Answers.Body: <p>Complexity is the main thing.  Because of how audio works, there tends to not be a whole lot of variation in the quality you get from a given bit rate.  While video often has frames that are very similar from one image to another, audio rarely has the exact same sound playing for a long period of time.</p>
  
  <p>This lack of predictability in audio means that the compression ends up being similarly efficient between one clip and another, so the quality levels can be closely associated to a given bit rate.</p>
  
  <p>Video on the other hand can be predictable or unpredictable.  Some videos sit on the same background for a long time with slow changes between scenes and large areas of similar color within those scenes.  Such videos can be compressed very heavily and maintain their quality since large areas of the same color that remain consistent over time compress very well.  </p>
  
  <p>Other videos may have lots of action on complex background with rapid cuts between shots.  Such video requires a much higher bitrate for the same quality because the rate of change within the video is much higher.</p>
  
  <p>This distinction makes video unsuitable for "standard" bitrates because they are no guarantee of quality.  Instead, standard metrics are based around arbitrary, subjective quality levels of video.  Since there isn't a good concrete way to measure quality level, each company ends up using their own definition of what quality their videos are and use the balance of file size and quality to differentiate their offering.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-28T10:01:59.167Z
Answers.Text: I believe this is the most thorough explanation, my confusion is resolved. Thanks again to all for the answers!
Answers.UserDisplayName: qwalter
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T14:30:21.217Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2014-01-27T14:30:21.217Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: AJ Henderson
Answers.Body: <p>The bitrate for music has to do with the way our brain perceives audio. </p>
  
  <p>I won't go into detail, but for each bit you add to a sample, you lower the noise floor -6dB. This means, that there is definable sweet spot for when humans starts to enjoy listening because the fidelity of what we hear through the speakers is close enough to what we think we would hear if the original audio source was there with us. </p>
  
  <p>I guess I'm not the only who has confused a lamp for a person in the dark, or been fooled by visual illusions. </p>
  
  <p>Our brain is funny this way, and much more sensitive to audible distortion, than to visual.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T14:18:42.503Z
Answers.Text: This only really applies to bit *depth* in pcm audio, rather than bit *rate* in compressed audio.
Answers.UserDisplayName: stib
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T14:20:12.450Z
Answers.Text: Oh man, I answered a bit too quick there. - You still need a certain bit rate to ascertain fidelity in terms of both sample rate and bit depth though
Answers.UserDisplayName: AlexanderBrevig
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T14:22:52.470Z
Answers.Text: I had to vote this down because the answer is simply wrong.  Yes, a certain bit rate is needed to maintain fidelity for a certain sample rate and bit depth, but it doesn't give any reason for a standard set of rates and the basic premise is misleading.
Answers.UserDisplayName: AJ Henderson
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T13:42:24.433Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2014-01-27T13:42:24.433Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: AlexanderBrevig
Answers.Body: <p>The reason audio has 'standard' bitrates is because it evolved in such a way that was supported by the 'infrastructure' of the industry - that is, digital audio became a standard because those creating the content (record labels) decided "this is how CDs will work".</p>
  
  <p>Digital video, however, has always* been a free-for-all, with each camera manufacturer creating their own proprietary format. As such, there has been no 'infrastructure' standard for video - the closest we have yet have been <em>codec</em> standards, not <em>bitrate</em>.</p>
  
  <hr>
  
  <p>*Close enough</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T14:17:10.463Z
Answers.Text: I'd say rather than being a free-for all, it is more a case that video encoding is still improving dramatically, whereas audio has been pretty stable for a while. Also the demand for efficiency in compression is higher - 128k for an audio stream is nothing compared to what a HD frame requires - and now 4K and soon 8K etc. Also the processing power required to compress and decompress audio has been around for longer than it has for video.
Answers.UserDisplayName: stib
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T14:37:10.803Z
Answers.Text: Most video cameras use standard formats (at least at the level of consumers to moderate level professionals).  They may choose different quality settings, but that isn't proprietary formats for the most part.  Select high end models do use their own formats, but that has nothing to do with final output bitrates in standard video formats that are consumed by the masses (which seems to be what this question is talking about).
Answers.UserDisplayName: AJ Henderson
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2014-01-27T07:21:07.547Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2014-01-27T07:21:07.547Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: nchpmn
Body: <p>I got into live streaming recently and while I was reading up on encoding settings I noticed that even though there are rules of thumb, there doesn't seem to be a standard set of bit rates we could point to for various requirements of quality like audio (eg 96 128 192 224 etc).</p>
  
