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Submitted by Thomas Stowe CMS 8th grader
Hello. My name is Thomas Stowe and I am in 8th grade at Central Middle School. At CMS there is an end of the year project for 8th graders called the Capstone Project. This is a multi-month project where we find an issue in our community, research it, decipher a solution, and then take action. I chose to advocate for a bike path.
As a kid, I love the feel of the air blowing in my face as I pedal down the street, with no care in the world. But in Greenwich I don’t get that carefree feeling. Biking in Greenwich is stressful for bikers and drivers.
If you ever bike or drive down any busy street in Greenwich, you will feel the frustration of getting stuck behind a bike that you can’t pass, or having a car right behind you. With the COVID-19 pandemic this has increased, due to the 121 percent increase in bike sales. In the past year, bike related accidents have increased 11 percent (Greenwich Free Press). Additionally, a bike path can have many other benefits. Not only will it decrease the amount of bike related accidents, but biking decreases the risk for many serious diseases.
Furthermore, a bike path has many upsides for non-bikers. It will make the streets safer since drivers don’t have to avoid bikers. It will create safer sidewalks by having a bike lane in between walkers and speeding cars. It will decrease congestion. For instance, Arlington, Virginia saw a 15 to 20 percent decrease in traffic after constructing bike lanes (AARP). In addition to that, a bike path has economic vitality.
For example, in the 8-mile area surrounding the Indianapolis cultural trail, property values increased by a total of 1 billion dollars (AARP). Biking also saves money by decreasing health costs since people are in better shape. One study showed that if you biked for 30 minutes a day, it reduces your risk for diabetes, depression, colon cancer, dementia, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and anxiety by at least 40 percent.
Also, it saves money for taxpayers by creating another source of transportation and keeping the roads in better condition. Lastly, a bike path has numerous environmental benefits. If people who live within four miles of their office were to bike to work each day, they would generate 2,000 less pounds of carbon annually, per person.
In conclusion, a bike path is a must for Greenwich and a worthwhile investment in our town’s future.
Greenwichfreepress. “GROUP LETTER: Please Fund Bike Study in FY 2022 Town Budget.” Greenwich Free Press, 5 Feb. 2021, greenwichfreepress.com/letter-to-the-editor/group-letter-please-fund-bike-study-in-fy-2022-town-budget-153984/.
Walljasper, Jay. “How Bicycling Infrastructure Benefits Non-Bicyclists.” AARP, www.aarp.org/livable-communities/getting-around/info-2016/why-bicycling-infrastructure-is-good-for-people-who-dont-ride-bikes.html#:~:text=They’re%20great%20for%20drivers,the%20sidewalk%20and%20speeding%20vehicles.%22&text=Bike%20lanes%20also%20reduce%20the,vehicles%20while%20crossing%20the%20street.%22.
If you agree with me, please visit my website www.greenwichbikepath.com and sign the petition to show the town that this is an idea with community support. That way, a feasibility study could be approved and we could start the wheels spinning on a bike path. | <urn:uuid:e2241ac6-cc40-4ed9-9903-40109c299348> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://greenwichfreepress.com/letter-to-the-editor/cms-8th-grader-support-a-greenwich-bike-path-160183/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499819.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230130133622-20230130163622-00052.warc.gz | en | 0.941046 | 823 | 2.953125 | 3 |
In 1968 it was announced that the station would be relocated to a new centre to be built at Martlesham Heath. It was formally opened on 21 November 1975 by Queen Elizabeth and is today known as Adastral Park. The old site was released for housing, with the main building converted into a block of flats and an access road named Flowers Close, in honour of Tommy Flowers.
Paddock, a two storey World War II concrete citadel, was built underneath the Dollis Hill site.
Ralph Archibald Jones Worked at The GPO Research Station at Dollis Hill. Developed espionage and counter equipment, helped invent the listening devices used for locating buried bomb victims in London and helped devise the standard for telephone systems in Europe. Ralph is to be Exhibited in a Portrait & personal account WW2 Exhibition 2016 by Steven Power of Thorpe Bay Gallery | <urn:uuid:1c77ad2f-2998-4464-ba4e-8b29a2932532> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Research_Station | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701156448.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193916-00034-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966939 | 177 | 2.734375 | 3 |
For information only - not an official document
19 November 2013
United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon:
Message on World Toilet Day
19 November 2013
VIENNA, 19 November 2013 (United Nations Information Service) -Each year, more than 800,000 children under five die needlessly from diarrhoea - more than one child a minute. Countless others fall seriously ill, with many suffering long-term health and developmental consequences. Poor sanitation and hygiene are the primary cause. Worldwide, some 2.5 billion people lack the benefits of adequate sanitation. More than 1 billion people practice open defecation. We must break the taboos and make sanitation for all a global development priority.
This first official observance by the United Nations of World Toilet Day is an opportunity to highlight this important topic. Sanitation is central to human and environmental health. It is essential for sustainable development, dignity and opportunity. Poor water and sanitation cost developing countries around $260 billion a year -- 1.5 per cent of their gross domestic product. On the other hand, every dollar invested can bring a five-fold return by keeping people healthy and productive. When schools offer decent toilets, 11 per cent more girls attend. When women have access to a private latrine, they are less vulnerable to assault.
Despite the compelling moral and economic case for action on sanitation, progress has been too little and too slow. That is why I launched a Call to Action on Sanitation this year to end open defecation by 2025 and build on existing efforts such as Sanitation and Water for All and the Sanitation Drive to 2015, the target date for achieving the Millennium Development Goals.
We are a long way from achieving the MDG target of reducing by half the proportion of people lacking adequate sanitation. We must urgently step up our efforts, with all actors working together for rapid, tangible results. And as we look beyond 2015, it is essential that sanitation is placed at the heart of the post-2015 development framework. The solutions need not be expensive or technology-driven. There are many successful models that can be replicated and scaled up. We must also work to educate at-risk communities and change cultural perceptions and long-standing practices that have no place in our modern world.
By working together - and by having an open and frank discussion on the importance of toilets and sanitation - we can improve the health and well-being of one-third of the human family. That is the goal of World Toilet Day.
* *** * | <urn:uuid:59633c16-d155-469a-9b8d-f294f716db1b> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/pressrels/2013/unissgsm483.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583513384.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20181020184612-20181020210112-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.930269 | 514 | 3.359375 | 3 |
This week, 4-8 March 2019, the IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force (the “Task Force”) completed the fifth Important Marine Mammal Area workshop in Dhofar, in the southernmost governorate of Oman. The week-long workshop hosted 38 marine mammal scientists and observers from 15 countries to map the important habitats for marine mammals in the western Indian Ocean and Arabian Seas.
An extraordinary 55 candidate important marine mammal areas, or IMMAs, were identified, along with 13 areas of interest (AoI) which will be retained as potential future IMMAs pending further research.
One of the 55 areas identified as candidate IMMAs was right outside the hotel in Dhofar, off Salalah, where the group worked and where small groups of endangered Indian Ocean humpback dolphins could be seen swimming close to shore early in the mornings.
The Western Indian Ocean and Arabian Seas region is special. Besides the humpback dolphins, there are three endangered blue whale subpopulations, the rarest humpback whales in the world – the Arabian Sea humpback whale, and the largest numbers found of Omura’s whale, a cryptic 10m long tropical whale only recently identified as a species by scientists. The region is also home to the dugong, that persists in pockets along the coasts of East Africa and West Asia
The Oman workshop follows successful Task Force IMMA regional workshops in the Mediterranean, Pacific Islands, Northeast Indian Ocean-Southeast Asian Seas and the Extended Southern Ocean in 2016-2018, but 55 candidate IMMAs is a record total to date for a single region. Sponsored by the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative through the German Government’s International Climate Initiative (GOBI-IKI), the Task Force has adopted as its mandate the mapping of habitats for the 130 species of marine mammals—cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, otters and the polar bear—across the world ocean.
Important Marine Mammal Areas—IMMAs—are defined as discrete portions of habitat, important to marine mammal species. These areas have the potential to be delineated and managed for conservation. They are not marine protected areas but layers that can be used in spatial planning or for other area-based management tools.
The candidate IMMAs now go to an independent review panel. Once approved, they will be placed on the IMMA e-Atlas, and can be used for conservation planning. Those without sufficient evidence will remain as AoI. Final results from the panel are expected to be posted online later in 2019. The collective expertise, energy and commitment of the scientists, gathered in the inspirational setting of Dhofar have made this technical and scientific exercise a great success.
31st January 2019. The IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force today announces the approval of 30 new Important Marine Mammal Areas (IMMAs) in one of the most biodiverse areas of the world ocean—the North East Indian Ocean and South East Asian Seas Region. Having passed through the expert nomination and peer review process, these 30 IMMAs will now appear in the interactive map, an IMMA e-Atlas on the Task Force website.
IMMAs function as a layer highlighting important habitat for marine mammals useful for marine spatial planning or which may lead to ship or noise directives, and the creation, revision or expansion of marine protected areas (MPAs) and other area-based management tools. IMMAs function as valuable indicators of the health of the marine environment. They point to the location of marine biodiversity, and can be used to monitor climate change.
The new IMMAs cover habitats of the Coastal Northern Bay of Bengal off Bangladesh with one of the world’s healthiest populations of Irrawaddy dolphins as well as other dolphins and whales, to the Babuyan Marine Corridor in northern Philippines for breeding humpback whales, to eastern Indonesia and the Coral Triangle region for blue, Bryde’s and Omura’s whales, as well as spinner, pantropical and other tropical dolphins.
Besides the new IMMAs, seven additional areas will remain as candidate IMMAs (cIMMAs), pending further research, and 32 habitats will go on the map as areas of interest (AoI).
The newly declared IMMAs were the result of an expert workshop held in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia in March 2018. Some 29 experts from 17 countries attended the week-long workshop. Later in 2018, in follow-up to that workshop to implement one of the identified North East Indian Ocean IMMAs, the Task Force assembled an expert team comprised of six Indian and four international experts. Together, they travelled to the Andaman Islands off India to devise a strategy for implementation of a dugong IMMA as well as a diverse cetacean AoI. The report is here.
Also in 2018, the Task Force negotiated the Southern Ocean IMMA Workshop, and the resulting 15 candidate IMMAs will shortly enter the review process. Next, the IMMA ship sails on across the Southern Hemisphere with Workshops delineating marine mammal habitats in the Western Indian Ocean and Arabian Seas (March 2019), Australia-New Zealand Waters and South East Indian Ocean (2020) and the South East Tropical and Temperate Pacific Ocean (2021).
The five IMMA southern hemisphere workshops (2017-2021) are sponsored as part of the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative through the German Government’s International Climate Initiative (GOBI-IKI). The other main supporters of the IMMA effort have been the the Mava Foundation (for the Mediterranean region) and the Agence Française pour la Biodiversité (AFB) through IUCN (for the Extended Southern Ocean). Other sponsors include the Tethys Research Institute, Whale and Dolphin Conservation (WDC), the International Committee on Marine Mammal Protected Areas and the Eulabor Institute. The preparation of IMMA criteria and establishing support for the IMMA concept was funded by Animal Welfare Institute, Pacific Life Foundation, the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, Tethys and WDC, among others.
The final report of the North East Indian Ocean and South East Asian Seas IMMA Workshop is now available for download.
In November 2018, Task Force co-chairs Giuseppe Notarbartolo di Sciara and Erich Hoyt travelled to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India, in the Bay of Bengal, to work with Indian scientists and conservationists to implement a new Important Marine Mammal Area (IMMA).
The Andamans are notable for being pristine islands surrounded by waters with substantial marine mammal biodiversity, featuring at least 15 whale and dolphin species, including the rarely seen Omura’s whale. A small and highly endangered population of dugongs is found in inshore waters. Several of the islands are the homes of aboriginal groups that remain largely uncontacted. The Sentinelese from North Sentinel Island, as we saw in the news recently, do not welcome outside contact.
By contrast, the city of Port Blair, in the Andamans, has attracted settlement since the 1960s from India and other nearby countries and now has a population of over 100,000 people, representing almost half of the population in the archipelago. Only 38 of the 572 islands have a permanent human population.
Along with the growing population has come demands on the fishing industry as well as questions about how much and what kind of tourism can be promoted if the islands are to retain their appeal and remain sustainable. These contrasts of substantial settlement in the main city and pristine and little visited islands surrounded by marine biodiversity are part of the challenges of protecting marine mammal populations.
Last March at the IMMA workshop for the North East Indian Ocean and South East Asian Seas, Indian ecologists Dipani Sutaria, K. Sivakumar, Mahi Mankeshwar and Elrika D’Souza nominated the southern Andaman Islands area as an IMMA and also identified portions of the Nicobar Islands and the top of North Andaman island as dugong areas of interest (AoI). In October, an independent review panel approved the IMMA and recognized the value of the two AoI. In time, with further dedicated surveys, the AoI may well become IMMAs, too.
Besides Notarbartolo di Sciara and Hoyt, the visiting delegation included Jon Day from James Cook University and formerly of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and Tundi Agardy, a marine spatial planning and protected area specialist from the US. They were joined by the local IMMA team led by Sutaria as well as researchers Mahi Mankeshwar, Evan Nazareth, Aashi Parikh, Swapnali Gole (Wildlife Institute of India), and Elrika D’Souza (Nature Conservation Foundation).
The highlights of the week in the Andamans were hikes through the rain forest at M. Gandhi Marine Park and the southern tip of South Andaman with its lookout over the island passages and open Andaman Sea, a visit to Neil Island, meetings with the tourism director of the islands and coast guard, and a one-day stakeholders’ meeting organized by the local IMMA team with presentations from the IMMA team and Task Force delegation.
The stakeholders’ meeting to learn about the new IMMA provided the catalyst for bringing all the players to the table. A key outcome will be setting up a local consultative group to recommend best practices, raiseawareness and promote further research and monitoring toward a sustainable tourism industry.
The consultative group will now work with stakeholders to come up with an agenda to help implement the IMMA and AoI and thereby help ensure the future of marine mammals and the biodiversity that they help to support.
The five-year IMMA project in the Southern Hemisphere (2016-2021) is part of theGOBI/IKI Project, funded through the International Climate Initiative (IKI). The German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) supports this initiative on the basis of a decision adopted by the German Bundestag. Dedicated administrative and logistic support comes from the Tethys Research Institute and Whale and Dolphin Conservation. | <urn:uuid:6286ff20-0306-447a-ab9b-fca2b697c1eb> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.marinemammals.in/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178381803.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20210308021603-20210308051603-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.929335 | 2,117 | 2.96875 | 3 |
When a Parent Has Cancer
Keeping the Lines of Communication Open
by Paula K. Rauch, MD
Experts consider open parent-child communication the most effective means for supporting a child whose parent has cancer. It is understandably upsetting to children and teenagers to learn about a parent’s cancer diagnosis, but open dialogue about diagnosis, treatment, and the effect cancer will have on the family dynamic is essential. Quality communication can be the difference between a parent’s cancer simply being challenging for a child or it becoming traumatic.
Parents should begin the dialogue early by letting children know about the cancer diagnosis. Children are likely to be more worried and mistrustful if they overhear the news or later learn that they were misled by their parents early on. Start the conversation by calling the cancer by name and giving a simple explanation of what cancer is. By naming the cancer (saying breast cancer or colon cancer, not lump or “boo-boo”), you give your child a key tool for maintaining an open dialogue.
Children also need to be prepared for any changes in their routines and schedules. They will need to know who will be picking them up from school, making dinner, and putting them to bed at night. It is especially important during the early days of diagnosis and treatment when life is most unsettled that children feel the security that comes from knowing their parents are planning for their care.
As treatment gets underway, parents should check in with each child periodically and ask for feedback on how they are handling the new challenges and changes. You may consider making adjustments to schedules and routines based on the child’s or teen’s input. It’s important to remember that even when children are not asking questions, parents should continue to provide simple updates to ensure that news is not learned (or misunderstood) through overhearing adult conversations.
For some children, generalized stress may make routine activities, such as homework, more burdensome. It is essential to acknowledge your child’s disappointment or distress. Likewise, it is important that children not feel alone with their worries or selfish for feeling unhappy about the changes in their lives that result from cancer. Empathize with them and seek reasonable alternatives where possible.
Parents should check in with each child periodically and ask for feedback on how they are handling the new challenges and changes.
Learning to listen well is a crucial component of good communication during a stressful time. It is essential for empathizing with the child’s experience. When children and teenagers can feel that a parent is interested in their viewpoints and respects what they have to say, they are far more likely to open up and share their thoughts.
However, finding the right time for these open conversations is hard. Some children seek out opportunities to ask questions and share their thoughts, while others tend to be less vocal. Parents should identify the settings in which they most commonly have meaningful conversations with their children. These might be in the kitchen during meal preparation, in the car on the way to school, or at bedtime. Pinpointing these particular settings allows parents to prioritize spending these important times together with their children amid the pressures of a hectic schedule during cancer treatment.
Maintaining a parenting style that welcomes conversations of all sorts is ideal. Children can be encouraged to ask questions about any topic, not just cancer. Parents should let children know they find their questions interesting and worthy of consideration. In addition, parents can ask a child to share more about his or her question. Often, in the process of elaborating on a question, an underlying worry, misconception, or unexpected perspective becomes clearer. Questions need not be answered immediately. In fact, it can suggest respect for a child’s question when parents say they want to think more about the question and maybe even get more input from another person or resource.
A cancer diagnosis is challenging for every member of the family. For parents, the well-being of their children often tops their list of priorities and is a source of ongoing worries. Parents living with cancer have a real opportunity to support their children through this time in ways that build long-term emotional skills and coping capacities while at the same time modeling important family values.
♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦
Dr. Paula Rauch is director of the Marjorie E. Korff Parenting At a Challenging Time (PACT) Program at Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center in Boston, MA, and the author of Raising an Emotionally Healthy Child When a Parent Is Sick.
For more information about the PACT program and for resources on parenting during cancer, visit mghpact.org.
This article was published in Coping® with Cancer magazine, September/October 2009. | <urn:uuid:6ce09aa4-b71b-4c3e-a7c0-a98a446d1238> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://copingmag.com/cwc/index.php/article/when_a_parent_has_cancer | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300280.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00059-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959628 | 967 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Image: 41 x 31.4 cm (16 1/8 x 12 3/8 in.); Mounted: 42.1 x 32.1 cm (16 9/16 x 12 5/8 in.); Matted: 71.1 x 55.9 cm (28 x 22 in.)
John L. Severance Fund 2002.51
Alvin Langdon Coburn's innovative spirit, breadth of subject matter, and technical mastery of complex printing processes established him as one of the most important photographers active in the early 20th century. In September 1911, he took the first of two journeys to the Grand Canyon, which for him was "one of the most impressive natural wonders of the world." In this composition, Coburn eliminated the horizon line and created a flattened, abstracted view by pointing his camera straight down and by using a long lens that foreshortened the depicted space. He skillfully captured the exact moment when clouds silhouetted the foreground rock formation while the distant canyon remained sun bleached, thus establishing a brilliant contrast of overlapping forms. The print, with its gradation of tones, remains one of the most poetic and artistic renderings of this natural monument in the history of photography.
The information about this object, including provenance information, is based on historic information and may not be currently accurate or complete. Research on objects is an ongoing process, but the information about this object may not reflect the most current information available to CMA. If you notice a mistake or have additional information about this object, please email [email protected].
To request more information about this object, study images, or bibliography, contact the Ingalls Library Reference Desk.
Request a digital file from Image Services that is not available through CC0, a detail image, or any image with a color bar. If you have questions about requesting an image, please email [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:8a570d36-b470-48bb-8df7-450b7e6a7470> | CC-MAIN-2022-21 | https://www.clevelandart.org/art/2002.51 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662555558.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523041156-20220523071156-00313.warc.gz | en | 0.908596 | 411 | 3.5 | 4 |
Looking good and staying healthy
How many different personal care products do you use? Shampoo, conditioner, hair mousse, hair spray, body wash, bar soap, shaving cream, moisturizer, body lotion, facial toner, foundation, sunscreen, eye cream, eye shadow, blush, mascara, perfume, and makeup remover are just a few of the products found in many American homes. The average person in the United States uses 9 to 15 of these products every day, applying an average of 126 unique ingredients.
Finding eco-friendly personal care products is a challenge, especially since labeling and certification remain mostly unregulated. We are drawn to "natural," "hypoallergenic," and "organic" beauty products. Yet, neither "natural" nor "hypoallergenic" have any regulatory meaning. "USDA Certified Organic" is clearly defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but absent that certification, you have to be careful. "Organic" can be used in the name or label without the product containing any organic ingredients other than water. Traditionally, the term "unscented" has meant that the product has no odor, and "fragrance-free" has meant that fragrance hasn't been added to mask a bad odor. But neither of those terms is legally defined, so consumers must take their chances.
Figuring out whether personal care products are safe is even more of a challenge. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is supposed to be regulating cosmetics. But the FDA has banned only nine ingredients and allowed certain color additives, while the European Union has banned or controlled over 1,100 ingredients. As the FDA admits, in the United States a cosmetic manufacturer may use most any raw material and market it without FDA approval.
And then there are the environmental impacts: Most personal care products are eventually washed down the drain. But wastewater treatment plants do not remove them. They are sent coursing through our rivers and streams, and ultimately our oceans. In the process, they poison aquatic animals and ecosystems.
- Use fewer products. Don't believe the beauty industry's hype. Most of us probably only need a couple of products daily--not the whole heap of cosmetics that we are told will make us look thinner, younger, and more attractive.
- Make your own. Many personal care products can be made at home with a few ingredients you probably have in your kitchen. Save the environment and your wallet by trying some of the homemade recipes.
When shopping, look for
- Familiar ingredients. If a product claims to be "natural," check out the list of ingredients. If you've never heard of most of them or need a chemistry degree to pronounce them, the product probably isn't as "natural" as it claims.
- USDA Organic Seal. The U.S. Department of Agriculture organic seal means that a product's ingredients are grown without pesticides and genetically modified organisms in a way that is good for the soil and the rest of the environment. The program only applies to plant- and animal-based products, so mineral ingredients can't qualify. Also, because the USDA has flip-flopped on whether the program includes cosmetics, some manufacturers haven't taken the time to try to qualify now that USDA's door is open to cosmetics again.
- Environmentally friendly packaging. Personal care products are traditionally packaged to be eye-catching, with little regard for sustainability. Choose products in recyclable containers with minimal packaging. Keep an eye out for manufacturers that recycle their containers.
- Watkins Products. J.R. Watkins, a partner of Sierra Club Green Home, offers great eco-friendly body care products at many retailers all around the country. Better yet, you can buy them direct on J.R. Watkin's website and save money while also supporting Sierra Club Green Home.
- Phthalates. Phthalates help cosmetics penetrate the skin and make it feel soft. They lubricate other ingredients and help sustain fragrances. On the other hand, they are known to cause developmental and reproductive problems in laboratory animals. Some are hormone disruptors. If a product has phthalates, skip it.
- Fragrances. Unless a product states that its "fragrance" comes from essential oils, it's probably made from synthetic, petroleum-based ingredients. It's worth steering clear of fragrances because they tend to have phthalates and--even if they don't--they can trigger skin, allergic, and respiratory ailments.
- Parabens. Even though they can cause skin irritation and itchiness, methyl, ethyl, propyl, and benzyl parabens are used in beauty products as preservatives. Animal studies have also linked parabens to brain and nervous system disorders and hormone disruption. Because they have been found in breast cancer tissues, some scientists have hypothesized (but not yet proven) that excess absorption of parabens from personal care products, perhaps in concert with exposure to other hormone disruptors, could alter breast tissue.
- Dyes. Used as coloring agents in personal care products, some dyes have been linked to cancer, and may be developmental toxicants. Not all dyes are bad, however. The ones linked with adverse health effects include: D&C Violet 2, EXT D&C Violet 2, FD&C Blue 1, FD&C Green 3, D&C Red 4 and D&C Yellow 5.
- Ethoxylated compounds. Studies have shown body washes, baby washes, shampoos, foaming hand washes, and other products are sometimes contaminated with the carcinogen 1,4-dioxane, which is a byproduct of a manufacturing process called ethoxylation. You can avoid 1,4-dioxane by skipping products with ingredients with myreth, oleth, laureth, ceteareth or any other "eth"; PEG; polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, or oxynol. Keep in mind, though, that some manufacturers take the extra step of removing 1,4-dioxane from their products. The product's manufacturer or the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics can tell you which is which.
- DMDM hydantoin. The preservative DMDM hydantoin is used in shampoos, conditions, moisturizers, sunscreens, and styling products. It can inflame allergies and is a skin irritant. More significantly, as it degrades it can form the carcinogen formaldehyde.
- DEA, TEA and MEA. The foaming agents diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), and monoethanolamine (MEA) are found in shampoos, lotions, and creams. DEA, TEA, and, to a lesser extent, MEA, are irritants and sensitizers. There's conflicting information about whether DEA is a carcinogen. In the interest of being safe rather than sorry, it seems prudent to skip products that contain these substances.
- Nonylphenols. Found in body washes, gel masks, foaming shaving creams, and even liquid liners, nonylphenols are surfactants, or wetting agents, which allow a liquid to spread more easily. Unfortunately they are also long-lived estrogen mimics that tend to accumulate in the body. Research suggests that they may reduce male fertility, testicular size, and sperm quality. Many European countries are phasing them out.
- Quaternary ammonium compounds. These preservatives may be found in personal care products ranging from body washes to foundations to blushes. Included in the group are benzalkonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, and quaternium-15-all of which are caustic and can irritate the eyes. Quaternium-15 works by releasing formaldehyde, a carcinogen. Plus, it is the number one cause of preservative-related "contact dermatitis," a skin reaction--usually a red, scaly patch--resulting from exposure to allergens or irritants.
- Other ingredients. Of course, you should always avoid mercury, used as a preservative and identified as thimerosal; lead, found in some hair coloring products; and hydroquinone skin lightener.
- Antibacterial Products. We may be doing ourselves more harm than good when it comes to antibacterial products containing triclosan and triclocarban, especially since they have not been shown to have any significant benefit except to the immune compromised. Triclosan is now found in a majority of American surface waters and in breast milk. While no studies have as yet shown that this chemical causes anything more than skin irritation and susceptibility to allergies in humans, a study has found it harmful to the development of frogs. In addition, these antibacterial products leave surface residues, creating conditions that may foster the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
- Insect Repellants. To ward off bugs, many insect repellants are laced with the synthetic pesticide DEET. While the EPA and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), claim that DEET is safe to use if you follow directions, some studies have found that DEET can slow motor skills and impair central nervous system function in humans, especially if used with permethrin (used on some outdoor clothing to repel insects). Eco-friendly options involve using repellants based upon "essential oils" (oils distilled from plants) instead of DEET. But repellants made from essential oils work by scent, and need to be applied every two hours or so. They can also be irritating and cause allergic reactions.An oil made from lemon eucalyptus is the only plant-based insect repellant so far approved by the CDC. If you decide to try it, do a patch test first. Products containing lemon eucalyptus oil are not recommended for children under three years of age.
- Sunscreens. When it comes to a sunscreen, you need to block two wavelengths of ultraviolet light: UVA and UVB. The scientific consensus is that a "physical barrier" sunscreen, using titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, is better for your health than a chemical-based sunscreen because it doesn't penetrate the skin. A physical barrier is also more environmentally friendly: chemical-based sunscreens are contributing to the bleaching of coral reefs. Avoid any sunscreen that contains phthalates or parabens.
- Polyethylene beads. Many beauty products use polyethylene beads to provide scrubbing action. Unfortunately these little plastic particles are too small to be filtered out by sewage treatment plants and go straight to surface waters and to our oceans where they could be mistaken for zooplankton and poison our marine life.
- Nanoparticles. Microscopic "nanoparticles" are being introduced rapidly to personal care products, generally to help other ingredients penetrate skin. Their safety hasn't been fully investigated, though, so you may want to skip them for now.
...to your health
Avoiding personal care products with unsafe ingredients will benefit your health.
...to your wallet
Using fewer products will save you money.
...to the Earth
Choosing products that are not petroleum based will conserve resources. Avoiding toxic preservatives and hormone disruptors will protect our water and wildlife. Choosing products free of polyethylene beads will reduce plastic debris. And skipping antibacterial soaps in favor of plain soap and water may also help preserve our aquatic environments.
Not reading labels. Even if it makes you flashback to high school chemistry, scrutinizing a product's list of ingredients is well worth doing, because the Food and Drug Administration isn't protecting you.
- Clear out your beauty clutter. Figure out what you really need, and clear out the rest. As you finish a product, switch it for a more eco-friendly product. Recycle what you can, and properly dispose of the rest.
- Research your products. Check out the products you have using databases such as Skin Deep. | <urn:uuid:caaa5439-8a91-4553-8db5-ed75ce4353bf> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | http://sierraclubgreenhome.blogspot.com/2009/05/eco-friendly-personal-care-products.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947803.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425115743-20180425135743-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.935938 | 2,494 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
The U.S. Department of Labor's Employment Standards Administration, Wage and Hour Division, administers and enforces the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) for all private, state and local government employees, and some federal employees. Most Federal and certain congressional employees are also covered by the law and are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management or the Congress.
FMLA became effective on August 5, 1993, for most employers. If a collective bargaining agreement (CBA) was in effect on that date, FMLA became effective on the expiration date of the CBA or February 5, 1994, whichever was earlier. FMLA entitles eligible employees to take up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave in a 12-month period for specified family and medical reasons. The employer may elect to use the calendar year, a fixed 12-month leave or fiscal year, or a 12-month period prior to or after the commencement of leave as the 12-month period.
The law contains provisions on employer coverage; employee eligibility for the law's benefits; entitlement to leave, maintenance of health benefits during leave, and job restoration after leave; notice and certification of the need for FMLA leave; and, protection for employees who request or take FMLA leave. The law also requires employers to keep certain records.
public agencies, including state, local and federal employers, local education agencies (schools), and private-sector employers who employed 50 or more employees in 20 or more workweeks in the current or preceding calendar year and who are engaged in commerce or in any industry or activity affecting commerce — including joint employers and successors of covered employers.
To be eligible for FMLA benefits, an employee must:
- work for a covered employer;
- have worked for the employer for a total of 12 months;
- have worked at least 1,250 hours over the previous 12 months; and
- work at a location in the United States or in any territory or possession of the United States where at least 50 employees are employed by the employer within 75 miles.
* See special rules for returning reservists under USERRA.
A covered employer must grant an eligible employee up to a total of 12 workweeks of unpaid leave during any 12-month period for one or more of the following reasons:
- for the birth and care of the newborn child of the employee;
- for placement with the employee of a son or daughter for adoption or foster care;
to care for an immediate family member (spouse, child, or parent) with a serious health condition; or
- to take medical leave when the employee is unable to work because of a serious health condition.
Spouses employed by the same employer are jointly entitled to a combined total of 12 work-weeks of family leave for the birth and care of the newborn child, for placement of a child for adoption or foster care, and to care for a parent who has a serious health condition. Leave for birth and care, or placement for adoption or foster care must conclude within 12 months of the birth or placement.
Under some circumstances, employees may take FMLA leave intermittently — which means taking leave in blocks of time, or by reducing their normal weekly or daily work schedule.
If FMLA leave is for birth and care or placement for adoption or foster care, use of intermittent leave is subject to the employer's approval.
FMLA leave may be taken intermittently whenever medically necessary to care for a seriously ill family member, or because the employee is seriously ill and unable to work.
Also, subject to certain conditions, employees or employers may choose to use accrued paid leave (such as sick or vacation leave) to cover some or all of the FMLA leave.
The employer is responsible for designating if an employee's use of paid leave counts as FMLA leave, based on information from the employee.
"Serious health condition" means an illness, injury, impairment, or physical or mental condition that involves either:
any period of incapacity or treatment connected with inpatient care (i.e., an overnight stay) in a hospital, hospice, or residential medical-care facility, and any period of incapacity or subsequent treatment in connection with such inpatient care; or
Continuing treatment by a health care provider which includes any period of incapacity (i.e., inability to work, attend school or perform other regular daily activities) due to:
(1) A health condition (including treatment therefor, or recovery therefrom) lasting more than three consecutive days, and any subsequent treatment or period of incapacity relating to the same condition, that also includes:
treatment two or more times by or under the supervision of a health care provider; or
one treatment by a health care provider with a continuing regimen of treatment; or
(2) Pregnancy or prenatal care. A visit to the health care provider is not necessary for each absence; or
(3) A chronic serious health condition which continues over an extended period of time, requires periodic visits to a health care provider, and may involve occasional episodes of incapacity (e.g., asthma, diabetes). A visit to a health care provider is not necessary for each absence; or
(4) A permanent or long-term condition for which treatment may not be effective (e.g., Alzheimer's, a severe stroke, terminal cancer). Only supervision by a health care provider is required, rather than active treatment; or
(5) Any absences to receive multiple treatments for restorative surgery or for a condition which would likely result in a period of incapacity of more than three days if not treated (e.g., chemotherapy or radiation treatments for cancer).
"Health care provider" means:
doctors of medicine or osteopathy authorized to practice medicine or surgery by the state in which the doctors practice; or
podiatrists, dentists, clinical psychologists, optometrists and chiropractors (limited to manual manipulation of the spine to correct a subluxation as demonstrated by X-ray to exist) authorized to practice, and performing within the scope of their practice, under state law; or
nurse practitioners, nurse-midwives and clinical social workers authorized to practice, and performing within the scope of their practice, as defined under state law; or
Christian Science practitioners listed with the First Church of Christ, Scientist in Boston, Massachusetts; or
Any health care provider recognized by the employer or the employer's group health plan benefits manager.
MAINTENANCE OF HEALTH BENEFITS
A covered employer is required to maintain group health insurance coverage for an employee on FMLA leave whenever such insurance was provided before the leave was taken and on the same terms as if the employee had continued to work. If applicable, arrangements will need to be made for employees to pay their share of health insurance premiums while on leave.
In some instances, the employer may recover premiums it paid to maintain health coverage for an employee who fails to return to work from FMLA leave.
Upon return from FMLA leave, an employee must be restored to the employee's original job, or to an equivalent job with equivalent pay, benefits, and other terms and conditions of employment.
In addition, an employee's use of FMLA leave cannot result in the loss of any employment benefit that the employee earned or was entitled to before using FMLA leave, nor be counted against the employee under a "no fault" attendance policy.
Under specified and limited circumstances where restoration to employment will cause substantial and grievous economic injury to its operations, an employer may refuse to reinstate certain highly-paid "key" employees after using FMLA leave during which health coverage was maintained. In order to do so, the employer must:
notify the employee of his/her status as a "key" employee in response to the employee's notice of intent to take FMLA leave;
notify the employee as soon as the employer decides it will deny job restoration, and explain the reasons for this decision;
offer the employee a reasonable opportunity to return to work from FMLA leave after giving this notice; and
make a final determination as to whether reinstatement will be denied at the end of the leave period if the employee then requests restoration.
A "key" employee is a salaried "eligible" employee who is among the highest paid ten percent of employees within 75 miles of the work site.
NOTICE AND CERTIFICATION
Employees seeking to use FMLA leave are required to provide 30-day advance notice of the need to take FMLA leave when the need is foreseeable and such notice is practicable.
Employers may also require employees to provide:
medical certification supporting the need for leave due to a serious health condition affecting the employee or an immediate family member;
second or third medical opinions (at the employer's expense) and periodic recertification; and
periodic reports during FMLA leave regarding the employee's status and intent to return to work.
When intermittent leave is needed to care for an immediate family member or the employee's own illness, and is for planned medical treatment, the employee must try to schedule treatment so as not to unduly disrupt the employer's operation.
Covered employers must post a notice approved by the Secretary of Labor explaining rights and responsibilities under FMLA. An employer that willfully violates this posting requirement may be subject to a fine of up to $100 for each separate offense.
Also, covered employers must inform employees of their rights and responsibilities under FMLA, including giving specific written information on what is required of the employee and what might happen in certain circumstances, such as if the employee fails to return to work after FMLA leave.
It is unlawful for any employer to interfere with, restrain, or deny the exercise of any right provided by FMLA. It is also unlawful for an employer to discharge or discriminate against any individual for opposing any practice, or because of involvement in any proceeding, related to FMLA.
The Wage and Hour Division investigates complaints. If violations cannot be satisfactorily resolved, the U.S. Department of Labor may bring action in court to compel compliance. Individuals may also bring a private civil action against an employer for violations.
Special rules apply to employees of local education agencies. Generally, these rules provide for FMLA leave to be taken in blocks of time when intermittent leave is needed or the leave is required near the end of a school term.
Salaried executive, administrative, and professional employees of covered employers who meet the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) criteria for exemption from minimum wage and overtime under Regulations, 29 CFR Part 541, do not lose their FLSA-exempt status by using any unpaid FMLA leave. This special exception to the "salary basis" requirements for FLSA's exemption extends only to "eligible" employees' use of leave required by FMLA.
The FMLA does not affect any other federal or state law which prohibits discrimination, nor supersede any state or local law which provides greater family or medical leave protection. Nor does it affect an employer's obligation to provide greater leave rights under a collective bargaining agreement or employment benefit plan. The FMLA also encourages employers to provide more generous leave rights.
The final rule implementing FMLA is contained in the January 6, 1995, Federal Register. For more information, please contact the nearest office of the Wage and Hour Division, listed in most telephone directories under U.S. Government, Department of Labor. | <urn:uuid:abfddf2c-f340-415d-9f28-ac04280feb25> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | http://uawlocal4911.org/?zone=/unionactive/view_article.cfm&HomeID=23576&page=F2EA2EQ2Es | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145538.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221203000-20200221233000-00332.warc.gz | en | 0.951603 | 2,363 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Here at the Kangaroo Island Wildlife Park we have a large range of Australian native animals. Handfeed the Kangaroos and Wallabies, get up close and cuddle Koalas, see our Little Penguins being fed, watch the Echidnas play, chat with the Cockatoos and laugh with the Kookaburras, get up close with our Snakes and much more. Check out some of our animals below!
Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Description: Koalas are mainly grey in colour with a white chest and underbelly. Males have a scent gland in the middle of their chest and are larger than females. Koalas are built to climb and live in trees. They have two thumbs on their front hands, a clawless thumb on their back feet as well as long, sharp claws for climbing. Habitat and distribution: Koalas are found along South-east Australia from Adelaide in South Australia along the east coast to Cairns in Queensland. They mainly inhabit Eucalypt woodlands where food is abundant. Diet: A Koala's diet consists exclusively of Eucalyptus leaves. There are over 700 species of Eucalyptus and each region of Koalas eats around 20 species of Eucalyptus. Out of those 20 they then only have about 5 species that are their favorites! They are very fussy eaters. Conservation Status: Listed as Least concern by the IUCN Redlist. Kangaroo Island Koalas: On Kangaroo Island there is currently a secure population of around 15,000 Koalas. There is around 26 species of Eucalyptus and the Koalas eat around 6 of those. Our Koalas: Quite a few of our Koalas are rescued that have come as orphans or are in need of care, rescue and rehabilitation. We also have Joeys each year so be sure to keep your eyes out for our cheeky little youngsters!
Kangaroo Island Kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus)
Description:The Kangaroo Island Kangaroo is a sub-species of the Western Grey Kangaroo. They are dark brown in colour with blackish hands, feet and tail tip. Habitat and distribution: Kangaroo Island Kangaroos are found across all of Kangaroo Island from coastlines to woodlands and everything inbetween. Diet: Kangaroos are herbivores and feed on grasses, shrubs and trees. Conservation Status: Listed as Least concern by the IUCN Redlist. Kangaroo Island Koalas: On Kangaroo Island there is large population of Kangaroos. Our Koalas: Most of the Kangaroos you can see and feed at the park are orphans that have been hand raised over the years. Joeys comes in from road accidents where their mothers have been hit by cars. We care for the orphaned Joeys and once they are old enough they move outside with other orphans until they are big enough to join the big Kangaroos.
Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii)
Description: Tammar Wallabies are a small wallaby that is a dark greyish brown colour. They are a marsupial which is generally classed as nocturnal. Habitat and distribution: Found in small populations on the mainland of South Australia and Southern Western Australia. Their main populations are found on Kangaroo Island, South Australia where they are free from predators. Diet: Tammar Wallabies are herbivores and feed mainly on grasses, shrubs and low hanging plants. Conservation Status: Listed as Least concern by the IUCN Redlist. Kangaroo Island Tammars: Kangaroo Island has one of the largest populations of Tammar Wallabies in Australia. Their numbers are quite high as it is a predator free environment with no Foxes or Dingoes. They can be seen throughout the Island. Our Tammar Wallabies: Many of our Tammar Wallabies are brought in as orphans from road accidents where their mother is hit by a car. We care for the orphaned Joey and once they are old enough to be outside they join our Tammar family in the park.
Short-beaked Echidna (Trachyglossus aculeatus)
Description: Echidnas have dark brown, furry underbellies and legs and spiky quills covering their backs. Echidnas are Monotremes which refers to an egg-laying mammal. They have long, sticky tongues and can grow up to 40cm long. Habitat and distribution: Echidnas are found across most of Australia and in small populations in New Guinea. They are found in areas with shelter, caves or burrows to hide in. Diet: Echidnas feed mainly on ants and termites. They will dig in nests with their strong claws and legs and use their long tongues to push down tunnels and catch the insects. Conservation Status: Listed as Least concern by the IUCN Redlist. Kangaroo Island Echidnas: Echidnas can be found across all of Kangaroo Island. They tend to be a lot lighter than their mainland counterparts and have very golden spines. Our Echidnas: Our Echidnas have come in as rescues from car accidents and animal attacks. We have also had a Puggle (baby Echidna) born here in 2013.
Rosenberg Heath Monitor (Varanus rosenbergi)
Description: Rosenberg's Monitors are dark gray with yellow and white spotting and banding across their bodies. They can reach up to 1.5m in length. Habitat and distribution: Rosenberg's are found on Kangaroo Island as well as in a few small pockets around New South Walse, Australian Capital Territory and south Western Australia. They are found in areas associated with termites such as heath, woodlands and open forests. Diet: Rosenberg's are carnivores eating rodents, birds, carrion and other small mammals. Conservation Status: Listed as Least concern by the IUCN Redlist. Vulnerable in NSW. Kangaroo Island Monitors: Kangaroo Island is a stronghold for the Rosenberg's Monitors and they can be seen quite commonly around the Island. They are fairly uncommon on the mainland of Australia however due to predators. Our Monitors: We have a young pair of Rosenberg's Monitors that are both rescues who have been rehabilitated here at the park. They can be seen alongside some of our other Monitors in our Reptile area.
Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)
Description: Cassowaries are a large bird that is part of the flightless bird family known as Ratites. They are mostly black in colour with blue necks, red wattles that hang from their neck and a large casque on their head. Habitat and distribution: Found in small pockets of tropical forests in North Eastern Queensland. Diet: Cassowaries have been known to feed on more than 240 species of plants and fruits. They will also eat small vertebrates and small invertebrates. Conservation Status: Listed as Endangered/Vulnerable by the IUCN Redlist - Less than 2500 left in the wild in Australia. Our Cassowaries: Our Cassowaries we're born in Captivity and are part of the Southern Cassowary Breeding Program. This program ensures that there is a secure captive population of Cassowaries so that in the case of further loss in the wild there is a secure population that can then be released into safe areas in the wild where they we're once found.
Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor)
Description: Also known as Fairy Penguins or Blue Penguins,Little Penguins are the smallest of the 17 species of Penguin found in the Southern Hemisphere. They grow to a maximum of 35cm and only reach 1.5kg in weight. Habitat and distribution: Found around the South and East coasts of Australia from Western Australia to New South Wales. Also found around the top of Tasmania and around New Zealands coast. Diet: Feed mainly on small fish such as pilchards and anchovy but will also eat small squid and crustaceans. Conservation Status: Listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Redlist Our Penguins: Two of our penguins hatched in 2013 in and joined our family in 2014. The other two are both rescues that came into care in the late 2000s, they joined our family in 2016.
This page is under construction! Come back soon to meet more of our family! | <urn:uuid:53ea43f3-7969-409d-9969-7e30c1b2a623> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://kangarooislandwildlifepark.com/meet-our-animals.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319636.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622161445-20170622181445-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.956486 | 1,767 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Our goal is to support the FA scientific, pharmaceutical and medical community with the tools necessary to execute their best work and improve patient outcomes.
FARA assists physicians and other healthcare providers treating individuals with Friedreich’s Ataxia (FA) by:
- Providing access to information about the diagnosis, management and treatment of FA
- Connecting them to FA specialists to help instruct best care management for patients
- Helping them get their patients registered in the FA patient registry
- Providing information on active and upcoming clinical trials
- Assisting with patient referrals to network centers running clinical trials
- Connecting newly diagnosed families to a community of support and hope
FARA wants to help you and your patients with diagnosis, participation in research, the latest results of clinical trials, and contacts with Friedreich ataxia clinicians.
Friedreich’s ataxia is a multisystem disease typically thought of as neurodegenerative because of its most visible symptoms.
· Primary symptoms at onset
- Ataxia – balance difficulty, decreased coordination
- Sensory loss (absent reflexes)
Onset of symptoms is often in childhood (frequently between ages of 5 and 15) and is usually associated with more rapid progression such as requiring a wheel chair by the teens or early twenties. Clinical manifestation after age 20 is considered late onset and does occur in later decades as well.
Information on diagnosis, clinical features, medical management and genetic counseling considerations is provided below:
- Ataxia is the most common presenting symptom in early and late onset (loss of proprioception, absent reflexes).
- Cardiac features include non-specific T-wave abnormalities on EKG observed in almost all individuals and many individuals with left ventricular hypertrophy.
- Scoliosis is common at clinical presentation and pes cavus also presents early in disease.
- Family history – FA is autosomal recessive so often there is no other history ataxia in the family.
- Differential Diagnoses -- inherited Vitamin E deficiency, CoQ10 Deficiency, ataxia with oculomotor apraxia, spinocerebellar ataxias, multiple sclerosis.
- Loss of large sensory neurons (diminishing proprioception, balance, coordination and reflexes).
- Loss of spinocerebellar tracts (diminishing balance and coordination).
- Loss of dentate nucleus of the cerebellum (causing dysarthria, modest eye-movement abnormalities).
- Cerebellar cortex and cerebral cortex are spared, cognition is normal.
- MRI scans are normal or almost normal in early disease.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be progressive and severe, increasing morbidity and mortality. Dilated cardiomyopathy can develop in later disease. Clinically significant arrhythmias are also common. Clinically insignificant EKG abnormality (inverted T wave) is observed in nearly all individuals with FA.
Eye movements / fixation abnormalities are common (square-wave jerks, ocular flutter) findings. Optic atrophy is present in about 10% of patients.
Many individuals with FA have impaired auditory temporal processing resulting in significant hearing loss later in the disease course. Dysarthria is a prominent feature of FA at both early and late stages. Swallowing difficulty occurs in later-stage patients.
Diabetes is present in 10-20% of patients and >65% have some degree of insulin resistance. Scoliosis is present in majority of patients (corrective surgery required in up to 50%). Urinary symptoms are common in adult patients (urgency, sphincter dyssennergia). Significant fatigue, impacting quality of life, is present in almost all patients.
Onset of symptoms is typically >20 years (range 20-60yrs; loss of coordination, ataxia). Progression is slower progression requiring assistance with ambulation; use of walker, scooter 10-15 years after diagnosis. Some individuals present with increased muscle tone, rigidity and spasticity. Retained reflexes has been observed in some. Dysarthria is less severe. MRI studies show cerebellar vermian atrophy in about 50% of individuals. Cardiomyopathy is rare. Individuals with gait and limb ataxias, dysarthria, loss of vibration sense, and fixational instability after age 25 years should be considered for molecular testing for GAA expansion in the FXN gene (late-onset patient typically has shorter GAA repeat on at least one allele; shortest observed in symptomatic individual ~65 repeats).
Medical Management - Proactive
There are no approved treatments for FA, however proactive medical management of symptoms and maintenance of good physical and emotional health improves health outcomes.
- Annual neurological exam; treat symptoms (e.g., baclofen for stiffness);
- Annual cardiac exam with ECHO and EKG and Holter; aggressive management of early features of heart failure; understanding of diastolic dysfunction;
- Annual x-rays of spine;
- Monitor blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C;
- Annual ophthalmology exam;
- Audiology screening (not just a routine audiogram but tests able to detect auditory processing impairment);
- Annual flu shot;
- Physical, occupational and speech therapy; preventive management of risks associated with neurological impairment.
Many physicians and individuals with FA consider vitamin and supplement regimens. Clinical studies have suggested modest or subjective benefit but none have been proven. Among those taken are Vitamin E, Co-enzyme Q10, and Idebenone.
Committed international physicians and researchers have critically evaluated medical literature, outcomes research and clinical practice for treating symptoms of FA, and have come together to prepare the first comprehensive Consensus Clinical Management Guidelines.
Genetic testing is diagnostic in >98% of individuals. In more than 95% of abnormal alleles, the mutation is expansion of naturally occurring GAA repeat in first intron (non-coding region) of the frataxin or FRDA gene. GAA repeats: 3-33 – normal; 34-65 – premutation; 66-1700 - abnormal. Less than 5% of abnormal alleles have point mutations in the coding or regulatory regions of the gene. GAA repeat expansion sizes correlate with measures of disease severity; disease-range expansions diminish but do not eliminate frataxin expression.
Genetic testing should be performed by an accredited laboratory. GeneTests Web site, a publicly funded medical genetics information resource developed for physicians, other healthcare providers, and researchers, available at no cost. GeneTests hosts an international database of genetic testing laboratories.
Genetic Counseling Considerations
Genetic testing results in ~98% detection in symptomatic individuals. In rare cases, analysis of frataxin protein levels can be helpful to confirming or ruling out a diagnosis.
FA is an autosomal recessive disorder with prevalence of approximately 1 in 50,000 in populations of European origin. Approximately 1 in 90 in those populations are heterozygous carriers of an abnormal FXN allele. Carrier testing is recommended for anyone with a positive family history of Friedreich ataxia and for partners of known carriers. Presymptomatic testing for at-risk siblings/relatives is available, however genetic counseling is strongly recommended to assist individuals/families in considering the risks vs benefits for testing an untreatable genetic condition.
Are your Friedreich ataxia patients ready for clinical trial?
New therapies for Friedreich Ataxia are in clinical trials with encouraging results and giving real hope for patients today. Individuals with FA should enroll online in FARA's patient registry at http://www.curefa.org/patient-registry.
This is a simple online registry that individuals can complete themselves, however it is helpful if individuals have a copy of their genetic test results so that they are able to enter information about confirmation of diagnosis.
Participation in this registry will ensure that they will receive a recruitment notice for any trial for which they appear to be eligible.
Would you like to contact an experienced Friedreich ataxia clinician near you?
The Collaborative Clinical Research Network in Friedreich's Ataxia (CCRN in FA) is an international network of clinical research centers that work together to advance treatments and clinical care for individuals with FA. The CCRN in FA can assist you in offering your patients access to clinical research studies in FA. The investigators and coordinators at each of the sites can work with you to provide guidance on updates in clinical care and management for your patients.
For contact information for clinicians who see a number of Friedreich ataxia patients and are familiar with the clinical research and development, please see http://www.curefa.org/network.html.
Would you like information on the therapeutic pipeline and clinical trials in Friedreich ataxia?
Please see http://www.curefa.org/pipeline.html.
Sanjay I Bidichandani, MBBS, PhD
Martin B Delatycki, MBBS, FRACP, PhD | <urn:uuid:28faeeb8-4edc-43cb-a5e8-f6a558bbe576> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.curefa.org/physicians | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820487.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016233304-20171017013304-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.903694 | 1,895 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Deaf Awareness Week May 14th – May 18th 2018
What is deafness?
The term ‘deaf’ refers to all levels of hearing loss in children, including a partial or total loss of hearing. This includes those who may describe themselves as having a ‘hearing loss’, ‘hearing impairment’ or as ‘deaf’, and includes children who have glue ear. Deafness, or hearing loss, happens when one or more parts of the ear are not working effectively.
Deafness refers to the inability to understand speech through hearing even when sound is amplified. Profound deafness means the person cannot hear anything at all; they are unable to detect sound, even at the highest volume possible. Hearing aids do not replace normal hearing and people with a hearing impairment face barriers every day trying to communicate and understand. Deafness is an unseen disability and is often misunderstood.
Follow the link to find out more about deafness in children:
See the National Deaf Children Society (NDCS) for information on deaf awareness.
Did you know?
- 78% of deaf children attend their local mainstream school
Support deaf children in your school by nominating a Listening Champion and attending our training courses.
Check out our webinar on the Listening Champion
Training dates will soon be coming out for September 2018 on deaf awareness and strategies of how to support deaf and hearing impaired children in the mainstream classroom. | <urn:uuid:f43849ed-0d48-4224-90e2-1dcdf611518b> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | https://sendsuccess.org.uk/deaf-awareness-week-may-14th-may-18th-2018/?print=print | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664752.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112051214-20191112075214-00390.warc.gz | en | 0.959901 | 300 | 4 | 4 |
Language Lessons from Antiquity
Language Lessons from Antiquity follows a similar format to Language Lessons from Australian History. In Level 3 of LL Antiquity your child will study ancient history from creation through to King Saul,(approximately to 1000BC), including the civilizations of Mesopotamia, Israel, Egypt and China. The Bible and The Story of the Ancient World by Christine Miller are the main texts along with other historical fiction. Grammar, writing, picture study, narration, copywork and research projects make up most of the learning. History is learned from the reading and lessons reinforce and utilise the history to teach the above skills. In Level 3, aimed at ages 11-13, your child will write 3 five paragraph essays, poetry, a creative composition, as well as an oral presentation. Writing tropes are also taught as part of the writing lessons. | <urn:uuid:08b00c31-3dc9-43f1-9903-1c9a8414c2e1> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://www.educationreformation.net/product-info-1/language-lessons-from-antiquity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525500.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20190718042531-20190718064531-00032.warc.gz | en | 0.939101 | 171 | 3.578125 | 4 |
At the present time, sustainable development is a key issue in a wide range of fields, including production technology, life-cycle management and the use of natural resources. It is also one of the most challenging goals in the construction industry. This applies not only to the design of new structures but also to the management of the huge stock of existing structures. Sustainability, in this context, covers three important areas, including society, environment and the economy. Bridge owners and authorities are currently dealing with a large number of structurally deficient and obsolete bridges because of ageing and the more rigorous safety demands imposed in current regulations. Two strategies can be considered when dealing with deficient bridges in networks: upgrading and replacement (reconstruction). Traditional upgrading and construction methods involve several drawbacks, of which traffic disturbance/disruption is the most important. The trend in the past few years has therefore been to develop upgrading and construction techniques which minimise the operation time and have a minimal effect on traffic flow. In this context, the use of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials, together with an adhesive bonding technique, in the upgrading and construction of bridges has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. The outstanding properties of FRP materials, such as high strength, high modulus of elasticity, light weight, corrosion resistance, enhanced fatigue life and tailorability of properties, have made them a suitable material for upgrading existing bridges and constructing new ones. The advantages offered by using FRP materials, in terms of the construction of new bridges and the upgrading of existing ones, have been demonstrated in a number of scientific publications. Despite extensive research work on the short-term load effects, the method still faces some questions about the long-term performance of adhesive joints. Unfortunately, the extent of our knowledge of the negative effects of environmental parameters, such as temperature, humidity, corrosion and de-icing salts, on the durability of adhesive joints is still very limited. This lack of knowledge is compensated for by the application of large safety factors to the strength of composite materials, which in turn increases the cost dramatically (in some cases less than 30% of the capacity of the composite material is effectively used). This simply means that about 70% of the resources, including the raw material and energy consumed to produce the FRP material, are wasted. For this reason, considerable benefits in terms of material utilisation and economic savings can be made if realistic and accurate design methods, taking account of the long-term performance of FRP systems, could be developed. In the construction of new steel-FRP composite bridges (steel girders with an FRP deck), the composite action (integrity of the girders and the FRP deck) is an important aspect. The principal aim of this research project is to develop a design model for adhesive joints between steel and FRP composites to take account of the long-term effects. Within this overall aim, there are two sub-aims that relate to the main aim of this project: (1) to improve our knowledge of the long-term performance of adhesive joints beyond the state of the art, with special emphasis on the effects of corrosion, temperature, humidity and de-icing salts on the load-carrying capacity, stiffness and fatigue strength of adhesive joints, and (2) to develop an overall design model based on the knowledge obtained in the previous sub-aim which takes account ? in an appropriate manner of important factors that affect the load-carrying capacity, stiffness and fatigue strength of joints. The research work will be carried out over a period of four years and will be divided into three tasks: (1) improve our knowledge of the long-term performance of FRP systems beyond the state of the art, (2) establish a degradation model and (3) develop an overall design model and verification.
Docent vid Chalmers, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering
Doktorand vid Chalmers, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering
Funding Chalmers participation during 2012–2015 with 4,760,000.00 SEK | <urn:uuid:eca0317f-e257-4e7e-a831-9ab70e3a98fc> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | https://research.chalmers.se/en/project/5499 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120063253-20180120083253-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.932924 | 825 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Research underway at Scotland’s University of Aberdeen is poised to provide a new model for corrosion assessment to enhance oil and gas safety.
The goal is to shed light on how corrosion develops spatially on steel pipelines and vessels, to improve replacement decisions and integrity management. Researchers say this type of corrosion research is breaking new ground and will give deeper insights into the deterioration of oil and gas systems.
|“The deterioration of assets through corrosion damage is a critical problem for the industry,” says Dr. Neill Renton.|
The petrochem industry is stepping up attention to monitoring and maintaining aging assets. Last year, the UK launched the KP4 initiative, which provides guidelines for the inspection and maintenance of aging installations.
Determining Pipeline Life
Many existing failure models allow for the inclusion of one active corrosion defect in the assessment. While these calculations can incorporate variability in the engineering problem, they do not take into account the effect of multiple areas of corrosion, researchers say.
The current research provides new understanding of how the spatial variability of corrosion can impact these systems, said Dr. Neill Renton, head of chemical engineering within the School of Engineering.
“The deterioration of assets through corrosion damage is a critical problem for the industry,” Renton said. “The determination of remaining pipeline or equipment life and the ability to plan suitable maintenance and inspection programs has a key part to play.”
He added: “Spatial correlation between areas of corrosion is not typically addressed in standard assessments. The methodology we are developing will extend existing models and provide new ones which can help engineers make timely decisions on replacement and shutdown.”
New Testing Technology
The project is using a new-technology testing tool developed by UK-based CorDEX Instruments Ltd., which has a base in Aberdeen. CorDEX is an ISO 9001:2008-certified manufacturer of hand-held inspection and non-destructive testing devices for use within hazardous (potentially explosive) environments.
The research team is using CorDEX’s new UT5000 Intrinsically Safe Ultrasonic Tester, which measures metal thickness for NDT and predictive maintenance on pipelines and fixed equipment in hazardous locations.
The system includes CorDEX’s CONNECT program, which uses RFID and software to tag measurements with their location, then organizes the data, giving the engineer a view of the pipeline at any specific location.
“It was crucial for us to have the most precise readings possible to provide a robust foundation for us to base our findings on,” said Renton. The equipment “has allowed us to gain exact readings to verify our research.”
The research is part of a wider corrosion project funded by the National Subsea Research Institute (NSRI). | <urn:uuid:39e8712d-4837-4cfd-9deb-b0fe3850cc7d> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://paintsquare.com/news/?fuseaction=view&id=6256 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699113041/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101153-00091-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915615 | 573 | 2.515625 | 3 |
I am calculating an equation A*x=B, where A is a matrix and B is a vector, x is answer (unknown) vector.
Hardware specs: Intel i7 3630QM (4 cores), nVidia GeForce GT 640M (384 CUDA cores)
Here's an example:
Elapsed time is 1.382281 seconds.
Elapsed time is 4.775395 seconds.
Somehow GPU is much slower... Why? It is also slower in FFT, INV, LU calculations, which should be related with matrix division.
However, GPU is much faster in matrix multiplication (with the same data):
Elapsed time is 0.014700 seconds.
Elapsed time is 0.000505 seconds.
The main question is why GPU A\B (mldivide) is so slow comparing to CPU? | <urn:uuid:560ca55b-d2cb-4f35-8855-7b0344be90ec> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://au.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/answers/63692-matlab-cuda-slow-in-solving-matrix-vector-equation-a-x-b | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347410284.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200530165307-20200530195307-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.889584 | 180 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Ordinary chain bind off, part 2a: binding off in the middle of a fabric--starting the bind off
8 illustrations Click any illustration to enlargeA buttonhole, a pocket opening, the bottom of a neck opening: these are all examples of binding off in the middle of a fabric. This sort of binding off often looks very sloppy indeed, both where it starts (at the right edge of the bind off) as well as where it ends (at the left edge of the bind off)
Today's post concerns the starting part of the bind off--the right edge. The next post will be about the ending part of the bind off--at the left edge.
Let's say that our pattern requires us to bind off several stitches in the middle of our fabric, using the chain bind off. (Click here for further information on the basics of the chain bind off). First we'll look at the traditional method, and then the improved method.
The traditional methodIllustration 1, below: Many books do not have any preparation step for binding off in the middle of the fabric. Rather, you are instructed to simply begin with an ordinary chain bind off as illustrated below: the last stitch of the fabric will be the teal stitch, while the first stitch bound off will be the purple stitch, which is being drawn over the green stitch. As you can see, the purple stitch is connected to the teal stitch by the little red tail, and we'll talk more about that little tail in illustrations 3 and 4, below.
Illustration 2, below: According to the traditional method, you are then instructed to continue the bind off as for an ordinary bind off, so the situation looks like this:
Illustration 3, below: As you can see, using the traditional method, the last fabric stitch (teal) and the first bind off stitch (purple) are connected by nothing other than a single strand--the tail yarn which connects the teal stitch to the purple stitch. This little tail (red) is going to form the bottom right corner of the bind off.
Sadly, over time, the result is going to be an ugly and weak gap. As the teal stitch and the purple stitch stretch ever further apart they will stretch and expose that single red tail. In close-up, the situation is going to look like this:
Photograph 4, below: Here it is in real life, in all-purple yarn. The red arrow is pointing to the stretched-out single tail in the lower right corner of the bind off.
The improved methodTo get rid of this ugly, weak gap, let's try this trick: instead of starting the bind off with the purple stitch, we'll do a little sleight-of-hand with the teal stitch. Remember that what we want to do is to improve the connection between the last fabric stitch and the first bind off stitch. As it turns out, when we use a kfb increase (knit front, back), the two daughter stitches which result are hooked together by a veritable spider's web of yarn. So, let's turn that fact to our advantage.
(For illustrated instructions on how to work a kfb, click here.)
We'll use a kfb increase and force the teal stitch to do double duty by turning it into the last fabric stitch AND the first bind off stitch. In this manner, we'll be able to position that strong connection between the two stitches just at the weak corner. In other words, in this improved version of the chain bind off, we are going to use the kfb increase to create TWO teal stitches--one to lay in the fabric, and one BONUS stitch, with the strong connection between these two stitches positioned at the weak corner.
Illustration 5, below: Under this new improved method, when we come to knit the teal stitch, we will work it as a kfb into its underlying foundation stitch. As you can see from the illustration below, this results in TWO teal daughter stitches. The kf part of the foundation stitch lays under the first teal stitch, and this part of the foundation stitch is brown, whereas the kb part of the foundation stitch lies under the second teal stitch, and this part of the foundation stitch is orange.Illustration 5, above, shows the very real benefit of using the kfb increase. You see, due to the kfb increase, the two teal stitches are not merely connected by one single tail like ordinary stitches--no! Rather, they are connected by three strands of yarn: the two orange strands in the twisted portion--the kb portion--of the foundation stitch, as well as the one-strand-tail (red) between the two teal stitches themselves, making three strands altogether. So, instead of the single red tail from illustration 3, by the traditional method, we have three strands--two orange and one red--to fortify our corner by this kfb trick. (There is a close-up of this in illustrations 7 and 8, further down this post.)
Per illustration 6, below, we'll begin our improved bind off by drawing the second teal stitch--the bonus stitch which we made--over the purple stitch, then the purple stitch over the green, and so on.Here is something important to remember about the teal bonus stitch: We do not COUNT it as a bound off stitch. Remember: the second teal stitch is an EXTRA stitch which we've created with only one purpose in mind: to put more yarn into that weak right corner of the bind off. Because we created it as an extra stitch, a bonus stitch, we do not count it when we get rid of it again.
In other words, the second teal bonus stitch flashes into existence for only a brief moment: we create it, then draw it over the first stitch to be bound off, and then the bonus stitch is gone forever. It leaves behind only a stronger corner, but it never alters our stitch count. It is only when we draw the purple stitch over the next (green) stitch that we start counting our bound off stitches--the purple stitch, NOT the teal bonus stitch is the FIRST bound off stitch.
Below, illustration 7, is a close up of what the improved corner looks like once we've add the teal kfb bonus stitch. As you can see, the corner which had only a single, weak red tail by the traditional method now has a sturdy spider's web of yarn fortifying the corner in this improved version. Instead of one strand of yarn, three strands of yarn lie there now--the two strands at the top of the bonus stitch's foundation stitch (orange) as well as the bonus stitch's own tail (illustrated in red). This construction will last far longer than the unimproved traditional corner of illustrations 3 and 4.Photograph 8, below: here is what the kfb looks like at the start of a bind off, in real life, in all-purple yarn. Although you can see the extra yarn in illustrations 5, 6 and 7, yet in an actual photograph (8) you can see that all these extra fortifying loops are actually hidden away, and all you see is the front of the bonus stitch. In other words, even though you've packed that formerly weak corner with lots of yarny fortification, the front presents a nice, even appearance instead of the the loose, sloppy and weak single strand in illustration 3 and photograph 4, above.
I think you will find that over time, this little trick of fortifying the right corner of a bind off by starting the bind off with a kfb will pay off in sturdier buttonholes, more robust pocket openings, and easier to pick-up-through neck openings.
One last thing--are you worried that adding an extra stitch to the corner will make the opening too large? In my experience, that won't happen. In fact, the tight twist introduced by the kfb will keep the starting (right) edge of the bind off tighter than by the original method, because you won't have a stretched-out mess in the corner there.
This post is part of a series. The others in this series are:
Ordinary chain bind off, part 1: binding off along a straight edge
Part 2b: binding off in the middle of a fabric--ending the bind off
Part 3: binding off circular knits.
(You have been reading TECHknitting on: "bind off (cast off) in the middle of a fabric.") | <urn:uuid:b8764bca-2b1b-4a65-80a2-82ea0052d832> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://techknitting.blogspot.com/2008/12/ordinary-chain-bind-off-part-2a-binding.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510265454.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011745-00344-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935893 | 1,764 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Gospel readings are a fundamental part of the Mass, and therefore Gospel-books were among the most essential possessions of a church or monastery. Known as Codex Bigotianus after a later owner, the book collector and scholar Émery Bigot (d. 1689), this Gospel-book is now divided into two separate volumes, with the Gospels of Sts Matthew, Mark and Luke bound separately (the other volume is BnF Latin 298).
Decorated copies of the Gospels often include large ornamental letters at the beginning of each book. Codex Bigotianus was made in Southern England but, like Northumbrian books, it features interlace and beasts in these initial letters. This style is sometimes known as Insular, referring to manuscripts made on the islands of Britain and Ireland, and also in Continental monasteries established by Anglo-Saxon or Irish monks. | <urn:uuid:e377e17d-e778-4732-922d-0484a2a6cf33> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/bnf-the-codex-bigotianus-one-of-two-volumes?shelfitemviewer=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027314353.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20190818231019-20190819013019-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.965379 | 182 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Whether you are remodeling your existing home or building an addition it is important that your window openings are constructed properly. We will show you the easy steps you need to take to build window headers that are strong, stable, and durable. Adding large windows to a room will let the sunshine in and illuminate the area with natural light. But you must build window headers properly to make sure the main structure of the home doesn’t collapse or simply put undue stresses on the window itself.
Build Window Headers Like a Bridge
Think of the window opening as the span of a bridge. In particular, on very wide windows, you must bridge the gap between two distant wall studs. You must do so while still supporting the load above. The vertical supports of the header
(or bridge span) are normally simple 2×4 or 2×6 wall studs. The stud that reaches from floor to ceiling is called a “King Stud” while the inner support beneath the header is called a “Jack Stud.” If it was your first time trying to build window headers you may not think of installing a Jack Stud, not knowing any better. However, a Jack Stud is critical to the design and required by code.
How Big Should You Build Window Headers
Obviously the larger the span the larger the Window Header must be. That said, you MUST check with your local building code enforcement office to confirm the regulations for your area. You can also find information in the International Building Code Book, or on the FEMA website.
Here are the common wood sizes needed to build window headers for a given span:
- Maximum Span 48” – 2×6 header
- Maximum Span 60” – 2×8 header
- Maximum Span 72” – 2×10 header
- Maximum Span 84” – 2×12 header
NOTE: Consult your local building code office. Actual requirements may vary in certain areas of the country due to snow loads, wind loads, etc.
Header Material Alternatives
- Dimensional Lumber: The most common headers are constructed using dimensional lumber such as 2×6, 2×8, or 2×10 material. In each case 2 pieces of wood are nailed together side by side and stood up on edge to bridge the span.
- Engineered Lumber: In some cases an engineered lumber header is used. This is a solid piece of wood that may be 3-1/2” thick for a 2×4 studded wall or 5-1/2” thick for a 2×6 studded wall, with ample height to support the span.
- Laminate Lumber: In this case the 3-1/2” or 5-1/2” wood pieces are stacked on top of each other and bonded together. The multiple layers would form a header that is 12” or more in height.
- I-Beam Headers: For large spans such as a garage door opening it is common to purchase a prefabricated header. These are usually constructed using plywood for the vertical member, capped both top and bottom with 2×2 lumber. The gap between the plywood is filled with polystyrene foam for insulation value.
If you think that trying to build window headers on your own seems like it may be more than you can handle give us a call. If you are searching for a professional contractor you can trust, to help you with your installation in Illinois: contact One Source Renovation, LLC at WindowRepairGuy.com or give us a call at (815)-634-8922. | <urn:uuid:194f1a06-d079-4016-82eb-45b5a69a0ce6> | CC-MAIN-2022-05 | https://windowrepairguy.com/blog/how-to-build-window-headers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304798.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125070039-20220125100039-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.922063 | 744 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Fishing lure and tackle, also called fishing gear, is a general term that refers to the fishing equipment used by fishermen while fishing. Almost any equipment or gear used for fishing can be called fishing tackle. Some examples are fishing lures, bait, lines, rods, reels, fish nets and trawls, downriggers, outriggers, gaffs, harpoons, clevises, floats, and traps. Gear that is attached to the end of a fishing line, such as hooks, leaders, swivels, sinkers and snaps, is called terminal tackle. The fishing hook is usually attached by a line to a fishing rod. A fish bite indicator such as a float is sometimes used. The fishing rod is usually fitted with a fishing reel that functions as a mechanism for storing, retrieving and paying out the line. The hook can be dressed with fishing lures or fishing bait. Catch and release fishing is increasingly practised by recreational fishermen. In many parts of the world, size limits apply to certain species, meaning fish below and/or above a certain size must, by law, be released. | <urn:uuid:e2433cb4-6b9e-48cc-9d77-a5ebe0f75dfa> | CC-MAIN-2015-35 | http://www.berkleybaits.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644060173.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025420-00305-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956341 | 228 | 2.796875 | 3 |
ABOUT PICTURE JUSTICE
Educating and inspiring our next generation of Upstanders
Picture Justice equips participants with the skills to address social injustices in their own communities through a combination of photography, storytelling, and human rights education.
The program fosters critical thinking and active citizenship, promotes compassion and empathy, and equips participants with the skills needed to be social justice advocates.
NEW YORK CITY IS YOUR CLASSROOM
Participants work with professional photographers, journalists, and educators, to explore a local human rights/ social justice issue. Participants meet with community leaders, lawyers, activists, and advocates working on reform, advocacy and social change. Capturing photos and taking testimonies from people who have lived experiences of the program topic.
Participants produce a photo exhibition, online photo essays, and an edition of the PROOF POST - advocacy newspaper. Picture Justice participants walk away with an invaluable set of research, artistic, and leadership skills.
Founded in 2014 in partnership with the United Nations International School.
- Photography training
- Personal story as advocacy tools
- Knowledge of human rights issues
- Public speaking and advocacy
Picture Justice can be integrated into school curriculum, providing a unique multi-faceted approach to learning about social justice, photography, and human rights within the classroom. Hear below from students from a recent in-school Picture Justice partnership with Avenues: The World School.
Images courtesy of Ligeia Moltisanti
Click here to learn more about
Picture Justice, Summer 2018
"Activism in Action".
July 16th - August 3rd
Limited Scholarships available
All students are encouraged to apply. | <urn:uuid:067c078e-7560-4234-a0e6-ea85472f7835> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | http://proof.org/picture-justice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867055.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624195735-20180624215735-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.912529 | 338 | 2.5625 | 3 |
From the website:
Information, Communications, and Technology (ICT) Curriculum blends Big6 Skills with ISTE-NETS for a seamless approach for information-technology literacy.
Authors Michael Eisenberg, Doug Johnson, and Bob Berkowitz blend baseline information literacy contexts from Big6 Skills (Eisenberg & Berkowitz, 1988) with technology standards developed by International Society for Technology in Education’s National Educational Technology Standards for Students (ISTE NETS-S, 2007). The result is a guideline for relevant technology skills all K-12 students could reasonably be expected to demonstrate before they graduate.
Originally known as a research methodology, the Big 6 has newly emerged as a single curriculum combining technology and information literacy. -JL | <urn:uuid:8748a34d-c0d6-4bfc-b845-654f429f1e56> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.scoop.it/t/writer-s-toolbelt/p/1095240656/2012/01/31/infolit-experts-merge-k-12-technology-literacy-and-information-literacy-into-one-curriculum-big6 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163054867/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131734-00057-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.866232 | 151 | 2.828125 | 3 |
|This map of the potential distribution of Pampas grass has produced from CLIMATE® modelling, overlayed with:|
Pasture irrigated and dryland
Broad vegetation types:
Coastal scrubs and grasslands; grasslands; coastal grassy woodlands; riverine grassy woodlands; riparian forests; swamp scrub.
Potential Distribution of Pampas grass
Colours indicate possibility of Cortaderia selloana infesting these areas.
Red = Very High
Orange = High
Light Green = Medium
Dark Green = Likely
In the non-coloured areas the plant is unlikely to establish as the climate, soil or landuse is not presently suitable.
Further information on mapping potential distribution of weeds | <urn:uuid:2f49a265-871a-4e71-ad12-19dbfef02eab> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | http://vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/vrosite.nsf/pages/potential_pampas_grass | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986707990.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20191020105426-20191020132926-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.830237 | 153 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Recently, the lion population has been shrinking rapidly. Lions could be extinct in the next 10 years. Why are lions getting killed you wonder? There are 3 answers; poaching, lion poisoning, and human development in the lions habitat.
Poachers have been killing lions since 1950, they killed 2,002 lions in Kenya alone in 2004. Poachers have been killing more and more lions each year. Because lions eat cattle rancher’s cattle, ranchers poison the lions. They do this by giving the lions pieces of meat that have a chemical on it called Carbofuran. Carbofuran is a deadly pesticide that is banned in the US and Europe.
In west Africa, lion poisoning is terrible. Lions have been poisoned so many times that according to National Geographic News, only 160 adult lions and 50 cubs roam west Africa. The west African lions are different then the eastern lions and the southern lions. The west African lions have thinner manes and have longer legs, so if they are killed an entire species will be extinct.
Many people build houses in the lions’ habitat and lions have no where else to go. Once the lions have no where to live, they either starve or get killed by people. The question that you are probably thinking about is will the lions be extinct soon?
In Kenya there are many farms because Kenya has a lot of people. Once the farms are built in the lions habitat, the lions try to eat the cows. To try to stop the lions from killing the cattle, farmers put pesticide around the cows, killing the lions. Cattle ranchers sometimes have guns so they can shoot the lions when the lions are trying to kill the farmers cattle.
In Senegal, there are fewer than 10 west African lions. In Nigeria, there are fewer than 25 west African lions. All together, the west African lions in Benin, Burkina Faso, and Niger are less than 200. In Africa, there are about 210 African lions left in west Africa. Bob Smith, a reporter for 60 minutes, says cattle ranchers are poisoning lions with a cheap American pesticide to protect their cattle. Cattle ranchers should not poison the lions, lions need food or they will die. In the next 10 years, west African lions might be extinct.
Kenya lost 7720 lions between 1970-2004. This is the largest drop that happened to a type of species says reporters. The International Union for Conservation of Naturalists the African lion on the red list of threatened species. Poachers are also a problem in Kenya. There lions are killed to get money and they kill more and more lions. 10 years ago, you could see lions every where. Now, it is very rare to see lions in Africa because they are in protected places to save them from poachers and getting poisoned. In the next 15 years, lions in Kenya might be extinct.
In India, one type of lion that is called the Asiatic lion. The Asiatic used to live in more places, from the Mediterranean to India. Now the only place that you can see them is India. In India there are less than 300 lions. The Gir National Park is the only place where the Asiatic lion. The Asiatic lion is rated the most endangered large carnivore globally. This happened because of poaching. Poachers get a lot of money from the lions skin.
The poachers get this money from China. There is a lot of demand in China for tiger and lion skin, elephant tusks, and a powder that comes from Rhino horns. This business in lion and tiger skin is especially bad because it is making the world into a darker place. Because of poaching in 13 years, the Asiatic lion might be extinct.
Even though the lion population is very low, rangers and the conservation workers in India and Africa are working to stop poachers. Conservation workers are helping the lions stay heathy. The rangers are making sure that no one shoots these amazing cats. However, the conservation workers and rangers need help – so please, save the lions! | <urn:uuid:54fc6755-22e3-4f26-b945-4a53f1fa243c> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://gfscorner.com/2014/11/20/will-they-be-extinct/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151531.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724223025-20210725013025-00331.warc.gz | en | 0.95541 | 830 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Jacks from the Past: the Story of JohnKin Davies
JohnKin Albert Davies was born in 1853 in London, England to a working-class family. His mother and father were shopkeepers in the city where they spent most of their time, but had their family home situated on the outskirts of town, where JohnKin and his siblings could attend a public school. Growing up in a working class family in nineteenth century England, JohnKin came to understand the importance of hard work at a very early
age. Secondary education was never much of an option for such a family, and this meant the rDavies children would have to develop their talents and skills outside of the classroom in order to make a living.
JohnKin was always fascinated with the kinds of objects and tools he’d find in his parent’s shop. Everything from trinkets like music boxes, and old jewelry cases to handmade clothing, hand-bound books, and more. When JohnKin was about 16 years old, he took a particular interest in the process of forging metal after walking past a blacksmithing forge just outside of town. He noticed as the men at work heated, molded, and forged the material into various shapes and tools. He was instantly captured by their strength and technique and felt compelled to learn more. He re-visited the forge the next day, and then again the day after that. After a few visits, he was invited inside by one of the blacksmiths who had seen him from the window. He was asked if he wanted to see the process from a closer perspective.
JohnKin ended up spending a few weeks after this visiting the forge. He would go on to make acquaintances with the other blacksmiths and even try his hand at their techniques. He was always intrigued by how structured yet creative and fluid the whole process could be. He would learn the ancient processes step by step, passed down from one blacksmith to another, and once he got comfortable enough, he would be able to create his own unique pieces. This was what excited JohnKin most about blacksmithing.
After a couple of years of taking on apprenticeships and learning from older blacksmiths around London, JohnKin was compelled to open up a forge of his own. He had been selling his own creations in his parent’s shop and in markets around town. He felt confident enough in his own craft to pursue this next endeavour. This was until he met the leader of the Arts and Craft movement, William Morris, at a crafting convention taking place in London in 1873. Morris was inspired by the passion and drive that JohnKin possessed, reminding him of a younger self. The two ended up chatting about craftsmanship for a while, exchanging ideas about blacksmithing and design that the other didn’t know about.
