<h2>Cannibalization</h2>

<p>Assuming that the [near] expired goods cannot be sold at full cost anymore, offering them for sale at a significant discount (instead of destroying them) will compete with your own offer of full-priced goods that presumably have much higher margins.</p>

<p>This is pretty much the definition of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalization_(marketing)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalization_(marketing)</a> which is something that producers have good reason to avoid.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T18:51:31.937Z
And for a quick-and-intuitive example, consider that if you know your local store typically sells deeply-discounted food at closing time, you might intentionally delay your shopping trip in order to get the lower price. For those willing and able to take the risk that the store has sold out, the reduced-to-clear goods successfully compete with the full-price offering earlier in the day. Or you might buy whatever fruit is reduced, instead of paying a higher price for your favourite, and the store takes less of your money than if they hadn't discounted.
Steve Jessop
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T18:43:29.150Z
2015-08-10T18:43:29.150Z
Peteris
<p>In addition to BKay's answer, selling expired food opens a firm to suit.  This occurs either via breach of an implied warranty (that the food is fit for consumption) or, in many jurisdictions, strict tort.</p>

<p>While grocers do carry products liability insurance, the policies require that stores adopt certain standards of practice.  It should make sense that refrigeration practices, expiration management, quality control, and the like feature heavily.</p>

<p>This enters a profit function through increasing costs.  Specifically, the expected payouts line will increase either by upping the average liability payout (in a simple cash flow approach) or modifying the shape of the distribution of payouts (in a theory context).</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T13:07:51.040Z
2015-08-10T13:23:44.727Z
2015-08-10T13:23:44.727Z
Pat W.
<p>Simple answer: It cost companies money to do any, even doing nothing. The immediate issues with selling out of date food in most jurisdictions would be:</p>

<p>Do nothing (stockpile non-perishable.)</p>

<ul>
<li>Goods are assets of the company and affect internal and external accounting, especially accounting of value of publicly traded companies. </li>
<li>Goods as assets are likely still assessed a value which the company will have to pay taxes, insurances and regulatory compliance.</li>
</ul>

<p>Give away or sell at loss:</p>

<ul>
<li>Will likely reduce demand for future sales to some degree as noted in other answers. </li>
<li>In case of perishables like food, could expose company to liability risk (I worked with some charities years back for the homeless and many food distributors simply couldn't donate surplus food because they are liable, in Texas, USA, for the quality and safety of all food that passes through their system to anyone for any reason.)</li>
<li>Bad PR is also an issue, either when some one gets sick or simply that the managers misjudged demand so badly.</li>
<li>Without a market to set prices for the goods, the fiduciary officers will find it hard to defend any price they set for the items either to stock holder or regulators. They could be personally sued for giving away assets of the company or face criminal action for stealing from the company's stockowners or taking action that manipulates the stock price.E.g. How would Sarbanes–Oxley in the US treat giving company assets away?</li>
</ul>

<p>Back before detailed regulation and stockowner law suits on a hair trigger, officers of companies public and privately-held, large and small, had a little more flexibility in such matters but gradually they have lost almost all discretion. Most regulation today operates under the "everything not allowed is forbidden," model so if the regulators did not anticipate a need for an action, an officer takes the action at his/her personal risk. </p>

<p>Marketwise, there is an interesting analog in the petroleum industry. It's prohibitively expensive to store large amounts of oil, destroying it is economically impossible and today, way to costly in environmental regulations and only a few oil fields have the geology that allows oil to be returned to the ground.</p>

<p>The vast majority of the oil pumped out the ground will be sent through the whole system and end up as an end product 90-120 days at most after it leaves the ground. This lag time causes a significant market inefficiency in petroleum, because "Lifters" those who pump the oil out of the ground can only guess what the demand will be 'X' number of days outward. The oil will be sold period, at some price.  </p>

<p>If collectively, the lifters pump to much, the price at the consumer end drop precipitately, but if they pump to little, a spike occurs. When oil prices suddenly plummet, you do see situations where companies are selling oil or oil products at a loss. </p>