  <p>Why is that? Wouldn't a standard set of numbers be handy? Am I looking at this the wrong way?</p>
  
  <p>Thanks</p>
  
Tags: <video-quality><audio-quality><encoding>
Title: Why does audio have standard bit rates whereas video does not
UserDisplayName: qwalter
ThreadText: # Why does audio have standard bit rates whereas video does not
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2014-01-26)
  
  I got into live streaming recently and while I was reading up on encoding settings I noticed that even though there are rules of thumb, there doesn't seem to be a standard set of bit rates we could point to for various requirements of quality like audio (eg 96 128 192 224 etc).
  
  Why is that? Wouldn't a standard set of numbers be handy? Am I looking at this the wrong way?
  
  Thanks
  
  **Tags:** video-quality, audio-quality, encoding
  
  
  ---
  
  ## 3 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2014-01-27. Score: 2 | Accepted answer
  
  Complexity is the main thing. Because of how audio works, there tends to not be a whole lot of variation in the quality you get from a given bit rate. While video often has frames that are very similar from one image to another, audio rarely has the exact same sound playing for a long period of time.
  
  This lack of predictability in audio means that the compression ends up being similarly efficient between one clip and another, so the quality levels can be closely associated to a given bit rate.
  
  Video on the other hand can be predictable or unpredictable. Some videos sit on the same background for a long time with slow changes between scenes and large areas of similar color within those scenes. Such videos can be compressed very heavily and maintain their quality since large areas of the same color that remain consistent over time compress very well.
  
  Other videos may have lots of action on complex background with rapid cuts between shots. Such video requires a much higher bitrate for the same quality because the rate of change within the video is much higher.
  
  This distinction makes video unsuitable for "standard" bitrates because they are no guarantee of quality. Instead, standard metrics are based around arbitrary, subjective quality levels of video. Since there isn't a good concrete way to measure quality level, each company ends up using their own definition of what quality their videos are and use the balance of file size and quality to differentiate their offering.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: I believe this is the most thorough explanation, my confusion is resolved. Thanks again to all for the answers!  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_4 on 2014-01-27. Score: 0
  
  The reason audio has 'standard' bitrates is because it evolved in such a way that was supported by the 'infrastructure' of the industry - that is, digital audio became a standard because those creating the content (record labels) decided "this is how CDs will work".
  
  Digital video, however, has always\* been a free-for-all, with each camera manufacturer creating their own proprietary format. As such, there has been no 'infrastructure' standard for video - the closest we have yet have been *codec* standards, not *bitrate*.
  
  ---
  
  \*Close enough
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_3**: I'd say rather than being a free-for all, it is more a case that video encoding is still improving dramatically, whereas audio has been pretty stable for a while. Also the demand for efficiency in compression is higher - 128k for an audio stream is nothing compared to what a HD frame requires - and now 4K and soon 8K etc. Also the processing power required to compress and decompress audio has been around for longer than it has for video.  
  > **username_1**: Most video cameras use standard formats (at least at the level of consumers to moderate level professionals).  They may choose different quality settings, but that isn't proprietary formats for the most part.  Select high end models do use their own formats, but that has nothing to do with final output bitrates in standard video formats that are consumed by the masses (which seems to be what this question is talking about).  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2014-01-27. Score: -1
  
  The bitrate for music has to do with the way our brain perceives audio.
  
  I won't go into detail, but for each bit you add to a sample, you lower the noise floor -6dB. This means, that there is definable sweet spot for when humans starts to enjoy listening because the fidelity of what we hear through the speakers is close enough to what we think we would hear if the original audio source was there with us.
  
  I guess I'm not the only who has confused a lamp for a person in the dark, or been fooled by visual illusions.
  
  Our brain is funny this way, and much more sensitive to audible distortion, than to visual.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_3**: This only really applies to bit *depth* in pcm audio, rather than bit *rate* in compressed audio.  
  > **username_2**: Oh man, I answered a bit too quick there. - You still need a certain bit rate to ascertain fidelity in terms of both sample rate and bit depth though  
  > **username_1**: I had to vote this down because the answer is simply wrong.  Yes, a certain bit rate is needed to maintain fidelity for a certain sample rate and bit depth, but it doesn't give any reason for a standard set of rates and the basic premise is misleading.  
  
  ---
  
  