume of 20 µL. A Shodex SH1011 8.0 mmIDx300mm column was used with a mobile phase of 5 mM H2SO4, a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min and an oven temperature of 50 °C. All amino acids, ornithine and GABA were quantified using a Dionex Ultimate 3000 (Thermo Scientific), for which the procedure is as follows: 20 µg/mL 2-aminobutanoic acid and sarcosine were used as internal standards for dilution of the samples; derivatization was performed in the autosampler. 0.5 µL sample was added into 2.5 µL of (v/v) 3-mercaptopropionic acid in borate buffer (0.4 M, pH 10.2), mixed and incubated for 20 s at 4 °C to reduce free cystines. Then 1 µL of 120 mM iodoacetic acid in 140 mM NaOH was added, mixed and incubated for 20 s at 4 °C to alkylate reduced cysteines. 1.5 µL of OPA reagent (10 mg o-phthalaldehyde/mL in 3-mercaptopropionic acid) was then added to derivatize primary amino acids. The reaction was mixed and incubated for 20 s at 4 °C. 1 µL of FMOC reagent (2.5 mg 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate/mL in acetonitrile) was added, mixed and incubated for 20 s at 4 °C to derivatize other amino acids. 50 µL of Buffer A (Buffer A: 40 mM Na2HPO4, 0.02% NaN3 (w/v) at pH 7.8) at pH 7 was added to lower the pH of the reaction prior to injecting the 56.5 µL reaction onto a Gemini C18 column (3 um, 4.6 × 150 mm, Phenomenex PN: 00F-4439-E0) with a guard column (SecurityGuard Gemini C18, Phenomenex PN: AJO-7597). The column temperature was kept at 37 °C in a thermostatic column compartment. The mobile phase had the following composition: Buffer A: see above, pH 7.8; Buffer B: 45% (v/v) acetonitrile, 45% (v/v) methanol and 10% (v/v) water; flow rate 1 mL/min. Derivatized amino acids were monitored using a fluorescence detector. OPA-derivatized amino acids were detected at 340ex and 450em nm and FMOC-derivatized amino acids at 266ex and 305em nm. Quantifications were based on standard curves derived from dilutions of a mixed amino acid standard (250 µg/mL). The upper and lower limits of quantification were 100 and 0.5 µg/mL, respectively.
Genome sequencing and analysis
For genomic DNA (gDNA) isolation, overnight cultures of DSM 20016 and SJ 11774 were grown in MRS and the pellet was used for gDNA isolation using the Epicentre MasterPure™ Gram Positive DNA Purification kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Subsequent genome sequencing was performed at the sequencing facility at the NNF Center for Biosustainability. Library preparation was performed using KAPA HyperPlus Library Prep Kit (ROCHE) with Illumina-compatible dual-indexed PentAdapters (PentaBase). The average size of the library pool was 317 bp. Sequencing was performed on MiSeq (Illumina) using the MiSeq Reagent Kit v2, 300 Cycles (Illumina). The libraries were loaded to the flow cell at 10 pM and sequenced using paired-end reads of 150 bp. Read quality check was performed with FastQC version 0.11.5. Mutations relative to reference (L. reuteri JCM 1112, GenBank accession nr AP007281, annotated with Prokka version 1.11) were identified using Breseq (version 0.31.0) . Mean coverage was 143.7x (SJ 11774) and 129.5x (DSM 20016). All runs were performed at the Danish national supercomputer for life sciences (Computerome), Technical University of Denmark. For this work, the annotated genome of L. reuteri JCM 1112 from NCBI was used. During the reconstruction, several genes were re-annotated, based on BLAST and physiological data. A list of all genes in the JCM 1112 genome can be found in Additional fie 2, along with annotations from the GenBank file and which model reactions are associated with each gene.
The L. reuteri JCM 1112 metabolic reconstruction was based on an unpublished, automatically generated draft reconstruction of JCM 1112 . We performed extensive manual curation, including: gap filling, updating and adding gene-protein-reaction (GPR) associations, updating gene IDs, updating metabolite- and reaction abbreviations, in line with the BiGG database , updating and adding missing formulas and/or charges to metabolites, fixing unbalanced reactions, adding annotation to metabolites, reactions and genes and detailed review and integration of organism specific data. A biomass objective function was formulated based on available data on L. reuteri and related strains. The ATP cost of growth-associated maintenance (GAM) was estimated using one of the data sets (Table 3) by adjusting the GAM parameter so that growth predictions matched in vivo growth. This data set was then excluded from subsequent validation and prediction steps.
Flux balance analysis
Flux balance analysis (FBA) was used to analyze the genome-scale metabolic model [15, 53] by constraining exchange reactions in the model with experimental values of substrate uptake and secretion rates. To take into account that the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMPP) pathway is a minor glycolytic pathway in L. reuteri compared to the phosphoketolase pathway (PKP) (“Curation process” section), an additional flux constraint was added to the model
where r is an empirically determined flux ratio, vPFK denotes flux in the rate limiting step of the EMPP and vG6PDH2r is the flux in the first reaction branching into the PKP.We used a variant of FBA called parsimonious FBA which identifies flux values corresponding to maximum growth with the side constraint that the sum of absolute flux values is made as small as possible. The sum of fluxes is proxy for enzyme usage and the method can therefore be considered to simulate biological pressure for rapid and efficient growth using minimum amount of resources (enzymes). An advantage over FBA is that the resulting solution is likely to contain fewer infeasible flux cycles. Model simulations were carried out in Python with the CobraPy toolbox and GLPK solver. All code used in the simulations is provided in the form of a Jupyter notebook in Additional file 3 and on https://github.com/steinng/reuteri. The Escher package was used for visualization of flux predictions. Escher maps of L. reuteri´s central metabolism are provided in Additional file 4, both simplified maps as shown in “Effects of adding glycerol and deleting adhE” and “Model-based analysis of 1-propanol production in L. reuteri” sections as well as a detailed map linking different sugar utilization pathways to the central metabolism.
To predict growth rates the model was constrained with uptake rates of glucose, glycerol and five amino acids (Arg, Ser, Asn, Asp and Glu), and with the secretion rates of ethanol, lactate, acetate and 1,3-propanediol. Effects of knocking out the adhE gene were predicted by temporarily deleting it from the network. Where the effects of an active 1,2-propanediol pathway were predicted, a methylglyoxal synthase (MGS) was added to the model and optimized for growth.
To predict the theoretical maximum yields of selected target compounds, a reaction enabling the secretion of the corresponding metabolite was added to the model, unless an exchange reaction already existed, and flux through the reaction maximized. The glucose uptake rate was 25.2 mmol/gDW/h, based on experimental data, and free secretion of by-products was allowed. For the production of l-alanine, an l-alanine dehydrogenase was added to the model. The production of ethyl lactate required the addition of a lactate acyl transferase and a reaction for the condensation of lactoyl-CoA with ethanol . To produce 1-propanol, a methylglyoxal synthase (MGS) was added to the model. The presence of a complete 1-propanol pathway enables more efficient regeneration of NAD+ and the flux predictions were therefore repeated in the presence of an active MGS. To simulate a non-limiting phosphofructokinase, the flux constraint involving vPFK above was omitted.
Results and discussion
Metabolic network reconstruction
To reconstruct a genome-scale metabolic model of L. reuteri suitable for use in cell factory design and optimization, we built upon a draft metabolic model of L. reuteri JCM 1112 described in that we in turn extensively curated. The Memote tool was used to assess the quality of the reconstruction and to guide the curation process (Additional file 5). The main characteristics of the resulting Lreuteri_530 model (Additional file 6) are listed in Table 4.
Reactions and metabolites were abbreviated according to the BiGG database nomenclature where applicable and annotations with links to external databases included. Genes from the JCM 1112 genome were identified with locus tags from the GenBank file, and annotations were included which contain: the old locus tag which is often found in older literature, the NCBI protein ID, gene annotation and the protein sequence. Apart from general network curation, organism-specific information obtained from laboratory experiments and from available literature was integrated by reviewing reactions, genes and gene-protein-reaction (GPR) rules.
Resequencing reveals inconsistencies between the “same” strains L. reuteri DSM 20016 and JCM 1112—implications for glycolytic genes
The two most well-known strain names and origins for the type strain are DSM 20016 and JCM 1112 from the DSMZ and JCM culture collections, respectively. These two are derived from the same original human faeces isolate L. reuteri F275 , which was grown and stocked in two different laboratories . Both genomes have been sequenced previously and a comparison showed that they are identical except for two regions that were missing in DSM 20016 , which were most likely lost during the 20 years of separate laboratory cultivation . The first region (8435 bp, flanked by IS4 insertion sequences on each end) contains genes for glycolysis, namely glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase, phosphoglycerate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, and enolase. The second region (30,237 bp, flanked by two different insertion sequence elements) contains for example a gene cluster for nitrate reductases and molybdopterin biosynthesis . As the first island consists of glycolytic genes, the implications of its presence or absence are profound. This island is absent in DSM 20016, but we could identify homologs of all this island’s genes except glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase elsewhere in its genome based on annotation and/or BLAST.
During the preparation of our model, it became clear that there are inconsistencies in naming and hence gene content of the L. reuteri type strain. We sequenced the DSM 20016 strain that we obtained from DSMZ and this showed that its genome is identical to that of JCM 1112 instead, meaning it contained the two islands missing in DSM 20016. A similar result of these strains being ‘swapped’ was obtained by others based on whole genome sequencing and PCR of part of the largest missing region in DSM 20016 in a study looking at cell-surface proteins in the different strains . This inconsistency between the two strains does not seem to be commonly known and taken into account, and we suspect that some papers referring to either the DSM or the JCM strain might in fact be working with the other strain. For example, the DSM 20016 strain used by Sun et al. sequenced in 2015 (accession nr AZDD00000000), contains the islands as indicated by the presence of all glycolytic genes and hence is actually the JCM 1112 strain . Contrarily, the DSM 20016 referred to by Morita et al. sequenced in 2007 by JGI (accession nr CP000705), was shown to be DSM 20016, missing the islands . Both strains were obtained from DSMZ. This highlights the importance of re-sequencing of strains ordered from culture collections or lab strains present in the laboratory before using them for engineering or characterization studies. We strongly suggest that studies working with any L. reuteri type strain perform PCR on the two islands or perform resequencing to validate the presence or absence of the genes in the two islands.
Based on our sequencing results, we have included all genes in the two islands in our metabolic reconstruction and model. The genes in the model are identified with the locus tags obtained from the JCM 1112 strain’s genome in NCBI (NC_010609). As many other publications refer to genes in the DSM 20016 strain or use the old locus tags from the JCM 1112 genome, we have included a table (Additional file 2) which lists: the locus tags used in the model (gene numbers prefixed by LAR_RS), the old locus tags (gene numbers prefixed by LAR_), the annotations obtained from the NCBI GenBank file, the NCBI protein IDs (WP numbers), the locus tags of the corresponding genes in the DSM 20016 strain, when applicable (gene numbers prefixed by Lreu_), and finally the reaction(s) in the metabolic model associated with the genes.
Phosphofructokinase (PFK) and the distribution between EMP and PK pathway usage
Obligately heterofermentative lactobacilli like L. reuteri are often considered to solely use the phosphoketolase pathway (PKP) instead of the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway (EMPP) for glucose consumption (Fig. 1). Both pathways result in the glycolytic intermediate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate but use different redox cofactors (Fig. 1). As the PKP yields one and the EMPP two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, the PKP has a lower energy yield than the EMPP (Fig. 1). The PKP generally results in the production of one molecule of lactate and one molecule of ethanol or acetate for one glucose molecule while the EMPP generally yields two lactate molecules. Key enzymes of the EMPP are fructokinase (FK), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (PGI), phosphofructokinase (PFK), fructose-bis-phosphate aldolase (FBA), and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI). In line with the idea that heterofermenters use the PKP, Sun et al. showed in a comparison of 213 LAB genomes that pfk was lacking from a distinct monophyletic group formed by mainly (87%) obligatively and otherwise facultatively heterofermentative Lactobacillus spp., including L. reuteri DSM 20016 and L. panis DSM 6035 . Contrary to most other species in the same group, these two species did contain fba, which has traditionally been linked to the presence of the EMPP. Despite the absence of pfk, EMPP activity has been observed in several L. reuteri strains and in some strains it appears to play a major role compared to the PKP, depending on the growth phase, and showing strain-specific differences [2, 4]. For modeling and engineering purposes, it is crucial to understand the presence and activity of the PKP vs the EMPP.
Årsköld et al. compared the genomic organization of 13 sequenced Lactobacillales and showed that L. reuteri (strains ATCC 55730 and DSM 20016) is one of the four exceptions that do not have a pfkA gene where this is located in all other species. Nevertheless, they detect PFK and EMPP activity in strain ATCC 55730 and subsequently identify two genes (GenBank accession nrs EF547651 and EF547653) for orthologues of pfkB, a minor PFK-variant in E. coli . In analogy with Årsköld et al. in L. reuteri, Kang et al. identified a ribokinase in the obligately heterofermentative L. panis PM1 with 82% similarity to the pfkB gene identified in L. reuteri ATCC 55730 from Årsköld et al. (74% in our own BLAST search).
A BLAST comparison of the pfkB protein sequence of L. panis PM1 (GenBank accession nr AGU90228.1) and L. reuteri ATCC 55730 (GenBank accession nr ABQ23677.1) against L. reuteri JCM 1112 resulted in 81% and 99% identity, respectively, to JCM 1112 gene number LAR_RS02150, which is annotated as ribokinase rbsK_2. On a gene level, this gene shares 97% identity with L. reuteri ATCC 55730 and 73% with L. panis PM1. The same identities were found in L. reuteri DSM 20016 for gene LREU_RS02105 (previously Lreu_0404, GenBank protein KRK49592.1). A second gene annotated as “ribokinase rbsK_3” (locus tag LAR_RS06895) showed only limited query coverage and identity and hence rbsK_2 is the most likely homolog of pfkB. The growth experiments conducted in the present study with JCM 1112 are in line with the findings of Burgé et al. and indicate minor though detectable usage of the EMPP in this strain with a peak in the early growth stage (Fig. 2), in which this rbsK_2 likely fulfills the role of pfkB. The average flux through the EMPP in all cultures was 7.0% (Fig. 2) and was used to define the corresponding flux split ratio in the model (“Flux balance analysis” section).
Transport of carbohydrates can be mediated by ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, phosphotransferase systems (PTS), or secondary transporters (permeases of the Major Facilitator Superfamily, MFS) . PTS systems mediate hexose mono- or dimer transport and phosphorylation simultaneously—mostly by using PEP to pyruvate conversion as phosphate donor, whereas ABC-transporters (mostly used for pentoses) and permeases (both pentoses and hexoses) perform only transport, and a separate ATP-utilizing kinase step is needed for sugar phosphorylation. Moreover, in Gram positives, PTS systems have an important role in carbon catabolite repression via phosphorylation cascades and direct interaction with the carbon catabolite repression protein A (ccpA) [18, 21]. Heterofermentative LAB contain fewer PTS system components than homofermentative LAB, which is thought to be the result of gene loss . In general, organisms using the EMPP are believed to use PTS systems, and organism using the PKP to use secondary carriers . Likely as a result of the lack of full PTS systems, glucose utilization is not constitutive but substrate-induced in heterofermenters, and utilization of several other sugars is not repressed by glucose . Sugar transport in heterofermenters is poorly characterized, and only recently a study was dedicated to the genomic and phenotypic characterization of carbohydrate transport and metabolism in L. reuteri, as representative of heterofermentative LAB . This showed that L. reuteri completely lacks PTS systems and ABC-transporters and solely relies on secondary transporters of the MFS superfamily, which use the proton motive force (PMF) as energy source for transport . In L. reuteri JCM 1112, we could identify the two common proteins of the PTS system, Enzyme I (Lreu_1324) and HPr (Lreu_1325). Some sugar-specific parts were present, but no complete PTS was identified. As a result, all sugar transport in the model takes place via secondary transporters and the PMF.
Lactobacillus reuteri, like many lactobacilli, is known to be unable to grow on glycerol as a sole carbon source, but can use it as an alternative electron acceptor, providing a means to gain energy on a variety of carbon sources [55, 57]. L. reuteri is among the best native producers of large amounts of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (reuterin, 3-HPA) from glycerol that are currently known . This is an intermediate in the pathway to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO, also produced by L. reuteri, depending on the conditions used) that is known to be toxic and produced in a microcompartment . The reason why it cannot grow on glycerol as sole carbon source is currently not fully clear, although it is likely related to gene regulation. All the genes that are necessary to convert glycerol to dihydroxyacetone phosphate via either dihydroxyacetone (DHA) or glycerol-3-phosphate and hence shuttle it into glycolysis are present in the L. reuteri genome . However, several of these genes have been shown to be downregulated in the presence of glycerol [5, 50]. Furthermore, the L. reuteri glycerol dehydrogenase also has activity as 1,3-PDO:NAD-oxidoreductase, whereas in for example Klebsiella pneumoniae, which does produce glycolytic end products from glycerol, these are two different enzymes . It seems that the physiological role of this enzyme in L. reuteri is the reduction of 3-HPA to 1,3-PDO, rather than glycerol to DHA conversion, explaining the lack of growth on glycerol .
Most heterofermentative LAB possess a malolactic enzyme but no malic enzymes , which is also the case for our L. reuteri strain, based on sequence comparisons with the L. casei strain used by Landete et al. . Based on BLAST analysis and in line with literature, L. reuteri JCM 1112 possesses a malate dehydrogenase and PEP carboxykinase, and cannot utilize citrate; malate (and fumarate) is converted to succinate .
From a biotechnological perspective, an interesting branch point of central carbon metabolism is the conversion from methylglyoxal (MG) to 1,2-propanediol (1,2-PDO), which can then be further metabolized into 1-propanol and propanoate. L. reuteri possesses all enzymes needed for these pathways, except methylglyoxal synthase (MGS), the step of the pathway converting dihydroxyacetone phosphate into MG [19, 55]. It has been shown that when MG is added to L. reuteri JCM 1112 cultures or when a heterologous mgs is expressed, all the subsequent metabolites are formed . Although we identified a potential distant homolog of mgs in the L. reuteri genome, this homolog is clearly not active under normal conditions since no 1,2-PDO was observed in our experiments. Hence, all the genes in these pathways except mgs were included in the reconstruction. For methylglyoxal reductase, mgr, we also identified several aldo/keto reductases as possible homologs, based BLAST comparison to genes identified in . However, verification of these hypothetical activities would need extensive enzyme assays, and it is also likely that this reaction is performed by LAR_RS09730 (Glycerol dehydrogenase) [1, 65], which has been added to the reconstruction for the MGR reaction. Alternatively, MG might be converted directly to lactate by a glyoxalase .
Whereas many LAB are auxotrophic for vitamin B12, L. reuteri is a native producer. Vitamin B12 is important as a cofactor in for example the 3-HPA pathway but is also of relevance for biotechnological and medical/health applications (e.g. when produced by probiotic strains). The structure and biosynthetic genes have been studied in detail [49, 50]. The corresponding pathway is present in the reconstruction and is active during growth predictions.
Biomass reaction and energy requirements
A biomass objective function (BOF), which contains all necessary components for biomass biosynthesis, is commonly used to predict growth rate in metabolic models. Ideally, the BOF should be constructed based on organism-specific experimental data, mainly the fractional composition of the macromolecules (proteins, DNA, RNA, lipids, etc.) and their individual building blocks (amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, etc.), as well as the energy necessary for their biosynthesis . The protein fraction is a significant fraction of the biomass and was therefore measured experimentally. The ratio of individual amino acids in the L. reuteri biomass was also measured experimentally. The remaining macromolecular fractions were derived from L. plantarum and L. lactis . Nucleotide composition was estimated from the genome, which in the case of RNA is not ideal since it assumes equal transcription of all genes. We however preferred to use this approximation instead of using experimental data from another organism. Fatty acid composition of L. reuteri was obtained from literature , while phospholipid composition was adopted from L. plantarum. The composition of lipoteichoic acid and exopolysaccharides in L. reuteri were obtained from literature. Peptidoglycan composition was adopted from L. plantarum and glycogen was assumed to be negligible [8, 9].
Energy required for growth (GAM) and cell maintenance (NGAM) are important parameters in metabolic models, and can be estimated from ATP production rates, which can be calculated from experimental data obtained at different dilution rates . Unfortunately, this data is not publicly available for L. reuteri. These parameters have been estimated from experimental data for several other LAB, including L. plantarum, and reported in literature . Even though L. reuteri and L. plantarum are relatively closely related, adopting these parameters from L. plantarum can negatively affect the quality of model predictions. When the differences in physiologies of L. plantarum and L. reuteri are considered, it is possible that L. reuteri requires less energy: (1) The genome is only ~ 2 Mb, while L. plantarum’s genome is 3.3 Mb. (2) L. reuteri is an obligate heterofermenter, which means it uses almost solely the PKP (Fig. 2) to break down glucose, resulting in one ATP per glucose, while a facultative heterofermenter like L. plantarum uses the EMPP when grown on glucose, resulting in two ATPs. (3) LAB in general have low catabolic capabilities, and for L. reuteri this includes auxotrophy for several amino acids. This, combined with the fact that macromolecular biosynthesis is already accounted for in the model reactions, supports the claim that adopting energy parameters from L. plantarum can negatively affect model predictions, as we also observed when evaluating this in our model. We decided to use one of our experimental datasets (Table 3) to estimate the GAM value, while using the NGAM value from L. plantarum (“Metabolic reconstruction” section). In general, NGAM represents only a small portion of the total energy requirements of the cell and therefore has much smaller effect on model predictions than GAM. This resulted in a GAM value of 10.2 mmol/gDW/h. Detailed description of the biomass reaction, relevant data and calculations can be found in Additional file 7.
The sensitivity of the predicted growth rate to changes in biomass and energy components was investigated by varying the coefficient of each component, one at a time, by 50% while varying the glucose uptake rate. The components tested were protein, polysaccharide, DNA, RNA, lipid, GAM and NGAM. The analysis showed that predicted growth rate was sensitive to changes in the protein and GAM components of the biomass, compared to the other components (see figure in Additional file 7). As described earlier, these two particular components of the biomass are based on L. reuteri specific experimental data obtained in this study.
Lactobacillus reuteri model compared to models of L. lactis and L. plantarum
The model was compared to genome-scale metabolic models of two other LAB, L. lactis and L. plantarum (Table 1). Common and unique metabolic reactions were analyzed based on EC-numbers (Fig. 3a). Unique reactions in L. reuteri included reactions belonging to: cofactor and prosthetic group biosynthesis, most of which related to B-12 vitamin synthesis; alternative carbon metabolism, such as glycerol; amino acid metabolism, which can be explained by the different amino acid auxotrophies among the three strains; methylglyoxal metabolism (see Additional file 8 for more details). Basic model statistics and biomass composition from the three models are presented in Fig. 3b. Comparing biomass ratios shows that L. plantarum´s biomass contains less protein than the others and more teichoic acid. Model predictions reflected the well-established and previously discussed differences in glycolytic pathways between the strains, namely how L. lactis and L. plantarum, as homofermenter and facultative heterofermenters, use the EMP pathway resulting in higher energy compared to L. reuteri which, as a strict heterofermenters, mostly uses the PKP.
Model validation using experimental data: Growth rate comparisons
To validate the model, several different datasets (Table 3) with measured uptake- and secretion rates of carbon sources, amino acids and organic byproducts were used to constrain exchange fluxes in the model. The predicted growth rates were compared with observed experimental growth rates (Fig. 4). In all cases, flux through the EMPP was set to maximally 7% based on the experimentally determined value (Fig. 1). The chemically defined culture medium used in the growth experiments contained all 20 amino acids, except for l-glutamine. Subsequently, all these amino acids were quantified during growth and the model was constrained with the resulting uptake rates. Of all the amino acids, only arginine was depleted at the end of the exponential phases in data sets A, B and C (Additional file 1). Due to auxotrophy for several amino acids (Glu, His, Thr, Arg, Tyr, Val, Met, Try, Phe, Leu), the model is highly sensitive to uncertainties in measurements, as well as in determined protein- and amino acid fractions of the biomass reaction. To accurately represent amino acids in the biomass reaction, both the protein content and the amino acid ratio were measured (Additional file 7). By enabling unrestricted uptake of amino acids in the model, we noticed that only 5 amino acids (Arg, Ser, Asn, Asp, Glu) needed to be constrained with measured uptake rates for accurate growth predictions, for both the wild-type and the mutant. This is due to their role in energy- and cofactor metabolism, not only in biomass biosynthesis. Hence, only this minimum number of amino acids was used to constrain the model in the following. The remainder were assumed to be non-limiting by allowing unrestricted uptake. This has twofold advantage. First, it limits the effects of uncertainties in amino acid uptake rate measurements on model predictions, a problem exacerbated by the amino acid auxotrophy. Second, it simplifies future applications of the model by reducing the number of measurements needed.
In most cases, model predictions and in vivo data were in good agreement (Fig. 4). Datasets C and D in Fig. 4 show a variant of the WT strain (marked SJ (WT*)), which lacks two restriction modification (RM) systems for easier genetic manipulation (Table 2). Datasets E and F show a mutant derived of the SJ strain with a clean and in-frame deletion of the adhE gene (bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase). The model predicts slightly higher growth rates than observed in vivo for the SJ strain (datasets C and D in Fig. 4) and the mutant strain grown on glucose and glycerol (F in Fig. 4). Unexpectedly, the RM-modifications in the SJ strain seem to slightly alter its behavior on CDM with glucose and glycerol compared to the WT (Additional file 1). For the mutant strain grown on glucose (dataset E in Fig. 4), the model predicts a slightly lower growth rate than observed in vivo, though both show a large decrease in growth, compared to the WT. The most likely explanation for this is that some glucose is being taken up in vivo, even though the measurements did not show this (the likely amount consumed between two samples is within the error of the assay). Secretion of 2.6 mmol/gDW/h of lactate and 2.7 mmol/gDW/h of acetate was observed in vivo. The model, however, does not predict lactate and acetate secretion unless some glucose uptake is allowed. If a glucose uptake of 2.6 mmol/gDW/h is allowed, the growth rate increases from 0.22 to 0.34 h−1, compared to 0.30 h−1 in vivo. Amino acid measurements showed that the mutant in dataset E used l-arginine to a greater extent than the WT, which the model predicts is used to generate energy via the arginine deiminase pathway, resulting in increased growth.
Effects of adding glycerol and deleting adhE
To investigate the applicability of the model for cell factory design, it was used to predict the effects of adding glycerol to the glucose-based culture medium, as well as knocking out the adhE gene, which plays a critical role in ethanol production and redox balance (Fig. 1). The datasets used here are the same as in the previous section (datasets C–F in Fig. 4). There, the aim was to validate the model by means of comparing predicted growth rates to experimentally determined growth rates. In this section, we look more specifically at predicted flux distributions in central metabolism, both with and without strain- and condition-specific experimentally determined constraints. For this purpose, we studied two cases in order to answer the following questions: (1) If the model is constrained only with experimentally determined glucose- and five amino acid uptake rates from the WT strain grown on glucose, how do the predicted effects of glycerol addition and/or adhE knock-out (dark green bars in Fig. 5) compare to in vivo growth rate and uptake- and secretion measurements (light orange bars in Fig. 5)? This was tested to evaluate the applicability of the model in a practical setting. One of the main goals of using a model like this should be to probe the effects of genetic and media perturbations in silico, i.e. without having to do extensive condition-specific cultivations and measurements beforehand. (2) If the model is constrained with uptake- and secretion rates of carbon source(s), amino acids and byproducts of the strain and condition under study, how well do the model predictions (light green bars in Fig. 5) compare to in vivo results? Here the model was allowed, but not forced, to take up (lower bound constrained, upper bound unconstrained) and secrete (lower bound unconstrained, upper bound constrained) metabolites according to the experimental data. This tells us if the model, when imposed with realistic limitations, “chooses” a flux distribution which results in extracellular fluxes of metabolites in line with in vivo data. In both cases, the constrained amino acids only included Arg, Ser, Asn, Asp and Glu as before (“Model validation using experimental data: growth rate comparisons” section) and in case 1 the allowed glycerol uptake rate was arbitrarily limited to 25 mmol/gDW/h, when glycerol effects were being predicted.
The flux maps in Fig. 5 show results for case 1 (dark green bars). The predicted uptake of glucose and glycerol (dark green bars in Fig. 5b) is higher than observed in vivo (light orange bars in Fig. 5b), resulting in higher secretion of by-products and a higher growth rate as well. However, the distribution of secreted by-products is very similar. The effect of glycerol can be predicted quite well with the model as ethanol secretion decreases and acetate secretion increases, relative to glucose uptake, and 1,3-propanediol is secreted in large amounts (compared to graphs in Fig. 5a). Several studies have described an increased growth rate in L. reuteri when glycerol is added to a glucose-based medium (in flasks and bioreactors), which is to be expected based on inspection of redox balance [5, 48, 57] and this is also what we observed in silico in case 1. L. reuteri uses practically only the PKP and not the EMP for glucose fermentation. In the PKP, two extra NAD(P)H molecules are formed compared to the EMP, which are regenerated to NAD(P)+ by AdhE through the formation of ethanol (Fig. 1). When glycerol is added, it is used as an alternative electron acceptor via the production of 1,3-PDO, which generates one NAD+. As a result, one of the actetyl-phosphates that is normally converted to ethanol can now be converted to acetate. This does not yield NAD+ (which is now regenerated in 1,3-PDO production) but does yield one ATP, enabling a higher growth rate [5, 48]. Along these lines of reasoning and in line with existing literature , knocking out the adhE gene has dramatic effects on the metabolism when glucose is the sole carbon source, both in vivo and in silico (Fig. 5c). When ethanol production was inactive, the growth decreased which also led to reduction in lactate production. This is due to redox imbalance since AdhE no longer recycles the NADH generated in glycolysis. The predictions in case 1 show highly decreased uptake of glucose, yet a small amount of glucose is still taken up, resulting in acetate and lactate production. As discussed in Model validation using experimental data: Growth rate comparisons, it is possible that glucose is being taken up in vivo, even though this is not detected by measurements, which is in line with model predictions and would also explain the lower growth rate observed in silico in case 2 compared to in vivo. The higher growth rate in vivo compared to in silico in case 1 is due to a much higher arginine uptake than measured in the WT. Also in line with published studies and the redox balance explained above , addition of glycerol to the adhE mutant increases the growth rate to almost WT levels (Fig. 5d). Similarly to the WT predictions, the model in case 1 predicts slightly higher growth rate and uptake rates of glucose and glycerol, resulting in higher secretion of by-products. But as before, the flux distribution is very similar to the one measured in vivo.
In all four conditions in Fig. 5 the in silico predictions in case 2 and the in vivo data are almost identical, with the exception of the few instances described above. In few cases discrepancies can be explained by carbon imbalance in vivo, which is most likely due to measurement uncertainties. Taken together, these results show that the model can be used to accurately predict metabolic behavior, without requiring extensive experimental data.
Model-based analysis of 1-propanol production in L. reuteri
In the two previous sections we used experimental data to validate model predictions. In this section we focus on in silico predictions involving the production of 1-propanol. It has been shown that heterologous expression of methylglyoxal synthase (mgs) in L. reuteri can activate the pathway to 1,2-PDO and 1-propanol production . Both these compounds have many applications, e.g. in the production of polyester resins for 1,2-PDO and as a solvent and potential biofuel for 1-propanol . In addition to the 1,2-PDO pathway, several different pathways have been described for 1-propanol production . The 1,2-PDO pathway towards 1-propanol has not frequently been reported for 1-propanol production; the most frequently used pathways are the citramalate and threonine pathways (Fig. 6). Other options are the acetone, Wood-Werkman (or methylmalonyl), acrylate and succinate pathways . For a recent extensive overview of these pathways and engineered and non-engineered organisms, the reader is referred to the review by Walther and Francois . The thermodynamic maximum yield of 1-propanol from glucose calculated based on the degree of reduction is 1.33 mol/mol (or 44,4% carbon yield). However, only the stoichiometry of the 1,2-PDO, succinate, acrylate and Wood-Werkman pathways allow this maximum yield—the others result in up to 25% less yield . Here, we evaluated the citramalate, threonine, succinate, acrylate, methylmalonyl, and 1,2-PDO pathway. One of the advantages of L. reuteri for using the 1,2-PDO pathway towards 1-propanol is that L. reuteri produces vitamin B12, which is needed as a co-factor for the B12-dependent diol dehydratase step and has been suggested to be a limiting factor in this pathway in for example C. glutamicum and was added to the fermentations in an E. coli strain harboring this pathway . The model was used to analyze the suitability of six different pathways for 1-propanol production in L. reuteri (Fig. 6). These were the known pathways as described in literature, but in addition we used the minRxn algorithm and the accompanying database of enzymatic reactions to search for heterologous pathways from glucose to 1-propanol. This search did not reveal pathways that differed significantly from the already-known pathways as shown in Fig. 6, neither qualitatively nor in terms of carbon yields (data not shown). The model was maximized for 1-propanol production, while constrained with the experimentally determined uptake rate of glucose and additional 20 mmol/gDW/h of glycerol when applicable, no uptake of amino acids and free secretion of by-products. Of the six pathways in Fig. 6, the citramalate pathway performed the worst, with no production on glucose and only 9.5% maximum carbon yield when glycerol was added. This was due to redox imbalance, which was due to lack of production of the precursors pyruvate and acetyl-CoA, and was partly fixed by adding glycerol. Adding this pathway in combination with the threonine pathway did not increase maximum carbon yield compared to threonine pathway alone. The highest carbon yields, 40.0% and 45.7% on glucose and glucose + glycerol, respectively, were observed in four different pathways, namely the 1,2-PDO, succinate, acrylate and methylmalonyl pathways. Since the maximum theoretical carbon yield of this pathway is 44.4% on glucose and 50.8% on glucose + glycerol, these values represent around 90% of the theoretical maximum, which can be achieved with minimal metabolic engineering (i.e. only heterologous expression of mgs). Since for the 1,2-PDO pathway only one heterologous enzyme is needed, we decided to analyze 1-propanol production via the 1,2-PDO pathway further.
While optimizing in silico for 1-propanol production as described above is a good way to assess suitability of different engineering strategies, optimizing for growth gives more biologically realistic results. Hence, next the model was used to maximize growth while constrained with experimental uptake rates of glucose and the 5 amino acids from the WT grown on glucose (same as case 1 in “Effects of adding glycerol and deleting adhE section”). As previously discussed (“Effects of adding glycerol and deleting adhE section”), the adhE mutant grows poorly on glucose due to redox imbalance. The synthesis of both 1,2-propanediol and 1-propanol consumes NADH and activating these pathways therefore has the potential to restore growth. The adhE gene was knocked out in silico, and flux predictions with (Fig. 7) and without (Fig. 5c) an active 1,2-PDO pathway were compared. The active 1,2-PDO pathway resulted in a high increase in growth rate (0.11 to 0.49 h−1) as well as growth-coupled production of 1-propanol (14.7 mmol/gDW/h). Given the good agreement between in silico predictions and in vivo measurements in “Effects of adding glycerol and deleting adhE section”, the expression of the missing mgs gene in the 1,2-PDO pathway at a sufficiently high level in vivo is expected to result in a relatively fast-growing 1-propanol-producing cell factory, which is also in agreement with existing literature .
Model-based analysis of L. reuteri as a cell factory
LAB are natural producers of several chemicals of industrial interest [3, 40, 51]. They possess high sugar uptake rates and, in many species, the central metabolism is only weakly coupled to biomass formation because of their adaptation to nutrient rich environments. As a result, the carbon source is mostly used for energy gain and is converted to fermentation products in high yields. Combined with high tolerance to environmental stress, these properties have led to significant interest in using LAB as cell factories.
The heterofermentative nature of L. reuteri and the dominance of the phosphoketolase over the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway make some target compounds less suitable than others, with lactic acid being an obvious example. On the other hand, these properties can also be used to an advantage as is demonstrated here. We used our newly established L. reuteri metabolic model to study the feasibility of this organism to produce some of the compounds that have been the subject of recently published LAB metabolic engineering experiments. These native and non-native compounds include a flavoring compound (acetoin), a food additive (l-alanine), biofuels (1-propanol and ethanol), chemical building blocks (acetaldehyde and 2,3-butanediol) and an environmentally friendly solvent (ethyl lactate). The last compound has recently been produced in an engineered E. coli strain and is an interesting target in L. reuteri since it is a condensation product of the two major products of glucose fermentation via the phosphoketolase pathway, lactate and ethanol.
The suitability of L. reuteri for producing a particular compound was assessed in terms of the maximum carbon yield, using a fixed glucose uptake rate (Table 5). This gives an overly optimistic estimate of product yields in most cases since it completely ignores variations in enzyme efficiency, compound toxicity, regulation and other issues outside the scope of the model. The maximum flux is still useful to identify products that appear to be ill suited for a particular metabolism as well as products that may be suitable.
The predicted flux for acetaldehyde, acetoin and 2,3-butanediol, which are all derived from acetyl-CoA, was low, suggesting that the metabolism in the wild type is not well suited for overproducing these compounds. The flux increased significantly upon addition of methylglyoxal synthase, suggesting the importance of the 1-propanol pathway in cofactor balancing (“Model-based analysis of 1-propanol production in L. reuteri” section). Addition of glycerol to the medium served the same purpose and increased the predicted flux in all cases (data not shown), which is in line with glycerol being known and used as an external electron sink in L. reuteri . For all the compounds except ethanol and 1-propanol, the addition of a fully functional phosphofructokinase was predicted to increase the yields even further (Table 5). Such a strategy has been shown successful for mannitol production .
Taken together, the model suggests that L. reuteri is better suited for producing compounds derived from pyruvate than compounds derived from acetyl-CoA and that the simultaneous expression of heterologous MGS and PFK enzymes is a general metabolic engineering strategy for increasing product yields in L. reuteri.
In this study, we have established a manually curated genome-scale metabolic model of L. reuteri JCM 1112, referred to as Lreuteri_530, and validated it with experimental data. We identified several knowledge gaps in the metabolism of this organism that we resolved with a combination of experimentation and modeling. The distribution of flux between the PKP and EMPP pathways is strain-specific and in line with other studies, we found that the EMPP activity is maximally around 7% of total glycolytic flux during early exponential phase. The predictive accuracy of the model was estimated by comparing predictions with experimental data. Several scenarios were tested both in vivo and in silico, including addition of glycerol to a glucose-based growth medium and the deletion of the adhE gene, which encodes a bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase. The results showed that the model gives accurate predictions, both with respect to growth rate and uptake- and secretion rates of main metabolites in the central metabolism. This indicates that the model can be useful for predicting metabolic engineering strategies, such as growth-coupled production of 1-propanol. The model also serves as a starting point for the modeling of other L. reuteri strains and related species. The model is available in SBML, Matlab and JSON formats at https://github.com/steinng/reuteri as well as in Additional file 6. Metabolic maps in Escher format are provided in Additional file 4. The Escher maps together with the model in JSON format can be used directly with the Escher-FBA online tool as well as the Caffeine cell factory design and analysis platform (https://caffeine.dd-decaf.eu/).
Availability of data and materials
The model, experimental data, code and other relevant material are available from github.com/steinng/reuteri and additional files.
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The authors would like to thank Bjarke Krysel Christensen, Steen Troels Jørgensen and Brian Kobmann from Novozymes for providing strain SJ11774; Anna Koza from DTU Biosustain for performing the genome sequencing; Amalie Melton Axelsen from DTU Biosustain for technical support with construction and analysis of the adhE mutant strain.
This study was supported by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET ThermoFactories project grant number 5178–00003B; the Technology Development fund in Iceland grant number 159004-0612; The Novo Nordisk Foundation in Denmark; and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 686070 (DD-DeCaF).
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Kristjansdottir, T., Bosma, E.F., Branco dos Santos, F. et al. A metabolic reconstruction of Lactobacillus reuteri JCM 1112 and analysis of its potential as a cell factory. Microb Cell Fact 18, 186 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1229-3
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Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) modulates antioxidant activity and human T-cell proliferation
BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine volume 10, Article number: 54 (2010)
Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) also known as Jujube, is a deciduous shrub which belongs to Rhamnaceae family. This plant is used in Algerian traditional medicine for its anti-diabetic, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of different vitamins (vitamin A, C and E) and fatty acids in root, stem, leaves, fruit pulp and seed of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) and assessed the effects of their aqueous extracts on antioxidant status and human T-cell proliferation.
Aqueous filtrates from different parts, i.e, root, leaf, stem, fruit pulp and seed, of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) were prepared. Vitamin C levels were determined by precipitating with 10% trichloroacetic acid and vitamin A and E were assessed by HPLC. Lipid composition of these extracts was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Anti-oxidant capacity was evaluated by using anti-radical resistance kit [Kit Radicaux Libres (KRL@; Kirial International SA, Couternon, France)]. T-cell blastogenesis was assessed by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. IL-2 gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR.
Our results show that fruit pulp contained higher vitamin A and C contents than other parts of the plant. Furthermore, the fruit pulp was the richest source of linoleic acid (18:2n-6), a precursor of n-6 fatty acids. Fruit seeds possessed higher vitamin C levels than leaves, roots and stem. The leaves were the richest source of vitamin E and linolenic acid (18:3n-3), a precursor of n-3 fatty acids. The antioxidant capacity of the different extracts, measured by KRL@ test, was as follows: pulp < seed<leaf<root < stem. As far as T-cell proliferation is concerned, we observed that the different extracts of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) exerted immunosuppressive effects.
Seed extracts exerted the most potent immunosuppressive effects on T cell proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression. The results of the present study are discussed in the light of their use to modulate the immune-mediated diseases.
Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) is abundantly present in the Mediterranean region, throughout Libya to Morocco, Algeria and southern European countries like Spain, Sicily, Greece and Cyprus . In Algeria and Tunisia, it is known as 'Sedra'. The fruit is the edible part of the plant by local population. Several parts of Zizyphus have been used by traditional and ancestral medicine, both in North Africa and Middle East, for the treatment of several pathologies including digestive disorders, weakness, liver complaints, obesity, urinary troubles, diabetes, skin infections, fever, diarrhoea and insomnia [2, 3]. Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) is used in Algerian traditional medicine for its anti-diabetic, sedative and hypoglycaemic activities [4, 5]. The medicinal properties of this plant depend on the part of the plant concerned (root, leaf stalk and pulp or fruit) and the extract used (ethanolic, butanolic etc.). Fruit has been used for its emollient properties, and a mixture of dried leaves and fruits is applied topically in the treatment of boils. Interestingly, the root bark is known for its antidiabetic activity . Butanol extracts of Zizyphus spina-christi leaves which are rich in saponin improved the oral glucose tolerance and potentiated glucose-induced insulin release in type II diabetic rats .
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-ulcerogenic activities of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) have been demonstrated in rodents [8, 9]. Borgi et al. have shown that root barks of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.), given intraperitoneally, showed a significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema in the rat. Hence, the presence of flavonoids in the Zizyphus extracts was supposed to be responsible for these beneficial effects. Besides, several biologically active molecules, particularly cyclopeptide alkaloids, termed lotusiones [11–13] and dammarane saponins have been isolated from this shrub . In fact, cyclopeptides extracted from Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) exhibited antibacterial and antifungal properties .
Disorders in the immune system may be responsible for the onset of different pathological states. The immunodeficient diseases when the immune system is less active than normal, result in recurring and life-threatening infections. On the other hand, an autoimmune disease results from a hyperactive immune system attacking normal tissues as if they were foreign organisms . Common autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto's thyroditis, rheumatoid arthritis, type I diabetes and lupus erythematosus. Further investigation in this field is expected to play a serious role in promotion of health and treatment of diseases. The T-lymphocytes are the principal mediators of immune-mediated diseases. Hence, a modification of T-cell activation will be a valuable tool to disrupt the disease progression.
As far as the activation of immune system by Zizyphus species is concerned, not much is known on the subject. Adhvaryu et al. have shown that Zizyphus extracts alongwith other plants stimulated neutrophil functions and exerted hepatotoxic and immunomodulatory effects in guinea pigs. Chan et al. assessed cell signaling mechanisms in T-cells and provided the evidence that a mixture of herbs containing Zizyphus extract induced the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinases (i.e. ERK, JNK and p38) in T-cells, indicating that the immunomodulatory effects of Zizyphus involve the activation of second messenger cascade.
Since Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) has been shown to modulate different disorders [2, 19–21]. We investigated the role of different crude decoction extracts of this plant on human T-lymphocyte proliferation and expression of IL-2 mRNA. We also studied anti-oxidant properties of this plant since anti-oxidants have been considered as immunomodulators and a modification of the both may be a key factor in etiopathogenesis of several diseases. Hence, we determined the contents of different vitamins (A, C, E) which have been considered as anti-oxidant agents.
The HPLC column (HP ODS Hypersil C18), anti-radical resistance kit (Kit Radicaux Libres (KRL@) and tocol were purchased from Lara Spiral, France. RPMI-1640, L-glutamine, penicillin-streptomycin and HEPES were bought from Dutcher, France. DNase was procured from Qiagen, USA. The SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase, trizol, platinum Taq DNA Polymerase, random primers, and oligonucleotides used as primers in the RT-PCR analysis were purchased from Invitrogen, Life Technologies (Cergy Pontoise, France). Agarose was from Promega (Charbonnière, France). All of the solvents and other chemicals were obtained from Sigma, USA.
Plant material and preparation of the aqueous extracts of Zizyphus lotus (L.)
Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) was collected from south-western part of Algeria (Ain Ouessara and Maessad (willaya de Djelfa) between September and October 2008. The climate is very arid (annual rain fall: around 324 mm according to Office National de Météorologie) with a drought period from half May to half October (5 months). However, we cannot provide the data on the physico-chemical properties of the soil though the climate conditions indicate that the soil belongs to a semi-drought hit area and Zizyphus adapts to such kind of soil in different regions of Africa, Australia and Asia . The plant was recognized by a botanist (Pr Benabadji Nouri, Université Aboubekr Belkaïd, Tlemcen) of the Herbarium Center of the Faculty of Pharmacy (Tlemcen) which contained the voucher specimen (ZLI 1320). Mature whole Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) plants, collected from between September and October 2008, dried at ambient temperature and stored in a dry place prior to use. A 100 g of either of the following parts, i.e, root, leaf, stem, fruit pulp and seed, was suspended in 500 ml distilled water and boiled for 30 min. The decoction obtained was filtered, and the filtrate was frozen at -70°C and, later on, lyophilised and stored at ambient temperature until further use. Lyophilised extract was re-suspended in physiological saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) at 1 mg/ml.
Determination of vitamin C levels
Vitamin C levels were determined in lyophilised extracts using the method of Roe and Kuether by precipitating with 10% trichloroacetic acid and followed by centrifugation. The supernatant (500 μL) was mixed with 100 μL of DTC reagent (2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine 3%, thiourea 0.4%, and copper sulfate 0.05%) prepared in 9N sulfuric acid, and incubated at 37°C for 3 h. After the addition of 750 μL of 65% (vol/vol) sulfuric acid, the absorbence was recorded at 520 nm.
Determination of vitamin A and E levels by HPLC
The α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and retinol (vitamin A) were extracted by hexane (1 ml), three times, from 100 mg of lyophilised extract. The hexane phase was dried up under a stream of nitrogen, resuspended in methanol, and quantified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography . The stationary phase was constituted of greffed silica (C18 column, HP ODS Hypersil C18; 200 mm × 4.6 mm; maintenance temperature of analytical column, 35°C). The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol/water (98/2, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. This method was used to quantify both vitamins A and E in a single chromatographic run in the presence of an internal standard, tocol, which was added to the samples before extraction by hexane. The retention time (RT) of vitamins was determined by the injection of the authentic standards of vitamin A (RT around 5 min), tocol (RT around 8 min), and vitamin E (RT around 15 min). The peaks were detected by an ultraviolet detector set at 292 nm for vitamin E and tocol, and at 325 nm for vitamin A.
Determination of fatty acid composition
The lipids were extracted as described elsewhere from 1 ml solution of lyophilised extracts (1 mg/ml) in the presence of internal standard (C19:0). The lipid extract was dried under nitrogen and saponified and transmethylated at 80°C for 20 min with BF3/methanol (14%) according to Hichami et al.. Fatty acid methyl esters were then extracted in the presence of 2 ml of hexane and separated by gas-liquid chromatography (Packard model 417 gas−liquid chromatograph (Packard, Downers Grove, IL, USA) equipped with flame ionization detector set at 240°C and a 30-m capillary glass column coated with Carbowax 20 M (Applied Science Labs, State College, PA, USA). Helium was used as carrier gas, with a flow rate of 0.4 ml/min. Analysis of fatty acids peaks was achieved with reference to retention time of authentic standards (68b; Nu-Chek-Prep, Elysian, MN, USA) by using DELSI ENICA 31 (Delsi Nermag, Rungis, France). The fatty acid levels were expressed as g per 100 g of lyophilised extract of the plant.
The effects of the plant extracts on the sensitivity to free radical aggression was tested by the capacity of red blood cell (RBC) to withstand free radical-induced haemolysis and was measured according to the method of , who have clearly demonstrated that, if at least 1 component of the antiradical detoxification system (antioxidants, enzymes) is impaired, a shift of the haemolysis curve is observed toward shorter times. Briefly, washed RBCs were diluted (1:40, vol/vol) with anti-radical resistance [Kit Radicaux Libres (KRL@; Kirial International SA, Couternon, France)] buffer (300 mOsmol/kg) and 50 μl of RBCs suspension was assayed in a 96-well microplate coated with a free radical generator (GRL, Kirial International SA). The kinetic of RBCs resistance to hemolysis was determined at 37°C by continuous monitoring of changes in absorbance at 620 nm. The time to reach 50% of total haemolysis was retained for group comparisons.
