<p>I might be wrong but the key point is the perspective. From your question I saw a very interesting word: <code>enemy</code>.</p>
<p>I understand that some entity would be against telling the enemy about his knowledge and is mostly true: US didn't gift the blueprints of the nuke bomb to the URSS.</p>
<p>But, that is because there is top confidential information that may not be good to share. However, does that include everything? Do I want my 'enemies' to be well feed? Agricultural technology? Health technology? <code>basic</code> knowledge of engineering?</p>
<p>So it depends if you consider there is a real enemy threat that is going to kill you or there is peace and the humans can compete at a very close field level. That is what I meant by perspective.</p>
<p>Also, if more people develop technology the faster technology develops and the living standards improves. In the long run an open society that shares, competes and respect the individuals tend to achieve things faster than a society defined as the opposite. For example, in Europe there were moments of Centralisation of power which reduced the development and moments of hiper-fragmentation (small states with own currency) where development grewth more.</p>
<p>For example, a society that has 95% peasants and 5% non-peasants vs a society that has 1% peasants and 99% non-peasant. Which one is more likely to have better quality? Of course on both cases the peasants specified are enough to feed the entire population and even have savings. This is a basic but classic example of the old regime agricultural vs the actual economic model.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-17T02:04:55.830Z
2021-01-17T02:04:55.830Z
Stone-standard
<p>As &quot;High GPA&quot; has rightly pointed out, most of the military and national defence research tends to be confidential. Added to that, any specific area where having some specific knowledge can result in monetary benefits follows a similar pattern. This is best exemplified by the existence of <strong>patents.</strong></p>
<p>Additionally, there are monetary and social incentives for sharing knowledge publicly as well. People get paid, in some form or the other, for preparing the open ware courses you mentioned. They might be just doing it because they get satisfaction from it, without any ulterior motives. So there is no shortage of incentives here.</p>
<p>As &quot;High GPA&quot; again says, I would like to believe no commoner is actually concerned what China does with the information they are putting out. I would go on a limb and say that most of the information being propagated is either: 1) already very widely known or 2) has no such dangerous/competitive implications. I have my doubts that by viewing MIT's Multi-variable Calculus course anyone would be able to cause any potential harm to anyone.</p>
<p>I know your question was how comparative advantage fits into the picture. However, I am not sure about that so just wanted to add the other points mentioned above</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-13T15:51:07.910Z
2021-01-13T15:51:07.910Z
Sahaj
<p>Here are the points from this research: <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-020-03434-4" rel="nofollow noreferrer">What motivates ‘free’ revealing? Measuring outbound non-pecuniary openness, innovation types and expectations of future profit growth</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>From a theoretical perspective, individuals and firms differ in why they reveal without immediate financial return (Alexy 2009). Through a systematic review of the motivation and innovation literatures, we identified that individuals reveal as part of: (1) reputation-building initiatives that signal proficiency for career advancement, (2) community reciprocity related to networking, and (3) utilitarianism that may lead to future entrepreneurial activities (Choi and Yi 2015). Organizations reveal to: (1) disclose problems (e.g. Alexy et al. 2013); (2) seek capabilities (e.g. Harhoff et al. 2003); (3) co-create (e.g. Henkel et al. 2014); (4) enhance innovation activities (e.g. Dahlander and Gann 2010); (5) diffuse knowledge (e.g. Gault and von Hippel 2009); and (6) create strategic spillovers (e.g. Harhoff et al. 2003).</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-10-15T06:42:41.420Z
2023-10-15T06:42:41.420Z
Lerner Zhang
<p>I think these words from <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/EndlessFrontier_w.pdf" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Endless Frontier - 75th Anniversary Edition</a> are highly related to this issue:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>There are many sections of Bush’s famous report that are not usually emphasized in reviews but are relevant to today’s scientific enterprise. I mention them here to highlight the breadth of Bush’s thinking, which embraced international collaboration, public service, and even a specific institutional design for a new agency.For example, Bush talked about removing the barriers imposed on scientific research during wartime and recovering “freedom of inquiry and that healthy competitive scientific spirit so necessary for the expansion of the frontiers of scientific knowledge.” There were international scientific competitors of that day, chiefly in Europe. In fact, the U.S.’s growing ability to compete globally hinged on its commitment to the free flow of scientific information, which encouraged an influx of talent from around the world. Bush recognized that strength and said, “The government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information.” He argued that scientific knowledge, when conducted at a single university or research institute, could become discrete and isolated. <strong>By contrast, broad engagement provided a better means for a country to stay competitive scientifically. For this reason, he called for coordination of programs among the science agencies and allied governments.</strong></p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-09-03T14:42:57.697Z
