<p>Based on my understanding, Hotelling's Rule is a pretty good first step. Like many first steps, it doesn't perform particularly well empirically. I would expect that when technological change is considered, in the very long run, it isn't too bad.</p>

<p>There are a few extensions of this model which are popular.
-Exogenise extraction costs
    The standard idea is that extraction costs increase as the resource moves towards depletion. Something which isn't included in the standard model is that technology is changing, making some previously unprofitable reserves cost effective. At the same time, exploration can uncover more reserves. Whilst the total amount of non-renewable resource doesn't change, the amount available for extraction isn't static.
- Account for substitutes
    The demand for oil for example is constantly growing, but it must remain competitive with substitutes. A rise in prices make substitutes more attractive. This is a phenomenon we have seen with ethanol and into our petrol.</p>

<p><a href="http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c13/E6-29-03-01.pdf" rel="nofollow">This pdf</a> provides a broad overview of such extensions. It also provides references for further reading. I borrowed heavily from it above. I'll list a few</p>

<ul>
<li><p>Chapman, D. (1983). World Oil: Hotelling Depletion or Accelerating Use?Nonrenewable Resources.2(4): 331-339
Extends the Hotelling model to so that the marginal extraction cost is independent of quantity demanded.</p></li>
<li><p>Stiglitz, J.E. (1976). Monopoly and the Rate of Extraction of Exhaustible Resources. American Economic Review,66(4): 655-661
Straightforward paper showing that extraction rate under monopoly is lower than under perfect competition.</p></li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-04-16T06:42:56.040Z
2015-04-16T06:42:56.040Z
Jamzy
<p>It seems to me that the seminal model for the price of nonrenewable resources is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelling%27s_rule" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hotelling's rule.</a> However, as the Wikipedia article describes, Hotelling's rule has empirically performed poorly. I know there are some variations that seek to improve on the original model, such as by accounting for changes in extraction cost or other factors. However, I am unfamiliar with this literature. Can anybody provide some more detail about variations on Hotelling's rule? Also, what, if any, alternative hypotheses exist to explain the prices of nonrenewables?</p>

<p>Notes:</p>

<p>This questions is related to a previous question about <a href="https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/358/what-is-the-impact-of-fracking-on-oil-prices">the impact of fracking on oil prices.</a></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-12-31T07:52:23.873Z
From my experience, nonrenewable pricing stems from storage issues.  I've done a little bit of modeling with storage pricing and hotellings and this was a great article I read.  Check this article out as it will give you a good start. : http://reep.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/22.abstract
Amstell
<public-economics><environmental-economics>
What models exists for explaining the price of nonrenewable resources?
jmbejara
# What models exists for explaining the price of nonrenewable resources?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-12-31)

It seems to me that the seminal model for the price of nonrenewable resources is [Hotelling's rule.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotelling%27s_rule) However, as the Wikipedia article describes, Hotelling's rule has empirically performed poorly. I know there are some variations that seek to improve on the original model, such as by accounting for changes in extraction cost or other factors. However, I am unfamiliar with this literature. Can anybody provide some more detail about variations on Hotelling's rule? Also, what, if any, alternative hypotheses exist to explain the prices of nonrenewables?

Notes:

This questions is related to a previous question about [the impact of fracking on oil prices.](https://economics.stackexchange.com/questions/358/what-is-the-impact-of-fracking-on-oil-prices)

**Tags:** public-economics, environmental-economics

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: From my experience, nonrenewable pricing stems from storage issues.  I've done a little bit of modeling with storage pricing and hotellings and this was a great article I read.  Check this article out as it will give you a good start. : http://reep.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1/22.abstract  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2015-04-16. Score: 2

Based on my understanding, Hotelling's Rule is a pretty good first step. Like many first steps, it doesn't perform particularly well empirically. I would expect that when technological change is considered, in the very long run, it isn't too bad.

There are a few extensions of this model which are popular.
-Exogenise extraction costs
The standard idea is that extraction costs increase as the resource moves towards depletion. Something which isn't included in the standard model is that technology is changing, making some previously unprofitable reserves cost effective. At the same time, exploration can uncover more reserves. Whilst the total amount of non-renewable resource doesn't change, the amount available for extraction isn't static.
- Account for substitutes
The demand for oil for example is constantly growing, but it must remain competitive with substitutes. A rise in prices make substitutes more attractive. This is a phenomenon we have seen with ethanol and into our petrol.

[This pdf](http://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c13/E6-29-03-01.pdf) provides a broad overview of such extensions. It also provides references for further reading. I borrowed heavily from it above. I'll list a few

* Chapman, D. (1983). World Oil: Hotelling Depletion or Accelerating Use?Nonrenewable Resources.2(4): 331-339
  Extends the Hotelling model to so that the marginal extraction cost is independent of quantity demanded.
* Stiglitz, J.E. (1976). Monopoly and the Rate of Extraction of Exhaustible Resources. American Economic Review,66(4): 655-661
  Straightforward paper showing that extraction rate under monopoly is lower than under perfect competition.


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