<p>Regulation aggravates the problem, particularly the switch over in refining from seasonal versions of products like gasoline as well as regional difference e.g. California, in versions that make the products none fungible between jurisdictions. </p>

<p>The violent oscillations in petroleum prices caused by this lag is one of the reason that petroleum producers from the late-1800s up the present day have such powerful incentives to form cartels and/or have governments regulate the overall oil supply e.g. Texas Railroad commission, OPEC.</p>

<p>It's easy to see that any industry that operated under the conditions that whatever products they had in their channels would end up in consumer's hands eventually, regardless of supply, demand or finale cost, would end up as volatile as the oil industry. </p>

<p>For another example, one could argue that various "agricultural supports" of most nations are primarily devoted to preventing just such volatility. Farmers face the same problem, they plant in spring, harvest in fall, and then sell their crop for whatever the price might be. Perversely, the better the growing season, the more productive the farmers as a whole, the more likely they are to go broke. </p>

<p>In developed nations at least, vastly more amounts of food are destroyed or more often, farmers are paid to never grow it, than get wasted in the distribution system. Most governments believe it's better that food prices remain somewhat higher overall, within certain ranges, than food prices oscillate to much. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T19:39:31.853Z
2015-08-10T19:39:31.853Z
TechZen
<p>It can be profitable for the monopolist to do so. For the conventional producer who is a price taker the profit objective function looks like this:
$$\max_{q} \Pi^c $$
where $\Pi^c = P \cdot q - C(q)$.</p>

<p>That is, they seek to maximize profits, facing an exogenous price to sell goods and where costs are a function of amount produced. If everything is nice and differentiable and concave this gives a first order maximizing condition of:
$$ 0 = \frac{\partial\Pi^c}{\partial q} = P - \frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q} \rightarrow q = g(P) $$  where $g(P)$ is the inverse of function $\frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q}$ (increase q from zero until marginal cost equals the price).</p>

<p>But for a monopolist $\Pi^m = P(q) \cdot q - C(q)$. That is, the monopolist is not a price taker, they know that when they produce more prices will fall. Resulting FOC:</p>

<p>$$ 0 = \frac{\partial\Pi^m}{\partial q} = P(q)+q(\frac{\partial P(q)}{\partial q}) - \frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q}$$</p>

<p>As a result, a monopolist in this setting will not want to sell where price equals marginal cost but rather a higher price than marginal cost:
 $$ \frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q} - q(\frac{\partial P(q)}{\partial q})= P(q) $$
Recall: $- q(\frac{\partial P(q)}{\partial q}) &gt; 0$</p>

<p>Indeed, it is this selling of goods above their marginal cost that is the source of the monopolist's monopoly rents. </p>

<p>Now back to the question itself which asks about when "company destroys items they couldn't sell in time." We can think of inventory as a good with low or zero marginal cost, so yes, by the argument above, it can be profit maximizing to not sell goods with a price above costs as long as it lowers the profits on the other goods you sell enough to offset the additional revenue. </p>

<p>Other forces are likely at play as well. Stores often worry about their brand value and low quality, low price, goods may harm their relationship with their customers. Many people shop at stores specifically for the high quality goods and others at different stores for low prices and it may be too costly to move spoiling goods from one venue to the other and cheaper just to toss it. We can also think of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muffin_Tops" rel="nofollow">the muffin stumps of the TV show Seinfeld</a> as an example of this high transaction costs / missing markets problem.  </p>

<p>That said, there are sometimes innovative alternative methods of disposal:</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Rotisserie chickens have been around for a while. I used to bypass
  them and roast my own, until I noticed something: The rotisserie
  chickens were actually cheaper than buying and roasting my own.</p>
  