Once this went on for long enough, William Morris decided to invite JohnKin to stay with him at Kelmscott Manor in Oxfordshire. Morris quickly became invested in the talent and spirit of the young man before him, knowing that such qualities could only exist in someone who would go on to do great things. Morris had just taken ownership of the Manor and moved there with his family. There was extra room in the guest house for JohnKin to stay and develop his own crafts beyond just blacksmithing. This was a very exciting opportunity for JohnKin, one he knew he couldn’t pass up. His dreams of opening up his own blacksmithing forge would have to wait.
JohnKin went on to spend the following year living at Kelmscott Manor, learning from William Morris, sharing ideas with him and even becoming politically active in the socialist movement. The two men got along quite well and it was a mutually beneficial relationship. It was not long before JohnKin was showcasing his own work at the same crafting conference where the two initially met, becoming an influential figure in the Arts and Crafts movement. | <urn:uuid:3540e127-3f1f-46ce-88ae-94a1f5ae48c9> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.hellojack.info/post/jacks-from-the-past-the-story-of-johnkin-davies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104364750.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704080332-20220704110332-00257.warc.gz | en | 0.991387 | 799 | 2.75 | 3 |
World Malaria Report 2008
This report provides key information on the burden of malaria worldwide, as well as important data on efforts to prevent and control the disease. Also included are detailed profiles of 30 countries with a high burden of malaria. The report's summary and key points are provided in English, French, and Spanish.
Author: World Health Organization
» Download file (English)
4.59 MB PDF (Located at malaria.who.int)
Resource types: Report | <urn:uuid:644765cc-12e6-411e-993e-360d5cf85ebe> | CC-MAIN-2016-50 | http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/details.php?i=748 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698543782.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170903-00321-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873155 | 97 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Family, a very important part of our life. Family tells us a lot of things. We spend many special moments with our family and for preserving those moments many people make a pedigree chart. So that they can preserve their family memories for the future. In this post, we are going to tell you how to make a basic family tree.
What Is A Basic Tree?
Normally it is a graphical representation that shows the relation of our household members in the form of a tree.
Types Of Trees
There are different types of pedigree like basic family tree, ancestor chart, descendents charts, and sandglass diagram etc. We will tell you about all of these trees so stay connected with this post.
Basic Family Tree (BFT)
BFT means a simple diagram or structure in which you and your household member show like you, your father and mother is shown. There are no other family members like your grandmother or grandfather. You can say that small lineage is known as a basic family tree in which there are only 3-4 members.
If we talk about the ancestor chart then it is a chart that shows the ancestors of a person which is called “proband”. This chart starting from bottom to upper side and it starts with the person.
This chart shows the descendants of a person and it starts with a person “proband” at the top and then in the bottom the children and the children thereof shown. Like at the top it show the person with his wife and then in the bottom you can see their child and their child.
Combination of the ancestor and descendants chart is known as sandglass diagram and in this chart proband show in the middle.
How To Make A Basic Pedigree Tree?
Making a basic lineage is very simple. Basic lineage is a small pedigree tree so you don’t take more time to making it. Just collect the information about your family members like their ages, date of birth and birthplace. After that think about a tree template and insert all the data of your household into the lineage template. Your family lineage will be created now share your family pedigree with your family members and your friends. You can also make your a tree on paper.
This is how you can make a basic family tree with simple steps. If you want to make a lineage like ancestor and descendants chart then contact family tree maker support for getting support. We will give you the best solution so that you can easily do your work easily. Contact us at +1-800-697-1474 for getting help now!
Frequently Asked Questions
Ans: Making a simple pedigree chart is very easy just collect the information about your family and then insert all the information in the tree template.
Ans: Simple family tree shows the descendants or ancestors of a specific person in a small amout of data.
Ans: In a tree if you are making your tree top to down then the third generation comes at the top of your tree then third second generation comes at last you and your parents show in the tree bottom.
Ans: You can use FTM Connect now family tree maker connect as a free version of FTM. Go to your apple app store and download it free. | <urn:uuid:77ff8e4a-a759-4d51-9253-c09df707f475> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://familytreemakersupport.us/basic-family-tree/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500140.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20230204142302-20230204172302-00055.warc.gz | en | 0.951867 | 675 | 2.734375 | 3 |
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other as "the theatre and concert hall of the older regions."29 Jokes, stories, songs, or even a violin, were Drought into service to wear away the monotony of the court. The language of the court room even while in session was not the most refined. The following stories indicate the trend of the vocabulary used. One judge, when about to make his decision, was interrupted by the defense, who, well knowing that the judge was to decide against him, said that there was no precedent to warrant such a decision. The judge replied: "Damn it, I'll make one then." The remark that Lincoln may or may not have made that, "That may be pretty good Latin, but it's damn poor law," is indicative at least of what one should expect in a frontier court. In one instance in Oneida County, New York, the judge was about to dismiss court because of the cold. The people present suggested that he "take a pull" at the jug of whisky which had already kept all the others warm. He resisted for some time in an effort to sustain the dignity of the court, but finally reluctantly yielded. The jug was passed to him and the work of the court proceeded.30
While lawyers as a class pride themselves on their respect for law, on the frontier he frequently settled his private quarrels in rather irregular ways outside of court. Among the refined, the duel was the proper way of settling private differences. Among the less particular, and this included lawyers, politicians, and occasionally even judges, a street fight might be the extent to which the extreme frontier spirit went in an affair of honor. One writer states that: "Court week was the favorite time for persons to settle quarrels and the judge adjourned the court to allow lawyers and others, including his honor, to witness the fight. Judges rode to court armed to the teeth, carrying enormous looking knives which were freely used on the slightest provocation."31 Men like Benton and Jack
son had their share of tavern brawls,3- and it seems that in regions like Kentucky and Tennessee it was almost necessary to have this bluff spirit. Possibly conduct like the above should be confined to a very small part of the frontier, perhaps to the two states named.
The lawyer was the most successful man on the frontier.33 In politics he had absolute control. He held the best political positions; he was stump speaker and orator. The absence of the telegraph, telephone, press and railroads made him the educational agency of the times, for through him all information traveled. He was prosperous34 and versatile, entering any business where money could be made. The" finest and the largest houses, as those of brick, inevitably belonged to the lawyer.35 In society the lawyer stood at the top.36 Yet the success of the frontier lawyer is attributed not so much to his knowledge of law as to his "push, pluck, audacity and personal courage,"37 The spirit of the West made him what he was.
Some space must be devoted to the most typical of frontier lawyers, Abraham Lincoln. He was storekeeper, student, postmaster, surveyor, politician and. lawyer. He studied law at home from the books he borrowed from Major Stuart. His advice to those who would learn law is simple: "Get books and read and study them carefully. Begin with Blackstone's Commentaries and after reading them through, say twice, take Chitty's Pleadings, Greenleaf's Evidence, and Story's Equity in succession. Work, work, work, is the main thing."38 He first learned to write legal forms from a text book. Once while working in the field, he was called upon by a neighbor to write a deed. Sitting on a stump and writing against a shingle he wrote the
"Ibid. 1906:586. 3s Flint, Thwaites' Travels, Vol.
"Thwaites' Travels, Intro., Vol. 9:195.
deed in true frontier style. He tried hard to get the liberal education which the New England college gave, and spent all his odd moments studying classic literature and history.
His behavior in court, his jokes, stories and wit are typical of the period. In 1848, when traveling on the circuit of Judge Davis, he was repeatedly told to keep quiet. On one occasion Judge Davis remarked: "Come, come, Mr. Lincoln, I can't stand this. There is no use to carry on twocourts. I must adjourn mine or you yours, and I think you will have to be the one."39 At another time Lincoln told the clerk a funny story, so funny that the clerk laughed aloud. The judge fined the clerk five dollars for contempt and told Lincoln to "shut up." The clerk responded that the story was worth five dollars. This aroused the curiosity of the judge and he asked the clerk to relate the story, which he did. The judge himself laughed aloud, so he promptly remitted the fine of the clerk.40 Such was the easy, free and rambling manner in which the frontier court was conducted. It was bound by no traditions, for the frontier had no traditions.
Travelers and writers tell us that the amount of litigation on the frontier was enormous.41 One writer declares that: "The uncertainty of land title gives expensive and inexhaustible lawsuits which enrich professional men."42 The same is true of the law concerning water power and water rights. Both these branches of the law are now more or less settled. The comments on the amount of litigation are so frequent that it probably must be accepted as a fact that the frontier had more legal disputes than one should expect in a thinty populated region. It naturally follows that the proportion of lawyers on the frontier was greater than in the older regions. Added to this is the confirming fact that the frontier lawyer followed many other profes
sions, although this is true, though in a lesser degree, of all lawyers. A comparison of Livingston's Law Registers for 1852 and 1868 with the census lists of 1850 and 1870 shows that the older states had one lawyer per 1000 and as low as one lawyer for every 2000 inhabitants, while the frontier states show ratios varying from three to 2000 to as high as three or six to 1000, the number per 1000 increasing with the newness of the frontier. States which in 1852 showed a high percentage of lawyers per population, in 1868 showed a great reduction, these states having in the meantime passed through the frontier stage. Possibly the litigation on land and water rights, possibly the "wanderlust," the "Call of the West," caused this large influx of lawyers. That the law could not support this excess proportion of lawyers is shown by the fact that they entered so many other professions. It was only after the frontier community grew older that the number of lawyers adjusted itself to the real needs of the community.
In conclusion it would be well to point out a few differences between the frontier lawyer and the lawyer of today. The reader must have already called up in his mind a great many differences. Dos Passos in his interesting book on the "American Lawyer" makes a distinction between the past and present lawyer, which I will quote, for it is equally applicable to the frontier and present lawyer. The present lawyer "has no less brains, no less natural intellect; and he is a better business man withal than the lawyer of yore. Simply he is armed with different weapons. Eeal eloquence and knowledge of sound elementary law have almost disappeared, and the lawyer is burdened by the incubus of form, statutes, codes. Codification has aided dishonest clients, for trickery, cunning and pettifogging are more pronounced and visible."43 The frontier library, yes the law library of fifty years ago, was small, so the principles of law were studied from a few classical texts. To
43 Dos Passos, American Lawyer, p. 23.
day we have mammoth libraries, and we study law by the case method by selections made from thousands of reports. As a foundation for law we study literature, history, political science and economics, while on the frontier such a training was exceptional. The frontier had, however, what no education could give, a certain sympathy with the spirit of the frontier. This failure to appreciate the frontier feeling accounts for the inability of the New England lawyer to handle a western jury with the same success that the frontier lawyer did. On the other hand, the successful frontier lawyer failed in the east, and as an example I point to Abraham Lincoln, whose first appearance in the east was a great disappointment. Each lawyer, the eastern and western, had his own sphere in which he was supreme. When either left his own sphere, he failed, until he imbibed the spirit of the new environment, be it east or west. The "Lawyer on the Frontier" is a distinct type.
Raymond T. Zillmer. | <urn:uuid:e2572d93-85e8-4bf4-a981-b22acf62caf6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://books.google.com.ng/books?id=800ZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA38&dq=editions:LCCNsn84000376&output=html_text&source=gbs_search_r&cad=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.982152 | 1,835 | 2.59375 | 3 |
DeLeon Springs State Park located in the town of DeLeon Springs. Before DeLeon Springs became a state park archeologists uncovered mounds dating as far back 6,000 BC. Many Native American tribes inhabited the area.
Rent a canoe, kayak or paddleboat and travel along 22,000 acres of lakes, creeks and marshes. Great Herons, Great Egrets and an Anhinga along the water’s edge. Lake Woodruff National Refuge next to DeLeon Springs State Park named after Joseph Woodruff who bought Spring Garden Plantation in the 1820s. Swim in the springs or rent an inner tube.
Ospreys, alligators, otters can be seen on a Fountain of Youth ECO/History boat tour through Lake Woodruff National Refuge. Have a picnic in one of the four pavilions for rent. Walk along a 4-mile Persimmon Trail. You might encounter deer, turkeys, wild hogs or a black bear. A 600-year-old cypress tree, hardwoods and other plants found along a half-mile paved nature trail.
Construction of the Old Spanish Sugar Mill Grill and Griddle House built around the turn of the century. Make your own pancakes, eggs and meats on the grill. Spring Garden Plantation Ruins located next to the restaurant. After several owners, all that remains of the spring-run sugar mill is the sugar train, sugar mill machinery and Mill Wheel constructed in the early 1830s. Hours of operation and fees are on the website.
The Bradlees greeted friends and family in the Grand Salon. Nathaniel Bradlee an architect from Boston built the 13-room Victorian Queen Anne Cottage in the mid-1880s as a winter home. Located in the historic district in Longwood at 130 W. Warren Avenue The Bradlee-McIntyre House Museum listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The house formerly located in Altamonte Springs moved to its present location in the early 1970s. Mrs. McIntyre’s bed is the only original furniture; people donated the rest. The original floors and woodwork remain.
The house didn’t have a kitchen or indoor plumbing when originally built. The McIntyre family bought the house in the early 20th century and added indoor plumbing. Eight back-to-back fireplaces. Two fireplaces located upstairs in the living quarters. Separate ladies and men’s parlors.
A museum on the second floor shows pictures of the house move, newspaper articles from The Florida Republican published in 1886. Many personal items from that period displayed. Kitchen tools that belonged to Mrs. McIntyre and parts of a spinning wheel. The third floor housed the servants. So much history in Longwood. Hours of operation on the website.
The Mote-Morris House in Leesburg, late Victorian Revival Architecture listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Edward Mote built the house in the early 1890s. He owned a livery business and built the Lake View Hotel in the mid-1880s. He served as mayor of Leesburg for eight terms.
He sold the house to Bishop Morrison in the early part of the 20th century. The Morrisons were the second family to occupy the house. Bishop Morrison and his wife bought the house as a retirement home. In the summer months Bishop Morrison slept in a hammock in a room at the top referred to as the tower. The tower had no mosquitoes and was cooler. Walk the winding staircase to the top and view the hammock. Halfway to the top is a secretary desk and chair. A great place to read in solitude.
The Morris family bought the house in 1918 and several generations lived in the house. A storyboard depicts the many photographs and articles of the Morris family over a period of 70 years. Donated furniture and a fireplace in each room.
Situated on the well-manicured lawn are benches and a gazebo popular in the 1880s and 1890s.
The tour guide acted disinterested and rushed me through the tour. Entrance to the house is free and hours and location are on the website. | <urn:uuid:322faa63-7392-4ef6-b565-7c95c52ecfb4> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://ontheroadinfloridawithidelle.wordpress.com/2015/09/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526888.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20190721040545-20190721062545-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.958809 | 853 | 2.65625 | 3 |
In the history of the world it has been the tiniest of insects that have wreaked the most havoc. Flies, fleas, ticks and mosquitoes have been carriers of death. Just as we conquer one of the many diseases that they impart to humans, another one comes along. Today the disease that is baffling scientists is Zika which was first discovered in Africa in 1947. It is carried by the Aedes aegypti mosquito which also is responsible for spreading yellow fever, dengue fever, and other infectious diseases. It is believed that Zika jumped from Africa to Pakistan, Malaysia and Indonesia in the nineteen seventies. By 2007 it was found in Micronesia and from there made its way to French Polynesia. By 2015 it began to show up in Brazil where it is now an epidemic.
Most people don’t even notice that they have the Zika virus. In its most severe forms it causes a rash, inflammation of the eyes, flu-like symptoms, painful joints and a fever. Very rarely it causes Guillian-Barre Syndrome which causes paralysis and even death. The biggest problem with Zika occurs when pregnant women catch the disease. It has been closely linked to microencephaly in fetuses, resulting in smaller than normal brain size in the babies. This can lead to developmental problems in the growing child. Continue reading “Zika” | <urn:uuid:8daa4b82-68f3-44a7-8ebd-e941c04e8908> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://sharronlittleburnett.com/tag/zika/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125946564.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20180424041828-20180424061828-00318.warc.gz | en | 0.968362 | 280 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Yes, the secession of the Confederate states was illegal.
Secession was not strictly, or merely, a "legalistic" matter (see the last section, esp the concluding two paragraphs). However, to the extent that it was, the "legalistic" aspect is straightforward. In three sections: the law of the land, the arguments in support of the legality of secession, and why those arguments fail. Then two follow-up sections, on historiography and later legal commentators.
The Law of the Land
Secession has been illegal since the Articles of Confederation. No one ever mentions this, but the full title of that document was the "Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union". (Emphasis added, obviously.) Article 13 said "And the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every State."
The Articles created a much weaker national government, than the Constitution did. It follows that the "more perfect Union" created by the Consitution is, if possible, even more perpetual than the Perpetual Union created by the Ariticles: certainly not conditional, or "less perpetual". That's the exact reasoning used by the Supreme Court in Texas v White. The Constitution says it is the supreme law of the land: there's no room for a state government to suspend or nullify it.
The debates at the Constitutional Convention don't have much to say about secession – probably because the issue was already settled by the "perpetual" nature of the existing Union. There is a letter from Madison to Hamilton on the topic, from the Ratification era. Madison says "a reservation of the right to withdraw... is a conditional ratification... it does not make N. York a member of the New Union... she could not be received on that plan." (Letter to Hamilton)
Buchanan (of all people) made a similar argument. He pointed out some pretty strong negative evidence: in the long fight for Constitutional ratification, no one ever tried to persuade reluctant states by arguing that "the moment that any state felt herself aggrieved she might secede from the Union. ... What a crushing argument would this have proved against those who dreaded that the rights of the States would be endangered by the Constitution!" (From Buchanan's 4th annual message.) The absence of counter-evidence is not the same thing as evidence; but this actually is a strong point. Constitutional ratification was protracted and difficult, with extensive discussion by the leading political minds of the day. They didn't just FORGET to mention a right to withdraw, if one existed.
The argument in support of secession
The basic argument is that the states agreed to enter into the US Constitution, so they could decide to leave. But by itself that argument is severely flawed. Either party can opt NOT TO ENTER a contract; entering into a contract is voluntary. But once a contract is entered into, it takes BOTH parties to dissolve it. One party can't dissolve a contract unilaterally.
To support unilateral secession, supporters invoke what is called "Compact Theory": the Union is not a national government, but instead a compact of independent sovereigns, somewhat like a League of Nations. Nations can unilaterally rescind treaties. Compact Theory had a long and respectable pedigree in American politics. Jefferson and Madison were both proponents.
This is really the entire argument. The states are sovereign, they entered into a compact, and they can withdraw from at will.
Why the argument fails
Compact Theory had already been rejected by the Supreme Court in 1816, 44 full years before South Carolina seceded. The case was Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816). By the way, 4 of the 6 Justices who participated in that ruling were Southern (one of them was George Washington's nephew). The ruling was that the Constitution was not an agreement between the states at all; rather, as the preamble says, it was ordained and established directly by the people.
This decision was reiterated in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819); still 41 years before secession. 5 of the 7 sitting Justices in that case were Southern (still including the nephew); and the decision was unanimous. McCulloch extended Martin, saying that "the constitution and the laws made in pursuance thereof are supreme ... they are binding on the states and cannot be controlled by them."
Both cases draw a distinction between the Articles of Confederation, which were a "Compact" between sovereign states, and the Constitution, which is not. You can actually go back to Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) to see compact theory get its first beating from the Court. This was the original Court appointed by George Washington. That ruling was that the People directly established "a Constitution by which it was their will that the State governments should be bound." 1793! The 11th amendment undid part of Chisholm; but it conferred Sovereign Immunity, not Sovereignty. No justification for Compact Theory.
It's very straightforward. By 1820, Southern majorities of the Supreme Court had already rejected the only argument in support of the legality of secession, THREE TIMES. That's well before secession, and Texas v White.
If you're serious in asking the question (I suspect you are not), it's important to understand that in the historiography of the Civil War, this question is one of the Southern Apologist arguments. Saying that secession was legal until the Court issued its 1869 ruling in Texas v White, implies that there was no legal basis for the Court's ruling, ie it's pure judicial fiat. That's a pure Southern Apologist argument. The rest of the logic goes: "secession was not illegal until 1869, therefore secession was LEGAL up until 1869, therefore Lincoln's use of armed force to put down the slaveholders rebellion was illegal." The line of argument is used to paint Lincoln as a criminal, an aggressor, a dictator.
And it's not true. Texas v White was pure Stare Decisis: the law underpinning the decision had been settled back in 1816.
Later Legal Commentary
There is some discussion about whether later legal commentary contradicts the argument from the 1816 and 1819 rulings. At least three times since 2000, judges have stated that the question of a state's ability to secede was unsettled prior to the Civil War. That has occurred in a Supreme Court ruling, in a Supreme Court justice's correspondence, and in a state supreme court ruling.
"At the time, the phrase 'one Nation indivisible' had special meaning
because the question whether a State could secede from the Union had
been intensely debated and was unresolved prior to the Civil War." (
Elk Grove Unified Sch. Dist. v. Newdow, 542 U.S. 1, 6 n. 1, 124 S.Ct.
2301, 159 L.Ed.2d 98 (2004). )
"If there was any constitutional issue resolved by the Civil War, it
is that there is no right to secede."
- In 2010 the Alaska state supreme court wrote that:
"While a state's ability to secede was an unsettled question before
the end of the Civil War, subsequent United States Supreme Court
opinions have concluded that secession is clearly unconstitutional,
and Lincoln's belief in a perpetual Union is reflected in what we have
described as 'a plenitude of Supreme Court cases holding as completely
null' the acts of secession by Confederate states."
Is there a contradiction here?
No. It's important to note that none of these jurists (except for the second half of Alaska, after the word "subsequent") reference any legal action or court rulings. SCOTUS 2004 does NOT say, "the question whether a state could secede was unresolved prior to Texas v White." Scalia does not write, "the constitutional issue resolved by Texas v White is that there is no right to secede." The Alaska court does not say, "a state's ability to secede was unsettled before Texas v White." What they all mention is the war. All of these jurists are saying that the Civil War itself settled the question. Not any court ruling: the actual war.
And that's the truth. Secession was not a legalistic question that the courts could settle, by examining the Constitution and accumulated Supreme Court precedent. Look at the Dred Scott ruling: that was intended to settle the question of slavery in the territories, and of "negro" citizenship. It did not come anywhere close to doing that. Likewise secession. Secession was a political (and military!) question. It took the war to settle the matter. | <urn:uuid:034be2e9-65ad-4920-9201-151c60c585e4> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://history.stackexchange.com/questions/2056/was-the-secession-of-the-confederate-states-illegal/14434 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375097199.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031817-00130-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.97064 | 1,817 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Onto what we covered today!
EEL: We continued covering sentences in the S-Vt-IO-DO pattern, only studying the imperative purpose instead of the declarative purpose. We learned how to diagram a complex sentence with an adverbial clause (www.asia.wub clause) and reviewed how to diagram a complex sentence with an adjectival clause (who/which, i.e. relative pronoun).
This week the name of the game is practice, practice, practice! Make sure you are doing your task sheets every day. The question/confirmation & diagramming are already done for you in the examples at the end of the week's lesson, so there's no reason not to try!
- Memorize the definitions for independent clauses (you should know this one by now - we've been reciting this since week 1!), subordinate/dependent clauses, clause, phrase, and complex sentence. These definitions can be found at the beginning of the lesson for week 13 (page 201).
- Memorize your prepositions (use the song from Foundations if you still need help!) and your conjunctions. You have to be able to recognize these by sight in sentences!
- Memorize the questions adjectives and adverbs answer. This will help you when determining if a clause/phrase is adjectival or adverbial.
Use Chart M on page 422 to practice identifying independent and subordinate/dependent clauses. Once the subordinate clause has been identified, label it as adjectival or adverbial. Try question/confirming & diagramming the sentence - there's no such thing as too much practice!
We touched very briefly on verb mood & voice. Review this material in the lesson for week 14. There was also a small section on verb voices and moods in week 2 (page 37-38). You can also use Chart EE (page 449) for more help on verb moods. For more info on verb voices, see charts CC & DD (pages 447-448).
IEW: We started the foundation for our research papers this week. In class, we worked on Lesson 15 (page 109) in the student book. We observed the topics of the paragraphs in each source text, then eliminated one topic to narrow down our papers to 3 paragraphs. From there we moved on to outlining each paragraph of our first topic, then creating a fused outline from the key words we took from those two paragraphs.
I know this got confusing toward the end of class, so I will try to break it down as best I can here on the blog.
For Source 1 ("A Great Empire"), we labeled each paragraph with the following topics: 1 - How Rome Began; 2 - Rome's Greatness; 3 - Roman Society; and 4 - Roman Government. For Source 2 ("Ancient Rome"), we labeled each paragraph with the following topics: 1 - How Rome Began; 2 - Roman Government; 3 - Roman Society; and 4 - Rome's Greatness. Remember, we derived the topics of each paragraph based on the topic & clincher sentences of each paragraph.
Since we had to narrow down our 4 topics to 3, we decided Roman Society would be the topic to leave out of our papers. That left our class with How Rome Began, Rome's Greatness, and Roman Government. (But if you choose to use Roman Society instead of one of these topics, that's totally OK. Parents are in charge of this!) :)
From there, we began working on our first outline for our first topic: How Rome Began. We made individual keyword outlines (based on the most important & interesting facts, not each sentence!) then created a fused outline of the topic. To simplify even further, that means we KWO'ed paragraph 1 of Source 1, KWO'ed paragraph 1 of Source 2, then made a fused outline from the two outlines. This information was recorded on page 112 of the student book.
This process should be repeated for our other two topics. On page 114, you will outline the topic Rome's Greatness. KWO paragraph 2 from Source 1, then KWO paragraph 4 from Source 2. Then created your fused outline at the bottom of page 114. On page 116, you will outline the topic Roman Government. KWO paragraph 4 of Source 1, then KWO paragraph 2 of Source 2. Then create your fused outline at the bottom of page 116.
From there, you will write your three paragraphs based on your three fused outlines. You may add your dress-ups, decorations, sentence openers, etc. or you can keep it as a rough draft and add your edits next week. We will continue working on these research papers for the next two weeks.
That's all for this week! As always, please email me if you have any questions! See everyone on Tuesday! | <urn:uuid:c6a496eb-d821-49a6-bdf5-b93d39e3045e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://essentialsmrsguy.blogspot.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737935292.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221855-00191-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.927549 | 1,002 | 3.25 | 3 |
Forest fires in Madagascar are as frequent and well-known as its supposedly hotter counter in the Amazon. But due to the pandemic, the small island nation is experiencing earlier-than-usual blazing destructions that threaten wildlife and chars Malagasy livelihoods.
How Does Covid Bring Fire?
It doesn’t, not directly. Forest fires in the East African nation have become a seasonal expectation. And when an outbreak—one that is caused by indiscriminate bush burning—does not come as a surprise, wildlife and tourism sectors are often well-prepared to combat the upsurge. Between August and September 2019, fires razed over 1,3000 hectares of land in the Ankarafantsika National Park, a stretch that is about 4 times the size of New York’s Central Park.
Some of the fires in the tsingy topography in the western part of the country are usually started to clear out cropland and make room for fresh pasture. Often, this starts in June, reaches its climax in October, and subsides once the rainy season starts. This year, however, does not conform to expectations or predictions, as the fires started earlier and have proven more intense.
The present state of Malagasy forests is a ripple effect of the coronavirus pandemic. Areas that often under protection are now unchecked and exposed to the outbreak, thanks to coronavirus lockdowns and resultant movement restrictions. According to data from researchers at the Digital Geography Lab of the University of Helsinki, there was an increase of 81 percent of fire incidents inside protected areas between March 1st and May 17th this year.
Of the 113 areas examined with NASA satellite, 29 showed increased fire activity compared to 2018. 9 of the areas were impacted profoundly, including the Tsingy de Bemaraha, a popular national park located in Melaky Region, northwest Madagascar. Appearingly, these figures are similar to those from Madagascar’s ministry of environment, which counted 52,000 nationwide fires from January to June beginning.
The Tourism Effect
Needless to say, Covid-19 has brought about what could be the longest ever break from tourism, not just in Africa but also around the world. The Malagasy areas, which were once under protection, now stand the risk of losing its value. As such, the influx of tourists to the world’s second-largest island nation may be affected. The immediate impacts of the travel embargo are felt across different tourism sectors. Worse could be when there’s hardly anything to return to when all’s charred.
It is already fairly common knowledge that the pandemic is bad news for Malagasy tourism. The Indian Ocean island had a total of 291,000 tourists in 2018, ranking 156th in the world in absolute terms. In the same year, the country generated USD 879 Mn from tourism, accounting for 6.3 percent of its Gross National Product (GNP). Comparingly, the nation generated USD 849 Mn from the sector in 2018.
Conservation is currently underfunded, a process which that is supposed to lean heavily on foreign financing and is the foundation for most tourist visits. Madagascar is a hotspot of biodiversity. It relies a lot on foreign funds to set up programs that ensure the continued existence of its unique range of wildlife and lush vegetation. But now, much of every government’s finances are aimed at investing in healthcare to cushion the effects of the pandemic.
For the possible loss, Mamy Rakotoarijaona, director-general of MNP, said that it estimates at USD 2.5 Mn, which is about 2 percent of Madagascar’s total tourism earnings in 1996. More so, France and Germany—the major financial pillars of the country’s protected areas—are among the European nations most affected by the virus outbreak.
Plunder, Pillage, Poverty
Some of the lands being set ablaze are later used as maize plantations. It is believed that some businesspersons who have connections with local politicians pay about USD 13.40 (50 K Malagasy Ariary (Ar)) to have hectares of forests cleared. The labor is tedious, but finding workers in a nation where 90 percent of people survive on less than USD 2 per day is even easier than expected.
According to the IMF, Madagascar frequents the ranking of the 10 poorest countries around the globe. Last year (2019), over 375,000 tourists visited the country, generating revenue that’s only about USD 100 Mn less than USD 1 Bn. According to the World Bank, 75 percent of the nation’s 25 million citizens live on less than USD 1.90 a day. Madagascar is also severely affected by climate change impacts and experiences an average of 3 cyclones per year.
Little means of livelihood compounded with the adverse economic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic logically makes things worse. As such, the plundering of protected areas for anything that can fetch daily sustenance has increased. Madagascar’s protected areas were shut down when it recorded its first couple of coronavirus cases, leaving the places unmanned, without constant patrol and vulnerable to poachers. At press time, the country has 1,829 cases, including 16 fatalities.
Talking to Mongabay, Madagascar’s environment minister, Baomiavotse Vahinala Raharinirina, said that corruption cases tend to increase during and beyond periods of administrative slowdowns. “Illegal forest products could invade markets, to the benefit of criminals, and the detriment of local communities, protected areas, and biodiversity. Besides, the urban out-migration and relevant family needs could harm the sustainability of medicinal plant stocks,” he said. | <urn:uuid:b6be02ab-7b50-445e-b199-a758a544270c> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://weetracker.com/2020/06/26/covid-19-made-madagascar-fire-season-come-earlier-fiercer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487612537.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20210614135913-20210614165913-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.954348 | 1,182 | 3.65625 | 4 |
There is an epidemic of obesity in our society which is caused in a large part by the amount of sugar calories in our diet. A new study has provided more evidence of how difficult it is to track the amount of sugar in processed foods. The biggest problem is the many different names sugar is called because suppliers don’t want to admit that they are adding sugar to their food products. The study found that more than 2/3 of processed foods contain added sugar. This makes processed foods a poor dietary choice for limiting sugar intake to healthy levels.
Last year, the World Health Organization said people around the globe are consuming too much sugar and should reduce their intake to just 12 teaspoons a day, or 6 teaspoons for “additional health benefits.” A single can of cola has about 10 teaspoons of sugar. | <urn:uuid:6ce9cf32-66a1-4531-8d1a-8318e8220603> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | http://www.glensharp.com/life/the-difficulty-of-tracking-sugar-in-processed-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738746.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200811090050-20200811120050-00415.warc.gz | en | 0.977183 | 166 | 3.375 | 3 |
Diabetic Neuropathy refers to the complications of diabetes mellitus affecting the peripheral nerves, which mainly occur with sensitivity disorders, and often pain, in the parts of the body of the affected nerves, usually in the lower limbs starting from the feet. Almost half of diabetics have this side effect called neuropathy. All the nerves in the body can suffer from long elevated blood sugar levels, but the most vulnerable ones are the cranial and leg nerves. Alterations of vegetative functions are also frequent, especially in the cardiovascular field, while motor difficulties are only rarely present.
Diabetic neuropathy can occur in both type 1 and especially type 2 diabetes in over half of diabetic patients; the manifestations occur in increasing proportion, and with greater severity, in relation to the longer duration of diabetes, as well as poor metabolic control and advanced age. An involvement of the peripheral nervous system during prediabetes (reduced glucose tolerance) is also possible, especially in association with the so-called metabolic syndrome (excess abdominal fat, increased cholesterol and triglycerides, high blood pressure, as well as insulin resistance).
The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is strictly dependent on hyperglycemia, which causes nerve fiber damage through complex mechanisms, attributable to two orders of factors: metabolic alterations and vascular impairment. The metabolic alterations lead to a deficit in the production of energy, necessary for the activity of the nerve fibers, especially as a consequence of oxidative stress; alterations of the vessels, especially arterioles and capillaries (microangiopathy), which supply the nerves with blood, thus causing ischemic damage due to reduced supply of oxygen to the nerve fibers. Metabolic and vascular factors influence each other, triggering a vicious circle responsible for the progressive course of diabetic neuropathy.
It should also be noted that in some less common subtypes of diabetic neuropathy, such as radicular plexus neuropathy, pathogenic factors of an inflammatory or autoimmune nature appear instead. Diabetic neuropathy can occur in various clinical forms which are classified, according to the nerves involved and the location of the manifestations, in diffuse symmetric (more frequent) forms, and asymmetrical focal or multifocal forms.
Why are legs so frequently affected? And why the legs and not the arms? The reason is simple: the nerves of the legs are the longest nerves in our entire body. The longer the nerve, the more vulnerable it is to the toxic action of high blood sugar. While for the cranial nerves it is the motor function that is mainly affected, from which the onset of paralysis, here it’s the sensory function that is mainly compromised, from which the loss of sensitivity or sensations of various types affecting the feet.
The neuropathic foot
Pain, an awful sensation it is also an awful emotional feeling. When physical pain becomes chronic the patient alerts and tries to find the reasons to respond. Usually the beginning is hardly felt. The sole of the foot, often one more than the other, becomes insensitive to the touch, to the sensations of pain and to the heat and cold: a little as if it were "dead". It is possible at this stage to injure the foot or leg or get burned without almost feeling the pain. When walking, you have the sensation of resting your foot on a carpet or on the grass. Soon from this state of reduced sensitivity we move on to painful sensations that usually start as tingling and rapid sensations of shock and end with more or less strong pains. Especially at night the pain becomes unbearable, often similar to a burn, so the diabetic seeks relief by placing his bare foot on the cold floor. This very annoying situation and sometimes so painful as to prevent sleep, can improve and sometimes regress with appropriate care and, above all, with the most scrupulous attention to blood sugar control. One can also experience more serious problems as infections, bone or joint pain or ulcer, sores that can result in the amputation of a toe or even the leg if the sores become infected or if they affect the bone.
The wounds are difficult to heal because of the uncontrolled blood sugar and nerve damage. Due to the fact that the peripheral nerves are damaged, the blood flow to feet and legs is reduced. The blood vessels or capillaries are also damaged and cannot supply the nerves with nutrients and oxygen.
Are these forms of diabetic neuropathy frequent? The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is strictly dependent on hyperglycemia, which causes nerve fiber damage through complex mechanisms. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia are aggravating factors of neuropathy, and effective treatment of these risk factors is therefore important. Even if the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy is diabetes, neuropathy can also result from other causes.
Treatment for diabetic neuropathy
If you ask yourself how to cure of diabetic neuropathy or the methods of treatment, one thing is sure that there is no known,exact cure. The treatment implies relieving the pain and slowing down the evolution of the disease. Some clinical guidelines are measuring the level of glucose in the blood, the blood pressure and cholesterol. According to the Joslin Diabetes Center, controlling the blood sugar levels is the best way to prevent diabetic neuropathy and diminishes the nerve damage by over 50%.
Once you have high blood sugar levels, a doctor can usually prescribe a treatment including exercise and diet. If you follow this cure you can further reduce the risk of developing an illness such as diabetic neuropathy. The treatment may also include medication and other changes in one’s lifestyle management. After a thorough analysis of this disease I discovered a lot of alternative ways to ease neuropathy pain, such as, massage, plants, acupuncture, physical and chiropractic therapy. Other pain relief methods are creams, lidocain and calcium patches, antidepressants, but they can develop dependence and better to avoid, if possible. The latest method of cure which was published on 20 of May 2020 by Science News belongs to the researchers at the University of New Mexico who showed that legal Cannabis hemp oil diminished pain sensitivity 10 times for several hours. ( University of New Mexico. "Legal cannabis hemp oil effectively treats chronic neuropathic pain." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 20 May 2020.)
This research was done on mice with chronic post-operative neuropathic pain. Hemp oil may be really analgesic, but, whether to believe or not in this investigation is up to every individual. However, this remains the latest medical investigation and discovery concerning diabetic neuropathy. | <urn:uuid:8de9c80a-e2df-49c3-ac6c-219bcbf8240b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://mymedicalknowledge.com/articles/diabetic-neuropathy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511364.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004084230-20231004114230-00887.warc.gz | en | 0.942985 | 1,321 | 3.140625 | 3 |
The notion of probability, elementary properties. Kolmogorov probability field Combinatorial calculation of probabilities. Conditional probability, properties, calculation. Bayes theorem. Independency. Random (vector)variable and its distribution, joint distributions. Independent random variables. Random walk and ruin probabilities. Particular discrete distributions. Mean and variance, properties, calculation, inequalities. Median, moments. Covariance and the coefficient of correlation. Distribution and density functions. The distribution of sums of independent random variables (convolution). Particular absolute continuous distributions and their properties. Weak law of large numbers. Central limit theorem. Normal and multivariate normal distribution.
Statistical space, samples, statistics. Ordered statistics, empirical distribution functions. Unbiased, efficient and consistent estimators. Complete and sufficient statistics. Neyman factorization theorem. Fisher information, Cramer-Rao inequality. Rao-Blackwell-Kolmogorov theorem. Confidence intervals. Maximum likelihood estimators, properties. The method of moments. Hypothesis testing. Comparison of tests. Randomized and sequential tests. The Neyman-Pearson lemma. U-, Student t-, and F-tests. c2 -test, and its applications. Linear regression, and the method of least squares. The simplest cases of variance analysis. | <urn:uuid:2d81e075-93c0-428d-8b7c-1d50dd6e774a> | CC-MAIN-2017-22 | http://aszt.inf.elte.hu/english/targyak/probability_theory_and_mathematical_statistics.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463608665.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170526124958-20170526144958-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.816709 | 267 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Researchers from Rutgers University has just identified a very gross, very tough new species of cockroach never been seen before in the United States. And like many tourists before it, this invasive creature came to this country to see New York City.
Meet the Japanese cockroach, or the Periplaneta japonica. Measuring up to an inch-and-a-half in length, these nasty little critters are famous for being able to survive both balmy summer days and subfreezing winter temperatures. The cockroach is already a well known invasive species in Asia, where it's spread from its native Japan to China, Korea and even Russia. Entomologists expect this new species to compete with existing species of cockroaches for food and resources, hopefully enough so that they won't reproduce in large numbers.
This out-of-towner was first spotted by an exterminator last year, and its origins were just confirmed. Experts believe that it hitched a ride in the soil of one of the plants used to adorn the park, and it's unknown how far they've spread. According to the Associated Press, though, it's unlikely "that the new species will mate with the locals to create a hybrid super-roach" since the male and female genitalia of specific species "fit together like lock and key." So we'll just have the original Japanese super-roach to contend with. Some things never change. | <urn:uuid:11202bff-3194-49cd-ae2f-392638eab9db> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://sploid.gizmodo.com/come-to-houston-2-2-5in-flying-roaches-all-year-1479796717/@CarWrapGuy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609535095.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005215-00598-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962688 | 290 | 2.828125 | 3 |
It is hard to imagine an 'earth-like' planet, with 'earth-like' oceans, that did not have active plate-tectonics, or plate-tectonics in the past. Although small amounts of water exist on Mercury, our Moon, and Mars, these do not now have oceans or an atmosphere anything like the earth's atmosphere. Earth is the only planet (anywhere) we know for certain has continents, ocean-basins filled with liquid water, and an atmosphere of water rain and snow - the Earth is also the only planet (anywhere) we know for certain has active plate-tectonics and has life.
