#pragma once

#include <memory>
#include <optional>
#include <string>
#include <utility>

#include "drake/common/default_scalars.h"
#include "drake/common/drake_throw.h"
#include "drake/common/fmt.h"
#include "drake/common/value.h"
#include "drake/systems/framework/context_base.h"
#include "drake/systems/framework/parameters.h"
#include "drake/systems/framework/state.h"

namespace drake {
namespace systems {

/** %Context is an abstract class template that represents all the typed values
that are used in a System's computations: time, numeric-valued input ports,
numerical state, and numerical parameters. There are also type-erased
abstract state variables, abstract-valued input ports, abstract parameters,
and a double accuracy setting. The framework provides two concrete
subclasses of %Context: LeafContext (for leaf Systems) and DiagramContext
(for composite System Diagrams). Users are forbidden to extend
DiagramContext and are discouraged from subclassing LeafContext.

A %Context is designed to be used only with the System that created it.
Data encapsulated with State and Parameter objects can be copied between
contexts for compatible systems with some restrictions. For details, see
@ref system_compatibility.

@tparam_default_scalar */
template <typename T>
class Context : public ContextBase {
 public:
  /** @name  Does not allow copy, move, or assignment. */
  //@{
  // Copy constructor is protected for use in implementing Clone().
  Context(Context&&) = delete;
  Context& operator=(const Context&) = delete;
  Context& operator=(Context&&) = delete;
  //@}

  /** @name           Accessors for locally-stored values
  Methods in this group provide `const` access to values stored locally in
  this %Context. The available values are:

  - time
  - state
  - parameters
  - accuracy

  Fixed input port values and cached values (including output port values)
  are also stored in the %Context but are accessed indirectly via methods
  like SystemBase::EvalInputValue(), through CacheEntry and OutputPort
  objects, or via the FixedInputPortValue object that was returned when
  an input port value was set.
  @see FixInputPort() */
  //@{

  /** Returns the current time in seconds.
  @see SetTime() */
  const T& get_time() const { return time_; }

  /** Returns a const reference to the whole State. */
  const State<T>& get_state() const {
    return do_access_state();
  }

  /** Returns true if the Context has no state. */
  bool is_stateless() const {
    const int nxc = num_continuous_states();
    const int nxd = num_discrete_state_groups();
    const int nxa = num_abstract_states();
    return nxc == 0 && nxd == 0 && nxa == 0;
  }

  /** Returns true if the Context has continuous state, but no discrete or
  abstract state. */
  bool has_only_continuous_state() const {
    const int nxc = num_continuous_states();
    const int nxd = num_discrete_state_groups();
    const int nxa = num_abstract_states();
    return nxc > 0 && nxd == 0 && nxa == 0;
  }

  /** Returns true if the Context has discrete state, but no continuous or
  abstract state. */
  bool has_only_discrete_state() const {
    const int nxc = num_continuous_states();
    const int nxd = num_discrete_state_groups();
    const int nxa = num_abstract_states();
    return nxd > 0 && nxc == 0 && nxa == 0;
  }

  /** Returns the total dimension of all of the basic vector states (as if they
  were muxed).
  @throws std::exception if the system contains any abstract state. */
  int num_total_states() const {
    DRAKE_THROW_UNLESS(num_abstract_states() == 0);
    int count = num_continuous_states();
    for (int i = 0; i < num_discrete_state_groups(); i++)
      count += get_discrete_state(i).size();
    return count;
  }

  /** Returns the number of continuous state variables `xc = {q, v, z}`. */
  int num_continuous_states() const {
    return get_continuous_state().size();
  }

  /** Returns a const reference to the continuous component of the state,
  which may be of size zero. */
  const ContinuousState<T>& get_continuous_state() const {
    return get_state().get_continuous_state();
  }

  /** Returns a reference to the continuous state vector, devoid of second-order
  structure. The vector may be of size zero. */
  const VectorBase<T>& get_continuous_state_vector() const {
    return get_continuous_state().get_vector();
  }

  /** Returns the number of vectors (groups) in the discrete state. */
  int num_discrete_state_groups() const {
    return get_state().get_discrete_state().num_groups();
  }

  /** Returns a reference to the entire discrete state, which may consist of
  multiple discrete state vectors (groups). */
  const DiscreteValues<T>& get_discrete_state() const {
    return get_state().get_discrete_state();
  }

