<p>For an AR(1) process (I omit any drift), the coefficient on the lag is the 1st-order correlation coefficient,</p>

<p>$$r_{t+1} = \rho r_t + u_{t+1}$$</p>

<p>So</p>

<p>$$r_{t,t+2} = \sum_{i=1}^2 r_{t+i} = r_{t+1} + r_{t+2} = \rho r_t + u_{t+1} + \rho r_{t+1} + u_{t+2}  $$</p>

<p>$$=\rho r_t + u_{t+1} + \rho \big(\rho r_t + u_{t+1}\big) + u_{t+2} = \rho(1+\rho)r_t+(1+\rho)u_{t+1} + u_{t+2}$$</p>

<p>and now the three components are independent. So</p>

<p>$${\rm Var}(r_{t,t+2}) = \rho^2(1+\rho)^2\frac {\sigma^2}{1-\rho^2}+ (1+\rho)^2\sigma^2 +\sigma^2$$</p>

<p>$$=\left( (1+\rho)^2\frac {\rho^2+1-\rho^2}{1-\rho^2}+1\right)\cdot \sigma^2$$</p>

<p>$$=\left( \frac {1+\rho}{1-\rho}+1\right)\cdot \sigma^2 = \frac {2}{1-\rho}\sigma^2$$</p>

<p>So we arrive at a different formula for ${\rm Var}(r_{t,t+2})$, compared to the one provided in these notes, and we will arrive also at a different expression for general $n$.</p>

<p>Note that my result is valid for $\rho =-1$, giving ${\rm Var}(r_{t,t+2}) = \sigma^2$ in this case since here</p>

<p>$$r_{t+1} = - r_t + u_{t+1}$$</p>

<p>and so</p>

<p>$$r_{t+1} + r_{t+2} = - r_t + u_{t+1}- r_{t+1} + u_{t+2} = - r_t + u_{t+1} - \big(- r_t + u_{t+1}\big) + u_{t+2} = u_{t+2}$$</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T05:11:48.623Z
It's worth noting that it appears like the notes are conditioning on $r_{t-1} = 0$ so that $Var(r_t) = \sigma^2$. That is how we would arrive at $\text{Cov}(r_t,r_{t+j}) = \rho^j \sigma^2$. Thanks for the answer.
jmbejara
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T06:03:08.087Z
That's confusing - so all the formulas in the question are formulas conditional on $r_{t-1}$? Because the title of the question explicitly mentions "unconditional".
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T06:12:28.903Z
You're right. I think it's just worth pointing out that that is perhaps another error. Otherwise it seem like $\text{Cov}(r_t, r_{t+j}) = \frac{\rho^j}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma^2$.
jmbejara
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T06:37:53.703Z
Yes, that's the unconditional autocovariance function of an AR(1).
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T01:00:13.077Z
2015-01-12T01:00:13.077Z
Alecos Papadopoulos
<p>Ok. I made some small computation errors and got confused here. The notes make sense with the following notational assumptions. If I write out the AR(1) process as follows (ignoring drift)
$$
r_{t+1} = r_t + \epsilon_{t+1},
$$
then we have $\text{Cov}(r_t, r_{t+j}) = \frac{\rho^j}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma_\epsilon^2$, where
$\sigma^2_\epsilon := Var(\epsilon)$. The point that I should have caught on to in the notes was exactly the point that the variance is <em>unconditional</em> and so 
$\text{Var}(r_t) = \sigma^2 = \frac{1}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma_\epsilon^2$ is the unconditional variance (the time series is stationary only when $|\rho| &lt; 1$, so beware when using $\rho = -1$ as mentioned above). Given this definition, everything works. First, note that
$$
\text{Cov}(r_t, r_{t+j}) = \frac{\rho^j}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma_\epsilon^2 = \rho^j \sigma^2,
$$
as noted above. Then also notice that
\begin{align}
\text{Var}(r_{t,t+n}) &amp;= \text{Var}\left (\sum_{i=1}^n r_{t+i} \right) \\
 &amp;= \sum_{j=1}^n \sum_{i=1}^n \text{Cov}(r_{t+1}, r_{t+j}) \\
 &amp;= \sum_{j=1}^n \sum_{i=1}^n \rho^{|i - j|} \sigma^2 \\
 &amp;= \left (n + 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \rho^j (n - i) \right) \sigma^2.
\end{align}
So, it all works out.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T19:51:58.557Z
2015-01-12T19:51:58.557Z
jmbejara
<p>I have notes that say that we can make the following calculations. I'm a little confused about some of the calculations that are being made. What assumptions would I need to get the following results? Or are there errors? Specifically, I am confused by equation (1) below. In particular, this is strange to me because if I let $\rho = -1$, then equation (1) sometimes gives negative variance. (Perhaps the calculation is undefined when $\rho = -1$?)</p>

