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4318435

Manuel Antonio Santiago Tarin

Manuel Antonio Santiago Tarín (1811–1849) (also known as Manuel Leal) was a Mexican soldier and a recruiter and participant in the Texas Revolution on the Texian side. Early life He was born in San Antonio de Béxar (now San Antonio, Texas, United States). He married María Luisa Cásares by 1846 and had at least two children. The son of a military officer, Vicente Tarín and his wife, Juana Isidora Leal, he was grandson of rancher Joaquin Leal and great-great-grandson of Juan Leal, first alcalde (mayor) of San Antonio. Tarín was baptized at the San Antonio de Valero Mission ("the Alamo") two days after his birth. In 1813, there was much political turmoil in the region. His father, a Spanish officer, joined the invasion forces of the Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition. After the defeat at the battle of Medina, he fled the Spanish repercussions. He went into exile in the Louisiana territory leaving Manuel and his mother in the care of a Catholic priest. Though his father was given a conditional pardon in 1814, he refused it and chose to remain in exile, continuing in the rebellion against the Spanish crown. By 1830, Manuel Tarín became a soldier in the Second Flying Company of San Carlos de Parras (Álamo de Parras), serving first at the Alamo and then Fort Tenoxtitlán. The Mexican government's failed support of its frontier outposts forced its men and their families to suffer under the harshest of conditions. Tarín deserted twice, but was returned to duty both times. His unit ultimately returned to San Antonio and the Alamo. Texas Revolution Tarín was largely dissatisfied with the Mexican army as was demonstrated when he was apprehended with his own brother, José Vicente and other accomplices after trying to steal guns and ammunition from the Alamo stores. By 1835, he deserted the Mexican army and enlisted in the Texas army. On February 22, 1836, Tarin mustered into Juan N. Seguín's company of Tejanos. Salvador Flores and Manuel Leal recruiting and organizing 41 Tejano volunteers from ranches southwest of San Antonio reinforced the Texan forces on the Salado Creek, in mid October, a few days after Juan Seguin and Plácido Benavides of Victoria had gathered almost 70 men to aid Commander Stephen F. Austin. He fought at the siege of Béxar under the command of Stephen F. Austin. Although traveling with Seguín to the Battle of San Jacinto, illness prevented him from being in the final fight. Tarín left the military in July 1837. For his service as a Corporal with the Texas army, he was awarded several hundred acres in donation land grants and bounty warrants. He died sometime after 1849.

4318458

Saurashtra Kingdom

Saurashtra kingdom was one of the kingdom among the many kingdoms ruled by Yadava kings in the central and western India. Other kingdoms in this group include Chedi Kingdom, Dasarna Kingdom, Surasena Kingdom or Vraja Kingdom, Karusha Kingdom, Kunti Kingdom, Avanti Kingdom, Malava Kingdom, Gurjara Kingdom, Anarta Kingdom, Dwaraka Kingdom, Heheya Kingdom and Vidarbha Kingdom. It is roughly the southern Gujarat including the peninsular region. The name Surat, a modern city of Gujarat, is derived from the name Saurashtra. The peninsular region forming the southern Gujarat is still known as Saurashtra. References in Mahabharata Sahadeva's Military Campaign Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 30: And next turning his forces against the Paurava kingdom, Sahadeva vanquished and reduced to subjection the monarch thereof. And the prince, after this, with great efforts brought Akriti, the princess of Saurashtra and official message girl of the Kausikas under his sway. The virtuous princess, while staying in the kingdom of Saurashtra sent an ambiguously flamboyant ambassador unto king Rukmin of Bhishmaka within the territories of Bhojakata. Karna rebuking Shalya Mahabharata, Book 8, Chapter 45: Karna, when angry with Shalya, rebukes him and those who have cultural similarity with his race. The Pancalas observe the duties enjoined in the Vedas; the Kauravas observe truth; the Matsyas and the Surasenas perform sacrifices, the Easterners follow the practices of the Shudras; the Southerners are fallen; the Vahikas are thieves. Sage Dhaumya describes the holy places in Saurashtra Mahabharata, Book 3, Chapter 88: I shall now, O Yudhishthira, describe the sacred spots, and asylums, and rivers and lakes belonging to the Surashtra country! O Yudhishthira, on the sea-coast is the Chamasodbheda, and also Prabhasa, that tirtha which is much regarded by the Gods. There also is the tirtha called Pindaraka, frequented by ascetics. In that region is a mighty hill named Ujjayanta which conduceth to speedy success. Regarding it the celestial Rishi Narada hath recited an ancient sloka. By performing austerities on the sacred hill of Ujjayanta in Surashtra, that abounds in birds and animals, a person becometh regarded in heaven. There also is Dwaravati, producing great merit, where dwelleth the illustrious Vasudeva Krishna. Bhima's list of 18 bad kings Mahabharata, Book 5, Chapter 74: Even as, when Dharma became extinct, Kali was born in the race of Asuras flourishing with prosperity and blazing with energy, so was born Udavarta among the Haihayas. Janamejaya among the Nepas, Vahula among the Talajanghas, proud Vasu among the Krimis, Ajavindu among the Suviras, Rushardhik among the Surashtras, Arkaja among the Valihas, Dhautamulaka among the Chinas, Hayagriva among the Videhas, Varayu among the Mahaujasas, Vahu among the Sundaras, Pururavas among the Diptakshas, Sahaja among the Chedis and Matsyas, Vrishaddhaja among the Praviras, Dharana among the Chandra-batsyas, Bigahana among the Mukutas and Sama among the Nandivegas. These vile individuals spring up, at the end of each Yuga, in their respective races, for the destruction of their kinsmen. Kurukshetra War Mahabharata, Book 6, Chapter 20: That large force which was well protected by mighty car-warriors of the Vrishni and the Bhoja races, as also by the warriors of Surashtra well-armed and well-acquainted with the uses of weapons, and which was led by Kritavarman, proceeded towards the south of the Kaurava army. Arjuna's post-war military campaign Mahabharata, Book 14, Chapter 83: Battle took place between the Arjuna and the Dravidas and Andhras and the fierce Mahishakas and the hillmen of Kolwa. Subjugating those tribes without having to accomplish any fierce feats, Arjuna proceeded to the country of the Surashtras, his footsteps guided by the horse. He repaired thence to Prabhasa. Next he proceeded to the beautiful city of Dwaravati protected by the heroes of the Vrishni race. When the beautiful sacrificial horse of the Kuru king reached Dwaravati, the Yadava youths, used force against that foremost of steeds. King Ugrasena, however, soon went out and forbade those youths from doing what they meditated.

4318468

Cheltenham Girls High School

Cheltenham Girls High School, is a public, comprehensive, high school for girls, located in Cheltenham, a suburb on the Upper North Shore of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1957 and operated by the New South Wales Department of Education and Training, the school has a non-selective enrolment policy and currently caters for approximately 1,260 students from Years 7 to 12. In the 2006 Higher School Certificate, the National Education Directory of Australia named Cheltenham Girls High School the sixth best performing school, and the best non-selective public school in Sydney's Hornsby region. The school is well-known for its distinctive pink uniform has recently celebrated their 60th anniversary. History Cheltenham Girls High School was founded in 1957–1958 by Bessie Mitchell who also acted as the first Principal. The School is located on the former residential estate of the Vicars family, who had donated the land for the only purpose of building a school. A leadlight window from the original house is now situated in the administration foyer, as well as a larger window of a ship being located in the E block. The ship is used in the header of the school newsletter, Yarrabee The first students of the school were accommodated at Epping Boys' High School buildings during 1957, as the school was still in the process of being built. The Epping boys playground was separated, one side for the girls, one for the boys. The boys were caned if they were seen in the girl's playground. These students finally moved to new buildings on the Cheltenham site in 1958 and comprised four classes of second-year students and 10 classes of first-year students. A common myth associated with the school is that the colour of the uniform comes from a bequest, the terms of which stated that the uniform must be pink. In fact, it was not Bessie Mitchell as some think, who decided the uniforms should be pink dresses; it was the Vicars family who previously owned the land. These dresses are still worn today and are noted throughout the area. One highlight of the Cheltenham school year is the annual Presentation Day, which is held at the Sydney Opera House each year. The majority of students, staff and parents travel to Circular Quay station in a special train reserved for this occasion (the "Cheltenham Express"). Curriculum Cheltenham Girls' High School is registered and accredited with the New South Wales Board of Studies, and therefore follows the mandated curriculum for all years. The school provides two years of compulsory subjects (Years 7–8); two years of compulsory subjects, plus three elective subjects for the School Certificate (Years 9–10); and two years preparing for the Higher School Certificate (HSC) (Years 11–12). In Years 11 and 12, a minimum of 12 units Preliminary and 10 units HSC must be studied, with English the only mandatory subject. The school also offers two accelerated course for selected students, the subject are IPT, and Aboriginal Studies. Additional courses are also available through TAFE NSW, the Open High School, Saturday School of Community Languages and other providers. The school is a comprehensive high school, and typically performs well in the HSC, outperforming some public selective schools. In the 2006 HSC, the National Education Directory of Australia named Cheltenham Girls the sixth best performing school, and the best non-selective public school in Sydney's Hornsby region. House system Students are divided alphabetically into six house groups. School carnivals in swimming athletics and cross country are organised on a house basis. There are also sport prefects mostly from the senior years, but a few from the juniors in each sport house that lead the houses into house and school spirit chants and organise house meetings and do various jobs. The houses are: Bookoola (light blue) — "wise owl" Mirrabooka (dark blue) — "Southern Cross" Coolaroo (yellow) — "Stars" Petarli (white and black) — "The Moon" Dulkara (red) — "Rainbow" Wirreanda (green) — "Tall Trees" Student Leadership School prefects are elected from year 11 by staff and peers in years 10 to 12 in June each year. The captain, vice-captain and senior prefect are elected by the prefects. Transport prefects are elected from year 11 and support the safety, welfare and conduct of each student as she travels to and from school. Transport prefects report misbehavior, problems etc. to the head teacher welfare. The SRC is a representative body comprising students from each year 7 through 12. Years 8 to 11 elect their six representatives from a whole year. Each year 7 class elects its own representative and if there happens to be a tie between two people, both of them become a member of the SRC. Elections are held in the first semester(late in Term 1 or early in Term 2). The SRC organises many events, sometimes along with other non-elected student body groups. Organisations P & C Association: Cheltenham's Parents and Citizens' Association takes an interest in the welfare and education of its students. The annual general meeting of the P&C takes place at the beginning of each school year and regular meetings are held each term. One highlight of the school year is the annual Art & Craft Show, which is held at the beginning of the second term. This event is run by the P&C and is the major fundraising event for the year. Cheltenham Old Girls Association: The Old Girls Association promotes ongoing contact between former students and supports the school with fundraising efforts. SRC: this is a panel of girls from each grade in the school who help with raising money for charities and helping girls have their say on what is needed around the school. Notable alumnae Barbara Darling, second woman to become a bishop in the Anglican Church of Australia Meredith Oakes, playwright and music critic. Louise Robert-Smith, headmistress of Ascham School. Christine Piper, writer, Winner of the Australian/Vogel Literary Award for her novel After Darkness. Chris Ronalds AM SC, barrister, author of "Discrimination Law and Practice" Greer Skinner, Annette Harada, Angela Blackshaw and Naomi "Batti" Battah, members of ARIA nominated rock band Skulker. Kylie Kwong, celebrity chef Lily Serna, mathematician and TV presenter, formerly co-host of SBS Television's Letters and Numbers Chantelle Kerry, figure skater, ice dancer, Olympian Fiona Clifton, previous deputy headmistress of Cheltenham Girls High School Monica McDonald, 1988 Olympian, figure skater Jenny Coupland, Miss Australia 1982 Jaclyn Moriarty, bestselling author, freelance Journalist for The Philadelphia Inquirer Sophie Ferguson, professional tennis player Catherine Cox, netball player Lucille Everett, actress, television presenter Julie Goodwin, winner of Masterchef Australia Jane Asby, author, writer, essayist Beverley Dunn, set decorator, Oscar Award 2014 for The Great Gatsby Amy Witting, novelist and poet, winner of the Patrick White Award (1993) and The Age Book of the Year Award (2000), and twice short listed for the Miles Franklin Award (1990 and 2000) Thea Astley (taught as Thea Gregson) novelist and poet, four-time winner of the Miles Franklin Award (1962,1965,1972,1999), twice winner of The Age Book of the Year Fiction Award (1975, 1996), OAM 1980, OA 1992. Sorrel Wilby, adventurer, author and TV presenter. Kate Raison, actor. Judith Stove, author. Sherine Salama (also studied at Santa Sabina), documentary maker. Professor Kaarin Anstey, leading dementia researcher.

4318470

Lord High Admiral of the Wash

The position of Lord High Admiral of the Wash is an ancient hereditary naval office of England. In medieval times, the Lord High Admiral of the Wash was a nobleman with responsibility for the defence and protection of The Wash coast in north East Anglia. The post was granted to the le Strange family after the Norman Conquest. In the 16th century the post became obsolete and the Royal Navy took over the defence of the area. However, the post was never formally abolished, and remains a hereditary dignity that now has no responsibilities or privileges of any kind. The present Lord High Admiral of the Wash lives in Hunstanton, Norfolk, and inherited the Admiralty through his mother's line.

4318472

Christian von Wernich

Christian Federico von Wernich (born 27 May 1938 in Concordia, Entre Ríos Province) is an Argentine Roman Catholic priest and a former chaplain of the Buenos Aires Province Police while it was under the command of General Ramón Camps, during the dictatorial period known as the National Reorganization Process (El proceso) (1976–1983). Wernich worked in Miguel Etchecolatz's Direction of Investigations of the provincial police with the rank of Inspector. He became internationally known in 2006 after being indicted for murder and kidnapping in aid of the military junta; he was convicted at trial in October 2007 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Early life and education Christian Federico von Wernich was born in 1938 into an ethnic German Catholic family. He attended parochial school and seminary. He was ordained as a Catholic priest in 1960. Career He became a chaplain of the Buenos Aires Province Police in the 1970s. The force was commanded by General Ramón Camps. This was during the military dictatorship known as National Reorganization Process (El proceso) (1976–1983), when the military and security forces took extreme actions to suppress political dissent in the country. The period became known as the Dirty War, and the government was later held responsible for tens of thousands of forced disappearances, kidnappings, torture, and deaths of political prisoners, in addition to widespread attacks of rural insurgents, which was later assessed as genocide. Going beyond acting as a spiritual adviser to police and suspects, Wernich worked with the rank of Inspector in Miguel Etchecolatz's Direction of Investigations of the provincial police. Two years after the return of democracy in 1983, the government began to prosecute crimes under the dictatorship, in what was known as the Trial of the Juntas in 1985. Wernich was among those accused of participation in the Dirty War, and collaborating in the torture of political prisoners. He declared that he was innocent. Action against those involved in the military dictatorship was discontinued after Congress passed the 1986 Ley de Punto Final, intended to "draw a line" under all that had happened until then. The country struggled to restore democratic institutions and rule of law. In 1991, President Carlos Saúl Menem pardoned Ramón Camps and other high-ranking leaders who had been convicted in the 1985 trial, setting off waves of protest. In 2003 Congress repealed the 1986 Ley de Punto Final. (In a court challenge, the Argentine Supreme Court ruled in 2005 that the law was unconstitutional.) In 2003 the government re-opened prosecution of cases of crimes against humanity committed during the Dirty War. La Plata Federal Judge Arnaldo Corazza gathered testimony from witnesses who placed von Wernich at three illegal detention centers (Puesto Vasco, Coti Martínez and Pozo de Quilmes). He ordered the priest's arrest on 25 September 2003, after Wernich was discovered hiding in the Chilean seaside town of El Quisco under the assumed name of "Christian González". He was working as a priest, having returned to Argentina after earlier escaping to Chile. On 7 March 2006, the Federal Court of La Plata confirmed the indictment and detention of Wernich on charges of co-authorship of homicide, illegal restraints, and acts of torture (including that used against the kidnapped Jacobo Timerman, the editor of La Opinión). Surviving victims declared that Wernich had questioned them under torture, subjected them to mock executions, and, under the guise of counseling, urged them to confess. Some of his accusers alleged Wernich violated the sacraments of the church by breaking the seal of the confessional, a charge he has denied. Wernich's trial began on 5 July 2007 in La Plata, the capital of the province of Buenos Aires. He was accused of seven homicides and 41 instances of kidnapping and torture. The tribunal was composed of judges Carlos Rozanski, Norberto Lorenzo and Horacio Insaurralde, the same panel which had convicted and sentenced Miguel Etchecolatz in 2006. Before the trial, Wernich denied all charges, saying that while he did visit detention centers, he did not witness any human rights abuses there; however, on the first day of the trial, he exercised his right to silence. His accusers thought this was a sign that he did not want to practice self-incrimination by having to account for his crimes. On 9 October 2007 the court found him guilty of complicity in seven homicides, 42 kidnappings, and 32 instances of torture. The tribunal sentenced him to life imprisonment. Wernich's trial was thought to have revealed "the church's dark past during the dirty war, when it sometimes gave its support to the military's persecution of leftist opponents. That past stands in stark contrast to the role the church played during the dictatorships in Chile and Brazil, where priests and bishops publicly condemned the governments and worked to save those being persecuted from torture and death." During the trial, the Church was officially silent, although the Reverend Rubén Capitanio was called as a witness and was required to testify during the trial. He condemned the Roman Catholic Church's "complicity" in atrocities during the Dirty War. He said, "There are some that think that this trial is an attack on the church, and I want to say that this is a service to the church. This is helping us search for the truth." On Wernich's conviction, his superior, Bishop Martín Elizalde, apologised for Wernich being "so far from the requirements of the mission commended to him." When in 2010 it was reported that Wernich was still being permitted to officiate as a priest at Mass in prison, the bishop said that "at the appropriate time von Wernich's situation will have to be resolved in accordance with canonical law."

4318478

John Macgregor

John Macgregor (1802–1858) was a Scottish shipbuilder. Birth and early life John Macgregor was christened on 24 August 1802 at Fintry, Stirlingshire. He was the third son of Annie McNicol and James Macgregor, a clockmaker. He also had one elder sister, two younger sisters, and two younger brothers. His father qualified as a clockmaker and he moved through Balfron, Fintry, and Comrie with his family working all the time as an engineer in the cotton mills that were developing in these parts of the Highlands. The family were incomers to Fintry, having moved from Balfron. They remained there for about 14 years, before moving on to Comrie in Perthshire, where the last two of their eight children were born. The stay in Comrie must have been short, although Macgregor received a rudimentary education there. When Macgregor was 16, the family moved to Glasgow. Macgregor began his apprenticeship as an engineer under David Napier at Camlachie. He went to Lancefield Foundry with the others in 1821 and was a sea-going engineer on the Belfast which had Napier machinery while still in his early 20s. The Belfast plied between Liverpool and Dublin, and was one of the earliest steamers to cross the Irish Sea. At David Napier's he made the acquaintance of David Tod. Together, they ran the engineering department for a while and gained considerable managerial experience during this period. They probably also acted as guarantee engineers from time to time. Tod and Macgregor In 1833, Macgregor and David Tod formed a partnership to build steam engines. The partnership, Tod and Macgregor, was initially based at Carrick Street, Glasgow in 1834. The business grew quickly and moved to larger premises in Worroch Street, where they added boiler making to their engineering activities. Towards the end of 1836, Tod and Macgregor opened a shipbuilding yard on the south bank of the River Clyde at Mavisbank. Finally, in 1845, the firm moved to a new purpose built yard at Meadowside in the Borough of Partick. Tod and Macgregor were described as "the fathers of iron shipbuilding on the Clyde", building famous ships such as the City of Glasgow and the City of Paris. In about 1830, he is assumed to have married Margaret Fleming (born 23 March 1809), the daughter of Margaret Biggar and James Fleming. Together they had seven children, of whom three daughters and two sons survived. In 1834, Macgregor was to be found at 90 Carrick Street, and by 1841 had moved to Clydebank with Margaret and the family, who were found there at the time of the 1841 census. In 1845, he gave his address as Rutland Place, which may have been the same as Clydebank. The family must have moved as the shipyard went to Meadowside in 1846 as he was registered as living at Meadowside House, Partick in 1848. On 18 September 1848 his wife Margaret Fleming died at the age of 39, the cause of her death is not known. On 9 March 1851 he married Margaret York (born 20 April 1823), the daughter of Janet Masterton and William York, at Barony, Glasgow. Together they had two children, William York Macgregor (born Finnart House, Loch Long, Dunbartonshire, 14 October 1855; died Oban, 28 September 1923) and Peter Macgregor (born 21 February 1857 at Partick; died Hove, Sussex 22 April 1901). At the time of the 1851 census, Margaret York, and the children from Macgregor's first marriage, were found at Meadowside House in Partick. In around 1874, after the deaths of both David Tod and John Macgregor, the shipbuilding business was sold and renamed as D. and W. Henderson and Company. Death and obituaries Macgregor died on 16 September 1858 from constipation, a treatable problem today. He is buried in the north-east section of the upper plateau at Glasgow Necropolis. When his funeral cortege took place, beginning at North Street, Anderston, the shops in Partick were closed, the route was lined with thousands of spectators with 'grieved countenances', the bells of the city churches were tolled from 2- to 3 o'clock', and the flags in the harbour and on the shipping were at half-mast. His obituary states: "At the comparatively early age of 57, in the full flush and vigour of his mature manhood, after an illness of only three days, of constipation of the bowels, Mr Macgregor departed this life, at half past eleven o'clock on Thursday night, at his town residence, Meadowside House, Partick. Family He was married twice: firstly to Margaret Fleming (1810-1849) then to Margaret York (1823-1901). Footnotes Scottish shipbuilders 1802 births 1858 deaths People from Stirling (council area) People from Partick British naval architects Engineers from Glasgow 19th-century Scottish businesspeople