  /** Returns a reference to the _only_ discrete state vector. The vector may be
  of size zero.
  @pre There is only one discrete state group. */
  const BasicVector<T>& get_discrete_state_vector() const {
    return get_discrete_state().get_vector();
  }

  /** Returns a const reference to group (vector) `index` of the discrete
  state.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing group. */
  const BasicVector<T>& get_discrete_state(int index) const {
    const DiscreteValues<T>& xd = get_state().get_discrete_state();
    return xd.get_vector(index);
  }

  /** Returns the number of elements in the abstract state. */
  int num_abstract_states() const {
    return get_state().get_abstract_state().size();
  }

  /** Returns a const reference to the abstract component of the state, which
  may be of size zero. */
  const AbstractValues& get_abstract_state() const {
    return get_state().get_abstract_state();
  }

  /** Returns a const reference to the abstract component of the
  state at `index`.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing element.
  @pre the abstract state's type must match the template argument. */
  template <typename U>
  const U& get_abstract_state(int index) const {
    const AbstractValues& xa = get_state().get_abstract_state();
    return xa.get_value(index).get_value<U>();
  }

  /** Returns the accuracy setting (if any). Note that the return type is
  `optional<double>` rather than the double value itself.
  @see SetAccuracy() for details. */
  const std::optional<double>& get_accuracy() const { return accuracy_; }

  /** Returns a const reference to this %Context's parameters. */
  const Parameters<T>& get_parameters() const { return *parameters_; }

  /** Returns the number of vector-valued parameters. */
  int num_numeric_parameter_groups() const {
    return parameters_->num_numeric_parameter_groups();
  }

  /** Returns a const reference to the vector-valued parameter at `index`.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing parameter. */
  const BasicVector<T>& get_numeric_parameter(int index) const {
    return parameters_->get_numeric_parameter(index);
  }

  /** Returns the number of abstract-valued parameters. */
  int num_abstract_parameters() const {
    return get_parameters().num_abstract_parameters();
  }

  /** Returns a const reference to the abstract-valued parameter at `index`.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing parameter. */
  const AbstractValue& get_abstract_parameter(int index) const {
    return get_parameters().get_abstract_parameter(index);
  }

  //@}

  /** @anchor context_value_change_methods
  @name           Methods for changing locally-stored values
  Methods in this group allow changes to the values of quantities stored
  locally in this %Context. The changeable quantities are:

  - time
  - state
  - parameters
  - accuracy
  - fixed input port values

  Expensive computations may be performed that depend on the current values
  of some or all of the above quantities. For efficiency, we save the
  results of such computations in the %Context so that we can reuse
  those results without unnecessary recomputation.

  <h3>Terminology</h3>
  We call a quantity whose value is needed in order to perform a particular
  computation a _prerequisite_ of that computation, and we say that the
  computation is a _dependent_ of that prerequisite. If a prerequisite's
  value changes, a result computed using an earlier value is _invalid_; we
  say that the prerequisite change _invalidates_ that result, and that the
  result is _out of date_ with respect to its prerequisites. It is important
  to note that the result of one computation can serve as a prerequisite to
  another computation; we call the dependent computation a _downstream_
  computation and the prerequisite an _upstream_ computation.

  <h3>Caching</h3>
  Drake provides a caching system that is responsible for

  - storing computed results in the %Context's _cache_, and
  - ensuring that any cached result that _may_ be invalid is marked
    "out of date".

  The correctness of results reported by Drake depends critically on _every_
  cached result being correctly flagged as up to date or out of date with
  respect to its prerequisites. Only when it is known _for certain_ that
  a result is valid can it be marked up to date. Access to cached results
  is performed through `Eval()` methods that return up to date results
  immediately but initiate recomputation first for results marked out of
  date. The methods in the group below are responsible for ensuring that
  cached results are marked out of date whenever a prerequisite value may
  have changed. These methods _do not_ initiate such recomputation
  themselves.

  @sa @ref cache_design_notes

  <h3>Invalidation and "out of date" notification</h3>
  Each method in this group provides the ability to change a particular
  subset of the available quantities listed above. This triggers "out of
  date" notifications to the cached results for all computations for which
  any element of that subset is a prerequisite. Such notifications
  propagate to downstream computations, whose cached results may reside
  anywhere in the full Diagram context tree of which this %Context is a
  part. That ensures that "out of date" flags are set correctly for the
  cached results of all computations that could be made invalid by a value
  change to any of the affected subset of quantities. We call this
  process a _notification sweep_.