2023-09-03T14:42:57.697Z
Lerner Zhang
<p>Recently I read the <a href="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/wtf-whats-the/9780062565723/text/9780062565723_Chapter_13.xhtml" rel="nofollow noreferrer">WTF?: What's the Future and Why It's Up to Us</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Tim O'Reilly</a>, and here is a quotation from his book:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Sharing rather than hoarding knowledge can also be a powerful lever for competitive advantage. Companies too often assume that the best way to increase their share of the gains from innovation is to keep it proprietary. Yet as the open source pioneers of Linux and the Internet taught us, knowledge compounds when it is shared.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I think competitive advantage might be the answer.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-12T01:50:33.627Z
2020-12-12T02:17:20.200Z
2020-12-12T02:17:20.200Z
Lerner Zhang
<p>This is a long comment that is too long for the comment box.</p>
<p>In fact, many research projects in US are secretive, especially the ones related to military. At the same time, much, much more research projects in China are secretive, including some agricultural ones, which are not military-related but considered as national security-related by Chinese government.</p>
<p>There has always been a China-threat theory in US, and a US-threat theory in China. The majority of US military are nationalists which could be considered as right-wing, while the majority of US academia are left-wing globalists who think China is less threatening. So the later care more about free-market and free knowledge while the former might want to put some restrictions on China.</p>
<p>By the way, there is a culture difference on &quot;world order&quot; between the East and the West. For thousands of years, the Western world is comprised of hundreds of smaller yet independent states, while almost all of the Far East nations could have been a tributary subject of the &quot;Center Empire&quot;. People from the &quot;Center Empire&quot; could naturally believe that there will be only one major leader in the world, while the westerners might believe that the world is consist of many equal entities. The latter is of course less concern about knowledge-sharing.</p>
<p>The globalists believe that the global <strong>challenges faced by all human</strong> are <strong>more threatening than China</strong>. This could be one of reasons why the globalists have gained more support in the special year of 2020.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-13T14:50:44.227Z
2021-01-14T17:17:18.260Z
2021-01-14T17:17:18.260Z
High GPA
<p>We have access to lots of knowledge on paper sharing platforms, open course platforms, open-source platforms and question asking platforms and etc, and <a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27824698#:%7E:text=Electric%20carmaker%20Tesla%20has%20confirmed,Musk%20in%20a%20blog%20post." rel="nofollow noreferrer">Tesla opened all its electric car patents in 2014</a> starting from which year <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPeng" rel="nofollow noreferrer">XPeng</a> and <a href="https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3119662/failed-billionaire-jia-yuetings-electric-car-dream-rekindled" rel="nofollow noreferrer">FF</a> and many others in China and other countries were founded.</p>
<p>I don't know why we are not afraid of the backfires of knowledge sharing or the late-mover advantage? Does a company need the often mentioned technical barrier to be competitive? In China there was a saying &quot;师夷长技以制夷&quot; which means literally &quot;learn from foreigners to compete with them&quot;, then I thought those platforms are very dangerous to be utilized by enemies/competitors.</p>
<p>I am sorry if I asked this in the wrong place again(if so, please kindly let me know where I can post this question). I asked this question somewhere else on StackExchange and somebody suggested that I should consider comparative advantage and I learned the term <a href="https://qr.ae/pNngaD" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a> but cannot still get my head around how to answer my question using that. Any suggestions? Thanks in advance.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-16T14:00:42.513Z
Basically, you think that the US should not let Chinese people learn how to do things because then China might become equal to the US?
Criticize SE actions means ban
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-16T14:25:23.663Z
@user253751 You are basically right, but mostly I focus on the motivations(I don't mean somebody is not worth something or somebody would bite the hand that feeds him/her.)
Lerner Zhang
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-16T16:26:22.600Z
Well the motivation is: why wouldn't they?
Criticize SE actions means ban
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-12-12T03:01:33.050Z
Could anyone please help [add a comment about the downvotes](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/357779/292759).
Lerner Zhang
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-31T10:12:05.743Z
@KennyLJ I have updated my question. `Enemy` was once a political word in China.
Lerner Zhang
<international-trade><competition><open-economy-macro><innovation><free-market>
Why do we spread knowledge across nations?
Lerner Zhang
# Why do we spread knowledge across nations?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-03-16)