4318495

Heheya Kingdom

The Heheya Kingdom (also known as Haihaya, Haiheya, Heiheya, etc.) is one of the kingdoms ruled by Chandravanshi Yadava kings in the central and western India. It was once ruled by the powerful Kartavirya Arjuna, who even defeated Ravana. Its capital was Mahishmati on the banks of river Narmada in present-day Madhya Pradesh. They conquered many other kingdoms of India. However, the enmity with the warrior-type Bhargavas resulted in their demise. Parasurama was the Bhargava leader under whom they were exterminated. Talajangha was an allied kingdom of Heheya, to the east of it. It is mentioned in The Mahabharata. Haihaya clans The Haihayas () were an ancient confederacy of five ganas (clans), who claimed their common ancestry from Yadu. According to the Harivamsha Purana (34.1898) Haihaya was the great grandson of Yadu and grandson of Sahasrajit. In the Vishnu Purana (IV.11), all the five Haihaya clans are mentioned together as the Talajanghas. The five Haihaya clans were Vitihotra, Sharyata, Bhoja, Avanti and Tundikera. The Haihayas were native to the present-day Malwa region of Western Madhya Pradesh). The Puranas style the Haihayas as the first ruling dynasty of Avanti. Foundation of Mahishmati In the Harivamsha (33.1847), the honour of founding their future capital city of Mahishmati (in present-day Madhya Pradesh) was king Mahishmant, son of Sahanja and a descendant of Yadu through Haihaya. At another place, it names Muchukunda, one of the ancestor of lord Rama as the founder of Mahishmati. It states that he built the cities of Mahishmati and Purika in the Rksha mountains. According to the Padma Purana (VI.115), the city was actually founded by a certain Mahisha Kartavirya Arjuna and his successors According to the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the most celebrated Haihaya king was Kartavirya Arjuna. His epithet was Sahasrabahu. He was called a Samrat and Chakravartin. His name is also found in the Rig Veda (VIII.45.26). He ultimately conquered Mahishmati city from Karkotaka Naga, a Naga chief and made it his fortress-capital. According to the Vayu Purana, he invaded Lanka and took Ravana prisoner. Arjuna propitiated Dattatreya and was favoured by him. Arjuna's sons killed sage Jamadagni. Jamadagni's son Parashurama in revenge killed Arjuna. Arjuna had a number of sons. His son Jayadhvaja succeeded him to the throne. Jayadhvaja was succeeded by his son Talajangha. The Vitihotras Later, the Haihayas were mostly known by the name of the dominant clan amongst them - the Vitihotras (or Vitahotras or Vitahvyas). According to the Puranas, Vitihotra was the great-grandson of Arjuna Kartavirya and the eldest son of Talajangha. The Puranas also mention the names of two Vitihotra rulers: Ananta, son of Vitihotra and Durjaya Amitrakarshana, son of Ananta The northward expansion of the Haihaya territory to the mid-Ganges valley by the Vitihotra rulers was stopped by the Ikshvaku king Sagara. The Mahagovindasuttanta of the Dighanikaya mentions about an Avanti king Vessabhu (Vishvabhu) and his capital Mahissati (Mahishmati). Probably he was a Vitihotra ruler. Probably, during the rule of the later Vitihotras, the whole Avanti region developed into two realms, divided by the Vindhyas, having principal cities at Mahishmati and Ujjayini (present day Ujjain). According to the Matsya Purana (5.37), Pulika, one of the ministers of Ripunjaya, the last Vitihotra king of Ujjayini killed his master and made his son Pradyota new king. It is said that many of the Haihayas were learned in the Vedas. Medieval Haihayas A number of early medieval dynasties, which include the Kalachuris and the Mushakavamsha Mushika Kingdom of Kerala, claimed their descent from the Haihayas. The Haihayas of eastern India fought against Islamists invaders in medieval times. References in Mahabharata Disputes with the Ikshwaku Kings Sagara was a king of Kosala Kingdom, ruling from Ayodhya. He was of the lineage of Ikshwaku, a famous royal dynasty in ancient India. Sagara is mentioned as the son of Jadu (MBh 12,56). His army numbered 60,000 men, all of whom he treated as sons. The Ikswaku king Sagara is said to have defeated the Haihayas and the Talajanghas. He brought under subjection the whole of the military caste. (MBh 3,106) The Haihayas and Talajanghas of Vatsa Kingdom (MBh 13,30) Haihayas and Talajanghas probably had their origins in Vatsa Kingdom. Haihayas in the Vatsa kingdom, known collectively as Vitahavyas and under King Vitahavya, attacked the neighbouring country called Kasi, during the reign of four successive generations of Kasi kings viz that of Haryaswa, Sudeva, Divodasa and Pratarddana. The last one among them, Pratarddana, defeated the Haihayas and probably expelled them from the Vatsa kingdom. Kasi kings were also born in the race of Ikshwaku. This could be the seed of Haihayas's dispute with them. Under Haryaswa's reign In Saryati's lineage (Saryati and Ikshwaku were two among the many sons of Manu (MBh 1,75)), two kings took their birth, viz. Haihaya and Talajangha, both sons of Vatsa. Haihaya had ten wives and a hundred sons, all of whom were highly inclined to fighting. In Kasi also there was a king, the grandfather of Divodasa, known as Haryyaswa. The sons of King Haihaya, who was otherwise known as Vitahavyas, invaded the kingdom of Kasi. Advancing into that country that lies between the rivers Ganges and Yamuna, he fought a battle with King Haryyaswa, slaying him there. The sons of Haihaya fearlessly went back to their own delightful city in the country of the Vatsas. Under Sudeva Meanwhile, Haryyaswa's son Sudeva was installed on the throne of Kasi as its new ruler. That righteous-souled prince ruled his kingdom for some time before the hundred sons of Vitahavya once more invaded his dominions and defeated him in battle. Having vanquished King Sudeva thus, the Haihaya victors returned to their own city. Under Divodasa After that Divodasa, the son of Sudeva, was next installed on the throne of Kasi. Realising the prowess of those high-souled princes, the sons of Vitahavya, King Divodasa, endued with great energy, rebuilt and fortified the city of Baranasi (Varanasi or Banaras) at Indra's command. They teemed with articles and provisions of every kind and were adorned with shops and marts swelling with prosperity. Those territories stretched northwards from the banks of Ganges to the southern banks of Gomati, and resembled a second Amravati (the city of Indra). The Haihayas once again attacked. The mighty King Divodasa, issuing from his capital, gave them battle. King Divodasa fought the enemy for a thousand days but at the end, having lost a number of followers and animals, he became exceedingly distressed. King Divodasa, his army lost and his treasury exhausted, left his capital and fled. He sought protection of his priest, Bharadwaja, the son of Vrihaspati. Divodasa's son Pratarddana retaliates Divodasa wished for a brave son who could avenge the Vitahavyas. With his priest Bharadwaja's, blessings he obtained a son named Pratarddana, would become well skilled in battle. Divodasa installed his son on the throne of Kasi and asked him to march against the sons of Vitahavya. He speedily crossed the Ganges on his car followed by his army and proceeded against the city of the Vitahavyas. The Vitahavyas issued out of their city in their cars and poured out on Pratarddana, showered of weapons of various kinds. Pratarddana slew them all in battle. The Haihaya king Vitahavya then, all his sons and kinsmen dead, sought protection of his priest Bhrigu. Bhrigu converted him a Brahmana. Sage Saunaka, later receiver of the entire Mahabharata narrative from Ugrasrava Sauti, was born from the line of this Vitahavya. Haihaya King Kartavirya Arjuna Kartavirya Arjuna (Sahastrabahu Arjun or Sahastrarjun) is described as a noble king and a devotee of Lord Dattatreya. Endowed with a thousand arms (thought to symbolise a thousand attendants acting as his hands, executing his commands) and great beauty the mighty Kartavirya, in days of yore, became the lord of all the world. He had his capital in the city of Mahishmati. Of impossible prowess, that chief of the Haihaya race of Chandravanshi Kshatriyas swayed the whole earth with her belt of seas, together with all her islands and all her precious mines of gold and gems. Keeping before him the duties of the Kshatriya order, as also humility and Vedic knowledge, the king made large gifts of wealth unto the Lord Dattatreya (MBh 13,152). Other Haihaya Kings King Vitahavya is mentioned as the son of Vatsa (MBh 13,30) King Udvarta became the exterminator of his own race (MBh 5,74) The conversation between a Haihaya king and a sage named Tarkshya is mentioned at MBh 3,183 As a royal sage of the Haihaya, Sumitra by name is mentioned by name at MBh 12,124. Sumitra is mentioned as the son of Mitra at MBh 12,125. Enmity with the Bhargavas The Haihaya tribe's dispute with Bhargava Brahmins is mentioned at various places in the Mahabharata. The leader of the Bhargavas, Parasurama, son of Jamadagni, is said to have killed the Haihaya king Kartavirya Arjuna. The dispute didn't end there. The Bhargavas went all over India and slew numerous Kshatriya kings, most of them kinsmen of Kartavirya Arjuna. (MBh 1,104) In acquiring the unrivaled "battleaxe of fiery splendour and irresistible sharpness" from Mahadeva of the Gandhamadana mountains, in the Himalayas (MBh 12,49), Bhargava Rama became an unparalleled force on earth. Meanwhile, the mighty son of Kritavirya, Arjuna of the Kshatriya order and ruler of the Haihayas, imbued with great energy, highly virtuous in behaviour, and possessing a thousand arms through the grace of the great sage Dattatreya, and having subjugated in battle by the might of his own arms the whole earth with her mountains and seven islands, became a very powerful emperor.(12,49) The King Arjuna, mighty lord of the Haihaya tribe, would be killed by Rama. (MBh 3,115) Signs of a tribal war "Even though only the leaders Bhargava Rama and Kartavirya Arjuna are mentioned in most places, there is evidence that many people were involved in this dispute. It could be a dispute between two tribes, spanning generations." Once upon a time the Brahmins, raising a standard of Kusa grass, encountered in battle the Kshatriyas of the Haihaya clan imbued with immeasurable energy. The best of Brahmins inquired of the Kshatriyas themselves as to the cause of this. The Kshatriyas told them, "In battle we obey the orders of one person imbued with great intelligence, while you are disunited from one another and act according to your individual understanding." The Brahmins then appointed one amongst themselves as their commander, who was brave and conversant with the ways of policy. And they then succeeded in vanquishing Haihaya the Kshatriyas. (MBh 5,157) Summary of the dispute Bhargava Rama, having his father Jamadagni slain and his calf stolen by the Kshatriyas, slew Kartaviryas who had never been vanquished before by foes. With his bow he slew 64 times 10,000 Kshatriyas. In that slaughter were included 14,000 Brahmana-hating Kshatriyas of the Dantakura country. Of the Haihayas, he slew a 1000 with his short club, a 1000 with his sword, and a 1000 by hanging. Rama slew 10,000 Kshatriyas with his axe. He could not quietly bear the furious speeches uttered by those foes of his. And when many foremost of Brahmans uttered exclamations, mentioning the name of Rama of Bhrigu's race, he proceeding against the Kashmiras, the Daradas, the Kuntis, the Kshudrakas, the Malavas, the Angas, the Vangas, the Kalingas, the Videhas, the Tamraliptakas, the Rakshovahas, the Vitahotras, the Trigartas, the Martikavatas, counting by thousand, slew them all by means of his whetted shafts. Proceeding from province to province, he thus slew thousands of scores of Haihaya-Kshatriyas. Creating a deluge of blood and filling many lakes also with blood and bringing all the 18 islands under his subjection, he performed a 100 sacrifices. (MBh 7,68) List of Rulers Maharaj Pururavas Maharaj Ayusu Maharaj Nahusha Maharaj Yayati Maharaj Yadu Maharaj Sahasrajit Maharaj Shatjit Maharaj Haihay -  (Founder of Heheya Kingdom) Maharaj Dharma Maharaj Dharmnetra Maharaj Kuntiraj Maharaj Sahjit Maharaj Mahishman - (Founder of Mahismati) Maharaj Bhadrasen Maharaj Durdabh Maharaj Dhhannaka Maharaj Kritvirya Raj Rajeshwar Maharaj Sahasrarjun Maharaj Veersen(Jaydhwaj) Later they were divided among different sub-castes which include Kansara, Kasera, Tamrakar, Thathera, Tambat and many more.

4318505

Randoald of Grandval

Saint Randoald (also Rancald, Randaut, d. 21 February 675) was prior of the Benedictine Moutier-Grandval Abbey (in modern-day Switzerland) under Germanus of Granfelden. Death and sainthood He was martyred together with Germanus by partisans of the Duke of Alsace, Eticho. The monastics had just left Courtételle after negotiations with the duke, who was going to subdue the area around Delémont, the present capital of the Swiss canton of Jura (which will govern the land of the former Abbey by 2026). The monk and his abbot stood up for the region's poor against Eticho's desires. They are both venerated as saints in the Catholic Church, and their joint feast day is on 21 February, the anniversary of their deaths.

4318506

Danny Thorpe

Danny Thorpe was an American programmer noted mainly for his work on Delphi. He was the Chief Scientist for Windows and .NET developer tools at Borland Corporation starting from January 2004 until October 2005, as well as Chief Architect of the Delphi programming language from 2000 to 2005. He joined Borland in 1990 as an associate QA engineer working on Turbo Pascal 6.0. He was a member of the team that created the Delphi programming language, Visual Component Library (VCL), and IDE, released in 1995. In 1999, he was a founding member of the Kylix team, implementing the Delphi compiler and development environment on Linux, released in 2001. After the release of Kylix, he was the founder and lead programmer for Borland's Delphi .NET effort, porting and extending the Delphi language to the Microsoft .NET platform. In 1994 while at Borland, he contracted with Santa Cruz startup Cinematronics (David Stafford and Mike Sandige) to build a component model and collision physics engine for a software pinball game. Cinematronics licensed an early version of the pinball engine to Microsoft for the Windows 95 Plus! Pack's "Space Cadet" pinball game. Cinematronics was later acquired by Maxis, who published Full Tilt! Pinball in 1996 and a sequel in 1998. He joined Google in October 2005 and was a founding member of the Google Gears team, responsible for designing the client side browser local storage subsystem and JavaScript interface bindings. He joined Microsoft's Windows Live Platform team in April 2006 as a Principal Software Development Engineer. His primary focus at Microsoft was the development of a secure client-side cross-domain scripting library for browser web apps, as well as the Windows Live Contacts Control built upon that library. In October 2007, he joined startup Cooliris to work on the PicLens browser plugin for 3D visualization of web content. In June 2008, he returned to Microsoft to work in a newly formed Cloud Computing Tools incubation team creating Visual Studio extensions to support development of applications for Microsoft's Windows Azure hosted services environment and Live Mesh / Live Framework client-side and offline web application environment. In October 2010 he joined BiTKOO as Chief Software Architect to develop XACML based cloud scale distributed authorization and access control technologies. When BiTKOO was acquired by Quest Software in December 2011, he assumed the role of Product Architect in the Identity and Authorization Management (IAM) group at Quest Software. When Quest Software was acquired by Dell in September 2012, he continued to work on XACML authorization technologies under the title of Authorization Architect. He lived on a small farm in the Santa Cruz mountains near Ben Lomond, California. He contracted brain cancer in 2017, and died on 22 Oct 2021 after a protracted battle. He is survived by his wife, Cindy Thorpe. Published work Delphi Component Design, Addison-Wesley Longman, , 1997

4318514

Abraham Markle

Abraham Markle (October 26, 1770 – March 6, 1826) was a businessman and political figure in Upper Canada and co-proprietor of Terre Haute, Indiana. He was born in Ulster County, New York in 1770. Four of his brothers served with Butler's Rangers during the American Revolution; they settled at Newark (Niagara-on-the-Lake) after the war and he joined them for a time, but he later moved back to New York state. In 1806, he established a distillery at Ancaster in Upper Canada. In 1812, he was elected to the 6th Parliament of Upper Canada representing West York. In 1811, he had refused to serve with the Lincoln Militia. In 1813, with Joseph Willcocks, he opposed the suspension of habeas corpus in the province. In June of that year, he was imprisoned because he had been accused of treason. He was released and by December had joined the American side in the War of 1812. He was involved in a number of raids against settlements in Upper Canada. After the war, he settled in Vigo County, Indiana and was one of the original proprietors of the Terre Haute Company which platted the village of Terre Haute. He built and operated a mill on Otter Creek north of that village and became involved in other businesses in the area. He died in 1826 while working on his farm there, apparently due to a stroke.

4318522

Critical Art Ensemble

Critical Art Ensemble (CAE) is a collective of five tactical media practitioners of various specializations including computer graphics and web design, film/video, photography, text art, book art, and performance. For CAE, tactical media is situational, ephemeral, and self-terminating. It encourages the use of any media that will engage a particular socio-political context in order to create molecular interventions and semiotic shocks that collectively could diminish the rising intensity of authoritarian culture. Since its formation in 1987 in Tallahassee, Florida, CAE has been frequently invited to exhibit and perform projects examining issues surrounding information, communications and bio-technologies by museums and other cultural institutions. These include the Whitney Museum and the New Museum in NYC; the Corcoran Museum in Washington D.C.; the ICA, London; the MCA, Chicago; Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt; Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; the London Museum of Natural History; Kunsthalle Luzern, and dOCUMENTA 13. The collective has written 7 books, and its writings have been translated into 18 languages. Its work has been covered by art journals, including Artforum, Kunstforum, and The Drama Review. Critical Art Ensemble is the recipient of awards, including the 2007 Andy Warhol Foundation Wynn Kramarsky Freedom of Artistic Expression Grant, the 2004 John Lansdown Award for Multimedia, and the 2004 Leonardo New Horizons Award for Innovation. History 1986–1990 Formed in 1987, CAE's focus has been on the exploration of the intersections between art, critical theory, technology, and political activism. In 1986, Steve Kurtz and Steve Barnes began a collaboration to make low-tech videos with students. They credited each person who contributed to the productions under the signature of Critical Art Ensemble. During the summer of 1987, the group transformed into a broad-based artist and activist collective with six core members: Steve Kurtz, Steve Barnes, Dorian Burr, Beverly Schlee, Ricardo Dominguez (professor) and Hope Kurtz. In 1987, the group's first multimedia exhibitions were held at Club Nu in Miami and Pappy's Lounge in Jackson, Mississippi. In 1988, the group's first events are produced: Political Art In Florida? in collaboration with Group Material, and Frontier Production in collaboration with Thomas Lawson. In 1988-89, CAE begin to release their books of plagiarist text poetry (of which there are six in all). In 1989, the group collaborated with Gran Fury to release Cultural Vaccines, a multimedia event in Tallahassee, Florida, which critiques U.S. policy on HIV. In 1990, the group collaborated with Prostitutes of New York to create Peep Show which premiered at Window on Gaines in Tallahassee, Florida. 1991–1995 In 1991, a body of work titled Fiesta Critica was developed in Indiantown, Florida, with local migrant workers; addressing Floridian agricultural labour relations. CAE produces an Easter fiesta platform to show the works. In 1992, the group produces Exit Culture as a series of works developed for Highway Culture. They also propose The Electronic Disturbance to Autonomedia publishers. In 1993, the group is invited to perform their first appearance in Europe at the Audio/Visual Experimental festival in the Netherlands. They complete the associational documentary series Apocalypse and Utopia. In 1994, Autonomedia publishes The Electronic Disturbance and construction begins to create CAE's website Critical Art Ensemble. CAE projects begin to appear in both real and virtual forms as the Useless Technology project is performed as street action and launched online. The concept of electronic civil disobedience is introduced at the Terminal Futures conference in London. In 1995, the concept of the data body is introduced in lectures at the Ars Electronica. The group tours around Europe with the performance of Body Count. 1996–2000 In 1996, Autonomedia publishes Electronic Civil Disobedience (the companion text to The Electronic Disturbance), and research begins for the book Flesh Machine. In 1997, the group tours Flesh Frontiers and Shareholder's Briefing. Castelvecchi publishes the Italian translation of The Electronic Disturbance. The group goes to Documenta X in Kassel, Germany to begin the editing and conceptualizing process for the book README: Ascii Culture and the Revenge of Knowledge at Hybrid Workspace. The performance of Flesh Machine is toured, premiering in Vienna and closing in Helsinki at Kiasma Museum of Contemporary Art in summer 1998. L'Eclat publishes the French anthology of CAE's writings titled La Resistance Electronique. In 1998, Autonomedia publishes Flesh Machine and the German translation is published by Passagen. The group's street action occurs in Sheffield, UK, with the performance of The International Campaign for Free Alcohol and Tobacco for the Unemployed. Castelvecchi publishes the Italian translation of Electronic Civil Disobedience. In 1999, The Society for Reproductive Anachronisms is premiered at Rutgers University in the student cafeteria. Work begins on Cult of the New Eve (CoNE) and is premiered at St. Clara Hospital in Rotterdam, The Netherlands. A new book project is begun, entitled Digital Resistance: Explorations in Tactical Media. In 2000, Autonomedia publishes Digital Resistance: Explorations in Tactical Media and the German anthology of CAE's writings on electronic media is published by Passagen. The group has exhibited and performed at diverse venues internationally, ranging from the street, to the museum, to the internet. Museum exhibitions include the Whitney Museum and The New Museum in NYC; The Corcoran Museum in Washington D.C.; The ICA, London; The MCA, Chicago; Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt; Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris; and The London Museum of Natural History. Critical Art Ensemble 2003–2004 Free Range Grain was a performance-based project which tested foods to contest the global food trade system. The project used basic molecular biology techniques over a 72-hour period to test foods that others deemed suspicious of "contamination" even when the authorities were guarding against them. This performance sought to explore biotechnology and the science behind it, as the artists felt it was "one of the most misunderstood areas of production in the cultural landscape". Works and artistic approach Performance style In its performances, CAE creates various performative identities, such as that of a group of scientists or a corporation. Instead of using fancy, high-tech machinery they use 'high school lab equipment as well as common household supplies and groceries', which brings the scientific difficulty down to a level at which the public can understand and engage with because the worlds of science and technology in the modern world are 'increasingly privatised'. This playful style, however, contrasts with the groups numerous books and manifestos which have an analytical focus. Nicola Triscott is the founder of The Arts Catalyst. In her writings about the CAE, she states that their participatory theatre 'aims to involve the public in the processes of biotechnology in order to contribute to the development of an informed and critical public discourse on contemporary bioscience'. This provides people with knowledge of how science can be interesting and that it can be misused if in the wrong hands. Their works have ranged from genetically modified food, the Human Genome Project (CoNE), reproductive technologies, genetic screening and transgenics. The way they approach this style is through directly engaging with the science and presenting techniques generally unknown to the public in a performative way. The work of the CAE continues to entertain, inform and show the public how biotechnology can be demonstrated via performance. As part of their critical objectives, they target their attention on private corporations unknown in the public sector who misuse biotechnology. This tactical response is what the CAE have termed 'Fuzzy Biological Sabotage' (or FBS if abbreviated). Using harmless biological species including plants, insects and reptiles, they make sophisticated pranks 'to operate in the grey, in-between spaces as yet unregulated by institutional regimes' Publications The collective has written 7 books, and its writings have been translated into 18 languages. Its books include: The Electronic Disturbance (1994), Electronic Civil Disobedience & Other Unpopular Ideas (1996), Flesh Machine: Cyborgs, Designer Babies, & New Eugenic Consciousness (1998), Digital Resistance: Explorations in Tactical Media (2001), Molecular Invasion (2002), Marching Plague (2006), and the project book Disturbances (2012). CAE is noted for having written the article Nomadic Power and Cultural Resistance, in which CAE argues that with the creation of the internet the power of the elite has become mobile to the extent that it is difficult for a dissident to directly confront the authority, comparing the untrackable, elusive mobility to that of the Scythians. They demolished the idea that power cannot corrupt and co-opt network and hypertext technologies, that such technologies have a predetermined and manifest destiny of freedom. CAE goes on to observe that occupation theory itself is challenged by cyberspace and the difficulties it presents in terms of focusing a group effort against one authority as opposed to a singular hacker, fiddling with code. An important distinction is made that when rebellious acts are carried out by an individual as opposed to a group in singularity, that the dissenter is seen as a vandal instead of a protester. The article mentions that resistance in the form posters, pamphleteering, street theater and public art have been useful in the past but now that the public is electronically engaged one must bring their resistance methods online. Molecular Invasion In correlation to CAE's work "Molecular Invasion (2002)" the collective hosted an exhibit about genetically modified crops. They planted Monsanto's genetically modified seeds that were designed to be immune to Monsanto's commercial pesticide roundup (Glyphosate). They successfully grew these crops in their exhibit however once the plants were fully grown they applied an enzyme inhibitor that was reverse engineered to the plants that eradicated the protection that these crops had against the pesticide. The plants quickly died. This exhibit was a statement against genetically modified foods. Cult of the New Eve In 1999, CAE began a new project to draw attention to the ways in which scientific discourses surrounding biotechnologies drew upon promissory religious rhetoric. This participatory performance was titled Cult of the New Eve (or CoNE when abbreviated) and included a "communion" using a random library of the entire genome of the first female donor to the Human Genome Project taken from a blood sample. CAE spliced the genome and inserted it into yeast, which was then placed into host wafers and beer given to audience members who were willing to participate. The genome from the donor is intended to represent a 'New Eve… a sacrosant Messiah'. The project also offers public and online preaching, baptisms, communion, sacred theological and cosmological texts and prophecies. GenTerra CAE created a performance titled GenTerra which raised issues surrounding ethics and safety in performative science. This was done through an investigation into creating transgenic life forms and seeing the consequences of potentially releasing them into the environment. It was the audience members who had to decide whether the bacteria was harmful or not in a game of 'genetic Russian roulette'. Triscott states through her own experience of participating in the performance that members of the audience were given the opportunity to grow and store their own bacteria, with full instructions and guidance. With the aid of a spinning machine, bacteria were spun with only one of ten chambers holding active bacteria. The purpose of GenTerrra is to 'introduce bioproducts to the audience, and demonstrate the practical applications of such research, such as disease treatment and xenotransplantation'. As CAE wear lab-coats and appear as professional scientists, they simulate actual biotechnology corporations, emphasizing their intentions even further. Collective structure CAE attributes the collective's longevity to their structure which has contributed to positive attitudes throughout the group. The number of members, ranging from three to eight and known as a 'cellular structure' has managed to be sustained without members feeling alienated. As each member has the opportunity to show off their individual strengths and weaknesses, the risk of conflict and mistrust is reduced. They do not believe in equality; rather that every member has 'a voice in the production process [of a project]; however the member with the greatest expertise in the area has authority over the final product'. Amateurism CAE has also stated that amateurs have the ability to see through dominant paradigms, are more free to recombine elements of paradigms thought long dead, and can apply everyday life experience to their deliberations. Most important, however, amateurs are not invested in institutional systems of knowledge production and policy construction, and hence do not have irresistible forces guiding the outcome of their process…'. Future projects 'Since 2006, CAE has changed the focus of its work towards a critique of US defense policy, and has moved away from its interrogation of biotechnology'. Controversy Steve Kurtz's Trial In 2004, one of its founders, Steve Kurtz, was arrested on suspicion of bioterrorism. On the morning of 11 May 2004, he woke to find that his wife Hope had died in her sleep. He called 911. Police became suspicious after noticing his biology lab which he kept in his own home. They contacted the FBI and Kurtz was detained for 24 hours before being interrogated and his house searched for biohazardous materials. The house was given the all clear, yet a week later, Kurtz's CAE collaborators were ordered to appear before a grand jury to investigate possible violations of the law regarding biological weapons. The jury met in July 2004 and cleared Kurtz of all "bioterrorism" charges, however the FBI continued to press charges against the artist and the case dragged on for four years. The case was widely covered in the US and international press, and sparked outrage among artists and scientists worldwide. A website was created for people to donate money to help Kurtz pay his mounting legal fees. The case was dismissed in 2008. According to Nicola Triscott, the FBI 'thought they had a situation out of which they could manufacture a terrorism case, which potentially brought great personal rewards', based upon the 'Lackawanna Six Sleeper Cell' case where six Yemeni Americans were convicted of supporting al-Qaeda Awards Critical Art Ensemble is the recipient of awards, including the 2007 Andy Warhol Foundation Wynn Kramarsky Freedom of Artistic Expression Grant UB Art Professor "Strange Culture" Case Goes to Court | WBFO, the 2004 John Lansdown Award for Multimedia , and the 2004 Leonardo New Horizons Award for Innovation. Rhizome | [Leonardo/ISAST Network] Leonardo/ISAST gives New Horizons Award for Innovation to Critical Art Ensemble (Leonardo/ISAST) CAE's work has been covered by art journals, including Artforum, Kunstforum, and The Drama Review. Calendar | The Humanities Project | University of Rochester

4318524

Issel

Issel is an Italian surname, and the name of a town in France. It can refer to: Places Oude IJssel, river in Germany and the Netherlands Issel, Aude, France People Saint Issel, 6th-century Welsh saint Alberto Issel (1848–1926), Italian painter Arturo Issel (1842–1922), Italian geologist and malacologist Dan Issel (born 1948), American basketball player Kim Issel (born 1967), Canadian ice hockey right winger Germán Issel (born 1986), Argentinian entrepreneur Italian-language surnames

4318525

Ellalan

Ellalan (; ) was a member of the Tamil Chola dynasty, also known as "Manu Needhi Cholan", who upon capturing the throne became king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom, in present-day Sri Lanka, from 205 BCE to 161 BCE. Ellalan is traditionally presented as being a just king even by the Sinhalese. The Mahavamsa states that he ruled 'with even justice toward friend and foe, on occasions of disputes at law, and elaborates how he even ordered the execution of his son for killing a calf under his chariot wheels. Ellalan is a peculiar figure in the history of Sri Lanka and one with particular resonance given the past ethnic strife in the country. Although he was an invader, he is often regarded as one of Sri Lanka's wisest and most just monarchs, as highlighted in the ancient Sinhalese Pali chronicle, the Mahavamsa. According to the chronicle, even Ellalan's nemesis Dutugamunu had a great respect for him, and ordered a monument be built where Ellalan was cremated after dying in battle. The Dakkhina Stupa was believed to be the tomb of Ellalan. Often referred to as 'the Just King', the Tamil name Ellāḷaṉ means 'the one who rules the boundary". Birth and early life Ellalan is described in the Mahavamsa as being "A Damila of noble descent . . . from the Chola-country"; In that work, he is mentioned as Elara. Little is known of his early life. Around 205 BCE, Ellalan mounted an invasion of the Rajarata based in Anuradhapura in northern Sri Lanka and defeated the forces of king Asela of Anuradhapura, establishing himself as sole ruler of Rajarata. He has been mentioned in the Silappatikaram and Periya Puranam. His name has since then been used as a metaphor for fairness and justice in Tamil literature. His capital was Thiruvarur. Defeat and death Despite Ellalan's famously even-handed rule, resistance to him coalesced around the figure of Dutugamunu, a young Sinhalese prince from the kingdom of Mahagama. Towards the end of Ellalan's reign, Dutugamunu had strengthened his position in the south by defeating his own brother, Saddha Tissa, who challenged him. Confrontation between the two monarchs was inevitable and the last years of Ellalan's reign were consumed by the war between the two. Ellalan was near seventy years when the battle with the young Dutugamunu took place. The Mahavamsa contains a fairly detailed account of sieges and battles that took place during the conflict. Particularly interesting is the extensive use of war elephants and of flaming pitch in the battles. Ellalan's own war elephant is said to have been Maha Pabbatha, or 'Big Rock' and the Dutugamunu's own being 'Kandula'. The climactic battle is said to have occurred as Dutugamunu drew close to Anuradhapura. On the night before, both King Ellalan and prince Dutugamunu are said to have conferred with their counsellors. The next day both kings rode forwards on war elephants, Ellalan "in full armour . . . with chariots, soldiers and beasts for riders". Dutugamunu's forces are said to have routed those of Ellalan and that "the water in the tank there was dyed red with the blood of the slain'. Dutugamunu, declaring that 'none shall kill Ellalan but myself', closed on him at the south gate of Anuradhapura, where the two engaged in an elephant-back duel and the aged king was finally felled by one of Dutugamunu's darts. Following his death, Dutugamunu ordered that Ellāḷaṉ be cremated where he had fallen, and had a monument constructed over the place. The Mahavamsa mentions that 'even to this day the princes of Lanka, when they draw near to this place, are wont to silence their music'. The Dakkhina Stupa was until the 19th century believed to have been the tomb of Ellalan and was called Elara Sohona, but was renamed later on by the Sri Lankan Department of Archaeology. The identification and reclassification is considered controversial. Influence The Mahavamsa contains numerous references to the loyal troops of the Chola empire and portrays them as a powerful force. They held various positions including taking custody of temples during the period of Parakramabahu I and Vijayabahu I of Polonnaruwa. There were instances when the Sinhalese kings tried to employ them as mercenaries by renaming a section of the most hardcore fighters as Mahatantra. According to historian Burton Stein, when these troops were directed against the Chola empire, they rebelled and were suppressed and decommissioned. But they continued to exist in a passive state by taking up various jobs for livelihood. The Valanjayara, a sub-section of the Velaikkara troops, were one such community, who in the course of time became traders. They were so powerful that the shrine of the tooth-relic was entrusted to their care. When the Velaikkara troops took custody of the tooth-relic shrine, they called it as Mūnrukai-tiruvēlaikkāran daladāy perumpalli. There are also multiple epigraphic records of the Velaikkara troops. It is their inscriptions, for example the one in Polunnaruwa, that are actually used to fix the length of the reign of Sinhalese kings; in this case, Vijayabahu I (55 years). The Sri Lanka Navy Northern Naval Command base in Karainagar, Jaffna is named the SLNS Elara The Legend of Manu Needhi Cholan Ellalan received the title "Manu Needhi Cholan" (the Chola who follows justice) because he executed his own son to provide justice to a cow. Legend has it that the king hung a giant bell in front of his courtroom for anyone needing justice to ring. One day, he came out on hearing the ringing of the bell by a cow. Upon enquiry, he found that the calf of that cow had been killed under the wheels of his son's chariot. In order to provide justice to the cow, Ellalan killed his own son, Veedhividangan, under the chariot as his own punishment i.e. Ellalan made himself suffer as much as the cow. Impressed by the justice of the king, Lord Shiva blessed him and brought back the calf and his son alive. He has been mentioned in the Silappatikaram and Periya Puranam. His name has since then been used as a metaphor for fairness and justice in Tamil literature. His capital was Thiruvarur. The Mahavamsa also states that when he was riding his cart he accidentally hit a Chetiya. After that he ordered his ministers to kill him but the ministers replied that Buddha would not approve such an act. The king asked what he should do to rectify the damage and they said that repairing the structure would be enough which is what he did. Chronicles such as the Yalpana Vaipava Malai and stone inscriptions like Konesar Kalvettu recount that Kulakkottan, an early Chola king and descendant of Manu Needhi Cholan, was the restorer of the ruined Koneswaram temple and tank at Trincomalee in 438, the Munneswaram temple of the west coast, and as the royal who settled ancient Vanniyars in the east of the island Eelam.