  <p>Cat Vasko noticed the same thing and decided to figure out why. The
  answer makes a surprising amount of sense: Grocery stores make them
  out of unsold chicken that is about to pass its expiration date. It's
  an elegant way to make a profit out of food that would otherwise be a
  net loss. And it's not just chicken -- according to Vasko, the
  ever-expanding prepared-foods section of the supermarket uses up all
  sorts of unsold produce and meat. It is, as she says, a bit like
  hunter-gatherers using every inch of the animal.</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-07-24/everyone-wins-when-you-buy-a-rotisserie-chicken" rel="nofollow">Everyone Wins When You Buy a Rotisserie Chicken</a> </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-11T06:44:04.907Z
So is it basically all about keeping the supply small to keep prices high?
Calmarius
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-11T09:21:32.590Z
Yes,  that's essentially what the monopolist is trying to do.
BKay
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T12:56:57.600Z
2015-08-11T14:31:27.430Z
2015-08-11T14:31:27.430Z
BKay
<p>We often see news that some company destroys items they couldn't <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/06/hm-wal-mart-destroy-unsol_n_413234.html">sell</a> in time.</p>

<p>Also we can see <a href="http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/01/second-life-what-happens-to-old-and-expired-supermarket-products/251052/">news of supermarkets destroying food</a> just because it's not fresh although it's perfectly edible. </p>

<p>If someone destroy goods, he would get $0 for it or even need pay for the disposal. How can this act be profitable for a company? </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-13T13:07:20.483Z
from a very theoretical point of view, the effect could be both. let's say there is a predictable event that will destroy capital. So, how could this could change the behavior of people, how the optimal trajectory of consumption (so savings) would be affected, in this case how the capital accumulation could be affected ?
optimal control
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-17T11:35:53.953Z
This is a fascinating area of economics and there is a lot of work in it. The wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence has a lot of links worth following. 'An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence' (Bulow, 1986) is an excellent starting point.
Jamzy
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T13:04:16.480Z
These are (probably) two different things. The first is probably storage costs, the second is that the damage of selling food that is not fresh enough is higher than just buying new food. I vote this question to close as it is too broad.
The Almighty Bob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T13:51:34.743Z
I think we should leave it open. There are some very interesting market pricing issues lurking behind it.
Lumi
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T15:33:56.150Z
Maybe, but interesting does not make it less broad. There are so many possible answers to that question, I don't think this is a good question for a SE. But what do I know, I thought homework questions for Econ 101 are off topic.
The Almighty Bob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-08-10T18:15:27.847Z
Selling bad food not only creates a legal liability, but in many states there are laws against retaining or distributing old food. Creating a sales channel for old food is probably unprofitable in many situations.
Lassie Fair
<industrial-organisation><monopoly><profit-maximization>
Can destruction be profitable?
Calmarius
# Can destruction be profitable?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-08-10)

We often see news that some company destroys items they couldn't [sell](http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/01/06/hm-wal-mart-destroy-unsol_n_413234.html) in time.

Also we can see [news of supermarkets destroying food](http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/01/second-life-what-happens-to-old-and-expired-supermarket-products/251052/) just because it's not fresh although it's perfectly edible.

If someone destroy goods, he would get $0 for it or even need pay for the disposal. How can this act be profitable for a company?

**Tags:** industrial-organisation, monopoly, profit-maximization

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: These are (probably) two different things. The first is probably storage costs, the second is that the damage of selling food that is not fresh enough is higher than just buying new food. I vote this question to close as it is too broad.  
> **username_4**: I think we should leave it open. There are some very interesting market pricing issues lurking behind it.  
> **username_3**: Maybe, but interesting does not make it less broad. There are so many possible answers to that question, I don't think this is a good question for a SE. But what do I know, I thought homework questions for Econ 101 are off topic.  
> **username_5**: Selling bad food not only creates a legal liability, but in many states there are laws against retaining or distributing old food. Creating a sales channel for old food is probably unprofitable in many situations.  
> **username_1**: from a very theoretical point of view, the effect could be both. let's say there is a predictable event that will destroy capital. So, how could this could change the behavior of people, how the username_1 trajectory of consumption (so savings) would be affected, in this case how the capital accumulation could be affected ?  
> **username_2**: This is a fascinating area of economics and there is a lot of work in it. The wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_obsolescence has a lot of links worth following. 'An Economic Theory of Planned Obsolescence' (Bulow, 1986) is an excellent starting point.  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_10 on 2015-08-10. Score: 9 | Accepted answer

It can be profitable for the monopolist to do so. For the conventional producer who is a price taker the profit objective function looks like this:
$$\max\_{q} \Pi^c $$
where $\Pi^c = P \cdot q - C(q)$.