I think the statement you cite is true- as a description of expert opinion - many planetologists would agree that plate-tectonics plays an important part in maintaining water on a planet's surface. A planet that had oceans, but never had plate-tectonics, would be very different than the earth. That does not mean such a thing can't exist, it just means it would be quite different from our current experience with planets.
Most of the liquid water on the surface of the earth fills the ocean basins. We understand the ocean basins (on earth) as having been formed by the process of plate-tectonics. Plate-tectonics is required to generate ocean crust as we know it.
Plate-tectonics implies active convection is taking place in the planet's interior (at least the mantle). Less directly, it implies the planet's interior is dynamic, and may have active convection in a metallic core which might support a magnetic field. The earth's magnetic field has probably protected the earth's atmosphere from being blasted away by the solar wind. (The possible fate of Mar's atmosphere and oceans.)
The chemical component H2O plays an important part in igneous petrology. Water containing minerals recycled back into the earth at oceanic trenches (subduction zones) can lower the partial melting temperature of the mantle, may lower the effective viscosity of the mantle, and may be required for the formation of continental crust.
Submarine hydrothermal systems, located along the mid-ocean ridge, alter the chemical composition of the ocean. Life may have first originated in these hydrothermal systems, which exist due to plate-tectonics.
Surface water on the earth may have had an extraterrestrial origin or may have outgassed from the planet's interior (likely both over the course of history.) Volcanic gasses contain much H2O and CO2, and the outgassing of volcanic gas during plate-tectonics may have been an important source of surface water on earth.
No one really knows for certain whether an exoplanet will be discovered that has oceans without plate-tectonics, or even plate-tectonics without oceans. The article you cite (and others I've seen also) should perhaps be taken to mean that plate-tectonics is currently the paradigm by which we understand how an earth-like planet works. It would be very interesting for planetary science if something different were found. | <urn:uuid:5ed25dd8-9e26-4d3d-a0ed-5a242e3543bd> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/48318/plate-tectonics-and-water | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701166222.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193926-00199-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959767 | 643 | 3.59375 | 4 |
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE | A PressPac Instant Replay*
ACS News Service Weekly PressPac: June 01, 2011
Tungsten may not be the best shot for making 'green' bullet
“Tissue distribution of tungsten in mice following oral exposure to sodium tungstate”
Chemical Research in Toxicology
With efforts underway to ban lead-based ammunition as a potential health and environmental hazard, scientists are reporting new evidence that a prime alternative material for bullets — tungsten — may not be a good substitute The report, which found that tungsten accumulates in major structures of the immune system in animals, appears in ACS’ journal Chemical Research in Toxicology.
Jose Centeno and colleagues explain that tungsten alloys have been introduced as a replacement for lead in bullets and other munitions. It resulted from concern that lead from spent ammunition could harm wildlife when it dissolves into water in the soil, streams, and lakes. Scientists thought that tungsten was relatively non-toxic, and a “green” replacement for lead. Recent studies suggested otherwise, and with small amounts of tungsten also used in some artificial hips and knees, Centeno’s group decided to gather further information on tungsten.
They added small amounts of a tungsten compound to the drinking water of laboratory mice, used as surrogates for people in such research, and examined the organs and tissues to see exactly where tungsten ended up. The highest concentrations of tungsten were in the spleen, one of the main components of the immune system, and the bones, the center or “marrow” of which is the initial source of all the cells of the immune system. Further research, they say, will be needed to determine what effects, if any, tungsten may have on functioning of the immune system.
* A previous PressPac item that you may have missed. | <urn:uuid:a5ea494f-f814-42c5-8564-e346c30d0792> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2011/acs-presspac-june-1-2011/tungsten-may-not-be-the-best-shot-for-making-green-bullet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802767301.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075247-00013-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935417 | 399 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The law of unintended consequences strikes again. A Sweden-born, wealthy British resident shoveled out less than 8% of his fortune to buy a Brazilian forest. Banishing all lumbering he intends to preserve it.
As a result of the deal, a lumber mill that employed as many as 1,000 people closed in the town of Itacoatiara in northwest Brazil, increasing hardship in an already economically depressed region.
The closure has pitched Eliasch into a debate about how rich countries can help preserve tropical rainforests while considering the livelihoods of people who live and work in them. Some local environmentalists have accused him of dabbling in "green colonialism". "What he is doing is valid in terms of preservation but you cannot let people go hungry," said Lelio Moreira, who works at the local radio station, Panorama Itacoatiara.
"There has to be some kind of help for locals hurt by this. Now, with the lack of jobs, violence is increasing and because fathers cannot afford to look after their families we also have a growing problem with child prostitution."
Joao Manuel Figueira, a municipal employee, added: "The impact of the plant's closure has been harsh. The local shops are feeling the knock-on effects with a drop in sales. We know the environment is important and deforestation is a problem. But knocking all the forest down is one thing. Taking out mature wood is another."
Is this eco colonialism? Shouldn't the Brazilian government make a decision on the best use of its land for its people or do the alleged world wide effects of the lack of trees in this region override this concern? And what about the increase in the price of raw materials that will result in price increases all around? What are the widespread consequences of prohibiting coal burning, oil exploration or of turning grassland into crop land and now into suburbs? Many voices need to be heard; not just those who consider the world a frozen fossil museum for their own personal enjoyment. | <urn:uuid:11df0856-92c1-489a-b3c5-08e15d49ed9b> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2007/04/green_colonialism.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.970375 | 406 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Strength training for kids offers many benefits. Along with building strength, body weight and resistance exercise can improve bone mineral density, body composition, self-esteem, balance, and cholesterol levels. "Strength training, when done correctly, can improve the strength, and overall health of children and adolescents of all athletic abilities," said Katherine Stabenow Dahab, MD, who did a comprehensive review of scientific research on the topic (published in the journal Sports Health). Strength training can improve your athlete's performance in the sport of her choice. It can also boost metabolism, and help your child reach a healthy weight and maintain it.
There are risks associated with strength training, such as growth-plate fractures and lower back injuries. However, "the health benefits of strength training far outweigh the potential risks," Dahab said.
When Should Strength Training for Kids Start?
Even preschoolers (ages 3 to 5) can strength train, although this does not mean they should be lifting weights. Instead, they can do simple exercises that use body weight as resistance—and are fun too. Try cobra push-ups, for example: Kids start face-down on the floor, with hands underneath the shoulders and elbows bent. Then they push up, lifting their heads and chests up and forward (but keeping hands, forearms, bellies, and legs on the floor).
Between ages 6 and 9, kids can begin to use equipment to add resistance beyond their own body weight. Try resistance bands or tubes, or light medicine balls or hand weights. (You can also make your own hand weights with household items.) The American Academy of Pediatrics has developed a strength training for beginners app for iPod, iPhone and iPad. It's called IronKids and it include demos of exercises for the core, upper body and lower body. You can also use the app to create custom workouts and set goals and reminders.
After puberty, muscles can begin to bulk up as a result of strength training. At this age, kids need to be educated about the dangers of anabolic steroids. Steroids are illegal and dangerous, and other supplements—even herbal ones touted as "safe"—may be too.
Safe Strength Training for Kids
At all ages, emphasize slow, controlled movements and proper form. The idea is to make muscles stronger, not necessarily bigger (like bodybuilders do). Before encouraging your child to strength train, make sure he is mature enough to follow directions and perform movements safely.
Kids and teens should follow a personalized strength training program based on their age, maturity, and goals (such as strengthening muscles they use for other sports). Get advice from a trainer or coach who has experience with kids your child's age. A comprehensive routine should include:
- Adult supervision (always!)
- 5 to 10 minutes of warm-up (for example, walking or jumping rope)
- Exercises using a variety of resistance equipment (free weights, weight machines, medicine balls, resistance bands/tubes)
- Two to three exercises for each major muscle groups (arms, shoulders, legs, abdomen, upper and lower back, chest)
- Exercises that encourage a balance between flexing and extending the joints
- Weight/resistance that allows for 10 to 15 repetitions in each set; a trained professional should teach proper form, and help kids learn how and when to add more weight
- 5 to 10 minutes of cool-down and gentle stretching
Dahab MD, Katherine Stabenow, and McCambridge MD, Teri Metcalf. Strength Training in Children and Adolescents: Raising the Bar for Young Athletes? Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, May/June 2009 vol. 1 no. 3. | <urn:uuid:0ccb9c33-394e-462e-a1bb-d54cd97dbd7d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://familyfitness.about.com/od/healthandsafety/a/Strength-Training-For-Kids.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00299-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937392 | 757 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Everybody forgets things at times. It’s normal to misplace items and forget some details. However, as people age, forgetfulness might become more frequent, causing minor daily life problems. Let’s learn what causes memory loss and how to avoid it.
Learn What Causes Memory Loss and How to Avoid It
A minor decline in mental capabilities is a common part of aging. However, natural changes in memory are different from other memory loss diseases such as Alzheimer’s. So how can you tell if you have normal age-related memory loss and not anything else?
What Is Memory Loss?
You might have memory loss if you forget a person’s name but remember it later in the day. You might also forget where you placed things from time to time. You need to make lists to keep up with appointments and tasks.
It’s worth noting that normal age-related memory loss usually has no significant impact on your quality of life. It is manageable and does not interfere with your ability to work or social relationships.
What Causes Memory Loss?
Memory loss can just be a natural part of aging. However, some other factors might harm the brain’s ability to remember. Some other culprits that cause memory loss include:
Whether from a car accident or sports, concussions can cause forgetfulness and make it challenging to recall new information. This happens a lot in the beginning stages of rehabilitation. Mild head injuries rarely result in long-term memory loss. However, severe head injuries may result in permanent memory loss.
Certain medicines might impair our memory and slow down our thinking process. Medications can make our minds foggy, making it harder to focus on a task and remember information. Several medicines that can cause memory loss include:
- Muscle relaxants
- Sleeping pills
Alcohol or Smoking
Heavy drinking can cause memory problems. According to research, people who consume five or more drinks might not be able to recall the key details of an event that occurred while drinking.
Long-term cigarette smoking might also impair memory. Many components of cigarette smoke are detrimental to the human brain. According to a study involving 68 participants, smokers had poorer visual memory than nonsmokers.
Stress, Anxiety or Depression
Depressed people tend to have difficulty recalling specific details of their past experiences. Depression also affects your prospective memory or the ability to remember to do something in the future.
Your capacity to remember might also be harmed when you are anxious. In addition, emotional trauma can cause stress, contributing to memory loss.
Sleep deprivation has a negative effect on attention and working memory by impairing the ability to process new information. It disrupts how memories are consolidated since the brain does not have enough time to create new pathways for the information you’ve recently acquired.
A stroke happens when an artery to the brain is blocked or a vessel leaks into the brain, cutting off the blood supply to the brain. Short-term memory loss is a common side effect of strokes. Recovery of memory loss takes place several days after a stroke. However, recovery can continue for months or years.
How to Reverse Memory Loss
Taking supplements containing a senolytic complex might be a way to reverse memory loss. A senolytic complex is a formulation that promotes senolytic activity and the process of eliminating senescent cells. One essential ingredient in the senolytic complex is curcumin which can help reduce age-related memory loss.
Studies have shown that curcumin can increase the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is involved in new neural connections. BDNF deficiency has an impact on cognitive function, learning, and memory. Curcumin’s positive effect on BDNF levels suggests that it can help treat neurological disorders linked with low BDNF levels.
Curcumin also assists in reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, the leading causes of Alzheimer’s disease. According to a study, curcumin can also prevent amyloid aggregation, the aggregate of proteins accumulated among individuals with Alzheimer’s.
How to Prevent Memory Loss
Because head injuries are one of the most likely causes of memory loss, reducing the risk of suffering such injuries is critical. The following are some ways for preventing memory loss due to head injury:
- Wear a helmet when bicycling
- Fasten the seat belt when driving
- Treat any infection as soon as possible so that it does not spread to the brain
Other ways to prevent memory loss include:
- Avoid taking medications if possible
- Give up on alcohol and smoking
- Reduce stress, anxiety, and depression
- Try to get at least 7 hours of good-quality sleep per night
- See a doctor if you have any symptoms of a stroke
Whether minor or severe, memory loss can affect our quality of life. Knowing these causes and precautions may help you preserve your memory for years and your quality of life with it.
If you have questions about leaky gut diets or any health problems discussed here, connect with us and learn more.
At Peak Human, our team of healthcare professionals is dedicated to helping you reach your ‘peak’ health with a custom whole-person approach. Using the most cutting-edge, science-backed biohacking and aesthetic tools, technologies, and treatments available today, we help you achieve the highest physical/cognitive performance state, leading to an improved overall quality of life.
For questions or to book an appointment, don’t hesitate to contact us. Get personalized support and insight from expert physicians. | <urn:uuid:d958e964-1d91-4df2-90d2-a301571bcf4f> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://peakhuman.ca/what-causes-memory-loss/?v=a4e19ce04d72 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474440.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20240223153350-20240223183350-00770.warc.gz | en | 0.934965 | 1,136 | 3.28125 | 3 |
If you thought computer games were all about sitting in a darkened room then think again.
Researchers in the Department of Communication Systems, based in InfoLab21, have been developing a new game which can be played by up to five players on mobile phones.
Unlike traditional mobile phone games, this game takes place in real space as well as on a mobile phone screen. Called Pac-Lan, in homage to the arcade classic Pacman, the game enables players to keep track of one another’s position through images on their mobile phones as they chase one another round campus.
Dr. Paul Coulton, head of mobile game development at
Each phone has been programmed with a maze, which is based on a map of the University Campus. Players have to collect points from a series of Radio Frequency Identification Tags, which have been attached to yellow disks on lampposts around the University.
When a player collects their points by holding their mobile phone against the disc the virtual reality maze on each mobile phone is updated with the player’s position. Each player shows up as an animated character (Pac-Lan or Ghost) moving round the screen. This enables a team of ‘ghosts’ to track the player down and catch them.
It is the first game in the world to use mobile phones equipped with Radio Frequency Identification Tags – small devices which can transmit and receive data.
The project was made possible by the group’s strong links with Nokia who provided special phones prior to their commercial release. | <urn:uuid:57d08886-a64d-4de4-9a27-fa2360814cce> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.theengineer.co.uk/computer-games-of-the-future/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056548.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210918154248-20210918184248-00428.warc.gz | en | 0.965895 | 310 | 2.90625 | 3 |
If there's one thing for which the Great Lakes State is known, it's water. But private water utilities are almost unknown in Michigan-and are uncommon throughout the country.
Almost. Up in Calumet, a city located in Michigan's scenic Upper Peninsula, one of America's relatively few privately owned and operated water utility systems can be found. And its success proves that water need not be a government-run concern.
Investor-owned water utilities are more prevalent in Europe. England privatized its entire water and sewer system in 1989. In France, 75 percent of the population is served by private water utilities. By contrast, only 20 percent of American water systems are privately owned, and they serve only 15 percent of the population.
Calumet's system has always been private, having been built by the for-profit Calumet and Hecla Mining Company, which drew and distributed surface water from Lake Superior as early as 1895. Ownership of the system changed several times during the next century, and it was eventually purchased by the private water company American Water Works in 1993.
American Water Works is currently America's largest private water-utility business, serving 10 million customers in 23 states. In September 2001, the German utility firm RWE agreed to purchase American for $4.6 billion, although the deal has not been finalized.
In Calumet, water is drawn from a series of wells and pumped up an enormous incline to both personal and industrial users. The hill up which the water must be pumped is so steep that 10 percent of the utility's expenses are dedicated to electricity alone. The system delivers a daily average of 1 million gallons of water to more than 4,600 customers, through 115 miles of water mains that it either owns or maintains under contract.
How does American Water Works, known as "Michigan-American" in the U.P., compare to municipally owned and operated water systems?
It is not always easy to compare the performance of two water distribution facilities, because systems treat water differently depending on environmental factors and basic geography. Still, analysts have developed a few ratios to generalize about performance and then qualify comparisons as conditions warrant.
For example, some municipal employees are assigned to one department (electricity, for instance), but spend 25 percent of their time working for the water department. In Table 1, in order to make calculations as accurate as possible, the author counted such a person as 25 percent of an employee in the water department when necessary, rather than counting them as employed in the department full-time. Meter reading and billing employees are included in the estimates to ensure a closer apples-to-apples comparison with the investor-owned utility, because it does not have the luxury of charging employee costs to other departments. It is important to note, in fairness, that many municipalities do charge the costs of employees to various departments based on how much time they spend in that department.
The table above shows four important categories, three measuring efficiency and one measuring the amount of taxes paid by each water operation, for purposes of making the very important point that private utilities pay taxes and public ones do not. This should make private utilities inherently more attractive to policy-makers in economic terms. In addition, Calumet must use a portion of its operating revenues to pay its investors, who in turn pay taxes on their profits. Government systems need not set aside revenue for this purpose, which should give them an operational advantage over their private-sector competition.
The private Michigan-American finishes first ahead of the Houghton, Norway, Gladstone, Wakefield, and L'Anse municipal systems in two categories: connections per employee and tax revenue. A "connection" is a common term in the industry used to describe billed customers. Michigan-American treats and delivers its products with fewer employees than its rivals-and by a wide margin. Indeed, the employees at Michigan-American handle about 2.5 times more connections per employee than Gladstone, which is just north of Escanaba, their nearest rivals per connection, which have 402 connections per employee.
The city of Houghton comes in ahead of Michigan-American in two other categories, employees per million gallons daily and total operating expenses per connection. The former measurement indicates how many staff members it takes on a gallons-pumped basis and the latter measures an operation's expenses for every connection. Houghton pumps 1,274,000 gallons each day, which works out to 3.1 employees per million gallons daily. Calumet's Michigan-American pumps an average of 1.05 million gallons each day, which works out to 4.3 employees per million gallons daily. Houghton also reports less expense per connection.
While Houghton does deserve credit for operating efficiently, a couple of qualifications must be made. Houghton's biggest customer is Michigan Technological University (MTU), which receives its water wholesale. As a wholesale customer, MTU must provide operation and maintenance on its own system, which should reduce the cost of Houghton doing business. In addition, Houghton doesn't pump its water up a steep incline, as must Calumet.
What makes Michigan-American's performance all the more remarkable is that it does not receive non-operating income to supplement its performance, as is often the case with municipal systems. Non-operating income can come in the form of subsidies from the local unit of government or from grants transferred to the utility by the state and/or federal government. The federal government may not issue the grants directly, but rather, must give them to state governments first.
Simply because towns and cities across Michigan have long-held monopolies on the distribution of water in their respective areas doesn't mean that is the best way to go about it. If municipal officials in the state of Michigan are looking for better, more efficient, less expensive ways of doing things, they should take a serious look at privatizing their water systems.
Michael LaFaive is managing editor of Michigan Privatization Report. | <urn:uuid:56b8c74a-750f-44f2-897b-7192bb96ac73> | CC-MAIN-2015-22 | http://www.mackinac.org/3962 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-22/segments/1432207928102.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20150521113208-00102-ip-10-180-206-219.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969543 | 1,234 | 3.046875 | 3 |
According to a federal study, the state of Nevada is where the highest secondhand smoke exposure in the entire country is. More than 2/3 of adults in the state are exposed to secondhand smoke.
The state that fell on the second rank has 10% lower rate than the rate obtained in Nevada. Health Policy Research director John Packham of the University of Nevada School of Medicine said that it is bad news for Nevada.
Packham added that there is no question about the risks from secondhand smoke. These risks were even detailed in several US Surgeon General’s report. Secondhand smoke risks have been confirmed by science to be at par with smoking risks. Secondhand smoke endangers people to higher risks of asthma, stroke and heart attack.
The Secondhand Smoke Exposure Survey
Figures from the 2009-2010 National Adult Tobacco Survey from the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion show that there were 67.4% of adult Nevadans who were found to have been exposed to the secondhand smoke during the last 7 days.
The state of Michigan ranked second with 58.8% exposure while Montana was where the least exposure was found at 35.7%.
According to Packham, this might be due to the fact that many adults are exposed to smoke inside their workplaces, particularly in casinos. Nevada Resort Administration did not comment on this in behalf of the industry of gaming in the state.
Philip Morris USA, a renowned maker of cigarettes in the US stated that the public must follow whatever recommendations were given to them by the public health officials. On the company website, it is written that particular care must be practiced where there are children concerned. Adults must not smoke around children.
The statement of the company also mentioned that Philip Morris believe in the public health officials’ conclusions that environmental tobacco smoke warrant measures for regulating public cigarette smoking.
Where cigarette smoking is allowed, there should be warning notices posted that secondhand smoke could also cause perils in non-smokers.
Washoe County Smokers
In order to emphasize and support the claim that public smoking ban is beneficial, Packham mentioned about a study published in the Circulation journal of the American Heart Association.
It is focused in Gilpin County in Colorado where there are 26 casinos. When public smoking was banned in Colorado back in 2006, the number of ambulance calls for these places have decreased 22.8%. Casinos were not covered by the smoking ban so the ambulance calls remained roughly unchanged.
In 2008, smoking in casinos was banned and ambulance calls to casinos dropped 19.1% and ambulance calls to other places also remained the same. Packham said that this study is very crucial for Nevada.
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Nevada Clean Indoor Air Act
Voters approved this in 2006. Smoking is currently not allowed in any indoor spaces, but Washoe District Health Department noted of the exemptions. Not covered by this law are casino areas where children are prohibited; salons and taverns not serving food; stand-alone bars; brothels and strip clubs; retail tobacco stores; private residences not used as child/health care establishments, motel and hotel rooms allowed by the operators.
According to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data, there were about 21.2% of adults who smoke and Nevada is just a bit higher at 22.9%. Division of Public and Behavioral Health estimated that there are 19.8% of adults in Washoe County that are smokers.
In Nevada, the lowest rate was in the Storey County at 7.4% while the highest was in the Pershing County where 4 of 10 adults smoked between 2011 and 2012. Packham said that there could be some demographic factors explaining the high smoking rate in Pershing. The rural populations are likely to be older, he said. People’s financial status and educational attainments might be factors making them smoke. He added that those with more education seem to smoke less.
Our V2 Cigs coupon codes can shave around 15% off your total online ecig bill. So why wait for promos, try one today! | <urn:uuid:0cadda0e-8d25-4200-a3ef-7a6803565fa4> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.wduq.org/ecigarette-news/secondhand-smoke-exposure-highest-in-nevada.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657140379.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011220-00304-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966852 | 844 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Ballast is used in an aircraft to attain the desired CG balance, when the center of gravity is not within limits or is not at the location desired by the operator. It is usually located as far aft or as far forward as possible to bring the CG within limits, while using a minimum amount of weight. Ballast that is installed to compensate for the removal or installation of equipment items and that is to remain in the aircraft for long periods is called permanent ballast. It is generally lead bars or plates bolted to the aircraft structure. It may be painted red and placarded: PERMANENT BALLAST—DO NOT REMOVE. The installation of permanent ballast results in an increase in the aircraft empty weight, and it reduces the useful load.
Temporary ballast, or removable ballast, is used to meet certain loading conditions that may vary from time to time. It generally takes the form of lead shot bags, sand bags, or other weight items that are not permanently installed. Temporary ballast should be placarded: BALLAST, XX LB. REMOVAL REQUIRES WEIGHT AND BALANCE CHECK. The baggage compartment is usually the most convenient location for temporary ballast.
Whenever permanent or temporary ballast is installed, it must be placed in an approved location and secured in an appropriate manner. If permanent ballast is being bolted to the structure of the aircraft, the location must be one that was previously approved and designed for the installation, or it must be approved by the FAA as a major alteration before the aircraft is returned to service. When temporary ballast is placed in a baggage compartment, it must be secured in a way that prevents it from becoming a projectile if the aircraft encounters turbulence or an unusual flight attitude.
To calculate how much ballast is needed to bring the center of gravity within limits, the following formula is used.
Figure 4-24 and Figure 4-27 show an aft extreme condition check being performed on an airplane. In this previously shown example, the airplane’s center of gravity was out of limits by 0.6″. If there were a need or a desire to fly the airplane loaded this way, one way to make it possible would be the installation of temporary ballast in the front of the airplane. The logical choice for placement of this ballast is the forward baggage compartment.
The center of gravity for this airplane is 0.6″ too far aft. If the forward baggage compartment is used as a temporary ballast location, the ballast calculation will be as follows:
When ballast is calculated, the answer should always be rounded up to the next higher whole pound, or in this case, 47 lb of ballast would be used. To ensure the ballast calculation is correct, the weight of the ballast should be plugged back into the four column calculation and a new center of gravity calculated.
The aft limit for the airplane was 99″, and the new CG is at 98.96″, which puts it within acceptable limits. The new CG did not fall exactly at 99″ because the amount of needed ballast was rounded up to the next higher whole pound. If the ballast could have been placed farther forward, such as being bolted to the engine firewall, less ballast would have been needed. That is why ballast is always placed as far away from the affected limit as possible.
In evaluating the ballast calculation shown above, the following key points should be recognized.
- The loaded weight of the aircraft, as identified in the formula, is what the airplane weighed when the CG was out of limits.
- The distance the CG is out of limits is the difference between the CG location and the CG limit, in this case 99.6″ minus 99″.
- The affected limit identified in the formula is the CG limit which has been exceeded. If the CG is too far aft, it is the aft limit that has been exceeded.
- The aft limit for this example airplane is 99″, and the ballast is being placed in the baggage compartment at an arm of 60″. The difference between the two is 39″, the quantity divided by in the formula.
Viewed as a first class lever problem, Figure 4-29 shows what this ballast calculation would look like. A ballast weight of 46.68 lb on the left side of the lever multiplied by the arm of 39″ (99 minus 60) would equal the aircraft weight of 3,034 lb multiplied by the distance the CG is out of limits, which is 0.6″ (99.6 minus 99). | <urn:uuid:8bdfc2d2-a517-420e-aec8-917d05ce1180> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://www.flight-mechanic.com/the-use-of-ballast/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039546945.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421161025-20210421191025-00414.warc.gz | en | 0.954478 | 933 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Washington National Cathedral is considered to be a national house of prayer for all people, and its beauty has earned it a #3 spot by the American Institute of Architects’ list of favorite architecture. The idea for a national cathedral dates all the way back to President George Washington. In 1893, Congress granted a charter to the Protestant Episcopal Cathedral Foundation of DC to build a Cathedral for national purposes. President Benjamin Harrison signed into law what is now known as the Washington National Cathedral. The Cathedral was then built on the highest point in DC. It is an impressive soaring structure in a Neo-Gothic style with architectural sculpture, woodcarving, gargoyles, mosaics and over 200 stained glass windows.
The Washington National Cathedral was completed in 1990, after 83 years of construction. Thousands of masons, sculptors and 5 architects worked on the building of this majestic Cathedral; it is made from Indiana limestone. The Cathedral serves the spiritual needs of the nation. It is the second largest in the U.S., and the 6th largest Cathedral in the world. Of the many memorable highlights in the history of the Washington National Cathedral, a few stand out: President Theodore Roosevelt’s 1907 speech to an audience of 20,000 after workers laid the foundation stone, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s last sermon, and Presidents Ronald Reagan’s and Gerald Ford’s State Funerals.
The Cathedral continues to host regular weekly prayer services and major events, both religious and secular, like festivals, reunions, liturgy, concerts, lectures and a Sunday Forum. The Cathedral stands at Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues, NW in DC's Cathedral Heights neighborhood. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. | <urn:uuid:f9b9bb7c-d51d-429a-936a-f9264891ecbf> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.dccondoboutique.com/blog/washington-national-cathedral-is-a-dc-treasure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027321696.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824194521-20190824220521-00256.warc.gz | en | 0.945608 | 354 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Sometimes, trends and issues in education can be equivalent to the Emperor’s New Clothes. Things go on as they always have done, and it’s kind of ok because they’re just kids, right? It took Jamie Oliver to point out that a Turkey Twizzler is not the optimum nourishment for tomorrow’s generation of leaders.
There’s a trend in education today that children should have choice and autonomy on what they learn. This is nowhere more apparent than in the majority of educational apps which allow children an enormous degree of control over the content they learn.
Arguably, giving children a degree of choice can create autonomous, engaged learners, and we should all strive for this, without question.
Not to be too obvious, or to stretch the nutrition analogy too far, but: have you ever offered a child the choice between a portion of chips or a portion of broccoli?
At some stage we have to accept that we are the grown ups in this scenario, and they are the kids. By definition, they don’t always know what’s good for them. And, to get back to the subject of education (finally!), children will rarely autonomously choose to tackle a topic they find difficult, especially if they have confidence issues surrounding that subject. Prevarication breeds prevarication for kids and grown-ups alike, especially when you’re avoiding doing something that makes you feel stupid because you don’t understand it properly.
Here’s a different analogy. If a child has tonsillitis, as a doctor you don’t give them a choice of treatment, because they’re not the experts. And in the same way, if a child is struggling with decimals, we as teachers must provide for them the path that will most help them understand this topic.
That’s where a really good teacher or tutor comes in. They can encourage the child on one hand, pitching questions at the correct level, and determinedly revisiting areas of difficulty from different angles till grasped. Thus their expertise can turn a problem area into a positive as the child gains confidence from a difficulty overcome.
As teachers ourselves, we developed DoodleMaths’ algorithms to ensure that the work set is tailored in three regards:
- Their overall maths level
- Particular strengths and weaknesses
- The pace at which they learn
Just like a good tutor. The quality of the algorithms means that not only is the work at the correct level for each individual – not too easy (we know that praise for a task too easily accomplished does not ring true), not so challenging that they’re put off – but it is also engaging and encouraging, so the child is stimulated to keep going and overcome any difficulty.
It might be politically incorrect, but as we teach our children we have to be prescriptive and we cannot pass this responsibility on to the child.
So we at DoodleMaths do prescribe what children learn, question by question. Because we believe that as long as they’re taught properly, individually, as if by a good tutor, we will indeed create autonomous confident learners who WILL succeed at maths. | <urn:uuid:c9c71a48-f0d6-4b29-9e50-39f1ed95e670> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://doodlemaths.wordpress.com/2014/11/14/can-children-have-too-much-choice-in-education/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822513.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017215800-20171017235800-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.95501 | 657 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cluneal Nerve Blocks
To better understand cluneal nerve blocks it is important to understand the cluneal nerve. This nerve cluster is at the upper portion of the buttocks and is the termination of the lumbar nerves at the base of the spine.
When these nerves are inflamed, the pain will be centralized in the lower back and can radiate down the leg. The area above the buttocks will be tender to the touch but the area below will have decreased sensation.
Cluneal nerve blocks are intended to relieve chronic pain experienced due to the inflammation of these nerves. After attempting less invasive treatment such as NSAID therapy and steroids, this may be the best solution for an individual suffering from chronic pain in the cluneal nerve region.
A nerve block is a way to treat the chronic pain by injecting a local anesthetic, most commonly lidocaine, which temporarily causes the nerve to stop working and can provide some respite from chronic pain. A nerve block can be used by your doctor to try to isolate the cause of your pain as well.
There are risks associated with the use of cluneal nerve blocks. It can cause permanent damage of the nerves, which will be slow to regenerate. If something were to go wrong with the procedure you could experience paralysis of the muscles and lasting numbness. Nerve blocks can, in some rare cases, irritate the nerve and increase the pain.
According to the Global Burden of Disease in 2010, back pain is the leading cause of disability in the United States. An astonishing one half of all Americans admit to experiencing back pain at some time. It is important to determine if the pain is acute or has become chronic and seek the proper treatment.
Back pain costs Americans more than $50 billion dollars a year. Some chronic back pain is caused by unexpected injuries such as bending to pick something off of the ground. In fact, most chronic back pain is not caused by natural factors such as arthritis, broken bones, or cancer.
Many therapies exist to treat chronic back pain, including cluneal nerve blocks, which can be used for both diagnostic and treatment purposes.
In addition to treatments like cluneal nerve blocks, there are other things you can to do help alleviate your chronic back pain symptoms. These include healthy eating, stretching before physical activities, maintaining good posture, wearing comfortable shoes, sleeping on the proper mattress, lifting objects correctly using your knees, not smoking and using ergonomics to improve your workspace.
It is important to recognize that chronic pain is typically defined as any pain lasting longer than three months. It will also affect additional functions and your ability to maintain a healthy mental perspective. Seeking treatment is important to restore your quality of life.
If you believe you are experiencing pain caused by inflammation of your cluneal nerve, contact an expert in your area to schedule a consultation. A doctor who specializes in chronic pain management can work with you to determine the best solution for your specific pain profile. They may begin with a less invasive treatment and, if that does not work, a cluneal nerve block may be recommended. | <urn:uuid:fee2b6b3-c06d-445e-8a52-86f29c8596a9> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://paindoctor.com/treatments/interventional-procedures/cluneal-nerve-blocks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223201753.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032001-00205-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943144 | 632 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Written by Liz Lopez
There are rape laws in different countries around the world that have very different punishments for rape. Some have more stringent punishment than others while some countries have punishments for rapists that many would consider draconian.
In India, the Anti Rape bill was passed in April 2013 in an effort to be tougher on crimes against women. The Anti Rape bill included more crimes such as stalking, acid violence, and voyeurism. It also expanded the definition of rape and states that the absence of a physical struggle does not mean consent. However, marital rape is still legal and controversially raised the age of consent from 16 to 18. The bill mandates the death penalty if the victim dies or is left in a vegetative state.
In China, rapists can receive the death penalty. China also repealed a law that created a rape loophole that mandated a more lenient punishment for men who had sex with girls under the age of 14 if they could “prove” that they paid the girl for sex. It now carries a heavy mandatory penalty with the highest being the death penalty.
Saudi Arabia has the toughest punishments for rapists. Saudi Arabia laws are from Sharia law. Rapists can expect a public beheading as punishment. However, rape victims are also punished- a woman who was gang raped in 2006 was sentenced to receive 200 lashes and 6 months jail time because she was found to be “indecent” and spoke to the media.
The Netherlands mandates 4-15 years of prison time for rapists depending on aggravating circumstances such as the victim’s age. The definition of rape is vast and even French kissing someone without consent constitutes rape. The Netherlands is different from the aforementioned countries that any kind of harassment of a sex worker without consent can carry a sentence of 4 years. Other countries are not concerned with the rape of a sex worker. If a rape victim dies as a result of the rape, the prison sentence is 15 years for the rapist.
In North Korea, rape is common for prisoners. Guards frequently rape women that are held in concentration camps and if they are pregnant as a result, they are killed. Rape is also used a as method of torture in camps. It is common for women to get raped by state officials but rape of minors is punished severely.
Around the world, countries have adopted more stringent laws to punish rapists to be tough on crimes against women. Conversely, there are other countries that also blame and punish victims for something that is not their fault. | <urn:uuid:9c3455b4-a778-4137-8e88-64eb52a81fd9> | CC-MAIN-2019-47 | http://affinitymagazine.us/2015/12/07/20151207rape-laws-around-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496668765.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20191116204950-20191116232950-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.973942 | 505 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Fiji Struck by Cyclone
March 16, 2010 : Fiji declared a state of emergency in the northern and eastern parts of the country after they were struck by a tropical cyclone, Cyclone Tomas. The eastern Lau group of islands was the worst affected. The country's second largest island, Vanua Levu, also sustained severe damage.
Over 17,000 people left their homes and fled to evacuation shelters as the storm raged. There were reports of deaths in some places but the numbers were not known. In northern Fiji houses and crops were damaged by winds. Some buildings were washed away by floods. In some areas, there were sea surges and the sea waters rose as high as 7metres (23feet). These caused floods which did not subside for 36 hours.
Schools all over the country closed down. Public services were suspended, and a nation-wide curfew was imposed. Communications to some islands including Cikobia and Qelelevu failed. For Fijians, it was the worst cyclone in living memory.
Fiji's National Disaster Council organised troops to take food, water and other necessities to the worst-hit areas. Australia and New Zealand have been sending aid by air. Australia's foreign ministry pledged a sum of one million dollars in aid with an assurance of more after the damage had been assessed.
Cyclone Tomas has been described as a category four storm. The severity of hurricanes is measured by the Saffir-Simpson scale, which measures a storm by the damage it causes. Like all hurricanes and tropical storms, Cyclone Tomas began to weaken as it moved away.
Most hurricanes or cyclones are given a name from an existing list of storm names. This is done at the forecast centre where the cyclone is first detected, provided it is a storm of some intensity.
Related Links - If you want to know more about Fiji or Cyclones:
Fiji: Where is it? Click here to see it on the map
Fiji: Country profile
What is a cyclone?
Fiji: Latest news about Cyclone in Fiji
Fiji: Images from Fiji
Fiji: More about Fiji
Fiji Struck by Cyclone [World News for Kids]
By: Gowri Mohanakrishnan
Online Mind Games Tic Tac Toe News for Children Antonyms Kids' Magazine Word Play Poems for children Mind Games Discover Earth Ganesh Coloring Pages Tongue Twister Science Magazine Word Search Game Children's Craft Activities Reference Quotations Stories Folktales Learning Math Fiction for Kids Art for Kids Educational Games Coloring Books Quiz Flash Cards Did You Know? Famous People Computer Quiz Coloring Pages Math for kids Children's Books Environment Kids' Activities 5WH Science for Kids Games for Little Kids Riddles Word Match Children's Crossword Jokes for kids Science Quiz | <urn:uuid:9e1aa3ac-9293-4cbb-9cb3-2ae34604229a> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://pitara.com/news/news_world/online.asp?story=312 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708664942/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125104-00051-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961593 | 581 | 2.59375 | 3 |
War Department Rosters of Officers, with Lewis's Evaluations
Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Image 269
Jefferson's General Staff was problematic, as the multiple crosses after five of the seven names indicate. The President discharged three of the five within a year after Lewis completed his assessment. Two of the staff who had served during the Revolution were retained despite their Federalist loyalty—the adjutant, Thomas H. Cushing, and the paymaster general, Caleb Swan. Edward Turner was retained, though he resigned three years later. Most controversial of all was Jefferson's close friend, the commanding general James Wilkinson, on whom Lewis discreetly chose to register no comment.
Second Regiment of Infantry
Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Papers, Image 275
In the summer of 1801 the War Department supplied the President with a roster of the 269 officers, all career professionals, serving in the small U.S. Army as of July 24, 1801. Jefferson retained 131 of them, most but not all of the Republican persuasion. In the page shown here—the fourth of eleven—Lewis's coded remarks are in the extreme right-hand column.1
1. Donald Jackson, "Jefferson, Meriwether Lewis, and the Reduction of the United States Army," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 125, No. 2 (April 1980), 91-96. | <urn:uuid:347f1374-8a80-4835-93b4-db401b72aa5a> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.lewis-clark.org/article/2075?ArticleID=2075 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425352.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725182354-20170725202354-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.952289 | 282 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Work Related Upper Limb Disorder
Upper limb disorders (ULDs) affect the arms, from fingers to shoulder, and neck. They are often called repetitive strain injuries (RSI), cumulative trauma disorder or occupational overuse syndrome.
What are ULDs?
Upper limb disorders (ULDs):
- are aches, pains, tension and disorders involving any part of the arm from fingers to shoulder, or the neck;
- include problems with the soft tissues, muscles, tendons and ligaments, along with the circulatory and nerve supply to the limb; and
- are often caused or made worse by work.
If an employer actively addresses and assists their employee in managing their upper limb disorders, there are obvious benefits including increased efficiency in work, fewer sick days, lower staff turnover and retraining costs, reduced risk of litigation by the employee and lower compensation/insurance costs to the employer.
Upper Limb Disorders can be successfully managed at work by assessing the risk, introducing changes and improvements to work areas and tools/equipment that may cause ULDs.
If you feel there are risks of ULDs in the workplace, it is beneficial to actively collect early reports of any symptoms your employees may have, and address these as quickly as possible. This is commonly known as health monitoring in the workplace.
Upper Limb Disorders in the Workplace can be task-related or specific to one individual.
Early detection of any ULD issues in the workpace can determine how serious the injury becomes, as early detection and practical task changes or retraining on using certain repetitive machinery in a better way may alleviate or reduce the symptoms of ULDs dramatically.
What are the symptoms?
- aches and pain
What causes a ULD?