  <h3>Which method to use</h3>
  Choose the most-specific method in this group that permits you to perform
  the modifications you need. For example, if you need to modify only
  continuous state variables, don't use a method that provides mutable
  access to the whole state. That provides two performance advantages:
  - fewer downstream computations need to be marked out of date, making the
    notification sweep faster, and
  - fewer results will need to be recomputed later.

  The methods below may be grouped into "safe" methods that only set values
  in the context, and "dangerous" methods return a mutable reference. In
  addition, the `FixInputPort` methods return an object that has its own
  dangerous methods (see FixedInputPortValue). Prefer the safe methods when
  possible.

  <h4>Safe "Set" methods</h4>
  The `set` and `Set` methods that don't also contain `GetMutable` in their
  names are safe in the sense that they perform both the "mark as out of
  date" notification sweep through dependent cached results and the update
  to the local quantity's value. They do not return a reference to the value
  object. Using these methods ensures that no value modification can occur
  without an appropriate notification sweep. Also, these methods can be used
  to perform multiple changes at once (say time and state), requiring only a
  single notification sweep, and _may_ perform optimizations to avoid
  notifications in case some of the new values are the same as the old ones.

  <h4>Dangerous "GetMutable" methods</h4>
  @anchor dangerous_get_mutable
  The `GetMutable` methods return a mutable reference to the local value
  object within this %Context. The notification sweep is done prior to
  returning that reference. You can then use the reference to make the
  desired change. Note that with these methods we do not actually know
  whether dependent computations are invalid; that depends what you do with
  the reference once you have it. Nevertheless you will pay the cost of
  the notifications sweep immediately and the cost of recomputation later
  when you ask for the value. So don't call one of these methods unless
  you are certain you will be writing through the returned reference.

  You _must not_ hold on to the returned reference expecting
  to be able to make subsequent changes, because those changes can't be
  seen by the framework and thus will not cause the necessary notification
  sweep to occur. Instead, request the mutable reference again when
  you need it so that the necessary notification sweep can be performed.

  The dangerous methods are segregated into their own
  @ref dangerous_context_value_change_methods "documentation group".

  <h4>Advanced context-modifying methods</h4>
  Specialized methods are provided for expert users implementing
  integrators and other state-modifying solvers. Those are segregated to
  a separate
  @ref advanced_context_value_change_methods "documentation group".
  <!-- TODO(sherm1) The "get mutable" methods here should be moved to
        the Advanced section also once we have civilized replacements
        for them. -->

  <h3>Implementation note</h3>
  Each method in the group below guarantees to mark as out of date any
  dependents of the quantities to which it permits modification, including
  all downstream dependents. However, the current implementations may also
  perform some unnecessary notifications. If so, that is noted in the method
  documentation. You should still use the most-specific available method so
  that you will benefit from later improvements that result in fewer
  notifications. */
  //@{

  // TODO(sherm1) Consider whether this should avoid the notification sweep
  //  if the new time is the same as the old time.

  /** Sets the current time in seconds. Sends out of date notifications for all
  time-dependent computations (at least if the time has actually changed).
  Time must have the same value in every subcontext within the same Diagram
  context tree so may only be modified at the root context of the tree.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context. */
  void SetTime(const T& time_sec);

  // TODO(sherm1) Add more-specific state "set" methods for smaller
  //  state groupings (issue #9205).

  /** Sets the continuous state to `xc`, including q, v, and z partitions.
  The supplied vector must be the same size as the existing continuous
  state. Sends out of date notifications for all continuous-state-dependent
  computations. */
  void SetContinuousState(const Eigen::Ref<const VectorX<T>>& xc) {
    get_mutable_continuous_state().SetFromVector(xc);
  }

  // TODO(sherm1) Consider whether this should avoid invalidation of
  //  time-dependent quantities if the new time is the same as the old time.