That is, they seek to maximize profits, facing an exogenous price to sell goods and where costs are a function of amount produced. If everything is nice and differentiable and concave this gives a first order maximizing condition of:
$$ 0 = \frac{\partial\Pi^c}{\partial q} = P - \frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q} \rightarrow q = g(P) $$ where $g(P)$ is the inverse of function $\frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q}$ (increase q from zero until marginal cost equals the price).

But for a monopolist $\Pi^m = P(q) \cdot q - C(q)$. That is, the monopolist is not a price taker, they know that when they produce more prices will fall. Resulting FOC:

$$ 0 = \frac{\partial\Pi^m}{\partial q} = P(q)+q(\frac{\partial P(q)}{\partial q}) - \frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q}$$

As a result, a monopolist in this setting will not want to sell where price equals marginal cost but rather a higher price than marginal cost:
$$ \frac{\partial C(q)}{\partial q} - q(\frac{\partial P(q)}{\partial q})= P(q) $$
Recall: $- q(\frac{\partial P(q)}{\partial q}) > 0$

Indeed, it is this selling of goods above their marginal cost that is the source of the monopolist's monopoly rents.

Now back to the question itself which asks about when "company destroys items they couldn't sell in time." We can think of inventory as a good with low or zero marginal cost, so yes, by the argument above, it can be profit maximizing to not sell goods with a price above costs as long as it lowers the profits on the other goods you sell enough to offset the additional revenue.

Other forces are likely at play as well. Stores often worry about their brand value and low quality, low price, goods may harm their relationship with their customers. Many people shop at stores specifically for the high quality goods and others at different stores for low prices and it may be too costly to move spoiling goods from one venue to the other and cheaper just to toss it. We can also think of [the muffin stumps of the TV show Seinfeld](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Muffin_Tops) as an example of this high transaction costs / missing markets problem.

That said, there are sometimes innovative alternative methods of disposal:

> Rotisserie chickens have been around for a while. I used to bypass
> them and roast my own, until I noticed something: The rotisserie
> chickens were actually cheaper than buying and roasting my own.
>
> Cat Vasko noticed the same thing and decided to figure out why. The
> answer makes a surprising amount of sense: Grocery stores make them
> out of unsold chicken that is about to pass its expiration date. It's
> an elegant way to make a profit out of food that would otherwise be a
> net loss. And it's not just chicken -- according to Vasko, the
> ever-expanding prepared-foods section of the supermarket uses up all
> sorts of unsold produce and meat. It is, as she says, a bit like
> hunter-gatherers using every inch of the animal.

[Everyone Wins When You Buy a Rotisserie Chicken](http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-07-24/everyone-wins-when-you-buy-a-rotisserie-chicken)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: So is it basically all about keeping the supply small to keep prices high?  
> **username_10**: Yes,  that's essentially what the monopolist is trying to do.  

---

### Answer by username_6 on 2015-08-10. Score: 6

## Cannibalization

Assuming that the [near] expired goods cannot be sold at full cost anymore, offering them for sale at a significant discount (instead of destroying them) will compete with your own offer of full-priced goods that presumably have much higher margins.

This is pretty much the definition of <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannibalization_(marketing)> which is something that producers have good reason to avoid.

> **Comments:**
> **username_7**: And for a quick-and-intuitive example, consider that if you know your local store typically sells deeply-discounted food at closing time, you might intentionally delay your shopping trip in order to get the lower price. For those willing and able to take the risk that the store has sold out, the reduced-to-clear goods successfully compete with the full-price offering earlier in the day. Or you might buy whatever fruit is reduced, instead of paying a higher price for your favourite, and the store takes less of your money than if they hadn't discounted.  