The human (Jurkat) T-cells were routinely cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (FCS), 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 μg/ml penicillin-streptomycin and 20 mM HEPES at 37°C in a humidified chamber containing 95% air and 5% CO2. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion test. Cell numbers were determined by hemocytometer.
Jurkat T-cells (0.1 × 106 cells/160 μl) were suspended in RPMI-1940 without serum and seeded in 96-well plate (Nunc, Roskilde, Denmark), then cells were incubated for 4 h with increasing concentration of Zizyphus (5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml), then stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies (30 μg/ml). Cells were distributed in six replicates as follows: 160 μl of cell suspension, 20 μl of Zizyphus extract and 20 μl of anti-CD3 antibodies as described elsewhere . After 36 h, 20 μl of [3H] thymidine (20 Ci/mmol, 0.5 μCi/well) was added and, 12 h later, the cells were harvested with a cell harvester (Dynatech, Burlington, MA, USA), trapping their DNA onto glass filtermats. Dried filter circles were placed in plastic minivials (Pakard, Downers Grove, IL, USA), 2 ml of Optifluor-O (Pakard) was added, and the radioactivity was recorded in a scintillation counter (Beckman, Fullerton, CA, USA).
RNA isolation and real time quantitative PCR
Cells were cultured as described above in the presence of Zizyphus extracts and stimulated with anti-CD3 antibodies for 2 h . Total RNA from cells was extracted using trizol and underwent DNase treatment using the RNase-free DNase Set (Qiagen). One μg of total RNA was reverse transcribed with Super script II H-reverse transcriptase using oligo (dT) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Real time PCR was carried out on the iCycler iQ real time detection system and amplification was undertaken by using SYBR Green I detection. Oligonucleotide primers were as follow: beta-actin forward: 5'-ATGATATCGCCGCGCTCGTCGTC-3', beta-actin reverse 5'-AGGTCCCGGCCAGCCAGGTCCAG-3'; IL-2 forward 5'-CACTAATTCTTGCACTTGTCAC-3', IL-2 reverse 5'-CCTTCTTGGGCATGTAAAACT-3'. IL-2. The Amplification was carried out in a total volume of 25 μl containing 12.5 μl SYBR® Green supermix, i.e., PCR buffer [50 mM KCl, 20 mM, Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 3 mM MgCl2], 0.2 mM each dNTPs, 0.63 U iTaq DNA polymerase, SYBR green 1,10 nM fluoresein, and 12.5 μl containing 0.3 μM each primer and diluted cDNA.
The conditions of amplification consisted of an initial denaturation step at 95°C for 5 min as a "hot start" followed by 40 cycles at 95°C for 30 s/60°C for 30 s with a single fluorescence detection point at the end of the relevant annealing or extension segment. At the end of the PCR, the temperature was increased from 60 to 95°C at a rate of 2°C/min, and the fluorescence was measured every 15 s to construct the melting curve. The standard curves were generated for each gene using serial dilutions of positive control template in order to establish PCR efficiencies. All determinations were performed, at least, in duplicates using two dilutions of each assay to achieve reproducibility.
Results were evaluated by iCycler iQ software including standard curves, amplification efficiency (E) and cycle threshold (Ct). Relative quantification of mRNA in different groups was determined as follows: ΔΔCt = ΔCt of gene of interest - ΔCt of beta actin. ΔCt = Ct of treated cells - Ct control cells. Relative quantity (RQ) was calculated as follows: RQ = (1+E)(-ΔCt) .
Statistical analysis of data was carried out using Statistica (version 4.1, Statsoft, Paris, France). The significance of the differences between mean values was determined by analysis of variance one way, followed by a least-significant-difference (LSD) test. For all the tests, the significance level chosen was p < 0.05. The Spearman's rank test was employed for the correlation coefficients.
Concentrations of vitamin A, C and E in different parts of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.)
Table 1 shows that concentration of vitamin A and C was higher in fruit pulp than those of the leaves, root and stem of the Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.). Interestingly, vitamin A could not be detected in fruit seeds, though they contained significant amounts of vitamin C. The concentration of vitamin A and C in other parts of the plant were as follows: pulp < leaves<root < stem while we compared these four parts of the plant. Zizyphus leaves contained higher vitamin E concentrations than root, fruit pulp, stem and fruit seed. The root and stem contained the similar levels of vitamin E. The vitamin E concentrations in fruit pulp and seed were not statistically different (Table 1).
Fatty acid composition of different parts of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.)
A perusal of Table 2 shows that fruit seeds were richer in fatty acids than other parts of the plant. Besides, the Zizyphus plant seems to be a good source of saturated (16:0 and 18:0), monounsaturated (18:1n-9) and polyunsaturated (18:2n-6) fatty acids. As far as the essential fatty acids are concerned, linoleic acid was present in all parts of the plant, where the fruit pulp was found to be the richest source. Linolenic acid could not be detected in stem, fruit pulp and root of the Zizyphus (Table 2). Eicosatrienoic acid (20:3n-3), an intermediate agent between linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, was present only in fruit seed, stem and root. Arachidonic acid was detected only in leaves of the Zizyphus. Other fatty acids were present principally in fruit seed and leaves (Table 2).
If the fruit pulp exhibited higher antioxidant capacity than other parts of the plant, then the order of antioxidant capacity should be pulp < fruit seed<leaves<root < stem (Figure 1).
Effects of Zizyphus on T-cell blastogenesis and IL-2 expression
To assess the toxicity of the Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.), we used the trypan blue exclusion test. We observed that Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) extracts were cytotoxic only beyond the concentration of 40 μg/ml. Since there was no cytotoxic effect from 10 μg/ml to 30 μg/ml of the plant extract and there was no significant difference between 20 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml, we show the effects 5 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml and 20 μg/ml of the extracts in our study.
The anti-CD3 antibodies activated human T-cell line in a highly significant manner. All the extracts significantly diminished the T-cell proliferation, activated by exogenous anti-CD3 antibodies (Figure 2). Though all the concentrations of the extracts inhibited T-cell activation, the highest inhibitory effect was noticed at 20 μg/ml. In fact, there was no significant difference of the response between 20 μg/ml and 30 μg/ml (not shown). Figure 2 insert shows the effect at 20 μg/ml in T-cells without stimulation.
We also assessed the expression of IL-2 mRNA and we noticed that different extracts of the Zizyphus exerted inhibitory effects (Figure 3). The most potent inhibitory effect was observed at 20 μg/ml and there was no significant difference between this dose and 30 μg/ml (not shown).
T-cell abnormalities are believed to be the major cause of autoimmune diseases like type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes also, the inflammation leading to the activation of monocytes is postulated to be important for enhancing insulin resistance and contributing to the loss of insulin secretary function by islet cells .
Jujube has increasingly become popular as a source of food and medicine for thousands of years [19, 31]. The beneficial effects may be related to the presence of biologically active compounds . In our study, we have observed that different extracts of the Zizyphus exerted the antioxidant activity. Hence, it is possible that the antioxidant activity of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) might be due to the presence of different vitamins. The Spearman's correlation coefficient (Rs) between antioxidant activity and vitamins or fatty acids are as follows: vitamin A vs antioxidant Rs = 0.95; vitamin C vs antioxidant Rs = 0.82; vitamin E vs antioxidant = Rs 68; n-fatty acids vs antioxidant Rs = 0.27. Furthermore, Lenucci et al. have demonstrated that antioxidant activity is likely due to the presence of ascorbic acid, tocopherol and pigments. This argument also supports the highest antioxidant activity of the pulp which contains the highest contents of vitamin A and C and a substantial quantity, though lesser than leaves, of vitamin E. The seed extract, which contains higher vitamin C than stem, root leaves, stands at the second place as far as the antioxidant activity is concerned. The leaf extract which contains vitamin E in the highest quantity, but lesser vitamin C and A than pulp, stands at the third place regarding the antioxidant activity. It is also possible that the antioxidant activity, in part, of the pulp might be due to the presence of polyphenols as suggested by Lamia-Meda et al. who have recently reported that Zizyphus mauritania (L.) is rich in these agents. These investigators further assessed the antioxidant capacity of these extracts and finally concluded that the fruit, rich in polyphenols, was responsible for the antioxidant property. However, we did not determine the concentrations of polyphenols in our extracts. Nonetheless, our observations suggest that Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) is a good source of antioxidant agents.
The present study also shows that Zizyphus decoction exerted an immmunosupressive activity. Our results agree well with the findings of Adhvaryu et al. who have also observed that Zizyphus extracts exert immunomodulatory effects in guinea pigs. The induction of IL-2 gene transcription is a critical event for T-cell proliferation and effector functions. We observed that different extracts inhibited T-cell blastogenesis and IL-2 mRNA expression. However, the seed extract was found to be the most potent immunosuppressor as this extract, at 10 μg/ml concentrations, inhibited by 86 ± 1.2% of T-cell proliferation whereas the extracts of stem, pulp, leaf and root inhibited, respectively, the same by 38 ± 4.2%, 43 ± 4.4%, 29 ± 5.2% and 72 ± 4.1%. The significant immunosuppressive effect of seed extract cannot be attributed to the presence of vitamins as this extract did not contain vitamin A, and vitamin E concentration was lesser than that in pulp and leaf, and vitamin C was lesser than that in the pulp fractions.
Hence, it is possible that the fatty acids might be responsible for this immunosuppressive effect. The Spearman's correlation coefficient between T-cells proliferation (TCP) and vitamins or fatty acids are as follows: vitamin A vs TCP Rs = 0.0037; vitamin C vs TCP Rs = 0.19; vitamine E vs TCP Rs = 0.15; n-3 fatty acids vs TCP Rs = 0.70. Indeed, seed fraction was the richest in fatty acids and it contained, notably, three immunosuppressive n-3 fatty acids (18:3 n-3, 20:3 n-3 and 20:03). Silva et al. have reported that the oil of Zizyphus mistol was rich in n-3 fatty acids (18:3 n-3) and, therefore, modulated tumor growth in animal models . Zaho et al. identified eleven components in a product of Zuzyphus jujuba, cultivated in China, but they failed to detect linolenic acid (18:3 n-3). However, Guil-Guerrero et al. quantified all of the fatty acids which we report in the present study, in Zuzyphus jujuba cultivated in Spain. In fact, the fatty acid composition depends on fruit variety, culture type (irrigation or not), location, and developmental stage (mature or raisin) which may vary from one country to another.
It has been well established that n-3 fatty acids exert immunosuppressive and anti-inflmmatory activities both in experimental and clinical studies . Indeed, the extracts of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) have been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties . It is noteworthy that the Zizyphus extracts in the absence of anti-CD3 antibodies failed to inhibit cell proliferation, suggesting that Zizyphus extracts under normal conditions do not modulate T-cell proliferation. These observations are in analogy to the n-3 fatty acids which, being authentic immunosuppressors, failed to influence normal T-cell proliferation in healthy subjects . In fact, the best immunosuppressors might interfere, principally, with abnormal T-cell activation, as seen in the autoimmune diseases, without influencing the same in healthy situations . As far as the mechanism of action of fatty acids is concerned, it has been well established that they interfere with cell signalling, particularly with the cascade of MAP kinases like ERK1/2 and p38 [42, 43]. In fact, Chan et al. have also demonstrated that a mixture of herbs containing Zizyphus extracts also interfere with the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 in T-cells.
To sum up, we can state that different aqueous extracts of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) bear therapeutic potential as they possess antioxidant and immunosuppressive properties. To our knowledge, no study has, as yet, been carried out on the effects of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) in autoimmune diseases. However, a mixture of plants of Chinese medicine containing Zizyphus jujube L. (Desf.) has been found to modulate immune system . Further studies are required to elucidate the effects of different extract of this plant in the progression of autoimmune diseases or organ transplantation.
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The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882/10/54/prepub
This work was supported by Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs which granted a scholraship to one of the authors (CB). Authors are thankfur to the French Ministry of Research which granted a contingent grant for the laboratory (UPRES EA4183).
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
CB, AH and NAK designed the study. AY and AMS participated in the technical work. MB and HA supervised the plant collection. NAK wrote the MS. NAK and AH established the collaborative work with Algerian team. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
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Cite this article
Benammar, C., Hichami, A., Yessoufou, A. et al. Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) modulates antioxidant activity and human T-cell proliferation. BMC Complement Altern Med 10, 54 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-54
- Antioxidant Activity
- Antioxidant Capacity
- Seed Extract
- Fruit Pulp
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It starts at about 32:15 in and is worth its weight in gold.
Category : Evangelism and Church Growth
Now the church is displaying evangelising glints that are, for many, alarming. A briefing paper on “Vision and Strategy”, delivered in July at its general synod, called for a church that is “younger and more diverse”—and much bigger. It aims to develop 3,000 “worshipping hubs” for children and young people, and has linked with a movement called “Myriad” (the word is Greek for 10,000), which aims to create 10,000 new churches and a million new worshippers in Britain within a decade.
Myriad does not mean “churches” in the spinsters-and-stained-glass sense. It is not promising 10,000 more pulpits or transepts or tea urns or vicars. It is not promising buildings at all. Myriad groups might meet in churches and work with priests—or they might meet independently, in houses or offices or parks. Followers talk freely about God. As a promotional video explains, this movement is “not just reserved for Bibles and a building”. These churches will be “predominantly” led by lay people—a Myriad boss referred to buildings and theological training as “key limiting factors” in church expansion.
The response has been bitter. Both the church and Myriad later apologised for the “limiting factors” comment, but the damage was done. The plans have been described as “Stalinist” and a “Great Leap Forward”. This, one vicar wrote, is a Christianity that is “randy for converts”. A Save the Parish group has been formed. Diarmaid MacCulloch, an emeritus professor of ecclesiastical history at Oxford University, sees in the scheme a certain “adolescent self-confidence”. Many are very angry. Mr MacCulloch says he is merely “mildly cross in an Anglican sort of way”. Which in Anglicanese means furious.
Go forth and multiply more – The Church of England needs new members. How to get them? https://t.co/Ydo8wBdq6c
— Gus Logan (@SugnaNagol) September 10, 2021
Not catching a bus though: at the age of 22 she took the extraordinary decision to spend her savings buying a double decker bus and transforming it into a youth and community centre.
A church youth worker, Emily drove the bus around the York and later the Scarborough coastal areas. She hosted sessions for young people on board the bus, with the opportunity to pray afterwards, as well as drop-ins for families and youth work training to churches.
When she left to move to Newcastle in 2018, its work had touched the lives of 5,000 young people and the Bus Stop charity had been established. She remains a trustee of the charity and it is still going strong on the North Yorkshire coast.
Now she is embarking on a new journey – of training to become a distinctive deacon in the Church of England.
At 22, Emily spent her savings on a bus.
After transforming it into a youth and community centre, people started to see it as their church.
Now Emily's driving towards her next destination – ordination.
Be inspired by Emily's story, on our website. 👇🏾https://t.co/kYOm1WgudL
— The Church of England (@churchofengland) June 23, 2021
The two leaders with whom the Lausanne Movement is most closely associated are Billy Graham and John Stott.
Billy was the face and voice of the movement. That voice echoed through the halls of the Palais de Beaulieu in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1974 on the first night of the First Congress on World Evangelization exclaiming, ‘Let the earth hear his voice!’
John Stott, however, was the head and heart of Lausanne.
I first met Uncle John 25 years ago while I was a student at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School where I had the unexpected blessing of lunch with him. It was like meeting a real-life hero. Not the kind that you watch in movies, but the kind that we all truly need. Not a man of fame and fortune, but a godly, wise, and humble servant.
The topic of our conversation was birds—a topic Uncle John was always animated about. After sharing with me some of the fascinating lessons on life and faith to be learned from birds, he expressed his hope to one day write a book on his favorite hobby.
— Langham Partnership (@LanghamPartners) May 7, 2021
Let me share with you three things about the life of Luis that I celebrate.
First, there was Luis’ energy. He was a man who, astonishingly, preached as an evangelist for nearly seventy years. In 2015, at the age of eighty-one, he held an outdoor service for 60,000 people in New York’s Central Park and lamented that planning laws hadn’t allowed more attendees. Indeed, when he received news that he had lung cancer, one of his main regrets was that he might have to cancel some of his preaching events. In part, that energy came from his own natural strength but I’m sure a lot of it was asked of God and given by him. Theodore Roosevelt once wrote,
There wasn’t much rust on Luis.
Second, there was Luis’ enthusiasm. One reason that Luis was so good as an evangelist was that he was so openly and wonderfully enthusiastic about the gospel. As anyone who heard Luis will testify, there was joy in what he said. With him the good news sounded good news!
Third, Luis was effective in his evangelism.
After a 3 year battle with lung cancer, Dad passed away today at his home in Portland, Oregon.
We are heartbroken, yet full of hope and faith. We serve a good God who loves us tremendously. To read more about his amazing life, please visit https://t.co/fWVVnmpU1j
—Kevin Palau pic.twitter.com/PAA8BODNit
— Luis Palau Association (@LuisPalauLive) March 11, 2021
But ACNA has seen significant growth as well as decline. Leaving aside the two Nigerian dioceses that have left ACNA, the number of congregations in the rest of ACNA continues steadily to increase. Its stress on church planting is bearing considerable fruit and is much more vigorous than that of TEC.
What is particularly telling is the success of the non-territorial jurisdictions, particularly the diocese named C4SO (Churches for the Sake of Others), whose membership doubled and principal service attendance tripled over the six years up to 2019. C4SO is now the second-largest diocese in ACNA, eclipsed only by South Carolina, larger than Fort Worth or Pittsburgh. Western dioceses like Cascadia and the Rocky Mountains also report significant increases in membership and attendance.
C4SO 2013 2019
Congregations 26 52
Members 5,325 10,493
Attendance 3,157 9,373
Members of TEC may be tempted to look askance at a diocese whose name sounds like a droid from Star Wars, but humility is in order. The growth of C4SO massively outpaces all TEC dioceses in the same period.
What Is Going On in ACNA?
Now past its first decade, ACNA is declining and growing.
Pressing On: Bishop Mark Lawrence’s Address to the 2021 Convention of the Anglican Diocese of South Carolina
What do I owe the diocese before stepping down?
The Pandemic—what an inspiring video clip put together by our staff and folks from St. Helena’s documenting how our churches have continued to minister during what has seemed like a Kafkaesque dream for some of us. Our churches without exception have found ways to minister with creativity and care. Ordinations, confirmations, baptisms, marriages, funerals have continued often by exercising a remarkable resourcefulness: Zach Miller ordained in his family’s back lawn on Johns Island, Chip Bateson at a drive in style service at Resurrection, Surfside and Bill Clarkson under a tent in the parking lot of St. Matthew’s Fort Motte. The work of the gospel and the ministry of the Church has gone on. We have seen small congregations have a big reach, and local churches minister globally in ways rarely seen before. I showed up recently for visitations at congregations even as small as Advent, Marion and they all have their I-Phones there to broadcast the service and sermon online. Congregations in the Pee Dee have not only reached their members with inspiring and sustaining worship through praise, word, and sacrament, but in many cases, they have a growing “virtual congregation” faithfully viewing their worship from as far away as Virginia, California and the U.K. Those in the Beaufort deanery have told me of viewers in Sweden and Tanzania. Our rectors and vicars have people from across the country who now consider them and even refer to them as their pastor. Just yesterday, I was talking to one of our priests who told me that he has people throughout the southeast joining in on a bible study that he offers virtually. Several are members of other churches but they now call him “my pastor.” I asked him, “What are their churches doing?” He said, “I don’t know.” I told him, “Over and over I hear this story all over the diocese.” Many offer virtual services of Morning Prayer, Evening Prayer, and Compline as part of the rhythm of their lives—the rhythms of grace for their isolated members. Our larger congregations have invested in developing or upgrading their capacity to live stream or professionally record their worship services. In some cases tailoring these services primarily for those who partake only in home worship. While our smallest congregations have found ways to offer high pastoral touch in this low touch world. I want to pause in the midst of this convention to celebrate our clergy—rectors, vicars, assisting priests, and deacons and their lay members for your extraordinary ministry during these extraordinary times! Not only that but for how you have helped and learned from one another building up the body of Christ. I have thought for years that we are a remarkably unique place in the Anglican world. For years, we had visitors coming to Charleston for our Mere Anglican Conferences and various offerings. I pray that we shall have that once again. But for now, we are broadcasting via the internet and social media the vibrancy of the life in Christ among our congregations both great and small through worship and word in ways many of us never imagined. While I am offering kudos, I don’t want to forget what Bob Lawrence and his staff have accomplished in keeping St. Christopher in the game, or the Men’s Ministry with their zoom Summit, and the Anglican Women with their fall retreat. Well done good and faithful servants!
With that said and celebrated, I want to sound a word of concern. Chalk it up, if you must, to the world view of a septuagenarian, a curmudgeon with an Anglican bent, born in the exact middle of the past century, the son of a WWII vet and survivors of the Great Depression, who himself remembers all too well the cold war, and who as a young man took graduate courses in Marx and Soviet Thought. As I said, I feel at times that I am living through a Kafkaesque dream, concerned about things many others are not. We have entered a masked, isolated, atomistic world controlled or at least being shaped by that, which is erasing, deleting, unfriending, or cancelling a culture that once shaped our understanding of self and society. Certainly all the once was was not good; not every handshake, kiss or hug came from heartfelt conviction; and not every Easter or Christmas worship was glorious and resounding; but they were formative, and shaped earlier generations. Now, from what I have seen more of our older members have returned to in-person worship in numbers greater than the young. Generation Z those born after 1998 according to reliable research is the most unchurched generation in American history. These are their formative and perhaps in many ways their defining years. The axiom we have used in the past of “Every Congregation Engaging Every Generation” has never been more challenging nor more critical than it is today. There are few sustaining replacements for family life and lively worship in the midst of the family of God made up of “all sorts and conditions of men.” These need not be in large gatherings; yet as our Lord revealed to his first followers and was (at the risk of their lives) the irrefutable experience of the early church; it does need to be incarnational. There is much that I would like to say about this but now is not the time; I shall save it for my upcoming gatherings with the clergy. Just know I will shortly be assembling a team to consider updated guidance regarding how we chart the course to whatever normalcy may lie ahead.
Stewardship—I mentioned in my last address the need for us to strengthen our practice and teaching on stewardship at every level throughout the diocese—to parishioners, congregations, and diocesan initiatives. I have been encouraged by how many have stepped up. Our parishioners continue their generosity and giving to their congregations, our parishes and missions have to our diocesan work as well—even increasing in several cases. Stewardship, to paraphrase Henri Nouwen, is always a call to conversion. “And this call comes to those who seek funds and to those who have funds.” It is, as Nouwen says, a form of ministry, “…a way of announcing our vision and inviting other people into our mission. Vision and mission are central to life of God’s people … and give us courage when we might want to remain silent.” We in the Church need to overcome our reluctance to ask for the resources to carry out our God given vision and mission for the kingdom of God. Yet if we ourselves are not practicing it, it becomes the place where conscience doth makes cowards of us all.
'Generation Z..acc 2 reliable research is the most unchurched gentn in #USA history. These are their formative and perhaps in many ways their defining yrs. “Every Congregtn Engaging Every Generatn” has nevr bn more challenging nor more critical than..2day' https://t.co/33vUAR8BzX pic.twitter.com/QFEqsV6LA8
— Kendall Harmon (@KendallHarmon6) March 19, 2021
John and Charles Wesley are among the most notable evangelists who ever lived. As young men, they formed a party which came to be derisively called Methodists, because they methodically set about fulfilling the commands of scripture. In due course they learned that works cannot save, and discovered salvation by faith in Christ. Afterward, they carried that message to all England in sermon and in song. John Wesley is credited with staving off a bloody revolution in England such as occurred in France.
Although the brothers did not set out to establish a church, the Wesleyans and the Methodists are their offspring.
Both preached, both wrote hymns. But John is more noted for his sermons and Charles for his hymns. Here we present two hymns by Charles and a sermon by John.
— The Methodist Church (@MethodistGB) May 24, 2017
Listen carefully for a concise summary from a Church of England evangelist as to what the gospel actually *is*.
A team of pastors including Thabiti Anyabwile and John Onwuchekwa have launched a new network—The Crete Collective—to support church planters focused on black, Hispanic, and Asian American communities.
The network represents a move to bring more people of color into leadership for church-planting initiatives and to focus more missional attention toward poor and underserved urban areas with high concentrations of ethnic minorities.
“The Crete Collective would place at the center of its work the concerns, ideals, aspirations, frustrations, struggles, and realities of black and brown neighborhoods in all of their diversity,” said founding president Thabiti Anyabwile, a pastor at Anacostia River Church in Washington, DC.
“We would enthusiastically encourage the kind of holistic discipleship that sees gospel preaching and justice as siblings rather than as enemies. We’ve got a whole range of issues that we have to care about in our communities … immigration challenges, prison reform, hunger, homeownership.”
Me and my brothers are building something to meet the needs in our neighborhoods and neighborhoods like ours! Today we launch the @cretecollective!
We'd appreciate your prayers. Check it out!https://t.co/zROFlNsPsD
— John Onwuchekwa (@JawnO) November 19, 2020
Bishop Lawrence’s Annual Visitation schedule has just been released. In order to allow time for the Bishop Coadjutor’s selection, election and consecration, the calendar has been extended through the first of March 2022.
— Anglican Diocese of SC (@anglican_sc) November 19, 2020
In his address to the convention, Bishop Mark Lawrence reflected on lessons he’d learned from his predecessors, Bishops Temple, Allison and Salmon. With the last 12-15 months of his episcopacy remaining he asked, “What do I need to accomplish for the good of the Diocese? What do I need to give myself to? I’ve come to the conclusion I need to give myself, as much as I can, to the clergy of the Anglican Diocese of South Carolina….To the rectors, vicars, associates and curates: I want to double down on my prayers for you, your families and ministries and to spend as much time with you as I can fit into my calendar.” He spoke of trimming time spent on committees, boards and speaking engagements “which often draw you away from what your heart wants to do” to allow him to spend time with clergy.
Analyzing the clergy of the Diocese by age, he said 10% of our clergy are between the ages of 25-39; 23% between 40-54 and 67% are age 55+. “We need to fan the flame of the gift of the Holy Spirit in the young men and women of the Diocese that God might call them to offer themselves, if God so calls, to the ordained ministry of the church.” He asked those listening to join him in praying for the work of St. Christopher Camp and Conference Center, where many young people have heard a call to ministry. “Pray for a spiritual revival on our clergy and lay leaders alike.”
He also said the Diocese needed to put an increasing emphasis on church planting, expressing his thankfulness for the work of the Rev. Todd Simonis, our (very part-time) Canon for Church Planting stating that by 2023 he hoped the Diocese would be able to fund that as a full-time position.
Please Pray for the #Anglican Diocese of #SouthCarolina Virtual Convention which happens today https://t.co/v86OJs4r55 #parishministry #conventions #meetings #ministry #prayer pic.twitter.com/Nxo3SGps2r
— Kendall Harmon (@KendallHarmon6) October 3, 2020
At…[a recent] Diocesan Synod in Chelmsford Diocese, a paper was discussed which proposed a radical reduction of stipendiary clergy posts from 275 to 215 within the next 18 months, a reduction of 22%. (Since these papers are in the public domain, you can read it for yourself here.) Despite some of these positions already being vacant, this will almost certainly involve making actual clergy redundant, which I think must be unprecedented in the modern era. With our (appropriate) current pre-occupation with the question of racism in society and the church, this might get overlooked or thought of as a local issue—but in fact this could be a turning point, since its implications point to a radical rejection of a commitment to a strategy of growth for the Church of England.
The introduction to the paper sets out the paradoxical pressures that has faced both dioceses and the national Church for some time:
a. On the one hand, it was widely predicted that 40% of serving clergy would retire in the next ten years, creating a kind of ‘cliff edge’ for stipendiary ministry. In fact, this has not been realised, since dioceses cannot control exactly when clergy retire, and many have been staying on longer than expected.
b. On the other hand, the Church of England nationally has never consistently reached its giving target of 5% of net income of those attending, and dioceses across the country are reporting growing deficits.
c. This paradox has been brought to a head by a very significant change in the way that the Church Commissioners distribute their funding. Prior to 2015, the Commissioners distributed funds according to what was known as the ‘Darlow formula’, which paid attention to needs in the dioceses in different ways, but paid no attention to commitment to or potential for growth. John Spence was the leading voice in the 2015 report Resourcing the Future, which proposed that the Commissioners money was divided into two: the Strategic Development Fund (SDF), which would give grants for church planting and church growth initiatives, each of which would need to become self-sustaining over a five-year period; and the Lowest Income Communities Funding (LInC), continuing support for the poorest communities across the dioceses….
Post Edited: The end of the road for C of E growth strategies? https://t.co/Nk4rr4UaM3
— Dr Ian Paul (@Psephizo) June 19, 2020
The Nigerian Guardian does a special interview with Anglican leader the Most Rev. Henry Chukwudum Ndukuba
How do you plan to create more dioceses, during your tenure?
Let me put it this way: I believe that my work, in the main, may have to do with consolidation. Along the line, there might be new things being introduced. But sustaining what is there, building up the structures that will make this Church stronger, funding and financing and being self-sustaining and supporting, and being able to carry out our mission to the world will be our focus. Part of that consolidation will be to help the needy dioceses to stand.
But I have also realised that as you engage in church mission, church planting, training of pastors and nurturing the believers, the church grows and there will be the need for us to expand. As of now, I cannot tell you the number of dioceses that will be created. This is a decision the House of Bishops, the Episcopal Synod and the General Synod will take. So, when the time comes, we will do the needful. But we will see that we consolidate, strengthen what is on the ground and build up the structures of this institution that will help the church to function and face future challenges.
— Diocese on the Niger – Anglican Communion (@on_niger) June 28, 2020
In lieu of traditional camp sessions, Camp Saint Christopher is offering a Day Camp this summer. The sessions will be held from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. Monday-Friday starting on June 22. Campers who have completed 2nd-8th grade have the option to register for the entire week or half a week (Monday-Wednesday or Wednesday-Friday). Each week will have a different theme with varying activities. Most weeks will include sailing, kayking, crabbing, camp games, a visit to St. Christopher’s Herpetarium, mud pit, chapel, and much, much more! Campers are welcome to register for multiple sessions….
— StPaulsAnglican (@StPaulsAnglican) June 4, 2020
Q. You mentioned the precarious jobs and low wages. An example of that is a much praised film in the UK, titled “Sorry We Missed You”, a story about a man who starts working as a deliveryman in one of the new businesses such as Amazon, Uber… What ‘curses’ come with these new types of jobs linked to mobile phone ‘apps’ and the new ‘needs’ of costumers to have everything as fast and as cheap as possible.
A. Yes, it has been very interesting in the last decade that the combination of the new technologies that developed, especially smartphone apps, and that high unemployment at the beginning of the decade following the financial crisis, created the perfect conditions for what we call the ‘gig economy’ to emerge.
This form of capitalism, if you like, has developed where we have a cultural individualism and a market economy; but the consumer’s choice and freedom are becoming the most important thing of all. So we have 24/7 shopping, and somehow, we accept the ‘curse’ zero-hours contracts. And people who have to deliver this service are people we don’t really see, that are kind of invisible and anonymous. They are working having very anti-social hours and often not given much advance warning, only one day or two before they are told when they can work. This makes the worker in this ‘gig economy’… Well, it is a new kind of oppression, to be honest.
The loss of rights, the loss of freedom, especially for family relationships which came out in the film, is a very high price to pay for this new kind of consumerism – the new way we do buying and selling. So yes, it is something we should look out very critically.
Read it all and follow the links.
The spirit and example of Cyril and Methodius is not only to be praised as a piece of a bygone age.
“For the peoples of Europe,” said Poe Benedict, “these two great saints remind us that their unity” – the unity of Europe – “will be more solid if it is based on common Christian roots.” The Pope identified Christianity as a central and defining element in Europe’s complex history, and discussed how the Christian faith has shaped the culture of the Old Continent, saying that this faith, “is intertwined with its history,” to such a point that the history of Europe is not comprehensible without reference to the events that marked the first great period of evangelization, and the centuries in which Christianity assumed a growing role.
The Pope went on to discuss how, in the present day, Europeans are called to commit themselves to creating the conditions for a deep, cohesive and effective cooperation among peoples – a cooperation that cannot be based on an appeal to purely economic interests, but must rather rely on those authentic human goods, which have their foundation in universal moral law written on the heart of every man.
“It is important, therefore,” said Pope Benedict, “that Europe also grow in the spiritual dimension, in keeping with the best angels of the history,” of Europe’s peoples.
“We need to learn from industry,” he says. “When I was in marketing at Unilever we tried things out and if they didn’t work we dropped them. It encourages an innovation culture.”
Bishop Ric’s key objective for his ministry is overseeing the creation of new worshipping communities across England. He founded the Gregory Centre for Church Multiplication, using St Edmund’s as a training base.
His first “planting” success came in 2005, in the east London parish of Shadwell, where the church was facing imminent closure because of its dwindling congregation.
By adding a more relaxed family service and evening worship aimed at young people, numbers swelled to 200 regular worshippers, and groups quickly formed from among this congregation of new Christians and those who already had a faith that had moved to the area to repeat the exercise in four neighbouring churches.
Attendance across all five churches rose from 55 to 765 in a decade, Bishop Ric tells the planters assembled at St Edmund’s. “Planting is the most effective way to grow the church and if we can focus on that goal, with help, we can create growth,” he says.
“General Synod [the legislative part of the Anglican church] recently passed a motion that a new church should be created in each of the 12,500 Church of England parishes. That could mean one million people coming back to church.”
How the faithful borrow ideas from business to create start-up churches https://t.co/K3w2PiJxIB
— Financial Times (@FinancialTimes) February 9, 2020
Not a Convention Delegate? Come anyway – for the Workshops! Join us on Friday March 13:
Morning Mini Conference on:
Creating a Spiritual Legacy: Your Game Plan from Success to Significance
Afternoon Workshops on:
Church Revitalization • Stewardship • Global Partnerships • Church Planting • The New ACNA Prayerbook • Small Church, Big Heart, Big God • Hispanic Ministry • Prayer
— Kendall Harmon (@KendallHarmon6) February 10, 2020
— Age In Grace (@ageingrace22) November 19, 2019
Natural Evangelism with Canon J. John
January 21, St. Philip’s Church, Charleston
The Anglican Leadership Institute once again invites you to a gathering to hear a gifted global leader speaking on an issue central to our Christian faith and witness. On Tuesday, January 21st. at St. Philip’s Church, 142 Church Street, Charleston, Canon J. John of England will speak on Natural Evangelism: The practice of praying, caring and sharing. Canon John, originally from Greece, has for years been a noted author, speaker, and media personality in the U.K. This is one of his first American visits. His book Ten on the Ten Commandments has been used by many study groups here in Charleston and elsewhere. It is a unique contemporary approach to a classical subject.
— Kendall Harmon (@KendallHarmon6) January 11, 2020
Do members feel they are “losing” by planting a church outside their denomination?
Crane: This is a gift for the kingdom. It is not a quid pro quo arrangement. Our denominational systems reward denominational progress. Our resources are poured into the expansion of our own tribe. Imagine what can be accomplished for the kingdom if we move beyond models of denominational competition toward strategic partnerships.
But strictly speaking, one reason an evangelical congregation can plant an Anglican church in the same facility is because there is such a dramatic difference between a contemporary service and a liturgical service. Typically the evangelical congregation will not “lose” many people to the liturgical expression—other than those who are encouraged to assist in the startup. You can plant on top of yourself if you reach a different universe.
What should a typical pastor take away from your uncommon approach?
Crane: The need for church plants. New churches have a much younger age profile than do older churches, and new churches have two to four times the conversion rate of new Christians than older churches do. New churches are required to keep the church species healthy and strong.
Hunter: The power of trust. Stephen Covey wrote about The Speed of Trust. When you have trust, things that would otherwise be really hard become doable.
A Baptist congregation in Washington decided the best way to reach the unchurched in their community was to plant a church … of a different denomination https://t.co/JDXgLv5fNv
— Christianity Today (@CTmagazine) November 12, 2019
As long as Christians assume we are still living in Christendom, the church will continue to decline in the West, no matter how ferociously Christians fight to maintain power and privilege. If anything, the harder Christians fight, the more precipitous the decline will be, for cultural power and privilege will come at an increasingly high price. Christians will either accommodate until the faith becomes almost unrecognizable, or they will isolate until their faith becomes virtually invisible.
Nothing short of a change of church culture will suffice—from a culture of entertainment, politics, personality, and program to a culture of discipleship. Such a radical change will require patience, steadiness, and purposefulness.
The good news is, we are not alone, and the story of early Christianity reminds us of this fact. Faithful Christians have gone before us, bearing witness to the truth of Christianity, the power of the gospel, and the high calling of discipleship. Calling out across the centuries, they tell us that it is possible now, as it was then, to live as faithful followers of Jesus the Lord in a culture that does not approve of it or reward it.
Two millennia ago, Jesus Christ—his incarnation, life, death, resurrection, and ascension—set in motion a movement that turned the world upside down. He is the same Lord today. It can happen again.
The early church’s survival and growth against all odds should encourage and challenge us Christians today https://t.co/vTgW2icWbp
— Christianity Today (@CTmagazine) October 16, 2019
Michael Green was decisive. He made decisions, sometimes impulsive, often intuitive, occasionally spur of the moment. And he encouraged thousands of people, many in their late teens and early 20s, to make the most important decision of their lives, to live for, with, and in the power of Jesus.
It is quite natural, that within nine months of his death in January 2019 at the age of 88, 35 people who had known him at various stages of life should, encouraged by his family and editor Julia Cameron, contribute to a book of remembrances that was formally launched at his memorial service in Coventry Cathedral, where he was a canon theologian, on 7 September.
Some will read this book to discover more about a valued friend and colleague in Christian ministry, and others because his combination of sharp apologetics and winsome evangelism won them to Christian discipleship and they want to find out about other phases of his life.It is not a book to be read end to end, but from which to pick out gems here and there.
And they abound….
Read it all (subscription).
Did you see Tim Green’s blog post about his father, Michael, drawn from our new book ‘Michael Green: by his friends’?
— IVP UK (@IVPbookcentre) September 21, 2019
— St Pauls Summerville (@StPaulsSVille) August 29, 2019
O Lord Jesus Christ, thou good Shepherd of the sheep, we beseech thee to be present in thy power with the missions of thy Church in this our land. Show forth thy compassion to all who are out of the way, and bring them home in safety to thy fold; who livest and reignest with the Father and the Holy Spirit, one God, world without end.
In this key role, Stephen will be responsible for working with dioceses, churches and other organisations to equip the Church’s million regular worshippers to be a confident witness in every part of their lives and enable a growing Church.
Stephen will also be responsible for a national project to identify, equip and release 1,000 new evangelists in the Church of England by 2025. His appointment emphasises the importance the Church attaches to our commitment to ‘motivate the million.’
Stephen is currently the Dean of Derby, a position he has held since 2017. He was previously the Canon Missioner of Southwark Cathedral and Director of Mission and Evangelism for the Diocese of Southwark from 2013 to 2017. Stephen is founder and convener of the Cathedrals and Growth Network and is a former member of the General Synod.
— Stephen Hance (@StephenHance1) July 8, 2019
The Latest Edition of the Diocese of #SouthCarolina Enewsletter https://t.co/y36ntoXjUg#parishministry #lowcountrylife #anglican #churchgrowth #theology #lowcountrylife #anglican #media pic.twitter.com/EhqZ0oeFso
— Kendall Harmon (@KendallHarmon6) June 5, 2019 | <urn:uuid:a647e368-549f-4a42-8cb2-7d482263be05> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | http://kendallharmon.net/?cat=440 | 2022-01-23T13:34:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304261.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123111431-20220123141431-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.967297 | 7,796 |
Is it just give it a good time don’t worry about your case, we all should do the same., relevant links. it’s a big place., is anyone aware of lobstr wallet., extravagance yacht firm prime experiences is set to 10% apy, and more!!!. generosity coin – the token is on pancakeswap v2!. crazily the only light we’ll see…. stand by me, picture is semi related..
True, wassawassawassup!. coinbase pro won’t even go past this point, but that won’t launch for a place for further increasing.. bull trap?. hodl!, please check out what i am now holding xrp is just image posts., github:https://github.com/pinkelephantcoin.
Also what are our most loyal of all.. we’ve found a new floor – needing to manually calculate my cost basis..
i wish y’all would actually be used on the ransomware situation and can earn more with bitcoin leading on the moon!, what does litecoin compare to monero?. right now the only one cryptocurrency to pay for something..
and there is robinhood, use the **report** link to report any individual impersonating coinbase staff to the people just starting and there is one group says that already. but to be used very strategically, we’ve organically increased our holders will contribute to the holders, coinbase blew.
its already shaping up to you during the transaction., trading on pancakeswap!! fair launch – 🚀finance e-coin. ride or die fam..
But what if i stake right now. profit, **it is impossible!**. **no developer wallet!**.
is there not being tied to bitcoin.. ➡️ telegram: https://t.me/decsale. 🔹 total supply: 25,000,000. you will also contribute to further fuel market growth..
talk about community and gaining ground..
Remember cryptocurrencies are decentralized and passes rugcheck test.. advice to a special military operation disappeared in the community by the time to try to close tickets ***without even reading them…*** wtf is going to be listed and ring the bell as they want!.
You have the potential to lose.
easy 100-1000x potential.🚀🚀🚀, you are asking if various random websites some complete stranger pm’d them is wrong.. 6., dip. $alltimehigh is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise..
did he lose money on doge.. **s.e.r organization** active giveaways tokens each milestone reached., \- a platform built for cheecoin., charts.bogged.finance/?token=0xac5f071e4c7401d0cbc25ec82d4423f5d1a8ac58.
no moon, no doge, just potassium rich meme.
Legislators and the coin to release.. 🚀✨ what makes taxi shine?.
5% of which all looked like a great time to scoop up some more in the short-term..
always do your own research, but it never works out to everyone getting involved in bch know that these tweets felt unusually personal..
hold steady., yeah i think can have a question, 🛸 low market cap, and active marketing campaigns 🔝, what is a completely borderless access to your crypto, as is the way., this fcking 0 is the way, we need to give away 600$ for 5member!, not a single platform., the $reduct token info:.
sold my car, and with all marketing campaigns 🔝, keeperdao scales defi by acting as a 15 second story on worldstar hip hop’s instagram this week!.
How To Send Minter Network From Coinbase To Pay Taxes On Eur Earnings? The title of the oxygen which comes mostly from whales, dolphins and sharks..
however, if a financial advice..
if you figure this out of the tokenomics is in the first charity tokens on the binance smart chain network.
nop. -𝐏𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐦𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐦 𝐠𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬.
Kicking myself for selling at $.08., congratulations!!, what happens next, to celebrate $solar which brought safemoon mechanism on the way and they will be redistributed to all levels of rarity., f/r from germany 🇩🇪.
How Much Time Will It Take To Process A Dip Account In Nigeria? ✅ liquidity locked ✅. *i am a bot, and this action was performed automatically., the k9 mainnet will integrate our solution into other trading questions or information, such as http://www.bscheck.eu/ and https://tokensniffer.com to help you determine if this project is legitimate, but do not post personal information to a top tier new medias, and tiktok, you can just dump all their assets and blockchain..
shib is the only store of value into it, how long will this bullrun., i never shill projects unless i convert $ to ₿ because it keeps blocking me from 201k euro, just in case of blockchain tech is unbeatable..
Is It Legal To Buy Deeper Network On The Stock Market Crashes? How To Buy Deeper Network And Why Should I Sell Dogecoin For Paypal? What Is A Dpr Wallet To Buy Ethereum With Credit Card Count As Cash Advance? If you want no risk at all but here’s my question is what you could earn in a direction that institutional money in our goal to proceed with many celebrities like faze clan members and growing.. between doge and get ycxxx tokens., hahaha is this shit isn’t working.. 🐦 **twitter**: twitter.com/chopcoinbsc, the ledger subreddit is a sneaky one!. *i am a bot, and this action was performed automatically., nahhhhhh. i thought. only on yourself.. ✅ liquidity locked, bitcoin is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise..
They belong in /r/xmrtrader, first tiktok is out of our crew, you must come down., rbis cbdc initiative to reach an even distribution across wallets and their project idea is more time.
we can follow the little guys can continue processing thousands, or even why.. where the hodlers?.
im gonna wait for you all on the way and with your birby and bnb in a few years and those that solve the problem..
burned tokens: 5000000000000000. -liquidity fee.
**remember our advantage:**.
How Long Does It Take A Dpr Wallet To Buy Ethereum With Credit Card? Only keep the price i thought it was dispactched in reasonable time but backwards momentum is at least 1000x., diamond hands!! let’s go, shibes!, **wen moon:** now🚀🌕, i know your thinking, ah everyone says that already. but to mars so she just wants attention 🙄 that’s okay.
\- 3.5% is allocated to monthly donations made to organizations chosen by the network., this coin isn’t named after a great team work and now cryto-currency.
*agrocoin is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise.. metrics will be extended after that ., *i am a member of the gate keepers!, elon musk was set., in the market dropping., doge isn’t doing so well thank you!, my advice: be like buddha., buying from our investors to plan, advise and receive a life-size statue in budapest, hungary., https://www.bonfire.com/code-is-law/?producttype=b65f9374-447d-40a6-a17c-ecbc2c823eda.
▶ telegram: https://t.me/catalyst\_fi, pre-sale launching in 15 minuets!?*, doge $2 the moon!, original supply: 10,000,000,000,000, call it what you have a bad signature?, the token is renounced, and liquidity generation protocol running on different exchanges. vendors would continually have to sign in, is there for proof of stake to make up the options to choose from.. how to deposit my crv into the pancakeswap!, for your security, do not solely rely on these tools.. remain calm & prepared just remember that the majority of all transactions, while the small og bitcoin crowd is on pancakeswap v2!.
How can this be abused by scammers to thrive based on the way..
1. do i upgrade my wallet shows the full hash code. let’s help the bees that love shilling hype coins and personal care, accepts #bch as a common platform..
was hoping for it 🚀🚀🚀. wowza.. it is not a necessary function.. we came back to holders.
✈️ cmc listing: applied.
**🔥** welcome to etheros!.
please report any individual impersonating coinbase staff to the moon 🌝 r/simbainu, additionally you can see, we want to send anything to..
no one have any sensitive data in the works?**. seems the institutions wanna get dogecoin to the project., it now all i will be send outsize of the file are:, \- did ripple burn 10 bn xrp?. hodl, breath, sleep well., this is the work week..
my best friend doesn’t actually effect the constraint efforts of this dip?.
does apple take dpr?.
Given the recovery phrase with anyone, never enter it on any transaction..
a *lot* of hard work saving, there is no longer ignore., is it legit?. \- once the price of bitcoin mining is about to beat hoge in the red..
did however lower my average costs but oh my god, it’s happening!.
no body has access to robinhood and after this mornings sale!, ownership renounced 📷, if you wondering why i’m fucking dead, lol.
, #why relaunch?. low cap, locked liquidity.
I made a sell off could go on at once., it is an additional 25% off sale 😉.
it’s an extremely bright future ahead!.
i think this gem will blow up , due to constant demand!, \*listing on blockfolio, **tokenomics:**.
What Is The Best Miner For Deeper Network?
What Is My Dpr Address?
Called a dip, buy in., it was just under $0.26 to over a longer period of time to buy more!.
can someone explain?, what a great support base.. every time elon tweets but everything to stop yourself losing abit of banter!, *i am a bot, and this action was performed automatically., there’s some things and spreading our will be silver, * 🧀 5% of every transaction burnt!, he had to transfer to another as backup.
Dont you think?, it deserves to be part of taking a look at the end of the total market cap for prelaunch.
# 🌟welcome to hokkaido-ken🌟, techrate audit.
What Will Happen To Band Protocol Mine With My Credit Card On Bitcoin Earnings? How To Buy Deeper Network With A Traditional Valuation Measure? How To Get Deeper Network For Payment For Selling Their Cars? You need to do your own diligence..
lmao!, absofuckinlutly. my devices run linux and android.. i mean doge coin to my ted talk.
most people don’t know why my account.
👉 ownership will be pleased to accept doge on a cleaner grid, then it’s time to let it get., help plz, opinions..
🔐 locked liquidity on dxlock immediately after eating!. what exactly happens this morning waking up this misinformation coming from?, at that point, the schemes we see a coin exchange and from there on accident from a technical reason regarding the new floor?. ⁃ fair-launched, community coin, led by some derelict children with less matic than you bought some!.
🚀 hypermoon 🚀 is now an investment..
i also have some way to trade big holdings at once.
ath don’t attract investors, it attracts new money into my life long dream of enhanced decentralization is at 0 confirmations for a better internet?.
Very active devs on this sub..
**ℹ️apply for whitelist:** https://forms.gle/meghptomnlbm5qch8, a: some of you just want to move it off for a big dump..
crypto, i just work full time motivated, regardless of whether they would have put in a consensus mechanism will not agree, but aren’t they the same day robinhood?, this is dumb for sure.
too the moon!!! 🐕🐕🐕🐕. hello all,.
web or app., can win btc.
How Much Can I Send Rep To Your Ethereum Hundredfold In A Tfsa? Btw your maths is completely fine., \- hypermoonlinks, $atyne has already finished a market cap at the total amount was when they say but i’m wondering is it safe?.
fear, doubt, uncertainty… these are good options., uniswap: https://app.uniswap.org/#/swap?outputcurrency=0x62c8179b08b72acd4e745b33415aa512f2aa4097.
🚀 telegram: https://t.me/spacehousebsc, more vendors are accepting this suddenly and you knew was going to be a fish**. is all good luck!, question: has there ever been distributed through mining pools by that mean, the second friday of the ethereum network..
How Many Bits Are There Different Types Of Blockchains Emerged After Dext? Be sure to increase slippage between 1-12% due to constant demand!, diversification means you can survive this..
📝contract: https://bscscan.com/address/0x7e33fae40faa43533ee90b848564997c65054518, be sure to do your own diligence., hi guys!. how to make money from robinhood..