- Repetitive work
- Uncomfortable working postures
- Sustained or excessive force
- Carrying out a task for a long period of time
- Poor working environment and organisation (eg temperature, lighting and work pressure, job demands, work breaks or lack of them)
- Individual differences and susceptibility (some workers are more affected by certain risks)
The way the work is organised and managed can make a significant contribution to reducing the risk of ULDs as well as make them worse.
Workers may be more likely to suffer an upper limb problem if exposed to more than one risk factor.
Caused or made worse by work, some of the most common work related upper limb disorders seen in compensation claims include:
- Trigger Finger Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
- Diffuse repetitive strain injury
- Hand arm vibration syndrome (HAVS)
- Vibration white finger (VWF)
- Peritendinitis crepitans
An upper limb disorder can be diagnosed as a work-related upper limb disorder if it can be proven that the injury was caused by a work related process or activity.
Types of occupations that are commonly associated with work related upper limb disorder include, but are not limited to:-
- Construction Worker
- Keyboard Operator/Typist
- Assembly line worker
- Kitchen staff/Chefs
If you report your symtoms to your employer once work related upper limb disorder has been diagnosed by a physician, your employer can then make changes to your work conditions and/or work practices to alleviate and improve your symptoms. | <urn:uuid:297f5549-2141-4499-9fa0-eaded1481efb> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://colemanlegalpartners.ie/work-related-upper-limb-disorder/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202484.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321030925-20190321052925-00345.warc.gz | en | 0.949003 | 691 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Comparing Paleo and Mediterranean diets
By David Dunaief, M.D.
We have made great strides in the fight against heart disease, yet it remains the number one cause of death in the United States. Why is this? Many of us have the propensity toward heart disease. Can we alter this course, or is it our destiny?
A 2013 study involving the Paleo-type diet and other ancient diets suggests that there is a significant genetic component to cardiovascular disease, while another study looking at the Mediterranean-type diet implies that we may be able to reduce risk factors greatly. Most of the risk factors for heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, sedentary lifestyle, diabetes, smoking and obesity are modifiable (1). Let’s look at the evidence.
Researchers used computed tomography scans to look at 137 mummies from ancient times across the world, including Egypt, Peru, the Aleutian Islands and Southwestern America (2). The cultures were diverse, including hunter-gatherers (consumers of a Paleo-type diet), farmer-gatherers and solely farmers. Their diets were not vegetarian; they involved significant amounts of animal protein, such as fish and cattle.
Researchers found that one-third of these mummies had atherosclerosis (plaques in the arteries), which is a precursor to heart disease. The ratio should sound familiar. It seems to coordinate with modern times.
The authors concluded that atherosclerosis could be part of the aging process in humans. In other words, it may be a result of our genes. Being human, we all have a genetic propensity toward atherosclerosis and heart disease, some more than others, but many of us can reduce our risk factors significantly.
I am not saying that the Paleo-type diet specifically is not beneficial compared to the standard American diet. Rather, that this study does not support that, although validating the Paleo-type diet was not its intention. However, other studies demonstrate that we can reduce our chances of getting heart disease with lifestyle changes, potentially by following a Mediterranean-type diet with an emphasis on a plant-rich approach.
A study about the Mediterranean-type diet and its potential impact on cardiovascular disease risk was published in the New England Journal of Medicine (3). Here, two variations on the Mediterranean-type diet were compared to a low-fat diet. People were randomly assigned to three different groups. The two Mediterranean-type diet groups both showed about a 30 percent reduction in the risk of cardiovascular disease, with end points including heart attacks, strokes and mortality, compared to the low-fat diet. This improvement in risk profile occurred even though there was no significant weight loss.
The Mediterranean-type diets both consisted of significant amounts of fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, fish, olive oil and potentially wine. I call them “the Mediterranean diet with opulence,” because both groups consuming this diet had either significant amount of nuts or olive oil and/or wine. If the participants in the Mediterranean diet groups drank wine, they were encouraged to drink at least one glass a day.
The study included three groups: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts (almonds, hazelnuts or walnuts), a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra virgin olive oil (at least four tablespoons a day) and a low-fat control diet. The patient population included over 7,000 participants in Spain at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
The strength of this study, beyond its high-risk population and its large size, was that it was a randomized clinical trial, the gold standard of trials. However, there was a significant flaw, and the results need to be tempered. The group assigned to the low-fat diet was not, in fact, able to maintain this diet throughout the study. Therefore, it really became a comparison between variations on the Mediterranean diet and a standard diet.
What do the leaders in the field of cardiovascular disease and integrative medicine think of the Mediterranean diet study? Interestingly there are two diametrically opposed opinions, split by field. You may be surprised by which group liked it and which did not. Cardiologists hailed the study as a great achievement. They included Henry Black, M.D., who specializes in high blood pressure, and Eric Topol, M.D. They emphasized that now there is a large RCT measuring clinical outcomes, such as heart attacks, stroke and death.
On the other hand, the integrative medicine physicians, Caldwell Esselstyn, M.D., and Dean Ornish, M.D., both of whom stress a plant-rich diet that may be significantly more nutrient dense than the Mediterranean diet in the study, expressed disappointment with the results. They feel that heart disease and its risk factors can be reversed, not just reduced. Both clinicians have published small, well-designed studies showing significant benefits from plant-based diets (4, 5). Ornish actually showed a reversal of atherosclerosis in one of his studies (6).
So who is correct about the Mediterranean diet? Each opinion has its merits. The cardiologists’ enthusiasm is warranted, because a Mediterranean diet, even one of “opulence,” will appeal to more participants, who will then realize the benefits. However, those who follow a more strict diet, with greater amounts of nutrient-dense foods, will potentially see a reversal in heart disease, minimizing risk — and not just reducing it.
Thus, even with a genetic proclivity toward cardiovascular disease, we can very much alter our destinies. The degree depends on the willingness of the participants.
(1) www.uptodate.com. (2) BMJ 2013;346:f1591. (3) N Engl J Med 2018; 378:e34. (4) J Fam Pract. 1995;41(6):560-568. (5) Am J Cardiol. 2011;108:498-507. (6) JAMA. 1998 Dec 16;280(23):2001-2007.
Dr. Dunaief is a speaker, author and local lifestyle medicine physician focusing on the integration of medicine, nutrition, fitness and stress management. | <urn:uuid:fcec1def-a776-48f4-a432-1d37b7f0698e> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://tbrnewsmedia.com/tag/nutrient-dense-foods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738723.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810235513-20200811025513-00018.warc.gz | en | 0.95146 | 1,268 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Other Crystal Oscillator Types
In addition to the obvious use of a microprocessor to “calculate” a frequency correction voltage to apply to an electrical tuning input, microprocessors may employ syntheses to achieve frequency accuracy. SC-cut crystals offer many stability advantages over AT-cuts but they have a steep frequency drop at colder temperatures, dropping in frequency far more than they can be tuned, making them unsuitable for ordinary TCXOs. However, a microprocessor programmed with the crystal’s offset frequency over temperature may be used to synthesize the correct frequency. The synthesizer may be a crude “pulse swallower” or a modern numerically-controlled oscillator (also called DDS – direct digital synthesis) depending upon the phase noise and resolution requirements. In addition to correcting for the crystal’s temperature drift, the DDS can generate an arbitrary output frequency on demand. The correction function need not be in the same package as the oscillator if the system includes a computer-controlled synthesizer. The oscillator may simply supply crystal temperature data and correction coefficients or a correction look-up table.
A microprocessor outfitted with a non-volatile time accumulation register can be programmed to apply aging correction to a precision ovenized SC-cut crystal oscillator achieving stabilities approaching Rubidium standards but with superior short-term stability and phase noise. These systems usually require the application of an external standard for an extended period of time so that the microprocessor can “learn” the oscillator’s aging rate. When a standard is not available for extended periods, the correction rate may be manually adjusted as part of a regular calibration procedure.
When Rubidium accuracy is needed but the power consumption must be low, a “sleeping” Rubidium system is appropriate. These systems combine a low power oven oscillator with a Rubidium standard that is normally off. Once or twice per day power is applied to the Rubidium standard just long enough for it to stabilize so that the crystal oscillator may be corrected. The total energy required per day is far below the energy required to keep the Rubidium standard operating.
Oscillators may also be disciplined with transmitted timing signals including Loran-C, GPS, WWVB, Omega, cellular, CDMA and similar systems providing precision time and frequency information either as a primary or secondary function. Shortwave band transmissions including those from WWV are also useful but sky-wave variations limit the accuracy.
Oscillators with more than one crystal address special stability or frequency agility requirements. A VHF crystal may be phase-locked to a low frequency crystal to achieve low VHF phase noise with the close-in noise and low aging of the low frequency crystal. Electronically switched crystals can provide multiple frequency outputs with phase noise performance not available from synthesizers. | <urn:uuid:b5cfc924-4b5c-42b3-9f9f-7076b27e08ab> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | http://www.wenzel.com/documents/other.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917120187.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031200-00264-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872832 | 581 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Yes, we all know that people are happier in wealthier countries, that a nation gets happier as its GDP grows, and that high income people report being happier than their less well paid counterparts. Yet, there is a certain hollowness to the wealth equals happiness equation that psychologist Abraham Maslow understood.
Maslow and Money
Maslow did not think of money itself as a need. Rather, it could be used to satisfy some of the needs that are lower on the hierarchy and get satisfied earliest but do not add up to happiness. In fact, money is critical only for the two lowest tiers in his seven-tier hierarchy of needs that are satisfied on the road to self-actualization and fulfillment. With money, we can buy food, shelter, and protection from physical threats such as crime and earthquakes.
The Beatles claimed that money can't buy you love but this is debatable. For instance wealthy men in most societies find it a lot easier to marry than vagrants do. High earners also have larger social networks according to research on social capital. Rich people also get fawned over as celebrities and their egos are massaged by honorary degrees, and titles, thus toying with Maslow's contention that we need to develop competence in some chosen field in order to really feel good about ourselves.
Penetrating further up Maslow's hierarchy, money may help people to know, understand and explore some field of study if only by paying their college tuition. It is also hard to escape the fact that rich people often live in beautiful homes, situated in beautiful places, and surrounded by beautiful objects, speaking to their esthetic needs.
In our society, entrepreneurial success is often held out as a desirable means of achieving one's deepest potential. If that were true, then money plays a key role in self-actualization, Maslow's highest need.
Paradoxes of the Wealth Happiness Connection
If money plays a key role in all levels of Maslow's hierarchy, then it would explain why wealthier people are happier: they have more tools available to satisfy all of their needs and are therefore more likely to achieve self-fulfillment, or self-actualization. Is that what is really happening? I doubt it.
In my own journeys through life, some of the happiest people I have ever met were close to penniless if adequately housed and nourished. They had a capacity for living in the present and enjoying everything that life brought. Property owners are forever worrying that their multiple properties will be damaged in a storm, or that their stocks will take a drubbing because the Greek government doesn't want to pay its debts. Only a person unencumbered by property worries can contemplate a completely blue sky.
Financial worries of the rich may pale before the challenges of the poor, of course, but this is another example of many discontinuities between wealth and happiness. Another is the fact that comparatively poor people in a social democracy are happier than much wealthier individuals in a highly unequal society beset with social tensions because they feel part of the community.
Another seeming contradiction concerns the emptiness of retirement when money is no longer much of a concern to many, freeing them up to concentrate on personal fulfillment, whether by going fly fishing, taking up painting, starting a business, or any other project put on hold for lack of time. The sad reality is that many people begin retirement feeling aimless, disoriented, and a little frightened.
Like it or not, their job gave a focus, discipline, and sense of purpose that is now missing. Work life can bring contentment even if it postpones self-actualization. In retirement, there is an opportunity for addressing higher needs in the Maslow hierarchy but this may not bring happiness, or a sense of fulfillment, especially if too little was done to develop creative outlets earlier in life.
Wealth sometimes appears to be a ladder allowing a person to scale the Maslow hierarchy and achieve self-actualization with relative ease. Yet, it is made of rubber. I would not trust it. | <urn:uuid:f03f9d6a-f96b-42b8-95c7-2dd69da4cd92> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://www.huffpost.com/entry/does-wealth-equal-happine_b_7560684 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154486.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210803222541-20210804012541-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.973912 | 824 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Also known as: Virginia Quail, Bobwhite Quail
20-28 cm (8-11") Fairly common. Eastern and Central U.S.; introduced in parts of West. Farms, brushy open fields, roadsides, wood edges.
Mottled brown, plump quail with a short gray tail; throat and eye stripe are white in male, buffy in female.
Forms coveys of about 12-16 birds in fall and winter. Wary bird, when flushed, flies on noisy wings then glides to cover.
Song: named for distinctive, rising, whistled "bob-white" or "bob-bob-white". | <urn:uuid:7a60ee8a-cc49-4d65-bf10-70fe43f58a8e> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://ebirdr.com/bird/northern-bobwhite | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223210034.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032010-00198-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.87358 | 142 | 3.03125 | 3 |
A Shovel of Dirt
How do you live your life?
How you see life?
When you are in the trial of life, what do you do?
People are not ready to here your misfortune stories but what you did that they can learn from.
For instance, if I failed a test during the first phase and worked out a strategy to avoid the failure of the second one, I believe I can help those facing such challenge by giving them ideas on what I did.
Therefore,I want you to read this short educative but inspiring story.
One day a farmer’s donkey fell down into a well. The animal cried piteously for hours as the farmer tried to figure out what to do. Finally, he decided the animal was old, and the well needed to be covered up anyway; it just wasn’t worth it to retrieve the donkey.
He invited all his neighbors to come over and help him. They all grabbed a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well. At first, the donkey realized what was happening and cried horribly. Then, to everyone’s amazement he quieted down.
A few shovel loads later, the farmer finally looked down the well. He was astonished at what he saw. With each shovel of dirt that hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazing. He would shake it off and take a step up.
As the farmer’s neighbors continued to shovel dirt on top of the animal, he would shake it off and take a step up. Pretty soon, everyone was amazed as the donkey stepped up over the edge of the well and happily trotted off!
From this story, I want you to know that:
- Life is going to shovel dirt on you, all kinds of dirt. The trick to getting out of the well is to shake it off and take a step up.
- Each of our troubles is a steppingstone. We can get out of the deepest wells just by not stopping, never giving up! Shake it off and take a step up.
Remember the five simple rules to be happy:
- Free your heart from hatred – Forgive.
- Free your mind from worries – Most never happens.
- Live simply and appreciate what you have.*
- Give more.
- Expect less from people but more from yourself.
You have two choices… smile and close this page, or pass this along to someone else to share the lesson.
God bless us on this journey we call life… | <urn:uuid:af3209b5-7fa3-469a-b1ca-5ee32d382973> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://thegreatvalue.wordpress.com/2017/04/08/a-shovel-of-dirt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862248.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619095641-20180619115641-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.975132 | 516 | 2.78125 | 3 |
ECHO offers many species and varieties of underutilized food plants likely to grow well under difficult growing conditions. Many of these species may be new to you - we are here to help you choose the species that will best suit your needs and your area.
Always begin with your local surroundings - this is the best place to start! Observe the crops that are growing locally, those sold in the food markets or those that your community members grew in the past. Use this as a guide to evaluating plants with similar requirements. ECHO encourages study, experimentation and cooperation with local/national agricultural organizations prior to establishing any large-scale plantings.
Here you will find several resources and suggestions to help you in the decision making process. ECHO has several documents that are helpful as an introduction to plant and seed selection for agricultural development. We encourage you to read these helpful materials to help gain perspective and avoid some of the common pitfalls.
NOTE: Beyond avoiding the risk of total planting failure, small trials allow you to evaluate the "weed potential" of certain species in your area. Watch the planting carefully the first few seasons to make sure it is not likely to become a problem plant. Unfortunately, one definition of a weed, "plants which thrive under stressed conditions, often with high seed production," fits some of the plants in ECHO's seedbank. We are very aware of this risk and have in fact eliminated certain species from our seedbank when the danger of introducing a weed seemed too great. However, hardy plants which can establish themselves may be a great blessing in many situations; for example, it is difficult to imagine a tree which could become a pest in certain areas of Africa or Haiti with severe fuelwood shortages. Sending out only small trial packets of seed is another safeguard against introducing a weed, as too-aggressive plants may be identified and controlled easily in a small area. Finally, remember that the plants in ECHO's seedbank are commonly accepted food plants somewhere in the world, even if very localized. In this, too, there is a measure of safety as we can all learn and benefit from the years of plant selection by people in other parts of the world.
Selecting the Best Plants for the Tropical Subsistence Farm
Introducing New Seeds Overseas
Introducing a New Fruit Crop | <urn:uuid:385dd339-38a8-450a-afb9-3ad0398e31cf> | CC-MAIN-2019-43 | https://www.echocommunity.org/en/pages/resources_for_new_crop_introductions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986692723.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191019090937-20191019114437-00446.warc.gz | en | 0.963097 | 468 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Many articles are discussing how music can give health benefits to the player, yet almost none talks about how playing an instrument in a band can be beneficial. For instance, if you grow up in the 80s, you should have been familiar with Kansas from America. All of their members have passed their 60s now, but look how productive and healthy some of them are! One of the band’s former vocalists, Terry Brock, is even still active in the rock music industry. Check terry brock band, and their tour dates to see for yourself how playing music in a group can be an excellent counter-aging strategy.
1. A Means to Socialize and Cooperate
Loneliness can kill you. According to an article by the New York Times, being alone and isolated from human interaction can affect one’s health negatively. Older adults are often the group of society who are the most vulnerable to loneliness. And that condition makes them experience inflammation and stress more frequently than others who spend their time with either their family or friends.
If you are reaching your golden years while reading this article, perhaps this story of a Holocaust survivor/poet/death metal vocalist, who is also a 96-years old grandma, can give you a different insight on what’s appropriate and what’s not in terms of channeling creativity:
For young people, the opportunities for socializing with others by being a member of a music group do not need any elaborate explanation. You’ll know many people from different backgrounds. You’ll visit new places. And you’ll be conditioned to be responsible for your performance in front of many audiences. If you nail it, you’ll get the crowd!
2. Stimulate Growth on Your Brain Cells’
Don’t you know that a memory of rhythm can never disappear from your mind, even if you have Alzheimer’s disease? Music has a powerful impact on the brain, and not knowing how to play it will be your own loss.
Moreover, by being in a music group, scheduling, practicing, and coordinating will be your routine tasks. Needless to mention, when the touring time comes, you’ll have to prepare both your psychological and physical states for the challenges you’ll face on the road. You won’t lose that thrill you have in life!
3. Playing on Stage is Similar to Cardio
Almost all musical instruments require physical contacts to operate. And if you want to feel the most benefits on your health, try to play rock music. It adrenaline-pumping, and it is mostly played in high tempos. If you get involved in that activity regularly, then the calories your body burns will be similar to practicing cardio workouts.
Besides, in order to give out the best performance on stage, you’ve got to manage your mind and body in harmony. You’ll learn how to deal with the worst of yourself if you play live music on stage.… | <urn:uuid:f78f8abc-38c6-4023-a8ae-6466c7185b6d> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.facesofag.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573801.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190920005656-20190920031656-00288.warc.gz | en | 0.952687 | 617 | 2.71875 | 3 |
ASP used STA threading model, what is the threading model used for ASP.NET
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Windows authentication and IIS
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How can I execute a PHP script using command line? Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) pro... | <urn:uuid:f6d97865-c2b8-45df-850c-58dcaa3d1fb3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://interview.fyicenter.com/index.php?K=45,52&P=3&S=rank | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.832859 | 1,660 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Herbal Defense Against the Common Cold
Larch arabinogalactan increased the body’s potential to defend against infection
A special fiber from the bark of the larch tree, called arabinogalactan, may be another weapon in the arsenal against the common cold, according to a study that found that people who supplemented with arabinogalactan got fewer colds.
The study, published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, included 199 people who reported getting colds frequently—at least three times in six months. They were assigned to receive either 4.5 grams (about 1 teaspoon) of larch arabinogalactan powder per day or placebo and were monitored for 12 weeks.
Larch arabinogalactan users have fewer colds
Arabinogalactan appeared to make a small difference: 60% of the people in the supplement group got a cold during the study compared to 74% in the placebo group and the arabinogalactan users had more cold-symptom-free days (77 days) compared to placebo (74 days). The duration and severity of symptoms was the same in both groups.
The study’s authors comment that “larch arabinogalactan increased the body’s potential to defend against common cold infection,” noting that both groups had fewer colds than expected during the study, suggesting that the protective effect of arabinogalactan may have been more pronounced if the rate of colds had been higher.
Arabinogalactan and immunity
While scientists still don’t know exactly how larch arabinogalactan works, studies done in test tubes have found that it can increase the activity of specific immune cells and increase antibody production. It is also known to act as a prebiotic, increasing populations of friendly bacteria in the large intestine. These bacteria help keep the immune system working properly, and studies have shown that increasing the number of friendly bacteria in the gut can reduce susceptibility to some infections, including colds.
Build your defenses against colds
Larch arabinogalactan may help your immune system better fight off cold viruses, but viruses are very clever and you might improve your odds staying healthy if you use multiple weapons to keep them at bay:
- Gargle & rinse. A daily practice of gargling with plain water can keep your risk of colds down, and a traditional “neti pot” (sterilize before using) or any nasal saline rinse can help flush out bacteria or virus from your sinuses.
- Rest. Lack of sleep and too much stress can wear down your defenses and increase your susceptibility.
- Limit sugar. The higher your blood sugar level, the slower your immune cells work. Avoid spikes in blood sugar levels by eating high-fiber complex carbohydrates instead of sugars and refined grains.
- Take vitamin C. Although we don’t know for sure whether it is preventive, studies have found that taking vitamin C during a cold may reduce its duration and severity. You need at least 1,000 to 2,000 mg per day to have an effect.
- Take a cold rinse. Popular wisdom has it that cold water makes you stronger, and researchers have found it might be true: immune cells are more active after dunking briefly in cold water. Try taking a 30 to 60 second cold shower after your regular hot shower.
(Curr Med Res Opin 2013;29:1–8)
Maureen Williams, ND, completed her doctorate in naturopathic medicine at Bastyr University in Seattle and has been in private practice since 1995. With an abiding commitment to access to care, she has worked in free clinics in the US and Canada, and in rural clinics in Guatemala and Honduras where she has studied traditional herbal medicine. She currently lives and practices in Victoria, BC, and lectures and writes extensively for both professional and community audiences on topics including family nutrition, menopause, anxiety and depression, heart disease, cancer, and easing stress. Dr. Williams is a regular contributor to Healthnotes Newswire. | <urn:uuid:90ef6a65-30c4-4051-95dd-7ac7453ad3d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.luckyvitamin.com/HealthLibrary/us/assets/feature/herbal-defense-against-the-common-cold/~default | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218188824.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212948-00653-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95834 | 851 | 3.046875 | 3 |
There are several explanations for why dogs shake their and it's quite interesting learning more about them. While dogs often shake their fur when getting up upon waking up, or when their fur is wet, there's more into it when it happens in other specific circumstances.
Dogs Shaking Their Fur When Wet
This a classic cliche' that is often represented in fun cartoons or on newspaper comic strips. Rover is given a bath, and after he's done, he shakes his fur and everybody gets a complimentary shower. Those familiar with dog behavior are often ready for it, as they brace themselves and cover their faces to protect themselves from the ubiquitous droplets flinging off.
Dogs surely know when their fur is wet and instinctively will shake their fur to effectively dry themselves, but why would nature equip dogs with this ability? Turns out, it's all about energy conservation.
In nature, should furry mammals get wet in cold weather, they will face hypothermia if they cannot quickly dry themselves. By oscillated their bodies, using a mechanism similar to shivering, these furry animals can effectively dry themselves within minutes, explain Andrew K.Dickerson, Zachary G.Mills and David L.Hu in a study published in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface.
This effective shake therefore conserves energy that would otherwise have to be spent in carrying a heavier coat and generating enough heat to allow it to evaporate. To just have an idea, think that in order for a wet 60-pound dog to carry an extra pound of wet fur and allow it to evaporate, it would take about 20 percent of his daily caloric intake!
So next time Rover heads your way and thanks you for giving him a bath by giving you a shower, don't get irritated! Instead, marvel at Mother Nature's engineering at best and perhaps next time, make sure you arm yourself with an "antishake towel" and towel dry your dog before he has a chance to shake.
Did you know? Dogs don't shake their whole bodies all at once. Researchers have found that the shaking starts high up on the body, and works itself down to the dog's toes finally ending at the tail.
Dogs Shaking Their Fur When They Get Up
Your know the drill well. After sleeping, your dog gets up, stretches himself takes a few steps and then slows down to shake his fur starting from his head all the way up to the tail. What gives?
Just as with shaking their fur when wet, this behavior is linked to a dog's ancient past. In this case though, it's a matter of cleanliness.
Are Puppies Born With Parasites?
Whether puppies are born with parasites is something new breeders and puppy owners may wonder about. Perhaps you have seen something wiggly in your puppy's stool or maybe as a breeder you are wondering whether you need to deworm mother dog before she gives birth. Veterinarian Dr. Jennifer Masucci shares facts about whether puppies can be born with worms.
Ask the Vet: Help, My Dog Ate Donuts!
If your dog ate donuts, you may be concerned about your dog and wondering what you should do. The truth is, there are donuts and donuts and there are dogs and dogs. Some types of donuts can be more harmful than others and some dogs more prone to problems than others. Veterinarian Dr. Ivana shares whether donuts are safe for dogs and what to do if you dog ate donuts.
Do Dogs Fall Off Cliffs?
Yes, dogs fall off cliffs and these accidents aren't even uncommon. As we hike with our dogs, we may sometimes overestimate our dog's senses. We may take for granted that dogs naturally know what areas to avoid to prevent falls. However, the number of dogs who fall off from cliffs each year, proves to us that it makes perfect sense to protect them from a potentially life threatening fall.
Before being allowed on sofas, couches and beds, dogs were sleeping on grass, dirt and other natural surfaces. After their fur has made contact with the elements, it's a dog's instinct to scroll their fur in an attempt to remove any awns, dust and debris from their coats.
Dogs Shaking Their Fur From Irritation
Dogs don't have opposable thumbs and they can't effectively scratch themselves all over the body. Indeed, there are several places they cannot reach. So if they feel something amiss on their fur, they'll likely try to shake the sensation off.
Turns out, a dog's hair follicles are supplied with nerves responsible for sending sensory messages to the brain to elicit fur shaking when something doesn't feel right and this can happen in different scenarios.
A common cliche' is a dog who shakes after being groomed which often upsets owners who worked so hard on fixing their hairdos. We must remember though that back in time, dogs didn't have groomers, so the grooming we subject them to can sometimes make their fur feel weird. It's therefore not usual for your dog to shake his fur after a grooming session, after cleaning his ears, or to get rid of that silly bow you placed on his head.
Other triggers for fur shaking are the presence of pesky parasites, skin irritations or itchy ears. See your vet if your dog shakes his fur or head repeatedly and you cannot find a reasonable culprit.
It could be your dog has something bothersome going on such as ear infections or even bad teeth, suggests veterinarian Rick Huneke at Washington University School of Medicine.
Dogs Shaking Their Fur to "Shake Off" Emotions
Interestingly, shaking the fur isn't always about something going on with a dog's fur, it could signal something going on in a dog's mind as well. If you notice your dog shaking his fur after he is pet from a stranger or after he encounters a grumpy dog, his fur shaking may be his way of giving a sort of sigh of relief.
It's almost as if he was saying "Phew... that was close!" The shake off in this case is therefore the dog's way to dog release stress and tension.
So keep an eye on your dog when he shakes his fur and keep tabs on what happened right prior to that. If your dog had more than a squabble with another dog though, make sure to check him thoroughly to make sure he's OK. Some dogs other than shaking off tension may shake their fur after they get hurt, whether they bumped their head against something or they got nipped by another dog.
Did you know? It's estimated that the average dog is capable of removing about 70 percent of the water from his fur in four seconds, quite remarkable, don't you think?
Now That You Know...
As seen, dogs shake their fur for various reasons. Here are some tips based on your dog's underlying reason for fur shaking.
- Get properly dressed. When giving your dog a bath, consider wearing old clothes your don't mind getting wet and full of fur, or even better, wear your bathing suit if weather permits.
- Be ready with the towel. As soon as you are done giving your dog a bath, prevent shaking by readily towel drying him before he has a chance to even think about shaking.
- Go on a walk. After towel drying your dog, snap the leash on and go on a walk. This will help your dog dry up and prevents your dog from rolling in puddles or or mud.
- If your dog shakes his fur often when he's not wet, consider having him checked over by a vet. Perhaps he has skin allergies, irritation or some pesky parasites.
- If your dog routinely shakes his fur after certain interactions, identify what may cause your dog to feel uncomfortable and then try to work on making the interaction less intimidating. Perhaps your dog doesn't like people bending down to pet him, or patting him over the head. | <urn:uuid:95f63a4f-6444-423e-ad79-aa5b95609d0f> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://dogdiscoveries.com/behavior/why-do-dogs-shake-their-fur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585171.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20211017082600-20211017112600-00029.warc.gz | en | 0.973416 | 1,636 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Elementary school students in the poor, struggling school district of Macon, Ga., where the graduation rate was 51 percent last year, are being taught Mandarin Chinese in hope they will get a leg up -- but some worry there could be more to the language program than meets the eye.
The city of Macon partnered with China and its Hanban Confucius Institute, whose mission is to improve the country's image abroad.
China trains the instructors and pays half of their salaries so that all 25 elementary schools could learn Mandarin Chinese.
According to the Chinese government, the effort is not occurring just in Macon. China has language teachers in 75 universities around the U.S. as well as nearly in 300 primary and middle schools.
Critics, including some China experts and conservatives in Congress, however, worry that what may begin as a simple and attractive language program could become a stealth public-relations campaign for a communist government with a terrible human rights record.
"You don't want other countries propagandizing your children," said political science professor June Teufel Dreyer of the University of Miami.
In a cartoon from the "For Kids" section of the Confucius Institute website, the Korean War was named "the war to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea."
The cartoon was recently pulled from the website. ABC News was turned away when it visited the institute's headquarters to get a response.
Bibb County Schools Superintendent Romain Dallemand said he had not seen the cartoon.
Dallemand said, however, that U.S. teachers were always present during the Mandarin Chinese lessons and that Mandarin Chinese language teachers were not showing videos of that nature to district children.
"I can tell you that we are very much in charge of the curriculum that is delivered in our classroom," he told ABC News. "We have all the curriculum that they deliver."
"I don't get into politics," Dallemand said. "I'm an educator. I'm here to educate our kids."
The Hanban Confucius Institute has many prominent defenders, including the College Board. It called the program a great way to strengthen ties between the U.S. and China.
In an emailed statement, the State Department said: "The United States is committed to strong, sustained support for educational and cultural exchange, including the learning of critical languages. We strongly support people-to-people cooperation in our cultural exchanges."
In Macon, some parents have voiced their concern.
"I don't have a problem with the language itself," said one, Eric Arnold. "It's the way it's being presented by the institute that leaves questions." | <urn:uuid:13051686-0e0a-4cb6-8661-bf6ecaa51cbd> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://abcnews.go.com/US/Parenting/mandarin-language-classes-mixed-reaction-chinese-institutes-motives/story?id=17485209 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398460519.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205420-00103-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981388 | 548 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Drink more water. Water is good for you! This is what we hear over and over as we try to live a healthy lifestyle, strive to lose weight, or overcome various chronic conditions. It seems that water is a vital part of life. But is bottled water really safe?
Every “expert” has a different opinion of the best way to get this life-sustaining substance. There are many different messages out there about what is the best water, the best source – what’s healthy and what isn’t. How do you cut through all the hype and get to the truth? The answer isn’t as cut and dry as you might think.
Water is essential for our very survival. It keeps the functions of our organs properly, is a vital component of digestion, and it even helps us have a healthy spine. It helps to regulate body temperature and lubricates the joints. In fact, you may not realize it, but most of your body is composed of water:
The average adult female requires around 2.2 liters of water per day, while the average adult male requires around 3 liters. Most of this comes from drinking fluids, but some come from food that is consumed. Dehydration is a serious condition and can cause serious damage to the body. Severe and prolonged (about 3 days) dehydration can be deadly.
There has been a lot of debate about bottled water in the past few years. At the center of the controversy are two main issues: much of the bottled water is said to be nothing more than tap water, and in the US alone, more than 60 million water bottles find their way to landfills every single day. Those are some pretty serious issues.
The truth is, studies show that almost half (around 40%) of bottled water is just tap water. So, what’s the big deal about tap water? It is largely known to contain chemicals that are not only toxic to humans, but many are also linked to certain cancers. Chlorine, arsenic, and fluoride are some of the more common chemicals found in tap water. Things aren’t looking good for tap water, but if so much bottled water is tap, then what can you do?
Before we explore the safer water options, it is worth taking a look at the plastic bottles that are used. The materials used to make water bottles are widely known to contain deadly, cancer-causing carcinogens like Bisphenol A (BPA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and phthalates. Each of these poses significant risks to your health.
Even if you choose a bottle that is BPA free (like PET bottles) you could be exposing yourself to other hazardous substances. For instance, PET bottles are made of a soft plastic that is extremely difficult, if not impossible, to clean. This can leave some unsavory residue like food, saliva, and even fecal matter to contaminate your water. The more the bottles are reused, the greater the risk of these and other contaminants making their way into your water.
Actually, tap water is the safer, healthier alternative to bottled water – but not straight out of the tap. All tap water should be run through a high-quality water filtration system before you use it. Without filtration, you run the risk of consuming contaminants like harmful chemicals, bacteria, and even heavy metals. So, what should you do?
Ditch the plastic bottles and choose glass or stainless steel instead. Next, filter your tap water using a high-quality carbon filter. Store your water in a ceramic or glass container. Do not heat or cook food or water in anything made of plastic or Styrofoam. In fact, avoid drinking or eating from plastic altogether. If you must though, do not cut into the plastic while you are eating or drinking and do not expose the food or water to a microwave, high heat, or the sun.
Drink your water, but make sure you are doing it in the healthiest way possible – on tap and filtered!
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Let's be Happy. OK!
Many of the ideas that we have, indeed, many of the ideas that are pervasive in our culture, quite simply, make us unhappy and contribute to significant emotional pain. We can however, learn to challenge and question these ideas and beliefs and seek to see situations and life in a new way.
Do you think that everyone has to like you?
Are you devastated if you find out that some people don't like you? Or, do you think that those around you don't value you enough? Such ideas will make you neurotic; being liked by everyone, like perfectionism, is simply unattainable. Be true to your conscience, have high standards, respect yourself and others, be tolerant and realise, that there is no necessity for others to like you. You however, must like and approve of yourself.
Do you believe that you must succeed, be competent and continually achieving in order to gain respect and be worthwhile?
if so, this is a sure way to become anxious and neurotic and undermine your own confidence. Of course, pursing success and having high standards is to be commended; problems occur when you "must" achieve and be the best at all costs. Being the best becomes an essential part of your self-worth and a prerequisite of being happy. This mindset is likely to lead to an emotional meltdown, when things inevitably go wrong, or mistakes are made. Strive and do your best, do not compare yourself to others and keep your ego in check. Nobody is perfect and we all have our limitations.
Do you believe that people are either good or bad?
Do you blame and punish others when they make mistakes? Do you demand an unrealistic level of perfection or standards for yourself or those around you? According to Dr. David Eagleman, a well known neuroscientist, different parts of our brains are battling it out. The part of the brain that wins, will determine the behaviour. This means that, if you have been told a secret for example, one part of your brain will want to tell the secret and another part won't. Understanding this and having empathy for ourselves and others when we make mistakes and wrong choices, can stop us from being angry and vindictive and wanting to enforce punitive punishments. Children who grow up to believe people are either good or bad, often grow up to be sad and depressed; they may become bigots, racked with guilt, or anxious and neurotic. Realise that we all make mistakes; we are all fallible. We can merely try to improve ourselves. So let's be charitable and realistic about ourselves and others.
Do you feel that you have little control over your own health and happiness?
Do you believe that your feelings and things that happen to you, are due to uncontrollable factors such as the environment, other people, or a higher power? If so, this means that you have an external locus of control; a belief that forces outside yourself control your fate and you have no impact to change your life by your own actions. You can learn to overcome this philosophical error, by realising that most of us have the ability to bring about change in our lives by making goals and taking action.
Do you dwell on terrible things that might happen?
While it is good to be aware of possible dangers and act in a safe and responsible manner, worrying constantly about potential calamities is likely to create intense anxiety. This worrying about events that may never happen, requires a lot of energy and it can also make you nervous so that you may actually cause an accident because you are not calm and in control. Dread, over-concern and fears of calamity, can cause you to live a very narrow and circumscribed life where you may miss many of life's highs and lows.
Do you think that you are not strong enough on your own? Do you think you need to be dependent on someone who is stronger than yourself?
Being free to pursue life on your own terms and think for yourself, does not mean that you don't have close relationships, collaborations or beliefs. It simply means that you value your own independence and rational thought processes. Social cooperation is necessary for everyone in our society, but being dependent on another person or abstract belief, which you feel is stronger than yourself, robs you of thinking for yourself and making your own intelligent decisions.
Do you think that your past will determine your future?
Things may have happened to you in the past, or you may have acted a certain way. This does not mean that these factors will continue. You can change your future and learn from past situations and mistakes. If you were bullied as a teenager, this does not mean that there is anything wrong with you. It does not mean that bullying will continue, as you move through educational institutions and the workforce. It does however, provide you with an oportunity to learn how not to treat others and perhaps brush up on your social skills and learn about the psychology of bullies. We cannot change the way others behave; we can however, look at ourselves and how we behave.
Do you believe that there is only one solution to a problem?
The tendency to believe that there is only one perfect way to do something, or one perfect solution, tends to come with perfectionism. And perfectionism, is not a trait which is adaptive to a happy and fulfilled life. Insisting that there is only one correct way, deprives you of experimenting and being creative. And, insisting that something must be "perfect" is unrealistic, unattainable and limiting. Generally, it makes more sense to consider various solutions to a problem. Also, consider other possible alternatives that are workable and practical rather than "perfect."
- Mistakes are the portals of discovery. --James Joyce.
- Freedom is not worth having if it does not include the freedom to make mistakes. --Mahatma Gandhi.
- The Constitution only gives people the right to pursue happiness. You have to catch it yourself. --Benjamin Franklin.
- The first recipe for happiness is: avoid too lengthy meditation on the past.--Andre Maurois.
- There is only one way to happiness and that is to cease worrying about things which are beyond the power of our will. --Epictetus
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Refugee Camps on the Guatemalan/Mexican Border
An image analysis of one portion of the Guatemalan/Mexican border (Research Location 2, see image 2) based on more simple visual change detection revealed an increase in human activity and settlement, as well as border activity, along the Río Salinas and Río Lacaniúm between 1979 and 1986. This increase of activity is cotemporaneous with the 1980-1986 increase in violence and government sponsored genocide activities in the Department of El Quiché.
The primary changes between 1979 and 1986 are the clearly visual increases of the light to no vegetation areas surrounding the centers of known refugee camps and towns. In all the areas marked by these refugee camps and towns, there is a discernable increase of center-to-periphery growth resulting in a decrease of the surrounding vegetation. This type of center-to-periphery growth is usually evidence of increased human activity and/or population and is corroborated by sources documenting a large migration of Guatemalans fleeing into the region during the 1980-1986 violence.1
The other discernable change to the landscape is the appearance of an international border road in the 1986 image, which is not present in 1979. The appearance of this road probably reflects an increase of both Guatemalan and Mexican military related border activities. The obvious change in the landscape supports evidence of a Guatemalan military build-up in this border region and possible Guatemalan military insurgencies into Mexico, which instigated a Mexican reaction.
1 Manz, Beatriz, Refugees of a Hidden War: The Aftermath of Counterinsurgency in Guatemala. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1988. | <urn:uuid:854a88bd-1e22-4e8b-8319-0237be5d5ed8> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.yale.edu/gsp/gis-files/guatemala/4_refugee_camps.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119647865.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030047-00173-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931072 | 348 | 3.171875 | 3 |
From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society is not a typical book on modern China, largely because it was written 70 years ago. It’s author, Fei Xiaotong, was one of China’s first sociologists, and was writing at a time when it seemed that new China would have limitless potential. Fei wrote a number of essays that were published throughout China in the 1940’s firstly to describe China’s essential nature, and secondly to describe how this national character could be used to China’s advantage. I don’t think he realized how relevant this book would be today.
