Answers.Body: <p>I just changed the title to focus on high-speed videography, which is a much, much narrower topic than videography (and cinematography) in general.</p>
  
  <p>The basics are these: due to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_of_vision" rel="nofollow">persistence of vision</a>, the eye can be fooled into interpreting a series of still images as if they are continuous motion at around 16 frames per second.  There are a variety of reasons why people shoot at 24, 25, 30, 60, and even 120 frames per second for "normal" speed.</p>
  
  <p>The premise of high-speed video recording is to capture and display temporal details that are normally too fast for human vision to really make sense of: a balloon bursting, the details of a bee's or a hummingbird's wing-beats, the flight of bullet fired from a gun.</p>
  
  <p>A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird" rel="nofollow">hummingbird flaps its wings approximately 50 times per second</a>.  If sampled at 25 fps with a 180-degree shutter (meaning 1/2 of 1/25th of a second, or 1/50th of a second), then every other wing beat would be fully blurred across the entire range of motion of the flapping.  If the shutter were restricted to 18 degrees (meaning 1/500th of a second), the blur of the wing would be reduced to 1/10th the total range of the flap.  Again, every other wingbeat would be imaged, and what would show up is approximately the same 1/10th of the wing beat every time.  As a movie, it would look like the hummingbird was hovering due to a blurry wing that didn't really move.  That's still not a very good visual explanation of what's happening.</p>
  
  <p>If you want the wings to beat 2x per second, or <a href="https://jog.fm/workout-songs/at/120/bpm?order=desc&amp;sort=popularity" rel="nofollow">120 bpm</a>, you need to slow them down by 25x (from 50 bps down to 2 bps), which, at 25fps would mean shooting 625 fps.  A standard shutter angle for the perception of smooth images at any frame rate is 180 degrees, which means 1/1250th of a second.</p>
  
  <p>There are various cameras that shoot at such high frame rates.  Many have severe restrictions on the resolution they can provide and/or the image compression schemes they use.  At the high end, a <a href="https://www.phantomhighspeed.com/Products/Phantom-Camera-Products" rel="nofollow">Phantom</a> sets the pace, and records up to 1,000,000 frames per second. In the consumer world, SONY sells <a href="http://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1159879-REG/sony_dsc_rx100_mark_4_digital.html" rel="nofollow">a camera that will do up to 960 fps (1000 fps in PAL)</a>.</p>
  
  <p>Once you have sorted out what frame rate is necessary to expand the event you care about (such as how long it takes for a bullet to pass through an apple) to the time frame you want to observe (a 30 second excerpt of a pop song), you can calculate the slowdown you need, and from that also the shutter speed you will need.</p>
  
  <p>Once you know your shutter speed and the camera's sensitivity, you can calculate how much light you need.  If you are shooting at 1,000,000 frames per second with a 360 degree (1/1,000,000th of a second) shutter, you need a lot of light.  Like 1,000x (or 10 f-stops) more light than when shooting at 1,000th of a second.  Getting a bright enough light that doesn't melt your subject (or turn it to smoke), and <a href="http://www.lovehighspeed.com/lighting-for-high-speed/" rel="nofollow">that does not appear to flicker or wander</a> when capturing high speed requires research.  The Sun has none of these problems, but it doesn't work at night or inside a studio.</p>
  
  <p>Finally, you have to worry about depth of field.  When shooting things at normal speed, a focus-puller can adjust focus as the subject moves from one depth in the frame to another.  Since nobody can pull focus at super-sonic speed, one must determine how much depth of field is necessary for the crucial moments of the shot, and then compose so that those crucial moments are all in focus from beginning to end.</p>
  