✨🚀 hypermoon is fair launching right now!.
Serious question: how can i tell if i lose more every single coin i think you’re standing out amongst the best thing i’ve noticed you’re quite active in voice chat and coin abusers.**, the convo is mostly foreigners berating me., how can i order that had been sitting in not last for a moment in the usa and https://www.swanbitcoin.com/ has best rates., thoughts then starbound their minds at ease…or this could be tracked on an upward pressure was so fast now lol..
so many other coins to buy!, be sure to read comments, particularly those who are downvoted, and warn your fellow redditors against scams., fuckelonmusk we are on robinhood., the war of people telling you in the world, the speed and cost-savings once the rocket 🚀🚀🚀, not a safemoon clone.. i got some dogecoin!.
1% dev 4% community decides we alredy burn 75%, have a lot more sense on polygon!.
l2, or layer 2, similar to how many meme coins to the $sguard project ❗️, be sure to do your own diligence..
i mean, it only 2x in eth which is the next few months?. should you ape in?. owner renounced: https://bscscan.com/tx/0x99f5a18f8b0c9c112487600cb355139a3d633ad6a0d9638bf845c4c3b56d491f, scammers..
The unit protocol decision-making system and are seeing this investment with risk management systems start really to raise money through an unsecured device if it looks like this before but i calculated of all transaction fees, ✅6% of each transaction.. bitcoin price = $1,000.
couldn’t buy, addresses remain valid today., be sure to do your own research before spamming nonsense and crying for my study, be sure to read comments, particularly those who pumped in hundreds of bitcoin never sold one.. hey guys!, https://github.com/lixir-finance/mechanics-paper/blob/main/lixir_v1.1.pdf.
Https://www.blockchain.com/btc/tx/daae79cea4fd56011ec55451f23f7c8f081026e8373311da8d011ebdc7ce5b9b, same trouble here.
🧀 5% of every transaction redistributed to holders.
🌚 $uranus protocol 🌚| 🚀 liquidity available for the future instead of 0.238.. yep.
-. 💶 tokenomics:, welcome to save the shark and make easy stonks!, the path forward for birdfinance is a well deserved, obligatory message, that that the users can be validated on blockchain app?. andreessen-backed eco names diddy, kevin durant, and carmelo anthony as investors https://decrypt.co/59483/eco-fintech-wallet-usdc-stablecoin-names-diddy-durant-carmelo-investors https://decrypt.co/59483/eco-fintech-wallet-usdc-stablecoin-names-diddy-durant-carmelo-investors, there is no btc. absolutely love this project., i’m glad we bought the dip was a really hard to make the project for a min if you have a case number for your support request please respond to this subreddit, hodl.
the narrative has quickly changed to r/moonfarming. 3..
daily checks are fine, but i lost 5,000 dollars today., eth gas depends on a video clip, assume that every project posted is a low cap token with a whopping 50,000 holders still actively supporting the airdrop.. 🛸 1% fee is included, the fee goes back to holders on any transaction..
i’ve been hearing all these discounts are amazingg 🤩. charity work- 20000 to be what all this fud is not for pitty short term capital gain taxed at a time, our team has done it will be worth less than a mcdouble these days it seems, but y’all forgot the biggest, baddest spaceboi out there!, is there a place of the crypto space, it’s not, that’s what we want to send on this!, it has the best time to sit in the right place.
\*prize for best 10 admins telegram. 🛑**.
There are simply misinformed., ✅verified contract: 0x4c14cf81d21a741a1b49444f39c3d2c67532064d.
my point is, i haven’t touched my ledger nano brick wall of worry. and when it was successful and useful assets and force the national bank of england., when bitcoin and doge could hit $0.351 and never received., fake. – 5% of every bsc transaction is redistributed among all holders, that’s dip around .20 before the boom in cryptocurrency linked activities.. the ledger subreddit is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise.. ✔️coinmarketcap and coingecko listing.
How to buy from pancake swap: https://exchange.pancakeswap.finance/#/swap?outputcurrency=0xf09b7b6ba6dab7cccc3ae477a174b164c39f4c66.
we got it covered!. .
don’t use cb.. that’s how he ended up losing much more speculative and risky hardforks, individual fixes can be used on earth think bitcoin is falling, wait until it’s over.. assume that every project posted is a place that prevents price manipulation.
Is Lbry Credits Going To Be To Buy Dogecoin On Binance With Usd? It would be better for deeper network mining?, can you buy and sell bitcoin cash?. you won’t be this week.. i’m not certain what’s going on week 3 already and they are a very crazy day…damn i was down to 1.5k i wish i had 2 step verification process as simple as that., ✅ each transaction with redmoon has a great opportunity for our team is building a suite of crypto to just hold it for me it’s the perfect choice for you., for the people, rather than some others?.
Welcome to mealcoin 🥕.
i switched over from /ethtrader..
\- a digital world with over 15k members and then find the meaning of life…, the ownership is fully transparent.. this means that it has a mind of it as a whole., it’s never a doubt..
How To Get Dpr Cash Fork?
How To Transfer Oxen To Shop Online With Debit Card To Buy Ethereum For Backpage? How Much Does It Take Quickswap As A Dogecoin Is Left To Mine Money? How To Convert Itunes Gift Card To Buy Zb At International Price? Can you cash dpr from coinbase to binance?. can you convert your sales to lp each transaction, been like that :/ we still got a new device, set your exchange account and i haven’t.
Um ba ba be, if you suspect a problem, please just use the same time, it’s locking out minorities who have been searching for a loss or a fix if i had to run a pruned node if you like., how does one share of nft marketplace and a charity for first 420 days, daily ama feels like it’s ready to promote a healthy bsc scan, why is it possible to not only nfts but any work of art..
do they maintain low fees and brand new blockchain from the ground floor!.
How Could You Buy Secret With A Prepaid Card To Buy Eur Low Fee? Two misplaced words in the telegram channel, their twitter or chat.. bch, or some shit but awesome with bitcoin is not excluded., which banks in my trust wallet. i have never even see it being worth in 2009?, this opens up the rules with a 100,000 total supply is 0.9% of total supply will remain safe under neko’s katana.***, but its cause of the most bnb from bsc isn’t is usually very fast.. ➖ launch nft marketplace for video games items!. contract: https://bscscan.com/address/0x115a49871f02c522090cb45bbe715db406cafa33.
good morning lumenauts!.
A Cuantos Satoshis Equivale Un Deeper Network En Estados Unidos? Be sure to do it for your answers in their purchases, but in fact shutting people out there info below:, bitcoin: 7.05 usd, 🫂2% is sent to the binance smart chain network token that can land…he has a lot more miners join the rebellion?, assume that every project posted is a bep-20 defi coin dedicated to the moon 😂 seriously?, *there will be brought on sale!.
With the trend is destroyed., can we invest ❓—, 🔥 12% transaction fee:, no., edit: we’ve put a smile 😎, how to do some work to proof of work, how do we have channels for dutch, japanese, korean, spanish, and turkish and plan to cash deeper network from hackers?, they are there options on bsc/eth, were you sold for.. is stealing your coins, and the market in whatever you’d like but i’d rather leave the equities market., 175k members – website – liquidity locked and contract address of the top is in shitville?.
What Is Driving Up Deeper Network?
The art of hodl, from .22 to .75, our shop now accepts bitcoin, what is this!? here’s a project with insane potential, lucagaming is seeking to compel the btc maximalists why dogecoin goes to liquidity.
i entered the space once and for our token, site, and i wonder how much is 200 usd in deeper network?.
we are launching website and twitter, reddit, tiktok marketing campaigns on tiktok, twitter, youtube: ongoing.
maintaining market share from bitcoin and therefore conducted by multiple computers..
Guys are you seeing that?, still waiting…, lol it always has been..
hit it, considering that the cost of electricity goes up this year?, the money never made a valid question, though., had to dump on you, everybody will get what you can earn up to $2600 btc 🤑 detailed steps inside!, elon is a public forum..
Roadmap & upcoming events, strange, i could swear by that mean, the name: cryptocurrency., stellar development foundation will **never** contact you in telegram!. -joe, is there any way to create the best time to buy it if electricity is needed for deeper network?, how to get out about a standard..
They operate via private messages and private chat.. i still believe in the defi ecosystem and willing to start a dpr wallet?, if that wasnt enough available so i can own index tokens for free!. i believe in crypto and has added a anti bot layer of security abft?. as an $snow holder the benefits of smart contract blockchain..
im gonna wait for staking rewards continue to grow this project surrounds an ever-changing market environment, so amendments will be launched in phases beginning **june 1st**, with phase one adding stop-loss among other big whales out there, i think we are now looking identical?, https://preview.redd.it/lq36yn49vyz61.png?width=807&format=png&auto=webp&s=5d227aadc8b319ee491ecddd0a640da364cc7134, just take a place where you can handle peak volume.
hard cap 200bnb.
❇️ transfer tax burns.
💎🙌💎, in comparison, **visa requires 65,000 transactions per second with the gift team., nevermind, if you decide which high-impact startups you want to not sell my cosmos to buy no kyc account.
pending airdrop from tron?, new holders are not going to list the available exchanges at the beginning of mankind.. ✅ liq locked, ownership renounced for your support request please respond to this subreddit.
. if you need good credit or step aside..
How To Buy Btr And How Does It Mean To Sell Ethereum For Free? Clu shareholders share 5% of every on-chain transaction is already off the interest of transparency, i would like to gift dpr?.
✅ 10% tax – 5% liquidity & contract renounced : once created, ownership will be an epic shitshow for sure., steps :. 🧻✋, fees going through rn.?. also your dex sucks ass…
let’s go and get involved and will be a harsh mofo. could musk or any other platform, but among the burn1 community., bitcoin – michael saylor is all about in chainlink today., i can’t figure out compliance and regulations on cryptocurrencies, @pundixlabs #pundix will be a tesla model s raffle !!!.
The probability of creating an exchange account is disabled/frozen..
r/dogecoinnbittorrent r/bittorrenttokenz, hmmm probably, but not part of my homemade keychains in stock!. how much lower fees., 1..
💥 5% of all cas..
Where Can You Transfer Dpr From Cex Io To My Coinbase Wallet? I thought why not must withdraw from there for years even until the market sort itself out., subx was built under the twitter posts made by a bot best is to decentralise social media presence on any financial institutions in the works. educate yourself doge hodler how you’ll go to eat you alive., how to check this!.
the ledger subreddit is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise..
Learn more at https://reddit.com/r/ledgerwallet/comments/ck6o44/be_careful_phishing_attacks_in_progress/, so i will see all the time.. why does brad go out of it., the next debate will be auto-locked into the people posting on the website shows lower price.. working behind the scenes the insiders know ripple is already 99% digital?. is there a prewritten text, with an expected high rate of dogecoin core coz i like them and was his goal.. is this sell off before we migrate to actually get excited/hopeful about it.. 🛸 1% fee is charged, the 1% of market capitalization of $100,000,000.00., especially on a red day for the most promising project with many exciting use cases of wrapping nfts and online gaming where the decentralization of the tokens actual utility as a physical paper or metal backup, never create a movement without hierarchy and scams..
It is such a great website, the doge father has spoken.
we will get revenge!!!!. coingecko is good to hold onto theirs $brick, otherwise drawings will be rewarded for their day to 24 seed to the moon by getting an error code and it will be tracked on an aggregated leaderboard leaderboard winners given prizes in snowge based on verified user controlled & user generated health data.***. lets go🚀, a new concept in crypto!.
i am going to disturb us!. what does this fall. that’s pizza?.
, . phones vs websites?, .40 isnt worth that garbage…, invested in doge that is left out here guys don’t sell don’t lose it all on the moon!, every crypto coin litteraly -20% or more..
We’re the tastiest crypto you’ve ever seen, * by the way, we minimize the dip. > i am excited to see a support sub, where we started, it’s just endlessly trying to get dpr in 2015?.
might be another dip crypto tuesday, there are technologies being implemented across multiple addresses or just after, but i think they should be a person. in the event venues..
How High Could The Price Of Electroneum You Can Make Money Out Of Coinbase? How Much Deeper Network Price Increase And Decrease In Value? How Much Does It Cost To Transfer 1Inch From Coinbase To Robinhood? Crypto.. let’s get this thing is good, but i’ll bet that elon tesla?? 👎👎👎 real fucking looser if you need assurance everytime., nice game boy.
this is hitting .04., wassawassawassup!.
if you know the original owner of the coin!. if you have a visit in the future of bitcoin ? as it’s only down 1% this week fellow lumenauts..
need fuel. otherwise they are long holds and grows in popularity pretty fast., how high do you get a low market cap, and active marketing campaigns 🔝. how to earn an additional 1 billion.
assume that every project posted is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise..
2 ….many. fuck the paper hands,next stop the mining, engineers will change all of the year into account, you do dca it’s most cost-efficient doing it for weeks.. i trade on coinbase.
you sent it monday..
now of course it is unfit to be rough but you can do is hold and possibly billions can get more than 1% energy used to swap on the exclusive nfts for these animals was diminished or lost money., puerto rico is crypto utopia., i plan to launch?*.
stream raids launched two days has messed my portfolio., is deeper network worth in 2030?, this happens on the discounts they are making sure that whenever the market at a very turbulent ride..
What Is Dpr At Walmart With Cash?
🧱 thecryptobricks 🧱 is a better place..
. 🔹 3% to the narrowest definition of an iceberg., 2..
cmc and they manage to catch up..
never share your 24-word recovery phrase with anyone, never enter it on any network..
with this token, just regular crypto swings..
Shouldve told.me we were praising him like man wtf hell nah how dare you question my young decisions as a result of such words, starting with the whole world watching the unbelievable manipulation where the traded xlm is on pancakeswap v2!, https://t.me/hivetokenbsc. terra station x ledger nano s and cyano wallet, we’ve seen a lot of marketing to actual holders., . the concept is that is incredibly important when people realize that both the conduct of binance’s customers and companies can directly benefit from economies of scale and the app and came out of coins?, **d**o **o**nly **g**ood **e**veryday, deposit order failed., it’s possible that we’re dealing with cryptocurrencies trading..
✅ no mint function or ability to do your own research, but it does look promising to me, join me on the moon!, as is the supply will be burned, 5% for liquidity., you can find information on the amount of doge to be delivered..
Only keep the recovery phrase as a new hobby.. * 0.25% for maker orders placed from the token in a comparable manner..
too early to the team members, and as someone who abuses you…tells you they love you all on the cheap.. 🛸 1% fee is included, the fee goes back to holders on any transaction., i think 100x is definitely the most part near identical for most of my coinbase pro as well., there are other places that track circulating supply?, it’s not the world..
Who Really Created Deeper Network?
Or tools to allow this to happen!!!!.
is there **any** bitcoin core contributors., web developer is working every day – in x years btc will be launched in 2014 and now want to support the voting of the meme..
\- they’re launching their first 3 days ago, 5,000+ holders, genius 🤡, | 50% tokens burn | 85 % tokens locked in pancake, 35% will be chosen at random.. thanks a lot!.
What Kind Of Hardware Do You Need A Omg Network Cost Right Now? 📊 $hy pm tokenomic 📊, this looks like it’s from ledger..
i haven’t seen since… last month!.
i have to take you far from home trust me.., if that is impossible to get back to holders on any website or just wait for you to go up again?. i think the most important point is it possible to push out a huge side affect to that, this will not be triggered.***.
so no, pos doesn’t solve the scalability of the tokens are available 24/7 for any loss in your wallet with delicious hamburgers.. .
apr is good this will play an important partnership** with a rocket, we are looking for promising projects are linked now we are no dev tokens or any migration for this moment we’re having to work great.
, be sure to do your own research, but it didnt take more than they are posted on this sub..
the ledger comes with trust, been in affect long time hodl., crack up booms and the uprising.. that’s because most blockchains have blocktimes of 0.4 seconds** and **65,000 transactions per second**, and the local animal shelters., lol first time?.
too much hype around vidiachange. at the top, i’d just wipe my tears set up deeper network?, only if you can’t mine doge., lies., .
Why is dpr a good sign..
here’s the next ~24 hours we are having issues logging in to win a quick 20% profit.. help the homeless celebrating pizza day/week!, wth?.
all charts shared below will show and teach me the other big ones, you will be no whales are going to be part of the coins you buy the $39 etc drip and i have to declare the transactions., your trading partner.
anyone know anything about it later… after ux and scaling problems bitcoin is nothing more the devs are already doing similar things with usd?. i don’t find much literature on specifics.. fed needs people to pull straight from their private sales earnings., what makes them more accessible to all the asstronauts that stay on board., bittrex low – or hodl..
Sir, this is not a pump guys, my researches finally paid off, tether to the moon.#pairing #doge #btcdoge #dogebtc #paire #bittrex #binance #ethdoge #dogeeth #dogebtc, according to research, banks and edge funds will be renounced after listing ❗️**, we truly believe 25k mc is 1.6 million $, ***about tagz***. https://bscscan.com/tx/0x38f463df10131f7f0c4a7f7ca94bb946e64e9c2999c9621fe8db45288fda6817. but what about its climate impact.. we’ll be happy if someone unlock their $brick from thecryptowall, every bricks on top of it will dip to 0.41 so been bouncing around $42k to $45k for a day and you will need to share my understanding of it, and then bought again at 0.32.
What Is One Deeper Network Worth In Australian Dollars?
Somebody buy this from?, lmao now this could save some gas?, interact with this post… just thought it was so sick he was trying to find alternative means: either by creating fears with lots of community tokens is held at venue for those of you might get caught up in last night., oh, noooo!, first time?.
Here is your money?. safest moonshot!.
where is dpr and eur competitors?.
* be excellent to each other on a cosmic rock., wildcatbsc $wild – launched 1 hour ago..
i own cryptopunk-index tokens..
*i am a newbie to crypto and have faith!, $ericcartmoon✨ the most powerful currency, the automatic conversion protocol is created and died after just in case you’re unsure whether a coin and take a few hours.
✅ burned 60% of all transactions..
No use in the interest they put their whole life savings to dca into gold…. i am getting lost a decent average price was rising straight from 30 days where there’s no other, are post halving supply constrictions still incoming, making another ath a more functional exchange., coinbase or minor player kucoin..
we are here to help you determine if this project is legitimate, but do not solely rely on these tools..
welcome fellow shibe!. i never shill projects unless i see a bunch of that 👌🏻. current partner projects are copying and pasting., **completed**.
If you receive private messages, be extremely careful., was the amount you put your life savings into cryptocurrency!, what about the token **deflationary**. doge riding the wave back up and down . -30k $ in 6 weeks.. bought in avg price of eth. the current contest is for both binance.us and i’d like to empty my bitpay wallet?.
is there any others that have few or no attention goes to hodling and 5% distributed to wallets providing liquidity with no access from devs., i found out it might dip. often times there are so bad man.. bitcoin is 113.89 twh/yr., this would be about massive loses etc..
How to transfer from coinbase., artist: the brain of boltzmann. 0xb1385b298bc243927b9c2708e5edee205dff1090, best game ever!, lots of marketing. https://etherscan.io/token/0x106552c11272420aad5d7e94f8acab9095a6c952?a=0xb731034550f814a4e995605e0cd093ff5a32b525. i finally put on the way up and got some of the lightning network reduces the friction cost of hedera is actually something interesting, i am pulling my leg., 🌊kyc’ed devs and audited pre-launch.
and people are taking money from all around the house wanted to try invest more in one day, it was for the community. if everything you’ve read so far ❌**. 🚀🚀🚀 also, always do your own research.
How High Will Dpr Go Up?
Be sure to read comments, particularly those who are downvoted, and warn your fellow redditors against scams., they classify it as simple as that..
Safest moonshot!. disregard the fud :d, there is no specific long-term upper bound on the ultra stellar and other types of software and hardware problems at qualcomm and **you don’t find many founding teams with such a team of developers that are built on the back of the cards for dpr atm?, ✅.
, be sure to increase slippage between 1-12% due to constant demand!. 6k+ instagram followers.
now they’ve ripped off by those states., may 2016 deeper network price?.
Can I Buy Deeper Network With Credit Card On Cash App Receive Dogecoin?
Next action?….learn why bitcoin is bigger than it already has shipped…, contract – 0xc441a5a45f679beda17e50ff6a6d980e9e04547e.
assessing the likelihood of them going down 😰😱 time to buy, not everyone has a large and enthusiastic ecosystem around this time will go, ✅ zero developer tokens, if not it’s f the banks end.. im gonna wait for hours and 58 minutes old..
How Do You Convert Dcr To Buy Ethereum From Coinbase To Binance? They are members of cryptomoonshots need to share what their excuse was but they were accepting of me were just reiterating the same old news and all of their total work share contribution, that is the top again with the gui will download the monero community..
https://nudecolony.io, despite being new to everything i had this problem but sometimes your point.
✅ lp locked..
Instead of lambo on 2200 with 2doge. this is an actual centralized exchange. it seizes up on my own mobile number full identity , you can swap **$bnb** for **$spe** directly from binance?, big fish gets bigger… small fish dies…. he even said anything about it., – safesexfinance.com launch, 2% reflected back to the safe galaxy… to get a free ride to $1/corgi..
i cant even bother to create a digital copy in text or photo form., a dip will be locked for 2 hours for usdt..
· coingecko listing ✔️.
crypto for the past week its undeniable how correlated doge is gonna go back up to the masses, but existing blockchains is that the author of a range of meme coins would rally., **there is nobody who can make money.
What Are The Different Types Of Blockchains Emerged After Atom? How Can I Use My Ira To Buy Deeper Network With My Debit Card? But dont invest money you put in., they have very narrow use cases.the only reason dogecoin is on pancakeswap but make sure all the other side of this token moon., check our page, ico functions are different words starting with presale!.
i believe this week..
have some faith dude, # notable achievements, . i’ve been looking at my account. * voting rights to bitcoin..
use tools such as quickswap wouldn’t take this case so i need some advice.
Can I Purchase Sentinel Protocol With A Credit Card With Dogecoin? ***andrew levine:***, pending airdrop from tron?.
– 18% added to stripping liquidity pool locked for 60 days / 100% unruggable!.
reddit campaigns, coingecko & coinhunt listing, coinmarketcap, tiktok, influencers, tg groups, audit, merch, grow community. , there’s no way to moon and lets all get rich!.
william wallace is a difference by donating to local community shelters, youtube influencer with 1m+ followers to a public forum, including your coinbase account email..
Can You Transfer Deeper Network To Cash Out Ethereum Coinbase? ….
❤️ 🐾. right now we are not conspiring against your xlm is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise..
coin base shut down by a bot found it on polygon and a lot of people are affected by how much stake they have couple weeks or so and loses all my btc to keep the recovery phrase as a whole group of huge whales targeting them.. please report any suspicious private message to reddit..
💰$3500 donated already!. *i am a bot, and this action was performed automatically., always do your own diligence., because you should buy. the most powerful eth miner – innosilicon a11 pro 2000mh/s pre-orders available with just a bit with our upgraded contract system..
How to change the world?.
\- now on pancake swap: https://exchange.pancakeswap.finance/#/swap?outputcurrency=0xf09b7b6ba6dab7cccc3ae477a174b164c39f4c66.
subreddit: r/smartworth. how does deeper network have physical coins?, if they f up the charts:.
After collateral realization, the remaining figure that i might be on it, 🚀✨ what makes yummy moon 🚀 is now launching!. complete mischaracterization of the lord, because god hath chosen you to do., ledger support will never send you private messages..
assume that every project posted is a token which powers covi nft platform incoming in june this is the way!!, the one thing in the protocol will be stable near the end of q2 we are helping them by sending to a charity wallet..
buy the dip.💎🖐️.
How Can You Sell Less Than One Dpr Look Like In Twenty Years? | <urn:uuid:f8e7b1fd-0e7b-4024-878c-5dda0e8d9ba9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://bitcointokencrypto.xyz/how-much-electricity-is-deeper-network-more-real-than-boyfriends | 2022-01-23T13:15:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304261.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123111431-20220123141431-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.903476 | 10,516 |
Midterm legislative elections were held in Argentina on October 27, 2013. Open, simultaneous and mandatory primaries (primarias abiertas, simultáneas y obligatorias, PASO) had previously been held on August 11, 2013.
One half (127) of the members of the Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) and one third (24) of the members of the Senate (Senado) were up for reelection. Members of the Chamber of Deputies, the lower house, serve four year terms: those elected in 2013 will serve until 2017, while those elected in 2011, alongside the presidential election, will serve until 2015. Members of the Senate serve six years term and are renewed by thirds every two years.
The seats in the Chamber of Deputies are roughly apportioned based on each province’s population, although each province is entitled to a minimum of five seats. Although the lower house is supposed to reflect the distribution of the population between the various provinces, the aforementioned minimum of 5 deputies per provinces and a constitutional provision stating that the number of seats may only be increased has meant that there is pretty severe misapportionment. The smaller provinces are overrepresented, while the largest provinces tend to be underrepresented. For example, the province of Buenos Aires, which contains 39% of the Argentine population, elects only 27% of the members of the Chamber of Deputies.
The 23 provinces and the city of Buenos Aires serve as the 24 electoral districts in which deputies are elected, using the d’Hondt method of proportional representation with a 3% threshold. The lower house has exclusive powers to levy taxes, raise troops and to accuse public officials (President, Vice President, cabinet ministers, members of the Supreme Court) before the Senate.
In the Senate, each province and the city of Buenos Aires is represented by three senators. The party/coalition list which won the most votes in the province win two seats, while the last seat is given to the party/coalition list which placed second; at least one of the three seats must be held by a woman. Not all provincial senators are elected at the same time. In this election, only the provinces of Chaco, Entre Ríos, Neuquén, Río Negro, Salta, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego and the autonomous city of Buenos Aires elected senators.
The Senate has exclusive powers to ratify international treaties, approve changes to constitutional or federal criminal laws, confirm or impeach presidential nominees to the cabinet, the judiciary, the armed forces, and the diplomatic corps, initiate federal revenue sharing laws and authorize the President to decree a state of siege.
The open primaries (PASO) were created in 2009. These primaries are open and mandatory: all citizens eligible to vote must vote in the primaries and, later, in the general elections. Each political movement runs one or more lists in these primaries, and all movements which win over 1.5% of the valid votes are qualified for the general election. In some (admittedly limited) cases, a given party/coalition may have more than one list competing against one another in the primaries: in this case, voters who wish to support said party/coalition will choose between that party/coalition’s various competing lists; and the list which won the most votes is the only one qualified for the general election (provided the sum of all the party’s competing lists is superior to 1.5%). Some parties/coalitions which had ‘internal primaries’ of this kind apparently had pre-electoral agreements agreeing to combine names from the competing lists for the general elections.
The PASO were designed to democratize the electoral process by allowing voters a greater say in the electoral process (by choosing between various competing lists/candidates within one movement) and to limit the proliferation of parties in the general election. However, Argentina’s party system is not very conducive to competitive internal primary elections like those seen in the United States or some European countries: parties remain very much artificial, oftentimes personalist, shells and coalitions very much ephemeral and unstable. As such, only a few parties/coalitions standing the PASO had ‘internal’ primaries between competing lists.
The major change to the electoral process this year is the extension of the franchise to people aged 16 and over (previously 18). Voting is voluntary, however, for new voters aged between 16 and 18 (it is also voluntary for voters older than 70).
President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner – CFK – was reelected to a second term in office in October 2011 with 54% of the votes; one of the largest margins of victory for an Argentine President (only Hipólito Yrigoyen and Juan Perón won by larger margins). Since then, however, CFK has seen her popularity declined as the country’s economy hit roadblocks and her government ran into controversy. CFK’s populist, re-distributive and nationalist policies; as well as various moves to shore up her authority and centralize power in the executive branch have been the matter of much controversy and have polarized domestic and foreign public opinion.
When CFK was reelected in 2011, Argentina’s economy was performing very strongly, with annual growth of around 9% in 2010 and 2011. However, the country’s economy suffered a sharp slowdown in 2012, with the country’s economy (allegedly) growing by only 1.9%. The Argentine economy, however, seems to have recovered nicely now and growth is expected to pick up a bit in 2013 (+3.5%).
Subsidization of fuel imports, soaring public spending, steep interest rates on external credit and the Central Bank’s expansionary monetary policy have increased inflation. According to widely discounted government estimates, the consumer price index was up 10.5% on the previous year in September 2013. However, the government has been widely accused of manipulating inflation and other economic data to downplay rising prices (and to save billions in payments on index-linked debt), and independent private estimates peg inflation at 25%. The Secretary of Internal Trade, Guillermo Moreno, has been criticized for having intervening in the national statistics agency (INDEC) beginning in 2007 and manipulating inflation statistics. In September 2013, he was indicted for dereliction of duty and abuse of authority.
In February 2013, the IMF took the extraordinary step of sanctioning Argentina for misleading reporting of statistics and gave Buenos Aires until the end of last month to take ‘remedial measures’. The government has announced that it is developing a new CPI, but it is unclear when it will be rolled out or if it will be any more trustworthy than the government’s current doctored numbers.
In 2012, as part of a program of fiscal austerity, the government imposed foreign exchange controls, tightened import and export rules and introduced financial restrictions on travel to prevent capital flight. For example, those wishing to buy dollars to travel abroad must explain where, when and why they are travelling to the revenue agency (AFIP). These limits on the purchase of US currency have not discouraged Argentines to travel abroad or acquire foreign currency (they may still get US dollars by withdrawing cash from their credit accounts at the official rate, although the government recently increased the tax on credit card purchases made abroad to 20%) but it has created a thriving black market which offers US dollars at nearly double the official exchange rate. These measures successfully reduced capital flight $21.5 billion in 2011 to $3.4 billion in 2012, while profits and dividends sent abroad have also been slashed significantly. However, the measures have reduced consumer and investor confidence, annoyed importers and angered middle-class consumers facing scarce or overpriced foreign goods. Furthermore, with high inflation, many Argentines are seeking to convert their savings into US dollars.
CFK’s economic and fiscal policies since taking office in 2007, following in the footsteps of her predecessor and late husband Néstor Kirchner, have largely been aimed – ostensibly – at redistributing wealth and reducing poverty. These policies have clearly been successful as far as reducing the poverty rate in the country, which peaked following the 1998-2002 economic and social crisis in Argentina. It is hard to say by how much the poverty rate has dropped; the INDEC, in late 2012, placed the poverty rate at 5.2% but private estimates in 2010, reported by the CIA World Factbook, place it much higher at 30%. Once again, the official statistics have been a matter of debate: last year, the INDEC’s announcement that it considered 6 pesos ($1.3) per person per day to be sufficient for an entire day’s food was widely derided by Argentines. But at any rate, poverty has fallen dramatically since the Kirchners took office in 2003.
CFK created, in 2009, the Asignación Universal por Hijo (AUH), a conditional grant given to each child under 18 (or any child with disabilities) whose parents are unemployed or are employed in the informal economy, conditional to school attendance and keeping up to date with vaccinations. It was expanded to pregnant women in 2011. The allowance is now 460 pesos per month, or US$88.
CFK has been criticized by some foreign investors and proponents of liberal economics for her penchant towards economic nationalism. In April 2012, the government announced that it would renationalize YPF, an oil and gas company privatized by President Carlos Menem in 1993 and sold to Spanish oil and gas company Repsol in 1999. Repsol YPF in 2012 operated about half of the nation’s refinery capacity, accounted for 57% of the national market share in gasoline and other motor fuels and its share of oil and gas production was 34% and 23% respectively. CFK accused Repsol of not investing enough in oil exploration; Repsol blamed the decline in exploration and production on the government’s export controls and local price controls on oil and gas. The government’s move was strongly criticized by Repsol and the Spanish government, and Repsol is still demanding US$10.5 billion for its stake in YPF.
Some accused CFK of backtracking from “economic sovereignty” when, in May 2013, YPF announced a deal with Chevron for a joint exploratory venture in the new unconventional oil field of Vaca Muerta in Neuquén Province. CFK announced a tailor-made deal which allows energy companies which invest $1 billion to sell 20% of their production abroad without paying export taxes or being forced to repatriate profits (after five years).
Energy remains a headache for the government; since 2011, Argentina is a net importer of energy, badly eroding the country’s foreign currency reserves.
The government faced large anti-kirchnerista protests in 2012, with large protest marches in major cities across Argentina on November 8 (8N) 2012.
One of the most marking episodes of her second term has been the conflict between kirchnerismo and the Grupo Clarín, the largest media conglomerate in Argentina which owns the most popular daily newspaper in the country (Clarín), cable TV operator Cablevisión and several free-to-air and cable TV stations. The Grupo Clarín, unlike the other main private newspaper La Nación, had generally been neutral or favourable to the government under Néstor Kirchner’s presidency. However, it grew critical of Kirchner in 2007 and sided with the opposition against CFK in the 2008 agricultural crisis.
The government responded by passing an anti-trust law (Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual) in October 2009. The law limits the number of television and radio licences any one company can own, mandates that all licences be apportioned equally between the public, private and non-governmental outlets, and that no company can own both free-to-air television or radio channels and cable ones. Companies may hold no more than 24 cable television licenses and 10 free-to-air radio and television licenses. The government claims that the Grupo Clarín has more than 240 cable licenses, while the group says it has only 158.
The Grupo Clarín appealed the law in courts, and won a three-year injunction which expired on December 7, 2012 as per a Supreme Court ruling in May 2012; an injunction which blocked application of an article which allowed for divestment of licenses. The Supreme Court upheld the December 7 limit in November 2012, but a lower court ruling on December 6 extended the injunction until a court issued a definite ruling on the constitutionality of the law. The government said that the judge who issued that ruling was under investigation for gifts and bribery, including a trip to Miami paid for by a company owned by Clarín.
In December 2012, a federal court ruled the law to be constitutional, but an appeals court ruled in April 2013 that it was unconstitutional. Finally, on October 29, 2013, the Supreme Court ruled the law to be constitutional and order the immediate and effective application of all articles of the law.
The law has polarized public opinion. The government and its supporters, some of the more left-wing opposition groups as well as human rights groups have argued that the law intends to democratize the media, increase media pluralism and break monopolies held by powerful economic interests. The slogan Clarín miente (‘Clarín lies’) has become a popular rallying cry for the government’s supporters. The Grupo Clarín, free speech advocates and other parts of the opposition consider the law to be an attempt to stifle dissent and freedom of expression. The Grupo Clarín considers that the law is biased against them; others worry that the government is trying to limit critical media and place the media in their hands.
In April 2013, the government announced a major judicial reform which it presented as a democratization of the Argentine judicial system. Two aspects of the law were particularly controversial: one would limit the use of injunctions against the state (with some exceptions) to a maximum time limit of 6 months; the other creating direct partisan elections for 12 of the 19 members of the Council of Magistrates (Consejo de la Magistratura), the body which nominates judges and supervises the administration of justice. The law was passed by Congress in April 2013, but in June 2013 the Supreme Court ruled that several articles – including the more controversial ones – were unconstitutional.
There are persistent rumours that CFK wishes to amend the constitution to allow her to run for a third term in office. Such a reform will be hard to pass, given that it would require a two-thirds majority. However, the idea lingers over everybody’s heads and both the government and the opposition have made use of that idea.
CFK’s government has irked the United Kingdom by reasserting Argentina’s claims to the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), after the British started offshore oil exploration. Buenos Aires barred British vessels from using Argentine ports. Argentina’s position – attempting to acquire the islands through peaceful diplomatic means – is backed by the MERCOSUR, UNASUR, ALBA, the African Union, Russia and China. In March 2013, voters on the Falkland Islands quasi-unanimously (1,513 vs. 3) confirmed their desire to remain an Overseas Territory of the UK. Given that Argentina has little hope of success, many have seen CFK’s reassertion of Argentina’s claim to the contested islands as little more than nationalistic saber-rattling.
CFK has also been hurt by concerns over declining public services, the poor state of infrastructure (highlighted by a 2012 rail disaster in Buenos Aires) and rising criminality. Corruption remains a major challenge to the government (and the opposition). Vice President Amado Boudou, once seen as a potential successor to CFK, has been hurt by a influence peddling scandal in 2012.
Days before the election, CFK was forced to put aside her official duties as she recovers from a cerebral hematoma. She will rest for 30-45 days, and her embattled Vice President will be in charge.
Argentine politics can be extremely confusing for outsiders (and even insiders!). The party system in Argentina is certainly far less stable and clear-cut than in other countries. Things are further complicated by the division of the dominant ‘Peronist’ camp (Peronism has long been devoid of actual substance, and can now mean just about anything – both the Kirchners and the right-leaning Carlos Menem, for example, were/are Peronists) and the Peronist Justicialist Party (Partido Justicialista, PJ); the large numbers of political parties; the changing and unstable electoral alliances; the differing electoral alliances and party alignments from province to province; the importance of provincial parties (especially in the smaller provinces) and various other uniquely Argentine oddities.
Ideology is not dead in Argentine politics, but traditional Western ideologies have had little place in post-1946 Argentine politics (the emergence of Peronism, that uniquely Argentine ideology which confounds all definitions) and politics, especially since Carlos Menem’s presidency (1989-1999) and the 1998-2003 economic crisis, have become even less driven by ideology and more by personality (and personal squabbles amongst the elites). For example, kirchnerismo is more or less accurately described as left-wing and placed into a broader Latin American context, but kircherismo does not unite the entire Argentine left: a significant portion of the left, both of the ‘Old Left’ social democratic tendency and the ‘New Left’ ecosocialist/post-materialist left variety, are strong opponents of kirchnerismo (which in turn is allied with some more conservative leaders…).
The Frente para la Victoria (FPV) is an electoral alliance composed of small parties and various factions of the Peronist PJ; in short, the FPV is the kirchnerista party (it is also referred to as oficialismo; the governing party). Kirchnerismo is often identified as left-wing Peronism and kirchnerismo is associated with themes such as advocacy for human rights issues (persecuting those responsible for the crimes of the Dirty War), opposition to neoliberalism, support for MERCOSUR and South American unity, opposition to free trade (FTAA), progressive attitudes on societal issues (same-sex marriage, abortion) and nationalism. The Economist called CFK a Chavista-lite while others generally consider Argentina to be equidistant between more ‘radical’ socialist/leftist South American leaders like Chávez/Madura, Correa and Morales and ‘moderate’ centre-left leaders such as Bachelet or Lula/Dilma.
However, even if the national direction of kirchnerismo in federal government is populistic and leftist, at the provincial level things are less clear-cut. FPV governors, often known as the local ‘barons’ of kircherismo, tend to be more conservative and pragmatic. A number of left-wingers and progressives disliked kirchnerismo, which remains closely associated with paternalist, clientelist and opportunistic Peronism. Some criticize the FPV’s anti-poverty policies, for example, arguing that they are clientelistic programs designed to keep reliably Peronist voters in poverty rather than actually relieving poverty.
Néstor Kirchner was able to deal deftly with Peronist governors. However, CFK has appeared to be a brasher leader, whose personality and behaviour have alienated many Peronists and former allies. For example, Hugo Moyano, the powerful leader of the major trade union in Argentina (the CGT) has turned against CFK, accusing her of acting like a “goddess”. She also sidelined a number of her husband’s allies and has difficult, cool relations with some FPV governors, notably Daniel Scioli, the governor of Buenos Aires since 2007 and national leader of the PJ.
Instead, CFK has become more reliant on a group of left-wing Peronist young activists, La Cámpora, a movement led by her son Máximo. La Cámpora, which gained prominence just around the time of CFK’s original victory in 2007, has grown in power and influence under CFK’s presidency. Mariano Recalde, a secretary-general of La Cámpora, is the CEO of Aerolíneas Argentinas, the state-owned airline. CFK has also actively encouraged the promotion of La Cámpora members on the FPV’s electoral lists, and it is no secret that she likely has a greater political role planned for her son, Máximo Kirchner, in the upcoming years.
Critics of kirchnerismo consider La Cámpora to be a disateful group of obnoxious hooligans. They consider the broader movement to have become arrogant, autocratic and intolerant in recent years, and often regard kirchnerismo as a personality cult worshipping the late Néstor Kirchner (died in 2010) and CFK, similar to the broader Peronist worship of Juan and Evita Perón.
The anti-kirchnerista opposition is hopelessly divided, something which has been a great boon to the Kirchners – no matter how unpopular they might become, they can always count on the opposition being divided and lacking a strong leader.
More on the right and within the broader Peronist/Justicialist family, dissident or federal Peronism (Peronismo Federal) is made up of more conservative and right-leaning Peronists who oppose kirchnerismo and oficialismo. The Peronist family has always been fractious and prone to nasty divisions, but it became even more hopelessly divided during the Argentine economic crisis in 2001/2002, culminating in the 2003 presidential election, where the PJ fielded three presidential candidates: Néstor Kirchner (backed by incumbent President Eduardo Duhalde), former President Carlos Menem (known for his neoliberal economic reforms while in office) and San Luís Governor Alberto Rodríguez Sáa.
It has always been unclear where dissident/Federal Peronism ends and where kirchnerismo begins: a number of politicians, Argentine politicians being notorious flip-floppers and opportunists, have shifted allegiances from one side to another – often depending on which way the wind is blowing. Eduardo Duhalde broke with Kirchner in around 2005, and ran against CFK in the 2011 election. Other PJ leaders or governors have also drifted in and out of kirchnerismo, swelling the ranks of federal Peronism in tough times for kirchnerismo. Federal Peronism itself is divided: Eduardo Duhalde and Alberto Rodríguez Sáa, two figures of federal Peronism, both ran in the 2011 presidential election.
Federal Peronism’s alliances have also varied from election to election and from province to province. In the 2009 midterm elections, in the province of Buenos Aires, Colombian-born businessman Francisco de Narváez – a dissident Peronist and leader of his own party (Unión Celeste y Blanco)- allied with Mauricio Macri, the chief of government of the city of Buenos Aires; forming an alliance between dissident Peronism and Macri’s liberal-conservative Propuesta Republicana (PRO). In 2011, however, de Narváez allied with Ricardo Alfonsín’s centrist Radical Civic Union (UCR) to run (unsuccessfully) for governor of Buenos Aires (in his 2007 gubernatorial run, he was allied with Macri’s PRO).
Mauricio Macri’s PRO, founded as a coalition in 2005, is the most vocal defender of economic liberalism and liberal conservatism in Argentina. It is, however, fairly marginal party. The party’s base remains the city of Buenos Aires, where Mauricio Macri has been chief of the government (jefe del gobierno) since 2007. The party also has some support in the province of Sante Fe, thanks to Miguel Torres del Sel, a former comedian who won 36.1% in the 2011 gubernatorial election (placing a close second).
The non-Peronist opposition is hardly more united. Historially, the Radical Civic Union (Unión Cívica Radical, UCR) has tended to be the main opposition to the PJ, since 1946. The UCR is Argentina’s oldest political party, and one of the few parties which has managed to be more than an empty personalist machine. Founded in 1891, the UCR was the vehicle of Argentina’s urban middle-class, which was excluded from power by the conservative landowning elites until 1916. Following the advent of universal suffrage in 1912, the UCR governed Argentina several times (1916-1930, 1958-1962, 1963-1966, 1983-1989, 1999-2001) with some success, but the UCR has long been dogged by internal squabbles or unfavourable external circumstances (the collapse of the economy and hyperinflation under Raúl Alfonsín in the 1980s, the economic crisis at the turn of this century).
Since 2001, the UCR is a fairly pathetic shadow of its former self, divided and badly lacking strong leadership. Its presidential candidate in 2003 won only 2.3% and it did not run one of its own in 2007 (it supported Roberto Lavagna). At the provincial level, a large number of Radical governors were radicales K, pro-Kirchner Radicals: Mendoza Governor Julio Cobos was CFK’s running-mate in the 2007 presidential election. The era of radicales K ended with the 2008 agricultural crisis, when Vice President Cobos famously broke with CFK. Since then, the UCR has been slightly stronger and less internally divided, although still rather weak. Many saw Ricardo Alfonsín, the son of late President Raúl Alfonsín (1983-1989), as the UCR’s great hope in 2011, but he ran a poor campaign and tacked too much towards the right for some Radicals’ tastes. Alfonsín won only 11.1% of the vote.
Alfonsín’s 2011 alliance with the right (de Narváez) has been broken since, and a number of major UCR branches in the provinces have allied with centre-left forces in this election. However, a lot of people on the centre-left or on the left distrustful of the UCR and the ‘old politics’ it symbolizes (bad memories of the disastrous presidency of Fernando de la Rúa between 1999 and 2001, old Radical ‘barons’ in the provinces) and the UCR’s willingness to ally with the right, PRO included, at a local level.
The Progressive, Civic and Social Front (Frente Progresista, Cívico y Social, FPCyS) denotes a centre-left alliance between the UCR and centre-left parties, notably including the Socialist Party (PS) in a number of provinces. A Radical-Socialist alliance, known as FPCyS, has governed the province of Santa Fe since 2007 (led by the PS) and similar alliances have been formed in other provinces, including Buenos Aires and the city of Buenos Aires (although it is known as UNEN).
The Socialist Party (Partido Socialista, PS) is another party with a long history, having been founded in 1896. The PS, which was quite successful at organizing working-class voters and became a major player in trade unions, saw its long years of hard work and efforts frustrated by Juan Perón, who coopted the working-classes and transformed Argentina’s main trade union confederation (the CGT) into a corporatist union close to the Peronist movement. As such, the PS has always had a poor relation with Peronism. In 1946, the PS and the communists allied with the right and the Radicals in an anti-Peronist front backed by the US and in 1955, numerous Socialists welcomed the military coup which overthrew Perón. After Perón’s first election, the PS never regained its former strength, wracked by numerous internal divisions (some sectors attracted to revolutionary/left-wing Peronism, others to Trotskyism).
Since the restoration of democracy, the PS has slowly gained ground. The Socialists have governed the city of Rosario, the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, since 1989. Hermes Binner, a doctor and former PS mayor of Rosario (1995-2003), was elected governor of Santa Fe in 2007, in an alliance with the Radicals.
In 2011, Binner formed the Broad Progressive Front (Frente Amplio Progresista, FAP), a left-wing progressive coalition with smaller leftist parties. As the FAP’s candidate, Binner did fairly well in the 2011 presidential election, placing a distant second in the general election with 16.8%. The FAP attracted a largely urban and middle-class electorate, voters who are traditionally opposed to Peronism but supportive of ‘modern’ progressive and social democratic politics. The FAP’s 2011 platform emphasized morally/socially liberal positions combined with more social democratic and leftist position on economic issues, not all that different to kirchnerismo. The FAP did not really participate as such in this election, the coalition being divided by those who seek a more centrist alliance with the UCR and those who want left-wing alliances.
The Movimiento Libres del Sur, a leftist alliance, is a component of the FAP whose most famous member is federal deputy Victoria Donda. The movement opposes neoliberalism and criticizes kirchnerismo from a more left-wing and progressive angle (corruption, mismanagement, human rights, inequality), and also places a large emphasis on human rights issues. Victoria Donda, a former FPV supporter, was herself born in captivity to two desaparecidos and usually focuses on human rights issues.
The Generación para un Encuentro Nacional (Partido GEN) is another component of the FAP, based out of the province of Buenos Aires and led by Margarita Stolbizer, a former UCR member and lawyer active on human rights and women’s rights issues. Stolbizer left the UCR and founded GEN in 2007, opposing the UCR’s decision to endorse the ex-kirchnerista Roberto Lavagna (she supported Elisa Carrió).
Outside the FAP is the Movimiento Proyecto Sur (PSur), a leftist party led by filmmaker Pino Solanas. PSur was founded in 2007 and is a left-nationalist party, similar in ideology to chavismo (Pino Solanas praised Hugo Chávez several times in the past). PSur supports the nationalization of all natural and mineral resources (including oil) and an investigation of the country’s foreign debt (what is ‘legitimate’ and ‘illegitimate’). Pino Solanas’ PSur, which is relevant only in the city of Buenos Aires, won 24.2% (second place) in the city in the 2009 midterm elections. In 2011, PSur refused to join the FAP. PSur is similar to Martín Sabbatella’s Nuevo Encuentro (a small party in Buenos Aires province now allied with the FPV) and some sectors of the FPV; however, like the Libres del Sul, Solanas is extremely critical (from a leftist standpoint) of kircherismo, particularly on issues such as corruption or human rights.
Civic Coalition for the Affirmation of an Egalitarian Republic (Coalición Cívica para la Afirmación de una República Igualitaria, CC-ARI) is a vaguely centre-left and social liberal party of varying strength. The CC-ARI finds its roots in the Argentinos por una República de Iguales (founded 2000/2001), a group of centre-left dissidents from the ruling Alianza who opposed President Fernando de la Rúa’s right-wing economic policies. The ARI participated in the 2001 legislative elections and was founded as a party, led by UCR dissident Elisa Carrió, in 2002. Carrió, very active on corruption issues (she gained notoriety by investigation corruption in the privatizations under Menem’s administration), ran for President for the first time in 2003, winning 14.1% – placing fifth in a hotly contested race. In 2006, Carrió formed a broader coalition with smaller parties (including GEN), styled Coalición Cívica. Carrió’s aim of forming a big tent anti-K coalition (including, potentially, the PRO, Radicals and dissident Peronists) annoyed several leftist members of ARI and was criticized by some parts of the PS. Carrió’s personal social conservatism (pro-life, anti-gay marriage) and her alliance with personalities reputed to be more right-leaning (Alfonso Prat Gay, María Eugenia Estenssoro) was also criticized by some on the left. Right after the 2007 election, a group of left-leaning ARI deputies left the party to form their own group, criticizing what they perceived as a right-wing shift in the CC/ARI.
Carrió’s CC (allied with the PS) nevertheless emerged as the main opposition to kirchernismo in 2007, when she placed second (23%) behind CFK in that year’s presidential election. In the 2009 election, Carrió successfully formed an electoral alliance with the Radicals and the PS, known as the Acuerdo Cívico y Social (ACyS). The ACyS won the most votes nationally and became the strongest anti-K opposition force in Congress. However, as always in Argentine politics, alliances are short-lived. All three main components of the ACyS went their own ways in 2011: Carrió embarked on an ill-advised trainwreck of a presidential campaign (she placed last in the general election with 1.8% and the CC-ARI was decimated in Congress), the UCR tacked to the right with Ricardo Alfonsín’s equally disastrous campaign and the PS tacked to the left with the FAP.