  /** Sets time to `time_sec` and continuous state to `xc`. Performs a single
  notification sweep to avoid duplicate notifications for computations that
  depend on both time and state.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context. */
  void SetTimeAndContinuousState(const T& time_sec,
                                 const Eigen::Ref<const VectorX<T>>& xc) {
    VectorBase<T>& xc_vector =
        SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousStateHelper(__func__, time_sec)
            .get_mutable_vector();
    xc_vector.SetFromVector(xc);
  }

  /** Sets the discrete state to `xd`, assuming there is just one discrete
  state group. The supplied vector must be the same size as the existing
  discrete state. Sends out of date notifications for all
  discrete-state-dependent computations. Use the other signature for this
  method if you have multiple discrete state groups.
  @pre There is exactly one discrete state group.
  @pydrake_mkdoc_identifier{single_group} */
  void SetDiscreteState(const Eigen::Ref<const VectorX<T>>& xd) {
    if (num_discrete_state_groups() != 1) {
      throw std::logic_error(fmt::format(
          "Context::SetDiscreteState(): expected exactly 1 discrete state "
          "group but there were {} groups. Use the other signature if "
          "you have multiple groups.", num_discrete_state_groups()));
    }
    SetDiscreteState(DiscreteStateIndex(0), xd);
  }

  // TODO(sherm1) Invalidate only dependents of this one discrete group.

  /** Sets the discrete state group indicated by `group_index` to `xd`.
  The supplied vector `xd` must be the same size as the existing discrete
  state group. Sends out of date notifications for all computations that
  depend on this discrete state group.
  @pre `group_index` identifies an existing group.
  @note Currently notifies dependents of _all_ groups.
  @pydrake_mkdoc_identifier{select_one_group} */
  void SetDiscreteState(int group_index,
                        const Eigen::Ref<const VectorX<T>>& xd) {
    get_mutable_discrete_state(DiscreteStateIndex(group_index))
        .SetFromVector(xd);
  }

  /** Sets all the discrete state variables in this %Context from a
  compatible DiscreteValues object.

  @throws std::exception unless the number of groups and size of each group
  of `xd` matches those in this %Context.
  @pydrake_mkdoc_identifier{set_everything} */
  void SetDiscreteState(const DiscreteValues<T>& xd) {
    get_mutable_discrete_state().SetFrom(xd);
  }

  // TODO(sherm1) Invalidate only dependents of this one abstract variable.

  /** Sets the value of the abstract state variable selected by `index`. Sends
  out of date notifications for all computations that depend on that
  abstract state variable. The template type will be inferred and need not
  be specified explicitly.

  @pre `index` must identify an existing abstract state variable.
  @pre the abstract state's type must match the template argument.
  @note Currently notifies dependents of _any_ abstract state variable. */
  template <typename ValueType>
  void SetAbstractState(int index, const ValueType& value) {
    get_mutable_abstract_state<ValueType>(index) = value;
  }

  // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Should treat fixed input port values the same as
  //  parameters.

  // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Change the name of this method to be more inclusive
  //  since it also set fixed input port values (pending above TODO).

  /** Copies all state and parameters in `source`, where numerical values are
  of type `U`, to `this` context. Time and accuracy are unchanged in `this`
  context, which means that this method can be called on a subcontext.
  Sends out of date notifications for all dependent computations in `this`
  context.
  @note Currently does not copy fixed input port values from `source`.
  See System::FixInputPortsFrom() if you want to copy those.
  @see SetTimeStateAndParametersFrom() if you want to copy time and accuracy
  along with state and parameters to a root context. */
  template <typename U>
  void SetStateAndParametersFrom(const Context<U>& source) {
    // A single change event for all these changes is faster than doing
    // each separately.
    const int64_t change_event = this->start_new_change_event();

    SetStateAndParametersFromHelper(source, change_event);
  }

  // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Should treat fixed input port values the same as
  //  parameters.
  // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Change the name of this method to be more inclusive
  //  since it also copies accuracy (now) and fixed input port values
  //  (pending above TODO).

  /** Copies time, accuracy, all state and all parameters in `source`, where
  numerical values are of type `U`, to `this` context. This method can only
  be called on root contexts because time and accuracy are copied.
  Sends out of date notifications for all dependent computations in this
  context.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context.
  @note Currently does not copy fixed input port values from `source`.
  See System::FixInputPortsFrom() if you want to copy those.
  @see SetStateAndParametersFrom() if you want to copy state and parameters
  to a non-root context. */
  template <typename U>
  void SetTimeStateAndParametersFrom(const Context<U>& source) {
    ThrowIfNotRootContext(__func__, "Time");
    // A single change event for all these changes is faster than doing
    // each separately.
    const int64_t change_event = this->start_new_change_event();

    // These two both set the value and perform notifications.
    const scalar_conversion::ValueConverter<T, U> converter;
    PropagateTimeChange(this, converter(source.get_time()), {}, change_event);
    PropagateAccuracyChange(this, source.get_accuracy(), change_event);

    // Set state and parameters (and fixed input port values pending TODO) from
    // the source.
    SetStateAndParametersFromHelper(source, change_event);
  }

  // Allow access to the base class method (takes an AbstractValue).
  using ContextBase::FixInputPort;

  // TODO(sherm1) Consider whether to avoid invalidation if the new value is
  //  the same as the old one.