  <p>Now, it may be that you are just interested in 48fps or 96fps, slowed down to 24fps.  That's a lot less extreme than 500 fps or 1,000,000 fps.  But the caveats apply: you need more lighting than when shooting at slower frame rates and shutter speeds, you need lighting that won't flicker, and you need to appreciate that it gets exponentially more difficult to track focus as your multiple of the normal frame rate increases.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2016-07-17T17:12:51.667Z
Answers.Text: Way to render my answer obsolete °ω°
Answers.UserDisplayName: MoritzLost
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2016-07-17T16:43:14.713Z
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Michael Tiemann
Answers.Body: <p>Ok this question should <em>probably</em> be put on hold as it is way too broad for a single answer. If I understand you correctly, you're asking about both the technical and artistic aspects of both photography and videography, topics which people study for years in universities. So if you <em>really</em> want to learn all that stuff, sign up for a course at an university. That said, here are some pointers.</p>
  
  <p>First a disclaimer, you're not gonna 'master' any of this by watching Youtube tutorials, reading blogs or even books. The only way you're gonna become better is by practicing a lot. I know people who know all there is to know about their fancy camera, but couldn't compose a decent shot if their life depended on it. But what sucks even more are those who can't compose a shot <em>and</em> can't handle their fancy camera, so ...</p>
  
  <h2>Technical skills</h2>
  
  <p>Since you asked about photography, I recommend the <a href="http://www.r-photoclass.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">reddit photoclass archive</a>. It's a great ressource to start learning the basics of DSLR cameras (most of it will also apply to medium- to high-end video cameras). There's also a list of additional ressources at the end of <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/photoclass/comments/d3tq3/photoclass_frequently_asked_questions/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this post</a>.</p>
  
  <p>Here's an excerpt (Disclaimer: I don't know all of those myself): </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <ul>
    <li>Ansel Adams - "<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/New-Photo-Camera-Ansel-Adams/dp/0821221841" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Camera</a>", "<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/New-Photo-Negative-Ansel-Photography/dp/0821221868" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Negative</a>" and "<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Print-New-Photo-Ansel-Adams/dp/0821221876" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The Print</a>" - The reference. A bit outdated and dealing mostly with print, but still very useful reading for any serious photographer</li>
    <li>Scott Kelby - "<a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/Scott-Kelbys-Digital-Photography-Boxed/dp/0321678737" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Digital Photography Vol. 1-3</a>" - very easy to read and quite complete, a good introduction text</li>
    <li><a href="https://1x.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">1x.com</a> - for inspiration.</li>
    <li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/photography" rel="nofollow noreferrer">/r/photography</a> - reddit's own photography experts.</li>
    </ul>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>The photography subreddit has a weekly beginner's question thread, might be useful for you. Also check out <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/askphotography" rel="nofollow noreferrer">/r/askphotography/</a>. </p>
  
  <p>Again, those are only the very basics.</p>
  
  <h2>Artistic aspects</h2>
  
  <p>I've already written a lengthy post on that, <a href="https://video.stackexchange.com/questions/16389/good-learning-resources-for-non-technical-aspects-of-filmmaking/16399#16399">check it out here</a>. This also contains some links concerning the technical aspects of videography (in this field, technical and artistic goes very much hand in hand). Also check out the second answer for some additional links.</p>
  
  <p>Again, practice. It might also help to look at other people's work. For photography, you can check out the following sites:</p>
  
  <ul>
  <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Instagram</a> (Yes, seriously, there are some real photographers there.)</li>
  <li><a href="http://gurushots.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gurushots</a> (Photo competitions. Look at all submissions, not only the winners.)</li>
  <li><a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/photocritique" rel="nofollow noreferrer">/r/photocritique</a> (Read the comments to learn a lot about how photographers think about photos and what makes a good photo)</li>
  <li><a href="https://500px.com/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">500px</a> (Photo sharing site aimed at professional photographers. I'm not using it, but photographers often recommend it.)</li>
  </ul>
  
  <p>For movies, well, just watch good movies. The post above contains a link to a list of movies to watch.</p>
  
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Answers.CreationDate: 2016-07-17T13:27:33.847Z
Answers.Text: Thanks for comprehensive answer. Will take a look at those links and some university courses. I am actually interested in the technical part of videography, but I imagined that the principles also apply for the photography.
Answers.UserDisplayName: sanjihan
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
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Answers.LastActivityDate: 2016-07-17T13:15:11.430Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2017-04-13T12:46:08.110Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: MoritzLost
Body: <p>I am particularly interested in high-speed videography. Any tips on how to get started, what equipment should I have, understanding about lenses, apertures, what are the laws I need to obey, what should I learn and from where? Clearly I am lacking in basic knowledge.</p>
  