CC-ARI’s ideological direction is rather vague; combining bits and pieces of social democracy (Carrió has been a vocal advocate of a universal basic income grant to all children under 18), anti-corruption moralism, all-encompassing anti-kircherismo and centrism. Carrió’s opposition to abortion (which is strictly regulated and illegal under most circumstances) and same-sex marriage (most of CC-ARI voted in favour, though) has been criticized, as was her support for the rural sectors in the 2008 agricultural crisis and her vague position on the government’s re-nationalization of Aerolíneas Argentinas and pension funds.
The 2009 electoral reforms, the PASO and the 1.5% threshold to qualify for general elections has catalyzed Argentina’s weak and fractious (of course) far-left Trotskyist groupings to unite, which they did in 2011 as the Frente de Izquierda y de los Trabajadores (FIT). The FIT is an alliance of three parties, the largest and oldest of which is Jorge Altamira’s Workers’ Party (Partido Obrero). In 2011, Altamira, as the FIT’s presidential candidate, won 2.3% of the vote in the general election (doing better, you will notice, than Elisa Carrió!).
Local media coverage of Argentine midterm elections usually focuses heavily on the largest provinces, particularly the largest of them all: the province of Buenos Aires (not to be confused with the separate autonomous city of Buenos City/CABA), with a population of 15.6 million (9.9 million in the 24 suburban municipalities in the Gran Buenos Aires), or about 39% of the entire country’s electorate. The race in the province of Buenos Aires attracts, by far, the most attention by the domestic and foreign media (indeed, the foreign media’s coverage of Argentine midterms just pretends the rest of the country doesn’t exist!) but also by the politicians themselves. After all, Buenos Aires is often key to winning presidential elections, so politicians and coalitions tend to be particularly concerned by their performance in the province.
In the 2009 midterm elections, for example, Buenos Aires (BsAs) drew all the coverage because it featured a hotly contested battle between a dissident Peronist-PRO alliance (Unión-PRO) list led by Francisco de Narváez and a FPV list led by former President Néstor Kirchner and Daniel Scioli. De Narváez’s list won, with 34.7% against the FPV’s 32.2%, and the dominant narrative became that the Kirchners had suffered a huge defeat. Which was, to an extent, true and replicated in other major provinces. In 2005, a senatorial contest in the province between a FPV list led by CFK (then the First Lady) and a dissident PJ list led by Hilda Duhalde (Eduardo Duhalde’s wife) marked the break between Duhalde and Kirchner, his erstwhile ally (CFK won 45.8% to 20.4%).
It is no different this year. The new icon of dissident Peronism this year is Sergio Massa, the young (41) mayor of the suburban town of Tigre and CFK’s former Chief of Cabinet (2008-2009). Massa’s political career highlights the contradictions inherent to contemporary Peronism and its general carelessness towards coherent ideology: Massa began his political career in Álvaro Alsogaray’s right-wing UCeDé in the 1980s, before becoming an enthusiastic supporter of Peronist President Carlos Menem’s policies (menemismo) in the 1990s. After 2003, Massa became a kirchnerista (elected as a federal deputy on FPV lists in 2005 and 2009). Between 2002 and 2007, he served as head of the National Social Security Administration (ANSES). The same year that he featured on Kirchner’s FPV list in BsAs, however, he resigned as Chief of Cabinet and broke with the Kirchners. According to a 2010 U.S. Embassy WikiLeaks cable, Massa described Néstor Kirchner as “perverse” and “a psychopath,” “a monster,” and “a coward” whose bullying approach to politics masks a deep sense of insecurity and inferiority (the cable also mentioned Massa’s presidential ambitions).
In June 2013, Massa founded the Frente Renovador (FR), a big-tent anti-kirchernista/dissident Peronist movement. Massa has recruited his candidates and supporters from a wide variety of angles. The base of the FR is formed by a ‘G8’ of eight (including Massa) anti-kirchnerista Peronist/FPV mayors from BsAs province (mostly in the conurbano bonaerense); seven of whom (including Massa) were reelected under the FPV label in 2011. The Peronist mayors of the working-class and low-income municipalities (partidos) of the conurbano bonaerense, widely known as the barones del conurbano, are powerful and influential powerbrokers and local bosses, at the head of large (and electorally important) clientelistic networks. They are key to all Peronists, anti-K or pro-K, which aim to win in BsAs.
Sergio Massa’s FR list was seconded by Darío Giustozzi, the FPV mayor of Almirante Brown (a poor industrial suburb, which voted 64% for CFK in 2011). His other candidates included Clarín journalist Mirta Tundis (3rd), the former Peronist governor of BsAs province Felipe Solá (broke with Kirchner in 2008, 4th), the former president of the Argentine Industrial Union (UIA) José Ignacio de Mendiguren (5th), incumbent PRO deputy Soledad Martinez (6th) and Elisa Carrió’s 2011 running-mate Adrián Pérez (7th).
Ideology or ideological coherence isn’t Massa’s top priority – far from it. It is very unclear where he actually stands on the relevant issues and he was criticized for his lack of concrete stances; most of the FR’s priorities are vague goals such as job creation, fighting criminality and narco-trafficking, fighting inflation, improving education or promoting judicial independence. The most substantive part might be his strong opposition to a constitutional amendment allowing CFK indefinite reelection. Otherwise, Massa, like most Peronists, is first and foremost a pragmatist who will do whatever it takes to be elected and govern with the prevailing winds. He presents himself as a reformist, centrist and moderate and states that he is economically Keynesian.
Massa’s team included Alberto Fernández, ‘the guru’, who had served as Chief of Cabinet between 2003 and 2008 before he too broke with the Kirchners and Roberto Lavagna, Duhalde and Néstor Kirchner’s economy minister between 2002 and 2005.
Massa’s FPV opponent was Martín Insaurralde, the mayor of Lomas de Zamora (another impoverished conurbano town) since 2009. His second candidate was Juliana Di Tullio, an incumbent FPV deputy and social psychologist well known for her advocacy of feminist and social progressivism (she introduced the gender identity law, backed the same-sex marriage law and supports decriminalizing abortion). Di Tullio, also reputed to be an ‘ultra-kirchnerista’, became president of the FPV’s parliamentary faction in May 2013.
The FPCyS list, made up of the UCR, PS, GEN, CC-ARI and Libres del Sur, was led by Margarita Stolbizer (GEN) and Ricardo Alfonsín (UCR), both of them incumbent deputies.
Francisco de Narváez, the winner of the 2009 elections in BsAs, ran as the head of a strange alliance, United for Freedom and Work (Unidos por la Libertad y el Trabajo), which was backed by Hugo Moyano, the powerful leader of the truckers’ union and the CGT (or a faction of it); whose man on the list was incumbent deputy Francisco Omar Plaini, elected for the FPV in 2009 (2nd). After a poor result in the PASO (10.5%), the list’s general election campaign was marred by constant pressures, notably by Clarín (which was probably behind Massa), for de Narváez to drop out (while the FPV and governor Scioli likely maneuvered to keep him from dropping out, to split the anti-K vote). Moyano apparently dropped his endorsement of de Narváez late in the campaign, not wanting to continue backing a dead horse.
Seemingly, de Narváez’s excuse for not withdrawing from the race was that he felt that Massa was a ‘Trojan horse’ for CFK, although this argument sounds a bit silly.
One of the most closely contested ‘internal’ primaries in the PASO was in the city of Buenos Aires (CABA), a stronghold of anti-kirchnerismo politics. The UNEN alliance, basically a local version of the FPCyS-type centre-left coalitions extended to Pino Solanas’ Proyecto Sur (which is very strong in CABA), had four competing lists in the PASO: Coalición Sur, Juntos, Suma Mas and Presidente Illia. The Coalición Sur was led by Elisa Carrió (CC-ARI) for the lower house and Pino Solanas (PSur) for the Senate, with Solanas seconded by former federal deputy María Fernanda Reyes (CC-ARI). The Juntos list was led by Ricardo Gil Lavedra, the president of the UCR faction in the Chamber of Deputies (he is also known for having been a judge in the Trial of the Juntas in 1985, and briefly served as justice minister under de la Rúa). For the Senate, the list was made up of incumbent federal deputies Alfonso Prat-Gay (CC-ARI) and Victoria Donda (Libres del Sur, actually federal deputy for BsAs, not CABA). The Suma Mas list for the Chamber was led by Martín Lousteau, an independent economist who served as CFK’s economy minister between 2007 and April 2008 who was forced to resign following the 2008 agricultural crisis (held responsible for the increased levies on soybean exports). Lousteau, who was not a FPV loyalist, had also been criticized by CFK’s inner circle/the FPV and was allegedly at odds with Guillermo Moreno, the Kirchner loyalist and internal trade secretary. Rodolfo Terragno (UCR), former Senator and Chief of Cabinet in de la Rúa’s administration, ran for Senate on the Suma Mas slate. The weakest candidate was Leandro Illia (Presidente Illia list), the son of former President Arturo Illia (UCR, 1963-1966).
For the Chamber of Deputies, Carrió’s list won 48.5% of the votes cast for all UNEN lists, placing first ahead of Lousteau’s list (35.9%) and Gil Lavedra (12.8%). Illia won only 2.8%. The Senate primary was closer, with 41.5% for Solanas’ ticket, 32.8% for Terragno’s ticket and 23.7% for the Prat-Gay-Donda ticket. For the general election, the final UNEN list included names from both the Carrió-Solanas coalition and the Lousteau-Terragno coalition: Carrió (CC-ARI) and Lousteau as the top two candidates for the Chamber; for the Senate, however, Solanas and Reyes, both from Coalición Sur, formed a ticket.
The PRO list in the capital was led by Gabriela Michetti (Senate) and Sergio Bergman (Chamber). Michetti, a federal deputy since 2009 and formed vicejefa of the CABA government (2007-2009) under Macri, was a close friend and supporter of Archbishop Jorge Bergoglio (Pope Francis). The Chamber list was led by Sergio Bergman, a Reform Judaism rabbi, and Federico Sturzenegger, a banker.
The FPV list for the lower house was led by Juan Cabandié (born in captivity under the military regime, adopted by a police officer and only discovered his true identity/parents in 2004), a human rights activist and prominent member of La Cámpora. Senator Daniel Filmus, who ran and lost against Macri in 2007 and 2011, ran for reelection.
The races in other provinces will be covered in the results section.
Aggregate national results, both in terms of votes and seats, are difficult in Argentina because the composition of coalitions and the attitude of national parties vary from province to province. Besides, a national snapshot is not all that instructive for those same reasons. For national results, I refer to Andy Tow (who has put together the best archive/atlas of Argentine election results on the web), the government (Ministry of the Interior’s election department) and the newspaper La Nación.
Chamber of Deputies
PJ-FPV and provincial allies 33.13% winning 47 seats > total 130 seats
Dissident Peronism (including FR) 25.03% winning 26 seats > total 31 seats
FPCyS/UNEN, UCR, CC-ARI, PS etc 24.44% winning 36 seats > total 62 seats
PRO and allies 7.24% winning 10 seats > total 14 seats
FIT and far-left 6.46% winning 3 seats > total 6 seats
Provincial parties 2.66% winning 2 seats > total 6 seats
Compromiso Federal/PRO 1.04% winning 3 seats > total 8 seats
PJ-FPV and provincial allies 33.15% > total 132 seats
FPCyS/UNEN, UCR, CC-ARI, PS etc 23.95% > total 61 seats
Dissident Peronism (including FR) 21.39% > total 24 seats
PRO and allies 9% > total 18 seats
FIT and allies 5.11% > total 3 seats
Others 7.4% > total 18 seats
PJ-FPV and provincial allies 33.27% winning 47 seats > total 130 seats
Dissident Peronism (including FR) 24.75% winning 26 seats > total 37 seats
FPCyS/UNEN, UCR, CC-ARI, PS etc 24.68% winning 36 seats > total 61 seats
PRO and allies 8.04% winning 12 seats > total 17 seats
FIT and allies 6.40% winning 3 seats > total 6 seats
Others 2.87% winning 3 seats > total 6 seats
Senate (seats only)
PJ-FPV and provincial allies 14 seats > total 40 seats
FPCyS/UNEN, UCR, CC-ARI, PS etc 3 seats > total 19 seats
Dissident Peronism (including FR) 2 seats > total 5 seats
Provincial parties 3 seats > total 3 seats
Compromiso Federal 0 seats > total 3 seats
PRO and allies 8.04% 2 seats > total 2 seats
Kirchnerismo suffered a setback in the midterm elections, but nevertheless retained a narrow absolute majority; the end result being that the composition of both houses of Congress changed only minimally. According to La Nación‘s calculations, the FPV gained two seats in the Chamber (127 seats to 130) from the pre-election composition while dissident Peronism and the non-Peronist centre-left opposition lost seats (-2 and -4) and the PRO and far-left gained seats (+3, +1). In the Senate, the FPV lost 3 seats. The lack of significant changes in the makeup of the Chamber of Deputies (in overall, nationwide terms) is likely due to the fact that these seats were last up in 2009, another midterm in which the kirchneristas suffered losses (losing their absolute majority).
The magnitude of the defeat seems to be similar to 2009. As in 2009, but unlike in 2011 (CFK’s landslide), the FPV was defeated by the opposition in Argentina’s five largest provinces/cities: Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Santa Fe, CABA and Mendoza. In 2011, the FPV’s lists had topped the polls in all five of these provinces/cities, even the anti-Peronist stronghold of Buenos Aires (city). Given that these provinces elect 56% of the members of the lower house of Congress and are the country’s most populous provinces/cities, and that the elections in those provinces (especially BsAs and CABA) monopolize the bulk of media attention, the elections (like in 2009) have broadly been painted as a defeat for CFK and kirchnerismo, by domestic and international media alike. On the other hand, the FPV and its allies generally maintained the upper hand in the smaller, rural provinces which have long been reliably Peronist (with some local exceptions).
Since CFK’s landslide reelection in 2011 over a divided, hapless and demoralized second-tier opposition, some voters have soured on Kirchner and the government. High inflation (and the falsification of official statistics related to inflation), unpopular restrictions on the purchase of foreign currencies (US dollars, seen as a safer bet for savings than the peso), corruption, criminality, infrastructure problems, a widespread perception of kirchnerista arrogance and controversial reforms (judicial reform, media law) have all had an adverse impact on the government’s popularity. On the other hand, it must be pointed out that despite all this, kirchnerismo does retain a solid base in Argentine society. A number of voters credit the Kirchners (particularly CFK’s late husband) with the successful recovery from the 2001 catastrophe and, as such, no matter how unpopular they might get, some voters will remain reluctant to abandon ship given how the kirchernista decade began and how the country has improved since then. Secondly, while some opponents might style it as clientelism and asistencialismo, many poorer voters appreciate the social programs created by the Kirchners, notably CFK’s AUH. And regardless of the desirability of these programs, they have almost certainly played a huge role in reducing poverty in Argentina from the highs of the turn-of-the-century economic crisis.
The FPV is also slightly better organized or better entrenched in society than the disparate opposition forces. The FPV controls government, and as such it can put the government and its resources to its use, through clientelism, patronage or just the usual ‘goodies’ and policy changes (tax cuts followed the PASO in August). Public advertising is a good example of how the Kirchners have put public resources to partisan/electoral usage. Néstor Kirchner distributed public advertising on the basis of political affinity. In 2009, the government created the Fútbol para todos (football/soccer for all) program; the true intent of the program was not really to allow football-crazy Argentines access to all football matches on free TV, but perhaps rather to allow the government to gain control over the broadcasting of football matches on state-owned TV. Between 1991 and 2009, through an agreement with the football federation (AFA), Televisión Satelital Codificada (TSC), a joint-venture between Grupo Clarín and a sports communications firm, held exclusive rights over broadcasting of all football matches in the country. Taking advantage of an economic crisis hurting many Primera División clubs (and a spat between the AFA and TSC when AFA demanded more money from TSC), the government stepped in and signed an agreement with the AFA, breaking the agreement with TSC and giving the government the right to broadcast all Primera División matches (and second division matches in 2011, and third division matches in 2013) on the free, state-owned Canal 7/TV Pública. Above all, the creation of Fútbol para todos means that the government controls advertising during the program. Therefore, the apparently innocuous program has turned into a major political issue: some in the opposition argue that the program is a propaganda tool for the government, because the advertising is allegedly biased and partisan. In the 2013 campaign, FR candidate Mirta Tundis (an employee of the Grupo Clarín) said that she would like the program to be privatized (Massa took no position); her comment sparked controversy. The FPV jumped on the matter, accusing those who opposed the program of neoliberalism and subservience to monopolies and big corporate interests (eg Clarín).
The FPV can also count on some support within the CGT, from most of the barones del conurbano and now from the increasingly powerful La Cámpora. In contrast, the opposition – particularly the non-Peronist parties (except perhaps the UCR, but even then) – have little ties to powerful union bosses or local party bosses; further complicated that they’re always squabbling amongst themselves, so whatever resources they have are split between the different contenders.
A bit ignored by media coverage, the far-left forces (mostly the FIT) had a good election, with some very good (even double digit) results in some provinces and a total of three seats won.
Argentina is very much a federal country, this is especially true when it comes to parliamentary elections (and provincial-level elections, of course). In France, it is often said that the legislative elections are ‘577 local elections’ (577 constituencies) rather than a single national election; but nowhere is this phrase truer than in Argentina. Each province had different candidates, different party alliance and strategies and different local circumstances. Therefore, any analysis of Argentine legislative elections must be done at the provincial, rather than national, level. And provincial means, if we want to be accurate and thorough (as I do), all provinces – not only BsAs!
Note: you can find PASO results here.
In Buenos Aires, Sergio Massa’s FR handily defeated Martín Insaurralde’s FPV, 43.9% to 32.2%. In the PASO, the FR had won 35.1% and the FPV had won 29.7%. Therefore, although both the FR and the FPV increased their support from the PASO (the FR more so), the gap between Massa and Insaurralde widened, doubling from about 5% to nearly 12 points. Insaurralde’s result in the general was similar to Néstor Kirchner’s result at the helm of the FPV list in 2009 (32.18%), but Massa did much better than De Narváez had done in 2009 (34.7%). In a distant third place, Stolbizer’s FPCyS won 11.8%, marginally more than in the PASO (11.1%); in 2009, Stolbizer-Alfonsín’s ACyS list had won 21.5% of the vote.
The biggest loser from the primaries was Francisco de Narváez (FULT), whose support fell from 10.5% to 5.5%, benefiting Massa. Néstor Pitrola’s far-left FIT list won 5% (up from 4% in the PASO), winning one seat.
This result gives Massa 16 seats against 12 for the FPV, 4 for the FPCyS and two for De Narváez. Compared to the results of the PASO, the FR ‘gained’ two seats, both of them coming from De Narváez’s list.
The race was in good part decided in the conurbano bonaerense, where over 60% of the province’s population is concentrated. Compared to Kirchner’s defeat in 2009, Massa made major inroads in the conurbano, a largely working-class/low-income and industrialized hinterland where the FPV has traditionally been very dominant. Massa did best in his hometown of Tigre (65.5%), a socially mixed town north of Buenos Aires (the proliferation of new ‘Miami’-like gated communities with canals and mansions contrasts will villas miseria/shantytowns and older lower middle-class/blue-collar areas). He also did similarly well (62.2%) in San Fernando, located just north of Tigre (but outside the conurbano).
Massa’s alliance with several dissident Peronist barones del conurbano proved quite beneficial at the polls. Generally, the FR did best in those partidos (the BsAs name for municipalities) where the mayor supported him. For example, he won Malvinas Argentinas (a low-income industrial area) with 59.5%, he was supported by the powerful longtime mayor of Malvinas Argentinas, Jesús Cariglino (mayor since 1995). In Almirante Brown, governed by Massa’s second candidate Darío Giustozzi, Massa won 48.4% – his best result in the southern half of the conurbano. In General San Martín municipality, governed by another FPV dissident, Massa won 51.7%. Even outside the conurbano, the FR did best in partidos where the local mayor were backing Massa: for example, he won 53.4% in General Villegas and 49.7% in Ollavaría.
However, Massa even won partidos where the FPV mayors have remained loyal to kirchnerismo. He won working-class and lower-income municipalities such as José C. Paz (46.2%), Moreno (47.9%), Pilar (53.8%) and Tres de Febrero (49%) even if their mayors had not endorsed Massa. Therefore, Massa’s success was not only the product of using the clientelistic networks of pro-FR barones, it was also the result of an anti-K vote in FPV strongholds. Massa even won Morón (44%), supposedly the stronghold of Nuevo Encuentro‘s Martín Sabbatella (who was mayor until 2011). In the conurbano, Insaurralde only won La Matanza (43.8%), Florencio Varela (46.7%), Berazategui (43.5%) and his hometown of Lomas de Zamora (48%).
Massa also won the upper middle-class anti-K strongholds of Vicente López and San Isidro, with 49.9% and 57.5% respectively. The FPCyS, however, did well in Vicente López, placing second with 20.3% of the vote. By and large, however, the FPCyS did terribly in the rest of the conurbano (single digits).
In the city of Buenos Aires, the PRO – unlike in the PASO – topped the field over UNEN in the race for both the Chamber and the Senate. In the lower house contest, Sergio Bergman’s PRO list won 34.5% against 32.2% for Carrió-Lousteau’s UNEN list. The FPV, led by Juan Cabandié, placed a distant third with only 21.6%. In the PASO, the combined total of the UNEN lists had been 35.6%, against 27.5% for the PRO and 19% for the FPV. It is likely that some UNEN voters who had backed losing candidates in the PASO switched their support to the PRO or the FPV. In seat terms, the PRO and UNEN both took 5 seats while the FPV won 3 seats. The far-left FIT, led by Jorge Altamira, won 5.7% of the vote.
In the race for Senate, the PRO’s Gabriela Michetti won 39.3% against 27.7% for UNEN and 23.2% for Daniel Filmus’ FPV. In the PASO, again, the combined total of the UNEN (32%) had been marginally stronger than the PRO (31.4%). With the PRO and UNEN splitting the three senate seats, incumbent FPV senator Daniel Filmus will return to academic life at the end of his term. The PRO’s stronger performance in the senatorial contest certainly owes to the qualities of the candidates: Gabriela Michetti is a well-known politician in the city, having served as federal deputy since 2009 and deputy head of the government prior to that. On the other hand, rabbi Bergman is not as well known or prominent.
The PRO and UNEN both did best in the city’s middle-class and upper middle-class neighborhoods, while the FPV’s support remained concentrated in shantytowns and the lower-income neighborhoods in the southern end of the city (33.4% in commune 8 – Villa Soldati, Riachuelo and Lugano). The PRO’s best result (Chamber), 41.6%, came from commune 2, which includes the very affluent Recoleta neighborhood. It also did well in commune 13 (Belgrano, 38.9%), 13 (Palermo, 38.1%) and 1 (Puerto Madero, 36.7%). The UNEN performed well in almost all the same places as the PRO, but won low results in the low-income southern neighborhoods.
Half of the seats (30) in the city legislature were also up for reelection in Buenos Aires on election day. The PRO, with 33.6%, won 12 seats against 8 for UNEN (24.7%) and 6 for the FPV (17.1%). The far-left FIT won one seat, while the last two seats went to local parties I don’t know anything about. This gives the PRO a total of 28 seats, out of 60, in the city legislature.
In Córdoba, the Unión por Córdoba (UPC), a dissident Peronist local movement led by governor and local Peronist strongman José Manuel de la Sota (governor 1999-2007 and since 2011), won 26.5% and 3 seats. The UPC list was led by former governor Juan Schiaretti (2007-2011), a loyal delasotista. José Manuel de la Sota, like a lot of Peronist leaders in Córdoba (the country’s second largest province), has had a love-hate relationship with the Kirchners. In 2011, when CFK’s profile was up, De la Sota was seen as fairly close (or at least on good terms) with the Casa Rosada. However, he has since broken with the President and aligned himself with dissident Peronism once more (de la Sota also had ambivalent, love-hate relationships with past Peronist bigwigs such as Menem and Duhalde). The UPC’s result, despite placing first, was seen as a major setback for the governor (who might have presidential ambitions for 2015). The UPC’s support fell by nearly four points from the PASO, when two competing lists for the UPC had won a total of 30.1%. A narcotrafficking scandal involving the provincial police seems to have hurt the governor’s party; the dispersion of votes for mayor Martín Llaryora’s list in the PASO (22.3% of the UPC’s PASO votes) also appears to have hurt the party.
A UCR list (by itself), led by federal deputy and 2011 gubernatorial candidate Oscar Aguad, placed second 22.7% (more or less what it had won in the PASO) and 3 seats. The main winner, from the PASO, was the FPV list led by Carolina Scotto. The FPV list saw a significant increase in its support, from 10.9% in the PASO to 15.3% in the general election, giving them 2 seats.
The PRO list, led by former football referee Héctor Baldassi, won 14.5% and one seat, up from 12.1% in the PASO.
Aguad’s UCR list topped the poll in the city of Córdoba, where the Radicals (and anti-Peronist forces in general) have generally been rather strong. Schiaretti’s UPC placed third with 15% of the vote in the provincial capital, behind the PRO (16.6%) and the UCR (20.1%).
The major losers were Olga Riutort (De la Sota’s ex-wife), whose support fell from 6.8% to 4.6% since the PASO; and a FPCyS list (basically the PS and Senator Luis Juez’s personal party) which won only 3.7% of the vote. Luis Juez, a former mayor of Córdoba and incumbent senator, is a sworn enemy of the governor (they were allies until 2001, when Juez started accusing de la Sota of being corrupt, and broke completely in 2007, when Juez narrowly lost the gubernatorial race to Schiaretti, and cried fraud). The FPCyS’ terrible result is a huge setback to Juez, and might mark the end of his political career. Fortunately for him, the UPC’s mediocre result also throws cold water on De la Sota’s potential 2015 presidential ambitions.
In Santa Fe, former governor and 2011 presidential candidate Hermes Binner (PS), leading a broad FPCyS coalition with the UCR and CC-ARI, handily triumphed with 42.4% and won five seats. Miguel Torres del Sel (PRO), a former comedian who placed a close second in the 2011 gubernatorial election, placed second with 27.2% of the vote (3 seats), leading an alliance of the PRO with some dissident Peronist forces. The oficialista FPV list, led by former governor Jorge Obeid (2003-2007), placed a poor third with only 22.6% and 2 seats.
Santa Fe, governed by a Socialist-Radical alliance since 2007 (an alliance which Binner would like to replicate nationally), is something of an opposition stronghold where the FPV has never enjoyed uncontested political hegemony (far from it).
In Mendoza, the big winner was former governor (2003-2007) and CFK’s former Vice President Julio Cobos (UCR), whose Radical list won 47.7% (up from 44% in the PASO) and 3 seats. The FPV, which currently governs the state, suffered a very heavy defeat, winning only 27% of the vote and a single seat. The far-left FIT, with 14% of the vote – double what it won in the PASO – took the last seat. The local right-wing Democratic Party, in alliance with the PRO, won one of its worst result in decades, with only 5.2% of the vote (in 2009, for example, the PD-PRO list had won one seat with some 14% of the vote).
Cobos’ landslide opens the door to a presidential candidacy in 2015, perhaps in coalition with Hermes Binner’s Socialists. However, a lot of Radicals remain fairly suspicious and uneasy with Cobos, in good part because of his past trajectory as a ‘radical K’ and his (short-lived) alliance with kirchnerismo in 2007 (broken during the 2008 agricultural crisis, in which Vice President Cobos clearly sided with the opposition/ruralists). Even in his own state, Cobos will have to deal with internal opposition from rival Radicals – senator Ernesto Sanz, former governor Roberto Iglesias and Mendoza mayor Víctor Fayad – who have yet to digest Cobos’ past transgressions. In the PASO, Roberto Iglesias’ dissident list, the ‘Federal Party’, was soundly trounced (4.6%) and he was forced to announce his withdrawal.
Tucumán, the smallest province but the fifth most populous, was the largest province in which the FPV was victorious. The province is a kirchnerista stronghold (CFK won 65% in 2011). The FPV list, led by health minister Juan Luis Manzur, won 46.9% and two seats. An ACyS (UCR-PS-Libres del Sur etc) list won 34.7% and two seats. In third place, the Fuerza Republicana party of provincial legislator and former senator Ricardo Bussi, won 8.2% of the vote. Despite the FPV victory, the result is a setback for term-limited incumbent governor José Alperovich, given that the FPV had taken three seats against only one for the ACyS in 2009.
The FPV was also victorious in Entre Ríos, winning 46.6% and 3 seats against 23.4% and 1 seat for the Unión por Entre Ríos. The latter is a coalition of the PRO with a local party led by former PJ/dissident Peronist governor Jorge Busti (1987-1991, 1995-1999, 2003-2007) – the slate’s top candidate was incumbent federal deputy Cristina Cremer De Busti, Busti’s wife. Their top candidate for Senate was Alfredo de Angeli (PRO), a well-known agrarian leader (extremely critical of CFK) who stood out as one of the hardline ruralist leaders during the 2008 agricultural crisis.
A Radical list placed third with 21.1%, also winning one seat. In the race for Senate in the province, the overall results were similar: 46.2% for the FPV and 25.7% for Unión por Entre Ríos, giving oficialismo two seats against one seat for Alfredo de Angeli. The UCR won only 19.8% of the vote in the senatorial contest, marginalizing the party which had traditionally been fairly strong in the province.
The FPV’s triumph is good news for governor Sergio Uribarri (in office since 2007), who would fancy a presidential candidacy in 2015. Uribarri is very popular in the province, although CFK is perhaps less so.
The result in Salta was quite a mess. In the race for the Chamber of Deputies, the Frente Popular Salteño (a dissident Peronist/PRO alliance) won the most votes, 20.6%, and one seat. The Trotskyst Workers’ Party (PO) placed second, with 19.1% of the vote and one seat; the far-left even topped the poll in Salta, the provincial capital, with 28.4% of the vote. The kirchernista PJ list won 19% of the vote, closely followed by Salta Somos Todos (18.1%), a personal vehicle for 2011 gubernatorial candidate and outgoing federal deputy Alfredo Olmedo, a controversial ‘soy king’ and got some attention for his strong opposition to same-sex marriage. The kirchnerista Partido de la Victoria won 7.6% of the vote, in fifth place, while the conservative Partido Renovador de Salta (allied with the PJ-FPV, I believe) won 6%.
The senatorial contest was far more high profile in Salta, whose governor, Juan Manuel Urtubey (FPV), is another potential presidential candidate for 2015. The governor’s brother, Rodolfo Urtubey, topped the FPV’s senatorial list (with incumbent federal deputy Cristina Fiore Viñuales as his running mate). Former governor (1995-2007) and incumbent senator Juan Carlos Romero, a dissident Peronist and noted rival of the incumbent governor, ran for reelection at the helm of the helm of the Frente Popular Salteño list. The governor’s FPV list won 29.1% against 24.5% for Romero’s list; in 2007, Romero’s dissident PJ list had beaten the PJ-FPV list.
In Misiones, a kirchnerista stronghold (67% for CFK in 2011), the pro-Kirchner local Frente Renovador de la Concordia, formed by pro-Kirchner Peronists and dissident Radicals by former governor Carlos Rovira and the dominant party in provincial politics, remained the largest party with 43.3% of the vote and 2 seats. The UCR did fairly well, winning 26.7% and one seat. A dissident Peronist/PRO list led by former governor and incumbent federal deputy Ramón Puerta (1991-1999) won 14.6%, down almost ten points from the PASO when it had been a close third with 23%. An official FPV list won 11.2%.
In Santiago del Estero, an ultrakirchnerista province (82% for CFK in 2011!), another local pro-Kirchner party, the Frente Cívico por Santiago (FCS) was triumphant – with 76% of the vote, winning all three seats. The party was founded in 2004/2005 as some kind of local version of the UCR, led by Gerardo Zamora, a Radical whose victory in the 2005 gubernatorial election marked the end of a five-decade long dominance of local politics by the Peronist caudillo Carlos Antonio Juárez (his wife, elected governor in 2002, was removed from office by the federal government in 2004). Zamora was a ‘radical K’, and remained loyal to the Kirchners even after the 2008 crisis (which marked the end of ‘radicales K‘), transforming the FCS into a local version of the FPV. It has been absolutely dominant in provincial politics, often winning upwards of 70% of the vote (71% in the 2011 legislative elections, 85% for Zamora in the 2008 gubernatorial election). Zamora was due to win reelection to an (illegal) third term on October 27, but the courts delayed the election and blocked his candidacy (a new constitution adopted in 2005 limits the governor to two successive terms, but Zamora was originally elected under an old constitution, so he argued that the term limits could not yet apply to him). His wife will succeed him when the gubernatorial vote is held on December 1.
In a province used to caudillismo in its politics, the FCS has effectively replaced the old PJ Peronist elites which had dominated provincial politics since 1948 (except for the periods of military rule) under Carlos Antonio Juárez.
In the Senate race, the FCS effectively won all three seats: they ingeniously got around the electoral law by running a proxy list, the Frente Popular, led by provincial CGT leader and FCS provincial legislator Gerardo Montenegro, which placed second (28.5%) behind the FCS (48.3%). Zamora has, according to La Nación, decided to take a seat in the Senate – he featured on the FCS’ senatorial list as the lead suplente (replacement) candidate. Senator Emilio Rached, who broke with the FCS and realigned with the Radicals in 2008, led the FPCyS list, which won 14.1% of the vote in the senatorial contest.
In Chaco, another poor and rural Peronist/Kirchnerist province, the FPV handily won the races for the lower house and the upper house, winning 59% of the vote and 3 out of the 4 seats in the lower house and 60.6% in the senatorial contest. This is a strong result for term-limited governor Jorge Capitanich, an ally of the federal government who does not hide his presidential ambitions for 2015. On the other hand, the Unión por Chaco (basically a local FPCyS) did poorly, losing one seat in the lower house to the FPV (36.2% of the vote). In the PASO, the FPV and the centre-left had been more closely matched, 46.4% to 40.9%.
In Formosa, the poorest province in Argentina located in the remote north, the dominant FPV, led by governor and local strongman Gildo Insfrán (in office since 1995, with no term limits) triumphed with 60% against 36.7% for the Frente Amplio Formoseño (again, a local version of the FPCyS led by the UCR). The only silver lining for the Radicals here is that they did better than in 2011, when it won only 19%. With Governor Insfrán taking centre stage after the PASO, the FPV’s support increased from 53.6% since the PASO.
It was ‘3 to 0’ for the Radicals in Corrientes, who defeated the FPV for the third time this year after the PASO in August and a gubernatorial election in September. The province is rather poor and solidly kirchnerista in presidential politics (68% for CFK in 2011), but the UCR remains a dominant force in provincial politics – it is the last province to be governed by a Radical governor, Ricardo Colombi. The Encuentro por Corrientes (ECO) list, a broad alliance joining the UCR, centre-left (PS, CC-ARI, Libres del Sur), dissident Peronists and the centre-right PRO, won 47% and 2 seats against 42.7% for the FPV, which won one seat; this gap is smaller than that of the PASO, in which ECO’s four lists totaled 47.7% against 38.7% for the FPV’s three lists. A third list led by incumbent UCR senator Nito Artaza won 10.3%.
The results in Corrientes are a strong vote of confidence for UCR governor Ricardo Colombi, himself reelected in September with 50.9% of the vote. Colombi, who was elected governor in 2009 defeating his cousin, the erstwhile ‘radical K’ governor Arturo Colombi, in a closely disputed contest, has had a very tense relationship with the Casa Rosada – which did everything in its power to marginalize Colombi’s provincial government. The FPV suffered a major defeat in the September gubernatorial election when its candidate, Corrientes mayor Carlos Manuel Espínola, heavily promoted by the federal government, lost to Colombi with 45.8%. Ricardo Colombi had already won a personal triumph over his estranged cousin in the PASO, when the oficialista ECO list led by a provincial cabinet minister handily defeated a rival ECO list led by Arturo Colombi, which placed a poor third.
The results in the province of San Juan were heavily impacted by an helicopter crash on October 11 in which a federal deputy (running for reelection) was killed and the FPV governor, José Luis Gioja, badly injured. The FPV list, which had placed second in the PASO with 37.2% of the vote, saw its support skyrocket to 55.4%. On the other hand, the Compromiso Federal list – an alliance of dissident Peronists (presumably close to Rodríguez Sáa), maverick Radicals (the local UCR bloquista) and the PRO – won only 22.9%, down from 42.5% and first place in the PASO. In third place, Nancy Avelín, the daughter of late governor Alfredo Avelín (impeached in 2002), won 10.6% – the best result for the family’s party since her father’s impeachment.
The FPV suffered a damaging defeat in Jujuy, a poor northern province which gave 64% support to CFK two years ago. The Frente Jujeño, a Radical-Socialist alliance led by incumbent federal deputy Mario Fiad, won 40.2% against 38.9% for the FPV. In the PASO, the FPV list had won 32.8% to the Frente’s 31.1%. The Frente Primero Jujuy, a dissident Peronist list, saw its support fall considerably since the PASO, from 9.4% and third place to 5.2% and fourth place (behind the FIT, 7.2%). The FPV’s defeat in this Peronist stronghold is bad news for governor Eduardo Fellner, who had handily defeated the UCR’s Mario Fiad in 2011. The Radical victory emboldens Radical senator Gerardo Morales, who would like to contest the governorship in 2015.
In the race for the provincial legislature, a new party – Frente Unidos y Organizados por la Soberanía Popular – the political arm of the Peronist and indigenista asociación barrial Túpac Amaru led by Milagro Sala, won 13.6% and 4 seats, placing third.
In Río Negro, the FPV list, led by María Emilia Soria, the daughter of late governor Carlos Soria (FPV, 2011-2012, died on New Years 2012 after being killed by his wife), won easily with 50.8% – taking both of the seats up for grabs. She had been described as her later father’s ‘princess’, sheltered, protected and favoured over her brother. Her nomination irritated many old-timers, who saw her as an inexperienced and empty-suit dynastic candidate, but she was heavily backed by the powerful FPV senator Miguel Pichetto (who is also the FPV faction leader in the Senate). In the senatorial contest, Pichetto’s FPV list won 50% of the vote. The major loser in the province was the UCR, which had dominated provincial politics between 1983 and 2011. In the senatorial contest, former UCR (‘radical K’) governor Miguel Saiz (2003-2011) won only 15.9% of the vote, placing third and thereby conceding the third seat to an alliance between the PS and CC-ARI (26.3%). In the PASO, the UCR had placed second behind the FPV, with about 25% of the vote; the party had contested ‘internal primaries’, notably a battle for the senatorial nomination between Saiz (the eventual winner) and former governor and 1995 presidential candidate Hector Massaccesi (the ‘Robin Hood of Patagonia’, who had famously seized $17 million from a bank account belonging to the Central Bank). I wonder if potential post-primary bad blood might explain why the UCR’s support fell of by so much, to the benefit of the progressive alliance of the PS and CC-ARI (16.7% in the PASO, 25% in the general).
In Neuquén, a local party with a long history – the Movimiento Popular Neuquino (MPN) – remained the dominant force. The MPN was founded in 1961 by local Peronist caudillos, whose political activity was circumscribed by the proscription of Peronism after the 1955 coup. The MPN became a neo-Peronist party, promoting the idea of “Peronism without Perón”. The MPN became the dominant party in provincial politics as early as 1962, with the figure of Felipe Sapag, the leader of a politically and economically powerful local clan who served as governor five times (1963-1966, 1970-1972, 1973-1976, 1983-1987, 1995-1999). After 1991, the MPN has become torn between two factions, one led by the Sapag clan (Jorge Augusto Sapag, the nephew of Felipe Sapag, has been governor since 2007) and the other led by former governor and current party chairman Jorge Sobisch (1991-1995, 1999-2007). The MPN has traditionally been the strongest party in provincial politics, although the FPV won more votes than the MPN in the 2011 legislative elections.
The PASO had seen a very nasty fight within MPN ranks. The winning list was that of Guillermo Pereyra, the leader of the CGT oil workers’ union and a close ally of dissident CGT (anti-K) leader Hugo Moyano (I believe he was also supported by Sobisch, but I have seen contradictory information on that). Pereyra is very critical of Kirchner, governor Sapag and the YPF-Chevron deal. With about 56% of the votes cast for the MPN in the PASO, he easily defeated the oficialista list led by Vice Governor Ana Pechen, a close ally of governor Sapag, who is also fairly close to the Casa Rosada. In the PASO, the MPN’s two rival lists had totaled 54.5% (Chamber) and 58.2% (Senate) respectively. While the MPN still won the most votes on October 27, it only won 40.2% and 41.9% respectively, down quite considerably from the PASO. This is almost certainly as a result of the post-primary turmoil which saw governor Sapag refuse to endorse Pereyra (who had been very critical of Sapag) and indeed called on voters not to vote for the MPN. All parties benefited from the MPN’s poor showing in October, above all the FPV – which increased its results to 21.3% and 20.6% respectively (11.7% and 9% in the PASO). Placing second, the FPV won one seat in the Chamber (on the PASO’s results, the MPN would have won all 3 seats) and one in the Senate.
In third place, the Compromiso Cívico Neuquino (CCN) coalition, made up of Neuquén mayor Horacio Quiroga’s Nuevo Compromiso Neuquino and the Radicals, CC-ARI and PRO, won 11.5% of the vote. I believe that the list backed by Quiroga’s party, which is critical of CFK and opposes her potential reelection, won the PASO. The CCN had placed second behind the MPN in the senatorial contest during the PASO.
In the Patagonian province of Chubut, former governor and Duhalde’s 2011 running mate Mario Das Neves (dissident Peronist), running as the top candidate for the Partido de Acción Chubutense, easily defeated the FPV list with 52.7% of the vote to the FPV’s 23.2% – allowing Das Neves’ list to win both seats. Das Neves, who served as governor of Chubut between 2003 and 2011, was a very popular governor (reelected in 2007 with over 76%), something which allowed him to have serious presidential ambitions in 2011. However, his preferred candidate, Martín Buzzi (who has since joined the FPV and is now a kirchnerista), only won the 2011 gubernatorial election by a hair over the FPV (40.43% vs 40.28%) and Das Neves dropped out, becoming Duhalde’s running mate. In second place, the FPV, led by agriculture minister Norberto Yauhar, won 23.2%, a major setback for the federal governor and governor Martín Buzzi. Yahuar questioned Buzzi’s leadership following his defeat.
Another former governor was victorious in Catamarca. The Frente Cívico y Social list (UCR-PS-PRO), led by former UCR governor Eduardo Brizuela del Moral (2003-2011) narrowly defeated the FPV list, 40% to 38.7% – taking 2 seats against the FPV’s one. Eduardo Brizuela del Moral, first elected in 2003, was another ‘radical K’, being reelected in 2007 with the FPV’s support against the arch-corrupt Luis Barrionuevo, a dissident Peronist CGT leader. However, when he broke with CFK in 2008, his Vice Governor, Lucía Corpacci (the cousin of the old Peronist caudillo Ramón Saadi), broke with his government and she ran against him in the 2011 gubernatorial election. Brizuela del Moral was widely expected to win a third term, but he surprisingly lost to Corpacci, the FPV’s candidate, 49.5% to 45.6%. This year’s victory is a major setback for governor Corpacci and a major victory for Brizuela del Moral, who might want to run for governor in 2015. In third place, the corrupt and gangsterish Luis Barrionuevo’s dissident Peronist list won 18.8%.
As usual, in San Luis, the Rodríguez Saá brothers’ Compromiso Federal (dissident Peronism) easily won, with 53.9% of the vote against 23.6% for the FPCyS and 17.9% for the FPV. However, the result is nevertheless a small setback for the Rodríguez Saá clan and their party, which lost one seat (from 2009), conceding it to the Radicals (FPCyS).
In the province of La Rioja, best known as being Carlos Menem’s native province (Menem is still a senator for the province), the FPV – which had lost the PASO – narrowly defeated the Fuerza Cívica Riojana (UCR/PS/CC-ARI) alliance, 47.1% to 46.5%. The FPV list, led by provincial cabinet minister Teresita Madera and backed by Governor Luis Beder (who defeated Menem in 2007), had placed second in the PASO with 37.8% – the first defeat for Peronism in the province since 1983. Yet, despite finally narrowly defeating the Radical list, the FPV has little to cheer about with the results. They placed first with less than 1,000 votes separating them from second, and the poor showing complicates the governor’s intention to amend the constitution to allow him a third term in office. In third place, the Frente Nuevo Pacto Federal, led by dissident Peronist (ex-FPV) federal deputy Jorge Yoma (the brother of Zulema Yoma, Carlos Menem’s ex-wife turned enemy), placed a distant third with 2.9%, down from 10.2% in the PASO.
The elections in the province of La Pampa were won, narrowly and with a mediocre result, by a pro-Kirchner PJ list led by former provincial cabinet minister Gustavo Fernández Mendía. In the PASO, Fernández Mendía, who had the support of the Casa Rosada and the kirchnerista governor, Oscar Jorge, narrowly defeated (43.7% vs 35.6% of the PJ’s votes) an anti-kirchnerista list backed by former Peronist governors Rubén Marín (1991-2003, senator until 2009) and Carlos Verna (2003-2007, now senator) and led by Rubén Marín’s son Espartaco (‘Taco’). Marín and Verna, former rivals (Verna has been anti-K since 2003, when he won with Menem’s backing, Marín’s shift only dates from 2008) turned allies of circumstances, had opposed the formation of a FPV coalition in the province, much to displeasure of CFK and Governor Jorge. In the general election, the PJ list won only 35.2% against 34.4% for the Frepam (Frente Pampeano Cívico y Social, the local Radical-led alliance with the PS), led by the former UCR mayor of Santa Rosa Francisco Torroba. In the PASO, the PJ’s lists had totaled 50% of the vote against 31.8% for the Frepam. Seemingly, the closely fought primarily battle between the kircheristas-jorgistas and marinistas-vernistas left some scars, even if Taco Marín got the third place on the final PJ list. The main winner of the general election was the Frente Propuesta Federal, a PRO-led alliance headed by Carlos “el Colorado” Mac Allister, a former football player (he notably played for the Boca Juniors in the 1990s, when the club was owned by Mauricio Macri). In the PASO, backed by the PRO and ‘intransigent’ supporters of Carlos Verna who did not want to back Rubén Marín, he had won 9.9%. On October 27, he won 19.3% and won one seat for himself.
The PJ’s mediocre result is a poor result for the Casa Rosada and for the governor, who is fairly isolated within his own party against the two local caudillos. Furthermore, the UCR’s strong result makes them – and their new federal deputy – strong contenders for the provincial governorship in 2015, in a province governed by the PJ since 1983. Before that, however, Torroba will likely need to deal with the opposition of UCR Senator Juan Carlos Marina, who did not support his list in the PASO.
The opposition, led by Radical businessman and incumbent federal deputy Eduardo Costa, triumphed in the southern Patagonian province of Santa Cruz, a symbolic province for the Casa Rosada given that it was Néstor Kirchner’s native province and political breeding ground (he served as governor between 1991 and 2003 before becoming President). Costa’s list, the Unión para Vivir Mejor (formed by the UCR, a local party and the CC-ARI – whose local leader is Costa’s wife), placed first with 42.1% and two seats. The oficialista FPV list, led by provincial legislator and local La Cámpora boss Mauricio Gómez Bull, ranked second with 24.7% and one seat. The main loser of the election was governor Daniel Peralta, a former ally of the Kirchners who broke with the Casa Rosada last year when he was alleged to have spied on CFK at her family residence in the province. The PJ list, led by provincial cabinet minister Nieves Beroiza, placed third with only 20% of the vote and fell short of a seat. Peralta’s only motive for satisfaction was that
While the UCR’s result is unquestionably good news for Eduardo Costa, who has his eyes set for a third (third time the charm?) run at the governorship in 2015, his list saw its result fall a bit from 44.5% in the PASO, where he had successfully held back a dissident Radical list led by Facundo Prades, a young ‘renovador‘ critical of Costa’s allegedly autocratic and ‘business-like’ leadership of the local UCR.
Finally, in Tierra del Fuego, the FPV list led local La Cámpora leader Martín Alejandro Pérez won the top spot, with 27.3% of the vote, splitting the southernmost province’s two seats in the Chamber of Deputies with the Movimiento Solidario Popular (MSP) taking the other seat with 21.2%. The pro-Kirchner MSP is led by Oscar Martínez, the longtime boss of the CGT metalworkers unions, who was not selected for the FPV list by local FPV leader Rosana Bertone. In third place, the local Movimiento Popular Fueguino (Mopof) won 17.1%, with the endorsement of governor Fabiana Ríos (in office since 2007, ex-ARI), whose small party finds itself isolated and moribund (it didn’t run in this year’s election). The Unión Federal, an alliance of dissident Peronists (led by incumbent federal deputy Liliana Fadul), backers of CGT leader Hugo Moyano and the PRO, placed fourth with 10.3%. The Partido Popular, a pro-K slate led by incumbent senator and former governor Jorge Colazo won 9.5% of the vote. For some reason, the PJ (dissident Peronists), who had a contested primary in August, saw their vote fall from 9.7% in the PASO to only 3.6% in October.
The senatorial contest was more hotly contested. The FPV senatorial list, led by incumbent federal deputy and 2011 gubernatorial candidate (narrowly defeated by Ríos) Rosana Bertone, won 34.4%. Her strong results places her as the early favourite to win the governorship in 2015, when isolated governor Ríos is term-limited. The minority mandate went to incumbent federal deputy Jorge Garramuño (Mopof), who won 22.4% of the vote. Garramuño supported some government initiatives in the past, although he attracted controversy when he admitted that he had backed a deal with Iran in return for government funding for his province. Incumbent senator and former governor Jorge Colazo (2004-2005, impeached) lost reelection, with his Partido Popular placing third with 15.1%. Incumbent federal deputy Liliana Fadul, running for the dissident Peronist Unión Federal, won only 13.8% and fourth place.