  /** Records the user's requested accuracy, which is a unit-less quantity
  designed for use with simulation and other numerical studies. Since
  accuracy is unit-less, algorithms and systems are free to interpret this
  quantity as they wish. The intention is that more computational work is
  acceptable as the accuracy setting is tightened (set closer to zero). If
  no accuracy is requested, computations are free to choose suitable
  defaults, or to refuse to proceed without an explicit accuracy setting.
  The accuracy of a complete simulation or other numerical study depends on
  the accuracy of _all_ contributing computations, so it is important that
  each computation is done in accordance with the requested accuracy. Some
  examples of where this is needed:
  - Error-controlled numerical integrators use the accuracy setting to
    decide what step sizes to take.
  - The Simulator employs a numerical integrator, but also uses accuracy to
    decide how precisely to isolate witness function zero crossings.
  - Iterative calculations reported as results or cached internally depend
    on accuracy to decide how strictly to converge the results. Examples of
    these are: constraint projection, calculation of distances between
    smooth shapes, and deformation calculations for soft contact.

  The common thread among these examples is that they all share the
  same %Context, so by keeping accuracy here it can be used effectively to
  control all accuracy-dependent computations.

  Any accuracy-dependent computation in this Context and its subcontexts may
  be invalidated by a change to the accuracy setting, so out of date
  notifications are sent to all such computations (at least if the accuracy
  setting has actually changed). Accuracy must have the same value in every
  subcontext within the same context tree so may only be modified at the
  root context of a tree.

  Requested accuracy is stored in the %Context for two reasons:
  - It permits all computations performed over a System to see the _same_
    accuracy request since accuracy is stored in one shared place, and
  - it allows us to notify accuracy-dependent cached results that they are
    out of date when the accuracy setting changes.

  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context. */
  void SetAccuracy(const std::optional<double>& accuracy);

  //@}

  /** @anchor dangerous_context_value_change_methods
  @name    Dangerous methods for changing locally-stored values
  Methods in this group return mutable references into the state and
  parameters in the %Context. Although they do issue out-of-date
  notifications when invoked, so you can safely write to the reference
  _once_, there is no way to issue notifications if you make subsequent
  changes. So you _must not_ hold these references for writing. See
  @ref dangerous_get_mutable "Dangerous GetMutable methods"
  for more information. */
  //@{

  // TODO(sherm1) All these methods perform invalidation sweeps so aren't
  //  entitled to lower_case_names. Deprecate and replace (see #9205).

  /** Returns a mutable reference to the whole State, potentially invalidating
  _all_ state-dependent computations so requiring out of date notifications
  to be made for all such computations. If you don't mean to change the
  whole state, use more focused methods to modify only a portion of the
  state. See class documentation for more information.
  @warning You _must not_ use the returned reference to modify the size,
  number, or types of state variables. */
  State<T>& get_mutable_state();

  /** Returns a mutable reference to the continuous component of the state,
  which may be of size zero. Sends out of date notifications for all
  continuous-state-dependent computations. */
  ContinuousState<T>& get_mutable_continuous_state();

  /** Returns a mutable reference to the continuous state vector, devoid
  of second-order structure. The vector may be of size zero. Sends out of
  date notifications for all continuous-state-dependent computations. */
  VectorBase<T>& get_mutable_continuous_state_vector() {
    return get_mutable_continuous_state().get_mutable_vector();
  }

  /** Returns a mutable reference to the discrete component of the state,
  which may be of size zero. Sends out of date notifications for all
  discrete-state-dependent computations.
  @warning You _must not_ use the returned reference to modify the size or
  number of discrete state variables. */
  DiscreteValues<T>& get_mutable_discrete_state();

  /** Returns a mutable reference to the _only_ discrete state vector.
  Sends out of date notifications for all discrete-state-dependent
  computations.
  @sa get_discrete_state_vector().
  @pre There is only one discrete state group. */
  BasicVector<T>& get_mutable_discrete_state_vector() {
    return get_mutable_discrete_state().get_mutable_vector();
  }

  // TODO(sherm1) Invalidate only dependents of this one discrete group.