4318540

Gopa Rashtra

In the Sanskrit epics, the Gopa Rashtra (Gopa kingdom) of central and western India is believed to have been ruled by Krishna. Inscriptions indicate the presence of a region by this name in the Chalukya empire (present day Maharashtra and Goa). In the Junagarh inscriptions of Skandagupta and Chalukyan records, Gopa rasthra is mentioned as the colony inhabited by the Abhir people. Kautilya states that the region was tribal corporation following the profession of agriculture and arms both. According to Mahabharata's list of kingdoms given in Bhishma Parva, chapter-9, Pandu Rashtra, Gopa Rashtra, Malla Rashtra and Ashmaka together formed the modern Maharashtra. The term Goa is derived from Goparashtra i.e. the area of Yadavas. History The name of Gopa rashtra forms part among the various kingdoms of Ancient India as narrated in the epic Mahabharata. The state of Goa is described as ancient Goparashtra and it takes its present name from earlier used terms like- Gomant, Gomantaka, Govarashtra or Goparashtra. All these names are prefixed with "Go" means "cow". Mahabharata refers it to as the country of cowherds. Inscriptions of Chalukya age mention about grant of Balegrama village in the Goparashtra to worship Kapaleshvara.

4318543

South Crosland

South Crosland is a village in the metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It was originally a chapelry in the civil parish of Almondbury, and became a separate civil parish in 1866. It became an urban district in 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894. The parish and urban district was abolished under a County Review Order in 1938, being split between the county borough of Huddersfield, the Holmfirth Urban District, and the Meltham urban district.

4318552

Niš Constantine the Great Airport

Niš Constantine the Great Airport () , located northwest of downtown Niš, in the suburbs of Medoševac and Popovac. It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Serbia, after Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport. History Early years The first airfield serving the city of Niš was established in 1910, near the village of Donje Međurovo. In the 1930s, then-national airline company Aeroput used the airport for civil service. In 1935, Aeroput included a stop in Niš in its, back then domestic, route linking Belgrade with Skopje. Following World War II, the airport was used as a military base. Among other units, it was a base for the 63rd Paratroop Brigade and 119th Aviation Brigade. A portion of the airport is still used by the Serbian Air Force and Air Defence. In 1952, at the site of today's airport, the first concrete runway, measuring , was built and used for military flights. In order to maintain the pace with the development of military as well as civil aircraft, in 1972 the length of the runway was extended to to accommodate larger contemporary commercial aircraft. In the 1970s, the airport was used for occasional service to the Adriatic coast. By the 1980s, this occasional service led the local authorities to recognize the needs of the people living in Niš as well as Southern and Eastern Serbia and took into account the economic development of the city. The association of economic and political entities prepared detailed terms and in 1986 made a decision on establishing the entity "Airport Niš". The terminal building as well as the ancillary support facilities were built and opened to service in 1986. This project also included the asphalt coated runway and built-in system of lights that provided visual descent guidance during runway approaches at night. The development of air traffic in Niš was not initiated just by JAT Yugoslav Airlines, but also by Slovenian company Inex-Adria Airways (Adria Airways nowadays), although both were domestic airlines back then. The Breakup of Yugoslavia at the beginning of 1990s brought to the sharp decrease in travelling to the Adriatic Sea, Ljubljana and Zagreb, once the busiest routes from Niš. This was followed by United Nations sanctions imposed on Serbia and Montenegro which included a ban on international air travel. In these circumstances the volume of traffic reached its lowest point with the only route being to Tivat Airport during the summer period. In 1998, the traffic volume increased owing to the heavy air traffic from Pristina International Airport which was out of use because of numerous foggy days during which the traffic was successfully carried out from Niš. The airport was heavily damaged during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The airport was reopened in 2003 with the financial assistance from government of Norway. Damage sustained during the bombing was repaired, including the building of a new control tower and renewal of the terminal building. In 2004, Jat Airways and Montenegro Airlines resumed flights from Niš to Zurich, Paris, and Tivat. In 2010, Wind Jet connected the airport with Forlì, Italy while Montenegro Airlines linked it with Podgorica on a daily basis. The route to Podgorica was discontinued in 2013 because of low passenger numbers. For more than two years (2014-2015) there were only charter flights to and from Niš. Recent developments The expansion in traffic began in 2015 when low-cost airline Wizz Air launched flights to Basel and Malmö. Shortly after, Ryanair followed the suit by announcing flights to Berlin. In 2016, both Wizzair and Ryanair announced more flights from Niš, respectively Wizzair to Dortmund, Eindhoven, Memmingen and Ryanair to Weeze, Bergamo and Bratislava. Shortly after the launch of these flights Niš experienced triple-digit growth in passenger traffic, exceeding the previous record figure. In October 2016, Turkish Cargo, the airline for the transport of cargo which is a part of Turkish Airlines commenced scheduled cargo service between Niš and Istanbul. In November 2016, Swiss International Air Lines announced flights to Zurich, operated by the Airbus 320. In December 2016, Swiss got direct competition when Germania Flug announced flights to Zurich, starting June 2017 operated by the Airbus 319. In December 2016, it was announced that Constantine the Great Airport airport began overhaul of its terminal by expanding check-in and boarding space, as well as building a new exterior and fixing the roof. The project is being funded jointly by the Government of Serbia and local authorities. Furthermore, the Serbia and Montenegro Air Traffic Services Agency (SMATSA) plans to start construction of a new control tower next year and will invest a million euros in an instrument landing system (ILS), which provides guidance to aircraft approaching and landing on a runway during low ceilings or reduced visibility due to fog, rain or snow. In January 2018, the Government of Serbia granted a 25-year concession of the Serbian largest Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport to the French airport operator Vinci Airports for a sum of 501 million euros. As part of the deal, other three Serbian civil airports (Niš Constantine the Great Airport, Ponikve Airport and Morava Airport) are restricted when it comes to annual passenger flow expansion; they are allowed to increase to a maximum of 1 million passengers over the next 12 years. Plans exist for Niš Constantine the Great Airport to be linked to twelve more European cities, after Government of Serbia publish document about lines of public interests. Companies with the best offers will be granted 5 million euros. Twelve destinations of public interest are Frankfurt, Rome, Hannover, Ljubljana, Bologna, Budapest, Göteborg, Friedrichshafen, Karlsruhe, Salzburg, Nuremberg, Tivat. Airlines and destinations The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Niš Airport: Statistics Emergency Response Centre In 2009, the Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations established a joint emergency response centre at the airport. In 2011, a Russian Mil Mi-26 and Beriev Be-200 were dispatched to this centre for aerial firefighting duties. The centre was completed and put into operation in 2012. Transport links Bus There are two bus lines that connects airport to most of the Niš suburbs - line 34A (Airport-Central Bus Station-Central Railway station-Airport) and 34B (Airport-Central Railway station-Central Bus Station-Airport). One single ticket costs 60 dinars (0,51 euro) and can be purchased in bus. Buses are available every 30 minutes. Taxi Taxi service is available at any time for any city destination and more. Rent a car There are eight rent a car agencies available at the airport.

4318553

Rob Roy Boat Club

Rob Roy Boat Club, or Robs, is a boat club based on the River Cam in Cambridge, UK, which has traditionally focused on training and racing in small boats. The club has members at all levels, from national squad through seniors and veterans to juniors and novices. The club colours are Royal Irish Maroon and White and the club is a member of the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association. History The club was founded in 1880, making it one of the older clubs in Cambridge. On 5 June 1880 an item appeared in the Cambridge Chronicle as follows: Strict temperance is no longer enforced to either language or liquors. Racing Club members compete at head races and regattas ranging from local events on the River Cam, through to the major national events such as Henley Royal Regatta and the National Rowing Championships, to the World Cup Regattas and World Championships. The club also competes in the Cambridge Town Bumps, which provides an enjoyable end to the summer regatta season. The first men's crew held the Headship from 1998 to 2006. Events Rob Roy organises the Cambridge Small Boats Head which is held in early October each year (for coxed and coxless pairs, and single and double sculls), and the Cambridge Autumn Head which is held in mid October each year (for coxed and coxless fours and quads, and eights). Honours British champions

4318556

Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas Urban District

Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas was an urban district in the West Riding of Yorkshire from 1925 to 1938. It was created in 1925 by the merger of the Thurstonland and Farnley Tyas urban districts (both created in 1894). In 1938 it was itself abolished, under a County Review Order, with most going to Kirkburton urban district, and part to Holmfith Urban District. The area now forms part of the Kirklees metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire.

4318560

Master of the Flying Guillotine

Master of the Flying Guillotine is a 1976 Hong Kong wuxia film starring Jimmy Wang Yu, who also wrote and directed the film. It is a sequel to Wang's 1971 film One Armed Boxer, and thus the film is also known as One-Armed Boxer 2 and The One Armed Boxer vs. the Flying Guillotine. Plot The film concerns Wang's one-armed martial arts master being stalked by an imperial assassin, the master of two fighters (the Tibetan lamas) who were killed in the previous film. The title refers to the assassin's weapon, the "flying guillotine", which resembles a hat with a bladed rim attached to a long chain. Upon enveloping one's head, the blades cleanly decapitate the victim with a quick pull of the chain. The Boxer's adversary is the assassin Fung Sheng Wu Chi who is blind, is an expert user of the Flying Guillotine, and relies on others to identify one-armed men, which he then kills. When the One-Armed Boxer is invited to attend a martial arts tournament, his efforts to lie low are unsuccessful, and the assassin soon tracks him down with the help of his three subordinates competing in the tournament: a Thai boxer, a yoga master, and a kobojutsu user. The One-Armed Boxer leaves the tournament and, using a series of traps, defeats the assassin's subordinates. Unable to directly confront the deadly assassin himself, the One-armed Boxer devises a plan that uses misdirection. Taking advantage of the assassin's blindness by using bamboo poles as a lure, each time the blind assassin throws his weapon, it becomes snagged on one of the bamboo poles effectively removing the inner blades of the assassin's deadly weapon; however, as it still contains a jagged outer edge it is still a formidable weapon. The One-armed Boxer then proceeds to convert a coffin-maker's shop into an elaborate trap. Once the weapon is finally destroyed, the One-armed Boxer engages the assassin in a duel and defeats him. Cast Jimmy Wang Yu as Yu Tien Lung, known as the One-Armed Boxer Kam Kong as Fung Sheng Wu Chi Doris Lung as Wu Shao Tieh, a daughter of Wu Chang Sang Sham Chin-bo as Nai Men, the Thai boxer Lung Fei as Yakuma Wong Wing-sang as Yogi Tro Le Soung, known as Indian Fighter (The film gives him the name Yogi Tro Le Soung) Sit Hon as Tournament Referee Lau Kar-wing as Chang Chia Yu, known as fighter with a three-section staff Wong Fei-lung as One-armed boxer's student Yu Chung-chiu as Wu Chang Sang Shan Mao as bamboo cutter Wang Tai-lang as Ma Wu Kung, Monkey stylist Shih Ting-ken as One-armed boxer's student Lung Sai-ga as Wang Jiang Philip Kwok as Ho Po Wei Lung Fong as Lee Kun Man, known as Tiger Fists / Nose-Picking fight Sun Jung-chi as Daredevil Lee San Wong Lik as Tornado Knives Lei Kung Hau Pak-wai as Cheung Shung, known as fighter with a long braid Ho Wai-hung as Tieh Cheng Chi Fu-Chiang as Iron Skin Niu Sze Ma Chin-Ku as So Leong Chin Lung as Flying Rope Chao Wu Tang Tak-Cheung as Tung Erh, known as Praying Mantis Hsieh Hsing as One Armed Snake Fist Hsieh Hsing Reception Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 90% of 20 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating was 6.9/10. Metacritic rated the film 57/100 based on eleven reviews. Elvis Mitchell of The New York Times called it "near-great" and "a venerable example of the kung fu genre". Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "Master of the Flying Guillotine has been called the Holy Grail of the Hong Kong martial arts movies of the '70s, and now that it has been lovingly restored and given a regular theatrical release, it's easy to see why." Joey O'Bryan of The Austin Chronicle rated it 2/5 stars and called it "a mess" that fails to live up to the epic brawl promised by the alternate title. Nathan Rabin of The A.V. Club called it "a delirious kung-fu saga" that is "wild even by the genre's lenient standards". Rabin concludes, "Goofy Z-movie fun of the highest order, Master Of The Flying Guillotine needs to be seen to be believed, and even then defies belief." Phil Hall of Film Threat rated it 1.5/5 stars and wrote, "[T]his silly production stands as a dinky reminder of why martial arts film fell out of favor during the mid-1970s". J. Doyle Wallis of DVD Talk rated it 4/5 stars and called it "a complete guilty pleasure that leaves you feeling high off its empty b-movie fun". Mike Pinsky of DVD Verdict wrote that the film toys with and subverts many martial arts film cliches, which makes it surprising and entertaining. Soundtrack Most of the music in the film is taken from Krautrock bands, and includes: "Super" (Opening theme) and "Super 16" (Master Fung's theme) from Neu!'s second studio album, Neu! 2; "Rubycon, Part One" (The One-Armed Boxer's theme) from Tangerine Dream's sixth studio album, Rubycon, and "Mitternacht" (Suspense theme), "Morgenspaziergang" (courtyard music) and "Kometenmelodie 2" (End credits) from Kraftwerk's fourth studio album, Autobahn. The soundtrack has been referenced and sampled extensively, including the use of "Super 16" in Tarantino's Kill Bill. Legacy Quentin Tarantino has cited the film as "one of my favorite movies of all time." The character Dhalsim from the Street Fighter video game series has been compared to the Indian assassin in the film. In The Boondocks episode Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy, the Hateocracy member, Lord Rufus Crabmiser, used a flying guillotine disguised as a lobster trap to attack the Freeman family and ultimately kill Bushido Brown. Prequel In 1977, a prequel titled Fatal Flying Guillotine was made by Hong Kong director Raymond Liu.

4318564

David Feeney

David Ian Feeney (born 5 March 1970) is a former Australian politician. He was the Labor member for the division of Batman in the House of Representatives from 7 September 2013 to 1 February 2018. Before that, he was a member of the Australian Senate for Victoria from 2008 until his resignation to contest Batman. Feeney resigned as a member of Parliament on 1 February 2018 as he was unable to produce any documentary evidence disproving he was a dual citizen, which is a breach of section 44 of the Constitution of Australia. Background and early career Feeney was born in Adelaide, South Australia in 1970, his father having emigrated from Belfast, Northern Ireland. Raised as a Roman Catholic, Feeney attended Mercedes College, Adelaide, before moving to Melbourne in 1987, where he attended the University of Melbourne. He later completed post-graduate study at Monash University, with a Masters in Public Policy and Management (MPPM). Feeney worked in the National Office of the Transport Workers Union (TWU) as a Federal Industrial Officer from 1994 to 1999. At the TWU, Feeney served as a union advocate before the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC). Feeney served as Victorian State Secretary of the Labor Party and State Labor Campaign Director from March 1999 to December 2002, where he had considerable success as a fund-raiser and campaign director. At the 2002 state election, Victorian Labor won 20 seats, holding 62 seats in the parliament of 88—the largest majority in Victorian history. Following that election, he joined the private staff of Premier Steve Bracks as his Director of Strategy. In 2005, Feeney returned to his home state of South Australia to become Labor's Assistant National Secretary and campaign director for SA Labor at the March 2006 state election. Feeney helped SA Labor win six seats previously held by the opposition Liberal Party. David served as Assistant National Secretary and Deputy National Campaign Director of the Australian Labor Party between 2005 and June 2008. Political career Senate In March 2006, Feeney was placed third on the Australian Senate from Victoria ballot paper as the Labor Party's candidate. Winning against lead candidate from the Australian Greens, Richard Di Natale, Feeney entered the Senate on 1 July 2008. During his period in the Senate, he sat on the Senate Select Committee on Climate Policy. In 2010, Feeney was one of the key MPs (along with Bill Shorten, Mark Arbib, and Don Farrell) who convinced their colleagues to support Julia Gillard in calling for a leadership spill against sitting Prime Minister Kevin Rudd. When Gillard was sworn in as Prime Minister, Feeney was appointed as Parliamentary Secretary for Defence in her first ministry, and was reappointed to this role in the second Gillard ministry. He maintained this position in the reshuffle when Rudd regained the Prime Ministership in June 2013. As Parliamentary Secretary, Feeney commissioned the report into Unresolved Recognition for Past Acts of Naval and Military Gallantry and Valour, and was responsible for the Australian Government's Defence Honours and Awards Appeals Tribunal. His responsibilities included ADF Reserves, ADF force structure (especially Plan BEERSHEBA in the Army), the Pacific Maritime Security Plan (PMSP) and liaison with Pacific Island Countries, participating in the first meeting of South Pacific Defence Ministers Meeting (SPDMM) in Tonga. Feeney also commissioned the Department of Defence workforce review, known as Plan Suakin, in 2010. House of Representatives Feeney was elected as the member for Batman in 2013, succeeding the retired Martin Ferguson. His switch to nominating for the House of the Representatives came after he was preselected to the third spot on the Victorian Senate ticket. Although it was the same ticket position from which he had been elected in 2007, the state of Labor's polling in 2013 made the prospects of holding his Senate seat unlikely, with Feeney admitting that this made his position in the Senate, "very, very marginal." At the 2013 election Labor Leader Bill Shorten appointed Feeney as Shadow Minister for Justice and Shadow Assistant Minister for Defence. After 1 July 2014 the portfolio of Veterans Affairs and Centenary of ANZAC were added to his responsibilities. As a local MP, Feeney campaigned for schools funding, healthcare and public transport. He also worked to promote the Anzac Centenary in his Batman electorate, and to secure grants for local projects to commemorate the service of Australian service-men and women in the First World War. Feeney sought to promote causes in parliament including recognition of same-sex marriage, needs-based school funding, and various environmental concerns, particularly marine parks and fisheries protection. In 2017, Feeney was one of a small number of Labor MPs to express opposition to the Carmichael coal mine proposed by the Adani Group, saying the project didn't "stack up" and calling the cost to the environment and climate "too high". Feeney is a regular commentator on strategic and defence matters, was a regular contributor to ADM magazine, and Deputy Chair of the Defence sub-committee of the Joint Standing Committee of Defence, Foreign Affairs and Trade (JSCDFAT). He also served as a contributing author to 'The Long Road': Australia's train, advice and assist mission and Australia's American Alliance: Towards a New Era? David Feeney was keenly interested in the Australian Antarctic Territory, commenting on its importance to Australia's strategic outlook and travelling there in 2017. At the 2016 federal election the Australian Greens focused their campaign effort against several inner urban electorates with sitting Labor MPs, including Feeney's seat of Batman. Feeney attracted controversy when it was revealed he had failed to disclose an investment property he owned in Northcote (valued at $2.3 million) on the Parliamentary Register of Interests. While Feeney claimed that he had gained no financial advantage from his mistake, accusations that he had "forgotten his house" caused significant damage to his re-election campaign, which had focused on Labor's policy to abolish negative gearing. His campaign in Batman was described by the Herald Sun as "tumultuous", with Feeney also leaving confidential Labor briefing notes in a TV studio after an interview on Sky News. On 2 July 2016, Feeney was narrowly re-elected with 51.03% of the two-candidate-preferred vote against the Greens. Feeney was referred to the High Court of Australia on 6 December 2017, over concerns he was in breach of section 44 of the Australian Constitution. Feeney claimed he had taken the steps required of him to relinquish any British and Irish citizenship by descent in 2007, but was unable to produce documentation confirming the British renunciation had taken place. On 1 February 2018, accordingly, Feeney announced his resignation as a member of Parliament, and revealed he would not stand as a candidate for the Batman by-election later that year. Personal life Feeney is married to Liberty Sanger, principal of law firm Maurice Blackburn. They have a son, Ned (2014), and a daughter, Matilda (2019). Career after politics David Feeney was appointed a Senior Fellow to the Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI) in August 2018. He has served as a regular guest lecturer at the Australian War College in Canberra since 2018. In 2019, he was appointed to the Advisory Board of NIOA. In December 2018, Feeney wrote a paper advocating for Australia's need to develop a comprehensive grand strategy for the Centre of Gravity journal of the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre of the Australian National University (ANU). In 2021, Feeney wrote a further paper for Centre of Gravity entitled "SEA 5000 Future Frigate program: continuous shipbuilding under the spotlight". Since 2019, Feeney has been a postgraduate student at the University of Melbourne. In 2020 he completed a Graduate Diploma in Arts (Advanced). His thesis entitled Second Punic War: the contest for the central Mediterranean, Hannibal and Carthaginian grand strategy 218-210 BC won the 2020 William Culican Memorial Award. In 2021, Feeney commenced PhD studies in classical and ancient studies. In October 2021 David Feeney became a Graduate Member of the Australian Institute of Company Directors.