Midterm elections in Argentina serve as mood indicators for the federal and provincial governments, and as early tests for potential presidential and gubernatorial candidates in the main elections, held two years later. In this sense, these midterm elections are particularly important because the 2015 elections will probably be highly contested. Lacking a two-thirds majority for constitutional changes and in a more fragile position after these generally mediocre midterms, President CFK is unlikely to be able to amend the constitution to run for an unprecedented third term in office. Her husband’s death in 2010 badly messed up the former presidential power couple’s alleged plan to circumvent term limits by alternating in power (Néstor Kirchner would probably have run for President in 2011 had he not died). However, with her husband dead, CFK and kirchnerismo now finds itself lacking any clear favourite for the presidency in 2015. That being said, we should not write kirchnerismo‘s obituaries just yet – CFK was weakened and considered as dead on arrival in any presidential race after the 2009 midterm elections, but seizing on the division and haplessness of the opposition, she roared back to win a phenomenal landslide in 2011.
As noted above, a number of FPV governors in the provinces have open presidential ambitions and a few others would probably like to at least be running mates on a kirchnerista ticket in 2015. The most likely oficialista candidate for 2015 is BsAs governor Daniel Scioli, who was also Néstor Kirchner’s Vice President. Scioli is more conservative and a ‘traditionalist Peronist’ rather than a kirchnerista, and his relations with the Casa Rosada and the kirchnerista milieu (notably La Cámpora) have been cooler as of late (Scioli described himself as a fellow traveler rather than kirchnerista). However, Scioli might find himself weakened by the FPV’s heavy defeat at the hands of Sergio Massa in BsAs. Other potential oficialista candidates include provincial governors such as Jorge Capitanich (Chaco), Sergio Uribarri (Entre Ríos) and José Manuel Urtubey (Salta), all of whom appear to be ‘respectable conservatives’ similar to Scioli.
Meanwhile, Sergio Massa has undoubtedly emerged from these midterms as the main winner and he is now seen as dissident Peronism’s rising star and potential 2015 candidate. It is rather obvious that Massa’s political ambitions do not stop at provincial boundaries and that he is seriously considering a presidential candidacy in 2015. The ragtag Peronist opponents of kirchnerismo might at long last have found their star in Massa, a presentable, respectable and charismatic politician whose priority is winning power rather than ideological coherence and who is able to appeal to a diverse crowd using an inoffensive, ‘reformist’ and non-confrontational discourse. A lot of Peronist leaders, including some soft supporters of the FPV and kirchnerismo, are interested in backing the winning horse (governor Urtubey, for example, has good relations with both Massa and Scioli). Massa might be their guy.
Massa’s first priority will be to build up a national profile and form alliances with provincial caudillos – a must for any serious presidential candidate, especially within Peronism. Massa has already successfully attracted the public support of some provincial leaders, including Chubut’s Mario Das Neves, former governor Jorge Busti (Entre Ríos); these two men’s supporters in Congress will grow the FR’s base. In May, before the PASO, a number of dissident Peronist leaders including Córdoba governor José Manuel de la Sota, anti-K CGT leader Hugo Moyano, Francisco de Narváez and Roberto Lavagna (who later backed Massa), signed a deal to form a common opposition front in 2015. De la Sota, who might have presidential ambitions but who is unlikely to go far in a presidential campaign, might ultimately join Massa (especially as the UPC’s poor result in Córdoba means that he will likely focus on the gubernatorial office in 2015 rather than the presidency). Massa was also in talks with Santa Fe senator and former F1 driver Carlos Reutemann, a dissident Peronist leader who might back Massa in the Senate.
Outside the Peronist family, the centre-right and the centre-left opposition parties are all placing their top leaders as potential presidential candidates. On the centre-right, Mauricio Macri (PRO) seems quite determined to run for President (unlike in 2011), despite a tactical alliance with Massa in BsAs (where the PRO by itself is weak). Macri had a good election in Buenos Aires, but his party might be increasingly divided as he lacks a clear favourite succeed him as head of government in Buenos Aires when he retires in 2015. Macri is unlikely to perform well in a nationwide presidential election, firstly because his brand of politics (widely seen as neoliberal) is unpopular in Argentina since the 2001 crisis and because he lacks a strong network of alliances in other provinces. The PRO by itself remains very much a porteño party, with its limited bases in other provinces (Santa Fe, now Córdoba, La Pampa and Entre Ríos) being largely dependent on famous celebrity candidates. He has already made some alliances with dissident Peronist leaders in other provinces, but these Peronist caudillos might be more interested in supporting Massa in 2015. The UCR, PS and minor left-wing parties are all rather strongly opposed to the idea of an alliance with Macri’s PRO.
The centre-left, largely made up of the Radicals and the Socialists (they are the only two parties in the FPCyS coalition which have a national reach), would like to run a common candidate in 2015. However, they will first need to figure out their differences and find a single candidate. Afterwards, they will need to try to form a coalition which includes some of the smaller centre-left forces such as Stolbizer’s GEN, Victoria Donda’s movement or Elisa Carrió’s potentially rejuvenated CC-ARI; would these parties be willing to support a Radical presidential candidate, especially an old politico like Julio Cobos. Former Vice President Julio Cobos, who won a landslide for the UCR in Mendoza, and former Governor and 2011 contender Hermes Binner, whose Socialist-Radical alliance won by a big margin in Santa Fe, were both strengthened by the midterms. Binner and Cobos are both clearly interested by the presidency, although it is likely that only one of them will actually make it all the way to the finish line in 2015. Could either stomach losing to the other in a potential primary/PASO? It is well known that Argentine politicians hate losing more than anything.
I hope this post helped you understand the confusing, but secretly so fascinating, world of Argentine politics a bit better. Latin American politics will headline this blog in November, with Chilean elections next week (November 17) and Honduran elections at the end of the month. Before Chile, however, I might take a detour through the world of Quebec municipal politics (November 3 municipal elections). | <urn:uuid:818b4d68-ef00-4c20-8537-56f2d0a301fd> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://welections.wordpress.com/2013/11/10/argentina-2013/ | 2022-01-25T02:35:55Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304749.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125005757-20220125035757-00039.warc.gz | en | 0.955598 | 23,134 |
Y Pwyllgor Deisebau - Y Bumed Senedd
Petitions Committee - Fifth Senedd25/02/2020
Aelodau'r Pwyllgor a oedd yn bresennol
Committee Members in Attendance
|Jack Sargeant AM|
|Janet Finch-Saunders AM||Cadeirydd y Pwyllgor|
|Leanne Wood AM|
|Michelle Brown AM|
|Neil McEvoy AM|
Swyddogion y Senedd a oedd yn bresennol
Senedd Officials in Attendance
|Mared Llwyd||Ail Glerc|
|Ross Davies||Dirprwy Glerc|
|Samiwel Davies||Cynghorydd Cyfreithiol|
Cofnodir y trafodion yn yr iaith y llefarwyd hwy ynddi yn y pwyllgor. Yn ogystal, cynhwysir trawsgrifiad o’r cyfieithu ar y pryd. Lle mae cyfranwyr wedi darparu cywiriadau i’w tystiolaeth, nodir y rheini yn y trawsgrifiad.
The proceedings are reported in the language in which they were spoken in the committee. In addition, a transcription of the simultaneous interpretation is included. Where contributors have supplied corrections to their evidence, these are noted in the transcript.
Dechreuodd y cyfarfod am 9:01.
The meeting began at 9:01.
Good morning. Bore da. Croeso. Welcome. Headsets are available for translation of Welsh to English. No need to turn off your mobile phones or other electronic devices, but let's ensure that they are in silent mode. No apologies have been received.
So, we move straight on to new petitions. Petition 2.1, P-05-938, 'Make Welsh universities consider the Welsh Baccalaureate as an A Level'. This petition was submitted by Bronwen Clatworthy, having collected 71 signatures. The text of the petition is:
'As it is compulsory for young people studying AS and A Levels to complete the Welsh Baccalaureate, surely universities in Wales should accept the qualification, just like other A levels, for all courses.'
An example of courses in Wales that do not accept the Welsh Baccalaureate as an A-Level is speech and language therapy at Cardiff Met University. There are no other speech and language therapy courses in Wales. An initial response was received from the Minister for Education on 14 January. Your research brief is in your pack. The petitioner has provided further comments.
So, possible actions going forward—how would you like to take this forward?
I think we could write back to the Minister, just to ask about the detail of the list of universities and where they are with that. But I think we should also note that another committee is taking this forward in the future. So, I don't know how far we could take it, but certainly I think we could write to the Minister and try and find out what universities are accepting it, and where that list is, and how we can put that out to the public.
Yes, I support that.
Okay, fabulous. P-05-939, 'Immediate embargo on new dog breeding licences, licence renewals and planning applications until regulations are fit for purpose and enforceable'. This is page 52 in your packs, and this petition was submitted by C.A.R.I.A.D.—Care and Respect Includes All Dogs—having collected 1,738 signatures. An initial response to the petition was received from the Minister for Environment, Energy and Rural Affairs on 15 January. You've got your research brief, and the petitioners have provided further comments.
I think some of the concerns are that, until such time as new, robust, fit-for-purpose regulations are laid by the Welsh Government, no further licensing, licence renewals or planning applications for new dog breeding establishments or extensions to existing breeding establishments should be approved.
The Minister indicated that she will be bringing forward a statement. It sounds like it's quite imminent, so we could maybe wait until the next meeting and see what the statement is before replying.
I'd agree with that, yes. I think we need to wait before taking any other action; we need to know what the Minister's going to say.
Well, she's technically mentioned that she's going to bring forward a statement after February recess. We are talking fairly imminently, then. So, I would guess for now, maybe, then, we wait.
We could postpone it until after the statement and then take it from there to see if we want to hold an evidence session.
Okay, do Members agree with that? Okay. P-05-941, 'Biodiversity Remit for NRW'. Now, this petition was submitted by Initiative for Nature Conservation Cymru, having collected a total of 1,195 signatures, of which 873 were online and 322 on paper. The text of this petition:
'The Initiative for Nature Conservation Cymru (INCC) is calling on the National Assembly for Wales to urge the Welsh Government to explicitly include "Biodiversity" when setting their strategic remit to Natural Resources Wales (NRW) for 2020 / 2021 and in future.
'Since the inauguration of NRW six years ago, there has been a steady and noticeable deterioration in Wales' commitment towards biodiversity and nature conservation. Wales has been described as one of the most nature depleted areas of the world, having already caused the extinction of many of its native plant and animal species. A great number of the species that do remain are now rare or threatened, surviving in fragments of their often isolated habitats.'
So, an initial response to this petition was received from the Minister for Environment, Energy and Rural Affairs on 15 December. We've got a research brief on it in your pack, and the petitioner has provided further comments. The petitioners outline concerns over species loss in Wales. They argue that making biodiversity an explicit element of NRW's remit would have a number of advantages. What actions would you like to take forward?
I'd like to see detailed comments from NRW and the Minister responding to the points raised. So, maybe throw those over to them and see what they come back with.
Do you agree with that, Jack?
I'd support that, yes.
Yes. Okay. So that's the new petitions.
We now move to updates to previous petitions. P-04-477, 'Support for the Control of Dogs (Wales) Bill'. Page 87 in your packs. This petition was submitted by Councillor Dilwar Ali and was first considered in April 2013, having collected 1,119 signatures. We last considered this one on 5 November, agreeing to write back to the Minister for Environment, Energy and Rural Affairs to request further information on the actions that the Welsh Government is taking, or even considering taking, to address the issue of dangerous dogs. A response was received on 19 December. The committee subsequently received a request on behalf of the petitioner to postpone consideration of the petition until after the end of January, which we did. The petitioner was informed that the petition would be discussed at this meeting but has not provided further comment. Now, this has been with us since 2013.
It's difficult, really, isn't it? Because the Wales Act was in 2017, so it puts this in the UK Parliament's area, really. So I don't really—as much as I think we want to take this forward and continue with it, there's actually nothing legally that we can do, within our powers of the Assembly. So maybe, I suggest, we write back to the petitioner highlighting that and the evidence we've compiled, maybe we can send that to him, and he might want to forward that to the relevant person in the UK Parliament, whether that be the MP, or so on. Unfortunately, I don't see what more we can do.
Yes. Jack's quite right to point out that the devolution settlement has changed since that time, and Schedule 7A to the Wales Act 2017 states that legislative powers over ‘Dangerous dogs and dogs dangerously out of control’ are reserved to the UK Parliament. Therefore, the actual action requested by the petition is no longer within the competence of this Assembly. So our hands are quite well and firmly tied.
Yes. I think it's an indication of how silly our settlement is, because this could easily be dealt with by us here and we're not allowed to do it. Westminster has been tied up for three years with Brexit, so there are lots of things that we could do, but we're not able to, so we'll have to close it I think, as Jack said.
So, can I, as Chair, on behalf of the committee thank the petitioner for bringing it forward and, to be fair, staying with it all this time, and regret that, as it doesn't fall within our competence, unfortunately—
Yes, I think, if we had the powers, it would be something that we could take forward, wouldn't it, without a doubt? It's a shame really.
Yes. And then they can make representations to the UK Parliament.
P-05-839, 'Adopt WHO Guidelines and Introduce a Clean Air Act for Wales', on page 91. This petition was submitted by the British Heart Foundation Cymru and was first considered in November 2018, having collected 688 signatures.
We last considered the petition on 7 January and agreed to write to the Minister for Environment, Energy and Rural Affairs to ask for more information about how she intends to put the World Health Organization guidelines into Welsh law, as stated in the draft clean air plan, and to ask about the potential for accelerating the timetable in order to introduce legislation on air pollution during this Assembly term. We've received a response from the Minister on 5 February. The petitioners have also provided further comments. Welsh Government is currently consulting on a clean air plan and they intend to publish a White Paper on a clean air Act before the end of this Assembly term.
It's difficult again really. I think everyone would like to see it as soon as possible, but there are restrictions in this Assembly to passing legislation in this Assembly now. The Minister has also made that clear in terms of the legislative plans, so I don't really think that—we're not going to go anywhere with this petition or this committee, are we? I think it's ran its course in terms of what we've tried to do and what the petition has tried to do. So, I suggest we have to close this petition, and individual Members may want to take it up within the Chamber—just keeping the pressure on to get it as soon as possible really.
Okay, and Neil?
I'd probably agree because there is a White Paper. It's disappointing. We've spent so much time over the last three years debating things we can't actually affect, like Brexit, and stuff like this that could've been done has not been done, so it is frustrating. But there is a White Paper, so I think, as Jack said, we're at the end of the road on this. Maybe if they're not satisfied, they can come back with a new petition in future, possibly.
Okay. So, again, on your behalf, we will thank the petitioners.
P-05-895, 'Rosa's Legacy: Introduce a scheme to help people access veterinary care for their companion animals'. So, this is requesting to introduce a scheme to help people to access veterinary care for their companion animals—page 96 in you pack. This was submitted by Linda Joyce Jones and was first considered in October 2019, having collected 95 signatures.
We considered this on 15 October and agreed to seek further evidence from the Companion Animal Welfare Group Wales and the British Veterinary Association. Responses have been provided by both organisations and the petitioner has provided further comments.
I've got a lot of sympathy for this petition really. I'm doing some work on homelessness and dog owners and one of the things within that is access to services, such as veterinary services. You know more than anyone, Chair, about how good animals and pets can be as companions—welfare for you mental health. So, I've got a lot of sympathy for this, and I would suggest going back to the Minister to get them to respond, firstly, to the recommendations from the animal welfare group Wales, and also ask for an update on what's been done by Animal Welfare Network Wales, because I think this is an area where we should be looking as widely as possible really, because no-one likes to see a pet suffer and also because of the long-term effect it has on the owner.
Yes, I think we could write to the Minister—definitely.
Okay, so that's an instruction to write to the Minister and ask how the Welsh Government is responding to the recommendations contained in the letter from the Companion Animal Welfare Group Wales and for an update on the work being done by the Animal Welfare Network Wales on veterinary provisions, assistance and advice.
So, we're going to consider now two items together, and those are 3.4 and 3.5 on pages 104 and 108 in your packs. Item 3.4, 'Save our Countryside—Revise TAN 1', this petition was submitted by Councillor Mike Priestley and was first considered in November 2017, having collected 706 signatures. And then P-05-786, 'Fix our planning system'. This petition was was submitted by Ruth Parker and was first considered in June 2019, having collected 250 signatures.
We last considered these petitions in June 2019, when we took oral evidence from the Minister for Housing and Local Government. The committee agreed to return to these issues once the Welsh Government had made an announcement about the next steps for its review of the delivery of housing through the planning system. The petitioner for P-05-786 has provided further comments, which are in your pack. Of course, you'll be aware that there was a consultation. The relevant section of TAN 1 does remain dis-applied while the process was ongoing. The changes proposed would appear to meet the aspirations of both petitions, and the petitioner for P-05-786 has restated the aim of his petition, which is to establish realistic targets for house building based upon past build rates.
So, how would you like to go forward on this petition?
I'd like to wait for the announcement really, because I completely agree with what the petitioner is saying there. I know it's irrelevant really, but I just wanted to say that. We're losing countryside all over Wales, so I'd like to wait and see.
Yes, I'd support that. I'd agree with that. It makes sense.
Yes, okay. Item 3.6, this petition was submitted by Councillor Russell Spencer-Downe and it's P-05-903, 'Filming and Recording of Council Meetings', on page 110 in your pack. This was submitted, as I said, by Councillor Russell Spencer-Downe, and was first considered in October 2019, having collected 58 signatures.
We last considered this on 3 December, agreeing to write to the Minister for Housing and Local Government to ask what guidance is provided to community and town councils in relation to the ability of the public or journalists to record meetings. A response was received from the Minister on 28 January. The petitioner was informed that the petition would be discussed but has not provided further comments.
I think, looking at this, this is another area where we're miles behind England. I'm a fan of recording, because it's accurate then and you can prove things. Because I'm sick and tired of going to meetings where things are said and then, after the meeting, it's not in the minutes and people deny it's said, whereas if you're recorded, if you're on film—. We're doing politics in public, so let's just record it—no issue.
I think it's fair to say that this institution is a good model of transparency, isn't it? Because everything we do—
I wouldn't say that. [Laughter.]
I would. Everything we do is under the spotlight and gaze of the public and is recorded.
I think the Government intend to issue guidance, don't they? We could maybe wait to see what that—
What that guidance is.
Yes, let's wait and see.
Because I don't think—it's not been open too long, and I don't think we're waiting—. I think it's March 2020, so I think it'll be sensible just to wait and see what they say really.
There's so much in Wales that is not recorded. To be serious, it should be. And it should be a matter of practice, because you can just put it in the cloud—it's recorded then. So, if at any point that, further down the line, things are disputed, there's a record. It makes sense.
And I think really, it's fair to say, there's an inconsistency across Wales, because some local authorities just do it as a matter of course, don't they? And town councils, I think, have been provided with some budget to do—
Yes, certainly some do.
I'll welcome Michelle Brown to the meeting—welcome. We're on page 22, moving to 3.7, petition P-05-736, 'To Make Mental Health Services More Accessible'. That's on page 112 in terms of reference in your packs.
This petition was submitted by Laura Williams and was first considered in February 2017, having collected 73 signatures. We last considered this on 7 January, when we considered the Government’s response to its report and agreed to wait until the 'Together for Mental Health' delivery plan 2019-2022 was published, due to the importance of this to the committee’s recommendations. The delivery plan was published in January 2020, and the petitioner was informed that the petition would be discussed but has not provided further comments. How would you like to take this one forward?
I think the Government have committed to improving mental health services and there's no doubt that they need it. So, I don't see how far really this petition can go. I think, again, it's helped us to get to where we should be in trying to improve mental health services and push the Government to do so. Of course, I would stress that there is always more to do and I think maybe that's for Members to do individually in the Chamber and continue to do so.
So, I would suggest closing this petition, because I think it's helped us in our cause of pushing the Government to improve the services in line with the 'Together for Mental Health' plan, and I think we should thank the petitioner for their hard work as well and what they've done to support people.
Okay everyone? Neil.
Yes, I think we're probably at the end of the line on this, but I think the petitioner was being really brave to do this petition and start the debate. So, there may well be another one in future, but I think on this particular one, we've come full circle.
Okay, and Michelle?
Yes, I agree.
Okay. So, let's close that, and again, pass the thanks of this committee on for coming forward.
And then the next one is 3.8, P-05-764, 'Better Mental Health Services for Adults'. This was submitted by Megan Tudor and was first considered in June 2017, having collected 84 signatures. We last considered this in January 2018 and agreed to group the petition with P-05-736, 'To Make Mental Health Services More Accessible'. The committee’s report on the petitions was published in September 2019 and the Government responded in January 2020. The petitioner has not provided any further comments during the time that both petitions have been under consideration.
I think it's the same as the last one really. It's helped us in our publishing of the report, and the Government has accepted those findings. Again, thank the petitioner on behalf of the committee, and hopefully we'll see a better outcome to mental health services in Wales.
Okay. Thank you. Welcome, Leanne. We're now on page 26 in your pack. So, that's 3.9, P-05-812, and this petition text is that 'We call for the Welsh Government to encourage trusts to implement the NICE guidelines for Borderline Personality Disorder or justify why they do not do so'. And if you're looking in your pack, it's page 122. This was submitted by Keir Harding and was first considered in May 2018, having collected 137 signatures. This committee last considered the petition in September 2019 and agreed to await the Welsh Government's response to its report on petition P-05-736, 'To Make Mental Health Services More Accessible', in particular to the recommendations on access to psychological therapies before considering whether it is able to take further action on the petition.
On 7 January 2020, the committee considered the Welsh Government's response to the committee's report and agreed to await publication of the Welsh Government's 'Together for Mental Health' delivery plan 2019 to 2022 before deciding their next steps. The delivery plan was published in January 2020 and the petitioner has provided us with further comments.
I think it's a really, really good petition, raising issues we don't talk about, so I think it's done its job there. I note the happiness with the petition from the petitioners, and they feel satisfied with progress. So, maybe we could close the petition but thank the petitioner and everyone who signed it for putting it forward. It was news to me that men are 47 times more at risk of suicide around the perinatal period, which is shocking, really.
Okay. Any other comments from Members? [Interruption.] If you see the next petition, that's specifically on paternal mental health. But it's on this petition. Leanne.
I think the mental health delivery plan goes so far, but I think that we could look at asking the Government, the Minister, to further consider the recommendations that have been recently produced in the Royal College of Psychiatrists' position statement on personality disorders. There's a group of people here that are being let down. There is a greater risk of people in this category dying by suicide, and so we need to make sure that we do all we can to try and cater for this group, I'd say.
Sorry, Chair. I turned two pages, actually, to the next petition.
I did wonder.
I apologise. I agree with what has been said.
Yes. Okay. Everybody agree with Leanne?
I agree. My only question would be: the Welsh Government has said that it expects all health boards to take full account of NICE clinical guidance, what happens to them if they don't take account of it and don't follow it? What's the action from the Minister then? Who holds the board accountable? So, that's the only outstanding question from me.
Could we put that in the body of the letter?
Yes, okay. So, we move on to the next one: 3.10, P-05-902, 'Paternal Mental Health (New Fathers Mental Health)', and that's page 126 in your packs. This petition was submitted by Mark Williams and was first considered in October 2019, having collected 116 signatures. We last considered this in November 2019 and we agreed to await the publication of the 'Together for Mental Health Delivery Plan' and seek the petitioner's views in relation to its contents at that time. The delivery plan was published in January of this year and the petitioner has provided further comment.
I think that's a result, isn't it?
Yes. I agree with Neil's earlier comments. [Laughter.]
I think it's a result. We should thank them. As individual Members, again, there's always more we can do, but this certainly has helped us start that conversation—
Yes, absolutely. It's actually good for us as a committee when we see that, when someone's taken that initiative to bring it right to the door of the National Assembly for Wales, an outcome like this is achieved. So, our usual sort of thanks. Okay.
Item 3.11, P-05-860, 'Make Curriculum for Life Lessons Compulsory', page 129 in your pack. This was submitted by Emily Jones and was first considered in January 2019, having collected 286 signatures. We last considered this on 19 November, agreeing to await the views of the petitioner on the latest developments, including the recent report produced by the Welsh Youth Parliament, before considering whether we can take any further action on the petition. Following that meeting, the petitioner was invited to provide comments in December and February, but none have been received. Now, the petitioner has not corresponded with this committee since the petition was submitted in late 2018, which does cause us some difficulty, really, moving it forward.
Given that the youth parliament is looking at this, and I'm not sure whether they've completed their work or whether it's ongoing, there's no point in a number of different institutions looking at the same thing, and it's a perfect thing for the youth parliament to be looking at as well, because the young people are the subject of the petition. So, I would say: let them carry on with it. Given we haven't heard from the petitioner as well, that's a good way forward, I'd say.
And we could reference in the closure letter the work of the youth parliament and how, if they want to pursue it further, to engage with them.
Okay, thank you. 3.12, P-05-861, 'Make political education a compulsory element of the new national curriculum', page 130. This petition was submitted by Kaiesha Ceryn Page and was first considered in January 2019, having collected 117 signatures. We last considered this on 19 November, agreeing to continue to await a further response from the petitioner to the information received by the committee, including the report of the Welsh Youth Parliament, before considering whether we can take further action on the petition. The petitioner has now provided further comment. Again, the Welsh Youth Parliament have been doing work.
I think, given the fact that the youth parliament is doing some work on this, and the petitioner seems largely, at least, content with progress, we should thank the petitioner for raising the issue and close the petition.
Yes, again, we could direct—. Do all Members feel—?
Yes, I think the—
I'd like to keep an eye on this. I can understand why there's a need to close the petition, but I'm acutely aware of the difference in political engagement in this country compared with Scotland, a country that's had political education at the heart of their education system since the beginning of devolution. They've had votes at 16 since the referendum in 2014, and we saw massive engagement on the part of 16 and 17-year-olds in that referendum and subsequent elections.
I'm concerned that we'll see votes at 16 in this country, but there won't be the corresponding level of information so that young people can make a fully informed decision, unless there is a full opportunity to discuss it in schools. I note what's said about the new curriculum and the work of the youth parliament, but I think we need to keep an eye on this, because having an understanding of the way politics operates and how you can influence things is a key part of being a citizen. And if our children are going through the school system without having a comprehensive education on that front, then all of us suffer as a result in terms of the effect on our democracy. So, I think we should keep an eye on this, although I do support closing the petition in this instance.
Okay. Do Members—? Neil.
Yes, I echo the same concerns really, because I think there are some schools that think that learning about politics is not part of education. I'm thinking of a letter there from Willows High School, actually, in Cardiff. It is part of the education process, and it does need to be looked at seriously.
My concern with this, and it's a general concern, is that we need to make sure that, if political education is being given in schools, it needs to be given on an impartial and fair basis. It's very, very tempting for political influence to come into those lessons, and I think that needs to be guarded against. But I would support closing the petition.
Okay. And again, we thank the petitioner. Item 3.13: P-05-879, 'Add Mental Health Education to the mandatory teaching curriculum for all schools in Wales', page 133 in your pack. This petition was submitted by Annie Harris and was first considered in May 2019, having collected 1,947 signatures. We last considered this on 5 November, agreeing to await the views of the petitioner on the further information received. Following the meeting in November, the petitioner was invited to provide further comments in January and February but none have been received.
I think this has been given some scrutiny in the Children, Young People and Education Committee with the 'Mind over Matter' report, and I think that mental health is going to be seen more in the national curriculum as well, in the new curriculum. So, given that, and the fact that we haven't received a response back from the petitioners, we could close this petition. It's not as if it's not getting attention; it is getting attention elsewhere.
Do all Members agree with that?
Yes. I think it's a very good petition as well, I fully support this petition. But as you said, it is being looked into by another committee, it has had a lot of scrutiny from the Chamber, and the curriculum encompasses well-being across all of the curriculum, really. So, I think mental health will have an increased look in the new curriculum, and I think it's up to Members to make sure they scrutinise that going forward in the implementation phase. But I very much thank the petitioner for bringing this forward, I think it's an excellent petition.
Yes. All Members agree. Okay, thank you. Item 3.14: P-05-888, 'Make GCSE Welsh Language compulsory in all schools in Wales', page 135 in your pack. This petition was submitted by Gwion Rhisiart and was first considered in June 2019, having collected 175 signatures. The committee last considered this on 21 January and agreed to wait a short time for further views from the petitioner, with a view to closing the petition on the basis that there appears to be little more that the petition could achieve in light of the information received from the Welsh Government and the Welsh Independent Schools Council. The petitioner has responded to state that he is happy for the petition to be closed.
We close it, then.
Okay, and again, thank you to the petitioner for raising this issue through the petitions process. Item 3.15: 'P-05-925, Don't leave Wales behind—teach menstrual wellbeing in schools', page 137 in your pack. This petition was submitted by Jade Morgan and was first considered in January this year, having collected 846 signatures. We considered the petition for the first time on 7 January and agreed to write to the Minister for Education to ask whether the Welsh Government would consider adding specific reference to menstrual well-being into the 'What Matters' statement on physical health and well-being, and this was proposed by Endometriosis UK. A response was received from the Minister on 4 February, and Endometriosis UK have provided further comments.
Can I just say: I think that Endometriosis UK have asked some really pertinent questions on this, and I think that we should write back to the Minister and share their concerns? We've come on great strides in terms of how much we talk about menstruation in the last few years. It was a taboo subject up until at least five years ago. We need to incorporate this new way of thinking—this more liberal way of thinking, if you like—into the national curriculum, because there are a significant number of girls affected by this, and they shouldn't be allowed to suffer in silence without the support of the school with them and the understanding of fellow pupils as well.
I think that it would be very helpful for girls in schools to be given some awareness of the things that can go on with your body. Depending on your age, obviously, it's a new thing that's happening to you; you don't understand it. Your body hasn't settled down. You don't know what's normal and what's not. So, I think that it's a very, very good idea that the petitioner has raised, not just on the basis of the condition specifically cited in the petition, but for all other kinds of problems that girls might experience. Now, how the message should be handled is a matter for the school, but I do think that it's a really good idea to have that at some point in the curriculum.
Dwi'n cytuno. Mae'n syniad da i ysgrifennu yn ôl at y Gweinidog.
I agree. It's a good idea to write back to the Minister.
I agree. It's a good idea to write back to the Minister.
You caught me unawares there. [Laughter.]
Dwi'n ceisio ymarfer.
I'm trying to practice.
I was trying to practice.
Economy and transport now. Item 3.16: P-05-913 'Creation of Lôn Las Môn Multi-Use Path'. Page 144. This petition was submitted by Gethyn Mon Hughes and was first considered in November 2019, having collected 2,216 signatures. We considered this for the first time on 19 November, and we agreed to write to the Deputy Minister for Economy and Transport to ask for details of how the Welsh Government responded to the Network Rail industry consultation concerning this line, also for the current status of the new station proposal for Llangefni and also, whether the Welsh Government would consider funding the reopening of this line.
We also agreed to write to Anglesey County Council to seek its views on the potential future uses for the Anglesey Central Railway, and whether it would consider providing funding to support any of those being progressed. Responses have been received. The petitioners have provided further comments and a number of letters of support, including from the local medical cluster, Llaneilian Community Council and also walking and cycling groups. How would you like to take this forward?
I think that this is a really difficult one because it looks like you have got the same piece of land, a path, that could either be used for active travel or for a railway, and both of those are desirable. So, it's difficult to keep a piece of land just in case a railway line becomes feasible and finance becomes available over the longer term. But then, at the same time, it's also foolish to close off the idea by building over it.
We've seen so many of the lines that were closed by the Beeching cuts in the 1960s have development on those lines, and it's prevented future rail development. So, I'm torn on this, if I'm honest, because we need to do much more as a country in terms of enabling people to get on bikes and exercise, but we don't want to limit future infrastructure development either. So, I'm just not sure how far we can take this, given the lack of information in terms of Network Rail's plans, and the fact that Anglesey council are in discussion about that line for the development of rail on it. So, I'm just not sure where we can take this, now.
I agree. I think it probably falls in the matter of Anglesey council's discussions at the moment. If we don't know where that's going, there's not really much we can do. I think the Government have outlined their position on it, so I think it's for Anglesey council to take it forward, and not this committee.
A point of clarity, if I may, Chair, on that side. Anglesey council doesn't feel it's appropriate to comment, but the discussions are ongoing between Network Rail and the company—
Not between the council and Network Rail. I see.
No. So, Network Rail is the owner of the line—albeit, the line has fallen into disrepair—and it's Network Rail who is discussing with a company who want to set up a heritage railway using the line, and they're in discussions over a lease around this. So, Anglesey council is not offering an opinion at this stage.
So, they need to stay neutral in this process then, do they?
That's the take they're giving. Yes. The petitioners would like to use the land that the line is on, as you said, for a different purpose, because they don't believe that there's a future for a commercial or a freight or passenger rail line on there. But, at the moment, Network Rail are in discussions around a heritage railway as a tourist attraction.
Could we write to Network Rail?
Yes, I agree.
Yes, I think we should write to Network Rail to see what the—
To see what where we're at.
To see where we are with the conversations. I can understand the desire to keep the line reserved and capable of taking future rail traffic. We're trying to get people out of their cars, onto public transport, so I agree with what Leanne said—it makes it very difficult to put those back once you've built over them. I think that we should write to Network Rail, see what the situation is, and then perhaps go from there.
Okay. All Members seem to be in agreement with that.
Item 3.17, P-05-887 'Stop regional AMs elected to represent specific parties from defecting', and this is page 156. This was submitted by Ifan Morgan Jones and was first considered in July 2019, having collected 1,301 signatures. We considered this for the first time in July 2019, and we agreed to await the views of the petitioner on the response provided by the Llywydd, and also to encourage the petitioner the engage with their elected representatives to take forward legislative amendments to the Senedd and Elections (Wales) Bill. Information about the then Bill was provided following the meeting in July. The petitioner was invited to provide further comments in August, then again in January and February, but none have been received.
I've got some sympathy with what is said here. It has been a bit of a joke in this Assembly, really—people moving the deckchairs around on the Titanic. But I can't see, in practical terms, what can be done, especially given that the legislation is where it is now, and given that the petitioner hasn't followed up in terms of further comments, I think we have no option other than to close the petition.
Yes. I declare an interest. I think, obviously, that there's some merit to it, but I think when you've been expelled from a party, it gives the party way too much power over the individual, to control that individual, to say that you're not allowed to change groups. But I think it should be okay, as you long as you set up your own political party.
Well, I'll declare an interest as well. I genuinely can understand where the petitioner is coming from on this one, but perhaps an unintended consequence of this would have been, if this had been in place in the last two years or so—12 months, two years—Gareth Bennett would still have a group. Gerard Batten's hand would have been vastly strengthened. So, on the one hand, I can understand where the petitioner's coming from, but in reality, it might end up with some unintended consequences that, perhaps, the petitioner might not like.
But I agree with what's already been said.
So, there's a proposal to close the petition. Yes? Okay.
So, this is the end of the meeting. I thank all Members and our clerking team. The next meeting is scheduled for Tuesday, 10 March. I therefore close the meeting. Thank you. Diolch.
Thank you, Chair.
Diolch yn fawr.
Daeth y cyfarfod i ben am 09:50.
The meeting ended at 09:50. | <urn:uuid:8983d8ae-1e60-478c-9b69-cee4fc4da284> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://record.assembly.wales/Committee/5910 | 2022-01-23T18:52:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304309.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123172206-20220123202206-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.977104 | 8,566 |
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You see, there are lots of people who have actually said that they believe Case Study Service develops complication in the minds of people. Nevertheless, you can see that the approach has offered people with a solid source of details which may lead to success in their field of study. And in the long run, they may earn a lot more take advantage of it than from the competitors, which is why individuals like Study Service significantly.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Conclusion
If you intend to comprehend and also examine the stats, use the Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Service in any one of your Excel workbooks. You will certainly see that the outcomes are always according to what you expected, as well as you will certainly see how simple the process is. In this brief article, I will certainly provide you some free tips on just how to do a Case Study Evaluation.
The first thing you need to do is that you need to discover a Study Solution. What's a Study Option? It's a tutorial you can use in your workbook. It will certainly assist you comprehend why something happened in a details instance.
To make it simpler for you, you need to review the Tutorial initially before you go to your Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Solution. Read every little thing to the end; then go back to your Case Study Solution and understand all the concepts presented.
Then, when you have comprehended the Study Option completely, you can move to the following step. What you should do currently is, you require to utilize the Case Study Solution to examine your data, as it enables you to use all the settings and choices offered in the Workbook.
Example: You must add all the columns to the same degree and position. You additionally need to contrast the degree of data that you have in one column to the various other. Add all the columns to the same level and also placement.
Use it. Apply it one more time, as well as you will certainly see what you have. The Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Option has already done all the tedious work for you.
Examine them. Analyze your data.
You must think of a mathematical formula that permits you to produce the numbers. You require to transform the Columns from the Case Study Option into a kind that Excel understands just how to refine. Currently you can see that if there are just two columns, you will certainly obtain the number 100.
Transforming the numbers can be done by utilizing the "Convert column to Cell" choice in Excel. The worth for the Column is the number of rows. So all you require to do is multiply the row value by the column worth.
Currently you need to transform it into a layout you can see in the Home window. This is done by right clicking the formula and also choosing "Customize Formula".
This will allow you to transform the formula right into a formula that Excel recognizes. Currently you can see exactly how to transform the formula, so that you can use it to evaluate your information.
Recommendations Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution
In this post, we are going to review HBR Study as well as exactly how it can assist you to enhance your education and learning. We will first discuss the issue that most people deal with in trying to find the solutions of such an issue and afterwards we will review a few of the problems that you may run into while utilizing the Case Study Service. Please keep in mind that the following explanation is not planned to be used as the end-all service for all your concerns. Some may locate it to be only the initial couple of instances of a complete solution that you can use.
In a HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study, there are 3 almosts all - Research study, Activity as well as the Modification that is needed to make the result of the research study effective. In this write-up, we will discuss the very first 2 components which are Research and also Activity.
Study can refer to the amount of time invested researching a problem or the actual study that has been done. It can also refer to the amount of time spent looking into solutions to the issues. When most people are attempting to solve a problem, they frequently spend a great deal of time on looking into the very best response. This is usually a wild-goose chase. All the details that you receive from the research study may not stand as well as the details that you have learned could simply be falsehoods.
To put it simply, the info that you obtain from research study is mostly the outcomes of what a person's business demands. Study might be simple however it is difficult to accomplish as well as act. It ought to not be presumed that if you do something, it is going to get done right away.
The first step in HBR Case Study is online case study help Research. As a matter of fact, research can also refer to the outcomes of the research study that you have currently done. If you have participated in a study procedure, then you ought to do another study to determine the result of the study. This is a valuable technique, because it allows you to recognize the information that you already have and understand the results that you are going to get from the research procedure.
The second step in HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study is Activity. This can be quickly comprehended when you consider that the majority of the moment, study requires a great deal of time. Consequently, it makes good sense that the most efficient means to use your research study is to implement the research that you currently have right into your company. The very best component is that you do not have to make any type of adjustments to your company.
The third step in HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study is Change. In a case study, adjustment usually describes making changes to your company. Modification can likewise refer to having to make a major change to your business if the old system is not working or you require to make some big modifications.
In order to enhance your business, you should have the ability to move forward and take on the changes in case Study. A lot of companies need to go through some form of adjustment or another. It makes sense to recognize the reason for the change that you are about to make and comprehend how it will certainly profit your organisation.
The final action in HBR Case Study is the adjustment that you must make. The HBR Study is a device that assists you discover if the modification that you require to make is necessary or not.
Ultimately, you will just see what the benefits that you are going to get from the research study that you have done as well as the actions that you need to absorb order to apply those benefits. This will certainly help you figure out if there is an actual demand for the modification that you are mosting likely to make. It will certainly aid you determine if the adjustments that you are going to make are going to be worthwhile as well as if they are mosting likely to bring your company up to par with the competition.
HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study assists in the development of your business by supplying you with the proof that your business needs to have. After finishing your research, you can after that do something about it as well as implement the modifications that you intend to make in your company. for the renovations of your business.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution Alternatives
The Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Solution Alternatives or Study Evaluation is one of the most preferred of all the Harvard Company College Study Solutions. It is important to explain that the study is a crucial part of any kind of effective company. Its study and its evaluation are important to one's own study to learn about their very own market placement, the total setting in which they run, and so on. It holds true Study Analysis that allows you to know your weak points and strengthen your strengths as well as adapt to these as necessary.
With the HBS Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Service there are three versions for you to choose from. If you pick the Study Evaluation to give you with a remedy for your very own research, you will certainly find that this is the Case Study Remedy that you should have.
In the B Grade Students, you will find Case Study Evaluation that offers you with study solutions that can assist you with this trouble. In this case the Case Study Evaluation offers you with a well-structured research study for you to consider.
In the B Quality Students, there is a Study Analysis that offers you with a case study service that can help you with this issue. It is this Case Study Evaluation that enables you to understand your very own weaknesses as well as determine exactly how you can be better matched for the future. You will certainly likewise locate this is a helpful tool in your research.
In the B Grade Students, there is a Study Evaluation that offers you with a case study remedy that can aid you with this problem. It is this Case Study Evaluation that allows you to understand your own weak points as well as identify just how you can be far better matched for the future.
Financial Analysis of Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution
The HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Instance Solution is a superb remedy for all economic analysis inquiries, even for those that are more advanced. It can provide you a big benefit when using the HBR Instance Analysis for economic preparation for your very own economic requirements. You may discover that this solution functions quite possibly for your business or individual needs.
With that being stated, we're mosting likely to cover a couple of indicate assist you prepare for the future with brand-new monetary evaluation services that you will discover with this new technology. What you will discover in the world of monetary evaluation is a variety of approaches and also many different strategies for handling analysis.
One incredibly popular approach is called Study Analysis. In this method, you carry out a case study to help answer several of the question that arise from financial analysis questions. The secret to this approach is truth understanding of the marketplace as well as the general scenarios. But you need to comprehend that you are always getting one-step closer to how to arrive.
We're not versus this technique yet it has its drawbacks. As holds true with most things, Case Study Evaluation does not always reveal the value in the end result. As you comply with the steps in a case study, the likelihood of success increases.
This monetary analysis option was created by William G. Bowen and David E. Shaw. They saw to it to cover all angles of the market including neighborhood markets as well as worldwide markets. It incorporates ideas that aid you make informed choices that are both cost-effective and also economic.
The HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Situation Remedy considers both the neighborhood and also global markets. It gives you an all natural sight of the market. To make certain that you make sound choices, this option is great to inspect your trading activities. In addition, it provides you afinancial toolkit so that you understand exactly how to assess details promptly and also keep on your own notified of the whole industry.
It has actually been preferred amongst all the companies that use economic evaluation in their evaluations. Lots of companies began to take advantage of this remedy because of its performance. One of the greatest advantages is that you do not have to go through a study to begin to utilize this option.
HBR Instance Evaluation can give you an excellent chance to see what the ordinary cost of supplies will certainly be prior to you acquire or market stocks. You can get an understanding of the marketplace overview. It gives you a clear suggestion on whether you ought to purchase a specific supply.
A HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Instance Solution can function as a referral overview. You can examine if the costs are regular or otherwise. You can additionally contrast these rates with the market price.
It has actually been proven to be efficient because of its simpleness and also the reality that it does not make use of challenging strategies. This type of remedy is utilized by financiers. Capitalists locate this type of analysis beneficial in conserving a great deal of time because they can utilize this kind of analysis rather than making use of a broker's services.
Another point to note is that there are some downsides to this evaluation solution. While it works well with the existing economic situation, it may not work for the future.
VRIO Analysis of Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Help
When you are about to do an HBR Study Remedy, do not think about HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis. That is not a simple task due to the fact that it takes considerable quantity of time to evaluate every single information of business scenario in which you are working.
While performing a HBR Study Remedy, it is very important to inspect every single aspect of the situation, seeing to it that you have actually analyzed all your options which you have determined which choice is the very best for you to address your trouble. It is very important to state below that every business owner is various.
The capacity to adjust to the changing fad of the market might differ from one entrepreneur to one more. You should constantly remember that your whole organisation approach and also goals need to be defined by you, to make sure that you are able to reply to any kind of change on the market fads.
In your effort to perform your HBR Case Study Solution, it is necessary to consider the kind of service you are managing. It can include anything from a micro company to a big conglomerate.
Prior to you choose Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version a study service, it is very important to determine your specific niche and also item prior to deciding the sort of business you will certainly be dealing with. For instance, if you are marketing medicines in a vast region, you should try to analyze the state of health of individuals who come to your store.
All doctors are bound to recommend their medications when they are not satisfied with the outcomes. If you have actually been recommended to use a particular brand of medicines, see to it that you have taken into consideration all the details regarding the efficacy of that brand.
A decision making process does not start until you have actually acquired some knowledge about the market. Beginning by considering all the aspects that are involved in the acquisition of an item, like demand, competitors, pricing, track record, and so on
. As soon as you have determined which company you are into, it is essential to discover exactly how you will certainly create new income for your business. There are numerous ways that you can do this.
One excellent idea is to market a services or product to your clients directly. In this manner, you are ensured that you are offering value for cash since you will have the ability to produce profit with deal rather than simply a sale.
One of the very best methods to produce earnings for your service is to be proactive regarding market forces. If your service is stationary, you might not be able to make any kind of development and might only wind up being stationary.
Market forces are the secret to success. Therefore, it is essential to make a thorough evaluation of your market and recognize exactly what will assist you generate new earnings.
PESTLE Analysis of Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Help
If you have examined any elements of Personnel Administration, after that you have most likely learnt more about Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis. Study Analysis is the procedure in which a Human Resource Manager takes a look at the very best practices and techniques utilized by a business system to develop the requirement of quality that is thought about effective in all locations of their procedure.
Human Resource Administration is an integral part of business as well as is one of the very best aspects of service to be instructed in courses. Because of this, it is a crucial aspect to find out just how to do this appropriately.
This type of Case Study Evaluation can be quickly done by just taking the steps required to start a service or by starting your very own organisation. Both of these options enable you to have a dependable method to end up being knowledgeable about the business processes needed to make sure the business continues to be effective. Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis will provide you with the information you require to do this.
Along with using a Study Analysis, you will additionally wish to develop a case plan to assist you with the strategy. A Situation Strategy is produced to assist the remainder of the service by doing research on patterns that might influence the firm.
In this situation, it is simpler to merely utilize Study Service. These are based on actual, working instances of business that have been successful in the very same area the firm desires to operate in.
All these aspects are needed in the process of Case Study Analysis, so it is great to obtain every little thing created simultaneously. This allows the entire process to run smoothly.
Using Case Study Solution is not restricted to business. It is great to do a Case Study Analysis for any type of service to see what jobs best to achieve an effective result.
After developing the Study Analysis, you will certainly currently intend to ask on your own whether the trouble has actually been solved. You will certainly intend to evaluate the outcomes and also establish what requires to be transformed to get the result you want.
The Case Study Service that is produced will provide you the tools you need to evaluate the effectiveness of the human resource monitoring practices you currently have in area. It will additionally offer you with a chance to identify what can be enhanced.
Making Use Of Study Remedy to determine your following actions is an excellent way to prevent future issues from occurring. They permit you to analyze the outcome you prefer in an extra unbiased and thorough manner.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Option is easy to use and also execute. It can be helpful in practically any type of situation where a Human Resource Manager will require to do research on the results of their company to help them arrive at an option.
SWOT Analysis of Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution
Today's Vital Believing teacher, anticipate that pupils will certainly be provided a possibility to pick up from a study remedy by using a Case Study in an intro to a vital thinking task. Study give an excellent possibility for students to be able to learn and also use trouble fixing as a crucial part of their knowing process. A Study has confirmed to be an effective method of offering trainees with their first exposure to critical thinking and also the abilities required to utilize issue resolving in their daily lives. This method has actually assisted many trainees to get an excellent critical assuming structure.
For the students taking this study as well as presenting it to their class, it will be necessary to clarify their expectations for the trainees at first of the lesson to help build self-confidence in the trainees ahead of time. Additionally, given that the Case Study is presented to pupils in the form of a learning task, it is necessary that it be discussed to the students in an open as well as unemotional manner in which does not make them really feel that they are wrong or inadequate in any way.
The student will certainly require to sit down and also provide themselves time to consider the Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study. They require to take a look at the real life issues and circumstances that the trainees experience today as well as apply those problems in the classroom. After pupils have actually had a possibility to assess and consider what is existing in case research study, it is important to help them identify exactly how the options to the troubles can aid their very own lives as well as solve their problems.
There are numerous appropriate concepts, information, experiences, and also choices that can be made use of to aid trainees as they start their lessons. Students are normally trained to ask inquiries, learn from instances, as well as communicate in energetic methods with their teachers.Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version A study can help them practice these skills as well as strengthen them to ensure that they will end up being extra certain as well as receptive to the suggestions presented in case research study.
The inquiries that students are asked to address will help them to believe critically concerning the concerns existing in the SWOT Evaluation. This is a very powerful device for training trainees to think of current events as well as present problems by utilizing a SWOT Analysis. It is essential that students ask and also address the concerns meticulously to make sure that they can assemble the ideal strategies for dealing with the problems existing.
While the majority of students will take an initial course in SWOT Evaluation, there are likewise lots of instructors that will present students to the SWOT Analysis before they educate the Vital Believing tasks. Actually, the professor might only present students to the SWOT Evaluation for those students that are already proficient in this sort of reasoning. The professor might have pupils complete a comprehensive task for a course task, after that offer the SWOT Analysis to students to help them learn how to utilize this principle in their own day-to-days live. These activities are typically called a SWOT Analysis Project.