Fei’s main argument focuses on his idea that China is essentially a rural country, which describes a great deal of modern China’s social structure all these years later.
I read this book originally for a college course, but his writings were lost on me then. I didn’t have enough experience to appreciate how profound his thoughts were. This book is not for everyone, but those who pick it up will be rewarded.
Since reading this book, I have quoted this short passage to a number of friends, only to watch their mouths drop wide open and ask “When was that written again?”
Selfishness is the most serious shortcoming of country people. That is the opinion of those intellectuals who advocate rural reconstruction. When we think of selfishness, we think of the proverb “Each person should sweep the snow from his own doorsteps and should not fret about the frost on his neighbor’s roof.” No one would deny that this proverb is one of the Chinese creeds. Actually, this attitude is held not only by country people but also by city people. The person who only sweeps the snow from his own door is still regarded as having high social ethics.
Ordinary people usually throw their garbage onto the streets right in front of their door, and that is the end of their garbage problem. For instance, in Suzhou the houses usually have back doors that open onto slow-moving canals. This sounds very beautiful, and, in fact, literary works depict Suzhou as the Chinese Venice. But I do not think that there are any waterways in the world dirtier than those in Suzhou. Everything can be thrown into the canals, which even in the best of circumstances do not flow well. Filled with garbage, they flow even worse. Many families use no other toilets. Even knowing full well that other people wash clothes and vegetables in the canals, they feel no need for self-restraint.
His writing offers many insights into the Chinese way of thinking, and is a great resource for people who have enough background in China to learn from his works. This book covers dozens of topics including: literacy, personal relationships, problems with government, ideas of justice, family issues, and thoughts on how Chinese society is organized.
This book is available on Amazon.com, and I highly recommend this quick read. | <urn:uuid:522614bb-b587-416b-9003-09d106780b79> | CC-MAIN-2019-30 | https://chinachange.org/2011/09/06/from-the-soil-the-foundations-of-chinese-society-book-review/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195526517.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20190720132039-20190720154039-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.982462 | 617 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Used on our Superheroes evening - a superpower
Large opaque bag (cloth is better) and lots of small objects. Small piece of string
Put the objects inside the bag and seal the top, perhaps by tying with string. Give the Beavers a certain number of minutes to write down everything they can feel in the bag.
This activity doesn't complete any badge requirements | <urn:uuid:17786df7-d081-40d2-bbd8-a599497806b4> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.onlinescoutmanager.co.uk/programme.php?action=view&id=30238 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831334.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219045716-20181219071716-00391.warc.gz | en | 0.888534 | 76 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sometimes writing an arbitration clause in an agreement can be such a daunting task.
It gets confusing as to what exactly to put in there or how much detail it should contain. The Arbitration Act, 2010 (Act 798) gives an indication of what should go into the arbitration clause.
According to section 13 of the Act, an arbitration agreement means an agreement to submit to arbitration present or future.
It is a clause embedded in an agreement that tells how the parties intend to resolve disputes when they arise.
Below are a few considerations when drafting an arbitration clause:
- The arbitration agreement ought to confer authority on the arbitration tribunal to refer “all or any dispute” to arbitration. The matters to refer to the arbitration should be as clear as possible so that the tribunal can know the scope of its authority.
- Words that confer authority must be clearly stated and unambiguous. It should not be wide as to be subject to several interpretations and should also not be too narrow as to limit or restrict the scope of the agreement.
- Parties must unequivocally express their intention to resort to arbitration. Thus, the language should be mandatory and not permissive. Thus words such as “may” and “might” must be avoided. “Shall”, “must” are preferred.
- The parties must specify the number of arbitrators. This number should be an uneven number.
- The method of appointment of the arbitrator must be stated.
- The qualification or expertise of the arbitrators must also be specified.
- The clause must specify the rules to govern the arbitration. It could be adhoc rules or institutional rules such as Ghana arbitration Center rules.
- The language to be used for the arbitration must be specified.
- The clause should also state the place, i.e. where the arbitration would take place, it could be in Ghana, United States, etc.
Below is an example:
Any dispute concerning the construction, validity, interpretation, enforceability or breach of the agreement shall be settled by arbitration administered by the Ghana Arbitration Center under its Rules. The number of arbitrators shall be three (3) who shall be selected by the Ghana Arbitration Center, in accordance with the terms of this agreement. The arbitrators shall have ten (10) years of experience in law and corporate governance and also should have served as arbitrators for at least three times prior to their service as arbitrators in this arbitration. The arbitration shall be conducted in accordance with the laws of Ghana and shall be conducted in Accra, Ghana in the English Language.
GET IN TOUCH:
- Email: [email protected]
- Phone: +233243083120 / +233209856865
- Social Media:
- Facebook (BizzAfrica)
- Twitter (@bizzafrica)
- LinkedIn (BizzAfrica)
- Instagram (@bizzafrica) | <urn:uuid:0a544261-3b8c-46f3-a956-ffd7cfba1b70> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://bizzafric.com/2020/05/26/drafting-an-arbitration-clause/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141716970.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20201202205758-20201202235758-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.926296 | 609 | 2.71875 | 3 |
It was Friday, the last day of Spring Break. Parents and grandparents were looking for something for the kids to do. The Library just happened to have a program for kindergarteners through second graders at 3 pm, Cooking With Dr. Seuss. Since March is Dr. Seuss’s birth month, using the cookbook, Green Eggs and Ham Cookbook seemed appropriate.
On the menu were Blueberry Bumplings and Moose Juice. The translation: Orange Julius and Blueberry Muffins. Each child was given an apron of their choice. Boys chose the puppies or frogs, the girls were more into bunnies and kitties.
These kids were making Moose Juice with orange juice, orange sherbet, vanilla extract and banana. They were learning to follow a recipe, measure ingredients and operate a blender. The result was a healthy drink to enjoy while their Blueberry Bumplings were baking.
These girls are measuring their dry ingredients to put in their bowl of egg, cream and oil. To make their Blueberry Bumplings they learned to crack an egg, measure liquids and dry ingredients and use a mixer.
Kyla, wearing the puppy apron, has mixed her blueberries into her bumpling batter and is filling her muffin cups. Each person put their name on the muffin cups so they could claim their muffins after they were baked. There were even muffins to share with family members
Under Kathy’s supervision, all the eggs were cracked successfully. There were extra eggs available in case there was a catastrophe. Lena, Kathy and Gayle all agreed it was a fun, great program and are ready to do it again. | <urn:uuid:b4324ae3-baed-4f78-8324-793e72822598> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://tscpl.org/home/cooking-with-dr-seuss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860089.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618051104-20180618071104-00209.warc.gz | en | 0.988039 | 343 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Siluriformes
(Catfish) > Callichthyidae
(Callichthyid armored catfishes) > Corydoradinae
Etymology: Aspidoras: Greek, aspis, -idos = shield + Greek, dora = skin (Ref. 45335); taurus: From the robust appearance [taurus = bull]; noun in apposition.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Freshwater; benthopelagic. Tropical
South America: Brazil.
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 5.4 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 41106); 5.2 cm SL (female)
soft rays: 6. Infraorbitals, preopercle and reduced nuchal plate covered by thick skin and not visible externally. Lateral line absent posterior to 2 small lateral line ossicles. Two pairs of maxillary barbels and a pair of mental barbels. Adipose fin preceded by a small, curved, well-ossified spine.
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Lima, F.C.T. and M.R. Britto, 2001. New catfish of the genus Aspidoras (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the upper rio Paraguai system in Brazil. Copeia 2001(4):1010-1016. (Ref. 41106)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Threat to humans
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00389 (0.00180 - 0.00842), b=3.12 (2.94 - 3.30), in cm Total Length, based on all LWR estimates for this body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.0 ±0.3 se; Based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): High, minimum population doubling time less than 15 months (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100) . | <urn:uuid:ff7798af-789a-42c2-849f-874a0cf02a8b> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Aspidoras-taurus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376825728.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20181214114739-20181214140239-00321.warc.gz | en | 0.652393 | 648 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Exception class declaration.
Exception class declaration. The basic functionality provided by the Exception class is to facilitate printing out a message, together with the location of the exception (file, line, funcion name), as well as a call trace if available, when an exception is thrown. This file also defines three macros, Throw, Assert, and ErrChk, that help simplifying client code throwing exceptions.
- namespace tk
- Toolkit declarations and definitions for general purpose utilities.
Throw macro that always throws an exception.
Throw Exception with arguments passed in. Add source filename, function name, and line number where exception occurred. This macro facilitates a throw of Exception that is somehwat cleaner at the point of invocation than a direct throw of Exception, as it hides the file:func:line arguments. Whenever is possible, it should be used via the Assert and ErrChk macros defined below.
#define Assert(expr, ...)
Assert macro that only throws an exception if expr fails.
If NDEBUG is defined (e.g. cmake's RELEASE or OPTIMIZED mode), do nothing, expr is not evaluated. If NDEBUG is not defined, evaluate expr. If expr is true, do nothing. If expr is false, throw Exception with arguments passed in. The behavior is similar to libc's assert macro, but throwing an Exception instead will also generate a nice call-trace and will attempt to free memory. This macro should be used to detect programmer errors.
#define ErrChk(expr, ...)
ErrChk macro that only throws an exception if expr fails.
The behavior of this macro is the same whether NDEBUG is defined or not: expr is always evaluated. If expr is true, do nothing. If expr is false, throw Exception with arguments passed in. This macro should be used to detect user or runtime errors. | <urn:uuid:106ef971-5f95-4c94-81ac-2f20bdfcc7dd> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | https://quinoacomputing.org/_exception_8h.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578526807.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20190418201429-20190418223429-00186.warc.gz | en | 0.79169 | 390 | 3.484375 | 3 |
This program is a part of the Middleman System (mdm).
Each line of the iospec file specifies the I/O behavior of a program, unless the line starts with a '#' character, in which case the line is treated as comments and ignored. The format is as follows:
program names the program whose behavior you are specifying. For each spec element, the first character indicates usage, and the remaining characters indicate resource.
A resource that starts with a '-' character represents the argument of the corresponding program option. A resource that is an empty string represents a program argument. A resource that is not empty and does not start with a '-' character represents the resource string itself.
A usage is typically an upper-case character. If two commands access the same resource with different usage, mdm-master will not run these two commands at the same time. Furthermore, if a command access a resource with 'W' usage, mdm-master will not run it with any command that access the same resource in any way (including 'W'). There is a special case: if usage is '0' and resource starts with a '-' character, it means that the resource program option does not take any arguments.
All programs has an implicit spec 'Rglobal', so if you mark a program as 'Wglobal', it will not run while any other command is running.
Here is an example to help clarify matters. Suppose we have the following iospec file:
Then these two commands can run at the same time:
These two commands cannot run at the same time:
And these two commands also cannot run at the same time:
Since we run find under mdm.screen and invoking gunzip under mdm-run, we specify that we wish to run the gunzip commands in parallel. | <urn:uuid:857e0b27-861c-4014-9677-a9ee5c61b9d0> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.makelinux.net/man/1/M/mdm.screen | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300472.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00223-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.900283 | 375 | 2.578125 | 3 |
As defined by the International Criminal Court apartheid is inhumane acts of a character similar to other crimes against humanity “committed in the context of an institutionalized regime of systematic oppression and domination by one racial group over any other racial group or groups and committed with the intention of maintaining that regime.”
Article II of the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid (ICSPCA) defines the crime of apartheid as below:
1. Denial to a member or members of a racial group or groups of the right to life and liberty of person
- By murder of members of a racial group or groups;
- By the infliction upon the members of a racial group or groups of serious bodily or mental harm, by the infringement of their freedom or dignity, or by subjecting them to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
- By arbitrary arrest and illegal imprisonment of the members of a racial group or groups;
2. Deliberate imposition on a racial group or groups of living conditions calculated to cause its or their physical destruction in whole or in part;
3. Any legislative measures and other measures calculated to prevent a racial group or groups from participation in the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country and the deliberate creation of conditions preventing the full development of such a group or groups, in particular by denying to members of a racial group or groups basic human rights and freedoms, including the right to work, the right to form recognised trade unions, the right to education, the right to leave and to return to their country, the right to a nationality, the right to freedom of movement and residence, the right to freedom of opinion and expression, and the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association;
4. Any measures including legislative measures, designed to divide the population along racial lines by the creation of separate reserves and ghettos for the members of a racial group or groups, the prohibition of mixed marriages among members of various racial groups, the expropriation of landed property belonging to a racial group or groups or to members thereof;
5. Exploitation of the labour of the members of a racial group or groups, in particular by submitting them to forced labour;
6. Persecution of organizations and persons, by depriving them of fundamental rights and freedoms, because they oppose apartheid.
Let’s all be honest now and agree that Israel can surely be considered apartheid.
Many critics have accused Israel of commiting apartheid acts. In 2007 United Nations Special Rapporteur for Palestine John Dugard stated that “elements of the Israeli occupation constitute forms of colonialism and of apartheid, which are contrary to international law” and suggested that the “legal consequences of a prolonged occupation with features of colonialism and apartheid” be put to the International Court of Justice.
That right there is why Israel is so infuriated with the fact that the United Nations has now come to recognize Palestine. If Palestine is recognized then Palestine can start charging Israel in the International Criminal Court. Now, if Israel were truly innocent they would have nothing to be worried about, HOWEVER, Israel knows of all the horrific acts it has commited towards Palestine and its people therefore Israel is
scared absolutely terrified that they could potentially be charged. | <urn:uuid:aa63d7e1-4300-432c-877f-a0a52ed6ac07> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | https://ispeak4palestine.wordpress.com/2012/12/02/apartheid-israel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948595858.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217113308-20171217135308-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.938216 | 673 | 3.078125 | 3 |
On the evening of Christmas day 2015, at 9:38 pm CST (3:38 am UTC) at the LIGO Livingston Observatory in Louisiana, another gravitational wave signal was recorded. 1.1 ms later, the LIGO Hanford Observatory in Washington state also picked up the same signal. 70 seconds later, the supercomputer that runs analyses on the near real-time data noticed that there was something special in the data and sent out emails and text messages that some of us affectionately call the "Bat Signal". This goes out to scientists primarily to summon those who evaluate candidate gravitational wave events to determine if this event should be shared with traditional astronomers (i.e. ones with telescopes). I am on the list because I am interested in keeping up on the latest results. I remember exactly where I was: I was in my room at my mother's house outside of Pittsburgh changing clothes after getting back from visiting the in-laws (who live within a few miles of my family's home) for Christmas. I looked at the event record and saw that this was an extraordinary candidate gravitational wave in that its statistical significance was high but the signal wasn't as obvious in graphs as the first detection in September was.
It was decided to send out the location of the possible detection to traditional astronomers and the emails started flying discussing the evidence that this was a true detection. It was determined that the preliminary information on the signal warranted starting the detection checklist - the large-scale investigations that try to disprove that the signal is real. Only after a candidate passes every test and has a high statistical significance is it accepted as a detection. The same checklist that was applied to the first detection, labeled GW150914, was applied to this candidate as well. Once this Christmas detection was verified, it was labeled GW151226 (the number reflects the UTC date that the gravitational wave was discovered) although we had nicknamed it the "Boxing Day Event" before the verification.
(Below I will often refer to GW150914 as the "first detection" and GW151226 as the "new detection".)
Read the paper on the detection here.
THE SIGNAL & THE SOURCE
The signal is similar to the first detected gravitational wave (GW150914). We call this kind of signal a "chirp" because initially it has a low frequency which increases over time as does its amplitude. You've heard signals like this before if you've ever hear a slide whistle increasing in tone. The increase in tone reflects the increase in frequency and the loudness of the whistle represents the amplitude. The signal we detected starts at about 35 Hz (close to the frequency of the sound made by the second black key from the left on the piano) and reaches its highest frequency at about 450 Hz (very close to the A above middle C if you convert this signal into sound).
The plot above shows what we detected in our data compared to the predictions of a pair of black holes orbiting each other and merging into one. So this is similar to the last detection in that this is also a pair of stellar-mass black holes (formed from the death of extremely massive stars) but different because the masses of these new black holes are less than the first detection. Here, our newly detected black holes are 14.2 and 7.5 solar masses where our last detection was 36.2 and 29.1 solar masses. That makes this signal weaker than the last (the peak amplitude of this new signal is about 1/3 that of the first detection) but we are able to observe more orbits of the system here. We see about 27 orbits of these new black holes (corresponding to the 55 cycles of the gravitational wave we see in the figure) where we only saw about 5 orbits (or 10 cycles) in the first detection. It is interesting to note that lower mass black hole pairs will merge at higher frequencies than higher mass black holes. This means that the signal will stay in LIGO's most sensitive frequencies longer and that is reflected in what we see here. This new detection's signal is about 1 second long while the first detection is less than a half second long.
So, what did this new detection look and sound like? As far as what it looked like, there was no light that we are aware of that was produced from this system. But we can visualize the black holes as they orbit around each other and track the corresponding progression through the signal to the merger. [Credit: SXS Collaboration/www.black-holes.
We can also "listen" to gravitational waves by taking the signal, and converting it into sound through your speakers. Below is a comparison of what the new detection "sounded" like compared to the first detection. The actual "sounds" are quite low in tone so that they sound more like thumps. We also have shifted the sounds up to a higher tone so that you can hear more of the detail in the signals. That will play after the original lower tones. The background graph shows how the frequency changes on the vertical axis (you will see that it increases for both signals) as time progresses on the horizontal axis:
The next question is where in the sky are these black holes? We primarily determine this using the delay in detection time between the two detectors. When the delay is large, there is a smaller area in the shape of a ring on the sky where the gravitational wave could have come from. The detection delay for the new detection is much shorter than the first detection, so our uncertainty is going to be larger. Below is an illustration of the areas on the sky where the new detection (the area to the left) and the first detection (the area to the right) are likely to have come from. Note that for the new detection on the left, there is another similar area on the opposite side of the sky that cannot be seen in this image.
We will be better able to determine the location of a gravitational wave source on the sky when we have more than two detectors in operation. Fortunately, Advanced Virgo has completed their upgrades and is currently testing their new detector. LIGO's next observing run is expected in the 4th quarter of this year and Advanced Virgo will likely join the search before the completion of that run. When we detect more gravitational waves (which we expect since we will be even more sensitive than we were for the two detections we have already made and the run will be longer in duration) together with Virgo, we will know even more about what it is that we are seeing.
This is an exciting time to be a scientist!
Read the official LIGO "Science Summary" on this new detection, GW151226. | <urn:uuid:bc7ef694-5d80-4fb8-b746-547c6d24d535> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://stuver.blogspot.com/2016/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585837.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20211024015104-20211024045104-00374.warc.gz | en | 0.964993 | 1,371 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Computer Aided Design Computer software and (sometimes) hardware used to design things. A CAD system might be as simple as a computerized drafting tool or as complex as a parametric mechanical constraint system, a routing and layout software for integrated electronic circuits, or an architectural program that knows about the physical and spatial properties of constructive elements in a building.
Multipurpose software for 2D drafting and 3D solid modeling.
Developers of the FastCAD and EasyCAD computer aided drafting programs
News and articles about CAD, plus books, humor, educational resources and relevant links.
Thanks to DMOZ, which built a great web directory for nearly two decades and freely shared it with the web. About us | <urn:uuid:f600b145-faf5-495b-b724-35a5fe40bed9> | CC-MAIN-2018-05 | http://www.opendirectoryproject.org/Computers/CAD_and_CAM | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084887535.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20180118171050-20180118191050-00284.warc.gz | en | 0.860419 | 146 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Think Sandy Was Something? It Was 20 Years Ago Today…
Unquestionably, Superstorm Sandy and the snows that followed gouged the Jersey Shore in ways that will take years to overcome. But 20 years ago today, a nor’easter that didn’t even have a name roared through and mauled the same coastline.
Thanks to hand-held VCRs that didn’t exist in the 1960s, it might be the first one of this magnitude still viewable through action footage. See it here:
Crhoniclers at www.hurricanes-blizzards-noreasters.com recall that shore homeowners hadn’t yet gotten off the mat from brutal storms in October 1991 and January 1992. Nor’easters typically move out of the area into the north Atlantic. But this time a fair-weather system in southeastern Canada roadblocked it, and it ran rampant through four states over three long days.
Wind speeds reached 90 miles per hour. Atlantic City’s storm tide registered 8.8 feet, a mark exceeded only once before in 1944.
Just as with Sandy, hundreds of homes were destroyed and floodwaters raged as inland rivers surged. President George H.W. Bush declared much of New Jersey, New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts as disaster areas
It never got its own identity. But this was the storm that prompted federal and state lawmakers and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to devise and fund methods of rebuilding dunes. Ultimately, just about 10 years later, shore Congressman Jim Saxton (R-3) successfully pushed through to passage a 50-year federal commitment to beach replenishment.
The program isn’t foolproof. Dredging of offshore sand onto the beach led to the famous dumping of decades-old explosive devices that required engineers to block off parts of LBI beachfronts and remove them one by one before summer arrived.
And it bred the ongoing controversy over public shore access and easements that some homeowners found intrusive. One Harvey Cedars couple won a lawsuit over it, claiming that the high dunes ruined the view they expected when they bought the house.
And here’s an indication of how the value of a dollar has changed. That $60 billion dollars that President Obama has ordered for post-Sandy restoration? Back then, estimates ran a breathtaking half-billion dollars…about 1/120 of conservative estimates now. | <urn:uuid:21c76d59-f511-4c16-86d6-6a33d05c5c6e> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://wobm.com/think-sandy-was-something-it-was-20-years-ago-today/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737922497.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221842-00172-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939168 | 501 | 2.78125 | 3 |
So you are planning some snowman activities for your pre schoolers, and you would like some fun snowman games they can play. Here are 2 snowman games for preschoolers, a suggestion on how to kick off your snowman activities, and 3 snow book recommendations.
Snowman Games for Child Care Students
Indoor Snowball Fight
Get some white tissue paper. Cut the pieces in half. You’ll need some tables as well.
Have the kids ball up the paper into “snowballs”. Make forts by turning the tables on their sides. Let the kids throw snowballs back and forth. Simple and fun!
Snowball Relay Race
Place a bucket for each team about 20 feet away. Each team gets a pile of snowballs. You can use cotton balls, balled up white tissue paper, or Styrofoam balls. The snowballs need to go into the snowball bucket, so they don’t melt. One at a time, team members carry their snowball to the bucket, drop it in, then walk back. Then the next team member follows until all team members have deposited their snowball. If ou have, say, 3 snowballs per team member, then the teams repeat the rotation until all their snowballs have been put in the bucket. Or if that is to chaotic, you can just use 1 snowball per team members. No running. The team to finish first wins!
Intro to Snow Activities
To kick off your snowman activities, you might try something like this:
Who knows what snow is? It is water that falls from the sky that, in the cold, has turned to ice crystals. For snow to fall, the air has to be cold and there has to be water or moisture in the air. There have to be clouds to hold that water or moisture.
What happens to the snow when it hits the ground? If it’s cold enough, it will stay on the ground until it gets warmer and it melts. Have you ever played in the snow? Made a snowman? Today we’ll read about snow and snowmen, play a snowman game, make a snow craft, and enjoy a snowman snack!
Recommended Books about Snow and Snowmen
The Smiley Snowman by Christina Butler. 32 pages, 2010, Good Books. Several animal friends build a snowman in this hear-warming tale of friendship.
Snow is My Favorite and My Best by Lauren Child, 32 pages, 2006, Dial. I wish it would be winter all the time, wishes Lola.
Mama Will it Snow Tonight? by Nancy Carlstrom, 32 pages, 2009, Boyds Mill. A story of 3 moms whose kids are eager for winter to arrive.
Frosty the Snowman Show for Preschoolers
Cap off your snow programming with Frosty’s Birthday Show! It’s a magic show about getting ready for Frosty’s birthday. At the end, Frosty himself arrives to meet and greet your kids! Here is more info on our Frosty’s Birthday Show
The Storytime Handbook
Thanks for The Storytime Handbook by Nina Schatzkamer Miller for much of the info in this post. It is a great resource for planning events for young children. More info at www.storytimehandbook.com | <urn:uuid:47cb3ab4-7705-4a26-a8ab-fc9008205e17> | CC-MAIN-2017-17 | https://www.abrakid.com/snowman-games-pre-schoolers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917123172.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031203-00149-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920691 | 692 | 2.8125 | 3 |
10th September is World Suicide Prevention Day! We are dedicating this special day with many other countries in the world to raise awareness about suicide, mental illnesses as well as suicide prevention.
Did you know that every day, close to 3,000 people commit suicide according to WHO which makes up about 1 million suicide-related deaths each year?
While symptoms of depression are usually persistent sadness and hopelessness, it is not always obvious! It can be masqueraded as something else. By simply being more aware of these 7 tell-tale signs of depression, so we can show some love and help to anybody who might be feeling alone or stuck!
1. Persistent Dark Feelings
Sadness is often mistaken as depression. But a major depressive disorder isn’t the same as a post-breakup sadness. It is usually intense and persistent feelings of hopelessness and helplessness towards a situation. These feelings can spiral into a series of other dark feelings like worthlessness, guilt, or self-loathing and can be displayed as uncontrollable emotions.
2. Loss of Enthusiasm
Another sign of depression is the loss of enthusiasm and interest in the things you normally enjoy. It can be anything from people, a job you are passionate about or even a hobby. You tend to want to withdraw or be alone because you are constantly feeling exhausted or sluggish.
3.Change In Appetite And Weight
While this may vary from person to person, fluctuations in appetite and weight are one of the more obvious signs that something is wrong. Some might cope with depression by overeating, while others might completely lose their appetite for food. This is measured by a significant fluctuation of more than 5% of body weight in a month.
4. Sleeping Disorders
Constant exhaustion or lack of sense of purpose in those suffering from depression might resort to excessive sleeping. Sleeping in this case usually serve as an escape from facing their dark feelings. On the other spectrum, depression is also associated with insomnia, which is the lack of quality restful sleep at night. This can manifest in your inability to focus or make good decisions or remember things.
5. Anger, Irritability Or Substance Abuse
Men and women tend to cope with depression differently. While women usually manifest depression with extreme and intense mood swings, men usually display escapist behavior. However, you can tell by their short temper, restlessness, violence or reckless behavior such as engaging in activities and sports that are harmful to self and substance abuse.
Depression is one of the major risk factor for suicide. It can spiral into a deep dark lonely hole, making death seem like the only way to escape the pain. People with depression usually hide their pain as it might be deemed to be an embarrassment. However, look out for people who are preoccupied with self-harm or dying or if you notice a sudden switch from being extremely depressed to being calm and happy. | <urn:uuid:7d272fd7-8902-4b08-a366-41d7f62ce3d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://sevenpie.com/these-6-tell-tale-signs-of-depression-will-help-you-show-some-love-to-those-around-you-who-may-have-depression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.961242 | 594 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Academic self-efficacy is receiving increasing recognition as a predictor of educational performances. Academic self-efficacy describes “a person’s confidence in their abilities to organize, execute and regulate performance to attain designated types of performances”. It functions at a multilevel and multifaceted set of beliefs that influence how people feel, think, motivate themselves, and behave during various educational tasks. Self-Efficacy view point can be built up on four bases of knowledge, vicarious experiences, enactive mastery as well as physical and emotional states. Self-efficacy development is closely intertwined with a person’s experiences, competencies and developmental tasks in different domains at different stages in life. Self-efficacy beliefs should be relevant for understanding educational outcomes because self-efficacy leads to specific behaviours and motivations that can encourage or discourage effective performance. | <urn:uuid:cf020706-513c-4277-a40f-0ae429859384> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.eajournals.org/keywords/educational-performances/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334514.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925035541-20220925065541-00455.warc.gz | en | 0.956217 | 175 | 3.34375 | 3 |
A Once Existent Earth Year of 360 days (Part 1)
Keith M. Hunter
360 Days as an Ideal Earth Standard:
If the ancients were right that at some point in the past the earth suffered a general increase to its orbital period, transforming the earth year from 360 days to 365.2421897 days, such a change, were it to have occurred, could not have done so without also causing various other celestial transformations. As indeed, it is well established in science that the physical motion of one astronomical body, so affected, can influence the characteristics of other nearby objects, or even aspects of its own self. One clear example of the former worthy of citation, and well known to astronomers, is that a change to the speed of the axial rotation of the earth directly affects the orbital distance between the earth and the moon.
It is exactly these sorts of changes that form the very basis of the proof of a once existent earth year of 360 days; specifically, by way of an intriguing set of physical associations found to link the proposed tropical year increase (from 360 days to 365.2421897 days), to an apparent increase in both the physical size of the earth, and also the mean distance separating the earth and moon - both of which are subtly hinted at as occurring alongside the earth year transformation, as detailed in the Egyptian myth, related previously. Indeed, as part of the proof, the 360 degree circle used in geometry itself, is also revealed to have been based originally upon 360 days; unit intervals completing a full ideal earth orbit.
In an evaluation of such changes, what actually brings the decisive mathematical connections to light is a distinct relationship that would appear to exist between the primary units of angular measure, as known to modern day geometers, and various real distance units of the imperial system. A careful examination of the earth tropical year with respect to both the physical size of the planet, and also the moon orbit, reveals the critical connections. Before proceeding directly though to the evaluation, a brief mention of the basic units of angular measure must be had.
Angular Measure: The Basics
In the modern age it is quite well established that the most fundamental unit of angular measure is the degree, which is taken to be 1/360th of the sweep of a circle; a 360 degree circle thus being the full completed form. More refined angular units are of course also used though to specify more acute angles. And this is done following a base-60 progression, through which degrees are split up into 60 smaller parts, each called a minute of arc, and still further, each minute of arc is split up into 60 even smaller parts, known as seconds of arc. A full circle may be composed then of either:
In general, one should of course realise that usually combinations of the above measures are used to specify a given angle. For example, the axial tilt of the earth is usually expressed as about 23 degrees, 26 minutes and 15 seconds (generally speaking this angle changes slightly every year); an angle responsible for the seasons.
What is of course important to realise is that in geometry, all of these expressed numerical values, set in accordance with a 360 degree circle (i.e. degrees, minutes, and seconds of arc), are angles, and thus are abstract in their nature. They do not refer to anything specific as such. Or at least, they are not thought to by modern geometers.
With respect to the physical geometry of the earth, angular measures composed of a primary 360 degree circle including minutes, and seconds of arc, are the primary unit intervals used to map the planet as a whole. Under this system, the equator of the earth is representative of zero degrees latitude, with the Greenwich meridian marking zero degrees longitude.
Within this matrix, one may thus specify any position upon the earth’s surface either north or south of the equator, and east or west of the Greenwich meridian. Of course, such a system could be applied to any planetary body of any size, using a 'template' of a 360 degree circle, due to the fact that it is based upon angular values, and not arc length measures that actually play out over the real surface of a given body. That being said, upon the issue of the ‘real’ measurements of a given form, one may indeed employ basic angular measures as a means to derive a set of real arc length values over such a body.
Respecting the earth, one may actively cite both the geographical mile and also the nautical mile as examples of real distance measures derived from angular ‘sweeps’ over the surface of the planet. In the case of the former, the geographical mile is the arc length distance swept out over the surface of the earth by a single minute of arc upon the circular plane of the earth’s equator; equal to 1/21600 of the earth’s equatorial circumference. By contrast, the nautical mile is a unit measure based upon the total circumference of the earth from pole to pole, which is elliptical in nature; being also 1/21600 of such a surface circumference.
Based upon the known dimensions of the earth, the actual values of these two noted measures may be calculated as follows:
Earth Equatorial Circumference = 24902.4 statute miles
Elliptical (pole to pole) Circumference = 24860.2 statute miles
Geographical mile = (24902.4 x 5280) / 21600 = 6087.25333…feet
Nautical mile = (24860.2 x 5280) / 21600 = 6076.93777…feet
As one can see, the nautical mile is just less than the geographical mile; a result of the planet being compressed along its axis due to its daily rotation, causing the earth to expand outwards at its equator. Indeed, the very dynamics of this readily accounts for the fact that the equator of the earth is circular and the polar circumference of the earth is elliptical. (The plane of the equator is at 90 degrees to the planet’s axis of spin).
With the above facts established, one is thus bound to suspect almost intuitively then that were indeed the earth to have once possessed a yearly orbit of precisely 360 days, then certain of its other primary physical characteristics, would also have been different; specifically, the physical circumference of the earth itself.
Moreover, in taking this point further; considering the exacting nature of an earth year of precisely 360 days one would suspect that were the earth in fact to have possessed such a year, it would also have simultaneously possessed a physical circumference of such measure, so as to actually be in harmony with the very value of its orbital period i.e that 360 days fully completes one full journey about the sun. And one would therefore expect also, what must be some sort of lawful association between an increase of the earth year (from an ideal of 360 days to its present value), and an accompanying change to the physical size of the earth.
But can this be demonstrated though?
A careful evaluation of the present-day value for the circular circumference of the earth at the plane of its equator, would appear to reveal the answer.
An Ideal Geographical Mile
Focusing upon the equatorial circumference of the earth, it can be seen that its fractional split into 21600 equal parts (minutes of arc), so generating the geographical mile, produces a value that when expressed in standard feet, does not appear too remarkable at all: 6087.25333…feet. And yet, were the earth to have once actively possessed 360 days per year, one would expect some sort of harmonic affinity between the value of its orbit and the actual size of the planet; an ordered correspondence of some sort.
To determine the truth of such an idea, one would be required to lawfully determine nothing less than precisely just what would have been the circumference of the earth, whilst under a year of 360 days. An examination of the primary distance measures of the basic Imperial System (as currently used in the United Kingdom and the United States) would appear to reveal the decisive breakthrough.
Of the Imperial system of measures, the most commonly used are the inch, foot, fathom, and the statute mile. In relation to one another, they are as follows:
12 inches = 1 foot
In reviewing these measures it can be seen that the progression from the foot unit to the fathom involves the multiplier 6. Indeed, in the case of the already noted units of angular measure, it can also be seen that they are similarly connected, via a base-10 multiple of this figure i.e. 60. The significance of this readily becomes apparent when one evaluates the current equatorial circumference of the earth expressed specifically in terms of the fathom unit:
Equatorial circumference = 24902.4 statute miles
With the equator so converted, one is able to bring a most remarkable mathematical association to light. For it can now be seen, that the reduction of this very value by the exact ratio between the current earth year and the suggested ideal of 360 days, produces a figure very close to precisely 21600000, which is of the same numeric sequence as the value given to the total number of minutes of arc that complete a full circle:
365.2421897 / 360 = 1.014561638
With: 21600000 – 21599586.64 = 413.3 fathoms
Also, comparing the ratios directly using the value 21600000 as a standard, one can derive the following:
365.2421897 / 360 = 1.014561638
From the above it can be seen then that there is an extremely accurate match between the noted ratios; from which one might draw two distinct conclusions. The first is that the primary distance units of the Imperial System would appear to have been established not in accordance with the size of the earth as it currently stands, but rather in accordance with an earth size reduced from its present, by the same ratio that governed the increase of the earth tropical year from an ideal of 360 days. Secondly, the very reality of this fact strongly implies that a general physical law of proportion exists linking the transformation of the earth year to the transformation of the physical size of the earth, upon its equatorial plane.
Given the truth of these two points, were the earth to have possessed a 360 day year, the physical equatorial circumference of the earth would have been precisely 21600000 fathoms, which would imply that a geographical mile at such a time would be exactly 6000 ft (21600000 x 6 and divided by 21600 = 6000). One may thus call such a unit measure an Ideal Geographical Mile, or IGM for short.
The claim hereby made, that a change to the earth’s tropical year is directly proportional to a change to its physical circumference, and that this is revealing of an actual physical law, is a bold one. However, it is one that does have support from within the realm of astronomy. Indeed, certain critical discoveries over the past few hundred years concerning the motions of the planets have demonstrated that proportional laws per se are without doubt operative within the universe. And furthermore, such laws of this type have been found to directly apply to all of the planets within the solar system. A slight detour in history is thus called for to demonstrate the reality of this fact.
The Physical Validity of Laws of Proportion
Without doubt, the greatest confirmation of the existence of the reality of proportional laws in governing various changes to certain aspects of planetary motion is to be found with the discoveries of Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630 AD). During his lifetime Kepler was the first to discover the general principles that governed the planets and to explain the manner of their non-linear orbits about the sun. Thus was he able to correct many errors that had existed in the realm of astronomy even from ancient times. Today, the principles that Kepler uncovered with regard to explaining the motions of the planets are generally grouped into a set of 3 primary laws. Briefly, they are as follows:
1) Planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits where the Sun is positioned at one of the two focal points.
2) A planet sweeps out equal areas in equal periods of time; the area being swept out from the sun itself and not the centre of the ellipse, which explains why they move faster in their orbits when nearest to the sun and slower when they are further away from it.
3) The time taken for a planet to orbit the sun (orbital period) is related to its distance from the sun at its mean point of approach (semi-major axis), by a very precise mathematical law; a law generally referred to as Kepler’s ‘harmonic law’, expressed as follows:
Mars Orbital period = 686.9297110 solar days
686.9297110 / 365.2421897 = 1.880751266
Mars Semi-major Axis = 81801193.26 x 1.523658277
According to the above result, Mars should have, in accordance with Kepler’s law, a mean distance from the sun of 124637065.17 IGM. And, actual observations do indeed reveal a figure very close to this; a fact that offers considerable support to the principled validity of the law:
From the above one can clearly see then the importance of Kepler’s Harmonic law for the planets of the solar system. Specifically, the character of the law implies that the orbital period of a planet determines its mean distance from the sun, and that the transformation of the orbital period affects a distinct change to its mean point of approach i.e. the length of its semi-major axis, as per the precise combination of powers built into the law.
But how though does the reality of Kepler’s law support that which was proposed earlier – that a change to the earth tropical year would cause a simultaneous change to the physical circumference of the earth?
The answer lies with an understanding of how the geometry of the orbits of planets is related to that of their outward physical form. Essentially, the geometry of a planetary orbit is exactly identical to that of the geometry of the physical form of a planet. Both are ellipsoid in nature. Thus, of the earth, the circumference of the planet on the plane of the equator is perfectly circular, whereas the circumference of the planet taken as a plane cut 90 degrees to the equator, passing through the axis, is elliptical (i.e. viewed from the ‘side’ the curvature of the planet is that of a 2 dimensional ellipse). Such facts also hold true for the very orbit of the earth, save only that the ellipsoid form of the orbit is invisible. And yet be that as it may, the mathematical geometry of both form and orbit is identical. Thus:
1) The actual elliptical orbital path of the earth is the mathematical equivalent of the earth’s physical (polar) elliptical circumference.
2) The mean distance of approach of the earth to the sun, known as its semi-major axis, is the mathematical equivalent of the equatorial radius component of the physical earth.
3) The circular (invisible) equator of the earth orbit at 90 degrees to its actual orbital plane is in fact the equivalent of the earth’s own physical circular equator. The former, one may thus designate the ‘celestial equator’ of the earth’s orbit.
With an understanding of the association then between the geometry of a planetary orbit and that of its physical form, one can clearly grasp the correspondence between Kepler’s law and that which was proposed earlier in this work.
Essentially, just as Kepler’s law relates a change in the earth tropical year to a change in the semi-major axis component of the earth’s orbit, via the noted powers of 2 and 3, the law described previously relates a change to the tropical year, to a (simultaneous) change also to the semi-major axis of the earth’s physical form i.e. its equatorial radius. In this latter instance however both components would appear to be transformed directly in proportion to one another, and thus the powers are 1 and 1. Given this, one may formally express the law as follows:
TY = Tropical Year (present) / Tropical Year (past)
As an equation this law has the following form:
TY = Tropical Year (Present)
The reality of the above stated law directly implies that were the earth to be ‘back-transformed’ to one containing 360 days from one of 365.2421897 days, then the physical size of the planet would also by necessity have to be reduced by exactly the same ratio as between these two orbital periods i.e. 1.014561638. And indeed, it is hereby suggested directly that such a back-transformation does reveal the state of the earth as was once manifest at some remote point in history, wherein there truly was an exacting harmonic correspondence between the value of its orbital period in days, and the value ascribed to the equatorial circumference of the earth in Ideal Geographical Miles; both of which conformed to the basic numeric sequence of the Babylonian measures: 360 & 21600, via a x60 multiplier.