  /** Returns a mutable reference to group (vector) `index` of the discrete
  state. Sends out of date notifications for all computations that depend
  on this discrete state group.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing group.
  @note Currently notifies dependents of _all_ groups. */
  BasicVector<T>& get_mutable_discrete_state(int index) {
    DiscreteValues<T>& xd = get_mutable_discrete_state();
    return xd.get_mutable_vector(index);
  }

  /** Returns a mutable reference to the abstract component of the state,
  which may be of size zero. Sends out of date notifications for all
  abstract-state-dependent computations.
  @warning You _must not_ use the returned reference to modify the size,
  number, or types of abstract state variables. */
  AbstractValues& get_mutable_abstract_state();

  // TODO(sherm1) Invalidate only dependents of this one abstract variable.

  /** Returns a mutable reference to element `index` of the abstract state.
  Sends out of date notifications for all computations that depend on this
  abstract state variable.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing element.
  @pre the abstract state's type must match the template argument.
  @note Currently notifies dependents of _any_ abstract state variable. */
  template <typename U>
  U& get_mutable_abstract_state(int index) {
    AbstractValues& xa = get_mutable_abstract_state();
    return xa.get_mutable_value(index).get_mutable_value<U>();
  }

  /** Returns a mutable reference to this %Context's parameters. Sends out of
  date notifications for all parameter-dependent computations. If you don't
  mean to change all the parameters, use the indexed methods to modify only
  some of the parameters so that fewer computations are invalidated and
  fewer notifications need be sent.
  @warning You _must not_ use the returned reference to modify the size,
  number, or types of parameters. */
  Parameters<T>& get_mutable_parameters();

  // TODO(sherm1) Invalidate only dependents of this one parameter.

  /** Returns a mutable reference to element `index` of the vector-valued
  (numeric) parameters. Sends out of date notifications for all computations
  dependent on this parameter.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing numeric parameter.
  @note Currently notifies dependents of _all_ numeric parameters. */
  BasicVector<T>& get_mutable_numeric_parameter(int index);

  // TODO(sherm1) Invalidate only dependents of this one parameter.

  /** Returns a mutable reference to element `index` of the abstract-valued
  parameters. Sends out of date notifications for all computations dependent
  on this parameter.
  @pre `index` must identify an existing abstract parameter.
  @note Currently notifies dependents of _all_ abstract parameters. */
  AbstractValue& get_mutable_abstract_parameter(int index);
  //@}

  /** @anchor advanced_context_value_change_methods
  @name    Advanced methods for changing locally-stored values
  Methods in this group are specialized for expert users writing numerical
  integrators and other context-modifying solvers where careful cache
  management can improve performance. Please see
  @ref context_value_change_methods "Context Value-Change Methods"
  for general information, and prefer to use the methods in that section
  unless you _really_ know what you're doing! */
  //@{

  /** (Advanced) Sets time and returns a mutable reference to the continuous
  state xc (including q, v, z) as a VectorBase. Performs a single
  notification sweep to avoid duplicate notifications for computations that
  depend on both time and state.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context.
  @see SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChange()
  @see SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousState() */
  VectorBase<T>& SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousStateVector(const T& time_sec) {
    return SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousStateHelper(__func__, time_sec)
        .get_mutable_vector();
  }

  /** (Advanced) Sets time and returns a mutable reference to the second-order
  continuous state partition q from xc. Performs a single notification sweep
  to avoid duplicate notifications for computations that depend on both time
  and q.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context.
  @see GetMutableVZVectors()
  @see SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousStateVector() */
  VectorBase<T>& SetTimeAndGetMutableQVector(const T& time_sec);

  /** (Advanced) Returns mutable references to the first-order continuous
  state partitions v and z from xc. Performs a single notification sweep
  to avoid duplicate notifications for computations that depend on both
  v and z. Does _not_ invalidate computations that depend on time or
  pose q, unless those also depend on v or z.
  @see SetTimeAndGetMutableQVector() */
  std::pair<VectorBase<T>*, VectorBase<T>*> GetMutableVZVectors();

  /** (Advanced) Sets time and registers an intention to modify the continuous
  state xc. Intended use is for integrators that are already holding a
  mutable reference to xc which they are going to modify. Performs a single
  notification sweep to avoid duplicate notifications for computations that
  depend on both time and state.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context.
  @see SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousStateVector() */
  void SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChange(const T& time_sec) {
    SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChangeHelper(__func__, time_sec);
  }