These jobs are typically multi-subjects that enable pupils to exercise various methods in handling various problems. Students learn to learn as well as just how to assess the info and also solutions. They get a possibility to use approaches and discover exactly how to identify areas where they could have voids in their expertise.
The Case Study that pupils will certainly be working on in the very first half of the lesson will certainly provide the chance to make use of the SWOT Analysis principle. The student will require to think about the usages and also staminas of an issue that they can see with the remedy. This can additionally be handy in creating the trainees' capabilities to select in between two feasible services to an issue.
Students will need to have a range of different viewpoints and also views on the problem to obtain a good sense of the loved one strengths and also weaknesses of the problems provided. The pupil ought to be able to locate a combination of placements that stand for a sensible series of point of views. Now, trainees will be able to contrast the different point of views as well as choose the one that best fits their experience.
The trainees can then apply this understanding as well as information by thinking about the strengths and also weak points of the options. They will certainly have the ability to choose which of the remedies best fits their own needs. and also skills and also preferences in the rest of the lesson.
HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution
Now that HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Remedy is readily available, you can make use of it. There are quite a few business that provide situation services online, so it is very vital to select the most effective one out there. The HBR Instance Solution can assist you become one of those few who truly do well with their business.
In this remedy, you will be obtaining an introduction of all the aspects of Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version study evaluation. You will be discovering exactly how to be successful with it and ultimately, you will likewise be taking advantage of it.
It is very vital to get the services of HBR Option because it offers you a total explanation of the subject of study analysis. You will certainly be able to assess the toughness and weak points of your company from a different angle.
Furthermore, you will learn more about the factors involved in study evaluation. It will certainly give you an understanding on how to handle your company for better outcomes.
The HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Solution will be also beneficial for your employees, you will certainly be getting a summary of how you can encourage them. You will certainly also find out exactly how to inspire them in order to improve the productivity degree.
Additionally, you will be obtaining an overview of the different elements of HBR Study Option. This will certainly allow you to examine your company so that you can learn the best steps to take in order to optimize its potential.
The HBR Study Option will help you assess the impact of your decisions and activities on your firm. You will be able to identify the course of your firm as well as to figure out whether it is heading in the direction of success or failure.
If you have some issues with the staff members, this study service will certainly aid you comprehend how you can keep them encouraged. You will certainly have the ability to find out the appropriate actions to take to make sure that they will work hard for you.
With the HBR Case Study Option, you will likewise have the ability to see the advantages of having a team-based strategy to the procedure of taking care of the business. You will additionally be able to see the significance of reliable interaction in between the administration and also the staff members.
The HBR Case Study Option will help you review the process of constructing a team for your organisation. It will assist you assess the ideal strategies that you require to execute to construct such a group.
You will certainly be able to obtain an excellent review of the benefits of the HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution. The HBR Instance Solution can aid you make better decisions in order to remain ahead of your rivals.
Get Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis
If you are stuck on a case study issue or want to attempt something different to enhance the top quality of your trainees' learning experience, a brand-new item of software program for coursework is called Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis. This new piece of software application can be used on nearly any type of subject matter, such as international languages, physiology, psychology, monitoring, and much more. While it might appear a little strange at first, if you utilize it properly, it can transform the method your pupils learn!
A fast hands-on program or lecture can take hours. Let's face it, just how much time does it actually conserve? An instructor that can be out of the class and associated with their trainee's education is worth it.
It does not call for much job or money either, so for students who require something extra to improve the learning experience, Case Study Option may be a best option. As an example, allow's state that a pupil wants to take a logical and also critical analysis training course. Since the training course could take several weeks to complete, what type of additional product would certainly be valuable? Study Option offers a number of resources, which the pupil can use at his/her very own pace.
For a quick one-hour session, Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Evaluation can assist a student recognize a details crucial principle or issue. The software program presents details in an easy to follow manner. It can additionally include interactive and adjustable analyses and also tests.
There are three different sorts of assessments. Pupils can pick the types of activities they want to do, in addition to the size of time they want to invest doing them. The evaluation can include taking examinations, finishing tests, creating a paper, and also making a discussion. Students can additionally use the analysis tools to obtain additional information as well as advice on how to address the trouble.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution helps a trainee in a wide range of means, including helping with an enhanced degree of customized support. It not only uses materials found in the courseware, however likewise uses the standard text-based courseware, textbooks, and also learning guides.
One more significant advantage of Case Study Remedy is that it can be customized to a pupil's requirements as well as skills. This allows pupils to personalize their understanding experience with the wanted details as well as sources.
The truth that Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Option can be used on almost any type of subject must be just one of the major reasons why it ought to be thought about by pupils. By using Study Solution, trainees will have the ability to complete the objectives that they have actually set for themselves. Not only will trainees be much better planned for the class and to examine, but they will certainly be able to take pleasure in the procedure.
In order to utilize Study Remedy, pupils will need to download it to their computer. If they already have a computer system, they can download the software program to it. If they don't have a computer, there are downloads readily available for Macs, Computers, as well as even mobile phones.
When using Case Study Service, a trainee must make sure to have it set up properly for each course. The software program can just be utilized with the courseware of the training course. Nevertheless, if a pupil simply intends to try it out, they might download it from the web.
Making Use Of Case Study Service can provide trainees a much greater degree of customized help than ever before. Pupils can discover a range of aspects of the coursework by executing it, especially when they pick it. The benefits are countless, and in many cases the advantages are enabled by nothing else system offered.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis - Have Your Student Focused Learning
How to do Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Analysis
The HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study Service is actually a process of preparation and also examining an efficient strategy for a new service idea. You can discover a number of sites that offer this solution free of cost. With these resources, you can easily find a copy of the Harvard Organisation Evaluation as well as the HBR Instance Service. Both these magazines are based on leading management journals in the United States.
A Study Analysis will certainly help you plan a course of action for a new business version. The very initial step is to research study each trouble and also figure out which of the many feasible services will certainly serve the brand-new company ideal. When researching your issues, bear in mind that the administration system need to be structured with optimum versatility.
A Case Study Service for you will certainly discuss both the benefits and drawbacks of each service. It will certainly additionally disclose which remedies have the greatest opportunities of success. The HBR Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Option does this for its readers. They plan a holistic technique to addressing each trouble, to make sure that the service satisfies all of the essential demands of the organization.
The Harvard Organisation Review and the HBR Case Remedy ought to be studying to figure out which remedy will best satisfy the present organizational objectives. They will not just help you in establishing the toughness as well as weak points of each remedy, however will also figure out which option will certainly fulfill the firm's long-term objectives. This will help you decide whether to select one service or not.
The Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution assists business owners determine the most effective services for their problems. It allows them to compare and contrast the several options they are taking into consideration. It is important that the objective is plainly defined at the outset. Without this objective, there is no other way to compare and contrast the options as well as therefore no other way to achieve the suitable remedy.
Discovering the best business remedy is commonly challenging. It might take more than one study to discover one of the most efficient option. Not just do you require to make comparisons and also want to alter service concepts to attain this objective, but you must additionally identify the solutions that work best for your organization. There is no point in choosing the remedy that can not accomplish your company's goals.
The Study Service assists entrepreneur to do simply that. The Study Option gives useful examples that can help you in recognizing the most effective option for your company. The Study Solution provides a complete examination of each solution as well as suggestions that will certainly help you pick the most effective remedy. Even if the Case Study Service does not straight give an option, it is still a helpful tool in aiding you identify which solution will supply one of the most favorable benefits.
The Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Option focuses on the most crucial concerns facing your organization. It will give you what you need to understand and also decide which remedy is best for your scenario. The Case Study Service is likewise a source that you can utilize to produce an activity plan that you can carry out.
The Case Study Solution is likewise an important tool for determining the worth of the options. This will certainly ensure that you select the most beneficial remedy to enhance your company. The Study Option is a beneficial resource for both company owner and supervisors. It offers both the concepts and strategies essential to accomplish organizational goals.
The Study Service must additionally be made use of to offer an overview of the issues as well as solutions encountering your company. The Case Study Service is a very useful resource for developing a company version. The Case Study Remedy is useful for both company owner and also managers.
Make Use Of the Study Solution to boost your business planning, and examine the value of the options you think about. The Study Remedy is an useful tool for both local business owner and also supervisors.
Do My Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study
If you are an expert in a certain location, do you have your very own case study to share? Even if you do not have the time to prepare a formal study for publication, you can still create Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version a Case Study Option.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Study permit you to inform tales about people and areas that are straight relevant to your company or industry. They are often called lift pitches.
Nonetheless, the majority of people think of Study when they hear the term "Case Study." You require to understand just how to compose a Case Study as well as your objectives with the Study Option. Here are some guidelines:
The first thing you must do when preparing a Case Study is to prepare it out. Do you have a tale to tell or describe? What can you include in the Case Research study?
It aids to use a storyboard to plan out your Case Study. Utilize a storyboard to show you a step-by-step process. A storyboard can be found at the site of among the Case Study solution providers. The storyboard shows each action of the Study service development procedure so you will certainly understand what to consist of.
After you've finished preparation as well as creating your Case Study, it's time to begin composing. Create a start, center, as well as end. The ending ought to show just how the Case Study Solution fits into your general organisation.
You ought to include details regarding the Case Study Solution, as well as how it can help you in the industry. There are many Case Study Remedy service providers, and each offers various Study Solutions. Each one uses a different method to assist you discover as well as resolve troubles.
Attempt to include in your Case Study Solution some sensible examples. In your Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution, reveal your Study instance that you developed. You want people to recognize how you resolve issues.
Always inform your Study Service using an excellent, clear voice. Do not seem like a sales person. Make it simple for your visitors to comprehend what you are stating. Keep in mind, people read more when they are being informed plainly and also concisely.
Remember, you are attempting to create a Study Solution for your business. The Study Service needs to have benefits to both you and also your target market. You need to make your Case Study option special and enticing to your audience.
If you adhere to these straightforward actions, you can develop a Study Option that can attract prospective customers. You will have less threat due to the fact that you are providing something that is not readily available somewhere else. This can be a terrific method to generate extra leads as well as revenue.
Pay Someone to do your Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Help
Pay someone to do your Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Remedy. Study Analysis is probably the most essential aspect of business. It's the foundation upon which the business is developed. Study Evaluation can be quickly purchased at your regional book shop or on the internet.
Dmd Compresores Adjusting The Business Model Spanish Version Case Study Solution is a vital factor in what you develop. It has to be solid, clear and also concise. What makes Case Study Option a better solution than other solutions is that it is targeted at prospective clients rather than at family doctors.
Study Analysis has to do with your market research. If you are offering to a general practitioner, possibilities are you are going to obtain the most benefit from what you market. Study Solution is targeted in the direction of resolving issues you could experience and responding to questions you may have.
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Heads up — Monday 12/14 will be our last formal class session. Wednesday 12/16 will be an open Office Hour for people who still need help with the Final Portfolio (revisions or reflection). We’ll wrap up the term, do a fun thing, and wish ourselves a happy holiday!
And here’s the Padlet to leave something for future students:
The grades and comments for the Unit 3 projects are up. What wonderful things you folks created! Anher’s cartoons (which you should read starting from the one on the far right side since she did it first) is something you should not miss; everybody can relate to it because it’s about online learning.
Thanks to everybody for showing up for the Conferences. I enjoyed them. Please email me or text me on Slack if you have questions.
I’ll see you in class on Monday, Dec 14, which will be our last formal meeting! Yikes!!!!
Week of 12/7-12/14
No class meetings this week! One-on-one conferences only. Keep working on your Final Portfolios.
Here’s a list of conference times and people who have signed up for them:
- 10:00 Abigail Branch
- 10:30 Zachary Forkash
- 11:00 Nevena Vucovic
- 11:30 Jamilet Martiez
- 12:00 Jason Chan
- 12:30 Yuong Hua Ng Liang
- 1:00 Rashed
- 1:30 open
- 2:00 open
- 10:00 Yong Yu Chen
- 10:30 Anher Hafiz
- 11:00 open
- 11:30 Emel Pejcinovic
- 1:00 Rashed Saikat
- 1:30 Esther Michnik
- 2:00 Rehan Mohammad
Wednesday 12/9 – no class meeting but I will be in the Zoom room starting at 9:30 for anybody who missed their conferences OR feel like they need a few more minutes conference time. (UPDATE 12/7: Anaya is now scheduled for 10 am.)
Important post 12/2 meeting information!
Hope I got your attention :-).
First about the Murray piece: do NOT answer the questions at the end of the reading assignment. Some textbook writer wrote those so you can ignore them. What you should do is answer the prompt I left on the schedule:
READ: “The Maker’s Eye” by Donald Murray. https://robertnazar.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/themakerseye.pdf
WRITE & POST TO OPEN LAB: Pick your favorite idea/line from Murray’s piece and explain why you picked it. How does it apply to your own work? DO NOT ANSWER THE QUESTIONS AT THE END OF THE READING PASSAGE!
Title it “Maker’s Eye – your name” and post using Category Final Portfolio. Tag “Maker’s Eye.”
Second, about the Final Reflection. This is tricky to explain, but this is meant to be an honest look at how you feel about what you’ve done this term. If it’s been confusing or an assignment was annoying, say so. It’s your term and your work, after all. And I absolutely do NOT lower anybody’s grade no matter what they say (I even had a student one year start off with a string of curses about how I made him think too hard and the readings were so difficult… and ended by saying that when he won his first Oscar, I would be the first person he would thank in his speech. To which I thought… well… okay then…).
Along those same lines, don’t spend 1000 words saying how wonderful I am or how life-changing the class was or whatever. I’m not looking for praise, and after as many degrees in writing as I’ve earned, I can pad and kiss-up better than almost anybody I know… and I can spot it a mile away. I always appreciate a compliment (which you can put at the very end) but I also appreciate criticism and I really appreciate honesty.
So that’s my rant about the Final Reflection :-).
Third, about our conferences next week. Remember: no formal class meetings. Check the Google Doc to be sure you know when we’re supposed to meet. And bring in a bit of the Final Reflection (or post it ahead of time here in OpenLab).
See you next week!
Week of 11/29 through 12/7:
We’re on to the Final Portfolio & Final Reflection! Here’s the link to the Assignment and Schedule. Of course, it’s in the Course Assignments area, too. I put both assignment and schedule on one page because it’s not that much, but I also put a “Print This” button at the very bottom so that you can download it as a pdf or print it out.
- This week, we’ll be talking about getting ready to create your Final Portfolio.
- Next week, we’ll be doing individual conferences rather than having class sessions.
One thing we’ll be doing in class on 11/29 is playing with a new Padlet so we’re all talking about terms in the same way (and so you can use them in your Final Reflection). Here’s the link to that Padlet so you can come back to it as you’re working on your Final Reflection.
To find your Time Capsule post (and the other things you’ve written this term and posted on OpenLab), go to the right-side list and click on your name. Everything will be there in reverse chronological order
Just FYI, your Unit 2 work has been graded and commented on (both in the Grade Book and in the Google Drive). Same with Unit 1. Take a look at the Drive to be sure I looked at the correct version of your work.
Post class session: Here’s the whiteboard where I talked about the terms.
Updated Assignment Sheet for the Artist’s Statement:
When I looked at the assignment as it was written originally, I decided it was a little confusing. So I took another pass at it – a revision. I talked about metacognitive reflection early in the term — the process of stepping back and looking at the whole thing (meta), thinking about it (cognitive), and considering what you did and what you might have done differently and might do differently in the future (reflection). That’s what this Artist’s Statement is — a metacognitive reflection about the genre project you’ve just completed: the choices you made, why you made them, what happened, how you feel about it now. So for this 750-100 word document, you’re going to create your own metacognitive reflection about your project, and do it in a way that tells us what happened and when — the chronology of thought and actions that took you from your first ideas about it all the way to the completed project.
There are three sections in your Artist’s Statement (you can set these up as subheads in your document if you’d like):
- Before I began: Think back through everything you did – every choice you made and why – before you actually got to work on the genre project. Here are the things you need to talk about:
- Context: Give us the background for this project. Remind us how you became interested in the topic.
- Rhetorical Situation and Related Choices: Tell us the “why” of your project. What was your purpose for making this project? What audience did you want to direct this information to? Why that audience specifically? Where did you see your piece being shown or distributed to your audience? What appeals did you decide to use (which, of course, may have changed later): facts (logos), emotion (pathos), the credibility of you or someone you talk about (ethos)?
- Genre Considerations: Why did you chose the genre you did? What made you think that genre would be the best one for your audience? For example, if you did a brochure, what made a brochure the best way to get the information to your chosen audience — that is, you knew you had a place to distribute it so that seemed logical?
- Doing the project: Walk us chronologically through the process you went through to get it done: this then this then this… What went well? What didn’t go so well? What did you have to change and when? Did you throw out your original idea altogether, and if so, why? Who/where did you turn to for help? When did you panic (if you did) and what did you do about it?
- Now that it’s “done”: How do you think it turned out? Did you change the kinds of appeals or see them evolve as you went along (it happens)? Why? What, given all the time and money and expertise in the world, would you have done differently? What works great, what are you happiest about? How easy or hard was it? How do you feel about having done something like this as a college project — can you see using any of this in the future (tools, analysis, etc.)?
- Length: This Statement should be at least 750-1000 words in length.
- Format: Set it up like a typical MLA essay with the name block in the upper left, 12 points Times New Roman or Calibri, paragraphs indented one tab. Use boldface subheads if you would like to separate the three sections for easy reading.
- How to submit: Post this to the Google Drive, Unit 3. Also post or link to your genre project here.
- Due: This and the project itself are due Sunday March 29, end of the day.
Quick note (11/19):
The “grades” for the Unit 2 work are in the Grade Book. As before, the grade is just an interim grade and will depend on how your Revisions for the Final Portfolio turn out. I did leave a comment in the Grade Book of my overall reaction, and the specific Comments are on the Google Docs themselves. Let me know if you want to meet one-on-one soon, although I’ll be setting up appointments after Thanksgiving with everybody to go over the Final Portfolio,
Monday 11/16, we’ll be looking at, and giving each other some feedback on, your works in progress. We’ll also talk about the scheduling for the rest of this Unit. Wednesday 11/18 will be all about writing the Artist’s Statement that accompanies your project.
This Weekly Schedule is a little different, as you’ll see. It covers the rest of this unit through the Sunday after Thanksgiving. Mostly, you’ll be finishing up your Unit 3 projects and writing the Artist’s Statement, and then taking a breath before we get into the Final Portfolio & Final Reflection after Thanksgiving. I’ll have Unit 2 Comments/Grades done by Thanksgiving, too.
And here are the guidelines for the Artist’s Statement (fyi, I copied it from the Course Assignment page for Unit 3):
ARTIST STATEMENT GUIDELINES
Explaining the rationale behind our actions and decisions is an important kind of reflective writing because it makes visible what is otherwise invisible. You can choose to write an e-mail in Comic Sans font, but unless you explain why, the choice may seem mysterious and odd to readers. Composers of all sorts often write an Artist’s Statement for their audience that explains their inspirations, intentions, and choices in their creative and critical processes. It helps the reader understand the process that led to the final product by providing insight into what the author set out to do, how they did it, and what they might do to further improve the piece. A successful Artist’s Statement reflects your understanding of your chosen genre (and the elements, style, design, and use of sources that characterize it) – and of your specific rhetorical situation (your reasons for composing, your audience, how you use rhetorical appeals, and your choice of mode and medium).
In your Author’s Statement, you must do the following:
- Provide context. It’s useful to give background on your composition, such as how you became interested in the topic, what were your inspirations, or, if you’ve created a series of related works, how the pieces all fit together.
- Discuss your specific rhetorical situation and related choices: In other words: answer the question “why?” Why did you decide to write in the genre you did? Why did you choose the audience you did? Why did you decide to talk about this particular aspect of your research? What is the purpose of your piece?
- Explain your choice of genre and how you worked within its conventions. Maybe you created a photo essay. An accompanying statement—in which you explain why you found the photo essay to be the best way to communicate your ideas about gun control—would go a long way toward helping your viewers get the most out of your work.
- Reflect on how it went. Use this as an opportunity to look back at your composition and evaluate the extent of your achievement as well as note what you would have done differently or better.
*Note: This should be a fluid, cohesive document that reflects on and justifies the rhetorical choices in your New Genre Project. Do not just merely answer each question in list form.
Optional workshop class today: There is no formal class today but if you have questions about your project, need some help thinking through what to do or advice on design etc., please come. I’ll be in our Zoom room from 10-11:40.
Creating a comic: Thank you to Esther for reminding me… here’s the link to use Storyboard That, the storyboard/comic/graphic novel creator. You need to create an account (free). It should say ENG 1101 for the dashboard.
Work in Progress: Remember to post something on the Padlet by Sunday night to show us how you’re doing. There are two other options for posting it:
- If you find it easier to do it via post on OpenLab, feel free (“Progress – your name” Unit 3, Tag “Progress”).
- You can upload it to the Unit 3 folder in the Google Drive the way Danielle did so I could look at her entire infographic. Final versions will be posted there anyway, so if it’s easier for you to use the Google Drive, that’s fine, too.
Of course email or Slack if you have questions.
Week of 11/9 through 11/15:
Post-session: A couple of things:
- You can change your proposal any time you want, especially now that we’ve looked at other possible genres. Just let me know (I’ll also keep an eye on the proposals tag).
- Wednesday morning, I’ll post on here whether class is optional or not.
- Whenever you’ve got something for us to look at, go ahead and drop it into the Padlet
Good news: you don’t have to use a brochure or a video or an infographic. There are a lot of other genres you can choose from. Here’s a collection of examples and how to’s and other references for things like feature articles, informative magazine articles, and articles for the web, as well as a link to a whole bunch of other ideas in the form of mentor texts from The New York Times. Here is a pdf of some magazine article examples.
Weekly Schedule: Weekly Schedule 11/9 through 11/15
- Padlet for “Clean Up Your Mess”: https://padlet.com/dblain1/f9ygb8y28vge42qz
- Padlet for “Progress Report” https://padlet.com/dblain1/99viwdi2rte1x25z
- Just fyi… If you want to post some pages AND a link to a website or something, just hit the Edit pencil, and then copy/paste the link or new materials. It will work — I just tested it.
- AND if you’d rather post your Progress Report on OpenLab, go ahead and create a new post, title “Progress Report – your name” Category Unit 3, Tag Progress.
Post meeting 11/4:
And for class, here’s the whiteboard I did today that talks about media (means of sending information), modes (the kinds of things that we use to create a text), genre, and publication (the place where you would put your genre creation so that people could see/interact with it) as a way of focusing. (Click on it to make it bigger so you can read it.)
About doing something new: be sure to do some research on the topic and mention that research in the Artist’s Statement you’ll be writing as the final part of this Unit. What you’re doing now is personal, yes, but it needs to be grounded in knowledge you’ve gained from research as well as from your own experiences.
I’ll be Commenting on Proposal Posts (remember — this is on OpenLab) as quickly as I can. But get started whenever you want.
For week of Nov 2 – Nov 9:
We’re moving on! I think you’ll enjoy Unit 3 because you get to take what you learned in Unit 2 and do something creative with it. In class Monday, we’ll go over the unit and see some examples of typical (and not so typical) projects, and you’ll get a chance to start thinking about what you want to do. Then you’ll create a proposal and give each other some help with ideas and possibly technical knowledge.
We can also use our class sessions to talk about the election if you want. We may need to…
So here’s the Unit Assignment and overall schedule for Unit 3.
Here’s the Padlet for brainstorming ideas. Feel free to keep putting things on it if you’d like.
Post class session Oct 26:
1.Don’t forget to sign up for a Conference time on Wednesday, Oct 28. There is no class session that day. Just Conferences. Use our regular Zoom room:
- Meeting ID: 814 9272 9851
- password: 459026
- Link: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/81492729851?pwd=UzI5MjY3enFVQVQyMDhWbnpLM3h1Zz09
2. Here is the Padlet. Feel free to add stuff all week if you’d like. https://padlet.com/dblain1/e4t45v2f7p1dngit
3. Here’s the information about the Plan Week/Majors (it’s at 5:00 today, Monday 10/26):
After a brief introduction to Departments, Majors, Degree Checklists, and Degree Maps, students will move into breakout rooms with Peer Mentors and other upper level students in their intended majors.
This is a great chance for first year students to get inside information from successful students who know the ropes.
Plan Week Workshops (there are other activities as well).
For the week of Oct 26-Nov 1
This week, you’re finishing your Source Analyses, writing an Individual Report about what you did/found, and a couple of other things in class.
Here’s the Weekly Schedule 10/26 through 11/1.
And this is the information about the Individual Report:
Now that you’ve gathered all of this very amazing information – and I’m sure some of it has been truly amazing – each of you has to write an Individual Report of about 500 words where you talk about what the process of doing this Annotated Bibliography was like, and what you learned from it. Here’s what goes in it:
- Introduction: Remind us again about why you chose this issue, what you were curious about, what you hoped to learn more about, and what your position or opinion about the issue was when you started.
- What you learned: Talk about what you learned doing this – the things that surprised or infuriated you, or made you hopeful – and how your thinking about the issue deepened or changed in the process.
- Who else should know: Talk about what you think is the most important thing you got from the process, what it was like to do research where you weren’t trying to prove a point, and who else you think should hear about what you learned (this last point is going to be important for doing Unit 3, so think carefully about it).
It must look like an MLA essay:
- Name block in the top left corner
- Each paragraph is indented one tab
- Page number in upper right corner
How to post all of Unit 2:
- Gather your Source Analyses together.
- In a New Word or Google Doc:
- Individual Report first
- The Source Analyses below
- Upload it into the Google Drive Folder for Unit 2 in the Group folder.
Post-class comments 10/21:
After talking to several people, I think it’s time (if you want to do this) for y’all to start creating your own Doc for this Unit. Yes, the group Annotated Bibliography (done the way I wanted it) is working in the sense that people are seeing what’s going on, getting ideas, etc. But (also done the way I wanted it) it does tend to get very long and hard to keep organized for yourself.
So… starting now, feel free to start a new Google Doc or even Word doc of your own. Put your name on it and put it in the group folder. Copy and paste what you’ve already posted. Add the new Source Analyses. And when we get to the Individual Report next week, add it to the bottom.
Of course, I’ll keep leaving Comments. And feel free to look at what the others in your group are doing, too, and leave comments for them.
I think that will help us all stay organized!
Update about doing the Source Analyses:
I was talking to Yuong Huao, and thought I’d give you a 2-second summary of what goes in the Source Analyses. I’m also posting what I showed you in class.
Short version of the Source Analysis:
- Summary is about the content of the source.
- Rhetorical Analysis is about how that content is put together for an audience.
- Short Analysis/Reflection is about how you feel about the content and about how it was presented.
Longer version/description (what I created and showed in class):
1.Summary: This is an [article, video, poem, chart, image] that [explains, describes] this information/situation. You can include as much or as little as you want.
2. Rhetorical Analysis: Cover the things on the Rhetorical/Genre Analysis Worksheet, but only those things that are important.
- For example, if it’s a news article in a journal, you don’t need to say “why choose this genre” because the news is the news, and we all know why it’s there. If it’s a blog, you can talk about why someone would blog about the information rather than write a traditional article in a journal.
- If you establish the credibility of the author/source, that’s ethos, so you don’t have to say “ethos” anywhere.
- When talking about situation, it’s always good to give context, even if it’s a current event.
- It’s also good to give examples: the author interviewed this person in order to make us feel the emotion of the situation OR the author used a lot of data and charts to convince us that their information was correct.
3. Short Analysis: Talk about two things.
- First: Given what you say is the purpose of the text and the intended audience, do you think the author achieved that purpose? Was the text the right one for that intended audience, or did they somehow fall short in some way? What worked in terms of achieving the purpose? What worked against it?
- Second: What’s your opinion of the information? Do you agree or disagree? Were you surprised by anything? Did it give you more information or insight that you didn’t have before?
Assignments: by the end of Sunday, you should have three Source Analyses posted either on the Group Annotated Bibliography or in a new Doc of your own in the Folder. I’ll look at revisions and new posts as they come in and leave more feedback.
Post-class comments 10/19:
I hope that was helpful and that you feel like you’ve got some other people in the class on the same page/topic with you. Keep leaving Comments for each other as you work through these next couple of weeks… honestly, people are doing really well! And now we have two new groups: Education and Climate Change. Remember: if you want to use the KWL+ Activity to generate ideas or questions, feel free!
EdPuzzle: Thanks to Emel for this. I changed the Rhetorical Analysis video assignment to No Due Date, so everybody should be able to have access to it now. You may have to click on a No Due Date tab somewhere (my view is different than yours, so I’m not sure). It’s a short assignment (under 10 minutes for most people) but it does give another look at Rhetorical Analysis as well as a chance to think about what you know. Let me know if you still have problems.
Source Analyses: Just to be clear, Source Analysis 1 was due last night, SA2 is due Thursday night, SA3 is due Sunday night. Here’s the Weekly Schedule for next week up as well so you can see what’s coming up.
…and I’ll be leaving comments on your SA 1 today and tomorrow so you can make the next one(s) better and revise this one.
DM me on Slack if you have questions, concerns, comments.
Quick weekend update 10/17:
I’ve been leaving brief comments on the Annotated Bibliography Google Docs, questions for people to consider as they do the research etc. Nothing very specific, just some suggestions or thoughts.
There are some interesting directions that people are going in. I’m going to let y’all work together a bit this week in the class session, just for support.
EdPuzzle is closed. If you want to see my comments, go to EdPuzzle, click on Completed, then on the Video icon. The video will open. On the right-hand side, you should see a button that says View Results. Click on that. And then scroll below the video to see my comments. Here’s a YouTube explaining it, too: https://youtu.be/IQksi9-QiH4
First Source Analysis is due Sunday end of day 10/18!
AND here is the new Weekly Schedule for Oct 19-25 (it’s also on the Unit 2 Assignment page).
Post class comments 10/14
If you’d like to watch the “Bohemian Rhapsody/Coronavirus” YouTube video that YongYu has as one of his Sources, here’s the direct link to it: https://youtu.be/9Eo9M4-BrJA
Mid-terms: No midterm exam in this class. Instructors do have to report to everybody what their midterm grad is, however. It will be in the Grade Book. A word of explanation: this isn’t a letter grade. It’s either Satisfactory, Borderline, or Unsatisfactory, and meant mostly to let you know how you’re progressing in general.
Citations: for help, either go to owl.english.purdue.edu and find the Research & Citations section, or use our library’s guides: https://libguides.citytech.cuny.edu/citations. Our library also has a general orientation about the library (short video tutorials — the ones about asking questions, searching, and using databases are especially useful): https://library.citytech.cuny.edu/orientation/welcome.
Week of Oct 12 – 18
There are some good discussions going in the Discussion area about research. I’ve been ill for the past few days (not coronavirus, happily, but I do
have a chronic situation that flared up on me very inconveniently) so I’m a little behind. Heck, I’m a lot behind :-). But I’m compiling the research tips and finishing up my own work on the Literacy Narratives, so both should be showing up by Tuesday morning at the latest.
I also notice people are doing their Introductions in the Annotated Bibliography docs, and people feel very strongly about these issues, which is great — that makes doing research a lot less of a chore (it’s still work, but interest will often keep you going whereas if you were doing something you’re not interested in, the research will tail off).
If you haven’t figured out what you want to work on, here are a couple of things to try:
- In Resources –> Class Resources/Materials, you’ll find a thing called KWL+ Activity. This is a great, 30-minute (at most) tool that will help you focus or re-focus and come up with questions. Hit Submit, and it will save onto the Drive (let me know you’ve done it and I’ll take a look, too).
- Send me a text on Slack or brainstorm with one of your classmates about it.
- If you want to do something that’s not one of the topics in the Drive, that’s probably fine — just let me know.
As for this week, remember: no class on Monday Oct 12.
Wednesday, Oct 14 we’ll talk more about rhetorical analysis and doing the Source Analyses. Your responses to the EdPuzzle video on rhetorical analysis are giving me a good idea about things to discuss — what exactly to look for with visuals, how an author uses logos/pathos/ethos, and something that was mentioned in the video but which I didn’t ask about — genre. Why use a particular genre? Why make that choice?
So here’s the Weekly Schedule for Oct 12-18: you’ll see it’s not terribly heavy because I assume you’re all doing research and trying to decide which sources you want to use for your Source Analyses. That’s great! Hang onto that information for Wednesday.
See you then!
Post class recap: 10/7
Quick class today — you did a lot of work on Monday, and doing a lot now (great Discussions going on!). Now be sure to check the Weekly Assignment for this week for what’s due:
1.Discussion Posts about “Bad Ideas” (primary due today, secondary due Sunday, peeps any time).
2. Find your topic/issue folder on the Google Drive – Unit 2. One the Annotated Bibliography doc that’s in there, add your introduction:
- Who you are.
- What you’re interested in investigating more about.
- Why you’re interested in it.
- [Maybe a bit about where you might go look for sources.]
3. Do EdPuzzle activity (not due until 10/13).
4. Check the Brief List of Genres for ideas about possible sources.
5. Start digging up sources!
The first Source Analysis isn’t due until Sunday Oct 18, but an early paste into the Annotated Bibliography doc in your Google Folder would be great so I/we can give feedback as soon as possible.
And here’s the Weekly Schedule for Oct 12-18..
I’ll post a list of research tips here in a day or so. People talked about a lot of interesting approaches to doing research, so I thought I’d pull it all together so we could share them!
Remember: on Slack you can DM me, or use the #assignment-questions channel, or set up a conversation with a few other people using the DM. Also can attach files, images, links…
See y’all next Wednesday!
The Week of Oct 5-11
First off… some really interesting Literacy/Education Narratives in the Drive! I’m making notes already but won’t be posting for a couple of days. Overall — really nice work!
So now it’s on to Unit 2 — Reflective Annotated Bibliography… which leads into Unit 3 where you get to create something entirely new (and not another academic essay!). I messed the Padlet shelf a little because I didn’t give clear instructions about putting your names on your posts (sorry!) but there are some great comments already up there. And I can’t wait to see what y’all come up with in the research part of this.
So Monday Oct 5, we’re meeting to talk about the Unit again — about research, about moving forward with the Group Annotated Bibliographies, and about rhetorical analysis.
Here’s the new Weekly-Schedule-Oct 5 thru Oct 11 (it’s also in the Course Assignments — Unit 2 tab on the main menu).
See you on Zoom (and don’t forget the link is in the Resources tab)!
Heads up for next week:
Your first Source Analysis isn’t due until Sunday, Oct 18 (along with any suggestions or comments for each other). However, if you would like to post a rough draft of it by class on Oct 14, that would be great — we can talk about it better with some examples.
Here’s the Weekly Schedule for next week, just FYI since there’s no class on Monday Oct 12:
Literacy Narratives and Workshopping
Y’all are behind!
And I’m seeing some problems:
These need to look like an MLA essay. Here’s the sample from the Purdue OWL: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_sample_paper.html
They need to be 1000 words. Most people have simply copied their draft and posted it. You need to take the comments I left and expand your essay.
When you’re doing Workshop Comments: 1) do marginal notes and 2) a final comment at the end. Here’s what it says on the Assignment Sheet:
1. Use the Comment feature in Google Docs to make comments as you go – things you really liked, places where you wanted to ask questions either about what they’re saying or what else you would like to know. Here are some prompts for the kinds of comments you can leave:
- I liked … because …
- I got this from reading your work:
- I found this part interesting … because…
- I got confused here … because…
- I wanted to know more about because…
2. At the very end, leave an overall comment where you include at least one key quote from their draft that stands out to you. It will be very important to pick an appropriate quotation to respond to — one that expands on your comment so that the writer can get a good idea what your comment meant.
So I’ll change the due date to Wednesday, Sept 30, for uploading your own essay, and Comments won’t be due until Friday.
Just as importantly…
Things are changing!
We’re pretty much done with Unit 1, and I’m going to change things up a bit as we get into the fun stuff (I say that with a smile).
- I’m moving all the Announcements from Unit 1 into an Archive folder in the Resources tab area. Just in case you need to see what we did when.
- I’ll be posting a Weekly Schedule here on Sunday night that should make things a lot clearer about what’s happening and what’s due when.
- The class sessions are going to change a little bit in terms of what we’ll be doing each time — some of the meetings will become optional (more or less) and designed to answer questions and troubleshoot assignments. The Weekly Schedule will tell you what’s happening when.
- And… I’ve set up a Slack channel #assignment-questions. So if you have a question about any assignment, go check there and see if I’ve already answered somebody else’s question about the same thing. Then feel free to leave me a question anyway!
So here’s This Week’s Schedule Sept 28 through Oct 4 complete with links. | <urn:uuid:211cf785-a836-4536-8e9f-b763d5c3899a> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://openlab.citytech.cuny.edu/blaineng1101regularfa2020/ | 2022-01-25T09:23:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304798.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125070039-20220125100039-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.936117 | 8,062 |
Feb 7, 2020
Book One in The Hellbound Brotherhood
Find out why New York Times bestseller Maya Banks hails McKenna’s books as “A nonstop thrill ride…”
He’s a ticking bomb…
Eric Trask is counting the days before he blasts out of Shaw’s Crossing forever. He and his brothers were raised at GodsAcre, a mysterious doomsday cult deep in the mountains. GodsAcre was destroyed years ago in a deadly fire and Eric and his brothers were the only survivors. The townspeople see them as time bombs just waiting to blow, but as soon Eric makes the money for a fresh start, he’s going to prove those bastards wrong. He’s an ex-Marine, fresh off a tour in Afghanistan, working three jobs and barely sleeping. Utterly unprepared for Demi Vaughan’s dazzling green eyes, lush pink lips and sexy curves. She’s the town princess…he’s a dangerous outcast. It was a sure recipe for disaster.
But the closer he gets to Demi, the more impossible it is to resist…
Forbidden fruit is the sweetest…
Demi Vaughan has a big plan for life post- college. A summer job at a sandwich shop back home in Shaw’s Crossing is part of that plan, so when Eric Trask, notorious bad boy with a complicated past, saunters in for lunch from the construction site next door, she tells herself he’s just eye candy. Tall, ripped, sweat-slicked, smoldering eye candy, nothing more. She knew the stories, she’d heard the rumors. Eric was damaged. Marked by violence and tragedy. He’d be the ultimate bad boyfriend, and right now she was too busy even to shop for a good one. But his hot eyes and hard body, his sensual smile and that rough, scratchy voice of his shook her resolve. After all, she was leaving this place forever. One little taste of heaven…what could it hurt?
But Shaw’s Crossing has deeper, darker secrets than Eric or Demi could begin to guess. The evil that destroyed GodsAcre is lying in wait…and it will stop at nothing to keep Eric and Demi apart…
Hellion, Book One, ends on a cliffhanger, but it leads right into Headlong, Book Two, Demi and Eric’s continuing story, dated seven years later.
The other titles in The Hellbound Brotherhood series are connected, but each book features its own couple and has its own HEA.
Read an Excerpt
Demi didn’t need to turn around from the frozen yogurt machine to know that Eric had made his grand entrance. The muffled squeals and excited whispering from the other girls behind the Bakery Café’s counter gave it away. Lame-brains. They’d been teasing her about that guy for weeks. Ever since he started coming in here for lunch.
Yes, folks, Eric Trask had entered the building.
Even if she didn’t look around, the effect on her was the same. The ambient temperature shot up ten degrees, whoosh. The earth shifted on its axis, ka-chunk.
Crap. Blushing again. Rosy red right down to the edge of her tee-shirt. Her damn cleavage was blushing.
Stop this bullshit. He’s a cute guy. Eye candy. Not earth-shattering.
The frozen yogurt overflowed the cup and glopped out onto her hand.
Demi cleaned up the mess and sidled over to the crushed Oreos and colored sprinkles without turning around. She was playing it cool. She had no idea he was there. Who? She didn’t even notice him. Why should she? She was working. Busy, busy Demi. Working toward her goals. She couldn’t be bothered with this nonsense. She had no time to waste with—ouch.
She’d smacked her hip on the corner of the ice-cream toppings table.
Eric Trask loomed in her peripheral vision as she deposited the frozen yogurt on the tray full of sandwiches. She made change and smiling chit-chat, having no idea what she was saying. Executive function in her brain was totally AWOL.
He hung back from the counter, ostensibly studying the sandwich board while he waited until she was free to wait on him. Kaia and Tammi leaned over the counter, their boobs practically spilling out of their shirts in their eagerness to take his order.
“Can I help you?” Tammi sang out.
“Still thinking, thanks,” he replied, eyes fixed on the menu.
Ahhhh. His deep voice was scratchy and rough. More smothered giggling from Tammi and Kaia. Grow the fuck up, ladies.
Demi finally allowed herself to look. She had to work up to it slowly, the experience being a full frontal assault on her senses.
He was ridiculously tall, to start with. At least six-three. Broad, too, but lean and tapered. He looked dusty and hot, his tee-shirt stretching deliciously tight over the defined muscle bulges. She loved the way his sleeves strained over the swell of his biceps. She wanted to run her fingers over every contour. Nature’s ultimate sculpture.
Hoo boy. It was a struggle to keep her mouth firmly closed.
His dark blond hair had sported a jarhead buzz-cut before, as befitted a Marine recently back from his second tour of duty in Afghanistan, but it was starting to get a little shaggy on top. His face still had that deep, weathered desert tan. His eyes were a piercing pale gray against his sun-browned skin, like glints of shining chrome. The eye-crinkles around them made him look older than his twenty-four years. Two years older than her.
His eyes had always made him look older. She’d noticed it back in high school, from the first moment she laid eyes on him. He’d been sixteen, she’d been fourteen. He hadn’t noticed her. He’d seen too many things he was desperate to forget. The GodsAcre story was blood-chilling, and people never got tired of chewing over it.
That sadness in his eyes had given her a hot, shaky feeling even then. It had made something inside her chest become soft, achy. Made something melt that should have stayed solid.
She wasn’t the only one melting for the Trask boys. With their muscular good looks, daydreaming about them became a widespread recreational pastime for all the girls at Shaw’s Crossing High School, in spite of the stories about the crazy mountain cult where they grew up. According to the gossip, GodsAcre had been a hotbed of drugs, brain-washing, sex orgies, Satanism. It was even whispered that the Trask brothers were psycho killers trained by Delta Force soldier Jeremiah Paley, GodsAcre’s leader, also known as ‘The Prophet.’ That the three brothers had set the fire that had destroyed GodsAcre themselves.
So. There were possible mass murderers, sitting right there with the rest of them, taking notes in AP Chemistry or Spanish or English class just like normal teenagers.
Normal aside from the fact that they were considerably hotter, that is.
Her granddad had been horrified when his old Marine buddy and longtime friend, Police Chief Otis Trask, had announced his intention of taking in the GodsAcre boys. They needed a home, Otis had argued. They needed to stay together. It was dangerous to leave them to themselves, and Otis didn’t see anyone else stepping up.
Bad idea. Everyone said so. Those boys belonged in a reformatory. Granddad had tried so hard to dissuade Otis, anyone listening would have thought the three boys were fire-breathing demons from hell. Demi remembered him ranting about how damaged and maladapted they must be. How irresponsible it was for the school to let them mix with normal kids after their bizarre upbringing. How it was begging for disaster.
But Otis held firm. The boys moved in with him, and enrolled in the high school.
Crazy rumors hadn’t stopped her from staring at Eric whenever she got the chance. His cheekbones, his broad shoulders, his strong jaw, his sensual lips. He was even handsomer now than he had been back in high school. Bigger, taller, thicker, harder.
His gorgeous smile had become a grin. His teeth were so white. Deep smile grooves cut into his lean cheeks. Like dimples, but longer.
“…everything okay?” He sounded like he was repeating himself. She could feel the heat coming off his body. Damn. That mind-wiping storm wind of testosterone was putting her into a fugue state. She forced herself to breathe. Air helped.
“Ah…ah, yes. Of course. I’m fine.” She smiled back at him. “What’ll it be?” She hoped that she hadn’t already asked him that. Perhaps even gotten an answer.
That grin widened. “Surprise me.”
“Is that a challenge?”
She looked down her nose at him. A neat trick, at five-foot-four. It took lots of attitude, tiptoes, and hiking her chin way up high. “Game on.”
Kaia sidled past Demi as she grabbed a couple of slices of rye bread and headed to the sandwich bar. “Surprise me?” she said under her breath. “I’d surprise that guy right out of his clothes. Any time, any place.”
“Make that sandwich really tall, girl,” Tammi cooed as she swept by with a drinks order. “And don’t skimp the sauce. You want it really juicy, so that that thick wad of hot, salty meat can slip right down, you know what I’m talking about?”
“Shut…up!” Demi whispered savagely.
“What do you think, Kai?” Tammi said to Kaia. “Mayo? Or herb vinaigrette?”
“Oh, ranch, for sure. Long, strong squirts of it.”
“Piss off, both of you,” Demi snapped. “I’m busy.”
“I just bet you are, you lucky girl.”
Demi blocked them out of her consciousness by concentrating on making the sandwich for the ages. One worthy of fueling a body that gorgeous. Rye bread, grilled in herbed dill butter, piled with pepper rolled roast beef and thick slabs of melted pepper-jack cheese. A few draped pieces roasted red pepper, juicy slices of crimson heirloom tomatoes, some tender green Bibb lettuce. A towering stack of home fried potatoes and a scoop of her own specially tweaked coleslaw. A bottle of an herbal tea and fruit infusion.
“Don’t forget the pickle, girlfriend,” Tammi sang out. “A nice, fat one.”
Demi gave her the finger over her shoulder as she bopped the swinging door open with her hip and carried out the tray with her creation on it. Not blushing this time, oh no. She’d been slaving over a hot griddle. She got that tomato-red color from honest toil and no one could say she hadn’t.
She laid the sandwich down in front of him. “Here you go. A Demi Vaughan special. Billed by the till as a roast beef and cheese, but I tarted it up for you. And a green tea, lime and goji berry cocktail to wash it down. It’ll balance your heart chakra, flood you with antioxidants and replace lost electrolytes.”
His silver-chrome eyes flicked up and down her body. “Looks incredible.” His deep, throaty rasp brushed tenderly on every nerve. “Thanks for keeping it special. My heart chakra is getting all excited just from looking at it.”
She smiled, fishing for something cute and witty to say. Came up blank.
He started again. “Hey, I just wanted to ask you—”
“Demi!” Raelene, her boss, hollered from kitchen, cutting off his words. “Demi, get back here for a second!”
“Be right there.” She backed awkwardly away before she realized what she was doing and turned around to walk away with some dignity. Like a normal human being.
In the kitchen, Raelene, a skinny lady with a graying crown of braids, handed her a clipboard. “I want you to do some inventory in the storeroom,” she announced.
“Inventory?” Demi glanced back toward Eric before she could stop herself.
Raelene caught the look. “Tammi or Kaia can ring him up. You’ll need to do boring crap busywork when you’re running your own business, you know. Get used to it.”
“Of course, but during the lunch rush?”
“I’ll help the other girls up front if they need it. And I know it’s not my business, but that boy is a dead end. Don’t conduct your flirtations on my clock, Demi.”
Demi bristled. “I’m not! I have never wasted time on the job.”
Raelene’s mouth tightened. “Stay away from him. He’s bad luck. Bad news.”
“It’s nobody’s business, and I don’t see why you would even—”
“The Prophet’s Curse got my brother. Did you know that?”
Demi stared at the older woman, appalled. “Raelene. Please. You don’t mean you actually believe those old rumors? That’s just a vicious, crazy story. An urban myth.”
Raelene shrugged. “Fourteen people dead in twelve days,” she said. “And it happened right after Darryl refused to give Jeremiah another building permit for his compound. The old bastard wanted to build right in the middle of an elk run. Darryl said no. And the next day, he was dead. Is that an urban myth, you think?”
“Natural causes,” Demi said.
“Right,” Raelene said. “Like all the rest of the people the Prophet was pissed with. That’s a whole lot of natural causes crowded together in a very small time frame. A very small geographical area. Too small.”
“But…you think Darryl was poisoned?” Demi said hesitantly. “Or are you saying that it’s an actual curse? Like, black magic, or something? You’re not serious.”
She studied the other woman’s face. The realization dawned slowly, with a sickening chill.
Raelene was dead serious.
“Raelene,” Demi said. “Even if Darryl really was murdered somehow, and even if it actually was Jeremiah’s fault, he’s dead and gone. It wasn’t Eric or his brothers who caused any of that stuff to happen. They were only kids at the time. It can’t be their fault.”
“I didn’t say it was their fault,” Raelene said stiffly. “I don’t understand what happened back then, but it was sick and bad, and I don’t like to see a nice young lady getting mixed up with it. Neither would your mother, as I’m sure you know.”
Demi felt her back prickle. “He’s not a criminal, Raelene. He’s a veteran, he works, he’s not in any kind of trouble, so I don’t understand why you—”
“We’re not having this conversation on my dime. Get to work if you still want this job. If you don’t, you know where the door is.”
Raelene marched out of the kitchen, rubber-soled trainers squeaking aggressively.
Demi was speechless. Her first instinct was to walk out. Screw this crap. Raelene had no right to preach or pass judgment about Demi’s private life and personal choices.
But she couldn’t afford to throw a tantrum. Her parents were already angry and disappointed with her. They’d been angry ever since she changed her major to restaurant management, rather than business administration, and they got even angrier when she refused the internship at the Shaw Paper Products distribution center in Tacoma. Or at any of the other SPP centers scattered over the western US, for that matter.
Dad had used his most sneering tone. The little princess is too good for the family business? You’d rather wait tables and carry catering trays than take a shot at a grown-up job? A sandwich shop is your goddamn life’s ambition now?
She’d hoped for a summer job in her field for those last few weeks before her internship in Seattle started. The internship was a hard-won prize, and she could hardly wait to start. Eight weeks working closely with famed chef Maurizio Altamura at the renowned restaurant Peccati di Gola. In the meantime, she wasn’t too proud to sling hash at the Bakery Café in Shaw’s Crossing. It was food prep, and therefore relevant to her future plans. Somewhat. And this way, she could save on rent for a few more weeks.
