Answers.Body: <p>First let me explain chroma subsampling, as this is the reason why 4k -> 1080p always looks better than native 1080p</p>
  
  <p>Consumer &amp; pro-sumer camera gear, anything not super high end, cuts some corners to save on processing and storage.  You'll find this information when you look in your specs and see the 4:2:2 like number.  So what's happening is for every 4 pixels, in a square, 2 of them are being used for color (so the top 2 pixels are the same color, and the bottom two pixels are the same color) and all 4 pixels have their own brightness level so that you get the appearance of 4 different colors in this 2x2 block of pixels.  This reduces the amount of data by 1/3rd and what's even more popular even in higher end equipment is 4:2:0 which cuts the data in half.  The reason it saves so much is because a color requires 3 pieces of information plus 1 piece for brightness, so 4 per pixel, but if you throw away color information but keep half or all the brightness, you can approximate the colors.  This is generally imperceivable to the naked eye but it's still a detail shortcut and it's problematic for green screening where you now have multiple mixes of green and non green mixing together and is part of the reason why you see a green halo around people in amateur green screening.</p>
  
  <p>This concept is applied at any level you are recording, so if you record at 1080p your camera is probably doing 422 or 420 and if you kick it up to 4k it's still doing 422/420 but when you down sample 4k to 1080p e, you turn a 2x2 block of pixels into 1 pixel, so now you have all the color and light detail so you are essentially at 444 quality, which is maximum detail.</p>
  
  <p>You can read more about it on Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling</a></p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-17T09:36:46.483Z
Answers.Text: I understand chroma subsampling, but it doesn't seem to be an issue with the original 1080p footage, unless you're saying that chroma subsampling is more of a problem at low bitrates?
Answers.UserDisplayName: Michael
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-20T00:08:12.887Z
Answers.Text: What is happening is that the native 1080p footage is subsampled, so the chroma is at 960x540 resolution, but the 4k footage that is scaled down has full resolution chroma. There's an additional factor at play, by using 4 source pixels to create one output pixel, it's a bit like shooting in 10 bit, so there is more information to start with.
Answers.UserDisplayName: stib
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-07-01T20:31:23.867Z
Answers.Text: @stib well it's not outright 1/4th the res because the lighting levels are still full 1080p, the color is 1/4th but then the brightness changes the shade of that color as close as the pixel really was, it's a pretty neat optimization and the damage on quality is minimal... tbh it doesn't really explain the guy's problem
Answers.UserDisplayName: TravisO
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-05-13T19:38:15.773Z
Answers.Text: That is not how camera sensors work. They use a Bayer pattern, it has nothing to do with chroma subsampling
Answers.UserDisplayName: Jakobovski
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-13T18:11:08.013Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2019-06-13T18:11:08.013Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: TravisO
Answers.Body: <p>Very good question!</p>
  
  <p>There are some factors, but the most important one would be multisampling. If you know your way around gaming, you probably heard of anti-aliasing. To get rid of jagged edges, you take samples of many pixels around one pixel to determine its accurate color and brightness. Aliasing is not really the same thing for video, but the main mechanic works similar. Where a 1080p recording only has one sample for each pixel in a 1080p sequence, 4k footage on the other hand will have much more information for each pixel when downsampled to 1080p.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-13T14:54:03.167Z
Answers.Text: Surely that can't explain such a huge difference in sharpness, especially since they are at the same bit rate? 4K footage should have 4 times the resolution, but when downsampled, the difference shouldn't still be 4 times? And the thing is, the original 1080p footage looks fine to me, and the downsampling benefit of 4K only appears in lower bitrates. I can't comprehend what happened.
Answers.UserDisplayName: Michael
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-13T15:01:15.267Z
Answers.Text: I think my main confusion is why the benefit of downsampling 4K is only apparent at low bitrates? I'm concerned that I might be rendering my videos incorrectly.
Answers.UserDisplayName: Michael
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-13T18:43:17.607Z
Answers.Text: The same amount of information is stored for a pixel no matter what resolution it is: 480p, 720p, 1080p, 4k, etc.  Of course bitrates and chroma subsampling makes this much more complicated to understand.  I have explained how chroma subsampling is playing a role in this quality difference in my answer.
Answers.UserDisplayName: TravisO
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-06-13T08:29:06.870Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2019-06-13T08:29:06.870Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Florian Claaßen
Body: <p>I noticed when I export my footage at low bitrates (eg. 10 Mbps, 1080p), my 1080p footage looks way blurrier than my downscaled 4K footage. </p>
  
  <p>This is despite the fact that the original footage looks similar in terms of sharpness when viewed at 1080p. Anyone knows what is the problem? This issue disappears at higher bitrates.</p>
  
  <p>Another weird thing is that 10 Mbps 4K downsampled is actually sharper than 50 Mbps native 1080p? I can't get my head around this. I always thought the benefits of downsampling is only visible at high bitrates. Something about the low bitrate seems to affect the 1080p footage but not the 4K footage.</p>
  
  <p>Have a look at the images below - no sharpening applied - tried to get roughly the same framing. Ignore my color grading, I know it's not that great.</p>
  
  <p>Also, I'm using the latest version of Adobe Media Encoder. The 1080p footage in question is 120p if that matters, and the original 1080p footage has quite a low bitrate. However, as seen in the image below, despite the low bitrate, the original still looks relatively sharp.</p>
  
  <p><strong>Original</strong>
  <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/LstH5.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/LstH5.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
  
  <p><strong>50 Mbps Export</strong>
  <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/oJgeo.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/oJgeo.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
  
  <p><strong>10 Mbps Export</strong>
  <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/0huKy.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/0huKy.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
  
  <p><strong>10 Mbps Export (4K downscaled)</strong>
  <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/al7Lb.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/al7Lb.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
  
Tags: <4k><1080p>
Title: Why is 4K downsampled so much better than 1080p at low bitrates?
UserDisplayName: Michael
ThreadText: # Why is 4K downsampled so much better than 1080p at low bitrates?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2019-06-11)
  
  I noticed when I export my footage at low bitrates (eg. 10 Mbps, 1080p), my 1080p footage looks way blurrier than my downscaled 4K footage.
  