---

### Answer by username_8 on 2015-08-10. Score: 3

In addition to username_10's answer, selling expired food opens a firm to suit. This occurs either via breach of an implied warranty (that the food is fit for consumption) or, in many jurisdictions, strict tort.

While grocers do carry products liability insurance, the policies require that stores adopt certain standards of practice. It should make sense that refrigeration practices, expiration management, quality username_1, and the like feature heavily.

This enters a profit function through increasing costs. Specifically, the expected payouts line will increase either by upping the average liability payout (in a simple cash flow approach) or modifying the shape of the distribution of payouts (in a theory context).


---

### Answer by username_9 on 2015-08-10. Score: 3

Simple answer: It cost companies money to do any, even doing nothing. The immediate issues with selling out of date food in most jurisdictions would be:

Do nothing (stockpile non-perishable.)

* Goods are assets of the company and affect internal and external accounting, especially accounting of value of publicly traded companies.
* Goods as assets are likely still assessed a value which the company will have to pay taxes, insurances and regulatory compliance.

Give away or sell at loss:

* Will likely reduce demand for future sales to some degree as noted in other answers.
* In case of perishables like food, could expose company to liability risk (I worked with some charities years back for the homeless and many food distributors simply couldn't donate surplus food because they are liable, in Texas, USA, for the quality and safety of all food that passes through their system to anyone for any reason.)
* Bad PR is also an issue, either when some one gets sick or simply that the managers misjudged demand so badly.
* Without a market to set prices for the goods, the fiduciary officers will find it hard to defend any price they set for the items either to stock holder or regulators. They could be personally sued for giving away assets of the company or face criminal action for stealing from the company's stockowners or taking action that manipulates the stock price.E.g. How would Sarbanes–Oxley in the US treat giving company assets away?

Back before detailed regulation and stockowner law suits on a hair trigger, officers of companies public and privately-held, large and small, had a little more flexibility in such matters but gradually they have lost almost all discretion. Most regulation today operates under the "everything not allowed is forbidden," model so if the regulators did not anticipate a need for an action, an officer takes the action at his/her personal risk.

Marketwise, there is an interesting analog in the petroleum industry. It's prohibitively expensive to store large amounts of oil, destroying it is economically impossible and today, way to costly in environmental regulations and only a few oil fields have the geology that allows oil to be returned to the ground.

The vast majority of the oil pumped out the ground will be sent through the whole system and end up as an end product 90-120 days at most after it leaves the ground. This lag time causes a significant market inefficiency in petroleum, because "Lifters" those who pump the oil out of the ground can only guess what the demand will be 'X' number of days outward. The oil will be sold period, at some price.

If collectively, the lifters pump to much, the price at the consumer end drop precipitately, but if they pump to little, a spike occurs. When oil prices suddenly plummet, you do see situations where companies are selling oil or oil products at a loss.

Regulation aggravates the problem, particularly the switch over in refining from seasonal versions of products like gasoline as well as regional difference e.g. California, in versions that make the products none fungible between jurisdictions.

The violent oscillations in petroleum prices caused by this lag is one of the reason that petroleum producers from the late-1800s up the present day have such powerful incentives to form cartels and/or have governments regulate the overall oil supply e.g. Texas Railroad commission, OPEC.

It's easy to see that any industry that operated under the conditions that whatever products they had in their channels would end up in consumer's hands eventually, regardless of supply, demand or finale cost, would end up as volatile as the oil industry.

For another example, one could argue that various "agricultural supports" of most nations are primarily devoted to preventing just such volatility. Farmers face the same problem, they plant in spring, harvest in fall, and then sell their crop for whatever the price might be. Perversely, the better the growing season, the more productive the farmers as a whole, the more likely they are to go broke.

In developed nations at least, vastly more amounts of food are destroyed or more often, farmers are paid to never grow it, than get wasted in the distribution system. Most governments believe it's better that food prices remain somewhat higher overall, within certain ranges, than food prices oscillate to much.


---