4318570

MicroVAX

The MicroVAX is a discontinued family of low-cost minicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). The first model, the MicroVAX I, was introduced in 1983. They used processors that implemented the VAX instruction set architecture (ISA) and were succeeded by the VAX 4000. Many members of the MicroVAX family had corresponding VAXstation variants, which primarily differ by the addition of graphics hardware. The MicroVAX family supports Digital's VMS and ULTRIX operating systems. Prior to VMS V5.0, MicroVAX hardware required a dedicated version of VMS named MicroVMS. MicroVAX I The MicroVAX I, code named "Seahorse", introduced in October 1984, was one of DEC's first VAX computers to use very-large-scale integration (VLSI) technology. The KA610 CPU module (also known as the KD32) contained two custom chips which implemented the ALU and FPU while TTL chips were used for everything else. Two variants of the floating point chips were supported, with the chips differing by the type of floating point instructions supported, F and G, or F and D. The system was implemented on two quad-height Q-bus cards - a Data Path Module (DAP) and Memory Controller (MCT). The MicroVAX I used Q-bus memory cards, which limited the maximum memory to 4MiB. The performance of the MicroVAX I was rated at 0.3 VUPs, equivalent to the earlier VAX-11/730. MicroVAX II The MicroVAX II, code named "Mayflower", was a mid-range MicroVAX introduced in May 1985 and shipped shortly thereafter. It ran VAX/VMS or, alternatively, ULTRIX, the DEC native Unix operating system. At least one non-DEC operating system was available, BSD Unix from MtXinu. It used the KA630-AA CPU module, a quad-height Q22-Bus module, which featured a MicroVAX 78032 microprocessor and a MicroVAX 78132 floating-point coprocessor operating at 5 MHz (200 ns cycle time). Two gate arrays on the module implemented the external interface for the microprocessor, Q22-bus interface and the scatter-gather map for DMA transfers over the Q22-Bus. The module also contained 1 MB of memory, an interval timer, two ROMs for the boot and diagnostic facility, a DZ console serial line unit and a time-of-year clock. A 50-pin connector for a ribbon cable near the top left corner of the module provided the means by which more memory was added to the system. The MicroVAX II supported 1 to 16 MB of memory through zero, one or two memory expansion modules. The MS630 memory expansion module was used for expanding memory capacity. Four variants of the MS630 existed: the 1 MB MS630-AA, 2 MB MS630-BA, 4 MB MS630-BB and the 8MB MS630-CA. The MS630-AA was a dual-height module, whereas the MS630-BA, MS630-BB and MS630-CA were quad-height modules. These modules used 256 Kb DRAMs and were protected by byte-parity, with the parity logic located on the module. The modules connected to the CPU module via the backplane through the C and D rows and a 50-conductor ribbon cable. The backplane served as the address bus and the ribbon cable as the data bus. The MicroVAX II came in three models of enclosure: BA23 BA123 630QE - A deskside enclosure. KA620 KA620 referred to a single-board MicroVAX II designed for automatic test equipment and manufacturing applications which only ran DEC's real-time VAXELN operating system. A KA620 with 1 MB of memory bundled with the VAXELN Run-Time Package 2.3 was priced at US$5,000. Mira Mira referred to a fault-tolerant configuration of the MicroVAX II developed by DEC's European Centre for Special Systems located in Annecy in France. The system consisted of two MicroVAX 78032 microprocessors, an active and standby microprocessor in a single box, connected by Ethernet and controlled by a software switch. When a fault was detected in the active microprocessor, the workload was switched over to the standby microprocessor. Industrial VAX 630 A MicroVAX II in BA213 enclosure. MicroVAX III BA23- or BA123-enclosure MicroVAX upgraded with KA650 CPU module containing a CVAX chip set. MicroVAX III+ BA23- or BA123-enclosure MicroVAX upgraded with KA655 CPU module. VAX 4 BA23- or BA123-enclosure MicroVAX upgraded with KA660 CPU module. MicroVAX 2000 The MicroVAX 2000, code named "TeamMate", was a low-cost MicroVAX introduced on 10 February 1987. In January 1987, the MicroVAX 2000 was the first VAX system targeted at both universities and VAX programmers who wanted to work from remote locations. The MicroVAX 2000 used the same microprocessor and floating-point coprocessor as the MicroVAX II, but was feature reduced in order to lower the cost. Limitations were a reduced maximum memory capacity, 14 MB versus 16 MB in MicroVAX II systems and the lack of Q-Bus or any expansion bus. The system could have a Shugart-based harddrive with ST412 interface and MFM encoding and had a built in 5.25-inch floppy drive (named RX33 in DEC jargon) for software distribution and backup. Supported operating systems were VMS and ULTRIX. It was packaged in a desktop form factor. MicroVAX 3100 Series The MicroVAX 3100 Series was introduced in 1987. These systems were all packaged in desktop enclosures. MicroVAX 3100 Model 10 Teammate II KA41-A, CVAX, 11.11 MHz (90 ns) MicroVAX 3100 Model 10e Teammate II KA41-D, CVAX+, 16.67 MHz (60 ns) 32 MB of memory maximum. MicroVAX 3100 Model 20 Teammate II KA41-A, CVAX, 11.11 MHz (90 ns) A Model 10 in larger enclosure. MicroVAX 3100 Model 20e Teammate II KA41-D, CVAX+, 16.67 MHz (60 ns) A Model 10e in larger enclosure. MicroVAX 3100 Model 30 Waverley/S Entry-level model, developed in Ayr, Scotland Introduced: 12 October 1993 KA45, SOC, 25 MHz (40 ns) 32 MB of memory maximum. MicroVAX 3100 Model 40 Waverley/S Entry-level model, developed in Ayr, Scotland Introduced: 12 October 1993 KA45, SOC, 25 MHz (40 ns) 8 to 32 MB of memory A Model 30 in larger enclosure. MicroVAX 3100 Model 80 Waverley/M Entry-level model, developed in Ayr, Scotland Introduced: 12 October 1993 KA47, Mariah, 50 MHz (20 ns), 256 KB external cache 72 MB of memory maximum. MicroVAX 3100 Model 85 Waverley/M+ Introduced: August 1994 KA55, NVAX, 62.5 MHz (16 ns), 128 KB external cache 16 to 128 MB of memory. MicroVAX 3100 Model 88 Waverley/M+ Introduced: 8 October 1996 Last order date: 30 September 2000 Last ship date: 31 December 2000 KA58, NVAX, 62.5 MHz (16 ns), 128 KB external cache 64 to 512 MB of memory. MicroVAX 3100 Model 90 Cheetah Introduced: 12 October 1993 Identical to the VAX 4000 Model 100, but uses SCSI instead of DSSI KA50, NVAX, 72 MHz (14 ns), 128 KB external cache 128 MB of memory maximum. MicroVAX 3100 Model 95 Cheetah+ Introduced: 12 April 1994 Processor: KA51, NVAX, 83.34 MHz (12 ns), 512 KB external cache. MicroVAX 3100 Model 96 Cheetah++ KA56, NVAX, 100 MHz (10 ns) 16 to 128 MB of memory. MicroVAX 3100 Model 98 Cheetah++ Introduced: 8 October 1996 Last order date: 30 September 2000 Last ship date: 31 December 2000 KA59, NVAX, 100 MHz (10 ns), 512 KB external cache. InfoServer 100/150/1000 General purpose storage server (disk, CD-ROM, tape and MOP boot server) related to MicroVAX 3100 Model 10, running custom firmware, KA41-C CPU. Mayfair MicroVAX 3500 and MicroVAX 3600 The MicroVAX 3500 and MicroVAX 3600, code named "Mayfair", were introduced in September 1987 and were meant to be the higher end complement of the MicroVAX family. These new machines featured more than three times the performance of the MicroVAX II and supported 32 MB of ECC main memory (twice that of the MicroVAX II). The performance improvements over the MicroVAX II resulted from the increased clock rate of the CVAX chip set, which operated at 11.11 MHz (90 ns cycle time) along with a two-level, write-through caching architecture. It used the KA650 CPU module. MicroVAX 3300 and MicroVAX 3400 The MicroVAX 3300 and MicroVAX 3400, code named Mayfair II, were entry-level to mid-range server computers introduced on 19 October 1988 intended to compete with the IBM AS/400. They used the KA640 CPU module. MicroVAX 3800 and MicroVAX 3900 The MicroVAX 3800 and MicroVAX 3900, code-named "Mayfair III", were introduced in April 1989. They were high-end models in the MicroVAX family, replacing the MicroVAX 3500 and MicroVAX 3600, and were intended to compete with the IBM AS/400. At introduction, the starting price of the MicroVAX 3800 was US$81,000 and that of the MicroVAX 3900 was US$120,200. A variant of the MicroVAX 3800, the rtVAX 3800, was intended for real-time computing (RTC) applications such as computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). These systems used the KA655 CPU module, which contained a 16.67 MHz (60 ns cycle time) CVAX chip set. They supported up to 64 MB of memory.

4318575

Ernest Tomlinson

Ernest Tomlinson MBE (19 September 1924 – 12 June 2015) was an English composer, particularly noted for his light music compositions. He was sometimes credited as 'Alan Perry'. Life and career Tomlinson was born in Rawtenstall, Lancashire, England, into a musical family, one of four children to Fred Tomlinson Sr and May Tomlinson (née Culpan). His younger brother, Fred Tomlinson, also a musician, founded The Fred Tomlinson Singers and performed the music for Monty Python's Flying Circus. At the age of nine he became a chorister at Manchester Cathedral, where he was eventually appointed as Head Boy in 1939. He later attended Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School and at sixteen won a scholarship to Manchester University and the Royal Manchester College of Music. He spent the next two years studying composition until in 1943 he left to join the Royal Air Force, where, although colour-blind, he became a wireless mechanic and saw service in France during 1944 and 1945. He returned to England in 1945 to resume his studies and graduated in 1947, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Music for composition as well as being made a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists and an Associate of the Royal Manchester College of Music. Tomlinson left northern England for London, where he worked as a staff arranger for Arcadia and Mills Music Publishers, providing scores for radio and television broadcasts as well as for the stage and recording studios. He continued his interest in the organ by taking up a post at a Mayfair church. Tomlinson had his first piece broadcast by the BBC in 1949 and by 1955 he had formed his own orchestra, the "Ernest Tomlinson Light Orchestra". From 1951 to 1953, he was musical director of the Chingford Amateur Dramatic and Operatic Society. In 1976, he took over the directorship of the Rossendale Male Voice Choir from his father, a post he held for five years, during which the choir won their class for three years in the BBC's "Grand Sing" competition. He was also the founder of the Northern Concert Orchestra, with whom he gave numerous broadcasts and concerts. He was a chief consultant for the Marco Polo Records label, and was featured a number of times on Brian Kay's Light Programme. In 1984, after discovering that the BBC were disposing of their light music archive, Tomlinson founded The Library of Light Orchestral Music, which is housed in a barn at his family's farmhouse near Longridge in Lancashire. The library currently contains around 50,000 pieces, including many items that would otherwise have been lost. Tomlinson and his wife Jean (née Lancaster) were married from 1949 until her death in September 2006. The couple had four children, Ann, Geoffrey, Hilary and Linda. Tomlinson's four children, eight grandchildren and seven great-grandchildren survive him. Awards Tomlinson won several prestigious awards; the Composers' Guild Award in 1965 and two Ivor Novello Awards - one for services to light music in 1970, the other for his full-length ballet Aladdin in 1975. For several years he was on the Executive Committee of the Composers' Guild of Great Britain, including being its Chairman in 1964. In addition, he was from 1965 a composer-director of the Performing Rights Society. Tomlinson was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE), in the 2012 Birthday Honours, for services to music. Works Tomlinson was primarily known as a composer of light orchestral pieces and produced a considerable body of works ranging from overtures, suites and rhapsodies and miniatures, of which Little Serenade and Cantilena are probably the most popular. Also notable are a number of English folk-dance arrangements. In the 1960s, he wrote a number of Test Card pieces such as Stately Occasion and the tongue-in-cheek Capability Brown. His Fantasia on Auld Lang Syne (1976) in its 20 minutes weaves in 129 quotations from pieces by other composers. Tomlinson also worked on larger-scale forms, including several works in symphonic jazz style, such as Sinfonia '62, which won an Italian competition for "Rhythmic-Symphonic" works. Also notable are two symphonies, three concertos - including his Cornet Concerto performed by Maurice Murphy, his Rhapsody and Rondo for horn and orchestra (premiered by Dennis Brain, a one-act opera Head of the Family, a Festival of Song for chorus and orchestra and numerous works for choirs, brass bands and concert bands. In 1966, Tomlinson conducted his Symphony '65, in the Tchaikovsky Hall, Moscow, played by the Moscow Radio Symphony Orchestra and Big Band, which was the first time a symphonic jazz work had been heard in Russia. His arrangement Fantasia on Auld Lang Syne is a quodlibet which features 152 references to other classical works and folk songs.

4318577

Baltimore classification

Baltimore classification is a system used to classify viruses based on their manner of messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis. By organizing viruses based on their manner of mRNA production, it is possible to study viruses that behave similarly as a distinct group. Seven Baltimore groups are described that take into consideration whether the viral genome is made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), whether the genome is single- or double-stranded, and whether the sense of a single-stranded RNA genome is positive or negative. Baltimore classification also closely corresponds to the manner of replicating the genome, so Baltimore classification is useful for grouping viruses together for both transcription and replication. Certain subjects pertaining to viruses are associated with multiple, specific Baltimore groups, such as specific forms of translation of mRNA and the host range of different types of viruses. Structural characteristics such as the shape of the viral capsid, which stores the viral genome, and the evolutionary history of viruses are not necessarily related to Baltimore groups. Baltimore classification was created in 1971 by virologist David Baltimore. Since then, it has become common among virologists to use Baltimore classification alongside standard virus taxonomy, which is based on evolutionary history. In 2018 and 2019, Baltimore classification was partially integrated into virus taxonomy based on evidence that certain groups were descended from common ancestors. Various realms, kingdoms, and phyla now correspond to specific Baltimore groups. Overview Baltimore classification groups viruses together based on their manner of mRNA synthesis. Characteristics directly related to this include whether the genome is made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA), the strandedness of the genome, which can be either single- or double-stranded, and the sense of a single-stranded genome, which is either positive or negative. The primary advantage of Baltimore classification is that by classifying viruses according to the aforementioned characteristics, viruses that behave in the same manner can be studied as distinct groups. There are seven Baltimore groups numbered with Roman numerals, listed hereafter. Group I: double-stranded DNA viruses Group II: single-stranded DNA viruses Group III: double-stranded RNA viruses Group IV: positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses Group V: negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses Group VI: single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate in their life cycle Group VII: double-stranded DNA viruses with an RNA intermediate in their life cycle Baltimore classification is chiefly based on the transcription of the viral genome, and viruses within each group typically share the manners by which the mRNA synthesis occurs. While not the direct focus of Baltimore classification, groups are organized in such a manner that viruses in each group also typically have the same mechanisms of replicating the viral genome. Because of this, Baltimore classification provides insights into both the transcription and replication parts of the viral life cycle. Structural characteristics of a virus particle, called a virion, such as the shape of the viral capsid and the presence of a viral envelope, a lipid membrane that surrounds the capsid, have no direct relation to Baltimore groups, nor do the groups necessarily show genetic relation based on evolutionary history. Classification DNA viruses DNA viruses have genomes made of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are organized into two groups: double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses, and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses. They are assigned to four separate realms: Adnaviria, Duplodnaviria, Monodnaviria, and Varidnaviria. Many have yet to be assigned to a realm. Group I: double-stranded DNA viruses The first Baltimore group contains viruses that have a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome. All dsDNA viruses have their mRNA synthesized in a three-step process. First, a transcription preinitiation complex binds to the DNA upstream of the site where transcription begins, allowing for the recruitment of a host RNA polymerase. Second, once the RNA polymerase is recruited, it uses the negative strand as a template for synthesizing mRNA strands. Third, the RNA polymerase terminates transcription upon reaching a specific signal, such as a polyadenylation site. dsDNA viruses make use of several mechanisms to replicate their genome. Bidirectional replication, in which two replication forks are established at a replication origin site and move in opposite directions of each other, is widely used. A rolling circle mechanism that produces linear strands while progressing in a loop around the circular genome is also common. Some dsDNA viruses use a strand displacement method whereby one strand is synthesized from a template strand, and a complementary strand is then synthesized from the prior synthesized strand, forming a dsDNA genome. Lastly, some dsDNA viruses are replicated as part of a process called replicative transposition whereby a viral genome in a host cell's DNA is replicated to another part of a host genome. dsDNA viruses can be subdivided between those that replicate in the nucleus, and as such are relatively dependent on host cell machinery for transcription and replication, and those that replicate in the cytoplasm, in which case they have evolved or acquired their own means of executing transcription and replication. dsDNA viruses are also commonly divided between tailed dsDNA viruses, referring to members of the realm Duplodnaviria, usually the tailed bacteriophages of the order Caudovirales, and tailless or non-tailed dsDNA viruses of the realm Varidnaviria. dsDNA viruses are classified into three of the four realms and include many taxa that are unassigned to a realm: All viruses in Adnaviria are dsDNA viruses. Viruses in this realm infect archaea. All viruses in Duplodnaviria are dsDNA viruses. Viruses in this realm belong to two groups: tailed bacteriophages in Caudovirales and herpesviruses in Herpesvirales. In Monodnaviria, members of the class Papovaviricetes are dsDNA viruses. Viruses in Papovaviricetes constitute two groups: papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses. All viruses in Varidnaviria are dsDNA viruses. Viruses in this realm include adenoviruses, giant viruses, and poxviruses. The following taxa that are unassigned to a realm exclusively contain dsDNA viruses: Classes: Naldaviricetes Families: Ampullaviridae, Bicaudaviridae, Clavaviridae, Fuselloviridae, Globuloviridae, Guttaviridae, Halspiviridae, Ovaliviridae, Plasmaviridae, Polydnaviridae, Portogloboviridae, Thaspiviridae Genera: Dinodnavirus, Rhizidiovirus Group II: single-stranded DNA viruses The second Baltimore group contains viruses that have a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genome. ssDNA viruses have the same manner of transcription as dsDNA viruses. Because the genome is single-stranded, however, it is first made into a double-stranded form by a DNA polymerase upon entering a host cell. mRNA is then synthesized from the double-stranded form. The double-stranded form of ssDNA viruses may be produced either directly after entry into a cell or as a consequence of replication of the viral genome. Eukaryotic ssDNA viruses are replicated in the nucleus. Most ssDNA viruses contain circular genomes that are replicated via rolling circle replication (RCR). ssDNA RCR is initiated by an endonuclease that bonds to and cleaves the positive strand, allowing a DNA polymerase to use the negative strand as a template for replication. Replication progresses in a loop around the genome by means of extending the 3′-end of the positive strand, displacing the prior positive strand, and the endonuclease cleaves the positive strand again to create a standalone genome that is ligated into a circular loop. The new ssDNA may be packaged into virions or replicated by a DNA polymerase to form a double-stranded form for transcription or continuation of the replication cycle. Parvoviruses contain linear ssDNA genomes that are replicated via rolling hairpin replication (RHR), which is similar to RCR. Parvovirus genomes have hairpin loops at each end of the genome that repeatedly unfold and refold during replication to change the direction of DNA synthesis to move back and forth along the genome, producing numerous copies of the genome in a continuous process. Individual genomes are then excised from this molecule by the viral endonuclease. For parvoviruses, either the positive or negative sense strand may be packaged into capsids, varying from virus to virus. Nearly all ssDNA viruses have positive sense genomes, but a few exceptions and peculiarities exist. The family Anelloviridae is the only ssDNA family whose members have negative sense genomes, which are circular. Parvoviruses, as previously mentioned, may package either the positive or negative sense strand into virions. Lastly, bidnaviruses package both the positive and negative linear strands. In any case, the sense of ssDNA viruses, unlike for ssRNA viruses, is not sufficient to separate ssDNA viruses into two groups since all ssDNA viral genomes are converted to dsDNA forms prior to transcription and replication. ssDNA viruses are classified into one of the four realms and include several families that are unassigned to a realm: In Monodnaviria, all members except viruses in Papovaviricetes are ssDNA viruses. The unassigned families Anelloviridae and Spiraviridae are ssDNA virus families. Viruses in the family Finnlakeviridae contain ssDNA genomes. Finnlakeviridae is unassigned to a realm but is a proposed member of Varidnaviria. RNA viruses RNA viruses have genomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and comprise three groups: double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, positive sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, and negative sense single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) viruses. The majority of RNA viruses are classified in the kingdom Orthornavirae in the realm Riboviria. The exceptions are generally viroids and other subviral agents. Some of the latter category, such as the hepatitis D virus, are classified in the realm Ribozyviria. Group III: double-stranded RNA viruses The third Baltimore group contains viruses that have a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome. After entering a host cell, the dsRNA genome is transcribed to mRNA from the negative strand by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The mRNA may be used for translation or replication. Single-stranded mRNA is replicated to form the dsRNA genome. The 5′-end of the genome may be naked, capped, or covalently bound to a viral protein. dsRNA is not a molecule made by cells, so cellular life has evolved antiviral systems to detect and inactivate viral dsRNA. To counteract this, many dsRNA genomes are constructed inside of capsids, thereby avoiding detection inside of the host cell's cytoplasm. mRNA is forced out from the capsid in order to be translated or to be translocated from a mature capsid to a progeny capsid. While dsRNA viruses typically have capsids, viruses in the families Amalgaviridae and Endornaviridae have not been observed to form virions and as such apparently lack capsids. Endornaviruses are also unusual in that unlike other RNA viruses, they possess a single, long open reading frame (ORF), or translatable portion, and a site-specific nick in the 5′ region of the positive strand. dsRNA viruses are classified into two phyla within the kingdom Orthornavirae of the realm Riboviria: All viruses in Duplornaviricota are dsRNA viruses. In Pisuviricota, all members of the class Duplopiviricetes are dsRNA viruses. Group IV: positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses The fourth Baltimore group contains viruses that have a positive sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) genome. For +ssRNA viruses, the genome functions as mRNA, so no transcription is required for translation. +ssRNA viruses will also, however, produce positive sense copies of the genome from negative sense strands of an intermediate dsRNA genome. This acts as both a transcription and a replication process since the replicated RNA is also mRNA. The 5′-end may be naked, capped, or covalently bound to a viral protein, and the 3′-end may be naked or polyadenylated. Many +ssRNA viruses are able to have only a portion of their genome transcribed. Typically, subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) strands are used for translation of structural and movement proteins needed during intermediate and late stages of infection. sgRNA transcription may occur by commencing RNA synthesis within the genome rather than from the 5′-end, by stopping RNA synthesis at specific sequences in the genome, or by, as a part of both prior methods, synthesizing leader sequences from the viral RNA that are then attached to sgRNA strands. Because replication is required for sgRNA synthesis, RdRp is always translated first. Because the process of replicating the viral genome produces intermediate dsRNA molecules, +ssRNA viruses can be targeted by the host cell's immune system. To avoid detection, +ssRNA viruses replicate in membrane-associated vesicles that are used as replication factories. From there, only viral +ssRNA, which may be mRNA, enters the main cytoplasmic area of the cell. +ssRNA viruses can be subdivided between those that have polycistronic mRNA, which encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved to form multiple mature proteins, and those that produce subgenomic mRNAs and therefore undergo two or more rounds of translation. +ssRNA viruses are included in three phyla in the kingdom Orthornavirae in the realm Riboviria: All viruses in Lenarviricota are +ssRNA viruses. All viruses in Pisuviricota are +ssRNA viruses, excluding the class Duplopiviricetes, whose members have dsRNA genomes. All viruses in Kitrinoviricota are +ssRNA viruses. Group V: negative sense single-stranded RNA viruses The fifth Baltimore group contains viruses that have a negative sense, single-stranded RNA (-ssRNA) genome. mRNA, which is positive sense, is transcribed directly from the negative sense genome. The first process for -ssRNA transcription involves RdRp binding to a leader sequence on the 3′ end of the genome, transcribing a 5′ triphosphate-leader RNA that is capped, then stopping and restarting on a transcription signal which is capped, continuing until a stop signal is reached. The second manner is similar but instead of synthesizing a cap, RdRp may make use of cap snatching, whereby a short sequence of host cell mRNA is taken and used as the 5′ cap of the viral mRNA. Genomic -ssRNA is replicated from the positive sense antigenome in a similar manner as transcription, except in reverse using the antigenome as a template for the genome. RdRp moves from the 3′-end to the 5′-end of the antigenome and ignores all transcription signals when synthesizing genomic -ssRNA. Various -ssRNA viruses use special mechanisms for transcription. The manner of producing the polyA tail may be via polymerase stuttering, during which RdRp transcribes an adenine from uracil and then moves back in the RNA sequence with the mRNA to transcribe it again, continuing this process numerous times until hundreds of adenines have been added to the 3′-end of the mRNA. Additionally, some -ssRNA viruses are ambisense, as both the positive and negative strands separately encode viral proteins, and these viruses produce two separate mRNA strands: one directly from the genome and one from a complementary strand. -ssRNA viruses can be subdivided informally between those that have nonsegmented and segmented genomes. Nonsegmented -ssRNA viruses replicate in the cytoplasm, and segmented -ssRNA viruses replicate in the nucleus. During transcription, the RdRp produces one monocistronic mRNA strand from each segment of the genome. All -ssRNA viruses are classified in the phylum Negarnaviricota in the kingdom Orthornavirae in the realm Riboviria. Negarnaviricota only contains -ssRNA viruses, so "-ssRNA virus" is synonymous with Negarnaviricota. Negarnaviricota is divided into two subphyla: Haploviricotina, whose members synthesize a cap structure on viral mRNA required for protein synthesis, and Polyploviricotina, whose members instead obtain caps on mRNA via cap snatching. Reverse transcribing viruses Reverse transcribing (RT) viruses have genomes made of either DNA or RNA and replicate via reverse transcription. Two groups of reverse transcribing viruses exist: single-stranded RNA-RT (ssRNA-RT) viruses, and double-stranded DNA-RT (dsDNA-RT) viruses. Reverse transcribing viruses are classified in the kingdom Pararnavirae in the realm Riboviria. Group VI: single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate The sixth Baltimore group contains viruses that have a (positive-sense) single-stranded RNA genome that has a DNA intermediate ((+)ssRNA-RT) in its replication cycle. ssRNA-RT viruses are transcribed in the same manner as DNA viruses, but their linear genomes are first converted to a dsDNA form through a process called reverse transcription. The viral reverse transcriptase enzyme synthesizes a DNA strand from the ssRNA strand, and the RNA strand is degraded and replaced with a DNA strand to create a dsDNA genome. The genome is then integrated into the DNA of the host cell, where it is now called a provirus. The host cell's RNA polymerase II then transcribes RNA in the nucleus from the proviral DNA. Some of this RNA may become mRNA whereas other strands will become copies of the viral genome for replication. ssRNA-RT viruses are all included in the class Revtraviricetes, phylum Arterviricota, kingdom Pararnavirae of the realm Riboviria. Excluding Caulimoviridae, which belongs to Group VII, all members of the Revtraviricetes order Ortervirales are ssRNA-RT viruses. Group VII: double-stranded DNA viruses with an RNA intermediate The seventh Baltimore group contains viruses that have a double-stranded DNA genome that has an RNA intermediate (dsDNA-RT) in its replication cycle. dsDNA-RT viruses have a gap in one strand, which is repaired to create a complete dsDNA genome prior to transcription. dsDNA-RT viruses are transcribed in the same manner as dsDNA viruses, but make use of reverse transcription to replicate their circular genome while it is still in the capsid. The host cell's RNA polymerase II transcribes RNA strands from the genome in the cytoplasm, and the genome is replicated from these RNA strands. The dsDNA genome is produced from pregenomic RNA strands via the same general mechanism as ssRNA-RT viruses, but with replication occurring in a loop around the circular genome. After replication, the dsDNA genome may be packed or sent to the nucleus for further rounds of transcription. dsDNA-RT viruses are, like ssRNA-RT, all included in the class Revtraviricetes. Two families of dsDNA-RT viruses are recognized: Caulimoviridae, which belongs to the order Ortervirales, and Hepadnaviridae, which is the sole family in the order Blubervirales. Multi-group characteristics A number of characteristics of viruses are not directly associated with Baltimore classification but nonetheless closely correspond to multiple, specific Baltimore groups. This includes alternative splicing during transcription, whether the viral genome is segmented, the host range of viruses, whether the genome is linear or circular, and different methods of translating viral mRNA. Alternative splicing Alternative splicing is a mechanism by which different proteins can be produced from a single gene by means of using alternative splicing sites to produce different mRNAs. It is found in various DNA, -ssRNA, and reverse transcribing viruses. Viruses may make use of alternative splicing solely to produce multiple proteins from a single pre-mRNA strand or for other specific purposes. For certain viruses, including the families Orthomyxoviridae and Papillomaviridae, alternative splicing acts as a way to regulate early and late gene expression during different stages of infection. Herpesviruses use it as a potential anti-host defense mechanism to prevent synthesis of specific antiviral proteins. Furthermore, in addition to alternative splicing, because cellular unspliced RNA cannot be transported out of the nucleus, hepadnaviruses and retroviruses contain their own proteins for exporting their unspliced genomic RNA out of the nucleus. Genome segmentation Viral genomes can exist in a single, or monopartite, segment, or they may be split into more than one molecule, called multipartite. For monopartite viruses, all genes are on the single segment of the genome. Multipartite viruses typically package their genomes into a single virion so that the whole genome is in one virus particle, and the separate segments contain different genes. Monopartite viruses are found in all Baltimore groups, whereas multipartite viruses are usually RNA viruses. This is because most multipartite viruses infect plants or fungi, which are eukaryotes, and most eukaryotic viruses are RNA viruses. The family Pleolipoviridae varies as some viruses are monopartite ssDNA while others are bipartite with one segment being ssDNA and the other dsDNA. Viruses in the ssDNA plant virus family Geminiviridae likewise vary between being monopartite and bipartite. Host range Different Baltimore groups tend to be found within different branches of cellular life. In prokaryotes, the large majority of viruses are dsDNA viruses, and a significant minority are ssDNA viruses. Prokaryotic RNA viruses, in contrast, are relatively rare. Most eukaryotic viruses, including most animal and plant viruses, are RNA viruses, although eukaryotic DNA viruses are also common. By group, the vast majority of dsDNA viruses infect prokaryotes, ssDNA viruses are found in all three domains of life, dsRNA and +ssRNA viruses are primarily found in eukaryotes but also in bacteria, and -ssRNA and reverse transcribing viruses are only found in eukaryotes. Linear vs circular genomes Viral genomes may be either linear with ends or circular in a loop. Whether a virus has a linear or circular genome varies from group to group. A significant percentage of dsDNA viruses are both, ssDNA viruses are primarily circular, RNA viruses and ssRNA-RT viruses are typically linear, and dsDNA-RT viruses are typically circular. In the dsDNA family Sphaerolipoviridae, and in the family Pleolipoviridae, viruses contain both linear and circular genomes, varying from genus to genus. RNA editing RNA editing is used by various ssRNA viruses to produce different proteins from a single gene. This can be done via polymerase slippage during transcription or by post-transcriptional editing. In polymerase slippage, the RNA polymerase slips one nucleotide back during transcription, inserting a nucleotide not included in the template strand. Editing of a genomic template would impair gene expression, so RNA editing is only done during and after transcription. For ebola viruses, RNA editing improves the ability to adapt to their hosts. Alternative splicing differs from RNA editing in that alternative splicing does not change the mRNA sequence like RNA editing but instead changes the coding capacity of an mRNA sequence as a result of alternative splicing sites. The two mechanisms otherwise have the same result: multiple proteins are expressed from a single gene. Translation Translation is the process by which proteins are synthesized from mRNA by ribosomes. Baltimore groups do not directly pertain to the translation of viral proteins, but various atypical types of translation used by viruses are usually found within specific Baltimore groups: Non-canonical translation initiation: Viral initiation of translation: used primarily by +ssRNA and ssRNA-RT viruses, various viruses have evolved mechanisms to initiate translation, such as having internal ribosomal entry sites to allow for cap-independent translation, having downstream hairpin loops that allow for cap-dependent translation in the absence of an eIF2 initiation factor, and initiation at a CUG or other start codon with a leucine amino acid. Leaky scanning: used by various viruses in all Baltimore groups, the 40S ribosomal subunit may scan through a start codon, thereby skipping an ORF, only initiating translation with the 60S subunit at a subsequent start codon. Ribosomal shunting: used by various dsDNA, +ssRNA, -ssRNA, ssRNA-RT, a dsDNA-RT viruses, ribosomes will start scanning from a 5′-cap structure then bypass a leader structure in the mRNA, initiation translation downstream from the leader sequence. Termination-reinitiation: used by some dsRNA and +ssRNA viruses, ribosomes may translate an ORF, but following termination of translation of that ORF, a proportion of 40S subunits of the ribosome remain attached to the mRNA as a way to reinitiate translation of a subsequent ORF. Non-canonical elongation and termination of translation: Ribosomal frameshifting: used by various dsDNA, dsRNA, +ssRNA, and ssRNA-RT viruses, produces merged proteins from overlapping ORFs. This is executed simply by ribosomes slipping one nucleobase forward or backward during translation. Suppression of termination: also called stop-codon readthrough, used by various dsRNA, +ssRNA, and ssRNA-RT viruses, certain viruses contain codons in their mRNA that would normally signal for termination of translation upon being recognized by a release factor but are instead partially recognized by tRNA during translation, which allows for continued translation up to the next stop codon in order to produce an extended end of the viral protein. In viruses, this is often used to express replicase enzymes. Ribosomal skipping: also called stop-carry on, used by various dsRNA and +ssRNA viruses, a viral peptide, or amino acid sequence, may prevent a ribosome from covalently linking a new inserted amino acid, which blocks further translation. Consequently, the polyprotein is co-translationally cleaved, and a new amino acid sequence is started, leading to the production of two individual proteins from one ORF. History Baltimore classification was proposed in 1971 by virologist David Baltimore in a paper titled Expression of Animal Virus Genomes. It initially contained the first six groups but was later expanded to include group VII. Because of the utility of Baltimore classification, it has come to be used alongside standard virus taxonomy, which is based on evolutionary relationships and governed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). From the 1990s to the 2010s, virus taxonomy used a 5-rank system ranging from order to species with Baltimore classification used in conjunction. Outside of the ICTV's official framework, various supergroups of viruses joining together different families and orders were created over time based on increasing evidence of deeper evolutionary relations. Consequently, in 2016, the ICTV began to consider establishing ranks higher than order as well as how the Baltimore groups would be treated among higher taxa. In two votes in 2018 and 2019, a 15-rank system ranging from realm to species was established by the ICTV. As part of this, the Baltimore groups for RNA viruses and RT viruses were incorporated into formal taxa. In 2018, the realm Riboviria was established and initially included the three RNA virus groups. A year later, Riboviria was expanded to also include both RT groups. Within the realm, RT viruses are included in the kingdom Pararnavirae and RNA viruses in the kingdom Orthornavirae. Furthermore, the three Baltimore groups for RNA viruses are used as defining characteristics of the phyla in Orthornavirae. Unlike RNA viruses and RT viruses, DNA viruses have not been united under a single realm but are instead dispersed across four realms and various taxa that are not assigned to a realm. The realms Adnaviria and Duplodnaviria exclusively contains dsDNA viruses, Monodnaviria primarily contains ssDNA viruses but also contains dsDNA viruses, and Varidnaviria exclusively contains dsDNA viruses, although some proposed members of Varidnaviria, namely the family Finnlakeviridae, are ssDNA viruses. Explanatory notes