<p>Let $r_{t,t+n} = \sum_{i=1}^n r_{t+i}$. Suppose that $r_t$ is an AR(1) process (say with errors given by a mean zero Normal distribution with variance $\sigma^2$) where
$$
\text{Cov}(r_t,r_{t+j}) = \rho^j \sigma^2
$$
and thus
$$
\text{Corr}(r_t, r_{t+j}) = \rho^j.
$$</p>

<p>The notes that I have say that $\text{Var}(r_{t,t+2}) = 2(1 + \rho) \sigma^2$ and that
$$
\text{Var}(r_{t,t+n}) = \left( n + 2 \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \rho^i (n-i) \right) \sigma^2. \tag{1}
$$</p>

<p>(FWIW, this question deals with cumulative (log) returns.)</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-11T07:29:51.900Z
Is $$r_{t,t+n} = \sum_{i=1}^n r_{t+i}$$ or should it be $$r_{t,t+n} = \sum_{i=0}^n r_{t+i}$$?
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-11T07:35:05.690Z
Also, please write explicitly the AR(1) process.
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-11T07:37:05.367Z
Also the sum in $(1)$ runs from $i=1$ ? (you write $i+1$ below the sum, which is confusing).
Alecos Papadopoulos
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-12T00:03:37.993Z
a) It is correct as written. I agree that it might be a little weird, but this is the convention used. b) The process defined enough for the purposes of the question. This is as explicit as it is defined in these notes. c) You're right. That's a typo. Fixed it.
jmbejara
<econometrics><time-series><autoregressive>
Formula for the unconditional variance of the sum of observations from an autoregressive time series
jmbejara
# Formula for the unconditional variance of the sum of observations from an autoregressive time series

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-01-11)

I have notes that say that we can make the following calculations. I'm a little confused about some of the calculations that are being made. What assumptions would I need to get the following results? Or are there errors? Specifically, I am confused by equation (1) below. In particular, this is strange to me because if I let $\rho = -1$, then equation (1) sometimes gives negative variance. (Perhaps the calculation is undefined when $\rho = -1$?)

Let $r\_{t,t+n} = \sum\_{i=1}^n r\_{t+i}$. Suppose that $r\_t$ is an AR(1) process (say with errors given by a mean zero Normal distribution with variance $\sigma^2$) where
$$
\text{Cov}(r\_t,r\_{t+j}) = \rho^j \sigma^2
$$
and thus
$$
\text{Corr}(r\_t, r\_{t+j}) = \rho^j.
$$

The notes that I have say that $\text{Var}(r\_{t,t+2}) = 2(1 + \rho) \sigma^2$ and that
$$
\text{Var}(r\_{t,t+n}) = \left( n + 2 \sum\_{i=1}^{n-1} \rho^i (n-i) \right) \sigma^2. \tag{1}
$$

(FWIW, this question deals with cumulative (log) returns.)

**Tags:** econometrics, time-series, autoregressive

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Is $$r_{t,t+n} = \sum_{i=1}^n r_{t+i}$$ or should it be $$r_{t,t+n} = \sum_{i=0}^n r_{t+i}$$?  
> **username_1**: Also, please write explicitly the AR(1) process.  
> **username_1**: Also the sum in $(1)$ runs from $i=1$ ? (you write $i+1$ below the sum, which is confusing).  
> **username_0**: a) It is correct as written. I agree that it might be a little weird, but this is the convention used. b) The process defined enough for the purposes of the question. This is as explicit as it is defined in these notes. c) You're right. That's a typo. Fixed it.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2015-01-12. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