  <p>Perhaps a better question is what books or courses should I take to bring me to the point where I will be able to just Google the questions I have. The problem is, that I have zero background knowledge about video taking and photography and therefore my vocabulary regarding things I need to know about videography is nonexistent.</p>
  
Tags: <video><slowmotion>
Title: What are the basics of high-speed videography?
UserDisplayName: sanjihan
ThreadText: # What are the basics of high-speed videography?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2016-07-17)
  
  I am particularly interested in high-speed videography. Any tips on how to get started, what equipment should I have, understanding about lenses, apertures, what are the laws I need to obey, what should I learn and from where? Clearly I am lacking in basic knowledge.
  
  Perhaps a better question is what books or courses should I take to bring me to the point where I will be able to just Google the questions I have. The problem is, that I have zero background knowledge about video taking and photography and therefore my vocabulary regarding things I need to know about videography is nonexistent.
  
  **Tags:** video, slowmotion
  
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2016-07-17. Score: 1 | Accepted answer
  
  I just changed the title to focus on high-speed videography, which is a much, much narrower topic than videography (and cinematography) in general.
  
  The basics are these: due to [persistence of vision](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistence_of_vision), the eye can be fooled into interpreting a series of still images as if they are continuous motion at around 16 frames per second. There are a variety of reasons why people shoot at 24, 25, 30, 60, and even 120 frames per second for "normal" speed.
  
  The premise of high-speed video recording is to capture and display temporal details that are normally too fast for human vision to really make sense of: a balloon bursting, the details of a bee's or a hummingbird's wing-beats, the flight of bullet fired from a gun.
  
  A [hummingbird flaps its wings approximately 50 times per second](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hummingbird). If sampled at 25 fps with a 180-degree shutter (meaning 1/2 of 1/25th of a second, or 1/50th of a second), then every other wing beat would be fully blurred across the entire range of motion of the flapping. If the shutter were restricted to 18 degrees (meaning 1/500th of a second), the blur of the wing would be reduced to 1/10th the total range of the flap. Again, every other wingbeat would be imaged, and what would show up is approximately the same 1/10th of the wing beat every time. As a movie, it would look like the hummingbird was hovering due to a blurry wing that didn't really move. That's still not a very good visual explanation of what's happening.
  
  If you want the wings to beat 2x per second, or [120 bpm](https://jog.fm/workout-songs/at/120/bpm?order=desc&sort=popularity), you need to slow them down by 25x (from 50 bps down to 2 bps), which, at 25fps would mean shooting 625 fps. A standard shutter angle for the perception of smooth images at any frame rate is 180 degrees, which means 1/1250th of a second.
  
  There are various cameras that shoot at such high frame rates. Many have severe restrictions on the resolution they can provide and/or the image compression schemes they use. At the high end, a [Phantom](https://www.phantomhighspeed.com/Products/Phantom-Camera-Products) sets the pace, and records up to 1,000,000 frames per second. In the consumer world, SONY sells [a camera that will do up to 960 fps (1000 fps in PAL)](http://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1159879-REG/sony_dsc_rx100_mark_4_digital.html).
  
  Once you have sorted out what frame rate is necessary to expand the event you care about (such as how long it takes for a bullet to pass through an apple) to the time frame you want to observe (a 30 second excerpt of a pop song), you can calculate the slowdown you need, and from that also the shutter speed you will need.
  
  Once you know your shutter speed and the camera's sensitivity, you can calculate how much light you need. If you are shooting at 1,000,000 frames per second with a 360 degree (1/1,000,000th of a second) shutter, you need a lot of light. Like 1,000x (or 10 f-stops) more light than when shooting at 1,000th of a second. Getting a bright enough light that doesn't melt your subject (or turn it to smoke), and [that does not appear to flicker or wander](http://www.lovehighspeed.com/lighting-for-high-speed/) when capturing high speed requires research. The Sun has none of these problems, but it doesn't work at night or inside a studio.
  