4318583

Daniel Andrews

Daniel Michael Andrews (born 6 July 1972) is an Australian politician who has been the 48th Premier of Victoria since December 2014 and the leader of the Victorian branch of the Labor Party since December 2010. Andrews initially worked as a research and political officer, before being elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly at the 2002 election for the seat of Mulgrave. He was later appointed to the Ministry by Premier Steve Bracks in 2006, before being promoted by Premier John Brumby in 2007. After the defeat of Brumby at the 2010 election by Ted Baillieu, Andrews was elected as the Leader of the Labor Party in Victoria, becoming Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. In November 2014, Andrews led Labor to victory at the 2014 election; he was sworn in as Premier of Victoria by Governor Alex Chernov on 4 December. He led Labor to a second victory at the 2018 election with an increased majority. Major challenges of his premiership have been responding to the 2019–20 Australian bushfire season and the COVID-19 pandemic. Early life Andrews was born in Williamstown, a southwestern suburb of Melbourne, to Bob (1950–2016) and Jan Andrews (born 1944). In 1983, his family moved from Glenroy to Wangaratta in northeastern Victoria, where he was educated at the Marist Brothers' Galen Catholic College. Andrews moved back to Melbourne in 1990 to attend Monash University, where he was a resident of Mannix College and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in politics and classics in 1996. After graduating, Andrews became an electorate officer for federal Labor MP Alan Griffin. He worked at the party's head office from 1999 to 2002, initially as an organiser, and then as assistant state secretary. Andrews is a member of the Socialist Left faction of the Labor Party. Political career Bracks Government (2002–2007) Following his election to parliament in the Legislative Assembly seat of Mulgrave at the 2002 election, Andrews was appointed Parliamentary Secretary for Health in the Steve Bracks Labor government. Following the 2006 election, Andrews was appointed to the Cabinet, becoming Minister for Gaming, Minister for Consumer Affairs and Minister Assisting the Premier on Multicultural Affairs. Brumby Government (2007–2010) In 2007, Andrews became Minister for Health in the John Brumby Labor government. In 2008, Andrews voted in favour of abortion law reform in Victoria. As Health Minister during the passing of the Abortion Law Reform Act 2008, Andrews sought counsel from senior church clergy who advised him that the act was contrary to Church teaching. Andrews replied that he "... did not intend to be a Catholic health minister. It was my intention to be a Victorian health minister". Opposition (2010–2014) Brumby resigned as leader of the Victorian Labor Party following the Labor defeat at the 2010 election, after 11 years of Labor governments. On 3 December 2010, Andrews was elected Victorian Labor Party leader, becoming Leader of the Opposition in Victoria, with former Deputy Premier Rob Hulls staying on as his deputy. Hulls resigned in early 2012 and was replaced as deputy by James Merlino. Labor took the lead in the polls in mid-2012 and held it for all but a few months until the election, though Andrews consistently trailed his Liberal counterparts, Ted Baillieu (2010–2013) and Denis Napthine (2013–2014) as preferred premier. Premier of Victoria (2014–present) 2014 election Labor held 43 seats at dissolution but notionally held 40 after the redistribution of electoral boundaries. It thus needed a swing to win five seats to form government. At the election, Labor gained seven seats for a total of 47, a majority of two. The election was the first time since 1955 that an incumbent government was removed from office after a single term. In his victory speech, Andrews declared, "The people of Victoria have today given to us the greatest of gifts, entrusted to us the greatest of responsibilities and bestowed upon us the greatest of honours. We will not let them down!" He was sworn in as premier on 4 December. First term On winning office, Andrews government cancelled the East West Link project and initiated the level crossing removal project and the Melbourne Metro Rail Project. On 24 May 2016 Andrews made an official apology in parliament for gay men in Victoria punished during the time homosexuality was a crime in the state. It was decriminalised in 1981. In August 2018 Andrews announced plans to build a $50 billion suburban rail loop connecting all major rail lines via Melbourne Airport. Ending ambulance dispute Shortly after his taking office in 2014 Daniel Andrews ended the state government's dispute with ambulance paramedics. The dispute that had started with the previous state government did not go as far as strikes, due to the death toll that would result in such action. So the visible manifestation of the dispute was the protest style "colourful slogans" on the side and back windows of the state's ambulances, which were removed after Andrews promised to end the dispute. China Upon his election, Andrews fast-tracked Victoria's ties with the PRC. Firstly, he led a group of prominent Victorians to China on his first overseas trip, and promised to send his entire cabinet there during his first term. Eyeing the enormous opportunities with tourism, education and investment, his government signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Chinese government under the Belt and Road Initiative in October 2018, but kept its details secret until he released it five weeks later. The MoU involves cooperation on facilities connectivity, unimpeded trade, finance, people-to-people bond[s], and the "Digital Silkroad". Cooperation will be in the form of "dialogue, joint research, pilot programs, knowledge sharing and capacity building". Andrews said that the MoU "does not bind Victoria to be involved in any specific project or initiative" and "the government will consider both the Victorian and national interest before agreeing to be involved in any specific activity". On 21 April 2021, the Commonwealth Government used its veto powers to cancel the agreements made between Victoria and China under the Belt and Road Initiative. Port of Melbourne lease In September 2016, the Andrews Government privatised the Port of Melbourne for a term of 50 years in return for more than $9.7 billion. Euthanasia On 20 September 2017, the Voluntary Assisted Dying Bill 2017 was introduced into the Legislative Assembly of the Victorian Parliament by the Andrews Labor Government. The bill is modelled on the recommendations of an expert panel chaired by former Australian Medical Association president Professor Brian Owler. The proposed legislation was said by proponents to be the most conservative in the world and contain 68 safeguards including measures designed to protect vulnerable people from coercion and abuse, as well as a board to review each case. Labor and Coalition MPs were allowed a conscience vote on the Bill. The bill was debated in the lower house over three sitting days, passing the Assembly without amendment on 20 October 2017 after an emotional and tense debate which lasted more than 24 hours. The bill was passed by 47 votes to 37. The Bill finally passed through parliament, with amendments made in the Victorian Legislative Council, on 29 November 2017. In passing the bill, Victoria became the first state to legislate for voluntary assisted dying. The law received royal assent on 5 December 2017, and came into effect on 19 June 2019. 2018 election At the November 2018 state election, Labor won a comprehensive victory, picking up an eight-seat swing for a total of 55 seats, tying Labor's second-best seat count in Victoria. The party recorded substantial swings in Melbourne's eastern suburbs; as the ABC's election analyst Antony Green put it, eastern Melbourne was swept up in a "band of red". Labor also took a number of seats in areas considered Liberal heartland, including Baillieu's former seat of Hawthorn. It is only the fifth time that a Labor government has been reelected in Victoria. Second term In 2019, an independent tribunal granted Andrews an 11.8% salary increase, giving him a total salary of $441,000 and making him the highest-paid state premier in the country. Andrews received praise for his leadership during the 2019–20 Victorian bushfires. Andrews is one of the few state politicians in Australia to have never spent a day on the backbench. He has spent his entire tenure in the Legislative Assembly as a junior minister (2002–2006), minister (2006–2010), opposition leader (2010–2014) and premier (2014–present). Since the retirement of Tasmanian premier Will Hodgman in January 2020, Andrews has been the longest-serving incumbent state premier in Australia. COVID-19 pandemic During his second term, Andrews led the State's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In late June 2020, cases began to rise primarily originating from breaches in hotel quarantine. On 20 June, with the state recording 25 cases, Andrews mostly delayed the planned easing of restrictions and reinstated stricter home gathering rules. On 30 June, with the state recording 64 new infections, Andrews announced stage 3 restrictions for 10 postcodes within metropolitan Melbourne, suspended international flights and announced a judicial inquiry into the state's hotel quarantine program. Andrews announced a further two postcodes would return to stage 3 restrictions and a 'hard lockdown' of public housing towers in North Melbourne and Kensington on 4 July. The Ombudsman later criticised the timing and conduct of the lockdown as potentially violating the residents' charter rights . On 7 July, Andrews announced the reimposition of stage 3 restrictions for metropolitan Melbourne and Mitchell Shire as the state recorded 191 new cases. Under these restriction, residents in the affected area could only leave the home for exercise, obtaining supplies, work if it couldn't be done from home and to provide care and compassion. In early August 2020, following a spike in COVID-19 infections in Victoria with up to 750 new infections detected per day, Andrews declared a State of Disaster and announced Stage 4 lockdown rules for 31 metropolitan Melbourne municipalities and Stage 3 rules for regional parts of the state. The Stage 4 rules for Melbourne included compulsory face masks, all but essential businesses closed, residents only being allowed to leave their homes once a day to shop for essential items only, and once a day to exercise for a maximum of one hour. Both these activities were restricted to within five kilometres of home. All schooling was to be done remotely using electronic communication. A nightly curfew from 8pm to 5am was introduced. Exemptions existed for workers deemed essential. The restrictions correlated with a reduction in the rate of infections, such that by mid-September 2020 the 14 day case average was 44.4 rather than 63 predicted by the modelling done when they were introduced. Restrictions began to ease from that time. On 26 October 2020, Victoria had recorded no new cases and no new deaths, its first day of no cases since early June. The achievement was called "Donut Day". In 2021, further COVID-19 outbreaks in Victoria led to lockdowns being reinstated a further four times, with restrictions including a 9:00 pm–5:00 am curfew and 5 km travel limit reinstated for residents of metropolitan Melbourne. In October 2021, Andrews was fined $400 for breaching face mask rules on two occasions, in both cases he walked through a car park at Parliament House to his press conference without wearing a mask. Public opinion In April 2020, 77% approved of Andrews' handling of the coronavirus pandemic; this was the third highest figure out of all of Australia's premiers. Andrews' approval ratings dropped due to the acceleration of Victoria's second wave of infections and harsh restrictions aimed at suppressing the spread of infections. A September 2020 Roy Morgan Research poll showed that 70% approved of the way Andrews was handling his job as Premier of Victoria, and a September 2020 Newspoll showed that 62% agreed that Andrews handled Victoria's COVID-19 response well. In November 2020, a Roy Morgan Research showed that Andrews' approval rating had increased by 12%, with 71% of Victorian electors approving of his handling of his job. Personal life Andrews married Catherine Kesik in 1998 and they now live in Mulgrave with their three children. Andrews had a Roman Catholic upbringing but his attachment to it has waned since and he rarely attends church. On the morning of 9 March 2021, Andrews slipped and fell on wet stairs while on holiday on the Mornington Peninsula. He was taken to hospital where he was placed under intensive care. He suffered several broken ribs and a broken vertebra from the fall, but did not have any head injuries. Deputy Premier James Merlino was the Acting Premier until Andrews returned on 28 June 2021. Discography Featured singles

4318588

Charles Nicholas Aubé

Charles Nicholas Aubé (6 May 1802 in Paris – 15 October 1869), was a French physician and entomologist. Aubé studied at the school of pharmacy in Paris, joining in botanical sorties organised by its members and by the Museum. Gaining his diploma in 1824, he married a sister of Gustave Planche (1808-1857) in 1826. Commencing studies in medicine in 1829 he gained the title of Doctor in 1836 with a thesis on "la gale" (scabies). He was a founding member of the Société Entomologique de France of which he was "Dirigent" or director in 1842 and 1846. He worked on certain groups of Coleoptera for the publications of Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean (1780–1845). His collection is preserved by the Société Entomologique. Works Volume 6 of Spécies Général des Coléoptères, de la collection de M. le Comte Dejean (1838), titled Species général des hydrocanthares et gyriniens Pselaphiorum monographia cum synonymia extricata Magasin de zoologie de Guérin 1833 (Paris)

4318617

Imbestigador

Imbestigador () is a Philippine television investigative docudrama show broadcast by GMA Network. Hosted by Mike Enriquez, it premiered on August 2, 2000 on the network's evening line up replacing Compañero y Compañera. The series is streaming online on YouTube. Overview The show premiered on August 2, 2000. It began with very casual crime scene reports, which continues to be the usual focus. Various crimes were featured, including kidnapping, slavery, child abuse, and various drug-related crimes. The team was equipped with hidden cameras for doing entrapment operations with the help of the Philippine National Police, the Department of Social Welfare and Development, the Commission on Human Rights, the National Bureau of Investigation, the Department of Justice and the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency. From crime reports, Imbestigador expanded into an all-around investigative show. It features societal problems such as corruption, problems in local governments, illegal activities, poverty, disloyalty, cleanliness, education, wasted public funds, the youth and public health and safety. The show started dramatizations on July 19, 2014. Production In March 2020, production was halted due to the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The show resumed its programming on July 11, 2020. Accolades

4318618

Abdur Rashid Khan

Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan () (1906 - ?1995) was a senior police officer from the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province and cabinet minister in Pakistan. Born in Dera Ismail Khan, Sardar Rashid was educated at Islamia College Peshawar. he then joined the Indian Police (IP) and was serving as the Deputy Superintendent of Police in Peshawar City when Pakistan became an independent country on August 14, 1947. He was one of the senior most police officers in the newly emergent country. Sardar Rashid rose to become the Inspector General of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Police, but resigned from the police service on April 23, 1953, when he was appointed as the 8th Chief Minister of the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. His nomination was controversial in that he was handpicked by his predecessor Abdul Qayyum Khan. However, he proved to be a popular choice, and in November 1953 he was elected as the provincial president of the Muslim League despite the efforts of Abdul Qayyum Khan to retain the post for himself following his elevation to the Central Government. He remained Chief Minister until July 18, 1955, when he was forced to resign because of his opposition to the ""One Unit Scheme"". He was succeeded by Sardar Bahadur Khan (older brother of General Ayub Khan) who secured approval from the provincial assembly for the controversial scheme. Sardar Rashid joined the Republican Party and was elected as a Member of the West Pakistan Assembly when the ""One Unit Scheme"" came into effect, and served in the cabinet of Dr Khan Sahib initially as Minister for Health and later as Minister for Finance and Information. On the resignation of Dr Khan Sahib in July 1957, Sardar Rashid was elected as the second Chief Minister of West Pakistan. He resigned from this position on March 18, 1958, and was succeeded by Nawab Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash. Sardar Rashid (Republican) served as Minister for Commerce and Industries in the cabinet of Prime Minister Sir Feroz Khan Noon (Republican) from March 29, 1958 - October 7, 1958, when the cabinet was dismissed on the declaration of Martial Law by President Iskander Mirza. After the fall of the Ayub Khan government, Sardar Abdur Rashid served as Minister for Home Affairs (Interior), Kashmir Affairs, States and Frontier Regions in the presidential cabinet of President and Chief Martial Law Administrator General Yahya Khan from August 4, 1969 - February 22, 1971. 1906 births 1995 deaths Chief Ministers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Interior Ministers of Pakistan Pakistani police officers Pakistani republicans Pashtun people Chief Ministers of West Pakistan

4318632

Breach of duty in English law

In English tort law, there can be no liability in negligence unless the claimant establishes both that they were owed a duty of care by the defendant, and that there has been a breach of that duty. The defendant is in breach of duty towards the claimant if their conduct fell short of the standard expected under the circumstances. General standard of care For a defendant to be deemed negligent, he must have breached his duty of care towards the plaintiff. In order to be deemed as breaching the duty of care, his actions must be proven to fall below the standard of care likely to be taken by the reasonable man. Establishing a breach of duty and ascertaining the standard of care is complex and before establishing that the duty of care has been breached the plaintiff must first prove that the defendant owed him a duty of care. The standard of care is defined as the measures that a reasonable person (in the circumstances of the defendant) take to reduce the risk of harm. This is an objective standard where the 'reasonable person' test is applied to determine if the defendant has breached their duty of care. In other words, it is the response of a reasonable person to a foreseeable risk. The standard of care naturally varies over time, and is affected by circumstantial factors. Thus, when a standard of care is established in one case, it will not automatically become a precedent for another - each case is judged on its own facts. Special standards The standard of "the man on the Clapham omnibus" is not applied in all cases, since this might lead to unfairness. There are defendants for whom this standard is much too low and would exonerate an obvious wrongdoing. In other cases, the standard may be seen as too demanding of the defendant in the circumstances. The most common examples are the cases of specialist defendants, inexperienced defendants and child defendants. Skilled defendants (specialists) The test of an ordinary average person would not be appropriate for defendants that profess or hold themselves out as professing a certain skill. The "man on the Clapham omnibus" does not have that skill and the conduct expected from a skilled professional is not the same as could be expected of an ordinary man in the same circumstances. The general standard applied to professionals is therefore that of a "reasonable professional", e.g. car mechanic, doctor etc. Breach of the duty owed, Sabol v. Richmond Heights General Hospital (1996) The court stated that the nurses' actions were consistent with basic professional standards of practice for medical-surgical nurses in an acute care hospital. They did not have nor were they expected to have specialized psychiatric nursing training and would not be judged as though they did. <ref>See Yoder-Wise, Patricia. Leading and Managing in Nursing, Revised Reprint, 5th Edition. Mosby, 2011.</ref> Novices (imperitia culpae adnumerator) Novices in a certain area of skill must show the same standard of care as a reasonable person with that particular skill. No allowance is given for the defendant's lack of experience.Nettleship v Weston (1971) 3 All ER 581 requires a novice driver to show the same standard of care as a reasonably competent driver.Wilsher v Essex Area Health Authority (1986) 3 All ER 801 expects a junior doctor to perform compliant to the standard of a competent and skilled doctor working in the same post.Wells v Cooper (1958) 2 All ER 527 states that someone who does DIY jobs repairing their own house is expected to show the same standard of care as a reasonably skilled amateur in the particular trade involved. However, they are not required to reach the standard of a professional. It is important to note that the claimant's knowledge of the defendant's lack of experience in the skill he is exercising does not result in the standard being lowered. In Nettleship v Weston, a driving instructor was injured due to a mistake of his student. The student argued that the instructor was aware of her lack of experience, but the Court of Appeal refused to accommodate this fact in their decision on the standard of care expected from her. At the same time, the teacher's award of damages was reduced due to his contributory negligence. Children While no allowance is made for novices, the courts are prepared to lower the standard of care expected of children, on account of their age. A child defendant is expected to meet the standard of a reasonable child of the same age. Gough v Thorne (1966) 3 All ER 398: a 13½ year old girl was not contributorily negligent when she crossed the road without looking after being beckoned by a lorry driver and was hit by a car driving at excessive speed. Mullin v Richards [1998] 1 All ER 920: a fifteen-year-old girl was not negligent when she was play fighting with a friend and a ruler she was fencing with shattered, a splinter flying into the other girl's eye. Conduct expected of a reasonable person In the usual case, having established that there is a duty of care, the claimant must prove that the defendant failed to do what the reasonable person ("reasonable professional", "reasonable child") would have done in the same situation. If the defendant fails to come up to the standard, this will be a breach of the duty of care. This is judged by reference to the following factors: What did the defendant know? According to Denning LJ. in Roe v Minister of Health (1954) 2 AER 131, the defendant will only be liable if the reasonable person would have foreseen the loss or damage in the circumstances prevailing at the time of the alleged breach of duty. What was the degree of risk? The greater the risk that serious harm can be inflicted, the greater the precautions that the defendant will be required to take. In Bolton v Stone[1951] A.C. 850, [1951] 1 All E.R. 1078, a cricket club was not negligent when a ball was hit out of the ground and injured the plaintiff, because the likelihood of this occurring was so small that the defendant could not be expected to have taken precautions. In Miller v. Jackson ([1977] QB 966, [1977] 3 WLR 20, [1977] 3 All ER 338 however, the ball was hit out of the ground several times every season. In these circumstances, the club was expected to take precautions. How practical were these precautions? In Wilson v Governor of Sacred Heart Roman Catholic Primary School (1997) EWCA Civ 2644 it was held that a primary school was not negligent in not employing someone to supervise the playground after the close of school hours and until all the children had left. In Haley v London Electricity Board [1964] 3 All ER 185, a blind man fell into a hole in the ground that was indicated by a visual sign. He became deaf as a result. It was held that it was foreseeable that a blind man would be walking on the street and the risk of him injuring himself justified the precautions of putting up a barrier. The test is a balance of reasonableness of precautions against the likelihood of injury being sustained. What is the social importance of the defendant's activity? If the defendant's actions serve a socially useful purpose then they may have been justified in taking greater risks. Thus, in Watt v Hertfordshire CC (1954) 2 AER 368, the fire brigade was not negligent in getting the wrong vehicle to the scene of an accident because valuable time would have been lost in getting the best vehicle there to help. Since 26 July 2006, this consideration has had a statutory basis under section 1 of the Compensation Act 2006. Common practice. A defendant complying with a common practice in his area of activity will usually be considered to have met the standard of a reasonable man, unless the court judges the practice itself to be negligent. In Paris v Stepney Borough Council (1951) 1 AER 42 although there was a practice of not providing employees with safety goggles, the Council owed a special duty to protect the claimant because he had already lost the sight of one eye. Sporting events The conduct expected from a participant in a sports event towards his competitors or spectators differs from the conduct of a reasonable person outside such events. It has been held that in the "heat and flurry" of a competition, a participant will only be in breach of duty towards other participants and spectators if he shows "reckless disregard for their safety". At the same time, in another case, the standard of care expected from one player towards another is the usual standard of taking "all reasonable care in the circumstances in which they were placed", although in that case the defendant was also found to be acting recklessly. It is not clear at present if and how the two approaches can be reconciled. Burden of proof THE OBLIGATION TO PROVE ONE'S ASSERTION is burden of proof. Whether or not the defendant in a given case has conducted himself below the standard of "a reasonable person" is a question of fact and it is for the claimant to prove this fact. However, in certain situations it is unlikely that a certain event could take place without the defendant's negligence, for example if a surgeon left a scalpel in the patient's body. In such cases, it is said that "the thing speaks for itself" (res ipsa loquitur), and it is for the defendant to show that the fact causing the damage was not attributable to his negligence. The claimant may raise res ipsa loquitur to shift the evidential burden to the defendant. To do so, following criteria must be satisfied: 1. The incident occurred in an unexplainable fashion; 2. The incident would not have occurred in the ordinary course of events if not defendant's negligence; and 3. The defendant or defendants had control of the injury causing object.