Ok. I made some small computation errors and got confused here. The notes make sense with the following notational assumptions. If I write out the AR(1) process as follows (ignoring drift)
$$
r\_{t+1} = r\_t + \epsilon\_{t+1},
$$
then we have $\text{Cov}(r\_t, r\_{t+j}) = \frac{\rho^j}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma\_\epsilon^2$, where
$\sigma^2\_\epsilon := Var(\epsilon)$. The point that I should have caught on to in the notes was exactly the point that the variance is *unconditional* and so
$\text{Var}(r\_t) = \sigma^2 = \frac{1}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma\_\epsilon^2$ is the unconditional variance (the time series is stationary only when $|\rho| < 1$, so beware when using $\rho = -1$ as mentioned above). Given this definition, everything works. First, note that
$$
\text{Cov}(r\_t, r\_{t+j}) = \frac{\rho^j}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma\_\epsilon^2 = \rho^j \sigma^2,
$$
as noted above. Then also notice that
\begin{align}
\text{Var}(r\_{t,t+n}) &= \text{Var}\left (\sum\_{i=1}^n r\_{t+i} \right) \\
&= \sum\_{j=1}^n \sum\_{i=1}^n \text{Cov}(r\_{t+1}, r\_{t+j}) \\
&= \sum\_{j=1}^n \sum\_{i=1}^n \rho^{|i - j|} \sigma^2 \\
&= \left (n + 2 \sum\_{i=1}^{n-1} \rho^j (n - i) \right) \sigma^2.
\end{align}
So, it all works out.


---

### Answer by username_1 on 2015-01-12. Score: 2

For an AR(1) process (I omit any drift), the coefficient on the lag is the 1st-order correlation coefficient,

$$r\_{t+1} = \rho r\_t + u\_{t+1}$$

So

$$r\_{t,t+2} = \sum\_{i=1}^2 r\_{t+i} = r\_{t+1} + r\_{t+2} = \rho r\_t + u\_{t+1} + \rho r\_{t+1} + u\_{t+2} $$

$$=\rho r\_t + u\_{t+1} + \rho \big(\rho r\_t + u\_{t+1}\big) + u\_{t+2} = \rho(1+\rho)r\_t+(1+\rho)u\_{t+1} + u\_{t+2}$$

and now the three components are independent. So

$${\rm Var}(r\_{t,t+2}) = \rho^2(1+\rho)^2\frac {\sigma^2}{1-\rho^2}+ (1+\rho)^2\sigma^2 +\sigma^2$$

$$=\left( (1+\rho)^2\frac {\rho^2+1-\rho^2}{1-\rho^2}+1\right)\cdot \sigma^2$$

$$=\left( \frac {1+\rho}{1-\rho}+1\right)\cdot \sigma^2 = \frac {2}{1-\rho}\sigma^2$$

So we arrive at a different formula for ${\rm Var}(r\_{t,t+2})$, compared to the one provided in these notes, and we will arrive also at a different expression for general $n$.

Note that my result is valid for $\rho =-1$, giving ${\rm Var}(r\_{t,t+2}) = \sigma^2$ in this case since here

$$r\_{t+1} = - r\_t + u\_{t+1}$$

and so

$$r\_{t+1} + r\_{t+2} = - r\_t + u\_{t+1}- r\_{t+1} + u\_{t+2} = - r\_t + u\_{t+1} - \big(- r\_t + u\_{t+1}\big) + u\_{t+2} = u\_{t+2}$$

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: It's worth noting that it appears like the notes are conditioning on $r_{t-1} = 0$ so that $Var(r_t) = \sigma^2$. That is how we would arrive at $\text{Cov}(r_t,r_{t+j}) = \rho^j \sigma^2$. Thanks for the answer.  
> **username_1**: That's confusing - so all the formulas in the question are formulas conditional on $r_{t-1}$? Because the title of the question explicitly mentions "unconditional".  
> **username_0**: You're right. I think it's just worth pointing out that that is perhaps another error. Otherwise it seem like $\text{Cov}(r_t, r_{t+j}) = \frac{\rho^j}{1 - \rho^2} \sigma^2$.  
> **username_1**: Yes, that's the unconditional autocovariance function of an AR(1).  

---