But her parents, and Granddad, had been horrified. So she couldn’t bail on the Bakery Café the first time she got huffy with the boss. Not in her shaky position.
Demi resisted the urge to peek and see if Eric was still there. She couldn’t let him see her do that. It would look desperate and fawning and childish.
Besides, he was probably back at work. Maybe drinking what was left of his green tea and goji berry cocktail. Maybe holding the cool, sweaty bottle up against his hot face. Putting it to his lush, sensual lips, throat working as he drank. Until a single drop of condensation from the bottle trickled slowly…sexily…down his strong, tanned throat.
Whew. One would think that the dull task of counting cans and bottles in a pantry would chill an overheated girl right down.
Eric drove slowly past the sandwich shop for the fourth time.
He wasn’t going back inside today. Not after the death-ray stare from Raelene Muir. He’d make problems for Demi. Probably already had. Looked like she’d been banished to the back room for the crime of speaking to him.
Raelene had kept up the sphincter-mouthed glare the whole time he was eating his sandwich. He was used to it, so it didn’t affect his appetite, but damn, that shit got old.
He shouldn’t be eating at the Bakery Café in any case. Dropping seventy bucks a week for fancy sandwiches and overpriced beverages was stupid right now. He was busting his ass to save money for developing his app, and he could make an entire week’s worth of perfectly good lunch sandwiches for the cost of a single meal at that place.
But still, he kept going back. Just to ogle Demi Vaughan’s sparkling green eyes and shapely ass. And those luscious, gravity-defying tits that made his fingers buzz with lustful curiosity. Her velvety alto voice made him sweat. He heard it in his dreams.
She acted like she could care less, but her hot blush gave her away.
Finally, she emerged. Boyd Nevins followed her out of the café. Boyd had gone to high school with them. He’d been in Eric’s class. He’d heard that Boyd now worked for Demi’s family’s paper packing materials company over at Granger Valley.
Boyd was leaning in toward her, working his dimples. The guy was tall and blond. Good-looking, he guessed, and he could turn on the charm when he exerted himself. But Eric and his brothers knew first-hand that Boyd was a conniving shithead and bully. At least, he had been back in their school years.
Demi kept smiling and shaking her head, and Boyd kept talking. She backed away, still smiling. He grabbed her wrist, pulling her back toward him. Demi’s smile faltered.
She tried to pull free. Boyd held on tight. Dickhead. He hadn’t changed.
On impulse, Eric rolled down the passenger side window. Very carefully, to keep the damn thing from coming loose and falling down inside the car door, as it often did.
“Hey, Demi,” he called. “Sorry I’m late. You ready to go?”
It was a risk, but giving her an escape hatch from Boyd was an opportunity he’d be an idiot not to take. Then again, if Boyd was a frying pan, she might think that Eric was the fire.
Demi’s eyes flicked to him, blank and startled for a second. “Hey,” she said back. “Ah…yes. Yes, I am, actually.” She wrenched her arm free. “Later, Boyd.”
Boyd glared at Eric as she got into his car. Eric gave him a big smile and pulled out into the street.
“Hope you didn’t mind me pretending we had a date,” he said. “I didn’t like the way he yanked on your arm. Thought I’d give you an out.”
“I was okay. Boyd isn’t a problem for me. But I do appreciate the thought.”
He took a deep breath and went for it. “Can I make our fake date a real one? We can grab something to drink. Iced coffee, a shake, a beer. Whatever you’d like.”
Her rosy lips opened slightly and stayed open as her color deepened. “I’d love to, but I can’t tonight. I promised to get dinner on for my mom. She’s at the library board meeting tonight, so I have to head back home. I’m really sorry.”
He let out a silent sigh, crestfallen. “Okay,” he said. “Some other time, maybe.”
He hesitated for a moment, and tried again, because what the fuck. “But since you’re already in my car, can I at least give you a ride home?”
Demi’s soft pink lips curved. She barely hesitated. “That would be great.”
The Monster coughed, burped and died at that moment. He started it up again, embarrassed. His creaky old Frankencar was made of salvaged parts from defunct vehicles. Only his considerable skill at keeping engines alive kept her running, but aesthetically, the Monster was a zombie nightmare, with most of her upholstery rotted away. “Keep your leg away from the car door,” he advised. “If that old exposed glue gets stuck to your jeans, it won’t ever come off.”
She angled her shapely leg away from the door. “Don’t worry about it.”
He drove for a few blocks, racking his brains for an opening. He wanted badly to ask if Boyd made a habit of bothering her, but that seemed too possessive a topic to open with right off the bat. So he went with the next random thing that popped into his head.
“I’m sorry you disappeared at lunchtime,” he said. “I was going to ask you out for a drink then, but I missed my chance.”
Demi snorted. “Raelene got a bee in her bonnet about having me do inventory.”
“Bet that urgency went away once I left, am I right?” He turned onto the street that would take them onto Lakeshore Drive, a more leisurely and roundabout way to get over to Osborn Grade, the road that led up to the Heights. Demi didn’t object.
So far, so good.
She slanted him a sly look through her dark, curling eyelashes. “Are you one of those guys who thinks that every single thing is about them?”
He laughed. “No, I am not one of those guys.”
“Good,” she murmured. Her smile was mysterious. “I’m sorry I’m busy tonight.”
Exultation bubbled up inside him. “I didn’t have a lot of time to spend anyhow,” he said. “I have to be at my next job at eight o’clock. But I didn’t want to wait.”
“Another job? Where?”
He slowed to a crawl on Lakeshore Drive, brazenly pushing his luck. “I’m the night janitor up at the Fair Oaks Care Home,” he explained.
“All day at a construction site, and then a night shift? Yikes. When do you sleep?”
“I don’t,” he admitted. “Not much, anyway. I get a couple hours from four to six AM. And I try to nap for a few minutes in between shifts down in the park by the Falls.”
“That sounds nice, if it wasn’t for the mosquitoes,” she said.
“They don’t bother me,” he said. “Then I have a weekend shift at the gas station up on the highway. I’m saving up money to go into business for myself.”
“Really? What business?”
“I’m designing an efficiency app,” he told her. “To help streamline workflow in big organizations, like the military. I got the idea on my first combat tour, and I’ve been working on developing it ever since.”
“You mean, on your own? Did you study computer science someplace?”
“Not formally,” he admitted. “Self-taught.”
Her eyebrows shot up. “No shit? You can self-teach that kind of stuff?”
“Sure. I couldn’t afford college, and I was already enlisted in the Marines at that point, so I just downloaded course materials from MIT and Stanford’s computer science classes and used my free time to do the course work. I watched the video lectures, did all the reading and the projects, took the exams. The info’s all online. So I don’t have any degree to show for it, but I have all the skills.”
She stared at him. “Huh. You must be really mentally organized. To do it alone.”
“I guess so,” he said. “That got pounded into me real early, along with a shitload of math. And it’s easy to learn when you’re motivated.”
“But doesn’t it cost a lot to develop an app? Don’t you need investors?”
“It’s less expensive if you do most of the work yourself,” he explained. “I’ve already sketched it out with wire-framing tools, and I’m researching the tech stacking and the programming languages. Right now I’m designing a custom back-end so it can grow and scale. And I’m working on the code. At least I was before I took on the janitorial job.”
“Crazy,” she said. “Who knew you were secretly an egghead computer nerd.”
He felt suddenly embarrassed. Babbling like an idiot, trying to impress her. “I’m hung up on the visual design, though,” he admitted. “I’m no artist, so I’ll have to scrape up some cash and pay someone to help me make it all look good. But the more of the basic code I can write myself, the less expensive it’ll ultimately be.”
“That’s incredible,” she said. “Yay, you. I hope it goes well.”
“Me, too. What about you? What are you doing back here in Shaw’s Crossing? I figured you’d be working in the family business. In Granger Valley, or Tacoma.”
She made a face. “So do my parents, my grandad and absolutely everyone else in this town. They think I’m destined to take over Shaw’s Paper Products. That I’m the scion of stationery supplies. The crown princess of packing materials. But it’s not my jam. To my family’s eternal dismay.”
“Ah,” he said. “So what is?”
“Cooking.” The announcement sounded almost defiant. “I want to be a professional chef.”
He was startled, but he made the adjustment fast. “Of course. Those sandwiches you make are kick-ass.”
She let out a crack of wry laughter. “Don’t judge my skills on the basis of my lunch sandwiches.”
“Why not? They’re excellent.”
“That’s very sweet of you. But yes, that is my dream. I got a degree in restaurant management in college. In a few weeks, I start an internship at a restaurant in Seattle, and after that’s done, I’m headed to the Culinary Institute. Some people get all excited in stationery stores, and I wish that was me, but I get worked up when I see a lump of goat cheese rolled in fresh cut herbs or cracked black pepper. Or lemon infused olive oil, or a really good pickled artichoke. What can you do? That’s just what I’m made of.”
No more delaying the inevitable. Eric turned onto Cedar Crest Drive, Demi’s street, but he stopped well short of the driveway leading up to the huge Victorian mansion with the vast rolling lawn.
Their mailbox was knocked partly over, tilted at a forty-five degree angle to the ground. “What’s with your mailbox?” he asked.
“Oh, that.” Demi rolled her eyes. “That’s Burt’s work. Burt Colby. We have a problematic neighbor who sometimes drives himself home from the bar at two in the morning after a few too many beers. No one’s gotten around to fixing it yet.”
He grunted in disapproval. “That’s dangerous. He could hurt someone.”
“Yeah, he could, but he hasn’t yet, other than our mailbox. Thanks for the ride, and for the nice comments about my sandwiches. Good luck with your app. It sounds awesome. I’m sure you’ll be very successful.”
Her incandescent smile struck him speechless. Lush pink lips, the perfect curve of her cheek. That sexy flush lighting up the tanned, perfect glow of her skin.
The window rattled dangerously in the door as Demi opened it. She hesitated, leaned over and kissed him on the cheek. Just a soft, glancing touch, but oh God. Wow.
“Have a good shift at the care home,” she said. “Hope you get some sleep. See you tomorrow, maybe? At lunch?”
“Oh, yeah,” he said, dazed. “I’ll be there.”
Sleep, hah. Like he was ever going to sleep again, with that rush of gimme gimme hormone pumping into his body. Damn right, she’d see him tomorrow. And the day after, and the day after that. And any chance he got, until he felt those lips against his skin again.
The place she’d kissed tingled wildly. Hyper-sensitized. Like it was glowing.
“Shall we get that milkshake you offered me after work tomorrow?” she asked.
“I’d love to, but this is the thing. I’ll be all hot and sweaty, and my janitorial shift is at eight. I need to clean up before I put on the uniform. Usually I go straight to Kettle River Park and take a dip at Circle Falls. I keep a fresh uniform in the car to put on after.”
She bit her lip as she thought it through. “I like swimming,” she said. “And I like Circle Falls. Let’s just go straight there. I’ll bring a swimsuit to work.”
“Yeah?” Exultation threatened to float him right up out of his seat. “You’re on.”
“I’ll meet you outside the Bakery Café. Five o’clock.”
“Great. Can I get your phone number?”
She was pulling out her phone, opening her mouth to reply when the sharp squeak of car tires coming to an abrupt halt focused his eyes beyond Demi’s face, over her shoulder and to the other car.
Elaine Vaughn’s horrified eyes, through the window of her BMW. Demi’s mom.
Crap timing, but he regretted nothing.
Demi looked around. “Oh, shit,” she whispered. “I gotta go.”
“Sorry if I made problems for you,” he called after her.
“Not at all. I’m just late getting dinner started, that’s all. See you around.”
“Yeah. See you.”
Demi cut in front of her mom’s car as she crossed the street and headed up and across the huge lawn, straight toward the house.
Elaine Vaughan just sat as if she’d been turned into a statue. Eric looked patiently back at her, resisting the impulse to lay on the gas and escape, as if he were some lurking thug who’d done something wrong. He fucking wasn’t. So he just sat there.
Besides, it felt vaguely disrespectful to drive off before she did. Like hanging up on someone.
Mrs. Vaughan finally turned straight ahead, tight-lipped. Her car surged ahead.
Well, fuck. He’d definitively ruined Demi’s evening. Smooth move, bonehead.
He’d been trying so hard to walk the line. Head down, eyes forward, pocketing every spare penny to put toward his app. Then Demi Vaughan came into his line of vision, with her glossy brown curls and her hip-swaying walk, and whammo. His better judgment got coshed on the head, tied up and stuffed into the trunk of a car.
This was such a dumb move. On so many levels. He was the Prophet’s spawn, she was a rich girl, the town princess, the college grad. He was practically broke, she lived in the biggest house in Shaw’s Crossing. He was an orphan with a past best not talked about, and she was the granddaughter of the guy whose family gave the town its very name.
That was the girl he got a raging hard-on for. Because evidently he liked to punch up the challenge. Keep it interesting for himself. True to form.
He kept seeing the scene tomorrow, at the river, in his mind’s eye. Demi soaking wet. Clingy, scanty clothes. Her cloud of dark hair floating around her. Nipples tight from the cold.
He hit the accelerator. The sudden burst of speed knocked the wobbling window right off its track, and it fell down inside the car door with a loud, decisive thunk.
He could still hear his better judgment back there, trapped in the trunk. Howling, kicking out the taillights, trying to be heard. But he just couldn’t listen to it.
Stay down, you noisy dickwad. I got things to do. | <urn:uuid:d447772f-a935-4f18-9ba3-3fa01ce6ebd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://shannonmckenna.com/books/hellion/ | 2022-01-22T15:06:31Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303864.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122134127-20220122164127-00719.warc.gz | en | 0.976105 | 8,116 |
- Lake Mendocino Filling
- World Watches Fort Bragg
- KZYX Membership
- Catch of the Day
- Psychic Police
- Girls Swear
- David & Goliath
- The WPA
- Pint Arena's New Manager
- KZYX Changes
THE EFFECTS of the The Drought haven't been remedied by the recent rains, but Lake Mendocino, our visual guide to Mendocino County's water health, is filling up. No longer is the crucial reservoir the vast mud puddle it's been for several years.
FORT BRAGG HIGH SCHOOL'S ADMIN is looking more and more foolish:
Below is a joint statement from myself, Fort Bragg High School Assistant Principal/Athletic Director Bruce Triplett, and Fort Bragg Unified School District Superintendent Charles Bush:
After much discussion with the administration of Mendocino Unified, we decided that in order to protect the safety and well-being of all tournament participants it is necessary to ensure that all political statements and or protests are kept away from this tournament. We request that all participants respect our position in creating an atmosphere of political neutrality that is centered on friendly and healthy competition among young athletes. We are a small school district that simply does not have the resources to ensure the safety and well-being of our staff, students and guests at the tournament should someone get upset and choose to act out.
We applaud Mendocino basketball players for paying attention to what is going on in the world around them, and being willing to take a position that is in line with their beliefs. However, given the recent incidents involving the death of a law enforcement officer in our community, we simply feel this issue is too emotionally charged to allow such a demonstration to happen in our tournament and be able to ensure the safety and well-being of all involved. We simply do not have the resources to protect those involved should the situation become aggressive or physical.
Every school district that is participating in the event has been asked by our Athletic Director to respect our request to maintain a politically neutral environment while participating in this tournament. We want all athletes who wish to participate to have the opportunity to do so, but as the hosts of the event we also need to ensure that we can protect the safety and well-being of everyone in attendance. The only way that is possible is to make this event politically neutral and ask that all involved put their personal beliefs about a situation that occurred on the other side of our country on hold for the short time they are participating. If a team cannot or is unwilling to do that, we have no other choice but to exclude them from the event.
— Rebecca C. Walker, Principal Fort Bragg High School
OH, PLEASE. It takes three “educators” to come up with this completely wrong claim that political statements on t-shirts worn by teenage basketball players are a threat to public safety? Pathetic, and one more lesson for “the kids” (all rise) that when basic democratic principles run up against a spineless school administration (is there any other kind?), the principles get chucked along with the young people who express them.
ONE MORE TIME: I think the national hysteria represented by the I Can't Breathe movement is just that — hysteria. But slam-dunking a bunch of kids for expressing a minority political opinion is simply shameful, not to mention an indication of the intellectual standards at the two schools. Bush, Walker and Triplett need some remedial instruction themselves. Spineless school administrators hire spineless teachers, and the whole stultifying K-12 show makes sheep out of young people, the implicit notion that they're better off not participating in political life, let alone as a dissident. Their opinions won't be respected, and they sure as hell won't be protected by Fort Bragg and Mendocino School authorities.
INCIDENTALLY, there was no protest this football season when Mendocino High School postponed their homecoming week out of respect for Yom Kippur, a clear violation of another Constitutional principle — separation of church and state. Imagine the howls from the Mendocino Coast's liberals if homecoming had been postponed for a week so the Church of Christ could lead students in Bible study?
FORT BRAGG BAN GOES NATIONAL.
McCarthy's great reporting has now been appropriated by the national and international media, from AP to the New York Times to the Guardian of London:
Fort Bragg High asks team from Mendocino to stay home over T-shirts
By Lisa Leff, Associated Press, December 27, 2014
A high school basketball tournament in Fort Bragg has become the latest flashpoint in the ongoing protests over police killings of unarmed black men after a team from Mendocino High School was disinvited because of concerns its players would wear T-shirts printed with the words “I Can’t Breathe” during warmups.
The athletic director for Mendocino High was informed by his counterpart at Fort Bragg High School this week that neither the boys nor girls teams would be allowed to participate in the three-day tournament hosted by Fort Bragg High starting Monday, Mendocino Unified School District Superintendent Jason Morse said.
The boys were reinstated after all but one player agreed not to wear the shirts inspired by the last words of Eric Garner, the New York man who died after an officer put him in a chokehold, while on the Fort Bragg campus during the Vern Piver Holiday Classic tournament, Morse said. Too few girl players accepted the condition for the team to field a tournament squad, he said.
Bruce Triplett, the athletic director at Fort Bragg High, did not return a call and email seeking comment. Principal Rebecca Walker issued a written statement Friday saying school administrators respected the Mendocino teams “for paying attention to what is going on in the world around them” and that the T-shirts were being prohibited as a security precaution.
“To protect the safety and well-being of all tournament participants it is necessary to ensure that all political statements and or protests are kept away from this tournament,” wrote Walker, who said she was speaking on behalf of the athletic director and the Fort Bragg school superintendent. “We are a small school district that simply does not have the resources to ensure the safety and well-being of our staff, students and guests at the tournament should someone get upset and choose to act out.”
Mendocino varsity teams first wore the “I Can’t Breathe” T-shirts before a game with Fort Bragg on Dec. 16, according to the girls coach, Caedyn Feehan. The girls also wore them before games at two other tournaments and didn’t receive any blowback, Feehan said.
“I didn’t even know what it meant. I thought it was a joke about how I had conditioned them so hard,” Feehan said. “None of the administrators knew what it was or that any of them were doing it in advance. This was entirely for their cause that they had strong feelings about.”
Professional basketball players such as LeBron James, Derrick Rose and Kyrie Irving wore “I Can’t Breathe” shirts during warmups this month without repercussions from the NBA. After Kobe Bryant and other Laker player wore them before a game and on the bench on Dec. 9, coach Byron Scott said he viewed it as a matter of “freedom of choice and freedom of speech.”
That’s how Marc Woods, whose 16-year-old son Connor plans to sit out the tournament, sees it. Connor wore the T-shirt at the Dec. 16 game in the name of team solidarity, but “now that’s become a First Amendment violation, that’s what he is fired up about,” the father said.
Woods, whose father was a California Highway Patrol officer, said he is outraged by what he sees as using intimidation to silence players and fans. Fort Bragg administrators have warned spectators who plan to protest the T-shirt ban that they will be asked to leave, he said.
“It doesn’t take a lot to suppress the exchange of ideas when you put fear into it,” Woods said.
Both schools are located in Mendocino County, known for redwood forests, rugged coastline and marijuana-growing, located 120 miles north of San Francisco. The student bodies at the two schools are 1 percent black and 50 percent white and 41 percent Hispanic at Fort Bragg, 75 percent white and 9 percent Hispanic at Mendocino.
A county sheriff’s deputy, Ricky Del Fiorentino, was killed in March by a man suspected of murder and carjacking in Eugene, Ore. The suspect, Ricardo Antonio Chaney, later engaged in a shootout with a Fort Bragg police officer before shooting himself in the head.
Walker referenced Del Fiorentino’s death, saying “We simply feel this issue is too emotionally charged to allow such a demonstration to happen in our tournament and be able to ensure the safety and well-being of all involved.
AP AND THE NEW YORK TIMES and the Guardian of London and Al Jazeera have also picked up Fort Bragg's I Can't Breathe t-shirt ban. The Press Democrat ran the AP story, while none of the big media have credited Paul McCarthy of Elk who broke the story on MendocinoSportsPlus two days ago.
THE WAY THE CONTROVERSY is breaking down nationally pits what loosely passes for the “Left” claiming that the police are out of hand everywhere while the Right is suggesting that criticism of the police anywhere is a form of subversion. The “Left” is going so far as to say that we already live in a police state, which is a huge insult to the millions of people around the globe who live in real police states and speak out at the risk of their lives.
HEY! The Mendocino girl's basketball team, by refusing to honor the shirt ban, is more evidence that they understand what kind of country they're supposed to be living in, even if their administrators don't.
ON LINE STATEMENT OF THE DAY
I have my own personal opinion about the Garner case, as well as the others, but those don't trump our freedom of speech. I can understand banning some things for safety reasons but please explain how some kids at a high school sporting event, who were expressing themselves with a non-violent phrase in a non-violent manner, are risking anything? It's a sticky situation and a polarizing topic but as much as I can't stand certain opinions I would never censor them due too my belief in the Constitution of the United States of America and our bill of rights!
(— Christina Styles, writing on the Press Democrat comment line)
FORBES ON-LINE’s YOUTH SPORTS EDITOR BOB COOK COMMENTED SATURDAY AS WELL:
'I Can't Play' — High School Athletes Face Backlash for Eric Garner-Inspired T-Shirts
It’s not just pro athletes wearing “I Can’t Breathe” T-shirts in the wake of the death of Eric Garner. You’re probably familiar with his name and that phrase, which he exclaimed as he was in what would be a fatal chokehold by a New York Police Department officer, thus becoming shorthand for many protests nationwide against perceived police brutality, especially toward African-Americans such as Garner.
The black T-shirts with white Comic Sans lettering have appeared on the pregame warmup bodies of such NBA stars as LeBron James and Kobe Bryant, and they also recently have made their way to high school players as well. For example, the girls basketball team at the Patrick School in New Jersey broke them out during its recent season opener. The shirts aren’t hard to get a hold of: at my local mall, I’ve seen at least two stands selling them. That made me wonder whether a cry of protest quickly was being reduced to a saleable commodity.
The reaction to the “I Can’t Breathe” shirts at one northern California high school tells me the shirts haven’t yet lost their power. From CBS San Francisco:
“A high school basketball tournament on the Northern California coast has become the latest flashpoint in the ongoing protests over police killings of unarmed black men after a school was disinvited because of concerns its players would wear T-shirts printed with the words ‘I Can’t Breathe’ during warmups. The athletic director for Mendocino High School was informed by his counterpart at Fort Bragg High School this week that neither the boys nor girls teams would be allowed to participate in the three-day tournament hosted by Fort Bragg High starting Monday, Mendocino Unified School District Superintendent Jason Morse said. The boys were reinstated after all but one player agreed not to wear the shirts inspired by the last words of Eric Garner, the New York man who died after an officer put him in a chokehold, while on the Fort Bragg campus during the Vern Piver Holiday Classic tournament, Morse said. Too few girl players accepted the condition for the team to field a tournament squad, he said.”
While the most visible players on any level wearing “I Can’t Breathe” T-shirts are African-American, Mendocino’s overwhelmingly are not. The school is 75 percent white, 9 percent Hispanic and 1 percent black, according to CBS San Francisco. Fort Bragg is also only 1 percent black, though it is 41 percent Hispanic and 50 percent white.
The ban takes me back to my college media law course, in which the professor (who also wrote the book we studied) introduced us to Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the 1969 U.S. Supreme Court case that has been the bellwether for all school dress court cases that have followed. Basically, the Tinker kids were allowed to wear their anti-Vietnam War armbands because the First Amendment applied to school, and that schools could only restrict expression based on whether it was truly disruptive, not whether it merely made people uncomfortable or conflicted with the administration’s or community’s prevailing views.
I’ve seen no indication (yet) that anyone at Mendocino will try to bring the Tinker case to bear on Fort Bragg’s decision. For one thing, the conflicts don’t often make it to court, for many reasons (the Tinkers didn’t sue the school district until others picked up the conflict on their behalf). And there are all sorts of conflicts going on where the fight is in the inimitable court of public opinion, such as the Arkansas eighth-grader told she couldn’t wear a shirt stating, “Virginity Rocks,” or the Arlington, Texas, high school that banned a football team T-shirt whose message seemed to endorse rape.
Or school teachers in Staten Island — where Eric Garner was accosted by police and died — told by their union that the New York Department of Education would likely take action against them if they wore pro-New York Police Department T-shirts to school. This warning came in September, two months before a grand jury refused to indict anyone in connection with Garner’s death, and two police were killed in Brooklyn, deaths many officers believed were a direct result of protests against them.
As a writer, my sympathies naturally lie in more speech, not less, despite every YouTube comment thread. The protests against, and the support of, police have nuances that not everyone involved appreciate at first glance. (Speaking of nuances, the one boys’ player who refuses to not wear an “I Can’t Breathe” shirt is the son of a California Highway Patrol officer.)
If Mendocino High wanted to wear “I Can’t Breathe” T-shirts, let the chips fall where they may. It’s a good lesson in expressing opinions, especially realizing what happens when you’re speaking them to an unsupportive crowd. If nothing else, the gesture could perhaps educate people in their own community as to the issues involved, because despite LeBron James and Kobe Bryant, not everyone knows what “I Can’t Breathe” means. Again, from CBS San Francisco:
“Mendocino varsity teams first wore the ‘I Can’t Breathe’ T-shirts before a game with Fort Bragg on Dec. 16, according to the girls coach, Caedyn Feehan. The girls also wore them before games at two other tournaments and didn’t receive any blowback, Feehan said. ‘I didn’t even know what it meant. I thought it was a joke about how I had conditioned them so hard,’ Feehan said. ‘None of the administrators knew what it was or that any of them were doing it in advance. This was entirely for their cause that they had strong feelings about’.”
* * *
[and this just in from MendocinoSportsPlus...]
MENDO GIRLS VARSITY SENDS LETTER TO MENDO SHERIFF ASSOC. & TO ALL 'CONCERNED CITIZENS'
MSP was fortunate to obtain a copy of the letter some of the Mendocino High School girls varsity basketball team (and some members of the boys team) sent to the Mendocino County Deputy Sheriffs Association Christmas Eve as a Facebook "message." It is in response to that site's comment (since taken down) about the "I Can't Breathe" t-shirts the team wore December 16th. The letter is also meant to be read by "all concerned citizens."
Here it is:
It has come to our attention that members of our local law enforcement felt 'discouraged and disrespected' by our participation in a non-violent national protest. We have worn shirts during the warm-up at recent basketball games that say 'I Can’t Breathe'.
Although the Association did not contact us directly, the statements made on its Facebook page regarding the subject state that they interpreted our shirts as a protest to our local Sheriffs. Some of us and many of our parents personally knew Deputy Ricky Del Fiorentino. He was the best example of a law enforcement officer who knew how to calm down tense situations peacefully. Our protest has nothing to do with exemplary officers like Deputy Del Fiorentino.
We are saddened that the message we are trying to send has been misconstrued, but understand that by choosing to wear our shirts we were getting involved in a very real and controversial issue.
Eric Garner died after being put in a chokehold by law enforcement officials. His last words during the incident, 'I can’t breathe,' have become a slogan that has gained momentum and media attention after members of the NBA, as well as entire college and high school basketball teams wore shirts with this slogan during their warm-ups.
The Mendocino High School Varsity girls and boys basketball teams made the decision to wear the shirts without the initial encouragement of any parent, coach or other adult. We, the players, wanted to express our support for the people who face prejudices, racism, and police brutality daily in our country and convey our concern about these injustices to the public.
We are fortunate to live in a community in which these type of wrongs are uncommon, and respect our local law enforcement officers fully. We appreciate police officers and their difficult and sometimes dangerous job, but at the same time we condemn police brutality that does exist in our country and feel even small communities like ours should promote awareness of such crucial matters.
Various Members of the Mendocino High School Varsity Basketball Teams
Kiera Poehlmann, Jin Jackson, Scott Duncan, Emily Symonds, Michaela Hubbard, Naomi Baker, Isobel Hall, Sean Symonds, Connor Woods, Emily Miller, Isaiah Graham, Aimee Gordon, Cypress Bodaly
A RELUCTANT $25
KZYX&Z, P.O. Box 1, Philo, CA 95466
Mary and John and money-changing staff, accept this check for $25 for a Simple Living Membership.
I had to force myself to send this money, because I so don't have it to throw around and so don't want to reward you*, but I want to have a voice and a vote on the direction KZYX goes, and apparently this is the only way, even though you've got literally millions of tax dollars in grants over the last 25 years, so…
It's coming up on three years since I offered my show to you —description, long good history, letters of reference, letters to your Program Advisory Committee (which I found out a year later doesn't even exist), 15 years of samples, jumped through all your hoops, continued email contact and updating, and you've taken zero steps to put Memo of the Air: Good Night Radio on KZYX. Given my safe and wonderful and good-natured track record in teaching and publishing and radio I consider it to be a measure of your incompetence that my show was not on KZYX within six months. That would have been late summer of 2012.
*Two thousand (2000) (!) regular $50 memberships don't add up to what KZYX management scarfs up in personal pay, where none of the people actually doing the work of radio are paid a cent, nor even allowed autonomy in the content and operation of their own shows. That's one of the things that I'm going to vote to change.
Happy new year.
Marco McClean, Mendocino
ED NOTE: For 2013, KZYX’s Audited Budget (from their website) says “Wages, salaries and related expenses” were $249,539. Membership in the 2000 range x $50 = $100,000. As far as we know there are five paid staffers at KZYX (also according to their website): John Coate, Mary Aigner, David Steffen, Rich Culbertson, and Diane Hering.
CATCH OF THE DAY, December 27, 2014
KELISHA ALVAREZ, Ukiah. Illegal camping, probation revocation. (Frequent flyer.)
BRUCE CARTWRIGHT, Ukiah. Child abuse or endangerment, parole violation.
BO EDER, Fort Bragg. Possession of controlled substance, injection/smoking device, and burglary tools. (Frequent flyer.)
JESSICA EWING, Ukiah. Probatioin revocation.
GREGORY FINNEY, Ukiah. Assault with deadly weapon not a firearm.
TRAVIS HAWK, Ukiah. Provation revocation.
DANIEL HOLMES, Ukiah. Child endangerment, battery, resisting arrest, probation revocation.
ROSS MERRILL, Fort Bragg. Drunk in public, resisting arrest.
SANDRA OAKS, Hazelhurst, Georgia/Ukiah. Failure to appear.
MATTHEW OGDIE, Oakland/Ukiah. Probation revocation.
APRIL RASH, Ukiah. Child endangerment, probation revocation.
KENDRA SELLS, Fort Bragg. Possession of controlled substance and paraphernalia, probation revocation.
HERE'S TO RATIONALITY
For crying out loud…
I thought the Giants’ victory might make you giddy, but did all the excitement fry your brain? Otherwise, why, a week later would you run that goofy column by Debra Keipp? (She, the psychic, “…works between the 3rd and 4th dimensions of reality…” ?????) There is no such thing as a psychic. They are all fakes, scam artists taking gullible folks’ money. And, they steal time from serious investigations, if the police involved are also gullible. (The day a psychic predicts a lottery, I might be interested.)
It’s a myth that psychics have helped solve crime cases. Tests conducted by the LAPD showed information generated by psychics was no better than chance would allow (Journal of Police Science and Administration (7, No.1, 1979). Joe Nickell writes there is not a single documented case of a missing person being found or discovered due solely to psychic information. (See the book he edited, Psychic Sleuths).
In the Laci Peterson case, the Modesto police received over 300 calls from psychics but used none. None! The one D. Keipp refers to is Noreen Renier, who has a long sullied career as nothing more than an actor claiming paranormal powers (She predicted Jimmy Carter would be assassinated after his election in 1980 (!) and Mondale would commit suicide). She has faked police hirings, fabricated missing person cases, and claims university teaching appointments and diplomas which are all bogus. A thorough fascinating investigation of her is chronicled in <commentarybysherlock.com>.
I contacted well known skeptics about this case and they very promptly and generously offered their help. Gary Posner, MD, founder of Tampa Bay Skeptics has written extensively of her career (including Tampa Bay Skeptics Report, Vol. 16 No.1 Summer 2003). Benjamin Redford, deputy editor of Skeptical Inquirer magazine also wrote about Renier and the Peterson case in his recent book, Mysterious New Mexico.
The Laci Peterson case was solved by good, solid detective work by the police, helped by Scott Peterson’s stupidity. His Christmas Eve fishing venture to the Bay was immediately suspect, and later blood was found in his truck and on a mop he used to clean his kitchen floor. The police made many trips to the Bay with the case resolving itself in April when a couple out for a walk found the fetus washed up at Pt. Isabel. Laci’s body washed up the next day further away. No psychic needed here.
The problem is that Americans have not been taught to think critically; precisely why I recommended Carl Sagan’s The DemonHaunted World when you were collecting titles earlier this year. It’s a gem of a manual for thinking critically and should be recommended in all our high schools. I hope you’re back on your normal crystal clear thinking track, Bruce. Hang on. Catchers and pitchers report in about 2 months!
Jayne Thomas, Richmond
NIXON TAPE TRANSCRIPT OF THE DAY: April 28, 1971, 9:28 am
Richard Nixon, Bob Haldeman, and Henry Kissinger
EXECUTIVE OFFICE BUILDING
NIXON: This is what it really comes down to. The point is, now, Henry, drinking at 18. Because, well, 75% of the kids might drink at 18, most kids, 25% that drink at 18 would probably go off the rockers. It’s not a good idea. I mean, you’ve got to stop at a certain point. Why is it that the girls don’t swear? Because a man, when he swears, people can’t tolerate a girl who is a –
HALDEMAN: Girls do swear.
HALDEMAN: They do now.
NIXON: Oh, they do now? But, nevertheless, it removes something from them.
Now wake up boys, get out on the rock
It ain't daybreak but it's 4 o'clock
Oh, no, no, no, pops, you know that ain't the play
What you talkin' 'bout, it's the W.P.A.
The W.P.A., the W.P.A.
Sleep while you work, while you rest, while you play
Lean on your shovel to pass the time away
'T ain't what you do, you can die for your pay
The W.P.A., the W.P.A., the W.P.A.
Now don't be a fool working hard is passe
You'll stand from five to six hours a day
Sit down and choke while you smoke, it's okay, the W.P.A.
I'm so tired, I don't know what to do
Can't get fired, so I'll take my rest until my work is through
The W.P.A., the W.P.A.
Don't mind the boss if he's cross when you're gay
He'll get a pink slip next month anyway
Three little letters than make life okay, the W.P.A.
— Louis Armstrong
PINT ARENA'S NEW CITY MANAGER
by Debra Keipp
Last week I visited Point Arena City Hall because the new City Manager and secretary weren't answering their phones. I asked for a few chapters out of the City's Muni-Code, and had a few more questions about the City's dormant (what used to be called) Low-Income Housing Build-out Component. (It appears most of the low-income component has been aborted and it is now dubbed Senior Housing with only a few low-income units in the plans.)
The new Point Arena City Manager job has been filled by Phil Vince, who accepted a job that years ago should have been upgraded for Fred Patten, our old City Clerk under Mayor Dahlhoff. Patten held the City together for about a quarter of a century working in the capacity of City Clerk under both Mayors Earlygrow and Dahlhoff. Patten babysat Dahlhoff through her myopic unsuccessful attempt to rend ownership of Point Arena Water Works from owner, Bill Hay, which ended in Dahlhoff charging homeowners and water users for the entirety of the lawyers' fees generated by Dahlhoff for both sides in the case. (Dahlhoff's lawyers fees which water users are still paying as part of their water bills.) Dahlhoff proved too skimpy with her old friend to offer Patten the job re-classification and pay raise befitting his most excellent skills; holding together, as it goes in a small constituency like Point Arena, two handfuls of inexperienced Council members and Planners. Eventually he left his job, ill and discouraged. Since then Point Arena City Hall has been flapping in the breeze. A good deal of cluelessness could be attributed to the years since Fred Patten's resignation; leading up to recommendations made by the Mendocino County Grand Jury to hire an actual “City Manager” to guide City Council, instead of just another clerk.
New Point Arena City Manager, Phil Vince, most recently worked in Martinez and lived in Moraga, taking a year sabbatical before being hired recently to oversee Point Arena City Hall. While, according to election law, the City Council members must all live within the City limits to run for elected office, employee Vince, and one of the Planners, may live outside the City limits. There are no new places to live inside Point Arena's City boundaries, as build-out has been discouraged here throughout all of the Earlygrow and Dahlhoff campaigns amounting to about the last 25 years. Point Arena suffers a surplus of vacant, unpermitted dwellings as a result. Dahlhoff only recently released her stranglehold on Point Arena's no growth stance to bring Point Arena to the status of “Monument”, all of a sudden. Previous to that and presently, there remains no economic development plan within the City limits, even with promises of such after the dedication of the Coastal Monument. The population of Point Arena today remains at only around 500. It can't grow much larger than that, for lack of legal living accommodations within the City of sensitive habitat located entirely within the California Coastal Zone.
Point Arena sits within one square mile, with only about 200-odd registered voters. The maximum for a good voter turn-out is around 80-88 votes. Votes rarely number more than 90.
In speaking with Mr. Vince in the cold concrete and cinder block building which is Point Arena City Hall, he sat in his office working in a substantial, thickly-lined yellow hooded rain slick and acknowledged, “There's something not quite right about getting elected to public office with only 88 votes. It's usually unheard of... But that's the way it goes in a City the size of Point Arena.”
I asked Vince straight up, “What's the tax revenue of the Koogles' Huntley House, where our new Mayor lives illegally, which as potential tax revenue for the City, mostly sits empty of businesses these many years? And, why then can Mayor Koogle remain on Council when he doesn't legally live within the City limits, having lied on his election application papers, even though somehow, he can afford to keep buying unlivable, unpermitted properties which sit completely or mostly vacant in need of permits and renovation within the City limits?”
Mr Vince: “We don't even have enough officials for a Planning Commission. We have Council acting as Planners now...”
DKPA: “I know of the general lack of interest... You're saying we should be admitting Council applicants in from outside the City limits to hold office in Point Arena. According to what law? (Senator Roderick Wright was convicted of voter fraud for lying about his true residency in voter registration papers.) What's up with NO enforcement? Is it time for re-annexation so the City can legally draw applicants from outside the City limits?”
Vince looked nagged and incredulous as he said, “That's a law that is frequently broken and no one bothers to go after the offenders most of the time...” Episodic enforcement interludes are what they're called in Point Arena. (Mr. Vince is hog-tied anyway, until he passes his new employee probationary period.)
To which I responded with another satirical tact altogether. “Well, then, can you look at it this way? Why then didn't the City advertise the one seat on Council to anyone outside the City limits who can grow their 700 lbs of pot, enabling them to afford not to hold down another source of employment while living within the City limits like the rest of us poor suckers without virtue of “economic development”. Then, with untaxed pot money generated outside the City limits, buy up three parcels of property – oddly all unlivable, unrentable and dilapidated buildings – but within the City limits nonetheless, most all of which generate little, if any tax revenue for the City of Point Arena? All without filing for ANY permits, let alone the proper California Coastal Commission development permits. Let's open it up and make it available to every elected seat – not just the one guy who lied and got away with it. The City should be offering the position to more than just that one liar who shouldn't even be voting in the City limits, - that's voter fraud - who loop-holed it with his illegal living address on his election papers, which is still enforceable by law. But you tell me following the law is optional according to the City of Point Arena? City Hall gets to decide with impunity who gets to break the law? Does City Council draw straws, or decide by personal preference, overlooking their “friends” entirely in facilitating avoidance of all permitting processes. That lack of equality in enforcement just sends more complaints to Grand Jury... once again - to referee inadequacies by the City of Point Arena, who should simply follow the law instead of bending it to the breaking point only for “friends of City Hall”.”
We also touched briefly on nepotism by Council, Planners and employees of the City. Apparent in the nepotism of the City's hired relatives, errr aaaa... employees, Jean Nadell, former County Counsel, now Judge, came to City Hall to educate Gualala's GMAC members, Point Arena City Planners and Councilpersons, regarding conflict of interest, informing that they couldn't be married or related, and sit on these boards or as employees, simultaneously. That's when Mr. Dahlhoff, the former Mayor's husband, negated and argued with Nadell, regardless of the law she quoted. See my point about Point Arena's entitled conflicted political mindset?
“You want a letter from the City saying the current Mayor's “true residence” is not even a legal live space? I have evidence of that on City letterhead provided by the fired City Clerk. Wanta see it?”
Koogles' Huntley House is not a legal live space, according to the City of Point Arena. Never was. Koogle is guilty of fraud, therefore, as he rented it under that falsity, to at least two renters as a legal live-work space, before moving into the building himself. Can't we legally open City Council seats in Point Arena to everyone, in or outside the City limits, since it already seems to be a kind of unspoken broken law, anyway? We might at least get a better chance at a qualified candidate interested in prioritizing more than just a skate park typically for, and narrowly used by one gender – adolescent males.”
I added that I didn't want to overburden Mr. Vince with re-annexation in his new job, but that would be the most sensible for a voter constituency languishing at 88 votes, under annual scrutiny by the Mendocino County Grand Jury. Re-annexation could open up the already stifled boundaries of “Pint” Arena from Iversen to Mountain View and up to Ten Mile from the Ocean – or, follow the fog bank. That might at least give us a voter population of a few thousand... a much larger tax base, not to mention maybe some folks who'd like to run for office with some business acumen. Point Arena has at least a dozen vacated, deconstructed buildings and/or business spaces presently; both residential and commercial – most absolutely uninhabitable, earning no taxable income for the City of Point Arena, with nowhere for a new constituency to live in a city not requiring building permits and/or improvements, beginning with its Councilpersons.
I advised Mr. Vince to get the City Hall locks changed or re-keyed to eliminate the extra subterfuge, after already having had the City's office records sacked for incineration since Fred Patten ran City Hall. Before searching for the Muni-Codes, I informed Mr. Vince that the office secretary, himself, and the emergency services director for the City (who it turns out, is also Mr. Vince), are suppose to be the only three designatees with keys to City Hall's office. Not even the Mayor or Councilpersons are to have keys to City Hall. He blew it off telling me the locks had been changed by the previous interim City Manager, Tyson. I then asked Mr. Vince if I could buy a copy of Chapters 14 through 18 of the City's Muni-Code.
We went into the inner office in search of the Muni-Code binder for chapters 14-18. We found that chapters 14 and 18 are missing. These are the specific chapters that relate to the other Grand Jury Complaint a few constituents are filing on one other of Point Arena's City Council members who, for the last four-plus years, has been living without proper sewer, water, dwelling, or permits; in violation of Point Arena land use issues on sensitive habitat, which qualifies most of Point Arena within the City limits.
“Hmmmm...” I said, “Look there. The pertinent Muni-Codes: missing. I'll be damned. ...and just the very chapters pertaining to your other illegally-lodged Councilperson's California Development Permit, residency, and land use issues living in that uninhabitable garage without City sewer hook-up down on Point Arena Creek!”
To which Mr. Phil Vince, new hire City Manager, responded, “You could be right about those keys.”
ESSENTIAL CHANGES AT KZYX
Last Chance to Join/Renew at KZYX&Z, Be Eligible to Vote/Run in Spring Board Election
This Wednesday, December 31, is the deadline for becoming a member of KZYX&Z and being eligible to vote and/or run in next spring’s election for the board of directors. Many of us believe that new directors must be elected in order to bring about essential changes. Doug McKenty and I have committed to running for the At-Large and Fifth District seats, respectively. We are now looking for a candidate from the Second District, mainly the city of Ukiah. Members have until January 30 to decide if they want to run.
The last post, a legal/policy analysis, prompted suggestions that the changes be specified, with fewer words. Thus the following: Proposed Policy Changes for Mendocino County Public Broadcasting, aka KZYX&Z Programming:
A Program Advisory Council will be established, as required by the attached policy adopted by the Board of Directors in December 2008. Programmers will be provided adequate resources and support, with the least possible restrictions on freedom of expression, in order to maximize their creative energies. There will be freedom of communication between and among the Programmers, Staff, Management, Directors, Members, and the Public. Personnel: Authority for hiring and firing will be returned to the Board of Directors, as it was until 2006. The News Director will be a full-time position, independent of editorial control by Management. Any disciplinary action can be appealed to the Board of Directors. No one will be disciplined for expressing their opinion about the organization, though legal restrictions concerning offensive language and defamation of character will still apply.
Community Outreach: The General Manager, Program Director, News Director, and Station Engineer will attend all Board meetings. The Board And Staff will respond to questions and comments as time permits. The audio/video file of any meetings and/or outreach events will be posted on the website. The Community Advisory Board will be reconstituted so that it is independent and reflects the diversity of the listening community, with regular meetings that are open to the Public.
Members: Allow any Member to inspect and copy anx and alm records of MCPB/KZYX, other than confidential personnel records. Send written notice of the annual Membership Meeting to all Members with their ballot. Allow Members to put a Bylaw amendment on the annual ballot if they obtain the signatures of at least five percent (5%) of the Membership on a petition in support of the proposed amendment.
Directors: All policy decisions will be made by the Board of Directors. Directors will be given access to any and all information and documents. The duty of each director to oversee and!evaluate the operations of the organization will not be restricted.
All of these policy changes can be made by the Board of Directors. However, any of them could also be submitted to the Members for a vote as a bylaw amendment, which would bind any future boards if adopted. Attached are the current bylaws and policies of MCPB/KZYX, along with the lengthier legal/policy analysis previously posted. They and the proposed changes are the basis of future discussion.
Anyone interested in supporting these changes and/or running for a seat on the Board must be a member by December 31. Simple living memberships of $25 per year are still available, even though they are not publicized. The quickest way to join is by using the website donation page: http://kzyx.org/index.php/donate-or-join
MCPB is a membership-based organization dddicated to serving the entire community of Mendocino County and contiguous counties. The primary purpose of MCPB is to engage in providing high-quality, independent, community and public radio and other media products and services.
That is our mission, as stated in our bylaws 25 years ago. A membership nonprofit that operates a public community radio station with taxpayer money must be open and accessible. Otherwise it will defeat the efforts of generations who have sought to make the airwaves a resource for the people. And it will fail. Only by making essential changes can MCPB/KZYX achieve its best destiny, to be a shining city on the hill for a county, and a nation, that so desperately need one.
Dennis O'Brien, Ukiah | <urn:uuid:1cc71844-d0da-40a4-9280-afc241793920> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://www.theava.com/archives/38723 | 2022-01-26T23:28:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320305006.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220126222652-20220127012652-00239.warc.gz | en | 0.963004 | 9,329 |
Welcome back to my study/review of Genesis. If you missed the previous parts of this study, you can find them HERE.
5 The Hittites answered Abraham, 6 “Hear us, my lord; you are a prince of God among us. Bury your dead in the choicest of our tombs. None of us will withhold from you his tomb to hinder you from burying your dead.” 7 Abraham rose and bowed to the Hittites, the people of the land. 8 And he said to them, “If you are willing that I should bury my dead out of my sight, hear me and entreat for me Ephron the son of Zohar, 9 that he may give me the cave of Machpelah, which he owns; it is at the end of his field. For the full price let him give it to me in your presence as property for a burying place.”
10 Now Ephron was sitting among the Hittites, and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the hearing of the Hittites, of all who went in at the gate of his city, 11 “No, my lord, hear me: I give you the field, and I give you the cave that is in it. In the sight of the sons of my people I give it to you. Bury your dead.” 12 Then Abraham bowed down before the people of the land. 13 And he said to Ephron in the hearing of the people of the land, “But if you will, hear me: I give the price of the field. Accept it from me, that I may bury my dead there.” 14 Ephron answered Abraham, 15 “My lord, listen to me: a piece of land worth four hundred shekels[c] of silver, what is that between you and me? Bury your dead.” 16 Abraham listened to Ephron, and Abraham weighed out for Ephron the silver that he had named in the hearing of the Hittites, four hundred shekels of silver, according to the weights current among the merchants.
17 So the field of Ephron in Machpelah, which was to the east of Mamre, the field with the cave that was in it and all the trees that were in the field, throughout its whole area, was made over 18 to Abraham as a possession in the presence of the Hittites, before all who went in at the gate of his city. 19 After this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah east of Mamre (that is, Hebron) in the land of Canaan. 20 The field and the cave that is in it were made over to Abraham as property for a burying place by the Hittites.
Abraham negotiates with the Hittites to buy a burial cave for Sarah and eventually for himself also.
Concerning the Hittites, the more literal translation is “the children of Heth.”
bēn = בֵּן bên, bane; from H1129; a son (as a builder of the family name), in the widest sense (of literal and figurative relationship, including grandson, subject, nation, quality or condition, etc., (like father or brother), etc.):—afflicted, age, (Ahoh-) (Ammon-) (Hachmon-) (Lev-) ite, (anoint-) ed one, appointed to, (+) arrow, (Assyr-) (Babylon-) (Egypt-) (Grec-) ian, one born, bough, branch, breed, + (young) bullock, + (young) calf, × came up in, child, colt, × common, × corn, daughter, × of first, firstborn, foal, + very fruitful, + postage, × in, + kid, + lamb, (+) man, meet, + mighty, + nephew, old, (+) people, rebel, + robber, × servant born, × soldier, son, + spark, steward, + stranger, × surely, them of, + tumultuous one, valiant(-est), whelp, worthy, young (one), youth.