The important to mention however, is that the numerical value of 360, nominally taken to be representative of a 360 degree circle (in geometry), does in fact represent 360 days of an ideal earth year, with the value 21600, actively representing the measure of the earth equator in ideal geographical miles.
From the above noted law one can now actually use the very measure of the tropical year to derive a value for the current equatorial circumference of the earth based upon a standard of 360 days:
365.2421897 / 360 = 1.014561638
Compared with what is the known measured value for the equatorial circumference of the earth, there is very little difference:
24902.87657 – 24902.4 = 0.4765 miles
Conclusions to be Drawn from the Above Evaluation:
1) The Imperial System of measures including the ‘angular’ measures (the 360 degree circle including minutes and seconds of arc) of the ancients were originally based upon the standard of an ‘ideal’ earth of 360 days.
2) The circumference of the ideal earth at the equator, expressed in units of Ideal geographical miles, was in harmony numerically with the total number of days in the earth tropical year via a ‘base-60’ multiplier i.e. from 360 days > 360 x 60 = 21600, expressed in units of Ideal Geographical miles.
3) The proposed stated law linking a change in the tropical year to a change to the semi major axis of the earth’s form (equatorial radius), will likely act in perfect unison with Kepler’s law, which itself would reveal how any change to the earth tropical year would affect specifically the earth’s orbital semi-major axis.
As a result of the evidence presented, it would appear then that there is strong - albeit indirect - support for the notion that the earth did indeed at one time possess an ‘ideal’ tropical year of 360 days in conjunction with an equatorial circumference of precisely 21600 ideal geographical miles. However, the evidence does not just rest upon the noted association between the tropical year and the physical size of the earth. Indeed, were one still to have any doubts, there is a further, utterly decisive connection, involving the orbit of the moon, that truly confirms beyond all reasonable doubt, a once existent earth year of 360 days. And this may be viewed in part two of the proof: | <urn:uuid:ef00eac2-e91d-49ae-874e-269ff24bffff> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.ancient-world-mysteries.com/360-days.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131296383.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172136-00183-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943717 | 4,079 | 3.234375 | 3 |
What is Cerebral Palsy?
Cerebral palsy is the name for a group of disorders that affect your brain’s control over your muscles and nervous system. Cerebral palsy develops due to brain damage shortly before or during birth. It almost always is present at birth, but it may not be noticed until months or years later.
People with cerebral palsy may suffer from shaking or spastic limbs and a lack of control over their body movements. Cerebral palsy can also impair brain functioning, vision, and hearing.
Cerebral palsy does not improve or worsen as a child grows, but complications stemming from it can cause additional health issues like joint contractures. Therapies, medications, and surgery can all be used to manage the condition. However, these treatments can be out of reach for lower-income families.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) state that cerebral palsy is the most common childhood motor disability.
According to United Cerebral Palsy (UCP), there are about 8,000 cerebral palsy cases each year in the United States.
Depending on how serious the condition is, people with cerebral palsy may be able to live independently or may require lifelong care. Because cerebral palsy can affect different parts of the body, the symptoms and severity of the condition may differ from person to person.
However, because cerebral palsy has no cure, most people affected by it will require some form of medical help to manage their condition.
Cerebral Palsy Causes
Cerebral palsy is caused by damage to an infant’s brain during pregnancy, labor or delivery. This damage can be caused by a number of different risk factors.
The most obvious risk factor of brain damage is trauma to the head. In addition, children born prematurely have a high risk of complications, including brain damage.
Complications before or during delivery can cause bleeding in the brain or a lack of oxygen. If the mother suffers from an infection while pregnant, the virus can attack the fetus and cause severe issues.
These are just a few of the many ways that your child can suffer brain damage and cerebral palsy. However, what ties them all together is prevention. Under proper medical care, the chances of your baby or fetus suffering brain damage is significantly decreased.
Because cerebral palsy is often not detected until years after the birth, its exact cause is often difficult to pin down. It also can be hard to diagnose early on, because the damage can present different symptoms that overlap with other conditions.
However, this does not excuse the doctors and nurses that delivered your baby from taking steps to prevent it. If you believe your medical team did not provide you with proper care, they could be at fault for your child’s cerebral palsy.
Symptoms of Cerebral Palsy
The symptoms of cerebral palsy that appear depend on which type you have and how severe it is. Cerebral palsy comes in many different forms since the damage that causes it can affect different areas of the brain.
There are four major types of cerebral palsy. They are classified by how they affect movement and muscle control.
The four major types are:
- Spastic Cerebral Palsy: Spastic cerebral palsy is marked by stiff and rigid muscles. This stiffness can cause contractures, which deforms the joints. It is estimated that 70% to 80% of all people with cerebral palsy have symptoms of spasticity.
- Ataxic Cerebral Palsy: Ataxic cerebral palsy is the least common type, affecting 5% to 10% of all people with the condition. Children with ataxic cerebral palsy have problems with balance, walking, vision, and coordination.
- Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy: Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is the second most common type, accounting for 5% to 20% of all people with the condition. Those with dyskinetic cerebral palsy cannot control the movements of their limbs. They also have tense or limp muscles throughout their body.
- Mixed Type Cerebral Palsy: The remaining types of cerebral palsy are mixed type or combinations of the others. People with mixed type cerebral palsy may have stiff muscles in one part of the body and floppy muscles in another.
Symptoms may be limited to one side of the body or to a single limb in milder cases. In more severe instances, the symptoms could affect the whole body.
Cerebral palsy does not just cause issues with muscle tone and control. It can affect how your child thinks, eats, hears and speaks. Other issues may co-occur alongside cerebral palsy.
Other common symptoms of cerebral palsy include:
- Delays in reaching developmental milestones, such as pushing up on arms, sitting up alone or crawling
- Epileptic seizures
- Mental impairment or handicaps
- Inability to chew or swallow food properly
- Partial or total speech impairment
- Partial or total hearing impairment
- Behavioral problems
- Vision issues
Typically, symptoms of cerebral palsy do not worsen with age, as the initial brain injury that caused the child’s cerebral palsy does not change. However, its symptoms can cause complications if they are not treated early.
If you see signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy in your child, even if your child has not yet been diagnosed with cerebral palsy, contact your child’s doctor.
Cerebral Palsy Diagnosis
Most children who have cerebral palsy are diagnosed within the first three years of life. A doctor can diagnose your child with cerebral palsy after they review their medical history and perform certain tests. These tests can determine the specific type of cerebral palsy your child has or if they actually have another condition.
Doctors will first review your child’s physical condition, taking note of any symptoms you have seen. They will also look for issues you may not have noticed. Doctors typically note any developmental milestones your child missed. They also observe your child’s muscles and motor skills.
Doctors may order more advanced tests, such as ultrasounds, an MRI or an EEG, to confirm a cerebral palsy diagnosis. These tests allow doctors to study the brain for any damage. They can pinpoint the location and extent of the damage, allowing them to make a more accurate diagnosis.
If you are still not sure whether your child has cerebral palsy, you can seek a second opinion. A second opinion can either confirm a diagnosis or reveal that your child actually has another condition.
Cerebral Palsy Prognosis
A cerebral palsy prognosis will tell you how doctors expect the condition to progress. Because the brain damage that causes it does not change, the condition will not get any worse or improve. Typically, a child’s life expectancy with cerebral palsy is the same compared to someone without it.
However, in more extreme cases, a prognosis may be worse than you would expect. Because cerebral palsy is caused by brain damage, your child can have other diseases alongside it.
Children with cerebral palsy often experience epileptic seizures, issues with eating or severe mental handicaps. In rare cases, children may not be able to use any of their limbs. These conditions will require more intense treatments.
In addition, the chronic nature of the condition can cause issues. If not managed properly, symptoms can put your child’s body through years of wear and tear. This can lead to complications that harm their health.
This is why early treatment is so important. Early intervention decreases your child’s risk of developing additional complications.
Treatments for Cerebral Palsy
Medical experts have not found a cure for cerebral palsy at this time. However, treatments can improve the lives of those who have cerebral palsy.
Cerebral palsy is typically treated with therapy, medications, and surgery. Doctors will often recommend several treatments at once to manage all aspects of the condition. Because cerebral palsy is a chronic condition, your child will need treatments throughout their life.
Treatment options will vary depending on the specific needs of your child. The overall goal of treatment is to manage and ease symptoms. Because symptoms can be very severe, treatments should be started as early as possible to prevent complications.
The treatment of cerebral palsy combines the talents of many different doctors, nurses, and therapists. Because cerebral palsy can affect many aspects of your child’s life, they may need to see many specialists. As a parent, you are the main controller of your child’s care, but your child’s primary doctor can recommend specialists.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating cerebral palsy because the condition varies from person to person. As a result, you may have to try out different treatment options or doctors before finding ones that best suit your child’s needs.
Therapy for Cerebral Palsy
Therapy for cerebral palsy can help manage or lessen its symptoms. Therapy is conducted by professional therapists, who each focus on specific areas to improve. There are many forms of therapy that can help improve different issues.
Physical therapy focuses on your child’s muscle tone. The goal of physical therapy is to improve the range of motion and prevent other issues, like contractions, from developing.
Occupational therapy helps adapt a child’s surroundings so they can rely less on the help of others. Occupational therapy can teach your child to use adaptive equipment to increase their mobility. Therapists can also teach parents how to modify their homes to suit the child’s needs.
Speech therapy aims to improve your child’s communication skills. This can be very useful, as children with cerebral palsy may not be able to speak properly. Therapists can help improve your child’s verbal and non-verbal skills by using speech exercises, sign language and/or electronic speech aids.
Therapy can be done in an office or at home. Therapists may also teach you how to perform exercises with your child outside of the sessions.
Medications for Cerebral Palsy
Medications can ease symptoms of cerebral palsy that cannot be solved by therapy. There are many different types of medication. They can be administered by mouth or as injections, suppositories, and intravenous pumps.
Doctors will prescribe medications for different issues. Medications are often used to treat muscle spasticity and seizures in people with cerebral palsy. They also can help prevent deficiencies if their condition prevents them from getting proper nutrients. Your child may need several medications at the same time to manage different issues.
While medications work effectively, nearly all of them have different side effects. These side effects can put your child at risk if you are not careful. When starting a new medication, it is important to note any side effects. If a medication seems to be doing more harm than good, your doctor can recommend other ones.
Surgery for Cerebral Palsy
Surgery is the most drastic treatment option for symptoms of cerebral palsy, but it can be very effective if done correctly. Surgery can correct common issues with your child’s feet, legs, hips or spinal column. There are a few different types of surgeries for cerebral palsy.
Stereotactic surgery seeks to repair the initial damage caused by a brain injury. By operating on several parts of the brain, surgeons aim to reduce some of the more extreme symptoms. Keep in mind that stereotactic surgery cannot cure cerebral palsy and should only be used for severe issues that do not respond to therapy or surgery.
A selective dorsal rhizotomy works by removing bones in the spine and stimulating nerve rootlets. If the rootlets do not respond to the stimulation, they may also be removed. This helps to reduce spasticity in patients. Selective dorsal rhizotomy works best when combined with physical therapy after the procedure.
Costs of Treatment
Cerebral palsy treatments can help children with the condition become as independent as possible. One child may require minimal help. Another may need care for life. The outlook for a child’s life depends on the severity of the condition in their specific case.
However, the cost in both time and expense to care for a child with cerebral palsy can be overwhelming for a family. Even a child with mild cerebral palsy may require treatments that cost thousands of dollars. The CDC reported that the average cost of care for a child with cerebral palsy was 10 times greater than a child without it.
If you are concerned that you cannot pay for your child’s condition, there are many helpful resources available to you. These resources include national organizations and government programs designed to help people who cannot afford unable to get the help they need.
You can also explore legal action in the form of a cerebral palsy lawsuit if you believe that your child’s injury could have been prevented with proper medical care. A cerebral palsy lawsuit could reward you with the money you need to pay for your child’s expenses. | <urn:uuid:982fd3fd-def2-4d8c-9ef8-4fc5efea2d1c> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | https://www.childbirthinjuries.com/cerebral-palsy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998369.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190617022938-20190617044938-00190.warc.gz | en | 0.944815 | 2,698 | 3.875 | 4 |
Vitamin D plays an important role in our health. It plays a role in muscle development, bone development, immunity, calcium absorption and much more. It’s a micro-nutrient that actually plays a role in every cell in our body just like any other micro-nutrient. We can get vitamin D through our diet (typically through meat and dairy, but also mushrooms) as well as from the sun. The sun is the easiest (and cheapest) way to get your vitamin D levels up.
It’s an important vitamin for so many roles and functions, including hormones such as serotonin and melatonin which play a role in energy production, happiness and sleep quality. If you live in the northern hemisphere you need to get outside and get sunshine more often than those that live in the southern hemisphere because the UV rays are stronger closer to the sun. Many people are not getting enough vitamin D though, in fact according to pubmed.gov almost 42% of American Adults are deficient in Vitamin D levels.
Getting outside and getting sunshine is the best way to get vitamin D levels beyond diet. You should be outside and getting exposure to the sun to get vitamin D every single day for as long as you can, at a bare minimum at least 15-30 minutes. While you’re outside in the sun your skin is what absorbs vitamin D from the sun’s UV rays. Keep in mind that pollution in the ozone layer, clouds, clothes covering your skin as well as other skin creams such as lotions, serums and even sunscreens may inhibit vitamin d absorption as well. This is why I recommend completely avoiding sunscreen and ingesting foods with Lycopene prior to going into the sun and only using coconut oil topically.
What most people do not know and do completely wrong though which completely nullifies the absorption of vitamin D through the skin is washing your skin with a soap or body wash (anything other than water) within a period of up to 48 hours essentially washes the vitamin D down the drain. Vitamin D is absorbed into the bloodstream from the skin and takes around 48 hours to be fully absorbed.
You may be thinking to yourself how can I wash up in the shower if I cannot wash with soap? won’t I smell? You can still wash areas with soap that weren’t exposed to sunshine. Areas such as your groin and armpits can be cleaned with soap, and let’s be honest, these areas smell the most anyway! This may sound extreme but your skin also carries a naturally produced oil called sebum and by washing this off every time in the shower you lose the benefits to your skin. Sebum naturally hydrates and protects your skin and when washed off your skin daily your skin will become dehydrated.
Keep in mind that Lycopene (found in tomatoes, watermelon and strawberries) prevents UV damage by 25% alone in and of itself. Coconut oil keeps the skin hydrated and moisturized and provides a protective healthy fat layer to protect the skin also. These can be used in place of sunscreen to increase vitamin D absorption which is fundamentally needed for all cells in the body for healthy biochemical function.
So what are you going to do next time you take a shower after being in the sun for the next few days? wash your hair, armpits and groin with that natural soap but leave the majority of your skin alone! | <urn:uuid:a464b3b8-5efb-4fc5-8328-eda7022cbacf> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://healthywildandfree.com/this-is-why-you-should-stop-washing-with-soap-after-being-exposed-to-the-sun/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806979.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123214752-20171123234752-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.954833 | 696 | 2.796875 | 3 |
“I am determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation I may find myself. For I have learned that the greater part of our misery or unhappiness is determined not by our circumstance but by our disposition.” – Martha Washington, wife of George Washington
This quote by Martha Washington is incredibly powerful. Notice that she disregards her situation while mustering the inner resolve to be happy. Undoubtedly, Martha Washington had every reason to feel otherwise.
Martha’s husband, the first President of the United States, was on the battlefield risking his life for the first eight years of their marriage. When not on the battlefield, he was debating and negotiating the Constitution of the United States…no small task by any stretch of the imagination. It wasn’t until 18 years after the Washington’s first married that they were finally able to live a normal life. Indeed, Mrs. Washington epitomizes happiness in the face of extreme difficulty.
While probably not as distressing as the Washington’s, your own unique journey through life is likely to have its own ups and downs. Even people that seem to have a naturally happy disposition will experience very difficult times when this natural trait is challenged.
The difference lies in how happy people overcome these difficult times, namely through their inherent ability to focus on the positives in their life.
Here are 6 key reasons why happy people are able to stay happy.
1. Happy people make a habit of focusing on the positives.
Instead of focusing on everything that could go wrong, happy people focus on what could go right. They don’t fret or stress nearly as much as others. Without question, happy people realize that while not everything is positive; they can at least learn from the negative.
A good example of this is the workplace. Most people, about 70% of the population, despise their jobs. The happy among us, while they may not truly embrace their work, are thankful that they at least have a job, and do the best they can to fulfill their responsibilities. Happy people are notorious for taking the opportunity to be a difference maker in their jobs and become a positive influence to their coworkers.
2. Happy people turn problems into opportunities.
Happy people also manage to achieve success by taking advantage of opportunities that arise. They don’t just think about the problem; instead they think about what is to be gained from that problem. This is truly about being able to shift focus. What can you do that will enable you to accomplish something out of this “problem”?
At the very least, a difficult situation will enhance your inner strength. There are times when you cannot think of something tangible to be gained out of a situation. While this may be the case, you will gain inner strength, fresh knowledge, and a new outlook.
3. Happy people understand the importance of self-care.
Regardless of how much we may hear about the importance of taking care of ourselves, most people don’t do it enough or very well. Positive people not only realize the importance of self-care, but how this applies to them as individuals. There is no universal prescription on how to take care of yourself; in other words.
That being said, self-care usually involves something that you enjoy. Whether this is exercising, meditation, sleeping, writing, or something else, it must involve relaxation and enjoyment. Self-care can only work when you listen to your mind and body without experiencing resistance.
If you already know what you enjoy the most, do those things. If not, experiment and find at least one thing that makes you feel happy and recharged.
4. Happy people enjoy the simple things.
Ah, yes…the simple things. These are pretty easy to forget when you live in a world of instant gratification, credit cards, digital downloads, and dollar menus.
But the simple things are still there for your enjoyment. The key is being present in whatever simple thing you happen to be doing. Drink your morning coffee or tea while taking in the aroma; read a book thinking only about the plot; listen to your favorite music without missing a beat; or talk to a family member or friend without multitasking.
As Charles Dickens once wrote, “He did each single thing as if he did nothing else.”
5. Happy people live in the present.
At first, being present is a skill to be attained. This is normal, as we have become accustomed to multi-tasking while being barraged with distraction after distraction. The good news is that we can practice present-mindedness while cultivating our own happiness and strength!
What does it mean to live in the present? It means that your focus and awareness in centered on the here and now. Literally, this can be everything that you are doing – from cooking breakfast, brushing your teeth, or making your bed to reading a book, creating a spreadsheet or writing a letter.
Being present is the sane, enjoyable way of living; not handling three tasks at a time while adding to your mental and physical stress. Don’t buy into the notion that you always have to have multiple balls in the air to be effective. In fact, we work more efficiently when our brains – which are hardwired to do only one thing at a time – are focused on whatever task we may be faced with.
6. Happy people are resilient.
Happy people are also strong by nature. Some of the happiest people in the world experience tremendous obstacles, yet still maintain that resilience that allows them to smile and face these obstacles head on.
There are a few elements of cultivating and practicing such resilience. They keep company with other positive people, practice acceptance, devote themselves to self-care (#3!), and make a habit of disconnecting through meditation, prayer, reading or some other method.
Here’s the takeaway: you are stronger than you think, and you can become stronger. Resilience is often built through the adversity that we deal with in life. Even if you may not feel happy now, look forward to tomorrow and what gifts life may have in store for you. | <urn:uuid:55608f5b-daa1-482c-8285-7e6697ea0a58> | CC-MAIN-2018-13 | https://ourbetterhealth.org/2014/12/17/6-key-reasons-happy-people-stay-happy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257646875.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20180319101207-20180319121207-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.969226 | 1,257 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The outstanding success of the exhibition is a testimony to Kahlo’s international eminence in the art world and her powerful image as a cult figure and feminist icon. More than fifty years after her death she is admired not only for her work, but also for her rebellious bohemian nonconformity, her passionate socialism, and her iron-willed determination to overcome her many misfortunes and live life to the full.
But to admire her work is one thing, to fully appreciate it is another. To do so it is necessary to know something of her story and her cultural background.
Frida was born on July 6, 1907, the third daughter of Matilde Calderon, a Mexican woman, and Wilhelm Kahlo, a German Jew of Hungarian parentage who arrived in Mexico when he was 19 years old. From an early age she was acutely aware of the frailty of the human frame, often witnessing her father’s epileptic fits while she was still in her infancy. When she was six years old she was stricken by polio, which left her right leg and foot thin and deformed. Other children called her “Peg-leg Frida”, which must have hurt her deeply, but her father did his best to help her through the ordeal; he massaged her leg, encouraged her with her therapy, and displayed his great love for his favourite daughter. She was always much closer to him than to her deeply religious mother.
In 1922 she was one of only 35 girls in an intake of 2,000 pupils accepted into the Escuela Nacional Preparatoria, the best school in Mexico. There she would study languages and natural sciences, hoping eventually to become a doctor.
This was at a time when Mexico was experiencing a rebirth of national pride, rejecting the old European colonial influences and reviving its native culture.
The Preparatoria was at the very heart of this revival and it was here that Frida’s pride in her Mexican heritage was intensified; hereafter she would give her year of birth as 1910, the year which saw the start of the Mexican revolution. In the school there were several cliques; most prominent among them was “The Cachuchas”, several of whom were later to become left-leaning members of Mexico’s intelligentsia. Frida joined this clique and became the girl friend of its undisputed leader, a handsome young law student named Alejandro Gomez Arias. Throughout her student days she still had to work to help support her family, but life was looking good, the future was full of promise. Then, on the afternoon of September 17, 1925, all her dreams were shattered.
It was the most terrible day in her life; she and Alejandro were travelling in a wooden bus which was hit by an electric trolley car, apparently not an unusual occurrence in Mexico City in those days. Her injuries were horrendous: her collarbone was broken, her right leg had eleven fractures and her right foot was dislocated and crushed. Her spinal column was broken in three places, her left shoulder dislocated and two ribs broken. Her pelvis was also broken in three places, thus denying her the children she longed for in later life. A steel handrail had pierced the left side of her body and exited through her vagina. To add indignity to her pain the wreckage had by some fluke ripped the clothes from her body, leaving her completely nude. Alejandro, who had been sitting beside her, was not seriously injured.
The doctors did not believe she would survive, but a month later she was released from hospital to convalesce at home. From then onwards her life was a struggle against her relentlessly deteriorating physical condition. She would undergo dozens of operations, suffer almost constant pain, and be continually reminded of her own mortality. It was at this time that she began to paint. Her parents had a canopy placed over her bed with a mirror on the underside so that she could paint herself. She sent her first self-portrait as a gift to her beloved Alejandro, along with many letters imploring him to visit her. But although they remained good friends Alejandro was no longer interested in a romantic relationship with the battered, broken eighteen-year-old who so recently had been the object of his affection.
So Frida continued to paint, gradually adapting her style until it became more identifiably Mexican. She struck up a friendship with the beautiful American photographer Tina Modoti, and it was through her that she joined the Communist party. She also became acquainted with the great Mexican muralist Diego Rivera. She had seen Diego at work in the Preparatoria when she was a student there. She and Diego fell in love and in 1928 he included her in his painting “The Ballad of the Revolution”. He depicted her distributing guns to revolutionary fighters. The following year they were married. Her mother was strongly opposed to the marriage because Diego was ugly, he was twenty years her senior, and he was a communist. She did not attend the wedding.
Diego was an incurable philanderer, but although women found him irresistible he was no handsome prince; once when they were trading insults Frida told him he had a face like a frog, and she was not exaggerating – any frog within earshot would have demanded an apology! But there was a plus side to the flamboyant artist; he was generous to Frida and her family, and he was sincere in his socialist beliefs. In 1929 he was expelled from the Communist party because of his opposition to Stalin, so Frida resigned out of loyalty to her husband. She continued to paint, and her painting continued to improve, but for years she felt that she was living under the shadow of her husband.
In 1930, after her first pregnancy was terminated, she accompanied Diego to San Francisco where he had a commission. Diego’s next commission was in Detroit, where Frida’s second pregnancy ended with a miscarriage in 1932. Her mother died the same year, and although she had always claimed there was no real bond between her and her mother, she wept uncontrollably at the news. Diego’s last major commission before returning to Mexico was a mural for the Rockefeller centre in New York. This led to his famous altercation with Rockefeller, who ordered him to remove Lenin’s face from the mural. To his credit Diego refused, so Rockefeller paid him off, had him evicted from the centre, and later destroyed the mural. They returned to Mexico at the end of 1933.
Although she did not like America’s puritanical bourgeois society she did make many good friends there, including Dr. Leo Eloesser, who became her lifelong medical adviser. She also conceded that when the Americans fight you “…even the Rockefellers don’t stab you in the back.” Her visit to America also inspired two of her best-known paintings, ‘My Dress Hangs Here’ and ‘Self-Portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States’. It was also during their stay in New York that Diego angered Frida’s American friends by neglecting her in order to have an affair with a young divorcee. “I have this deplorable trend of hurting those I love,” he explained. The following year he was to hurt her even more.
1934 was a terrible year in Frida’s life: her third pregnancy was terminated, her right foot was operated on and several toes amputated, and to add to her anguish Diego had an affair with her sister Cristina. This was too much. In 1935 she moved into a small apartment in Mexico City. She could not stop loving Diego, but from now she was going to give as good as she got; that year she met and had an affair with the American sculptor Isamu Noguchi. Diego threatened to shoot him. All Frida’s pain and anger can be seen in the painting she did that year: ‘A few small nips’.
They were reunited and parted several times after that, but Frida was now moving out of Diego’s shadow. In 1936 she had another operation on her right foot. She was back in the couple’s joint home that year and was very active in her support of the Spanish Republicans. At this time the plight of the great hero of the Russian revolution, Leon Trotsky, became desperate. Expelled from Norway under pressure from Russia, he and his wife had been refused asylum by country after country. Diego Rivera presented president Cárdenas with a petition for Trotsky’s asylum, and Cárdenas consented; thus on the morning of January 9, 1937, Trotsky and his wife set foot on Mexican soil.
Frida gave them the use of the Blue House in Coyoacán, the house in which she had been born.
It has been suggested that Frida’s affair with Trotsky was an attempt by her to get revenge on Diego for his affair with her sister. Utter nonsense! When Frida Kahlo looked at Leon Trotsky she knew she was looking at no ordinary man. This was the intellectual giant driven by an unshakeable resolve to change the world, this was the living legend hero-worshipped by revolutionaries the world over; it is hardly surprising that these two outstanding personalities were drawn to each other.
Their liaisons took place in Cristina’s house, but it was doomed to be a brief affair. Trotsky’s bodyguards were worried that the volatile Diego would get wind of it and impulsively end the career of his political idol with a bullet, and furthermore, Natalia Trotsky was no fool; she knew what was going on and she did not deserve to be hurt this way. So after a few weeks the affair was ended. Trotsky moved to a farm eighty miles outside of Mexico City. The affair was not just another conquest for Frida; she gave him a gift of a self-portrait inscribed: “For Leon Trotsky with all love I dedicate this painting.” She also wrote to a friend in 1938 that meeting Trotsky was the best thing that ever happened in her life.
In the following years she greatly increased her painting output, and concentrated on improving her technique; she was determined to be financially independent although she pretended to be modest, implying that anyone who would buy her paintings had more money than sense. But people did start buying her pictures. It began when Diego showed some of her work to the film actor and serious art collector Edward G. Robinson. He bought four of them at $200 each. She was delighted at this breakthrough: “This way I’ll be free, I’ll be able to travel and do what I want without asking Diego for money.” Her confidence boosted by this unexpected sale, she held her first solo exhibition in the Julian Levy gallery in New York.
Although the exhibition gained much favourable publicity from the fact that she was Diego’s wife it established her reputation as an artist in her own right. More than half the paintings were sold and she received great acclaim from the press and the art world. She had now truly emerged from Diego Rivera’s shadow. And just to emphasize the point she had an affair with the photographer Nicholas Murray.
From there she took her work to Paris where the French surrealist André Breton had helped arrange an exhibition of her works. Before the exhibition could open she wound up in hospital with inflammation of the kidneys and bladder. When she recovered she arranged, with Diego’s help, for four hundred refugees from the Spanish Civil War to gain asylum in Mexico. When the show opened in March 1939, it was a critical but not a financial success. Afterwards she returned to New York for a short stay then moved back to her family home in Coyoacán. That year she and Diego were divorced.
There are several rumours about the reason for the divorce (which was instigated by Diego). Both claimed it was the only way to preserve their friendship, and it is also thought that Diego was trying to protect her from possible reprisals by his political enemies. In any case the split was amicable and they continued to see each other and work together, although Frida confided in a letter to her ex-lover Nick Murray that she was feeling rejected and depressed. In truth, she was heartbroken.
During that period she worked harder than ever, not only because she needed to make a living, but also because she needed to smother the pain that Diego had caused her. Her friends rallied round her at this time, sending her money and helping with her medical bills.
In May, 1940, an unsuccessful attempt was made on Trotsky’s life by a group of Stalinists. Diego Rivera was wrongly implicated and had to leave Mexico for his own safety. He went to San Francisco where he had been promised some work. But on August 20, a Stalinist agent named Ramón Mercader murdered Trotsky by smashing into his skull with an ice pick. Because she had known Mercader, Frida was also wrongly suspected of complicity. Although her health was very poor at this time, she and Cristina were arrested and imprisoned for two days. Worried about Frida’s worsening health, Diego informed her medical adviser Dr Eolesser about her situation. The doctor immediately contacted her and implored her to come to San Francisco. She did so and under his supervision her health greatly improved. During this time Diego realized how badly the divorce had affected Frida’s health; he also realized that he needed her as much as she needed him. They remarried on December 5. Frida stipulated that there would be no more sexual intercourse between them and that she would accept no money from him, living only on the money from her paintings. Diego was happy to have her back whatever the conditions. She returned to Mexico to spend Christmas with her family and Diego followed her in February after being cleared of any implication in Trotsky’s assassination. They settled quickly into a much more contented relationship, but Frida’s new found happiness was marred by the death of her beloved father that year.
In the 1940s Frida’s artistic reputation continued to grow. She became a member of the Seminario de Cultura Mexicano in 1942, and the following year was awarded a professorship at the La Esmeralda School of Art. She taught twelve lessons a week there.
After a few months, crippled by pain and forced to wear a steel corset, she became housebound; undeterred, she conducted her lessons from her home. In the years that followed her health deteriorated at an increasing pace, but she still remained politically active (she rejoined the Communist Party in 1948) and still continued to paint when she could, although the quality of her work would decline along with her health. In 1946 the Ministry of Public Education awarded her a national prize for her picture ‘Moses,’ and that same year she had to go to New York for a spinal operation.
In 1950 she underwent seven operations on her spine and had to spend nine months in hospital. After being discharged from hospital she spent most of her time in a wheelchair and was constantly dependent on painkillers.
In 1953, sensing that Frida had not long to live, her friend Lola Alvarez Bravo planned the first solo exhibition of Frida’s work in Mexico. Frida was delighted and was determined to ignore her doctor’s advice and attend the exhibition personally. On the opening night her four-poster bed was wheeled into the hall. Shortly afterwards Frida arrived by ambulance and was laid on the bed wearing one of her traditional Mexican dresses. Her friends gathered round her and they drank and sang songs well into the night. Despite her pain and great physical discomfort it must surely have been one of the happiest nights of her life. The show was such a success that it had to be extended for a month.
But yet another setback was in store for her that year; she was told that she would have to lose her right leg. There was no choice, she was in terrible pain, her body was ravaged by drugs and the gangrene was advancing. She became deeply depressed after the operation, but her spirits lifted when, after a few months, she learned to walk short distances with the aid of an artificial leg.
Still full of fight, Frida defied doctor’s orders in July, 1954, to take part in a demonstration. She joined thousands of Mexicans in the streets, Diego pushing her wheelchair, to protest against the CIA’s interference in Guatemala. A photograph of her at the protest shows her looking ill and tired, but still defiant.
On the July 12, she gave Diego a ring as a twenty-fifth anniversary present. When Diego asked why she was giving him it when the anniversary date was still about a month away, she said “Because I feel I’m going to leave you soon.”
The next day, in the very same house where it began, her life came to an end.
Let us now view some of her work at the exhibition and see what it can tell us.
Self-Portrait in a Velvet Dress, 1926
This was the painting she gave as a gift to Alejandro Gomez Arias in an unsuccessful attempt to regain his affections while she was recovering from the horrendous injuries she sustained in the streetcar accident. A strong European influence is obvious in her style, reminiscent of the old Italian masters. It is a style she was soon to change.
My Grandparents, My Parents and I, 1936
She was intensely conscious of her roots, of where she was coming from and who she was. She portrays herself as a very young child standing in the garden of her family home. She is holding a red ribbon, one end of which reaches up to her maternal grandparents hovering above the Mexican landscape, the other reaching to her paternal grandparents hovering above the sea. She also paints herself as a foetus in her mother’s womb, and below that, the moment of her conception. This fascination with her origins would appear in many of her works.
La Adelita, Pancho Villa, and Frida, 1927
Political from an early age, here she identifies herself with The Mexican Revolution by painting herself with its heroes.
My Birth, 1932
Her lifelong fascination with birth, life and death. While she was working on this picture her own mother died. The child being born is herself and the covered head and upper torso is almost certainly a reference to her mother’s death.
A Few Small Nips, 1935
This work was inspired by a real murder case in which the killer tried to defend his actions by claiming, “…it was only a few small pricks.” We see the jealous man showing no sign of remorse as he looks down on the bloody corpse of the woman he has just butchered. It refers not only to the violent abuse of women but also to the pain beyond measure that Frida felt on discovering that her husband and her favourite sister were having an affair.
Henry Ford Hospital, 1932
This was one of the paintings that gained her recognition among the surrealists but strictly speaking her work was not surrealist and she did not wish to be associated with the movement. Many of her paintings were symbolic and could be easily decoded. All the objects surrounding her in this painting are related to her miscarriage at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit. She was still desperately longing for a child of her own.
My Nurse and I, 1937
When she was born Frida was wet nursed by a native woman. There is no sign of affection on the woman’s mask like face but Frida is absorbing the culture of her native land and her Mexican ancestors.
Self-Portrait On The Borderline Between Mexico and The United States, 1932
Here we see Frida standing between her ancient Mexican homeland and the brash, heavily industrialized United States. The Mexican flag she holds indicates where her loyalties lie. Unlike Diego, who loved being in America, she was never happy to be away from her native land.
My Dress Hangs Here, 1933
Here she is showing her strong dislike of American capitalism with its destructive, wasteful vulgarity and its lack of basic human values.
The Two Fridas, 1939
Possibly her best-known work, she painted this while she was divorced from Diego Rivera. The Frida on the right is the one Diego loves; she is wearing a Tehuana costume and holding a small picture of Diego as a child (she often referred to him as a child). An artery from her exposed heart is connected to the heart of the other Frida, the one he does not love. This Frida wears a European dress and she is trying unsuccessfully to stop the artery from her heart bleeding on to her dress; she is slowly dying because Diego does not love her.
Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair, 1940
“See if I loved you, it was only for your hair. Now that you’re bald I don’t love you any more.” These are the words, written in Spanish at the top of the painting, of a song that was popular in Mexico at the time. Believing that she was loved only for her feminine allure, Frida crops her hair to make herself less sexually attractive. She also wears a man’s suit, probably to reflect her bisexuality. More than half of her paintings were self-portraits. This was not vanity; she often exaggerated her joined eyebrows and the facial hair on her upper lip; she even entitled one of her self-portraits ‘Very Ugly.’
The Broken Column, 1944
A lonely desolate figure stands in a lonely desolate landscape. The broken column is her shattered spine and her body is held together by the steel corset she was forced to wear. The pins obviously represent her mental and physical pain and the tear stained face says it all. There have been many fanciful interpretations put on this painting, but the picture speaks for itself: “I still want to live, my friends, but how much more can I take?” Never in the history of art has there been a more powerful portrayal of human loneliness and despair.Conclusion
Frida Kahlo’s work is gaining a huge number of admirers all over the world. It is significant that once she was famous for being Diego Rivera’s wife, but now her fame has eclipsed even that of the great Mexican muralist who gave her so much joy and caused her so much pain. Her too brief life was an incessant struggle against physical and emotional torture and she fought hard against increasingly insurmountable odds until the fight became just too much for her. To know her, and to empathize with her, makes it so much easier to appreciate the unique greatness of her art. Standing in a gallery looking at her work the viewer feels as if he can see right into her heart and soul. | <urn:uuid:65b24dd7-8dcd-470e-ba2f-1f2b808e80e4> | CC-MAIN-2018-34 | http://www.marxist.com/frida-kahlo-tate071005/print.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221213666.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180818114957-20180818134957-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.991627 | 4,770 | 3.421875 | 3 |
In chapters 5 through 7, we heard Jesus teaching about the kingdom of heaven coming to earth. In chapters 8 through 9, we see him enacting that kingdom through deeds of compassion and mercy. He heals an ostracized leper (Matt. 8:1-4), he has compassion on an officer of the Roman occupying forces (Matt. 8:5-20), and he delivers demoniacs sitting in the midst of a perfect storm of misery (Matt. 8:28-9:1). In all these cases, Jesus’ compassion leads him to act to reclaim God’s creation. The compassion of his followers can be expressed in equally practical ways.
As Jesus demonstrates the coming of the kingdom, he calls those who follow him “laborers” (Matt. 9:37-38). Some of us are led to work in physical and emotional healing, similar to Jesus’ work in these chapters. Others are led to work in occupations that provide food, water, shelter, transportation, education, health care, justice, safety, or good government, similar to Jesus’ work providing wooden goods until he was about thirty. Given the time Jesus spent healing people, it is surprising that most people think of him as a preacher rather than as a doctor. Still others are led to express their creativity in art, entrepreneurism, design, fashion, research and development, made as we are in the image of a creative God (Genesis 1). The point is that for Jesus there is no separation between the secular and the sacred, between the spiritual and physical aspects of announcing the kingdom of God. | <urn:uuid:d352e1c4-3645-4227-9545-ad554f3e3e4d> | CC-MAIN-2017-09 | https://www.theologyofwork.org/new-testament/matthew/lord-have-mercy-matthew-8-9/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501174159.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104614-00143-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968125 | 330 | 2.796875 | 3 |
PHOTO 33 — Intermediate Photography
A prior understanding of basic camera operation and image editing is recommended for those taking this course. A digital camera with manual controls, or a film camera with the ability to scan the film is required. Students must also have a laptop computer with Adobe Photoshop Lightroom installed.
This is the second in a sequence of three courses on the technical aspects of picture making. The first course (Fall) was an introduction. This course (Winter) centers on developing a personal style of picture making with group critiques. The third course (Spring) is geared toward building a strong portfolio. While these courses build upon one another, each course can be taken independently as well. | <urn:uuid:207cf6e7-e8c7-4ee6-a441-f1fd8cf751b1> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://continuingstudies.stanford.edu/courses/liberal-arts-and-sciences/intermediate-photography/20172_PHOTO-33 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806771.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123104442-20171123124442-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.943479 | 138 | 2.609375 | 3 |
What is in this guide?
This guide gives a general overview of Integrated Development Planning (IDP). A more detailed guide pack is available from the Department of Provincial and Local Government (DPLG)
In this guide we cover:
- What is Integrated Development Planning?
- Why is it necessary to do an IDP?
- Who are the Stakeholders in the IDP process?
- What is the IDP process?
- The IDP and Public Participation
For more detail on how local government works, see these guides:
- Developmental local government
- Understanding local government
- Ward committees
- Municipal budgets and finance
- Municipal service delivery
Local municipalities in South Africa have to use "integrated development planning" as a method to plan future development in their areas. Apartheid planning left us with cities and towns that:
- Have racially divided business and residential areas
- Are badly planned to cater for the poor - with long travelling distances to work and poor access to business and other services.
- Have great differences in level of services between rich and poor areas
- Have sprawling informal settlements and spread out residential areas that make cheap service delivery difficult.
Rural areas were left underdeveloped and largely unserviced. The new approach to local government has to be developmental and aims to overcome the poor planning of the past.
Integrated Development Planning is an approach to planning that involves the entire municipality and its citizens in finding the best solutions to achieve good long-term development.