  /** (Advanced) Registers an intention to modify the continuous
  state xc. Intended use is for integrators that are already holding a
  mutable reference to xc which they are going to modify. Performs a
  notification sweep to invalidate computations that depend on any
  continuous state variables. If you need to change the time also, use
  SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChange() instead to avoid unnecessary
  duplicate notifications.
  @see SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChange() */
  void NoteContinuousStateChange() {
    const int64_t change_event = this->start_new_change_event();
    PropagateBulkChange(change_event,
                        &Context<T>::NoteAllContinuousStateChanged);
  }
  //@}

  /** @name             Miscellaneous public methods */
  //@{

  /** Returns a deep copy of this Context.
  @throws std::exception if this is not the root context. */
  // This is just an intentional shadowing of the base class method to return
  // a more convenient type.
  std::unique_ptr<Context<T>> Clone() const;

  /** Returns a deep copy of this Context's State. */
  std::unique_ptr<State<T>> CloneState() const;

  /** Returns a partial textual description of the Context, intended to be
  human-readable.  It is not guaranteed to be unambiguous nor complete. */
  std::string to_string() const;
  //@}

#ifndef DRAKE_DOXYGEN_CXX
  // See Drake issue #13296 for why these two methods are needed.

  /* (Advanced) Sets the Context time to `time` but notes that this is not the
  true current time but some small perturbation away from it. The true
  current time is recorded and propagated. This is used by
  Simulator::Initialize() to ensure that initialize-time periodic and
  scheduled events are not missed due to "right now" events. */
  void PerturbTime(const T& time, const T& true_time);

  // TODO(sherm1) Consider whether get_true_time() ought to be visible (though
  //  certainly marked (Advanced)). It may be needed for some obscure overloads
  //  of DoCalcNextUpdateTime().

  /* (Advanced) If time was set with PerturbTime(), returns the true time. If '
  this is empty then the true time is just get_time(). This is used for
  processing of CalcNextUpdateTime() to ensure that overloads which want
  events to occur "right now" work properly during initialization. */
  const std::optional<T>& get_true_time() const { return true_time_; }
#endif

 protected:
  Context();

  // Default implementation invokes the base class copy constructor and then
  // the local member copy constructors.
  /** Copy constructor takes care of base class and `Context<T>` data members.
  Derived classes must implement copy constructors that delegate to this
  one for use in their DoCloneWithoutPointers() implementations. */
  Context(const Context<T>&);

  // Structuring these methods as statics permits a DiagramContext to invoke
  // the protected functionality on its children.

  /** (Internal use only) Sets a new time and notifies time-dependent
  quantities that they are now invalid, as part of a given change event. */
  static void PropagateTimeChange(Context<T>* context, const T& time,
                                  const std::optional<T>& true_time,
                                  int64_t change_event);

  /** (Internal use only) Sets a new accuracy and notifies accuracy-dependent
  quantities that they are now invalid, as part of a given change event. */
  static void PropagateAccuracyChange(Context<T>* context,
                                      const std::optional<double>& accuracy,
                                      int64_t change_event);

  /** (Internal use only) Returns a reference to mutable parameters _without_
  invalidation notifications. Use get_mutable_parameters() instead for
  normal access. */
  static Parameters<T>& access_mutable_parameters(Context<T>* context) {
    DRAKE_ASSERT(context != nullptr);
    return *context->parameters_;
  }

  /** (Internal use only) Returns a reference to a mutable state _without_
  invalidation notifications. Use get_mutable_state() instead for normal
  access. */
  static State<T>& access_mutable_state(Context<T>* context) {
    DRAKE_ASSERT(context != nullptr);
    return context->do_access_mutable_state();
  }

  // This is just an intentional shadowing of the base class method to return a
  // more convenient type.
  /** (Internal use only) Clones a context but without any of its internal
  pointers. */
  static std::unique_ptr<Context<T>> CloneWithoutPointers(
      const Context<T>& source);

  /** Returns a const reference to its concrete State object. */
  virtual const State<T>& do_access_state() const = 0;

  /** Returns a mutable reference to its concrete State object _without_ any
  invalidation. We promise not to allow user access to this object without
  invalidation. */
  virtual State<T>& do_access_mutable_state() = 0;