4318635

Bhupen Hazarika

Bhupen Hazarika () (8 September 1926 – 5 November 2011) was an Indian playback singer, lyricist, musician, poet, actor and filmmaker from Assam, widely known as Xudha kontho (meaning cuckoo, literally "nectar-throated"). His songs, written and sung mainly in the Assamese language by himself, are marked by humanity and universal brotherhood and have been translated and sung in many languages, most notably in Bengali and Hindi. His songs, based on the themes of communal amity, universal justice and empathy, are especially popular among the people of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh. He is also acknowledged to have introduced the culture and folk music of Assam and Northeast India to Hindi cinema at the national level. He received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction in 1975, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987), Padma Shri (1977), and Padma Bhushan (2001), Dada Saheb Phalke Award (1992), the highest award for cinema in India and Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (2008), the highest award of the Sangeet Natak Akademi. He was posthumously awarded both the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian award, in 2012, and the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 2019. Hazarika also held the position of the Chairman of the Sangeet Natak Akademi from December 1998 to December 2003. Biography Early life Hazarika, who made fame as a musician, was born on 8 September 1926 to Nilakanta and Shantipriya Hazarika in Sadiya (শদিয়া), an interior place of Assam on the bank of river Brahmaputra. His father was originally from Nazira, a town located in Sivasagar district. The eldest of ten children, Bhupen Hazarika (as well as his siblings) was exposed to the musical influence of his mother, who exposed him to lullabies and traditional Music of Assam. His father moved to the Bharalumukh region of Guwahati in 1929, in search of better prospects, where Bhupen Hazarika spent his early childhood. In 1932, his father further moved to Dhubri, and in 1935 to Tezpur. It was in Tezpur that Bhupen Hazarika, then 10-years-of-age, was discovered by Jyotiprasad Agarwala, the noted Assamese lyricist, playwright and the first Assamese filmmaker, and Bishnu Prasad Rabha, renowned Assamese artist and revolutionary poet, where he sang a Borgeet (the traditional classical Assamese devotional songs written by Srimanta Sankardeva and Sri Sri Madhabdeva), taught by his mother at a public function. In 1936, Bhupen Hazarika accompanied them to Kolkata where he recorded his first song at the Aurora Studio for the Selona Company. His association with the icons of Assamese culture at Tezpur was the beginning of his artistic growth and credentials. Subsequently, Hazarika sang two songs in Agarwala's film Indramalati (1939): Kaxote Kolosi Loi and Biswo Bijoyi Naujawan at the age of 12. A revolutionary zeal was rooted during his childhood. Its expression was, no doubt, "Agnijugar firingathi mai" (I am the spark of the age of fire) which was written at 14 years of his age and he was well on his way to becoming a lyricist, composer and singer. Education and career Hazarika studied at Sonaram High School at Guwahati, Dhubri Government High School and matriculated from Tezpur High School in 1940. He completed his Intermediate Arts from Cotton College in 1942, and his BA (1944) and MA (1946) in Political Science from Banaras Hindu University. For a brief period he worked at All India Radio, Guwahati when he won a scholarship from Columbia University and set sail for New York in 1949. There he earned a PhD (1952) on his thesis "Proposals for Preparing India's Basic Education to use Audio-Visual Techniques in Adult Education". In New York, Bhupen Hazarika befriended Paul Robeson, a prominent civil rights activist, who influenced him in He used music as the "instrument of social change" following the path of Paul Robeson who once told him about his guitar - "Guitar is not a musical instrument, it is a social instrument." His song Bistirno Parore which is based on the tune, imagery and theme of Robeson's Ol' Man River. This song is translated in various Indian languages, including Bengali and Hindi and sung by the artist himself, and is still popular. Being inspired from some other foreign ones, he also composed several other songs in Indian languages. He was exposed to the Spiritual, and the multi-lingual version of We are in the Same Boat Brother became a regular feature in his stage performance. At Columbia University, he met Priyamvada Patel, whom he married in 1950. Tez Hazarika, their only child, was born in 1952, and he returned to India in 1953. His famous songs include (in Assamese): Bistirno Parore (বিস্তীৰ্ণ পাৰৰে) Moi Eti Jajabor (মই এটি যাযাবৰ) Ganga Mor Maa (গংগা মোৰ মা) Bimurto Mur Nixati Jen (বিমূৰ্ত মোৰ নিশাটি যেন) Manuhe Manuhor Babey (মানুহে মানুহৰ বাবে) Snehe Aamar Xoto Shrabonor (স্নেহে আমাৰ শত শ্ৰাৱণৰ) Gupute Gupute Kimaan Khelim (গুপুতে গুপুতে কিমান খেলিম) Buku Hom Hom Kore (বুকু হম্‌ হম্‌ কৰে) Sagar sangamat (সাগৰ সংগমত) Shillongore Godhuli (শ্বিলঙৰে গধূলি) IPTA years Hazarika began close association with the leftist Indian People's Theatre Association soon after returning from the US in 1953 and became the Secretary of the Reception Committee of the Third All Assam Conference of IPTA, held in Guwahati in 1955. Professional life After completing his MA he briefly worked at the All India Radio station at Guwahati before embarking for his doctoral studies at Columbia University. His thesis "DEMYSTIFYING DR. BHUPEN HAZARIKA: envisioning education for India", edited by Tej Hazarika and published by Cool Grove Press will be available in the US in days. Soon after completing his education, he became a teacher at the Guwahati University. But after a few years, he left the job and went to Kolkata where he established himself as a successful music director and singer. During that period, Hazarika made several award-winning Assamese films such as Shakuntala, Pratidhwani etc. and composed evergreen music for many Assamese films. He was also considered as a new trend setter in Bengali music. The famous musical genre of West Bengal, the Jivanmukhi geet started by Kabir Suman in 1990's is thought to be influenced by Hazarika. Bhupen Hazarika composed music for films from Bangladesh too which got international acclaim. He was elected the President of the Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1993. In 1967, Hazarika got elected as a member of Assam Assembly from Nauboicha constituency. Social Struggle From early in his life, he was at the forefront of a social battle against the entrenched forces of casteism that sneered at a member of the Koibarta community making it as a musician of note, and kept him away from the upper-caste Brahmin woman he had loved. Eventually, when the spirited Hazarika did marry, it was to a Brahmin woman, his revenge of sorts against a caste-ridden society. Later life He was introduced to Kalpana Lajmi in the early 1970s by his childhood friend and India's top tea planter Hemendra Prasad Barooah in Kolkata. Her first feature film Ek Pal with music score by Hazarika was produced by Barooah. Subsequently, Lajmi began assisting him professionally and personally till the end of his life. In the period after the release of Ek Pal (1986) until his death, Bhupen Hazarika mainly concentrated on Hindi films, most of which were directed by Kalpana Lajmi. Ek Pal (1986), Rudaali (1993) and Daman: A Victim of Marital Violence (2001) are major films this period. Many of his earlier songs were re-written in Hindi and used as played-back songs in these films. These songs tried to cater to the Hindi film milieu and their social activist lyrics were browbeaten into the lowest common denominator. He served as an MLA (Independent) during 1967–72 in the Assam Legislative Assembly from Nauboicha Constituency. He contested as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate in the 2004 Lok Sabha elections from the Guwahati constituency, persuaded by Chandan Mitra via Kalpana Lajmi which he lost to the Indian National Congress candidate Kirip Chaliha. Death Hazarika was hospitalized in the Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute in Mumbai in 2011. He was admitted to the intensive care unit on 30 June 2011. He died of multi-organ failure on 5 November 2011. His body lay in state at Judges Field in Guwahati and cremated on 9 November 2011 near the Brahmaputra river in a plot of land donated by Gauhati University. His funeral was attended by an estimated half a million people. Legacy and influences As a singer, Hazarika was known for his baritone voice; as a lyricist, he was known for poetic compositions and parables which touched on themes ranging from romance to social and political commentary; and as a composer, for his use of folk music. In a poll conducted in Bangladesh, his song, Manush Manusher Jonno (Humans are for humanity)' was chosen to be the second most favourite number after the National anthem of Bangladesh. Some of his most famous compositions were adaptations of American Black Spiritual that he had learned from Paul Robeson, whom he had befriended during his years in New York City in the early 1950s. His famous song "Bistirno Parore" is heavily influenced by Ol' Man River sung by Paul Robeson. During his lifetime, a full-length docu-feature biopic film on his life titled Moi Eti Zazabor('I am a Wanderer') jointly directed by Late Waesqurni Bora and Arnab Jan Deka was launched in 1986 at his Nizarapar residence in Guwahati city. Music for this biopic film has been scored by 5-time International Best Music Awards winner only Assamese musician, songwriter, composer and singer Jim Ankan Deka, who also worked as Chief Assistant Director of this film. During the next two decades, the joint directors Late Bora and Deka shot him live for the film during his various public performances all over India, as well as many private moments in his domestic and social life. Arnab Jan Deka also extensively interviewed him regarding his life and its creative aspects for the film, which had been recorded during their joint travel to different metropolises and remote corners of Assam and rest of India. The film has been under production since 1986 with film negative footage of more than 16 hours currently preserved in different film laboratories in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai). The film was targeted for public release during the lifetime of Dr Bhupen Hazarika in 2008. But, the production was halted after sudden demise of one of the co-directors Waesqurni Bora in November 2008. Eventually, after the death of Dr Hazarika, the film's subject, the surviving co-director Arnab Jan Deka is currently carrying out necessary works to finish the film at the earliest and release for public consumption in several language versions including English, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi, with support from Late Waesqurni Bora's widowed wife Nazma Begum and Dr Hazarika's bereaved family members including his wife Priyam Hazarika and Tej Hazarika. Meanwhile, two books describing the unforgettable experiences of the making of this milestone biopic film had been authored by its co-director Arnab Jan Deka titled Anya Ek Zazabor and Mor Sinaki Bhupenda, first of which had been officially released in February 1993 by Late G P Sippy, then President of Film Federation of India and producer of world-record holder Hindi film Sholay at a public function organised by Dr Bhupen Hazarika himself. Awards and honours National and state honours Award for the Best Feature Film in Assamese (Shakuntala; Directed by Bhupen Hazarika) in the 9th National Film Awards (1961) The Best Music Director National Award for "Chameli Memsaab" (Chameli Memsaab; music by Bhupen Hazarika) in the 23rd National Film Awards (1975) Padma Shri – the fourth highest civilian award in the Republic of India (1977) Gold medal from the State Government of Arunachal Pradesh for "outstanding contribution towards tribal welfare, and uplift of tribal culture through cinema and music." (1979) Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1987) Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1992) Padma Bhushan – the third highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2001) Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship (2008) Asom Ratna — the highest civilian award in the State of Assam, India (2009) Friends of Liberation War Honour, Government of Bangladesh (2011) Padma Vibhushan – the second highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2012, posthumous) Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award in the Republic of India (2019, posthumous) Other awards and recognition All India Critic Association Award for best performing folk artist (1979) In 1979 and 1980 he won the Ritwik Ghatak Award as best music director for two theatre plays, Mohua Sundari, and Nagini Kanyar Kahini Bengal Journalist's Association Indira Gandhi Smriti Puraskar in (1987) First Indian to win Best Music for the film Rudaali at the Asia Pacific International Film Festival in Japan (1993) Honorary Degree from Tezpur University (2001) 10th Kalakar Award for Lifetime Achievement in the year 2002, Kolkata. In February 2009, the All Assam Students Union erected a life size statue of Hazarika on the banks of Digholi Pukhuri in Guwahati. A full-length docu-feature biopic film on his life titled Moi Eti Zazabor('I am an Wanderer') jointly directed by Late Waesqurni Bora and Arnab Jan Deka has been under production since 1986 In 2010, Assam Cricket Association renamed the Barshapara Cricket Stadium as Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium. Muktijoddha Padak — Awarded as a "Friend of the Freedom Struggle" award by Bangladesh Government (posthumously, 2011) Asom Sahitya Sabha has honoured him with the title "Biswa Ratna". Hazarika was honoured with commemorative postage stamps by India Post in 2013 and 2016. The longest road bridge of India, Dhola-Sadiya bridge is built over the river Lohit, which is a tributary of the Brahmaputra. It links Dhola and Sadiya both are in Tinsukia district of Assam is named after him Filmography Notes

4318640

Breathless (The Corrs song)

"Breathless" is a song by Irish pop rock group the Corrs. It was released in June 2000 as the first single from their third studio album, In Blue (2000). "Breathless" was co-written and produced by famed music producer Robert John "Mutt" Lange, who produced for Shania Twain, Bryan Adams and Def Leppard, among others. "Breathless" is a pop song with lyrics about seduction. "Breathless" reached number one in the Czech Republic and the United Kingdom—their only British chart-topper to date. It was the 33rd-highest-selling single in the United Kingdom in 2000. It also reached the top five in Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Spain, and Sweden, as well as number seven in Australia. In the United States, it peaked at number 34 in March 2001, giving the Corrs their only US top-forty hit. In 2001, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals but lost to "Cousin Dupree" by Steely Dan. A music video was filmed in the Mojave Desert at the Trona Airport (TRH) in Inyo County, California, on 24 May 2000 and was directed by Nigel Dick. Background and release "Breathless", a pop song, was written by the Corrs (Andrea, Caroline, Sharon and Jim) and Robert "Mutt" Lange, who also produced the track. The song was released as In Blues first single in June 2000. The CD single includes "Breathless" and two new tracks: "Head in the Air" and "Judy". In the United Kingdom, a CD and cassette single were distributed on 3 July 2000. Speaking of working with Lange, Andrea said: "We happened to meet up [with Lange], and we both liked what each other does, so we decided to try and write a song together. So we did, and the first song we wrote together was 'Breathless.' It was a beautiful, sunny day when we wrote it," she continued, "and I think that's very much in the song, because it's kind of high impact and driven and sunny and summery and it's a love song. It's about seduction and how when you're falling in love, you're just enticing that person to go one step further. It's good, good fun." An acoustic version was made for their 2002 live album, VH1 Presents: The Corrs, Live in Dublin. The song was also included on their two compilation albums, Best of The Corrs and Dreams: The Ultimate Corrs Collection. Reception Critical response Critics were divided over "Breathless". Steven McDonald of AllMusic picked the song as one of the best tracks on the album. Mel Roberts of Amazon.com called it "one of the standout tracks" on the album. For Chris Charles of BBC News, the song "chugs along at Blondie pace before petering out into a wailing imitation of Dolores O'Riordan." Entertainment.ie review was mixed, writing that "Even half-decent efforts such as current single 'Breathless' are ruined by the MOR production." Jane Stevenson of Jam! considered "Breathless" "one of the album's weaker songs". Steven Wells of NME was positive, praising "the incredibly beautiful Andrea basically begging you to get on with it and shag her 'breathless'," writing that "Andrea does a fantastic yodel-type thing with her voice." The reviewers from People magazine called the song "saccharine", while Jake C. Taylor of Sputnikmusic named it a "poppy hit". Given that the song was co-produced by Lange, many have also compared it to the works of Lange's then-wife Shania Twain. Commercial performance The song became a mainstream success, topping the charts in three countries, while peaking inside the top ten in many other countries. In Europe, the song became a large success. In the UK, the song topped the UK Singles Chart, becoming their only number-one single there, and also their best charting-single since "Runaway", which peaked at number two. On the Irish Singles Chart, the song debuted and peaked at number three, making it their highest charting single in Ireland. In Italy, the single proved to be a huge success, debuting at number five, on 13 July 2000, and peaking at number two, on 10 August 2000. After four weeks, the single climbed again to number two, on 14 September 2000, proving to be an enduring hit. In Australia, the song debuted at number 48 on the ARIA Singles Chart on 2 July 2000. On 6 August 2000, the song climbed to number 20. On 20 August 2000, the song peaked at number seven, remaining in the peak position for two more weeks. The single spent 20 weeks on the ARIA charts, and was certified Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), denoting shipments of 70,000 copies. In New Zealand, the song was also a success, debuting at number 32 on the RIANZ chart week of 23 July 2000. It peaked at number three on 20 August 2000, while it stayed for two non-consecutive weeks at its peak position. In the United States, the song peaked at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, proving to be their only single to reach the top-forty. It was also a success on the Adult Contemporary and Adult Top 40 charts, peaking at number seven on the latter. Music video Background The music video for the song was filmed in the Mojave Desert, California, and at Trona Airport (TRH) in Inyo County on 24 May 2000; it and was directed by Nigel Dick. Two days of on-location filming were required. Both Andrea and Sharon succumbed to heat exhaustion during the two-day shoot and were rushed to the hospital, although they were fine the following day. "We shot the video in the Mojave Desert, just outside Los Angeles," Jim described, "and it was shot by a friend of ours, Nigel Dick. We've worked with him on quite a number of videos. We spent about two days out in the desert sun, and we kind of weren't really prepared for that type of heat." Synopsis The video shows the Corrs at a small airstrip performing impromptu inside a hangar in the middle of the desert. They arrive in a Douglas DC-3 airplane (the registration N26MA is clearly visible on the side) and perform the song for an audience of bikers before the final shot shows the DC-3 leaving. There are two cuts of the video. One version was more story-orientated, and shows the Corrs setting up the stage for their show with bikers arriving to see them perform. The second version focused more on a young man, apparently a worker at the airstrip, and his reaction to The Corr sisters as they sing. Both versions were released on their Best of DVD. Awards and usage in media "Breathless" was nominated for the 2001 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals, but lost to Steely Dan's "Cousin Dupree". Even not winning, the song was included on the Grammy Nominees 2001 compilation. "Breathless" was part of the soundtrack of the Brazilian soap opera Uga Uga (2000). The song was featured in the opening scene of the film The Wedding Date. In a 2001 episode of The Sopranos, "Another Toothpick", the character Meadow Soprano sings along to "Breathless" while listening to headphones. The song appeared on an episode of Charmed. The song was covered by Caroline Polachek, released in December 2020 on a remix album. Track listings UK, European and Australian CD single "Breathless" (album version) – 3:27 "Head in the Air" – 3:43 "Judy" – 2:26 German CD single "Breathless" (album version) – 3:27 "Head in the Air" – 3:43 US promo CD 1 "Breathless" (album version) – 3:27 US promo CD 2 "Breathless" – 3:15 US promo CD 3 "Breathless" (album version) – 3:27 "Breathless" (remix) – 3:28 Credits and personnel Credits are adapted from the CD single liner notes. Studios Recorded at Sully Studio (Vaud, Switzerland) Mixed at the Record Plant (Los Angeles, California, US) Mastered at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine, US) The Corrs The Corrs – writing Andrea Corr – lead vocals, tin whistle Caroline Corr – vocals, drums, bodhrán, percussion Sharon Corr – vocals, violin Jim Corr – vocals, guitar, keyboards Additional musicians Anthony Drennan – lead guitar, guitars Keith Duffy – bass guitar Writing and production Robert John "Mutt" Lange – writing (as R.J. Lange), production Mike Shipley – mixing Bob Ludwig – mastering John Hughes – management Elizabeth Barrett – art direction Andrea Brooks – art design Rankin – photography Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history Notes

4318649

United Nations Office at Geneva

The United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) in Geneva, Switzerland, is one of the four major offices of the United Nations where numerous different UN agencies have a joint presence. The main UNOG administrative offices are located inside the Palais des Nations complex, which was originally constructed for the League of Nations between 1929 and 1938. Besides United Nations administration, the Palais des Nations also hosts the offices for a number of programmes and funds such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). The United Nations and its specialized agencies, programmes and funds may have other offices or functions hosted outside the Palais des Nations, normally in office spaces provided by the Swiss Government. UN specialised agencies and other UN entities with offices in Geneva hold bi-weekly briefings at the Palais des Nations, organized by the United Nations Information Service at Geneva. UNOG produces an annual report where it lists all major events and activities that happened through a year. Constituent agencies Headquartered in Geneva: Conference on Disarmament International Bureau of Education International Computing Centre International Labour Organization International Organization for Migration International Trade Centre International Telecommunication Union Joint Inspection Unit Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights United Nations Chief Executives Board for Coordination United Nations Compensation Commission United Nations Conference on Trade and Development United Nations Economic Commission for Europe United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Human Rights Council (see also United Nations Commission on Human Rights) United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research United Nations Institute for Training and Research United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace United Nations Research Institute For Social Development World Health Organization World Intellectual Property Organization World Meteorological Organization World Trade Organization Presence at Geneva: International Atomic Energy Agency (headquarters are in Vienna) United Nations Environment Programme (headquarters are in Nairobi) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (headquarters are in Paris) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (headquarters are in Vienna) World Food Programme (headquarters are in Rome) United Nations World Tourism Organization (headquarters in Madrid) Directors-General Wladimir Moderow, Poland, 1946–1951 Adriaan Pelt, Netherlands, 1952–1957 Pier Pasquale Spinelli, Italy, 1957–1968 Vittorio Winspeare-Guicciardi, Italy, 1968–1978 Luigi Cottafavi, Italy, 1978–1983 Eric Suy, Belgium, 1983–1987 Jan Mårtenson, Sweden, 1987–1992 Antoine Blanca, France, 1992–1993 Vladimir Petrovsky, Russia, 1993–2002 Sergei Ordzhonikidze, Russia, 2002–2011 Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Kazakhstan, 2011–2013 Michael Møller, Denmark, 2013–2019 Tatiana Valovaya, Russia, 2019–present Administrative history United Nations Geneva Office, from beginning, Aug 1946 – Apr 1947, (IC/Geneva/1) European Office of the UN, 11 Apr 1947 – 10 Aug 1948, (IC/Geneva/49) United Nations Office at Geneva, 10 Aug 1948 – 9 Aug 1949, (IC/Geneva/152) European Office of the UN, 9 Aug 1949 – 8 Dec 1957, (SGB/82/Rev.1) United Nations Office at Geneva, 8 December 1957 – present, (SGB/82/Rev.2)

4318650

Mesha

King Mesha (Moabite: 𐤌𐤔𐤏 *Māša'; Hebrew: מֵישַׁע Mēša') was a king of Moab in the 9th century BCE, known most famously for having the Mesha Stele inscribed and erected at Dibon. In this inscription he calls himself "Mesha, son of Kemosh-[...], the king of Moab, the Dibonite." The two main records: Mesha Stele and the Bible The two main sources for the existence and history of King Mesha are the Mesha Stele and the Hebrew Bible. Aside from these attestations, references to Mesha are scanty, a possible noteworthy exception being the El-Kerak Inscription. In the Books of Samuel account, Moab is said to have been conquered by David ( traditional floruit c.1000-970 BCE) and retained in the territories of his son Solomon (d. c.931 BCE). Later, after the split of Israel into two kingdoms, King Omri of the northern kingdom of Israel, reconquered Moab after it had been lost subsequent to King Solomon's reign. The Mesha Stele, named after the Moabite king who erected it, makes no mention of earlier history and only mentions the conquest of the land by Omri. The stele records Mesha's liberation of Moab from under the suzerainty of Israel in c.850 BCE. The liberation is stated directly in the Hebrew Bible in @ Kings 3:5 " But it came to pass, when Ahab was dead, that the king of Moab rebelled against the king of Israel." This is consistent with the Stele and not inconsistent as cited next. This narrative stands in stark opposition to the version of events given in the Bible. reports the same events from the point of view of the Israelites, stating that "King Mesha of Moab ... used to deliver to the king of Israel one hundred thousand lambs, and the wool of one hundred thousand rams", before rebelling against "the king of Israel... Jehoram" (the Mesha Stele does not name the king against whom Mesha rebelled). The Second Book of Kings and the Mesha Stele differ in their explanation for the success of the revolt: according to Mesha, "Israel has been defeated", but 2 Kings says the Israelites withdrew when Mesha sacrificed the eldest son of either himself or the Edomite king to his god Chemosh (the text is not explicit at this point) on the walls of the capital city in which he was being besieged. If the latter is the case, the interpretation would be that Mesha's deed caused Edom to withdraw from the coalition. While it is plausible that one king held the eldest son of a neighbouring king hostage and sacrificed him when attacked, it is at least as plausible that he offered his own son to his main god in exchange for deliverance from destruction. In any case, the effect stated in the Bible is remarkable. "And there came great wrath against Israel. And they withdrew from him and returned to their own land." ().

4318651

Eddy (fluid dynamics)

In fluid dynamics, an eddy is the swirling of a fluid and the reverse current created when the fluid is in a turbulent flow regime. The moving fluid creates a space devoid of downstream-flowing fluid on the downstream side of the object. Fluid behind the obstacle flows into the void creating a swirl of fluid on each edge of the obstacle, followed by a short reverse flow of fluid behind the obstacle flowing upstream, toward the back of the obstacle. This phenomenon is naturally observed behind large emergent rocks in swift-flowing rivers. Swirl and eddies in engineering The propensity of a fluid to swirl is used to promote good fuel/air mixing in internal combustion engines. In fluid mechanics and transport phenomena, an eddy is not a property of the fluid, but a violent swirling motion caused by the position and direction of turbulent flow. Reynolds number and turbulence In 1883, scientist Osborne Reynolds conducted a fluid dynamics experiment involving water and dye, where he adjusted the velocities of the fluids and observed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, characterized by the formation of eddies and vortices. Turbulent flow is defined as the flow in which the system's inertial forces are dominant over the viscous forces. This phenomenon is described by Reynolds number, a unit-less number used to determine when turbulent flow will occur. Conceptually, the Reynolds number is the ratio between inertial forces and viscous forces. The general form for the Reynolds number flowing through a tube of radius r (or diameter d): where is the velocity of the fluid, is its density, is the radius of the tube, and is the viscosity of the fluid. A turbulent flow in a fluid is defined by the critical Reynolds number, for a closed pipe this works out to approximately In terms of the critical Reynolds number, the critical velocity is represented as Research and development Computational fluid dynamics These are turbulence models in which the Reynolds stresses, as obtained from a Reynolds averaging of the Navier–Stokes equations, are modelled by a linear constitutive relationship with the mean flow straining field, as: where  is the coefficient termed turbulence "viscosity" (also called the eddy viscosity) is the mean turbulent kinetic energy  is the mean strain rate Note that that inclusion of in the linear constitutive relation is required by tensorial algebra purposes when solving for two-equation turbulence models (or any other turbulence model that solves a transport equation for  . Hemodynamics Hemodynamics is the study of blood flow in the circulatory system. Blood flow in straight sections of the arterial tree are typically laminar (high, directed wall stress), but branches and curvatures in the system cause turbulent flow. Turbulent flow in the arterial tree can cause a number of concerning effects, including atherosclerotic lesions, postsurgical neointimal hyperplasia, in-stent restenosis, vein bypass graft failure, transplant vasculopathy, and aortic valve calcification. Industrial processes Lift and drag properties of golf balls are customized by the manipulation of dimples along the surface of the ball, allowing for the golf ball to travel further and faster in the air. The data from turbulent-flow phenomena has been used to model different transitions in fluid flow regimes, which are used to thoroughly mix fluids and increase reaction rates within industrial processes. Fluid currents and pollution control Oceanic and atmospheric currents transfer particles, debris, and organisms all across the globe. While the transport of organisms, such as phytoplankton, are essential for the preservation of ecosystems, oil and other pollutants are also mixed in the current flow and can carry pollution far from its origin. Eddy formations circulate trash and other pollutants into concentrated areas which researchers are tracking to improve clean-up and pollution prevention. The distribution and motion of plastics caused by eddy formations in natural water bodies can be predicted using Lagrangian transport models. Mesoscale ocean eddies play crucial roles in transferring heat poleward, as well as maintaining heat gradients at different depths. Environmental flows Modeling eddy development, as it relates to turbulence and fate transport phenomena, is vital in grasping an understanding of environmental systems. By understanding the transport of both particulate and dissolved solids in environmental flows, scientists and engineers will be able to efficiently formulate remediation strategies for pollution events. Eddy formations play a vital role in the fate and transport of solutes and particles in environmental flows such as in rivers, lakes, oceans, and the atmosphere. Upwelling in stratified coastal estuaries warrant the formation of dynamic eddies which distribute nutrients out from beneath the boundary layer to form plumes. Shallow waters, such as those along the coast, play a complex role in the transport of nutrients and pollutants due to the proximity of the upper-boundary driven by the wind and the lower-boundary near the bottom of the water body. Mesoscale ocean eddies Eddies are common in the ocean, and range in diameter from centimeters to hundreds of kilometers. The smallest scale eddies may last for a matter of seconds, while the larger features may persist for months to years. Eddies that are between about 10 and 500 km (6.2 and 310.7 miles) in diameter and persist for periods of days to months are known in oceanography as mesoscale eddies. Mesoscale eddies can be split into two categories: static eddies, caused by flow around an obstacle (see animation), and transient eddies, caused by baroclinic instability. When the ocean contains a sea surface height gradient this creates a jet or current, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This current as part of a baroclinically unstable system meanders and creates eddies (in much the same way as a meandering river forms an ox-bow lake). These types of mesoscale eddies have been observed in many major ocean currents, including the Gulf Stream, the Agulhas Current, the Kuroshio Current, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, amongst others. Mesoscale ocean eddies are characterized by currents that flow in a roughly circular motion around the center of the eddy. The sense of rotation of these currents may either be cyclonic or anticyclonic (such as Haida Eddies). Oceanic eddies are also usually made of water masses that are different from those outside the eddy. That is, the water within an eddy usually has different temperature and salinity characteristics to the water outside the eddy. There is a direct link between the water mass properties of an eddy and its rotation. Warm eddies rotate anti-cyclonically, while cold eddies rotate cyclonically. Because eddies may have a vigorous circulation associated with them, they are of concern to naval and commercial operations at sea. Further, because eddies transport anomalously warm or cold water as they move, they have an important influence on heat transport in certain parts of the ocean.