We have access to lots of knowledge on paper sharing platforms, open course platforms, open-source platforms and question asking platforms and etc, and [Tesla opened all its electric car patents in 2014](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-27824698#:%7E:text=Electric%20carmaker%20Tesla%20has%20confirmed,Musk%20in%20a%20blog%20post.) starting from which year [XPeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPeng) and [FF](https://www.scmp.com/business/companies/article/3119662/failed-billionaire-jia-yuetings-electric-car-dream-rekindled) and many others in China and other countries were founded.

I don't know why we are not afraid of the backfires of knowledge sharing or the late-mover advantage? Does a company need the often mentioned technical barrier to be competitive? In China there was a saying "师夷长技以制夷" which means literally "learn from foreigners to compete with them", then I thought those platforms are very dangerous to be utilized by enemies/competitors.

I am sorry if I asked this in the wrong place again(if so, please kindly let me know where I can post this question). I asked this question somewhere else on StackExchange and somebody suggested that I should consider comparative advantage and I learned the term [here](https://qr.ae/pNngaD) but cannot still get my head around how to answer my question using that. Any suggestions? Thanks in advance.

**Tags:** international-trade, competition, open-economy-macro, innovation, free-market

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Basically, you think that the US should not let Chinese people learn how to do things because then China might become equal to the US?  
> **username_0**: @user253751 You are basically right, but mostly I focus on the motivations(I don't mean somebody is not worth something or somebody would bite the hand that feeds him/her.)  
> **username_1**: Well the motivation is: why wouldn't they?  
> **username_0**: Could anyone please help [add a comment about the downvotes](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/357779/292759).  
> **username_0**: @KennyLJ I have updated my question. `Enemy` was once a political word in China.  

---

## 6 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2021-01-13. Score: 7 | Accepted answer

This is a long comment that is too long for the comment box.

In fact, many research projects in US are secretive, especially the ones related to military. At the same time, much, much more research projects in China are secretive, including some agricultural ones, which are not military-related but considered as national security-related by Chinese government.

There has always been a China-threat theory in US, and a US-threat theory in China. The majority of US military are nationalists which could be considered as right-wing, while the majority of US academia are left-wing globalists who think China is less threatening. So the later care more about free-market and free knowledge while the former might want to put some restrictions on China.

By the way, there is a culture difference on "world order" between the East and the West. For thousands of years, the Western world is comprised of hundreds of smaller yet independent states, while almost all of the Far East nations could have been a tributary subject of the "Center Empire". People from the "Center Empire" could naturally believe that there will be only one major leader in the world, while the westerners might believe that the world is consist of many equal entities. The latter is of course less concern about knowledge-sharing.

The globalists believe that the global **challenges faced by all human** are **more threatening than China**. This could be one of reasons why the globalists have gained more support in the special year of 2020.


---

### Answer by username_2 on 2021-01-17. Score: 2

I might be wrong but the key point is the perspective. From your question I saw a very interesting word: `enemy`.

I understand that some entity would be against telling the enemy about his knowledge and is mostly true: US didn't gift the blueprints of the nuke bomb to the URSS.

But, that is because there is top confidential information that may not be good to share. However, does that include everything? Do I want my 'enemies' to be well feed? Agricultural technology? Health technology? `basic` knowledge of engineering?

So it depends if you consider there is a real enemy threat that is going to kill you or there is peace and the humans can compete at a very close field level. That is what I meant by perspective.

Also, if more people develop technology the faster technology develops and the living standards improves. In the long run an open society that shares, competes and respect the individuals tend to achieve things faster than a society defined as the opposite. For example, in Europe there were moments of Centralisation of power which reduced the development and moments of hiper-fragmentation (small states with own currency) where development grewth more.