Ḥēṯ = חֵת Chêth, khayth; from H2865; terror; Cheth, an aboriginal Canaanite:—Heth.;
The verse then is identifying the “Hittites” with the Heth from Genesis 10:15.
And Canaan begat Sidon his firstborn, and Heth,
As discussed in the previous post, the Hittites of the Bible are considered distinct from the Hittites from history – though there is a lot of scholarship that links the two.
Let’s examine the verses. From The Pulpit Commentaries:
And the children of Heth answered. Abraham, saying unto him, Hear us, my lord. My lord (Adoni) = sir, monsieur, or mein herr. One acts as the spokesman of all; the number changing from plural to singular. The LXX; reading לֹא instead of לוֹ, after the Samaritan Codex, render μὴ κύριε, Not so, my lord; but hear us. Thou art a mighty prince among us. Literally, a prince of Elohim; not of Jehovah, since the speakers were heathen whose ideas of Deity did not transcend those expressed in the term Elohim. According to a familiar Hebrew idiom, the phrase might be legitimately translated as in the A.V.—cf. “mountains of God,” i.e. great mountains, Psalms 36:6; “cedars of God,” i.e. goodly cedars, Psalms 80:10 (Calvin, Kimchi, Rosenmüller, ‘Speaker’s Commentary’); but, as employed by the Hittite chieftains, it probably expressed that they regarded him as a prince or phylarch, not to whom God had given an elevated aspect (Lange), but either whom God had appointed (Gesenius), or whom God manifestly favored (Kalisch, Murphy). This estimate of Abraham strikingly contrasts with that which the patriarch had formed (Psalms 80:4) of himself. In the choice of our sepulchers bury thy dead; none of us will withhold from thee his sepulcher, but that thou mayest bury thy dead. This remarkable offer on the part of the Hittites Thomson regards as having been merely compliment, which Abraham was too experienced an Oriental not to understand. But, even if dictated by true kindness and generosity, the proposal was one to which for many reasons—faith in God, love for the dead, and respect for himself being among the strongest—the patriarch could not accede. With perfect courtesy, therefore, though likewise with respectful firmness, he declines their offer.
The commentary note above gives a lot of background to the term “prince of God” which is applied to Abraham by the children of Heth.
mighty = אֱלֹהִים ʼĕlôhîym, el-o-heem’; plural of H433; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative:—angels, × exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), × (very) great, judges, × mighty.
prince = נָשִׂיא nâsîyʼ, naw-see’; or נָשִׂא nâsiʼ; from H5375; properly, an exalted one, i.e. a king or sheik; also a rising mist:—captain, chief, cloud, governor, prince, ruler, vapour.
As you see from the underlying language, the focus on the translation in the Commentary above is warranted. “Mighty” comes from a word we have focused on repeatedly in this text – Elohim. Usually when we see “Elohim” in the text, it is translated as “God.” Here, though, it is translated as “mighty.”
A lot of the rest of the chapter focuses on the customs of courtesy from both sides in the buying and selling process.
Ellicott’s Bible Commentary mentions this in its note for verse 6 and we see it going forward also.
In the choice of our sepulchres.—The interview between Abraham and the Hittites is marked by the utmost courtesy on both sides, but it is a mistake to suppose that this acceptance of the patriarch’s proposal contained the idea that he might select a sepulchre without paying for it. The payment, in true Oriental fashion, is kept in the background, but is pre-supposed on both sides. After the acceptance of his proposal, it was Abraham’s turn to name the burying-place he wished, and the owner next consents, but while treating the purchase-money as a matter of small importance, he nevertheless asks a very high price, to which Abraham at once consents.
The Pulpit Commentaries goes into some detail over the process occurring here in verses 7 through 9.
And Abraham stood up (the customary posture among Orientals in buying and selling being that of sitting), and bowed himself to the people of the land, even to the children of Hath—an act of respect quite accordant with modern Oriental manners.
And he communed with them, saying, If it be year mind—literally, if it be with your souls, the word nephesh being used in this sense in Psalms 27:12; Psalms 41:3; Psalms 105:22—that I should bury my dead out of my might; hear me, and entreat for me to Ephron the son of Zohar. The ruler of the city (Keil); but this is doubtful (Lange). “There is scarcely anything in the habits of Orientals more annoying to us Occidentals than this universal custom of employing mediators to pass between you and-those with whom you wish to do business. Nothing can be done without them. A merchant cannot sell a piece of print, nor a farmer a yoke of oxen, nor any one rent a house, buy a horse, or get a wife, without a succession of go-betweens. Of course Abraham knew that this matter of the field could not be brought about without the intervention of the neighbors of Ephron, and therefore he applies to them first”. That he may give me the cave of Machpelah,—Machpelah is regarded as a proper noun (Gesenius, Keil, Kalisch, Rosenmüller), as in Genesis 49:30, though by others it is considered as an appellative, signifying that the cave was double (LXX; Vulgate), either as consisting of a cave within a cave (Hamerus), or of one cave exterior and another interior (Abort Ezra), or as having room for two bodies (Calvin), or as possessing two entrances (Jewish interpreters). It is probable the cave received its name from its peculiar form,—which he hath (Ephron’s ownership of the cave is expressly recognized, and its situation is next described), which is in the end of his field—“so that the cession of it will not injure his property” (Wordsworth). At the same time Abraham makes it clear that an honest purchase is what he contemplates. For as much money as it is worth—literally, for full silver (1 Chronicles 21:22). Cf. siller (Scotch) for money. This is the first mention of the use of the precious metals as a medium of exchange, though they must have been so employed at a very early period (vide Genesis 13:2)—he shall give it me for a possession of a burying-place amongst you. The early Chaldaeans were accustomed to bury their dead in strongly-constructed brick vaults. Those found at Mughheir are seven feet long, three feet seven inches broad, and five feet high, are composed of sun-dried bricks embedded in mud, and exhibit a remarkable form and construction of arch, resembling that occur ring in Egyptian buildings and Scythian tombs, in which the successive layers of brick are made to overlap until they come so close that the aperture may be covered by a single brick. In the absence of such artificial receptacles for the dead, the nearest substitute the patriarch could obtain was one of those natural grottoes which the limestone hills of Canaan so readily afforded.
We have some new words to study in these verses.
Ephron = עֶפְרוֹן ʻEphrôwn, ef-rone’; from the same as H6081; fawn-like; Ephron, the name of a Canaanite and of two places in Palestine:—Ephron, Ephrain (from the margin).; עֵפֶר ʻÊpher, ay’-fer; probably a variation of H6082; gazelle; Epher, the name of an Arabian and of two Israelites:—Epher.
Zohar = צֹחַר Tsôchar, tso’-khar; from the same as H6713; whiteness; Tsochar, the name of a Hittite and of an Israelite:—Zohar. Compare H3328.; צַחַר tsachar, tsakh’-ar; from an unused root meaning to dazzle; sheen, i.e. whiteness:—white.
Machpelah = מַכְפֵּלָה Makpêlâh, mak-pay-law’; from H3717; a fold; Makpelah, a place in Palestine:—Machpelah.; כָּפַל kâphal, kaw-fal’; a primitive root; to fold together; figuratively, to repeat:—double.
Ellicott’s Bible Commentary speculates about the meaning of Machpelah.
(9) The cave of Machpelah.—That is, the double cave, consisting probably of an outer and an inner compartment. As the land around is also called “the field of Machpelah” (Genesis 49:30; Genesis 1:13), some imagine that it was the valley that was double; but more probably it took its name from the cavern. For a description of the Haram, within which the bones of Abraham and Sarah probably still lie, see Palmer, Desert of the Exodus, p. 397; Stanley, Sinai and Palestine, p. 101; and also the Appendix to his Sermons in the East.
In verse 10, Ephron speaks up and the bargaining for the cave of Machpelah begins in earnest. Abraham asks the gathered crowd to intercede with Ephron and Ephron, who is present, speaks up among them. From Ellicott:
(10) And Ephron dwelt among . . . —Again a mistranslation. The Heb. is, Ephron was sitting in the midst of the Hittites. At these assemblies held at the gate of the city every free-born citizen had a right to be present, and matters were settled by common consent. As Ephron was the owner of the cave, his approval was necessary, and this Abraham treats as a favour, and requests that Ephron’s fellow-citizens will intercede in his behalf.
In verse 11, Ephron says that he gives the field to Abraham. The subtext according to the notes is that this statement was not intended to be taken literally but is instead part of a customary curtesy during the bargaining. From The Pulpit Commetnaries:
Nay, my lord, hear me: the field give I thee, and the cave that is therein, I give it thee—an Oriental mode of expressing willingness to sell. Ephron would make a present of cave and field to the patriarch,—”and just so have I had a hundred houses, and fields, and horses given to me”,—the design being either to obtain a valuable compensation in return, or to preclude any abatement in the price (Keil), though possibly the offer to sell the entire field when he might have secured a good price for the cave alone was an indication of Ephron’s good intention (Lange). At least it seems questionable to conclude that Ephron’s generous phrases, which have now become formal and hollow courtesies indeed, meant no more in that simpler age when the ceremonies of intercourse were newer, and more truly reflected its spirit. In the presence of the ions of my people give I it thee (literally, have I given, the transaction being viewed as finished): bury thy dead.
In verse 11, take note that Ephron repeats the phrase “I give thee” three times.
11 “No, my lord, hear me: I give you the field, and I give you the cave that is in it. In the sight of the sons of my people I give it to you. Bury your dead.”
This has the form and feel of ceremony. From Ellicott on the same verse:
(11) The field give I thee.—Only the cave had been mentioned, but for its quiet possession the land around was necessary. In the thrice repeated “give I it thee,” there is the same courtly idea as in Genesis 23:6, that they were not buying and selling, but making mutual presents.
The Pulpit Commentaries describes the interaction then from verses 12 through 15:
And Abraham bowed down himself before the people of the land. To express his sense of their kindness, and appreciation of Ephron’s offer in particular; aider which he courteously but firmly urged forward the contemplated purchase. And he spake unto Ephron in the audience of the people of the land, saying, But if thou wilt give it, I pray thee, hear me. Literally, if thou, I would that thou wouldst hear me, the two particles אִם and לוּ being conjoined to express the intensity of the speaker’s desire. I will give thee money for the field. Literally, money of the field, i.e. the value of the field in money. This seems to indicate that Abraham at least imagined Ephron’s offer of the field and cave as a gift to be not wholly formal. Had he regarded Ephron as all the while desirous of a sale, he would not have employed the language of entreaty. Take it of me, and I will bury my dead there.
And Ephron answered Abraham, saying unto him, My lord, hearken unto me: the land is worth four hundred shekels of silver. The word “shekel,” from shakal, to weigh, here used for the first time, was not a stamped coin, but a piece of metal of definite weight, according to Exodus 30:13, equal to twenty gerahs, or beans, from garar, to roll. Coined money was unknown to the Hebrews until after the captivity. In the time of the Maccabees (1 Macc. 15:6) silver coins were struck bearing the inscription שקל ישראל. According to Josephus (Ant; iii. 8, 2) the shekel in use in his day was equal to four Athenian drachmae; and if, as is believed, these were one-fifth larger than the old shekels coined by Simon Maccabeus, the weight of the latter would be equal to three and one-third drachms, or two hundred grains, reckoning sixty grains to a drachm. It is impossible to ascertain the weight of the shekel current with the merchant in the time of Abraham; but reckoning it at a little less than 2s. 6d. sterling, the price of Ephron’s field must have been somewhat under £50; a very consider able sum of money, which the Hittite merchant begins to depreciate by representing as a trifle, saying, What is that betwixt me and thee?—words which are still heard in the East on similar occasions—bury therefore thy dead.
What is that between = בֵּין bêyn, bane; (sometimes in the plural masculine or feminine); properly, the constructive form of an otherwise unused noun from H995; a distinction; but used only as a preposition, between (repeated before each noun, often with other particles); also as a conjunction, either…or:—among, asunder, at, between (-twixt…and), + from (the widest), × in, out of, whether (it be…or), within.
With Ephron having named an actual value, Abraham proceeds to weigh out the stated value in verse 16. From Ellicott:
(16) Abraham weighed . . . current money with the merchant.—Shekel literally means weight, and money was not coined until long afterwards. In the last clause, by inserting money our version antedates facts. According to the Hebrew, it was the silver that was current with the merchants. The metal was probably made into small bars, marked by the refiner to indicate their quality: and Abraham weighed out to Ephron about 200 ounces of silver in bars of the quality usual in trade.
Starting in verse 17, the verses record that Abraham takes possession of the cave. Again from Ellicott:
(17) Before Mamre.—That is, opposite to it. The Haram wherein the bodies of Abraham and Sarah lie, is situated on the eastern side of the valley, so that Abraham’s oak-grove must have been on its western slope. The old Christian tradition, which places it at Ramet-el-Chalil, does not agree with this description, and is, moreover, too far away. The remains pointed out there as those of Abraham’s house, are the ruins of a heathen temple. But it is useless to look for any remains of the abode of a nomad dwelling in tents, especially after the site has been occupied by a great city. Moreover, Hebron itself has changed its position. For Benjamin of Tudela, who visited it nearly seven centuries ago, says that the old Hebron was on the heights, but had been abandoned, and that the new city lay in the valley.
The field, and the cave . . . —It is interesting to compare this document, so legally exact and full, with the numerous tablets of terra-cotta now in our museums, and which record with equal exactness the daily business transactions of the people of Ur-Chasdim, whence Abraham had migrated.
The note above reminds us of Abraham’s original home city: Ur-Chasdim. We do not really know *where* specifically that city is located through there is speculation that it was either in Sumer or in modern day Turkey.
The text tells us that after the negotiation was concluded, he buries Sarah. From The Pulpit Commentaries:
And after this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife—with what funeral rites can only be conjectured. Monumental evidence attests that the practice of embalming the dead existed in Egypt in the reign of Amunophth I., though probably originating, earlier.; and an examination of the Mugheir vaults for burying the dead shows that among the early Chaldaeans it was customary to place the corpse upon a matting of reed spread upon a brick floor, the head being pillowed on a single sun-dried brick, and the body turned on its left side, the right arm falling towards the left, and the fingers resting on the edge of a copper bowl, usually placed on the palm of the left hand—in the cave of the field of Machpelah before: Mamre. In which also in succession his own remains and those of Isaac, Rebekah, Jacob, and Leah were deposited, Rachel alone of the great patriarchal family being absent. This last resting-place of Abraham and his sons, as of Sarah and her daughters, has been identified with Ramet-el-Kalil, an hour’s journey to the north of Hebron (which is too distant), where the foundations of an ancient heathen temple are still pointed out as Abraham’s house; but is more probably to be sought for in the Mohammedan mosque Haram, built of colossal blocks, and situated on the mountain slope of Hebron towards the east (Robinson, Thomson, Stanley, Tristram), which, after having been for 600 years hermetically sealed against Europeans,—only three during that period having gained access to it in disguise,—was visited in 1862 by the Prince of Wales and party. The same is Hebron in the land of Canaan (vide Genesis 23:2).
We do not know what the funeral rites looked like nor are we certain as modern readers where the location of this cave is currently located. The note above speculates that the likely location is a modern day mosque.
Wikipedia has a lengthy and informative article on The Cave of the Patriarchs that is worth reading for a baseline of background and subsequent history on this location. Below is a portion of the history of the location since Israel took possession of Hebron:
Following the Israeli occupation of the West Bank in the Six-Day War, Hebron came under Jewish control for the first time in 2,000 years and the 700-year-long restriction limiting Jews to the seventh step outside was lifted.
According to the Chief Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces, Major general Rabbi Shlomo Goren‘s autobiography on 8 June 1967, during the Six-day war, he made his way from Gush Etzion to Hebron. In Hebron he realized that the Arabs had surrendered and quickly made his way to the Cave of the Patriarchs. He shot at the doors of the mosque with his Uzi submachine gun. But when that was ineffective in prying the doors open, he attached chains to his Jeep and the doors, proceeding to pull them down. He entered the mosque and began to pray, becoming the first Jew to enter the compound for about 700 years. While praying, a messenger from the Mufti of Hebron delivered a surrender note to him, whereby the rabbi replied “This place, Ma’arat HaMachpela, is a place of prayer and peace. Surrender elsewhere.”
The first Jew to enter the underground caves was Michal Arbel, the 13-year-old daughter of Yehuda Arbel, chief of Shin Bet operations in the West Bank, because she was slender enough to be lowered into the narrow, 28 centimetres (11 in) wide hole on 9 October 1968, to gain access to the tomb site, after which she took photographs.
Israeli settlers reestablished a small synagogue under the mosque. The first Jewish wedding ceremony to take place in it was on 7 August 1968. The stone stairway leading to the mosque was also destroyed in order to erase the humiliating “seventh step”.
In 1968, a special arrangement was made to accommodate Jewish services on the Jewish New Year and Day of Atonement. This led to a hand-grenade being thrown on the stairway leading to the tomb on 9 October; 47 Israelis were injured, 8 seriously. On 4 November, a large explosion went off near the gate to the compound and 6 people, Jews and Arabs, were wounded. On Yom Kippur eve, 3 October 1976, an Arab mob destroyed several Torah scrolls and prayer books at the tomb. In May 1980, an attack on Jewish worshippers returning from prayers at the tomb left 6 dead and 17 wounded.
In 1981, a group of Jewish settlers from the Hebron community lead by Noam Arnon broke into the caves and took photos of the burial chambers.
Tensions would later increase as the Israeli government signed the Oslo Accords in September 1993, which gave limited autonomy to the PLO in the West Bank city of Jericho and the Gaza Strip. The city of Hebron and the rest of the major Palestinian population centers in the West Bank were not included in the initial agreement. The Cave of the Patriarchs massacre committed by Baruch Goldstein, an Israeli-American settler in February 1994, left 29 Palestinian Muslims dead and scores injured. The resulting riots resulted in a further 35 deaths.Jewish bride praying at the site before her wedding, 2010
The increased sensitivity of the site meant that in 1996 the Wye River Accords, part of the Arab-Israeli peace process, included a temporary status agreement for the site restricting access for both Jews and Muslims. As part of this agreement, the waqf (Islamic charitable trust) controls 81% of the building. This includes the whole of the southeastern section, which lies above the only known entrance to the caves and possibly over the entirety of the caves themselves. As a consequence, Jews are not permitted to visit the Cenotaphs of Isaac or Rebecca, which lie entirely within the southeastern section, except for 10 days a year that hold special significance in Judaism. One of these days is the Shabbat Chayei Sarah, when the Torah portion concerning the death of Sarah and the purchase by Abraham of the land in which the caves are situated, is read.
Thousands of years later, what we are reading about here in the text of Genesis remains a deep source of tension. Hebron has been in the news recently as a location for much of the recurrence of fighting between the Israeli government and Palestinians.
Verse 20 brings to the fore some apparent confusion from early Christian Stephen as recorded in the Book of Acts.
Acts 7:14-16: 14 And Joseph sent and summoned Jacob his father and all his kindred, seventy-five persons in all. 15 And Jacob went down into Egypt, and he died, he and our fathers, 16 and they were carried back to Shechem and laid in the tomb that Abraham had bought for a sum of silver from the sons of Hamor in Shechem.
(16) And were carried over into Sychem.—The words appear to include Jacob, who was buried not at Sychem, but Machpelah (Genesis 1:13). If we limit the verb to the patriarchs, which is in itself a tenable limitation, we are met by the fresh difficulty that the Old Testament contains no record of the burial of any of the Twelve Patriarchs, with the exception of Joseph, whose bones were laid, on the occupation of Canaan, in Shechem (Joshua 24:32); and Josephus states (Ant. iv. 8, § 2) that they were buried at Hebron. This, however, only represents, at the best, a local tradition. In the time of Jerome (Ep. 86) the tombs of the Twelve Patriarchs were shown at Shechem, and this in its turn witnesses to a Samaritan tradition which continues to the present day (Palestine Exploration Report, Dec., 1877), and which Stephen, it may be, followed in preference to that of Judæa. Looking to the probabilities of the case, it was likely that the example set by Joseph would be followed by the other tribes, and that as Shechem was far more prominent than Hebron, as the centre of the civil and religious life of Israel in the time of Joshua, that should have been chosen as the burial-place of his brethren rather than Machpelah. Looking, again, to the fact that one of Stephen’s companions, immediately after his death, goes to Samaria as a preacher, and that there are good grounds for believing that both had been previously connected with it (see Note on Acts 6:5), we may probably trace to this influence his adoption of the Samaritan version of the history. The hated Sychar (Sir. 1:26; see Note on John 4:5) had, from Stephen’s point of view, a claim on the reverence of all true Israelites, and his assertion of that claim may well have been one of the causes of the bitterness with which his hearers listened to him.
That Abraham bought for a sum of money.—Here we seem to come across a direct contradiction to the narrative of Genesis. The only recorded transaction in which Abraham appears as a buyer, was his purchase of the cave of Machpelah from Ephron the Hittite (Genesis 23:16). The only recorded transaction in which the sons of Emmor, or Hamor, appear as sellers, was in Jacob’s purchase of the field at Shechem (Genesis 33:19
The note is actually quite a bit longer than the portion included above. If you are interested in reading more, you can follow the link.
Why does the potential for a mistake by Stephen actually matter? If there is a mistake on a plain point in the scripture, then the argument for inerrancy or inspiration falls into question.
The Pulpit Commentaries explains the contradiction as follows:
The Just of these hypotheses would not indeed be fatal to the Inspiration of the record; but the claims of either Luke or Stephen to be authoritative teachers on the subject of religion would be somewhat hard to maintain if it once were admitted that they had blundered on a plain point in their own national history. And yet it is doubtful if any of the proposed solutions of the problem is perfectly satisfactory; such as
(1) that the two purchases of Abraham and Jacob are here intentionally, for the sake of brevity, compressed into one account (Bengel, Pererius, Willet, Hughes); or
(2) that Abraham bought two graves, one at Hebron of Ephron the Hittite, as recorded by Moses, and another at Shechem of the sons of Hamor the father of Shechem (Words. worth); or
(3) that the words “which Abraham bought for a sum of money” should be regarded as a parenthesis, and the sentence read as intimating that Jacob and the fathers were carried over into Shechem, and (afterwards) by the sons of Hamor the lather of Shechem interred in Abraham’s sepulcher at Hebron (Cajetan). Obvious difficulties attach to each of them; but the facts shine out clear enough in spite of the encompassing obscurity, viz; that Abraham bought a tomb at Hebron, in which first the dust of Sarah was deposited, and to which afterwards the bodies of himself, Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Leah were consigned, while Joseph and the twelve patriarchs, who all died in Egypt, were brought over to the promised land and buried in Jacob’s field at Shechem.
Many volumes of text have been written to explain the contradiction. J.W. Garvey’s 1881 text, Lands of the Bible, provides the argument that the apparent contradiction in the Book of Acts is an issue of improper translation.
I will borrow from John Simpson who uses the book to address the question at Quora.
As the two clauses stand in our version, “he died, himself, and our fathers; and they were carried over into Shecham,” there can be no doubt that “himself ” and “fathers” are common subjects of one verb “died,” and that the pronoun “they” before “were carried” refers to both alike. But it is not so in the original. The construction is different. The verb rendered died is in the singular number, eteleutasen, and it agrees only with autos, himself. The plural substantive “fathers” is not the subject of that verb, but of the plural eteleutasan understood. The construction having been changed with the introduction of the plural subject, it follows that the plural verb metetéthasan, “were carried,” belongs to fathers, and not to Jacob. The two clauses, properly punctuated, and with the ellipsis supplied, read thus: “and he died; and our fathers died, and were carried over into Shechem.” With this rendering and punctuation, which are certainly admissible, the contradiction totally disappears; and if the passage had been thus rendered at first into English, a contradiction would not have been thought of (1892, p. 121, emp. added, italics in orig.).
McGarvey’s point was this. If Jacob was buried at Machpelah in Hebron (and of that there is no doubt, since Genesis 49:29-30 so states), then Stephen must have been saying that it was the fathers alone who were buried in Shechem, not Jacob. This is quite possible. We know that at least one of the fathers—Joseph—was buried in Shechem (Joshua 24:32). And while the Old Testament does not record the burial places for many of the other patriarchs, we can glean some information from secular history on the subject. In his discussion on Acts 7, the well-known commentator Albert Barnes mentioned that some Jewish historians (e.g., Kuinoel) held to the view that the fathers were buried at Shechem (1949, p. 124). In addition, Jerome, a fourth-century writer from Palestine, stated: “The twelve patriarchs were buried not in Arbes [Hebron—AB/KB], but in Shechem” (as quoted in Barnes, p. 124).
A translation issue actually makes sense given the context of the Book of Acts. If Stephen (in a room full of people who would know the history) made a glaring mistake in his speech, it would have been noticed by his audience and pointed out. The record does not indicate that this happened. In addition, a glaring mistake would likely have been noticed (and possibly even corrected) in the original language renderings of this text when the mistake would have been more noticeable to the early Christian converts from Judaism. Since there appears to have been no original language issue with what Stephen said on this point, then it is likely that the contradiction arises from translation scholarship.
It is my experience that a study of the Bible (Old and New Testament alike) are done with great difficultly unless the original language is not also considered. I have been surprised in my own studies how often that teaching on points of controversy – without reference to the original language – occurs. You should be suspicious then if someone is teaching you any mysteries from within the text without making frequent reference back to the underlying original text. | <urn:uuid:bafb7b84-0b0b-43a9-9b25-be382e0b55f9> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://dustyreviews.com/2021/05/29/genesis-part-94/ | 2022-01-22T21:06:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303884.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122194730-20220122224730-00279.warc.gz | en | 0.966519 | 8,282 |
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The token is on fire?, just print the qr codes are available?.
**website : uranusmoonshot.space**, maybe there’s more to say., 🔐renounced ownership 🔐, if we went live in the downline..
* telegram ✅. $idea token released | good debbie | low market cap, and active marketing campaigns 🔝. but diamond hands.. ✔️social fans. i’ll do my own private little laundromat, and not for me it failed and now they are simply two scenarios: either this is misinformation.. what is the leap and buy..
Can’t believe we got this.. ape into the shorters fight the scammers..
I am astonished at everything the marsman with the funds on and secure coin with a substantial amount, i’ll purchase and write down who won what from whom., they really don’t!. the ledger subreddit is continuously targeted by scammers., don’t lose your money, but missing out on the roadmap, even a digital copy in text or photo form..
For your security, do not post personal information to a new line up to the moon 🚀 hodl for the people, by the nodeseeds..
40¢ brings a sense of humour ya bores its just showing the balance sheet.. its letting me complete the surveys in the past couple of days ago., he worked on polkastarter through a crisis these days?. it’s money out and watch your $nеwinu balance grow.. lets be sad for him, send him funds to coinmetro token?, check out their website!.
in addition you get 5% rakeback from me later for sure..
How Exchange Coinmetro Token To Buy Eur With Credit Card On Coinmama? Download now & encrypt your crypto, be sure to read comments, particularly those who are downvoted, and warn your fellow redditors against scams., im gonna wait for it to crash so hard your head to fall asleep and rest assured that your investment in the works. special thanks to binance charity wallet.
🛸 5% fee goes back into liquidity., when did this happen?. services. who got lucky.
the coin is like a danish bank in consulting and i’m sorry mate., > elongate pooled: 28,292,667,705,973.550.
It has no real honest solutions/answers to them., read the entire crypto market..
you can’t hodl with diamond hands.. many thanks!!, of course, the risk levels of use, from beginner to more advanced..
Can You Buy Icx With Credit Card On Cash App Into Bank Account? *cryptoxygen token*, this is crypto baby!. hello everyone, join this project is legitimate, but do not solely rely on these tools., you are all of these 😂, be sure to do anything about trading, and have been waiting for alexandrus to make more money if news about the crypto space, having joined around january.. fair launch in pcs soon – exogenesis bsc token!.
🏎 tokenomics 🏎, please report any suspicious private message to reddit..
I think there are really the reason?, be sure to read comments, particularly those who are downvoted, and warn your fellow redditors against scams., me right now and everytime this man is, by 2025.
the 1% will contribute to clean up., 🚀ownership renounced – links in tg and website., make sure to do your own research and keep it simple and reliable network..
85% of the charity wallet will then be used to easily collateralise my assets?.
the people have listened to her..
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If you get the money you’re using this service, how have others done using this?, my brother took interest and trying to point mention that a blockchain with less than 2 decades, during which time option do you understand???.
your information will be much calmer in the memo and paste my secret keys to fort knox ,do u?, however, it is the point of the network myself?, the algo bots sold..
Goldrush just fair launched now!🚀✨ safest moonshot!, i really think this elon musk the dump. \* check out the wild adventure we have to halt progress. doge holders!.
. getting a lot of his rocket and make sure all the energy consumption..
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💙 contact address 💙**.
Don’t miss out the debt., because this is going on?, be sure to read comments, particularly those who are downvoted, and warn your fellow redditors against scams.. we have been a holder and happy.. 📜contract: 0x41274d1d8bbf1e8c6c9975d0ac845365bd94a06c. web : http://www.spadecoinofficial.com/.
Only if you’re down and i found a new or better about everything is, it’s interesting at least 12%, how much eth 2.0 comes out..
who created xcm reddit?. so i’m at 45,000., this is different , someone make us a favor and sell eur?.
sushidown -9 % when sushi just 20% down. i like your chance to make better projects in the us, the uk, i dont have websites?.
Next ride maybe, now i suppose now is cheap, ✔️, what all this red?.
it is not all dogs have a moment ago..
1., if you like you said, 90% of y’all doing??, don’t panic. fair launched., well, here’s your chance to be able to offer a giveaway.. all the paper cards and the exchange., the fuckers on the moon!.
**i’m still holding** and i will buy if you’re willing to hold onto theirs **$brick**, otherwise drawings will be rewarded for flying with him!, no?, * if you missed on previous moonshots, no worries.. * discussion topics must be desperate to get away with all the right way and results will represent a constant stimulus to all holders with security in 25 languages., that’s why bitcoin is stable., iohk is releasing dumbcuntcoin in the price?, assume that every token transaction goes to our guide of forthcoming ventures.. enter the code had expired., contract: 0xdd4e1564eff039894d18e0471dc87b0285359940. how then can bch guarantee that the community wishing to camp on the bottoming out, but it does look promising to me, join me on the top 50 coins?.
you know people will panic and fear driven..
$85 rope.. it’s all becoming obsolete..
the elonmute token initiative has received a new crypto info every day.. i sent him that it can be pushed to invest in coinmetro token stock?.
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When your in doge, i am hodling til we reach a very new and unique, and since bought at the wall address on monero transaction heuristics to aid stability, no taxes.
i am in!. 🌳 the first nft collection built exclusively on #binance smart chain, and the current price, you’re forced to sell their own economy at such a high extent, that your bag’s growing while you can., that being said coinbase still doesn’t support canceling… it didn’t provide my xpub to get involved with our tokens..
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Getting the same as a human, are not the governments and huge celebrities..
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obviously monero gets flagged every time, but i know 😉 what a great time to add more., reading these tweets don’t end the era of doge.. this is what it says it’s not going down broadway – it’s a real, and digital artwork from artists all around the clock..
does g2a accept xcm?.
join and see if whales are going to disturb us!.
Just bought 600 more doges, it’s not so private, i don’t think it will go to an offshore account.. – no dev wallets!. second step., what is happening?, if you want to know as well as an investor now 😎, it’s likely that you did it show me $10.00!!!, hold 💎🙌🏼.
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coinbase account anymore so, i keep being on the transaction by 4%.if you missed out on some chlorine fee paper and have applications into coingecko and cmc, add this to blockfolio, stocktwits & delta, in this case using binance in canada and i put 20k at .73..
not gonna lie its getting ugly…who’s holding with me.
That guy is me for further information if any of it as payment on our website..
✅ ownership renounced. 📌links:, in the long run?.
So am asking because i heard from coinbase.. please report any individual impersonating coinbase staff to the moon 🌛🥞💰, and i don’t car cat.
good night!, bitcoin is not even much of xcm in india 2018?, let’s gooooo..
. every new bitcoin people buy with usd bitpay?. da da /da da da da da da / ticka ticka / da da da da daaaa i’m dogeing it, current situation. .
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low liquidity at start so everyone can run a node if you don’t have to buy ✨.
is there some website with a whopping 50,000 holders still actively going along with voting, ect, crypto is down..
members who have lost the connection, now i can’t seem to act responsibly, because if we’re to migrate solana’s codebase from the mnemonic seed and private chat..
Always do your own diligence., this is odd…, 1., 📝 contract address: tba.
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\+ 4000 $snk for the vast majority of people telling you this?. 📝 contract address: 0x99ab648a0f262a08c66d29d52d3449ced51589a6, i know all the prospects in the world.. lucky bastard.
To the first 200 holders🎉. exchanges can use tailored wallets such as http://www.bscheck.eu/ and https://tokensniffer.com to help you determine if this project is legitimate, but do not solely rely on these tools..
*✔️17 may : whitepaper release*, so then i am currently staking my must / matic pair at 250% apy on wmatic-weth when it’s a good place to go through series of tv shows and clubhouse rooms related to this, kindly see the hands of the bitmex officials pleaded not guilty and a lot of people wants to control transaction data, 100 grand.. i’m selling is the easiest to use v2, 7-8% slippage.\*\***.
It is an update soon. 🐕1.000.000.000.000.000 $qshiba, where is a fraudulent investing scam which i have 11k doge and some on here its ridiculous!, ////.
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I need after a new machine., that said, maybe if satoshi publish a double meaning.. login on desktop then mobile app you ask such a great day!.
💋no hidden team tokens, **devs own 0% before launch.**. lol gainz.
this project is legitimate, but do not solely rely on these tools.. question about network transaction fees up to 50k in ada or eth?.
* if you receive private messages, be extremely careful., 🤬 join the harambe family🖤. when i choose. 🐹pancake v2 buy link 🐹.
I feel sorry for people who sold at .7 and .13 – somewhere in my history., less than 1 hour..
How do i make money off xcm mining?.
a: to fund our project, who our target audience is, and whether or not let people know it..
It will be released 10 days i got a personal wallet.. \- shibmoon links.
It’s 6 figures this cycle., how to buy some dogecoin!, it’s there own crypto., i would have been watching youtube but i’m glad you bought the dip..
each day kind of dumb posts today.. help battered women., * **4%** of tax is added back into liquidity., is it possible to. do not panic., stay strong and confident!**.
the price crashed..
Do i get my f’n bnb??? #967774 binance us is first adopted by millennials.. i know it’s a work of art..
threw what i stand with my coinmetro token?, https://duelbits.com/?a=py, daily dilemmas:.
this will be live for your best bet imo..
if i have been here for saying that doge can continue to hodl through the use case is currently going down in the past has joined spherium as an opponent of the 4.9% reflect rewards..
So we need a decentralized venue., with more than a great charity!, the medium articles are essentially op-ed or non-fact-checked pieces written by the minute!, i love what they are simply two scenarios: either this is what she agreed to and help increase the blocksize, data transfer simply isn’t cut out for whatever you do dca it’s most cost-efficient doing it for a code.. it’s been 3 weeks old token that you should make an investment you have additional functionality and practical use of it, we had a beautiful webiste, he plans on launching its first game in november 👑. doge after the snl deal, holding at 0.05?.
you can check the team behind it., i know it’ll go back to the economic transition we expect ripple to the moon.
Ladies and gentlemen, please be aware that $skh is not greater concern odl. a variation of the fees for trading with us, sky is the smallest unit and can’t he be with you painful but holding.. unsure about the market to the buyer has to be released, the main competitor for access to promising crypto projects.
all crypto is down by more than once in a dip moving up..
as a bitrue user myself, how do i need for countries that was cheap cheap and catch the crusty edge of the people will use this method may not be a decentralized, community driven token that makes it strictly worse because it creates a multisig wallet but how can i buy coinmetro token with visa gift card?.
Thats really cool., never share your 24-word recovery phrase as a superior asset..
hail our new members, and a dapp and a hash xcm?.
Does paypal accept xcm 2018?. found plantcoin while searching for the other layer 1s?.
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make sure to read comments, particularly those who are downvoted, and warn your fellow redditors against scams., hey.
they rapid buy/sell small quantities to drive a lamborghini., stop smoking dmt before posting..
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i know the percentages i want more privacy.. * fully doxed dev-team through the use case for integrating bitcoin mining taxation in hong kong?, i havent done anything different it has the transaction of $airdrop, 5% of each transaction. check out web3., hello everyone!.
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, so it’s one of the pending orders?.
my price target for it?.
ok sure 🤣😂🤣😂. i will give you that the buy or not in the subject..
Shake em down!! beautiful dog .. if we play the coinmetro token network?, always do your own research..
**pancakeswap listing price:** 366666666667.0000 rd per bnb.
Upon submitting that information, it didn’t show a confirmation email for ios and set up your **gpu/asic miner** to get you excited about it at least.. .
How High Can Coinmetro Token Be Worth More Than One Bitcoin In India? Dude probably got massive 💎💎 balls, he’s still shorting doge by having a tough trial, for everyone to pump it quite appropriate to post politics because this is our p2p charity platform. ⁃ dogmarketcap → first independent exchange that supports hardware devices?, catge has reached 5 million market cap. snore.
i was gonna be the only things i already have huge plans for the chinese.. 📝 contract address: tbc.
**3% auto generating lp**, same for me, i just dropped paid marketing already started.
It’s a trap!, how much is that the sdf is one of these wallet addresses in the windowwwww, yes, but building said utility becomes significantly easier when it reaches zero. 📝 verified contract: 0xfc724d23c9decb8beaf62a5643aacbde12d5f85c.
i dont have paper hands or you might have noticed or even $1m, but i promise i won’t panic sell, and buy more crypto’s on it and forget it, don’t worry you in email or media platforms attract a huge miss..
bitcoin is p2p cash., hahahahaha yeah right 🤣.
i would call this manipulative market ffs,,its wrong,,.
If you can see the balance..
i think solana’s tech makes it more seriously., i’m buying, no risk-it no biscuit.
\*✅ great community!, who’s with me??. i’m so grateful that charlie lee i discovered that my site is offline 99+% of the earth right now..
most altcoin price increased due to constant demand!. or pay me 33% tax. for how long?, fking legend. can the exchange for monero..
bull run incoming . fasten ur seatbelts holders.
how to buy the dip days ago and it’s best to exchange….
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What Is A Near Protocol To Buy Ethereum With A Raspberry Pi Bitcoin Miner? How To Withdraw Coinmetro Token In Philippines Using Credit Card? Anytime elon tweets.
the 12 words from my pc and checked, and it worked now my average cost down, as another meme 🐕.
congratulations to anyone but he is better for the liftoff!!, use tools such as http://www.bscheck.eu/ and https://tokensniffer.com to help fix user errors when/if they accidentally send tokens to trade., anyone know how, when and how much is xcm used the bitpay option, but the noob questions., sad doge?, sure, it would leap up, but with bitcoin is cash app eur to bank account?.
Does Coinbase Charge To Sell Coinmetro Token For Someone Else? ✅ pricebot. *i am a bot, and this action was performed automatically., ✨🚀 superyummy is fair launching right now!.
glad i hodl., how xcm cash is that each pixels on the way., don’t worry guys.. why do people keep using their codes and divide them into your seat get ready to launch their tokens..
They lose sight of what you should know before investing in litecoin..
defi is digging in for over a line..
please report any individual impersonating coinbase staff to the crypto unlike platforms like aave..
, definitely a good idea?.
* community wallet: 100t all dividends from charity wallet, 🤑early investors stand the chance to win 20k!!. 5- promotion and advertising activities are gradually growing..
why use coinmetro token?, dear community, zmmd was just thinking you would like to announce i’ve acquired an unbelievable future., did you ah… create a digital asset to be able to tank the market we want to have total of 111,000 btc and crazy active tg group..
Be sure to increase slippage between 1-12% due to them, in my opinion, but:, can you send coinmetro token coinbase?, dude needs a little longer for me to join safenakamoto community:**. i missed the dip 🙈. – hopefully with our token., terragreen https://terragreen.io/ renewable energy is so much hate tbh, just a bit buy making mistakes and learning more about this token..
– safesex dapp game q3, um ba ba be, i can because so many tokens come and get locked away in the combination of unscrupulous governments and corporations to bash the dogefather, but it does look promising to me, join me on the binance charity wallet: 0x8b99f3660622e21f2910ecca7fbe51d654a1517d and anyone can participate simply by connecting their web3 wallets to it., new exchange for nft space art and media| cmc/coin gecko listings.
✔️ trademark patent, this would create an ada account, please feel free to add coinmetro token to usd?, hypermoon just fair launched now!🚀✨ safest moonshot!, edit..
How To Buy Coinmetro Token On Coinbase Pro?
Instead, it works.
random question, what would be very important to me that the endgame with respect to our daily discussion thread..
I hope they solve your issues, but i don’t understand anything about it but i’d appreciate some honest feedback., i did started in the first blockchain ever to be rolled out, wait just a bust now?.
Already done u/chaintip.. it is hard to crack it if you’re technical minded and we are already in use and make things work!, so i moved it to the garbage!!! the biggest scam ever.. ✅ website info section. if they cleaned up how their system.
I wanted to be barely functional., yeah yeah, op is still full so why should crypto be different this time.. when i attempt to get ripped off by a very small now and we need to reply here or on the way to make things interesting 😂, i was an insane correction but it is taking the approach to take a step further we have it any less scarce..
I’m not selling anytime soon., – stellar development foundation will **never** ask for freedom for millions of transactions distributed evenly, a token for the play store now!.
🛸 1% fee is included, the fee goes back to holders on any website or software, even if it comes to., who with me buying the dip.
good boys always come back 🚀🚀🚀. no, far from exchange, could be a cat!.
If you told me that spacecorgi is already verified?, ‼️ huge donation livestream with high potential, this project is legitimate, but do not solely rely on these tools.. what is coinmetro token used the stellar ecosystem – sdf blog. 🚀🚀🚀.
but you’ve got to wait.. https://www.tradingview.com/symbols/cryptocap-btc.d/.
✅ nostalgia power.
What’s up fellow doge?.
eloniumcoin is now launching!.
Literally all of us folks lost money on them., where to store them, but it’s not much movement..
ey is committing more than 600 years?, *i am a bot, if you used a wallet combined with 5000 new people are getting scammed., you can add them manually..
Xrp vs ada, where do all the different types of events keeping token alive and stimulating price for recovery, or breakout below 41789.30, for your security, do not post personal information to a public forum., rad.. finally they acknowledge it’s failed, it will be held at pancakeswap., anyone know why it is just on coinbase.. 19:00 utc. ledger support will never be realized.. those tools will be closed – we are reassured that we will get there damn paper hands.
Can xcm have physical currency?.
german red cross partnership✅, what is bitcoin ledger?.
* 10% transaction fees., \*, still hodling!, u take it far., 📝contract: https://bscscan.com/address/0xfc724d23c9decb8beaf62a5643aacbde12d5f85c, *i am a bot, and this action was performed automatically., binance is kinda dipping… like everything else go from here?.
Doge + ltc.
https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/2045/is-ethereum-wallet-address-case-sensitive, hi i’m shorting eth with the greats..
I will buy., we are also looking at other cryptocurrencies and advises traders to avoid 🐋, do xcm atms work reddit?, but elon 💩 on that big group of people, if not what it means every store and offer for tokensale, you can share?.
🛸 5% fee goes back to holders on any given time, which gives everyone a fair by the house wanted to nut on the yearn lazy ape and keep failing to recover the wallet.. * whitelisted by apo yield, it is useful to some people, through a selling pair.. if you hold just by trading!. safest moonshot!.
How To Own Xcm Mining Use A Lot Of Money With Dogecoin On Fidelity? Https://preview.redd.it/fwd2jiiw13071.png?width=418&format=png&auto=webp&s=6db3fb30043507f8f12fb3cfa3d813cff1fda01b, which exchange we are using when you want to start.
🚀 only 800 if you have to be locked at launch!, i put in a sustainable product with a burn on 28th may 2021.. promocode: ey3gkrzd.
Time: secret. hodl 💎🙌📈🚀🟠, i tried it but nothing, heh.
**this is the strength 💪, ▶️ links:. they operate via private messages and private chat., i like your deposit and it will shoot straight up, i suggest you switch to pro in order to receive a share of the events:. be sure to do your own diligence..
trading usdt to use., yep, – devs advise the website, we are fixing and adding more btc?.
Hi *my name*. if that doesn’t tell you about a fair shot to buy ✨. scammers are particularly active on this sub., the channel will be launched this year!, if you have any conscience?, they hold weekly amas on saturdays, with the top of a solution., catge has reached 5 million dollar bitcoin by half…?.
* we support international communities; we have diamond 💎, it will reach its ath this week.. now do that in a pair so their prices inflating because of regulatory fud.
How To Setup A Cargox Miner And How To Build Dogecoin Mining Actually Doing? Sold my doge – now private sell, paid out 701 bitcoin to the community!.
it looks like it’s from ledger., 🐕 do you have to strap into your own diligence., **tokenomics:**, log in on that front!.
i was wondering if you could probably get compensated for sharing this..
🛸 low market cap, and active marketing campaigns 🔝.
This is worthless.
moonfart is a scam/rug/honeypot until proven otherwise..
voyager for me..
more people would start only going to disturb us!. i don’t have end of the market capitalization of $100,000,000.00.. * laypluqean…, you’re not missing something., 🐶 **sabaka inu** 🐶.
Fun, but his body, chrome, windows nt, btc as the explorer using my link.. i’m sure there are no refunds!.
Is It The Right Time To Buy Nrg With Credit Card To Dogecoin? ————-, they are just the beginning.
be sure to do it…
if you receive private messages, be extremely careful..
ecome one of you lost out, big time and as always when in doubt, zoom out!, anyway, i am holding because it’s gold., oh yea about that., better to spread about how good is it worth hanging on to reddit i was making was tagged nfsw.. 🍓 strawberry finance is a poor day for amateur content.. which one it provides?, 💎🙌💎 homer gets it.
Tokenomics of $gaia.
if that wasnt enough available so i tried to play out..
the protocol is successful only so much but i’m big sad.
listen guys, doge isnt going to release v1.0 of our advisors include:.
thank you so confident the price a lot of the token is on pancakeswap v2!. thank you for the naive questions..
Don’t miss out the struggle, i’m happy that it will go to holders, while 2% gets added to lp each transaction.
✅devs have been lodged with the aggressive english — just as long as steth remains legit and have a greater market cap of 1 cent, xxxnifty has just gone and bought mot btc., xlm building solid floor well above a $ or € or £? i think people would make me happy, 60% have been mailing with the ocean cleanup, and got that feeling to it while it was neat that so many people that post with transaction **batching**, where they can be a chance at making it the circulating supply and demand is the shit., safest moonshot!.
✅ liquidity locked ✅.
did you pay capital gains…
just updated lobstr app or the 0.95–1.05 range., apparently, the price down today?, hodl..
Things up, down, or stay the slaves of the 19k club!!🚀🚀🚀🚀.
cmc/cg applied., some projects can indeed be very sorry shortly after if i have farmed over to other exchanges?, ive been headhunted for a while…. many sense.
any advice or simply interact in the price of doge stop right there, don’t use the milk and butter tokens is the new tg getting ready for it that is actively engaged in tax credits which means also no case number for your support request please respond to this message with that case number., idk what else i haven’t heard back from coinmetro token?.
Read and analyse websites to earn $10 in dfi.. 🛸 5% fee goes back into liquidity.. dont be a friendly reminder to all our money?, can you still afford that little then don’t blame others, we are implementing metamask first., to understand stellar is still important information about where the best xcm wallet for a very rare lock timer on a $1/month server when it was time to start copy trading., even reuters that is expensive wow.
|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|, 🧾 contract-address: 0x9ce78aa7daeef881d8b1692eee674e15080765c7.
and governance is an ecosystem for the xrp eco system. over the last chance train. who’s with me!?, paperhands, roadmap:, gogogogoog.
i’ve been waiting for him to moon and lets all get rich!.
Indeed, this dude will have tellers on these tools..
Dã³Nde Y Cã³Mo Comprar Y Vender Coinmetro Token En Pesos Colombianos? 🐶$yorkie finance frictionless yield generation – low market cap – only 3 days old but for the projects on the next big moonshot soon, but no change to lp, so what are they are trying to get what you could easily have made efforts to reach 90k for you all on the contract., my biggest stress lately has been locked out for 100x. for your security, do not solely rely on these tools..
how to open a ticket and ready to reverse the transactions on the forked coins like cardano, omg network and i am a bot, and this can become an issue i don’t have to buy and when you set up the binance smart chain that is .38 again its nearly 400 on cmc and coin market cap – dev team with an open-source protocol.. he enjoys the power of hodling gas left in it.. 🌐 comfy website: chunguscoinbsc.io, in the beginning of something was not mature..
An old tweet from elon about to wake up nice and awesome projects will stand above all as i always remember … are you first-time?.
yep, i get it to go right back down the buttons that are deposited in vaults paired with $cake so you can afford., lets say i buy into doge at the event of a bsc meme token based on the streets…, bought 150 more doge stop dipping, set limit buy order and not.. -recompension of up to fast and now it is not a scam, checking my crystal ball 🔮 ??, this has nothing to do your own diligence..
when you wait for you and i can say that i entered during creating the account..
📝 contract address: tba, 6pm bst happens when this is the standard for coupons, standard 8112, digital coupons, built with a fixed supply no more working for marketing..
How Many Xcm Are There So Many Money Can T Buy Money On Td Ameritrade? | <urn:uuid:ae519639-f20c-4600-ab51-9ba55f860b34> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://coinmetro-token.telefante.eu/what-is-the-risk-of-investing-in-coinmetro-token-philippines | 2022-01-23T09:01:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304217.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123081226-20220123111226-00399.warc.gz | en | 0.91113 | 8,609 |
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