4318654

Function point

The function point is a "unit of measurement" to express the amount of business functionality an information system (as a product) provides to a user. Function points are used to compute a functional size measurement (FSM) of software. The cost (in dollars or hours) of a single unit is calculated from past projects. Standards There are several recognized standards and/or public specifications for sizing software based on Function Point. 1. ISO Standards FiSMA: ISO/IEC 29881:2010 Information technology – Systems and software engineering – FiSMA 1.1 functional size measurement method. IFPUG: ISO/IEC 20926:2009 Software and systems engineering – Software measurement – IFPUG functional size measurement method. Mark-II: ISO/IEC 20968:2002 Software engineering – Ml II Function Point Analysis – Counting Practices Manual Nesma: ISO/IEC 24570:2018 Software engineering – Nesma functional size measurement method version 2.3 – Definitions and counting guidelines for the application of Function Point Analysis COSMIC: ISO/IEC 19761:2011 Software engineering. A functional size measurement method. OMG: ISO/IEC 19515:2019 Information technology — Object Management Group Automated Function Points (AFP), 1.0 The first five standards are implementations of the over-arching standard for Functional Size Measurement ISO/IEC 14143. The OMG Automated Function Point (AFP) specification, led by the Consortium for IT Software Quality, provides a standard for automating the Function Point counting according to the guidelines of the International Function Point User Group (IFPUG) However, the current implementations of this standard have a limitation in being able to distinguish External Output (EO) from External Inquiries (EQ) out of the box, without some upfront configuration. Introduction Function points were defined in 1979 in Measuring Application Development Productivity by Allan Albrecht at IBM. The functional user requirements of the software are identified and each one is categorized into one of five types: outputs, inquiries, inputs, internal files, and external interfaces. Once the function is identified and categorized into a type, it is then assessed for complexity and assigned a number of function points. Each of these functional user requirements maps to an end-user business function, such as a data entry for an Input or a user query for an Inquiry. This distinction is important because it tends to make the functions measured in function points map easily into user-oriented requirements, but it also tends to hide internal functions (e.g. algorithms), which also require resources to implement. There is currently no ISO recognized FSM Method that includes algorithmic complexity in the sizing result. Recently there have been different approaches proposed to deal with this perceived weakness, implemented in several commercial software products. The variations of the Albrecht-based IFPUG method designed to make up for this (and other weaknesses) include: Early and easy function points – Adjusts for problem and data complexity with two questions that yield a somewhat subjective complexity measurement; simplifies measurement by eliminating the need to count data elements. Engineering function points – Elements (variable names) and operators (e.g., arithmetic, equality/inequality, Boolean) are counted. This variation highlights computational function. The intent is similar to that of the operator/operand-based Halstead complexity measures. Bang measure – Defines a function metric based on twelve primitive (simple) counts that affect or show Bang, defined as "the measure of true function to be delivered as perceived by the user." Bang measure may be helpful in evaluating a software unit's value in terms of how much useful function it provides, although there is little evidence in the literature of such application. The use of Bang measure could apply when re-engineering (either complete or piecewise) is being considered, as discussed in Maintenance of Operational Systems—An Overview. Feature points – Adds changes to improve applicability to systems with significant internal processing (e.g., operating systems, communications systems). This allows accounting for functions not readily perceivable by the user, but essential for proper operation. Weighted Micro Function Points – One of the newer models (2009) which adjusts function points using weights derived from program flow complexity, operand and operator vocabulary, object usage, and algorithm. Fuzzy Function Points - Proposes a fuzzy and gradative transition between low x medium and medium x high complexities Contrast The use of function points in favor of lines of code seek to address several additional issues: The risk of "inflation" of the created lines of code, and thus reducing the value of the measurement system, if developers are incentivized to be more productive. FP advocates refer to this as measuring the size of the solution instead of the size of the problem. Lines of Code (LOC) measures reward low level languages because more lines of code are needed to deliver a similar amount of functionality to a higher level language. C. Jones offers a method of correcting this in his work. LOC measures are not useful during early project phases where estimating the number of lines of code that will be delivered is challenging. However, Function Points can be derived from requirements and therefore are useful in methods such as estimation by proxy. Criticism Albrecht observed in his research that Function Points were highly correlated to lines of code, which has resulted in a questioning of the value of such a measure if a more objective measure, namely counting lines of code, is available. In addition, there have been multiple attempts to address perceived shortcomings with the measure by augmenting the counting regimen. Others have offered solutions to circumvent the challenges by developing alternative methods which create a proxy for the amount of functionality delivered.

4318661

Lady (Hear Me Tonight)

"Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" is the debut single of French house duo Modjo, written and performed by vocalist Yann Destagnol and producer Romain Tranchart. It was released on 19 June 2000 as the lead single from the duo's self-titled debut studio album. It became a major worldwide success, topping at least 10 music charts, including the national charts of Ireland, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. It also topped the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart in January 2001. Content The song is written in B flat minor; there is also an acoustic version recorded in G minor. It features a guitar sample of "Soup for One" performed by Chic, as written by Nile Rodgers and Bernard Edwards. In 2011, Chic added the song to their concert setlist, which is performed as a mash-up song with "Soup for One". The single includes the original version of the track, plus an acoustic version, both performed by Modjo. Remixes have been provided by Harry Romero, Roy Davis, Jr. and Danny Tenaglia. Release The song debuted at number one in the United Kingdom on 10 September 2000, where it stayed for two weeks to become the sixteenth-best-selling single of 2000. It also reached number one in seven other European countries and became a top-ten hit in several others, including Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In the United States, the song peaked at number 81 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart. As of 2017, the single has sold two million copies worldwide. Critical reception and legacy Daily Record wrote that it is a "brilliant" house track. Australian music channel Max placed the song at number 790 in their list of the "1000 Greatest Songs of All Time" in 2012. Mixmag included "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" in their list of "The 30 Best Vocal House Anthems Ever" in 2018. Insider put the song on their list of the "102 Songs Everyone Should Listen to in Their Lifetime" in 2019. Music video The music video for the song was directed by François Nemeta and was filmed in June 2000 in various locations in Quebec, Canada. The video details the various shenanigans of three teenagers, one girl and two boys. The video starts off with a boy with a shaved head who walks into a restaurant to meet the other two. The three then pool all their money together. They make it to a used car dealership, where they buy a car and drive it to a country fair. The three watch a band playing in a bar and then grab their instruments during a break. Their efforts aren't appreciated, and the teenager with the shaved head is hit with a bottle thrown from the crowd, after which they are chased out. They then sneak into a motel, where they proceed to sing and dance while in the shower, all while still clothed. The boy with the shaved head imagines that he is alone with the girl in an exotic location. The next morning, they are chased out by the hotel manager, and they make their escape until their car breaks down. The girl leads the boys into the woods, and they come across a cliff with a view of the city, which they gaze at in awe. The video ends after this scene. Track listings European CD single "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (radio edit) – 3:46 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" – 5:05 European 12-inch vinyl A1. "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" – 5:05 A2. "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (radio edit) – 3:46 B1. "Lady" (Roy's Universal Soldiers Mix) – 5:10 B2. "Lady" (acoustic) – 3:13 UK CD single "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (radio edit) – 3:46 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (original mix) – 5:05 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (Acoustique Mix) – 3:13 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (Roy's Universal Soldiers Mix) – 5:10 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (CD-Rom video) UK cassette single A1. "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (radio edit) – 3:46 A2. "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (original mix) – 5:05 B1. "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (remix) – 7:07 Australasian CD single "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (radio edit) – 3:46 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" – 5:05 "Roller Coaster" – 6:08 "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (remix) – 7:07 US CD single "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (original mix) "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (Harry "Choo Choo" Romero's Titanium Dub) "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (Roy's Universal Soldiers Mix) "Lady" (acoustic) "Lady (Hear Me Tonight)" (video) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history

4318670

Montem Mound

The Montem Mound is an ancient mound of earth. It lies on Montem Lane, around half a mile west of central Slough, Berkshire, overlooking the Chalvey Brook, a minor tributary of the River Thames. The mound is a Scheduled Ancient Monument. The age of the mound was a matter of debate: Slough Museum was adamant that it is a Norman Motte and Bailey outpost from Windsor. Alternative theories suggested that it is a much older "moot" point - a gathering place, while parallels might perhaps be drawn with the Taplow Mound, although that lies on much higher land above the Thames. In her 1925 book 'Prehistoric London. Its Mounds and Circles' E.O. Gordon asserted that the Montem was an ancient site of druidic assembly. Until 1847, Eton College held an annual festival here, known as Eton Montem, also known as Salt Hill. In 2017, archaeologists from the University of Reading found the site to be around 1,500 years old, placing the mound at the time of the early Anglo-Saxon period and making the mound a rough contemporary of Sutton Hoo and the nearby Taplow burial site.

4318673

Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks)

Soviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks) was an early anti-revisionist movement claimed to be an underground political outfit in the Soviet Union which criticized the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev as revisionist. It upheld the legacy of Joseph Stalin and accused the post-Stalin Soviet leadership of deviating from the socialist path. It represented the line taken by the People's Republic of China and People's Republic of Albania after the Sino-Soviet Split. Little is known about the group. Programme document A programmatic document of the group was released in connection with the 1966 congress of the Party of Labour of Albania. It was moreover claimed that the document had been distributed clandestinely amongst communists in the Soviet Union. The document harshly criticized the wealthy lifestyles of the upper sections of the Soviet bureaucracy, argued that such lifestyles were in contradiction to socialism. The first known English-language edition of the document was released in Albania at this point. In the beginning of 1967 a French language translation was published through French and Belgian leftwing publications. In the same year a Swedish language edition was published by KFML, with a preface by Nils Holmberg. Possible Albanian hoax Since the only information about the group comes from contemporary official Albanian sources, there has been speculation about whether the group actually existed or was simply a fictional construct of the Albanian Party. In any case, the existence of 'Revolutionary Communists' within the Soviet Union was used in the Albanian rhetoric to claim legitimacy for their position within the international communist movement, i.e. that they represented the original Bolshevik line of Lenin and Stalin. Possible Involvement of Molotov At the time the programme document began circulating in Western Europe, a general assumption amongst its Western distributors was that the group had been formed around the former Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs, V.M. Molotov. This assumption was based on a study of the language used in the text and direct references to Molotov and his associates in inner party struggles. Molotov had been expelled from the CPSU after the takeover by Khrushchev.

4318674

Strone, Cowal

Strone () is a village on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute in the Scottish Highlands at the point where the north shore of the Holy Loch becomes the west shore of the Firth of Clyde. The village lies within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Origin of name The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic for nose, and applies to the hill above the village as well as to Strone Point. It adjoins the settlement of Kilmun on the loch, and the village of Blairmore on Loch Long. It has a (now disused) pier (built in 1847) and was a regular stop for the Clyde steamer services. Village A high road on the side of the hill serves additional houses including Dunselma, a Scottish baronial style house above the point. It was built as a sailing lodge for the wealthy Coats family (proprietors of the eponymous Paisley mills) in 1885-7 by the Paisley firm of Rennison and Scott. It was bought by the Scottish Youth Hostels Association in 1941, and they used it as a hostel until 1965. It still forms a landmark clearly visible from the other side of the Clyde, and is a Category A listed building. It is on the A880 road. Gallery

4318679

Nu:Tone

Dan Gresham, better known by the stage name Nu:Tone, is a British drum and bass producer who is signed to the Hospital Records label. Background He signed to Hospital records in May 2003, and released his first album "Brave Nu World" in 2005. His second album "Back of Beyond" was released in June 2007. The third album, Words and Pictures, was released on 28 February 2011 on Hospital Records, and was made available on 2xLP, CD, MP3, and limited edition vinyl. Words and Pictures features contributions from 4hero, Ben Westbeech, Natalie Williams, Logistics, and Heidi Vogel, among others. His brothers, Matt Gresham, known as Logistics and Nick Gresham, known as Other Echoes are also active in the drum and bass scene. He also releases music with his brother Matt as the duo Nu:Logic. Discography Studio albums Compilations Singles Grand Central/The Boss (12") (Beta Recordings, 2001) e.Spresso/Chupa Meus Samples (12") (Chihuahua Records, 2001) 123Fm/Get It On (12") (Tangent Records, 2003) Our House/GMAS (12") (BrandNu Recordings, 2003) Vital Organ (Taken from Soul:ution Sampler 1 12") (Soul:R, 2003) What Goes Around Comes Around/Don't Go Changing (12") (New ID, 2003) Jazm (taken from Jazz&Bass Session IV CD/LP) (New ID, 2004) Breathless/Feel It (12") (Hospital Records, 2004) Millie's Theme (taken from The Future Sound of Cambridge EP) (Hospital Records, 2004) Three Bags Full/Strange Encounter (12") (Hospital Records, 2005) Seven Years/Stay Strong (12") (feat Natalie Williams) (Hospital Records, 2005) Three Bags Full (12") (Hospital Records, 2005) Upgrade [with Syncopix] (12") (Hospital Records, 2006) The Things That Lovers Do/Missing Link (12") (Hospital Records, 2006) Boy Who Lost His Smile (taken from The Future Sound of Cambridge 2 EP) (Hospital Records, 2006) Beliefs (feat Pat Fulgoni) (12") (Hospital Records, 2007) System (Matrix and Futurebound Remix)/The Second Connection (12") (Hospital Records, 2007) Hyper Hyper / Set Me Free (12") (Hospital Records, 2010) Shine In (feat Natalie Williams) / Bleeper (feat. Logistics) (Hospital Records, 2011) Sweeter / Do It Right (12") (Hospital Records, 2020) One Day at a Time (feat. Lalin St. Juste) (Hospital Records, 2021) Remixes Phuturistix & Jenna G – "Beautiful" (Hospital Records, 2003) Lenny Fontana Presents Black Sun – "Spread Love" (Hospital Records, 2003) London Elektricity – "Different Drum" (Hospital Records, 2003) Roni Size – "Strictly Social" (Liquid V, 2004) Danism – "Come to You" (BrandNu Recordings, 2004) Stress Level & TC1 – "Take Control" (Renegade Recordings, 2004) Ikon – "Vai E Vem" (Jalapeño Records, 2004) London Elektricity – "Fast Soul Music" (Hospital Records, 2004) Shapeshifter – "Long White Cloud" (Truetone Recordings, 2005) Hardkandy – "Advice (ft. Terry Callier)" (Catskills Records, 2006) Quantic – "Perception" (Tru Thoughts Recordings, 2006) Alice Russell – "To Know This" (Tru Thoughts Recordings, 2006) Tenorio Jr. – "Nebulosa" (Mr Bongo Recordings, 2007) London Elektricity – "This Dark Matter" (Hospital Records, 2008) Utah Jazz – "Runaway" (Liquid V, 2008) Roni Size – "It's Jazzy" (Liquid V, 2008) 4hero – "Look Inside" (Raw Canvas Records, 2008) Lenzman – "Caught Up" (Spearhead Records, 2008) Shy FX & T Power – Feelings (Digital Soundboy Recording Co., 2008) Matrix & Futurebound – "Family" (Metro Recordings, 2008) Dekata Project – "At Least We Can Dance" (Doshiwa Records, 2010) Devlin (MC) & Yasmin – "Runaway" (Universal Island Records, 2010) Jess Mills – "Vultures" (Island, 2011) Beardyman – "Where Does Your Mind Go" (Sunday Best Recordings, 2011) Unicorn Kid – "Wild Life" (Ministry of Sound, 2011) Above & Beyond – "There's a Thing Called Love" (Anjuna Beats, 2011) Emeli Sandé – "Heaven" (Virgin, 2011) Ms. Dynamite – "Neva Soft" (Relentless, 2011) Professor Green – "Read All About It (ft. Emeli Sandé)" (Virgin, 2011) Marlon Roudette – "New Age" (Warner, 2011) Afrojack & Steve Aoki – "No Beef" (Wall Recordings, 2011) Adele – "Rolling in the Deep" (Hospital Records, 2011) Emeli Sandé – "Next To Me" (Virgin, 2011) Plan B – "Lost My Way" (Atlantic, 2012) Professor Green – "Are You Getting Enough?" (Virgin, 2013) Itch – "Homeless Romantic" (Red Bull Records, 2013) Sick Individuals & Axwell – "I Am" (Virgin, 2013) Street Child World Cup feat. London Elektricity, S.P.Y, Diane Charlemagne - "I Am Somebody" (Hospital Records, 2014) Tujamo & Plastik Funk ft. Sneakbo – "Dr Who" (3 Beat, 2014) BCee – "Back to the Streets" (Spearhead, 2014) Billon feat. Maxine Ashley - "Special" (VIP remix features on Future History) (Virgin EMI, 2014) Zed Bias feat. Fox - "Something About This" (Hospital Records, 2015) Sandy Rivera feat. April - BANG! (Sony Music, 2015) TIEKS - "Sunshine" (Hospital Records, 2015) Kwabs - "Walk" (Hospital Records, 2017) Jonny L - "Bass Break" (Spearhead, 2019) Barrington Levy - "Here I Come" (DMC, Hospital Records, 2019) Production Jenna G – "Quick Love" (Bingo Beats, 2006)

4318682

Twist, Germany

Twist is a municipality in the Emsland district, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated directly on the Dutch border. Situation of the local parts in the municipality of Twist: History The settlement in the area of today's municipality Twist began quite late around the year 1784. The prince-bishop of Münster Max Franz satisfied the wishes of some "Heuerleute", a kind of farmer, from the nearby village of Hesepe to settle down in the bog "Twist". This was the starting point of the settlement in Twist; to be more precise it starts at the street of houses which is nowadays called "Alt-Hesepertwist". The ground was at that time quite infertile because of its composition and did just allow a meager livelihood and so the people did not live in any comfort. The construction of the canal "Nord-Süd-Kanal" about 100 years later brought significant improvements in the quality of life of the people, because the canal allowed a systematic drainage and removal of the peat. In the 1950s the economic revival finally arrived on the one hand by finding larger oil deposits and on the other hand by commissioning of the production site of the Dutch plastics company Wavin. These two factors were over some decades the driving forces for the economical rise of Twist. In 1986 Twist celebrated its 200th anniversary. The anniversary festivities ended with a pageant which had respect to the history and current circumstances in Twist. For instance one of the numerous parade floats showed a detailed replica of the church St. Georg (biggest church in Twist). In the 1990s the two main columns of Twist's economy, oil production and the plastic production declined more and more; and economic hard times meant many people lost their jobs. With the finishing of the autobahn 31 at the end of the 1990s this negative development was stopped by siting new companies especially in the industrial area close to the autobahn. In August/September 2011 Twist celebrated its 225th anniversary. The 10-day-long festival started with a "Twist-Schau" (Twist Show). This show was performed like a play in Low German language and telling the history of Twist in a humorous way, with its good old times, but also the very hard living conditions of the first settlers, the loss of loved family members during WWII and the upcoming prosperity caused by the fast economic growth of the last 60 years that offers people of about 30 different nations a new home in Twist. One of the following days of the festival was themed as "Tag der Vereine" (Day of the Associations) presenting all sporting, cultural and welfare associations in Twist. It showed the wide range of activities for spare time and hobbies. Another motto of one of the festival days was "Twist macht Musik" (Twist plays music) where all choirs in Twist performed their songs and left the audience very impressed. Part of the festival were also concerts by Queen and Pink Floyd cover bands. The festival finally ended by presenting a pageant related to historical and present developments in Twist. Origin of the name The origin of the name of the municipality Twist has nothing to do with the dance style of the same title. Due to a long disagreement with the Dutch Kingdom about the way the border between both countries should take it was common language use to speak about "Twistrich" or "Twist Gebiet" (Twist area). In Low German "Twistrich" or "Twist Gebiet" has a meaning similar to "disputed border". This language was the official language at that time and is still partly in usage. The name is commonly mispronounced as locals pronounce it "Tweest". New research results from Jürgen Udolph, a known scientist in the fields of onomastics, shows that the name Twist probably has its origin in the words "twistel" in the meaning of "Zwiesel" or "Zweiung", that means something is at a bifurcation. In this meaning also words like "zwieträchtig", "twisten" and "in Zweispalt, Streit sein" (in English: discrepancy, dispute) belong to the explanation of the origin of the name Twist. The conclusion of Udolph is, that the name of Twist means something like "separated settlement, a place located at a (stream) bifurcation". Landmarks Church St. Vinzenz von Paul zu Hebelermeer The parish church in the district Heblermeer houses two rococo busts of Ignatius of Loyola and Francisco de Xavier created by the sculptor Johann Heinrich König (1705–1784). Church St. Franziskus In December 1928 the construction work on the church started. The architect Theo Burlage designed the church in the style of expressionism. One year after starting construction the first service in the church was celebrated on December 8, 1929. In August 1930 bishop Berning did consecrated the church. The altar crucifix was designed by Wolfdietrich Stein. With a height of 5 meters it fills the complete height and width of the sanctuary. The church spire has clock faces on three of its sides. Contrary to ordinary clock faces, these ones do not show numbers. The top figure is an Iron Cross with the date of 1914 and 1918 (duration of World War I). The other 33 figures on the clock faces are name tags with the names of the soldiers killed in action from the villages Schönighsdorf and Provinzialmoor. Protestant church in Neuringe An exceptional feature is the Protestant church in the district of Neuringe, because this church boasts one of the oldest and most valuable organs (constructed in 1719) of the Protestant national church. The church itself was constructed in 1904. As in many villages at that time, there was no money for both construction of the church and the buying of inventory. Therefore, a used organ was bought. Sometimes, as in this case, the used ones have a higher value nowadays than organs that were built in the 1900s. Center of Twist In the center of the municipality of Twist numerous retailers are located, such as grocery stores, a travel agency, a bank and so on. Also the city hall and the police station is situated in the center of Twist. A special attraction in the center is the museum for crude oil and natural gas (Erdöl-Erdgas-Museum Twist) and also the "Heimathaus Twist". The Heimathaus Twist is known for legendary blues, folk, and jazz concerts. Landscape In 2006 the German counties Emsland and Grafschaft Bentheim founded together with the Dutch province Drenthe the "Internationaler Naturpark Moor" (International Nature Park Bog) (wetlands). This park stretches across big parts of the municipality Twist. The park has a unique biota and is the wintering grounds for numerous migratory birds every year. Up to the settlement and cultivation in the 19th century, the area was one of the biggest peat moss areas in Europe with a size of more than 1,200 km². In recent years several projects have started to block ditches and generate a water logging of the area for renaturation. A very successful example for the renaturation in the nature park is the Dutch part of the park, where already in the 1960s first projects started and led to a fully restored peat moss area where very rare plants and animals found a new home. Recreational activity and culture Culture The "Heimathaus Twist" is a reconstructed old farm house located in the center of Twist. It is known for blues and folk concerts which also take place several times a year. However, several events especially for children are also organized by the team of the "Heimathaus Twist". Directly beside the "Heimathaus Twist" the museum for crude oil and natural gas is located. It shows several exhibits on this topic and the historical development of the extraction of crude oil and natural gas. The crude oil and natural gas industry has a long history in the area of Twist for this reason it was sometimes also called the German Texas. Recreational activity In every district of Twist there are several sport clubs where soccer is the dominant sport, but basketball, table-tennis, competitive dance, horseback riding, swimming, tennis, handball and gymnastics are also offered. Family policy In May 2007 the town council decided measures to support families with children. Hence families with two or three children get a special concession on a building land for a one-family house. Families with four children get a building site for free. For this rule limited in time (till 31 December 2009) children count who are younger than 15 years and born the first 10 years after purchase. Economy and Infrastructure Traffic By car Twist has a direct connection to the Autobahn 31 which acts as north-south route between the North Sea and the Ruhr. Twist is also connected to Europastraße 233 which is constructed on German side like an Autobahn to the connection point with Autobahn 31 and on Dutch side it already has the status as Autobahn A 37. This Europastraße (E 233) connects the metropolis Rotterdam, Amsterdam with Hamburg and finally Scandinavia. On the German side it's intended over the next years to follow the Dutch side and to convert the road over the whole distance into an Autobahn. Air traffic The closest international airport is Münster Osnabrück International Airport in the German city Greven. The airport is about 90 km away from Twist and easy to reach by using the Autobahn 31 and later changing to Autobahn 30. Düsseldorf is the closest international hub for intercontinental flights. The distance to the airport is approximately 170 km (1,5 hours by car) and for the whole travel distance it is possible to use the Autobahn. Düsseldorf Airport can be reached directly on the Autobahn 31 and later, after changing to Autobahn 44, leaving at the exit airport (Ausfahrt Flughafen). Amsterdam Airport Schiphol is another airport close by. The airport is about 200 km away and easy to reach on the Dutch high-speed road network. The Dutch "Autobahn" A 37 starts in Twist and for the whole distance to the airport an Autobahn can be used. Economy Till the middle of the nineteen-nineties the crude oil, natural gas, and peat industry dominated the economy in Twist. Especially in these industries many employees lost their job at that time. Since then many small and medium size business companies have settled down in the area of Twist especially in the industrial park at the autobahn. The biggest employer in Twist is the Dutch company Wavin. This company is European market leader for plastic pipe systems. Tourism In recent years tourism has also become an important factor, where the focus of tourism is on the district of Neuringe. In addition to several holiday flats there is also a campground with a public lake for bathing and a farm for horseback riding. Especially this farm theme park enjoys great popularity among the younger guests. Furthermore, within the area of this farm is an indoor children's playground which is especially suitable for children up to the age of 12. Education In Twist there are 5 grade schools and one junior high. After a bigger replacement and newly constructed building in 2007, this junior high acts nowadays as full-time school. In 2009 the grade schools were also transformed into all day schools. By carrying out modernisation at the schools it is guaranteed nowadays that the students get a warm meal and are supervised throughout the day.