  Finally, you have to worry about depth of field. When shooting things at normal speed, a focus-puller can adjust focus as the subject moves from one depth in the frame to another. Since nobody can pull focus at super-sonic speed, one must determine how much depth of field is necessary for the crucial moments of the shot, and then compose so that those crucial moments are all in focus from beginning to end.
  
  Now, it may be that you are just interested in 48fps or 96fps, slowed down to 24fps. That's a lot less extreme than 500 fps or 1,000,000 fps. But the caveats apply: you need more lighting than when shooting at slower frame rates and shutter speeds, you need lighting that won't flicker, and you need to appreciate that it gets exponentially more difficult to track focus as your multiple of the normal frame rate increases.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_2**: Way to render my answer obsolete °ω°  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2016-07-17. Score: 1
  
  Ok this question should *probably* be put on hold as it is way too broad for a single answer. If I understand you correctly, you're asking about both the technical and artistic aspects of both photography and videography, topics which people study for years in universities. So if you *really* want to learn all that stuff, sign up for a course at an university. That said, here are some pointers.
  
  First a disclaimer, you're not gonna 'master' any of this by watching Youtube tutorials, reading blogs or even books. The only way you're gonna become better is by practicing a lot. I know people who know all there is to know about their fancy camera, but couldn't compose a decent shot if their life depended on it. But what sucks even more are those who can't compose a shot *and* can't handle their fancy camera, so ...
  
  ## Technical skills
  
  Since you asked about photography, I recommend the [reddit photoclass archive](http://www.r-photoclass.com/). It's a great ressource to start learning the basics of DSLR cameras (most of it will also apply to medium- to high-end video cameras). There's also a list of additional ressources at the end of [this post](https://www.reddit.com/r/photoclass/comments/d3tq3/photoclass_frequently_asked_questions/).
  
  Here's an excerpt (Disclaimer: I don't know all of those myself):
  
  > * Ansel Adams - "[The Camera](https://www.amazon.co.uk/New-Photo-Camera-Ansel-Adams/dp/0821221841)", "[The Negative](https://www.amazon.co.uk/New-Photo-Negative-Ansel-Photography/dp/0821221868)" and "[The Print](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Print-New-Photo-Ansel-Adams/dp/0821221876)" - The reference. A bit outdated and dealing mostly with print, but still very useful reading for any serious photographer
  > * Scott Kelby - "[Digital Photography Vol. 1-3](https://www.amazon.co.uk/Scott-Kelbys-Digital-Photography-Boxed/dp/0321678737)" - very easy to read and quite complete, a good introduction text
  > * [1x.com](https://1x.com/) - for inspiration.
  > * [/r/photography](https://www.reddit.com/r/photography) - reddit's own photography experts.
  
  The photography subreddit has a weekly beginner's question thread, might be useful for you. Also check out [/r/askphotography/](https://www.reddit.com/r/askphotography).
  
  Again, those are only the very basics.
  
  ## Artistic aspects
  
  I've already written a lengthy post on that, [check it out here](https://video.stackexchange.com/questions/16389/good-learning-resources-for-non-technical-aspects-of-filmmaking/16399#16399). This also contains some links concerning the technical aspects of videography (in this field, technical and artistic goes very much hand in hand). Also check out the second answer for some additional links.
  
  Again, practice. It might also help to look at other people's work. For photography, you can check out the following sites:
  
  * [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/) (Yes, seriously, there are some real photographers there.)
  * [Gurushots](http://gurushots.com/) (Photo competitions. Look at all submissions, not only the winners.)
  * [/r/photocritique](https://www.reddit.com/r/photocritique) (Read the comments to learn a lot about how photographers think about photos and what makes a good photo)
  * [500px](https://500px.com/) (Photo sharing site aimed at professional photographers. I'm not using it, but photographers often recommend it.)
  
  For movies, well, just watch good movies. The post above contains a link to a list of movies to watch.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: Thanks for comprehensive answer. Will take a look at those links and some university courses. I am actually interested in the technical part of videography, but I imagined that the principles also apply for the photography.  
  
  ---
  
  