  /** Returns the appropriate concrete State object to be returned by
  CloneState().  The implementation should not set_system_id on the result,
  the caller will set an id on the state after this method returns. */
  virtual std::unique_ptr<State<T>> DoCloneState() const = 0;

  /** Returns a partial textual description of the Context, intended to be
  human-readable.  It is not guaranteed to be unambiguous nor complete. */
  virtual std::string do_to_string() const = 0;

  /** Invokes PropagateTimeChange() on all subcontexts of this Context. The
  default implementation does nothing, which is suitable for leaf contexts.
  Diagram contexts must override. */
  virtual void DoPropagateTimeChange(const T& time_sec,
      const std::optional<T>& true_time, int64_t change_event) {
    unused(time_sec, true_time, change_event);
  }

  /** Invokes PropagateAccuracyChange() on all subcontexts of this Context. The
  default implementation does nothing, which is suitable for leaf contexts.
  Diagram contexts must override. */
  virtual void DoPropagateAccuracyChange(const std::optional<double>& accuracy,
                                         int64_t change_event) {
    unused(accuracy, change_event);
  }

  /** (Internal use only) Sets the continuous state to `xc`, deleting whatever
  was there before.
  @warning Does _not_ invalidate state-dependent computations. */
  void init_continuous_state(std::unique_ptr<ContinuousState<T>> xc);

  /** (Internal use only) Sets the discrete state to `xd`, deleting whatever
  was there before.
  @warning Does _not_ invalidate state-dependent computations. */
  void init_discrete_state(std::unique_ptr<DiscreteValues<T>> xd);

  /** (Internal use only) Sets the abstract state to `xa`, deleting whatever
  was there before.
  @warning Does _not_ invalidate state-dependent computations. */
  void init_abstract_state(std::unique_ptr<AbstractValues> xa);

  /** (Internal use only) Sets the parameters to `params`, deleting whatever
  was there before. You must supply a Parameters object; null is not
  acceptable.
  @warning Does _not_ invalidate parameter-dependent computations. */
  void init_parameters(std::unique_ptr<Parameters<T>> params);

 private:
  // Call with arguments like (__func__, "Time"), capitalized as shown.
  void ThrowIfNotRootContext(const char* func_name,
                             const char* quantity) const;

  // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Should treat fixed input port values the same as
  //  parameters.
  // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Change the name of this method to be more inclusive
  //  since it also fixed input port values (pending above TODO).

  // This helper allow us to reuse this code in several APIs with a single
  // change_event.
  template <typename U>
  void SetStateAndParametersFromHelper(const Context<U>& source,
                                       int64_t change_event) {
    // Notification is separate from the actual value change for bulk changes.
    PropagateBulkChange(change_event, &Context<T>::NoteAllStateChanged);
    do_access_mutable_state().SetFrom(source.get_state());

    PropagateBulkChange(change_event, &Context<T>::NoteAllParametersChanged);
    parameters_->SetFrom(source.get_parameters());

    // TODO(xuchenhan-tri) Fixed input copying goes here.
  }

  // These helpers allow us to reuse this code in several APIs while the
  // error message contains the actual API name.
  void SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChangeHelper(const char* func_name,
      const T& time_sec);

  ContinuousState<T>& SetTimeAndGetMutableContinuousStateHelper(
      const char* func_name, const T& time_sec) {
    SetTimeAndNoteContinuousStateChangeHelper(func_name, time_sec);
    return do_access_mutable_state().get_mutable_continuous_state();
  }

  // Current time in seconds. Must be the same for a Diagram root context and
  // all its subcontexts so we only allow setting this in the root.
  T time_{0.};

  // For ugly reasons, it is sometimes necessary to set time_ to a slight
  // difference from the actual time. That is done using the internal
  // PerturbTime() method which records the actual time here, where it
  // can be retrieved during CalcNextUpdateTime() processing.
  std::optional<T> true_time_;

  // Accuracy setting.
  std::optional<double> accuracy_;

  // The parameter values (p) for this Context; this is never null.
  copyable_unique_ptr<Parameters<T>> parameters_{
      std::make_unique<Parameters<T>>()};
};

template <typename T>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Context<T>& context) {
  os << context.to_string();
  return os;
}

}  // namespace systems
}  // namespace drake

DRAKE_FORMATTER_AS(typename T, drake::systems, Context<T>, x, x.to_string())

DRAKE_DECLARE_CLASS_TEMPLATE_INSTANTIATIONS_ON_DEFAULT_SCALARS(
    class ::drake::systems::Context)