  This is despite the fact that the original footage looks similar in terms of sharpness when viewed at 1080p. Anyone knows what is the problem? This issue disappears at higher bitrates.
  
  Another weird thing is that 10 Mbps 4K downsampled is actually sharper than 50 Mbps native 1080p? I can't get my head around this. I always thought the benefits of downsampling is only visible at high bitrates. Something about the low bitrate seems to affect the 1080p footage but not the 4K footage.
  
  Have a look at the images below - no sharpening applied - tried to get roughly the same framing. Ignore my color grading, I know it's not that great.
  
  Also, I'm using the latest version of Adobe Media Encoder. The 1080p footage in question is 120p if that matters, and the original 1080p footage has quite a low bitrate. However, as seen in the image below, despite the low bitrate, the original still looks relatively sharp.
  
  **Original**
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/LstH5.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/LstH5.png)
  
  **50 Mbps Export**
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/oJgeo.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/oJgeo.png)
  
  **10 Mbps Export**
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/0huKy.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/0huKy.png)
  
  **10 Mbps Export (4K downscaled)**
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/al7Lb.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/al7Lb.png)
  
  **Tags:** 4k, 1080p
  
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2019-06-13. Score: 2
  
  First let me explain chroma subsampling, as this is the reason why 4k -> 1080p always looks better than native 1080p
  
  Consumer & pro-sumer camera gear, anything not super high end, cuts some corners to save on processing and storage. You'll find this information when you look in your specs and see the 4:2:2 like number. So what's happening is for every 4 pixels, in a square, 2 of them are being used for color (so the top 2 pixels are the same color, and the bottom two pixels are the same color) and all 4 pixels have their own brightness level so that you get the appearance of 4 different colors in this 2x2 block of pixels. This reduces the amount of data by 1/3rd and what's even more popular even in higher end equipment is 4:2:0 which cuts the data in half. The reason it saves so much is because a color requires 3 pieces of information plus 1 piece for brightness, so 4 per pixel, but if you throw away color information but keep half or all the brightness, you can approximate the colors. This is generally imperceivable to the naked eye but it's still a detail shortcut and it's problematic for green screening where you now have multiple mixes of green and non green mixing together and is part of the reason why you see a green halo around people in amateur green screening.
  
  This concept is applied at any level you are recording, so if you record at 1080p your camera is probably doing 422 or 420 and if you kick it up to 4k it's still doing 422/420 but when you down sample 4k to 1080p e, you turn a 2x2 block of pixels into 1 pixel, so now you have all the color and light detail so you are essentially at 444 quality, which is maximum detail.
  
  You can read more about it on Wikipedia: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling>
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: I understand chroma subsampling, but it doesn't seem to be an issue with the original 1080p footage, unless you're saying that chroma subsampling is more of a problem at low bitrates?  
  > **username_2**: What is happening is that the native 1080p footage is subsampled, so the chroma is at 960x540 resolution, but the 4k footage that is scaled down has full resolution chroma. There's an additional factor at play, by using 4 source pixels to create one output pixel, it's a bit like shooting in 10 bit, so there is more information to start with.  
  > **username_1**: @username_2 well it's not outright 1/4th the res because the lighting levels are still full 1080p, the color is 1/4th but then the brightness changes the shade of that color as close as the pixel really was, it's a pretty neat optimization and the damage on quality is minimal... tbh it doesn't really explain the guy's problem  
  > **username_3**: That is not how camera sensors work. They use a Bayer pattern, it has nothing to do with chroma subsampling  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_4 on 2019-06-13. Score: 0
  
  Very good question!
  
  There are some factors, but the most important one would be multisampling. If you know your way around gaming, you probably heard of anti-aliasing. To get rid of jagged edges, you take samples of many pixels around one pixel to determine its accurate color and brightness. Aliasing is not really the same thing for video, but the main mechanic works similar. Where a 1080p recording only has one sample for each pixel in a 1080p sequence, 4k footage on the other hand will have much more information for each pixel when downsampled to 1080p.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: Surely that can't explain such a huge difference in sharpness, especially since they are at the same bit rate? 4K footage should have 4 times the resolution, but when downsampled, the difference shouldn't still be 4 times? And the thing is, the original 1080p footage looks fine to me, and the downsampling benefit of 4K only appears in lower bitrates. I can't comprehend what happened.  
  > **username_0**: I think my main confusion is why the benefit of downsampling 4K is only apparent at low bitrates? I'm concerned that I might be rendering my videos incorrectly.  
  > **username_1**: The same amount of information is stored for a pixel no matter what resolution it is: 480p, 720p, 1080p, 4k, etc.  Of course bitrates and chroma subsampling makes this much more complicated to understand.  I have explained how chroma subsampling is playing a role in this quality difference in my answer.  
  
  ---
  
  