For example, a society that has 95% peasants and 5% non-peasants vs a society that has 1% peasants and 99% non-peasant. Which one is more likely to have better quality? Of course on both cases the peasants specified are enough to feed the entire population and even have savings. This is a basic but classic example of the old regime agricultural vs the actual economic model.


---

### Answer by username_3 on 2021-01-13. Score: 1

As "username_4" has rightly pointed out, most of the military and national defence research tends to be confidential. Added to that, any specific area where having some specific knowledge can result in monetary benefits follows a similar pattern. This is best exemplified by the existence of **patents.**

Additionally, there are monetary and social incentives for sharing knowledge publicly as well. People get paid, in some form or the other, for preparing the open ware courses you mentioned. They might be just doing it because they get satisfaction from it, without any ulterior motives. So there is no shortage of incentives here.

As "username_4" again says, I would like to believe no commoner is actually concerned what China does with the information they are putting out. I would go on a limb and say that most of the information being propagated is either: 1) already very widely known or 2) has no such dangerous/competitive implications. I have my doubts that by viewing MIT's Multi-variable Calculus course anyone would be able to cause any potential harm to anyone.

I know your question was how comparative advantage fits into the picture. However, I am not sure about that so just wanted to add the other points mentioned above


---

### Answer by username_0 on 2023-10-15. Score: 0

Here are the points from this research: [What motivates ‘free’ revealing? Measuring outbound non-pecuniary openness, innovation types and expectations of future profit growth](https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11192-020-03434-4):

> From a theoretical perspective, individuals and firms differ in why they reveal without immediate financial return (Alexy 2009). Through a systematic review of the motivation and innovation literatures, we identified that individuals reveal as part of: (1) reputation-building initiatives that signal proficiency for career advancement, (2) community reciprocity related to networking, and (3) utilitarianism that may lead to future entrepreneurial activities (Choi and Yi 2015). Organizations reveal to: (1) disclose problems (e.g. Alexy et al. 2013); (2) seek capabilities (e.g. Harhoff et al. 2003); (3) co-create (e.g. Henkel et al. 2014); (4) enhance innovation activities (e.g. Dahlander and Gann 2010); (5) diffuse knowledge (e.g. Gault and von Hippel 2009); and (6) create strategic spillovers (e.g. Harhoff et al. 2003).


---

### Answer by username_0 on 2023-09-03. Score: 0

I think these words from [The Endless Frontier - 75th Anniversary Edition](https://www.nsf.gov/about/history/EndlessFrontier_w.pdf) are highly related to this issue:

> There are many sections of Bush’s famous report that are not usually emphasized in reviews but are relevant to today’s scientific enterprise. I mention them here to highlight the breadth of Bush’s thinking, which embraced international collaboration, public service, and even a specific institutional design for a new agency.For example, Bush talked about removing the barriers imposed on scientific research during wartime and recovering “freedom of inquiry and that healthy competitive scientific spirit so necessary for the expansion of the frontiers of scientific knowledge.” There were international scientific competitors of that day, chiefly in Europe. In fact, the U.S.’s growing ability to compete globally hinged on its commitment to the free flow of scientific information, which encouraged an influx of talent from around the world. Bush recognized that strength and said, “The government should take an active role in promoting the international flow of scientific information.” He argued that scientific knowledge, when conducted at a single university or research institute, could become discrete and isolated. **By contrast, broad engagement provided a better means for a country to stay competitive scientifically. For this reason, he called for coordination of programs among the science agencies and allied governments.**


---

### Answer by username_0 on 2020-12-12. Score: 0

Recently I read the [WTF?: What's the Future and Why It's Up to Us](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/wtf-whats-the/9780062565723/text/9780062565723_Chapter_13.xhtml) by [Tim O'Reilly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_O%27Reilly), and here is a quotation from his book:

> Sharing rather than hoarding knowledge can also be a powerful lever for competitive advantage. Companies too often assume that the best way to increase their share of the gains from innovation is to keep it proprietary. Yet as the open source pioneers of Linux and the Internet taught us, knowledge compounds when it is shared.

I think competitive advantage might be the answer.


---