An Integrated Development Plan is a super plan for an area that gives an overall framework for development. It aims to co-ordinate the work of local and other spheres of government in a coherent plan to improve the quality of life for all the people living in an area. It should take into account the existing conditions and problems and resources available for development. The plan should look at economic and social development for the area as a whole. It must set a framework for how land should be used, what infrastructure and services are needed and how the environment should be protected
All municipalities have to produce an Integrated Development Plan (IDP). The municipality is responsible for the co-ordination of the IDP and must draw in other stakeholders in the area who can impact on and/or benefit from development in the area.
Once the IDP is drawn up all municipal planning and projects should happen in terms of the IDP. The annual council budget should be based on the IDP. Other government departments working in the area should take the IDP into account when making their own plans.
It should take 6 to 9 months to develop an IDP. During this period service delivery and development continues.
The IDP is reviewed every year and necessary changes can be made.
The IDP has a lifespan of 5 years that is linked directly to the term of office for local councillors. After every local government elections, the new council has to decide on the future of the IDP. The council can adopt the existing IDP or develop a new IDP that takes into consideration existing plans.
The executive committee or executive mayors of the municipality have to manage the IDP. They may assign this responsibility to the municipal manager.
In most municipalities, an IDP co-ordinator is appointed to oversee the process. The IDP co-ordinator reports directly to the municipal manager and the executive committee or the executive mayor.
The IDP has to be drawn up in consultation with forums and stakeholders. The final IDP document has to be approved by the council.
There are six main reasons why a municipality should have an IDP:
Effective use of scarce resources
The IDP will help the local municipality focus on the most important needs of local communities taking into account the resources available at local level.
The local municipality must find the most cost-effective ways of providing services and money will be spent on the causes of problems in local areas.
For example, a municipality may decide to allocate resources to building a canal that will prevent homes being damaged during the flood season. This will reduce the financial burden placed on the municipality’s emergency services.
It helps to speed up delivery
The IDP identifies the least serviced and most impoverished areas and points to where municipal funds should be spent. Implementation is made easier because the relevant stakeholders have been part of the process.
The IDP provides deadlock-breaking mechanisms to ensure that projects and programmes are efficiently implemented. The IDP helps to develop realistic project proposals based on the availability of resources.
It helps to attract additional funds
Government departments and private investors are willing to invest where municipalities have clear development plans.
Through the active participation of all the important stakeholders, decisions are made in a democratic and transparent manner.
Helps to overcome the legacy of apartheid
Municipal resources are used to integrate rural and urban areas and to extend services to the poor.
Promotes co-ordination between local, provincial and national government
The different spheres of government are encouraged to work in a co-ordinated manner to tackle the development needs in a local area.
For example: The Department of Health plans to build a clinic in an area. It has to check that the municipality can provide services like water and sanitation for the effective functioning of the clinic.
The IDP guides the development plans of the local municipality.
The IDP gives councillors an opportunity to make decisions based on the needs and aspirations of their constituencies.
Communities and other stakeholders
The IDP is based on community needs and priorities. Communities have the chance to participate in identifying their most important needs.
The IDP process encourages all stakeholders who reside and conduct business within a municipal area to participate in the preparation and implementation of the development plan.
National and provincial sector departments
Many government services are delivered by provincial and national government departments at local level -for example: police stations, clinics and schools. Municipalities must take into account the programmes and policies of these departments. The departments should participate in the IDP process so that they can be guided how to use their resources to address local needs.
Before starting the planning process, an IDP Process Plan must be drawn up. This plan is meant to ensure the proper management of the planning process.
This plan should outline:
- The structures that will manage the planning process
- How the public can participate and structures that will be created to ensure this participation
- Time schedule for the planning process
- Who is responsible for what
- How will the process be monitored
At District Council level, a framework will be developed in consultation with all local municipalities within the district. This framework will ensure co-ordination, consultation and alignment between the district council and local municipalities. The framework will guide the development of the IDP Process Plan for each local municipality.
The process undertaken to produce the IDP consists of 5 phases:
PHASE 1 ANALYSIS
During this phase information is collected on the existing conditions within the municipality. It focuses on the types of problems faced by people in the area and the causes of these problems.
The identified problems are assessed and prioritised in terms of what is urgent and what needs to be done first.
Information on availability of resources is also collected during this phase.
At the end of this phase, the municipality will be able to provide:
- An assessment of the existing level of development
- Details on priority issues and problems and their causes
- Information on available resources
PHASE 2: STRATEGIES
During this phase, the municipality works on finding solutions to the problems assessed in phase one.
Developing a vision -
The vision is a statement of the ideal situation the municipality would like to achieve in the long term once it has addressed the problems outlined in phase one. The following is an example of a vision statement:
An economically vibrant city with citizens living in a secure, healthy and comfortable environment
Defining development objectives
Development objectives are clear statements of what the municipality would like to achieve in the medium term to deal with the problems outlined in phase one.
For example: Provide access to clean water for all residents living in the informal settlement
Once the municipality has worked out where it wants to go and what it needs to do to get there, it needs to work out how to get there. A development strategy is about finding the best way for the municipality to meet a development objective.
For example: Co-operate with the Department of Water Affairs to provide one water stand pipe for every 20 households.
Once the municipality has identified the best methods to achieving its development objectives it leads to the identification of specific projects.
PHASE 3: PROJECTS
During this phase the municipality works on the design and content of projects identified during Phase 2.
Clear details for each project has to be worked out in terms of:
- Who is going to benefit from the project?
- How much is it going to cost?
- How is this project going to be funded?
- How long would it take to complete?
- Who is going to manage the project?
Clear targets must be set and indicators worked out to measure performance as well as the impact of individual projects.
PHASE 4: INTEGRATION
Once all projects have been identified, the municipality has to check again that they contribute to meeting the objectives outlined in Phase 2. These projects will provide an overall picture of the development plans.
All the development plans must now be integrated. The municipality should also have overall strategies for issues like dealing with AIDS, poverty alleviation and disaster management.
These strategies should be integrated with the overall IDP.
PHASE 5: APPROVAL
The IDP is presented to the council for consideration and adoption. The Council may adopt a draft for public comment before approving a finalised IDP.
The DPLG proposes that an IDP Representative Forum be established to encourage the participation of communities and other stakeholders.
The forum may include.
- Members of the executive committee of the council
- Councillors including district councillors
- Traditional leaders
- Ward committee representative
- Heads of departments and senior officials from municipal and government department
- representatives from organised stakeholder groups
- People who fight for the rights of unorganised groups – e.g. A gender activist
- Resource people or advisors
- Community representatives (e.g. RDP Forum)
The purpose of the this forum is to:
- Provide an opportunity for stakeholders to represent the interests of their constituencies.
- Provide a structure for discussion, negotiations and joint decision making
- Ensure proper communication between all stakeholders and the municipality
- Monitor the planning and implementation process
A code of conduct should be drawn up for these forums that provides details on:
- Meetings – frequency and attendance
- Agenda, facilitation and recording of proceedings
- Understanding the role of various stakeholders as representatives of their constituencies
- How feedback to constituencies will take place
- Required majority for decisions to be taken
- How disputes will be resolved
The Council should also approve a strategy for public participation. The strategy must decide, amongst other things, on:
- The roles of the different stakeholders during the participation process
- Ways to encourage the participation of unorganised groups
- Method to ensure participation during the different phases of planning
- Timeframes for public and stakeholder response, inputs and comments
- Ways to disseminate information
- Means to collect information on community needs
During the different stages of planning participation can be encouraged in these ways:
Methods for Participation
- Community Meetings organised by the ward councillor
- Stakeholder Meetings
- Surveys and opinion polls (getting views on how people feel about a particular issue)
IDP Representative Forum
Public Debates on what can work best in solving a problem
Meetings with affected communities and stakeholders
Representation of stakeholders on project subcommittees
IDP Representative Forum
Public Discussion and consultation with communities and stakeholders
Monitoring and Implementation
IDP Representative Forum
The elected council makes all the final decisions on the IDP.
Municipal Service Delivery | Developmental Local Government | Integrated Development Planning for Local Government | Understanding Local Government | HIV and AIDS and Municipalities | Local Government Finances and Budgets | Accountability and Community Participation | Local Government Elections
This material may not be used for profit without permission from ETU | <urn:uuid:79d809c9-23d0-432b-a016-7a7c08e679ea> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/localgov/webidp.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094634.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00132-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934872 | 2,536 | 3.03125 | 3 |
The concept of Set-Functions
You know what a set-word is:
It's the syntax REBOL uses to define a word's value.
A set-function is function that gets called when that set action take place. A set-function for the above example might check the range, datatype, or keep track of other details.
The concept of a set-function is not new. In fact, it's an essential part of one of REBOL's grandparent languages: Self. (See
Self: The Power of Simplicity as one of my favorites.)
Back in the early formative days of Self while I was at Apple, I use to hang out with David Ungar (Self's designer, at Stanford at the time) and talk language talk. I found it interesting that David wanted to eliminate state from Self by removing assignment. (Assignment is one of the classical headaches in pure functional languages.) He accomplished that by always using functions for both getting and setting values within a context (object).
The idea always appealed to me, but I felt it wasn't exactly practical. State is macro-component of nature (I did not say "component" here because I do not want to enter an endlessly deep discussion.) Elimination of state is a mathematical pursuit, but not necessarily practical. There are many useful features of state. A newspaper is very practical, but mathematically disfunctional.
When it came time to consider this approach in REBOL (more than a decade ago), I decided to keep it practical. However, secretly, I've always wanted to bring back the set-function method because it does offer great value. A set-function can precisely control how a word is set and what it is set to.
I should mention, however, it's not that easy to add set-functions. If it were really easy, we'd have them. The problem is that set-functions add another branch to the tree of REBOL language semantics. For example, how are set functions defined and how reflective are they?
Also, you can "sort of" do set functions today with code like this:
obj: make object! [
value: 0 ; internal
set-value: func [new] [value: new]
And you would write:
But, what you really want to write is:
where it passes through a function to do the set.
But then the question becomes, how do you refer to the set-function itself?
Ok, so that's something to think about. I'm not sure there is a good answer, or even if we need one. I've talked about this before, and not even suggesting that this be added to REBOL 3.0 (see prior article about cool language tricks).
I suppose I'm just trying to get you thinking more about it... Please post your comments. | <urn:uuid:e5966d4b-080a-4296-b0d9-6b5eba9abfed> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://www.rebol.net/r3blogs/0019.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.954211 | 597 | 3.25 | 3 |
The need to keep track of many different mathematical objects could lead to a notational explosion. Adherence to strict mathematical consistency throughout the entry would have necessitated writing eqn as, for example,
with '|' to be read as 'for the given', Xm and Xr the mutant and resident trait vectors, respectively, Eattr(Xr) the environment produced by Xr, and Eattr(Xr)(t) the corresponding environmental condition at t. This notational explosion is prevented by only displaying the symbols figuring in the specific argument at hand. For example, A(Xm|Eattr(Xr)(t)) is written as just A(t) when the argument is only about temporal fluctuations.
Vectors are assumed to be written as columns, with the transposition operator T transforming columns into rows. Differentiating a scalar for a column produces a row. In products, row vectors will be treated on equal footing with matrices. 1T denotes (1, ...,1) and n = 1TN (expected) total population size or density. Angular brackets, ( ), denote averaging.
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You Might Start Missing Your Termites After Kickin'em Out. After All, They Have Been Your Roommates For Quite A While. Enraged With How The Termites Have Eaten Up Your Antique Furniture? Can't Wait To Have Them Exterminated Completely From The Face Of The Earth? Fret Not. We Will Tell You How To Get Rid Of Them From Your House At Least. If Not From The Face The Earth. | <urn:uuid:8dff95e0-de38-476c-9940-ed25aa0f3291> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.ecologycenter.us/population-dynamics-2/notational-conventions.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370507738.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402173940-20200402203940-00506.warc.gz | en | 0.881052 | 331 | 3.03125 | 3 |
This National Radon Action Month, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency encourages Americans across the country to test their homes for radon, the second-leading cause of lung cancer. Make 2020 a healthier, safer new year by testing the home.
“Radon exposure is one of the most important public health issues affecting Americans today,” said EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler. “Nearly 21,000 people die each year from lunch cancer caused by exposure to radon. Each January, EPA recognizes National Radon Action Month by spreading awareness of prevention and mitigation methods that will save lives. I encourage everyone to take time this January to test and prevent radon exposure in their home.”
EPA’s radon program began more than 30 years ago as the scientific and public health community to understand the risks associated with indoor radon exposure. Since then, elevated radon levels have been fixed in about 2 million homes in the United States, and millions more have been tested. In many states, radon testing has become a standard part of real estate transactions. However, the EPA estimates that about 7 million high-radon homes remain across the United States.
Testing is the only way to know if a home has an elevated level of radon. Affordable do-it-yourself radon test kits are available online and at most home improvement and hardware stores. Homeowners can also hire a qualified radon professional to test the home. The EPA and the U.S. surgeon general recommend taking action to fix the home if the radon level is 4 picocuries per liter of air or more.
Taking action to reduce exposure to radon is a long-term investment in families’ health and the home. The cost of reducing radon in the home depends on how the home was built and the extent of the radon problem. Most homes, however, can be fixed for about the same cost as other common home repairs.
For more information about testing and contact information for radon resources in Missouri, go to epa.gov/radon/find-information-about-local-radon-zones-and-state-contact-information. | <urn:uuid:9529c2c5-da38-417d-b1ee-15373b8250af> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://buffaloreflex.com/free/prevent-lung-cancer-by-testing-for-radon/article_6c2f3e1c-3ca0-11ea-b5a0-6f202ac425ff.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145438.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221014826-20200221044826-00168.warc.gz | en | 0.929788 | 444 | 3 | 3 |
The flame also plays a very important role in this process. Because the flame is conductive, it allows the voltage to pass through its body like a bridge to the burner. This bridge allows the built up spark voltage to bleed off of the igniter tip and move to ground more easily. The resultant ionized flame bridge has now become the path of least resistance for the spark to take across the gap between the spark electrode and the burner body.
By bleeding off the buildup of voltage we stop the spark from occurring. The spark is, in effect, still there, you just canʼt see it.
Possible Causes of Continuous Sparking:
Defective spark wires.
Continuous high heat can cause spark wires to degrade. Use volt/ohm meter to determine continuity of spark wires. Look for obvious cuts/abrasions or pinch points. A defective wire can allow spark voltage to transfer through insulation to ground prior to reaching spark electrode. Under normal circumstances all igniters fire together and if the burner in question has found an easier ground path the spark will go there. It will not, however, in most cases have found a continuous ground path such as what the flame would provide under normal circumstances. This will cause the spark module to re-ignite.
Cracked Ceramic Spark Electrode
Itʼs important to determine whether the spark electrode is faulty. Physical impacts and high heat can cause the ceramic post to fracture or crack. If this occurs the spark can shoot through the ceramic insulation and will normally go to ground on the burner head rather than through the flame
Faulty Burner Grounding
From the spark electrode / burner to earth ground it is important that you have a strong connection. This can be interrupted in many different ways.
1. Soiled spark electrode
2. Soiled burner
3. Soiled burner head
4. Corrosion between the burner head and burner tube.
Normally this will appear as a brownish stain and can be easily cleaned with a small wire brush.
Any of these conditions can interrupt current flow. It is recommended frequent cleaning with a stiff plastic or soft wire bristle brush using pure alcohol or a window cleaning solution that contains alcohol. It is commonly thought that simple igniter cleaning is enough, it is not. You have to clean all three conductive components to ensure good continuity. A small amount of grease or oil can act as an insulator and prevent the spark from flowing properly.
It is common to find one or a series of burners that will only spark occasionally. As with the previously described scenarios check all possible ground faults. This is the number one cause of erratic sparking, not spark modules as is more commonly thought. If you have made certain thatyou have a strong flame current / flame placement / solid ground, replace spark module. | <urn:uuid:f410359d-e100-4621-9073-cd9577bb6ba3> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | https://appliancejunk.com/forums/index.php?topic=4450.0;prev_next=prev | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267159561.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20180923153915-20180923174315-00072.warc.gz | en | 0.938288 | 575 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Mosquitoes can ruin a lot of fun, making summer picnics, backyard barbecues, evening strolls, and other outdoor activities a biting frenzy. These pesky little creatures will silently torment you from dawn to dusk, making you reconsider going outdoors. Mosquitoes have been around for millions of years; so unfortunately, folks, they are here to stay.
There are roughly 3,600 species of mosquitoes and over 50 of them can be found right here in sunny California. These insects are part of the gnat family and are known to be the deadliest in the world. They can carry and transmit several bloodborne diseases including malaria, West Nile, yellow fever, and Zika (just to name a few) which kill nearly a million people globally each year. They are also responsible for transmitting heartworms to our canine and feline friends.
Did you know that only female mosquito’s bite? Blood provides a protein that is required to produce eggs. Once they are ready to lay their eggs, they will seek a water source, whether big or small, to lay 100-200 eggs each time. The eggs are resilient and can survive even in cold water throughout the winter season, hatching as warm weather approaches.
We may think these gnats seem quite pointless and annoying, but they do play a significant part in our ecosystem. They are a link in our food chain, providing food to fish, birds, bats, and amphibians. Some species are even important pollinators! “Say what?” I know, we still don’t like them either.
Although public mosquito vectors can monitor and treat areas such as waterways and canals, it is up to residents to proactively eliminate breeding sources around the home. Here are some suggestions on how to decrease the breeding sites around your yard and some control methods you can try to keep them away.
Look for stagnant water: this is especially important to do after a rain shower. Dump any standing water that may accumulate in pots and planters, old tires, tarps, toys, open containers, bird baths, fountains, small pools, ponds, and anything else that can potentially hold water.
Inspect gutters: clogged gutters can increase the chance of stagnant water. Remove any built-up debris and inspect down spout extensions.
Purchase mosquito repellent: such as candles that contain citronella, outdoor bug sprays, or foggers. You can find these items at most retailers; however, in most situations they only provide temporary relief, and some ingredients can be toxic if used incorrectly.
Helpful Tip: most species prefer to stay close to their breeding sites but can travel 1-3 miles to feed. Although you cannot control the condition of your neighbor’s yard, you can use these tips to help reduce these pests around your property. Some pesticide treatments can also help to relieve infestations as well, targeting shady foliage areas where they are likely to rest. Still, the best thing you can do as a resident is to monitor your property for those areas of water that welcome mosquitoes in for a place to call home.
The chilly season is well known to be the time for rat incursions as they head towards your home for food and shelter, but what people may not be aware of is that rats can be a year-round issue. In fact, spring is just around the corner and Sacramento homes are still a target for rats to make their unwelcoming mouse warming party.
Nationwide, Sacramento has been listed in the top 29 cities for rat infestations and in California it was ranked in the top 5. The most common being the roof rat. These little critters may look small and cute; however, looks can be deceiving. They can actually wreak a great amount of havoc around your home.
Roof rats are often brown or black in color with large ears, a pointed nose, and slender in size. Ranging from 13-18 inches from nose to tail, these clever creatures are highly adaptive to a wide range of environments. They have superior climbing skills and will travel through trees and across electrical wires to find their way into attics and other parts of the home. Roof rats can squeeze in a hole the size of a quarter and will even chew around an opening to make it suitable to wiggle through. Once inside, food becomes their next objective, and they aren't picky eaters! They will find anything edible to make a mice krispies treat.
How do you know your home has been intruded by roof rats? There are many signs that will give away their presence. Besides spotting one around the home, sighting of rodent droppings and rub marks is a great indicator. You may also find gnawed areas of the home or food packaging. In some instances, people may hear them scurrying about in the attic space or wall voids.
Prevention is the best approach in making sure your home is rat free. The best measure you can take is ensuring that you have sealed up any openings around your home. Keep garbage bins and storage containers tightly sealed and eliminate any possibilities of other food sources such as fallen fruit, bird feeders, and your pet’s food bowls. It is also helpful to cut trees and shrubs away from the structure and move any wood or junk piles away from the home.
There are many threats that come with a rat infestation and contamination is a big one. This could be food or surface contamination. Rats carry disease, pathogens, and parasites through fecal matter and urine. The droppings and hair can also cause allergies and asthma. To make it worse, they can also carry other pests that can transfer to your household such as fleas, ticks, and mites. But that's not all! Aside from the health hazards, rats have razor sharp teeth that allow them to chew through almost anything including some metals. They gnaw on wires and pipes causing a lot of money in home repairs.
It's amazing how fast rats can reproduce. At just 2-5 months of age, they can find a squeak heart and produce as many as 6 litters per year! So be sure to follow these preventative measures or call a professional to properly inspect your home.
It really is the most beautiful time of the year. The smell of pine, the lights and fog are all worth waiting for each year. May your home be filled with the joy this season brings. Happy Holiday's!
From Your East Sacramento Pest Co.,
Peacemaker Pest Control
Peacemaker Pest Control would like to give all of our neighbors a big "Thank You" for your support in our growth here in East Sacramento and to all the other small family owned businesses. May you have a wonderful Thanksgiving Holiday!
As the weather begins to cool in the Fall, spiders will be seeking a warm and cozy place to hide, and these little creepers will be heading for your home. Do not fear, we are here to help! Aside from an established service, here are a few ways to keep the spiders away.
Reduce entry points: Spiders can get through the smallest cracks around your residence. Make sure to seal any cracks or holes around the foundation of your home. You can also minimize gaps by installing door sweeps, weather stripping, and making sure all window and door screens are in good condition. Not only does this help to keep spiders out, but this will also prevent other insects from traveling in.
Minimize exterior lighting: Most homes have lighting near the entryways that attract a lot of flying insects. Spiders will generally nest around these entryways to prey on an easy meal. You can reduce the number of unwanted insects by keeping the lights off or replacing them with yellow bulbs.
Keep things clean: Knock down all spider webs around your home with a broom or a weber (this is included in your pest control service). Look for cobwebs around light fixtures, in your garden and around the foundation of your home, including corners. Don’t forget to look up! You will be surprised at what you discover.
Halloween might be the time for all things “creepy and crawly”, but they aren’t invited to the party… unless it’s Spiderman!
One insect people dread most is the bloodsucking flea. These external parasites cause irritating bites and spread disease-carrying bacteria making them one of the most unpleasant insects to encounter. So how do fleas get around? They count on hitchhiking, or in other words, “itch-hiking”. Fleas thrive on consuming the blood of their hosts and can jump incredible distances making them one of the best jumpers second to the froghopper. They go through four lifecycle stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. As an adult, they can live 2-3 months on average. With over 2,500 species found around the world today, let’s talk about the three types of fleas that are likely to invade your home.
The Cat Flea: The most common type of flea that lives on cats, dogs, and wildlife.
The Rat Flea: The host is mainly rodents and these fleas are responsible for the Bubonic Plague.
The Human Flea: Infests the hair of humans and are found hiding in vehicles and furniture.
How do you get rid of fleas? Let’s start from scratch!
Protect your furry friends: First step in an effective flea treatment is to treat your pet(s) with flea and tick medication, use special formulated flea shampoo, and groom with a flea comb. Make sure the flea medication is appropriate for your type of pet and its weight.
Clean and treat your humble abode: This will go a long way in solving your flea problems. Vacuum high traffic areas often, wash bedding, and apply a chemical treatment around areas where fleas may hide. Read your chemical treatments carefully, especially if you have pets and children.
Maintain and treat your yard: A well-maintained and treated yard can keep you from undoing all your hard work to get rid of fleas. Be sure to remove debris around your home, maintain a short and healthy lawn, and chemically treat damp areas, patios, and grass.
Sanitation plays a vital role in the success of flea elimination. Vacuuming floors, laundering all bedding, maintaining a well-kept yard, and making sure your pets are medicated are all productive ways to manage a flea infestation. With a combination of Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) and knock-down insecticides you are well on your way to a flea-free home! For the safety application of professional-grade products, please contact a licensed professional.
Moth flies, also known as drain flies, are small non-biting gnats that can be quite the nuisance to homeowners. Most of the time they are only temporarily problematic; however, untreated areas can quickly lead to a greater issue, with a growing number of uninvited fly guests that will not seem to ever leave. Lingering infestations can be even more challenging, so before you “fly” off the handle with frustration, let’s get a better understanding of how these small creatures thrive and how to treat for them in order to effectively eliminate these stubborn pests.
The most important thing that a moth fly needs to survive is moisture. They can live almost anywhere there is water but are most seen indoors emerging from drains or other areas that contain standing water (even in the smallest amount). The eggs are laid in organic matter like the slimy film you see in pipes or on the water’s surface. Each adult fly can lay up to 300 eggs which hatch within 48 hours. Once hatched, the larvae live in the organic matter for up to 15 days before reaching the pupal stage in which they then morph into the adult moth fly.
Although these flies do not bite, they primarily breed in drains which means they could potentially carry and spread disease-causing bacteria. Infestations can be traced to sink drains, floor drains, sump pumps, and even under homes where pipelines have a break or leak, causing standing water to accumulate.
Sanitation is critical: The removal and clean-up of breeding sources are the best methods for eliminating an infestation. This includes consistent cleaning of drains, repairing leaking or broken pipes, removing any standing water, and making sure all previously saturated areas are completely dry. Bleach and hot water will not eliminate fly larvae! It is best not to treat “on the fly”, but instead, use a stiff drain brush and a bacterial-based cleaning product. Please DO NOT pour insecticides down the drain!
Dry out saturated areas: Make sure to remove all debris and wet materials. You can remove standing water from crawl spaces using a sump pump. After the water has been properly drained, you will need to remove any moisture from the area. Dehumidifiers and fans work well for rapid dry out.
Be persistent: Make sure to inspect for multiple breeding sources by checking every potential area. When in doubt, ask a professional for assistance in locating and eliminating these abrasive pests.
Greetings East Sacramento and Midtown Community,
Peacemaker Pest Control would like you to know how grateful we are to have you as our neighbors and customers. We are tremendously thankful that you trust us with your pest control questions and needs, and with our services and “housekeeping”. Our integrated community is very important to us and we appreciate the continuous support and business that it provides. Moreover, we take pride in providing honest and quality service, and we are always here to help. With that said, thank you, neighbors!
Peacemaker Pest Control
- Call 916-531-1261 | <urn:uuid:ad2256b7-965d-43ae-83c0-44a7beffd1a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.peacemakerpestcontrol.com/blog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571745.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812170436-20220812200436-00244.warc.gz | en | 0.95435 | 2,913 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Virtual libraries were created with the aim of facilitating access to any information. This information is available to any user or person connected to the network, too, this would facilitate use and reduce the time in which people acquire information.
Another great use is that it must not go to the big information centers (libraries) to make use of a book and that just have a PC and Internet access.
It would be a very good utility that makes it easy for students to find the information required to submit their work the next day.
Also take into account the seniors or people with disabilities who can not leave their homes to make use of an old library using the Virtual Library provides access to all kinds of people with different disabilities.
Now the information is available in all formats. // Pdf, doc., Etc. //
Thousands of books, articles, lectures and links to enjoy reading and can find a wealth of information for free.
We will update the application with new libraries to compile a comprehensive list of where to get lost among millions of books. And all for free.
To comply with the rules of the data protection authorities communicate:
On this site device identifiers are used to personalize content and ads, in order to provide media ads and to analyze traffic. We also share those identifiers and other device information with partners social media advertising and web analytics. More details at: | <urn:uuid:8656dc36-2429-4a73-9016-735959b3afa8> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://appgravity.com/android-apps/books-reference/com-mobincube-android-sc_3WSVVD | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186774.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00415-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936522 | 278 | 2.515625 | 3 |
I'm thinking I might run the kids through a flip book tutorial first, to give them an introduction to the concept. There seems to be a pretty good one at www.amazing-kids.org/flipbook2.htm. Once they have the basic concept, drawing a zoetrope strip will be about the same.
There are a number of options for making zoetropes. I've seen examples made from PVC pipe, or the cardboard tubes used to pour concrete into to make posts. These are usually mounted on some sort of Lazy Susan. The simplest version I found was at www.bukisa.com/videos/59559_how-to-create-a-zoetrope. It requires a plastic coffee can lid, some black construction paper, some white paper, a pencil, a box knife, scissors, and glue.
I followed some of the instructions from the video, but also incorporated the printable templates from www.engineeringteacher.com/site/Home/ActivitiesandEvents/BeAnEngineer2005/ZoetropeProject?ET_ID3dbb6911baec60d80189d70ac2510138. I used their printouts, and the coffee can lid, as a guide to make the outside black portion of the zoetrope, and to get the slots cut in the right places. Then I glued together a couple of their mouse animation strips to place inside. It is important that the animation fit directly under each slot.
Finally, I cut a small X in the middle of the coffee can lid with a razor blade (my substitution for a box knife), and stuck the pencil through. The part of the pencil that holds the eraser catches on the X, and keeps the pencil from falling. I added a bit of tape around the pencil, under the lid, to keep it securely in place.
To use the zoetrope, you hold the pencil between your palms, and spin it. Then, when you look at the pictures through the slots in the construction paper, you should see the mouse dance. Of course, the idea is to draw your own animation on blank paper, and make your own movie. I'm hoping to have each of the children make their own zoetrope - but they might end up just adding their animation to the one I made.
If this turns out to be too complicated, we might try the simpler animation wheel found at http://www.sciencetoymaker.com/. Either way, it looks like a lot of animated fun, and will fit nicely with this years "Be Creative" theme for the library reading program.
It's great to be a homeschooler. | <urn:uuid:a0535372-c9ac-4dc1-893e-2fae0beca789> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://almostunschoolers.blogspot.com/2009/06/making-zoetrope.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471983077957.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823201117-00148-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929551 | 561 | 3.140625 | 3 |
(d) what is the standard potential for half-cell reaction (A) obtained in part (c)?
(e) what is the numerical value of the equilibrium constant K for the overall reaction?
(f) Solve part (c) for the concentrations of the 4 species. Hint: if K is very different from unity, some terms in the mass-action law may be neglected.
10.12 The electrochemical cell shown below converts hydrogen and oxygen to water and drives a motor in the process. The electrode conditions are: anode: pH =5; pH2 = 1 atm; cathode: pH = 4; pO2 = 1 atm.
(a) Write the half-cell reactions for the anode and cathode and the corresponding Nernst equations
(b) What is the cell voltage?
(c) How much work is done by the motor per mole of water produced?
(d) How much heat is released per mole of water produced?
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Do we really want the one thing that gives us its resources unconditionally to suffer even more than it is suffering now? Nature, is a part of our being from the earliest human days. We respect Nature and it gives us its bounty, but in the recent past greedy money hungry corporations have made us all so destructive, so wasteful. | <urn:uuid:eada9e0a-be8b-4be8-b8b8-216f416cbd52> | CC-MAIN-2019-39 | https://www.fossilhunters.xyz/thermodynamics/info-lii.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514573264.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20190918085827-20190918111827-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.942362 | 281 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Joined: 20 May 2007
|Posted: Wed May 23, 2007 8:35 pm Post subject: Science of the Pyramids
|Ques: What Is A Pyramid?
Ans: That Is Where We Will Begin, By Defining The Word Pyramid Which According To The
American Heritage Dictionary Means:
Pyr-A-Mid (PiR's-MiD) N. 1. A. A Solid Figure With A Polygonal Base And Triangular
Faces That Meet At A Common Point. B. Something Shaped Like This Polyhedron. 2.A. A
Massive Monument Of Ancient Egypt Having A Rectangular Base And Four Triangular
Faces Culminating In A Single Apex, Built Over Or Around A Crypt Or Tomb. B. Any Of
Various Similar Constructions, Especially A Four-Sided Mayan Temple Having Stepped
Sides And A Flat Top Surmounted By Ceremonial Chambers. 3. The Transactions Involved
In Pyramiding Stock. 4. Anatomy. A Structure Or T^art Suggestive Of A Pyramid In Shape.
[Latin Pyramis, Pyramid-, From Greek Puramis, Probably From Egyptian Pimar.}
The Word Pyramid Comes From The Greek Pyramis (Plural Pyramides); Thought To Have Been
Derived From The Ancient Egyptian Per-Em-Us, A Term Used In A Mathematical Papyrus To
Denote The Vertical Height Of A Pyramid. In The Greek Language, The Word Pyra (repot)
Means "Fire" Or "In Darkness" Or "Illumination That Reveals Something Or Makes Things
Visible In Darkness". Midos (ntSoq) Means "Measures". The Greeks Had Derived These
Words From The Phoenician Word Purim-Middoh, Which Meant "Light-Measures."
Therefore, The Pyramids Themselves Mean Something That Constitute Measured Revelations Or
Revelations Through Measurements. The Name Pyramid As Given To These Great Structures In
Egypt Was Symbolic, Because The Word Is Really Greek And Not Egyptian As I Have Shown.
The Word Pyramid Comes From The Prefix Pyr Meaning "Fire" And A-Mid Meaning
"Surrounded By, In The Middle Of The Ancient Egyptian Term For Pyramid Is Mir. | <urn:uuid:e40be35d-2804-4f48-b472-488744874425> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://www.kingtutone.com/board/viewtopic.php?p=21665 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982958896.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200918-00203-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.700465 | 482 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Portrait of Augustus Saint-Gaudens. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Detroit Publishing Company Collection.
AMERICA’S MOST BEAUTIFUL MONEY
President Theodore Roosevelt wanted to create captivating new American coins inspired by high-relief classical Greek designs. For this project, he selected the gifted sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, who conceived beautiful designs for the ten- and twenty-dollar gold pieces. Saint-Gaudens’s ideas transformed traditional coinage into unprecedented works of art.
Although Saint Gaudens’s design for the twenty dollar piece (the Double Eagle) retained a traditional Liberty figure, he recast her striding purposefully forward, full of confidence. His eagle, also energized, flies above the sun.
These ultra-high relief coins proved hard to make. Saint-Gaudens’s concepts were scaled down to a lower relief. But the Mint’s chief engraver insisted on yet a lower relief. He prevailed and what once had been an artistic masterpiece was literally flattened.
Legendary Beauties The following objects are in this section. | <urn:uuid:a8cbd9df-832f-417f-8ef0-00ea838fa244> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://amhistory.si.edu/coins/printable/theme.cfm?theme=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814393.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20180223035527-20180223055527-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.896649 | 237 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Tuberculosis always seems so remote until a case is found at USF, and dozens of people need to be tested. But even then, it seems a disease of the past. Yet it lingers.
TB is the No. 1 killer of people with AIDS. It doesn’t respect national borders. The bacteria can be carried by someone who doesn’t even know they have it. In fact, one-third of the world’s population carries this preventable disease without being affected by it until conditions are right for it to become active.
A person with infectious TB can expel TB bacteria into the air when they cough, sneeze, laugh or even sing. The bacteria may be inhaled by others. If the bacteria reach the lungs, TB infection can occur. The body generally walls off the infection, but the infection can break through and become an active disease.
This often occurs when the immune system is weakened because of diabetes, HIV infection or another condition. If left untreated, someone with active TB will typically infect 10 to 15 people every year, mainly by coughing.
Although it isn’t as prevalent as it was perhaps a hundred years ago, it is still here. And it keeps adapting to create more vicious forms that are multi-drug resistant and harder to treat or can’t be treated at all.
We have people living in Florida who carry TB.
We have Floridians who travel and carry it back home.
We have visitors who carry it here.
We have made progress, but TB is not gone.
America has played an important part in working to eliminate TB by supporting the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. This organization has been essential in increasing treatment of TB in countries where getting knowledge, resources and access to infected people is limited.
Using cellphone technology, health workers who live among people who need treatment can now increasingly test them, get quick results and get treatment started. These workers can monitor the treatment so it isn’t interrupted, since a stop in treatment allows the disease to progress to a more difficult form — a more drug-resistant form.
The U.S. has invested well in the Global Fund. Each dollar we provide has been met with two dollars from other donors. The money gets right to the point of use as countries in need apply for grants to directly benefit people living with and affected by HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria.
Each proposal is developed by the communities and countries themselves to meet their needs, and then evaluated by an independent review panel of experts. Ongoing funding is awarded based on performance and results. Each grant is audited, and an independent inspector general helps safeguard investments.
This is good for us. We have our own problems with TB to deal with in America. But we won’t do well if the disease isn’t eradicated in poorer countries. The elimination of TB and AIDS are linked since TB is so prevalent among AIDS victims.
TB is not an abstract issue that we should hope gets handled somewhere else by someone else.
We need to recognize our part as citizens to ensure our representatives in Congress know we want them to maintain current funding levels for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria.
It’s our job to call them in their district office or in Washington to tell them to support this funding.
If we don’t call them, they can do as they please, and we have no right to complain. It takes five minutes to get the number and call.
Do it and breathe easier.
Ken Schatz is a volunteer with the Tampa Bay chapter of RESULTS, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, citizens lobby working to end poverty. He lives in Tampa. The organization can be reached at resultstampabay@ gmail.com. | <urn:uuid:509d5229-0c4a-44e0-8a81-1c77880ca6a5> | CC-MAIN-2014-52 | http://tbo.com/list/news-opinion-commentary/working-to-eradicate-a-disease-that-seems-a-thing-of-the-past-20130818/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1419447553938.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20141224185913-00036-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962408 | 788 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Kuuku Ya'u People's Protected Areas Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA)
|Date: ||16 November 2009|
|Sub Category:||Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) (Native Title Act)|
|Place:||Cape York Peninsula|
|The ILUA area consists of various national parks within a number of islands located off the eastern coast of Cape York Peninsula. It includes the national parks of the Piper Islands, Quoin Island and the Forbes Islands. The ILUA area covers approximately 1.17 square kilometers and is located within the jurisdiction of the Cook Shire Council.|
|Legal Status: ||Registered with the National Native Title Tribunal on the Register of Indigenous Land Use Agreements on 16 November 2009. This is an Area Agreement under the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth).|
|Legal Reference: ||National Native Title Tribunal File No. QI2009/012.|
|Subject Matter:||Environmental Heritage | Marine | Native Title|
|Summary Information: |
|The Kuuku Ya'u People's Protected Areas Indigenous Land Use Agreement (ILUA) is an agreement between the Kuuku Ya'u People and the Queensland Government to provide for the management of several protected areas on islands adjacent to Cape York Peninsula.|
|Detailed Information: |
|Restrictions on the exercise of native title
In order to ensure ‘the good management of the ILUA area’, the native title parties agree:
- to carry out hunting practices consistently with the public enjoyment of the ILUA area and the management principles prescribed in the Nature Conservation Act 1992 (Qld).
- not to use firearms without the agreement of the Department of Environment and Resource Management
- not to take or interfere with fauna identified as ‘rare’, ‘endangered’ or ‘vulnerable’
- to restrict camping to periods of no more than four weeks (unless otherwise agreed to by the Department of Environment and Resource Management)
- to not camp anywhere on a permanent basis or erect permanent structures within the ILUA area
- to control and contain fires lit by the native title parties
- to remove rubbish and debris associated with the native title parties’ use of the land
Agreement to continue discussions on sustainable cultural practices
The parties agree to continue ‘culturally appropriate’ discussion regarding the Kuuku Ya’u People’s harvesting of Green Turtle eggs.
The Kuuku Ya'u People's Protected Areas ILUA is one of three ILUAs negotiated concurrently by the Kuuku Ya'u People with the Commonwealth Government, the Queensland Government and Cook Shire Council. These ILUA were negotiated to implement the terms of a consent determination registered with the National Native Title Tribunal in June 2009.
Two of these ILUAs, the Kuuku Ya'u People's Protected Areas ILUA and the Kuuku Ya'u People's Marine Park ILUA, provide for the conservation of the determination area. Together the agreements cover approximately 197,000 hectares of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and 120 hectares of national park islands.
Media releases indicate that the ILUAs also provide training for a number of Kuuku Ya'u People as conservation officers and marine park inspectors. Media releases also indicate that this ILUA provides for continued public access for recreational purposes to Forbes Island National Park, Quoin Island National Park and Piper Islands National Park.
This agreement was negotiated with the Queensland Government as the manager of the islands within the ILUA area. The Kuuku Ya'u People's Marine Park ILUA was negotiated with the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, which is a Commonwealth agency. | | <urn:uuid:405f1095-8765-4179-81af-cf01f63195cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-06 | https://database.atns.net.au/agreement_print.asp?EntityID=5008 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764499934.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230201112816-20230201142816-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.890845 | 849 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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