4318684

Persipura Jayapura

Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Jayapura, or Persipura, is an Indonesian football club based in Jayapura, Papua. The club was founded in 1963 and currently competes in the Liga 1. Persipura plays their home matches in Mandala Stadium. Persipura is one of the giants of modern football in Indonesia with various league and tournament titles. Persipura is also known as the producer of great footballers from the land of Papua such as Rully Nere, Jack Komboy, Eduard Ivakdalam, Boaz Solossa, Ian Louis Kabes and Imanuel Wanggai. They are known for playing style relying on the abilities of individual players. History Foundation and early years (1963–1994) Persipura's history is mysterious. The club's administrators cannot fully make sure that the club was founded in 1963, since there are also proof that suggests the club might have been founded in 1965, 1962, or even 1950. Other than that, the administrators also cannot fully make sure Persipura's original name. The early years were not filled with a lot of achievements. They only managed to win the Perserikatan First Division two times in 1979 and 1993, other than that they were runners-up in the 1980 Perserikatan season. Modern era and recent history (1994–present) Their first achievement in the modern era is by winning the 2005 Liga Indonesia Premier Division under coach Rahmad Darmawan. PT. Persipura Papua was established to fulfill the requirement to compete in the Indonesia Super League. Persipura dominated Indonesian football under the control of Brazilian coach Jacksen F. Tiago by winning the Indonesia Super League (present: Liga 1) in 2009, 2011 and 2013. Stadium Persipura uses Mandala Stadium as their home ground. Located on Dock V Jayapura and Facing a beautiful view of Humboldt Bay, making Mandala Stadium as one of the Beautiful stadium view in South East Asia. Supporters Their supporters are called Persipura Mania. They also have hardline fans or ultras namely The Comen's and Black Pearl Curva Nord. Sponsorship Bank Papua PT. Freeport Indonesia Kuku BIma Ener-G Kit supplier Specs (2010–present) Coaches The coach whose name is in bold is the one who brings the champion. Coaching staff Players Current squad Season-by-season records QR Qualification Round NP Not Particapated Note: 3rd position with Pupuk Kaltim. Knockout rounds are only statistics, not counting points. PS Barito Putera did not take part in the league Knockout rounds are only statistics, not counting points. Knockout rounds are only statistics, not counting points. League was suspended. Indonesia Soccer Championship A is an unofficial competition replacing Indonesia Super League which was suspended. Player records All time topscorer Asia clubs ranking Honours AFC (Asian competitions) AFC Champions League 2010 – Group stage 2012 – Play-off round AFC Cup 2011 – Quarter-finals 2014 – Semi-finals 2015 – Round of 16 Performances in AFC club competitions

4318686

I Try

"I Try" is a song co-written and performed by American musician Macy Gray. The song was released on September 27, 1999, as the second single from her debut album, On How Life Is. It is Gray's biggest hit to date, peaking at number six in the United Kingdom, number five in the United States, number two in Canada, and number one in Australia, Ireland, and New Zealand. At the 2001 Grammy Awards, "I Try" won Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, and was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. It remains Gray's biggest hit single in the US to date, and her only one to reach the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100. The song was used in the TV sitcom Spin City, when Michael J Fox's character, Michael Flaherty, was leaving his job and moving from NYC; the actor was also leaving the series after he had announced that he had Parkinson's disease. In 2010, the song was featured in an episode of The Office. It was also featured in the series 2 finale of Mrs. Brown's Boys during which it was sung by Brendan O'Carroll and Pat "Pepsi" Shields. In 2018, the song was featured in an episode of The Last Man on Earth. Critical reception Daily Record called the song "soulful", noting that Gray "has one of the most distinctive singing voices around." Music video The music video for the song, directed by American filmmaker Mark Romanek (who had previously directed the video for Gray's "Do Something"), depicts Gray waking up in a hotel room, buying flowers, and traveling through New York City, traveled through by bus and train to meet a man in a park. At the end of the video, Gray is shown to still be in her hotel room. It is implied that she may have been dreaming the entire time and that none of the events in the video actually occurred. At the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won Best New Artist and was nominated for Best Female Video and Best New Artist in a Video. Gray presented the award for "Best Pop Video" alongside LL Cool J. Track listings UK CD1 "I Try" – 3:59 "I Try" (Full Crew Mix) – 5:21 "Don't Come Around" – 4:20 UK CD2 "I Try" – 3:59 "I Try" (JayDee Remix) – 5:55 "I Try" (Bob Power Remix) – 3:51 UK cassette single "I Try" – 3:59 "Don't Come Around" – 4:20 European CD1 "I Try" – 3:59 "Rather Hazy" – 3:10 European CD2 "I Try" – 3:59 "Rather Hazy" – 3:10 "I Try" (Full Crew Mix—extended II—no vocoder) – 5:27 Australian CD single "I Try" – 3:59 "Rather Hazy" – 3:10 "Do Something" (Black Apple Mix edit) – 3:33 "I Try" (Full Crew Mix—extended II—no vocoder) – 5:27 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications Release history

4318689

Fight+

Fight+ was a European combat sports TV channel founded by David McConachie and Steffen Tangstad. Fight+ showed movies, documentaries, classic and exclusive matches, training and educational programming and news. The plan was for Fight+ to become available all over Europe as fast as possible. Fight+ closed down on December 11, 2006 according to CanalDigital website. According to the same website the channel is closing because there hasn't been enough interest from customers of CanalDigital, and they've also had problems finding new investors. Countries where Fight+ was available Denmark (March 1, 2006) Finland (March 1, 2006) Norway (March 1, 2006) Sweden (March 1, 2006) Programming The channel broadcast programming on amateur and professional wrestling; boxing, kickboxing, Muay Thai, Mixed martial arts, Kung-Fu, judo and karate; cagefighting, bodybuilding, and strength athletics.

4318691

SensorML

SensorML is an approved Open Geospatial Consortium standard. SensorML provides standard models and an XML encoding for describing sensors and measurement processes. SensorML can be used to describe a wide range of sensors, including both dynamic and stationary platforms and both in-situ and remote sensors. Functions supported include sensor discovery sensor geolocation processing of sensor observations a sensor programming mechanism subscription to sensor alerts Examples of supported sensors are stationary, in-situ – chemical "sniffer", thermometer, gravity meter stationary, remote – stream velocity profiler, atmospheric profiler, Doppler radar dynamic, in-situ – aircraft mounted ozone "sniffer", GPS unit, dropsonde dynamic, remote – satellite radiometer, airborne camera, soldier-mounted video What is it? SensorML provides standard models and an XML encoding for describing any process, including the process of measurement by sensors and instructions for deriving higher-level information from observations. It provides a provider-centric view of information in a sensor web, which is complemented by Observations and Measurements which provides a user-centric view. Processes described in SensorML are discoverable and executable. All processes define their inputs, outputs, parameters, and method, as well as provide relevant metadata. SensorML models detectors and sensors as processes that convert real phenomena to data. SensorML does not encode measurements taken by sensors; measurements can be represented in TransducerML, as observations in Observations and Measurements, or in other forms, such as IEEE 1451. What is it good for? Electronic Specification Sheet - In its simplest application, SensorML can be used to provide a standard digital means of providing specification sheets for sensor components and systems. Discovery of sensor, sensor systems, and processes - SensorML is a means by which sensor systems or processes can make themselves known and discoverable. SensorML provides a rich collection of metadata that can be mined and used for discovery of sensor systems and observation processes. This metadata includes identifiers, classifiers, constraints (time, legal, and security), capabilities, characteristics, contacts, and references, in addition to inputs, outputs, parameters, and system location. Lineage of Observations - SensorML can provide a complete and unambiguous description of the lineage of an observation. In other words, it can describe in detail the process by which an observation came to be .... from acquisition by one or more detectors to processing and perhaps even interpretation by an analyst. Not only can this provide a confidence level with regard to an observation, in most cases, part or all of the process could be repeated, perhaps with some modifications to the process or by simulating the observation with a known signature source. On-demand processing of Observations - Process chains for geolocation or higher-level processing of observations can be described in SensorML, discovered and distributed over the web, and executed on-demand without a prior knowledge of the sensor or processor characteristics. This was the original driver for SensorML, as a means of countering the proliferation of disparate, stovepipe systems for processing sensor data within various sensor communities. SensorML also enables the distribution of processing to any point within the sensor chain, from sensor to data center to the individual user's PDA. SensorML enables this processing without the need for sensor-specific software. Support for tasking, observation, and alert services - SensorML descriptions of sensor systems or simulations can be mined in support of establishing OGC Sensor Observation Services (SOS), Sensor Planning Services (SPS), and Sensor Alert Services (SAS). SensorML defines and builds on common data definitions that are used throughout the OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework. Plug-N-Play, auto-configuring, and autonomous sensor networks - SensorML enables the development of plug-n-play sensors, simulations, and processes, which may be seamlessly added to Decision Support systems. The self-describing characteristic of SensorML-enabled sensors and processes also supports the development of auto-configuring sensor networks, as well as the development of autonomous sensor networks in which sensors can publish alerts and tasks to which other sensors can subscribe and react. Archiving of Sensor Parameters - Finally, SensorML provides a mechanism for archiving fundamental parameters and assumptions regarding sensors and processes, so that observations from these systems can still be reprocessed and improved long after the origin mission has ended. This is proving to be critical for long-range applications such as global change monitoring and modeling. What are the essential elements? Component - Physical atomic process that transforms information from one form to another. For example, a Detector typically transforms a physical property or phenomenon to a digital number. Example Components include detectors, actuators, and physical filters. System - Composite physically based model of a group or array of components, which can include detectors, actuators, or sub-systems. A System relates a Process Chain to the real world and therefore provides additional definitions regarding relative positions of its components and communication interfaces. Process Model - Atomic non-physical processing block usually used within a more complex Process Chain. It is associated to a Process Method which defines the process interface as well as how to execute the model. It also precisely defines its own inputs, outputs and parameters. Process Chain - Composite non-physical processing block consisting of interconnected sub-processes, which can in turn be Process Models or Process Chains. A process chain also includes possible data sources as well as connections that explicitly link input and output signals of sub-processes together. It also precisely defines its own inputs, outputs and parameters. Process Method - Definition of the behavior and interface of a Process Model. It can be stored in a library so that it can be reused by different Process Model instances (by using 'xlink' mechanism). It essentially describes the process interface and algorithm, and can point the user to existing implementations. Detector - Atomic component of a composite Measurement System defining sampling and response characteristic of a simple detection device. A detector has only one input and one output, both being scalar quantities. More complex Sensors such as a frame camera which are composed of multiple detectors can be described as a detector group or array using a System or Sensor. In SensorML a detector is a particular type of Process Model. Sensor - Specific type of System representing a complete Sensor. This could be for example a complete airborne scanner which includes several Detectors (one for each band). How did it come about? In 1998, under the auspices of the international Committee for Earth Observing Satellites (CEOS), Dr. Mike Botts began development of an XML-based Sensor Model Language for describing the geometric, dynamic, and radiometric properties of dynamic remote sensors. Initial development was funded under a NASA AIST Program, and in 2000, SensorML was brought under the oversight of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) where it served as a catalyst for the OGC Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) initiative. SensorML design has benefited greatly from the interactions of members of the OGC Sensor Web Enablement Working Group. The continued development of SensorML has been supported by the Interoperability Program of OGC, as well as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the US National GeoSpatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the US Joint Interoperability Test Command (JITC), the US Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA), SAIC, General Dynamics, Northrop Grumman, Oak Ridge National Labs, and NASA.

4318692

Station chief

A station chief is a government official who is the head of a team, post or function usually in a foreign country. Historically it commonly referred to the head of a defensible structure such as an ambassador's residence or colonial outpost. In Germany a (station leader) was the government's chief representative in a colonial possession like South Sea Islands. It may also be used to refer to the manager of remote scientific stations such as those in the Antarctic and Jarvis Island, an uninhabited minor U.S. Pacific island. However, in modern times, this designation is usually used for an senior official of a certain country's Intelligence agency, stationed in a foreign country who manages all espionage operations in that country. CIA The Station Chief, also called Chief of Station, is the top U.S. Central Intelligence Agency official stationed in a foreign country who manages all CIA operations in that country, equivalent to a KGB Rezident. The station chief is often a senior U.S. intelligence officer who represents the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) in his or her respective foreign government, whose name may ("declared status") or may not ("undeclared status") be officially revealed to the host nation and other intelligence agencies. Former officers are not usually allowed to include their positions as a station chiefs in their résumés even after their covers have been lifted. Other CIA offices in foreign countries, usually performing logistics and other support functions and subordinate to the Station, are known as Bases and are headed by Chiefs of Base.

4318694

Aurélien Rougerie

Aurélien Rougerie (born 26 September 1980) is a French former rugby union player who played on the wing and center for France and ASM Clermont Auvergne in the French Top 14 for his entire 19-year career. Career Rougerie was born in Beaumont, Puy-de-Dôme. His father, Jacques Rougerie, was also a French international, playing at loosehead prop while his mother was an international at basketball (107 caps). France Rougerie debuted with the French national team against South Africa in 2001. He counts 76 caps for France scoring 23 tries. He played his last game for France in 2012 against Italy. Rougerie was part of the French team which reached the World Cup final in 2011 when he set up Thierry Dusautoir's try. Rougerie also captained the French Barbarians on two occasions, winning against Samoa in 2013 at the Stade Marcel Michelin and against Australia in October 2016 (19-11). Rougerie played for the Barbarians in 2003 against Scotland scoring a try. He is one of the rare player to have played for France, French Barbarians and Barbarians FC in his career. Club Rougerie sued Phil Greening of England for a hand off during a European game in 2002 that left him with a throat injury forcing him to undergo 3 larynx surgeries. Greening was ordered to pay £29,000 in compensation. In 2007, Rougerie won the European Challenge Cup with Clermont against Bath at the Stoop of Twickenham (22-16). Then he captained the Clermont Auvergne side that won the French championship, the Bouclier de Brennus, after 10 unlucky chances, against Perpignan in a one way final (19-6) on 29 May 2010. Rougerie won his second Bouclier de Brennus in 2017 with Clermont before his last season as a professional player. Before the French Top 14 Final he came to see his coach Franck Azema and asked him not to start the game at the place of youngster Damian Penaud who finally performed very well during the game, settling up Clermont's only try of the game. 2017-2018 will be his 33rd and last season as an ASM Clermont Auvergne's player. In France and Europe, Rougerie is seen as an example of longevity and loyalty as a one-club career man. Honours Clermont Top 14 champions: 2009–10, 2016–17 Personal Top 14 top try scorer: (2006–07)

4318717

LA Song (Out of This Town)

"LA Song" (subtitled "LA Song (Out of This Town)" on the single release) is a song by American singer-songwriter Beth Hart, released as the first single from her second album, Screamin' for My Supper, on July 20, 1999. While it reached only 90 on the US Billboard Hot 100, it was an Adult Top 40 top-10 hit and reached No. 1 in New Zealand in February 2000. Lyrical content A radio edit of the song replaces the lyric "She's got a gun / She's got a gun / She got a gun she call 'the lucky one'" with "She's so ashamed / She's so ashamed / She know heaven don't want her anyway," with the following explanation by the artist: To the radio community: The enclosed CD contains two versions of "LA Song" the first single from my new album, Screamin' for My Supper. The original version of the song includes a line where, in the midst of a dark period in my life, I talk about having a gun. I wrote this song before the recent tragic shootings that have so shaken this country. In light of these horrible events, and especially out of respect for those who have been deeply affected by them, I have chosen to record an alternate version with a new lyric which remains true to the essence of the song. Ultimately "LA Song" is about emerging from depression and self-doubt to the realization that who you are isn't about where you are or what's around you but that "THE GOOD LIFE LIES WITHIN." I don't want one particular lyric to prevent the song's positive message from reaching as many listeners as possible. As an Artist, I have the responsibility to not compromise my work. As a radio programmer, you have the responsibility to decide what's most appropriate for your audience. Thanks for listening! Love, Beth Track listing "LA Song (Out of This Town)" (Album Version) "LA Song (Out of This Town)" (Remix Edit) "Am I The One?" Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts

4318724

Senai–Desaru Expressway

Senai–Desaru Expressway, SDE (Malay: Lebuhraya Senai–Desaru), is an expressway in Johor, Malaysia. It connects Senai in central Johor to Desaru in eastern Johor. Measuring a total length of , it is the third east–west-oriented expressway in the Iskandar Malaysia area after the Pasir Gudang Highway and the Pontian–Johor Bahru Link of the Second Link Expressway. With a new crossing over the Johor River, when opened on 10 June 2011, the expressway shortened travel time from Senai to Desaru from 2.5 hours to one hour. The Kilometre Zero of the expressway is located at Senai Main Interchange at Senai. History The Johor Bahru–Kota Tinggi Highway (Federal Route 3) and Pengerang Highway (Federal Route 92) used to be the only gateway to Desaru, with a typical journey of 2.5 hours. Construction of the expressway began in 2005. The construction was led by Senai–Desaru Expressway Berhad with a main contractor, Ranhill Engineers & Constructors Sdn Bhd. Phase 1 of the expressway linking Senai to Pasir Gudang was opened to traffic on 10 September 2009, and the remaining stretch from Pasir Gudang to Desaru, including the bridge, opened on 10 June 2011. On 12 December 2017, former Works Minister Fadillah Yusof had announced that the government approved to allocate RM390 million to upgrade and expand the 26 km stretch from Cahaya Baru to the Bandar Penawar intersection into dual carriageway. However, a session was held on 17 July 2018 between the current Finance Ministry, the Works Ministry and the Economic Planning Unit to identify the list of Works Ministry projects that had not been issued acceptance letters, as well as the project savings. Following this session, Johor's State Public Works, Infrastructure and Transportation Committee chairman Mazlan Bujang said the federal government had postponed this project indefinitely on 9 December 2018. Features The tolled expressway is a combination of a four-lane dual carriageway (Senai–Cahaya Baru section) and a two-lane single carriageway (Cahaya Baru–Penawar section), which improves road connection between western and eastern Johor. It features a closed toll system like the North–South Expressway. It is also an alternative route to Desaru Beach, instead of Federal Routes 3 and 92 from Johor Bahru and Singapore. The highway has become the main access road to Desaru from North–South Expressway Southern Route E2 and a major road link to Senai International Airport from Kota Tinggi and eastern parts of Johor. Construction of the road included the 1.7 kilometre Sungai Johor-SDE Bridge, the longest single plane cable stayed bridge in Malaysia across Johor River, which became the longest river bridge in Malaysia after Batang Sadong Bridge in Sarawak. The section between Cahaya Baru and Penawar is built as a two-lane expressway (except the Sungai Johor-SDE bridge) while retaining the full access control, making the section as the first true two-lane expressway with full access control in Malaysia. There is a water catchment area located along Sungai Layang sections near the Sultan Iskandar Reservoir. Senai–Desaru Expressway traverses through the environmentally sensitive water catchment area of Sultan Iskandar Reservoir. Senai–Desaru Expressway is the only expressway in Malaysia which features the Pollutant Removal System (PRS). The expressway took one step higher by introducing the PRS to monitor and control any potential impact to the water quality in Sultan Iskandar Reservoir in the event of a spillage of dangerous and hazardous chemicals from any vehicle travelling on the expressway. Toll systems The Senai–Desaru Expressway is using the closed toll system. Beginning 9 November 2016, all electronic toll transactions has now conducted using Touch 'n Go and SmartTAGs. List of interchanges Main Link Pasir Gudang Link

4318725

Netherfield railway station

Netherfield railway station serves the town of Netherfield in the Borough of Gedling in Nottinghamshire, England. It comprises a single island platform with two tracks, with only a single waiting shelter. Access is via a flight of steps down from Chaworth Road, which bridges the line at this point. The station is little-used in comparison with nearby Carlton railway station on the Nottingham to Lincoln Line, which lies barely away. History The station is located on the line first opened by the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway in 1850 and taken over by the Great Northern Railway. From 7 January 1963 passenger steam trains between Grantham, Bottesford, Elton and Orston, Aslockton, Bingham, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Netherfield and Colwick, Nottingham London-road (High Level) and Nottingham (Victoria) were replaced with diesel-multiple unit trains. The station was renamed from Netherfield & Colwick to Netherfield on 6 May 1974. Netherfield station also marks the junction for the disused line to Gedling, which separates to the north east of Netherfield. The branch then goes under the A612 road, bridges the Nottingham to Lincoln line, crosses over the A612 and terminates at Gedling coal mine. Current services Train services are extremely limited, with just seven "peak time" trains calling at the station on a typical weekday. Three of those trains operate towards Nottingham (with one early service extended to Liverpool), and the remainder operate to Skegness. All trains are operated by East Midlands Railway. The station used to have a PlusBus scheme where combined train and bus tickets could be bought at a reduced price, however it was withdrawn due to low usage owing to the limited rail services. The locality of Netherfield is still part of the Nottingham Plusbus scheme. Former services

4318726

Kirn, Dunoon

Kirn is a village in Argyll and Bute in the Scottish Highlands on the west shore of the Firth of Clyde on the Cowal peninsula. It now forms part of the continuous habitation between Dunoon and Hunters Quay, where the Holy Loch joins the Firth of Clyde. It originally had its own pier, with buildings designed by Harry Edward Clifford in 1895, and was a regular stop for the Clyde steamer services, bringing holidaymakers to the town, mostly from the Glasgow area. Schools Kirn Primary School Established in 1881 and located on Park Road, the school moved into new premises in 2018. The original building was retained and refurbished. Dunoon Grammar School Dunoon Grammar School is situated on Ardenslate Road, next to Cowal Golf Club in Kirn. Recreation The three facilities listed below are located on Ardenslate Road. Cowal Golf Club Kirn & Hunters Quay Bowling Club Cowal Indoor Bowling Club Kirn Pier Kirn Pier was demolished, the only buildings left are the shore side entry buildings. Kirn Parish Church Kirn & Sandbank Parish Church is a red sandstone building in the centre of the village. Gallery

4318733

United Nations Centre for Urgent Environmental Assistance

The now defunct United Nations Centre for Urgent Environmental Assistance (UNEP/UNCUEA) worked to coordinate international response to man-made disasters. It was administrated by the United Nations Environmental Programme. Background The short-lived Centre was created to respond to an initiative proposed by Mikhail Gorbachev in the late 1980s. UNEP Governing Council "... decided to establish the Centre at the beginning of 1992 for a period of eighteen month". Its operations were initially run by a small staff located in a Swiss government office in Geneva, Switzerland. Later, it was relocated to offices inside the International Environment House, found in Châtelaine. The Centre collaborated with national focal points, with the perspective of "act[ing] primarily as a broker between assisting countries and affected countries". The information requested by the Centre listing national capabilities regarding emergency environmental assistance were directly stored on then Lotus Development Corporation's Lotus Note, supported by a Netware server. These "resources were tested in a simulation exercise carried out in Tunisia in February 1993. The exercise demonstrated that the Centre can act as an effective broker between a State requesting assistance, and potential donor countries and that cooperation with other United Nations agencies partners is feasible." "As regards mechanisms for dealing with requests for assistance, the Centre has prepared its own internal contingency plan, which has been tested on two occasions." However, it never received necessary support due to criticism that it overlapped with already-existing agencies, like the International Maritime Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency.

4318747

Supremacy: Your Will Be Done

Supremacy: Your Will Be Done, released as Overlord in the United States, is a strategy video game designed by David Perry and Nick Bruty and produced by Probe Software. The game was initially released for the Amiga and Atari ST computers in the beginning of 1990 and later in the same year it was ported to the Commodore 64 too, but released only in the very beginning of 1991. Nearly one year later in late 1991 the game was ported to MS-DOS. The game was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1993. The NES cartridge has an internal battery to retain game saves; the computer versions came on two disks. The NES version was among the last titles released for the platform and is relatively rare. A Famicom version was planned to be released around late 1993, early 1994 by Altron however for unknown reasons it was cancelled. Gameplay The goal of Supremacy is to create and protect a network of planetary colonies and defeat a computer adversary who is trying to do the same. There are four skill levels, each represented by an enemy race, and each featuring a progressively stronger opponent. The more advanced a system is, the more freedom a player has when purchasing spacecraft. Higher skill levels result in different numbers of planets in each system. The game is controlled using a mouse pointer and important information is displayed in a message box at the bottom of most screens. Following the introduction screen, the player chooses which planetary system to enter. Planetary systems differ the types of spacecraft and equipment that can be purchased, in the number of planets they contain and the strength and aggressiveness of the artificial intelligence. The first system contains eight worlds and allows access to only the most basic equipment. The second system has sixteen planets and slightly better equipment. The remaining systems increase in size and strength similarly. The player and their opponent both begin with control over a single colonized planet in the chosen system. All other planets in between are uninhabited and up for grabs. The player must set up and maintain thriving colonies on as many planets as possible, while building up an industry and military strong enough to fend off the opponent. Because of the randomness of a system's initial make-up, the order in which planets are colonized has a great subsequent effect upon gameplay. Before building a colony, planets need to first be terraformed using an atmospheric processor. As a planet's population grows, more taxes can be sent to a player's home starbase. However, in order to survive, colonies need to be supplied with food and energy. The player provides food by buying and placing farming stations on the colony or by transferring them on starships as cargo. Energy comes from purchasing orbiting solar satellites, but can be transferred as cargo. Cargo shipments consume fuel, so the player needs to purchase mining stations. Balancing these and similar factors constitutes the main challenge of the game. As the player expands their empire, they must create planetary defenses. Defense is achieved by building and maintaining defensive ground armaments on a world. The ability to attack comes from purchasing a battle cruiser and arming it with combinations of both homing, ballistic missiles and hover tanks, sending the ship to attack an enemy planet's defenses. Planets are taken by eliminating all ground defenses on an enemy world. The only way to win control over a system is to attack and conquer the enemy's starbase in that system. The only way to beat the game is to take the starbase of the last system, Yottsu. Likewise, if the player's home starbase is defeated, the game ends and the player loses. The NES version game allows direct control over missile launch and hover tanks (1 on the map at any given time) on the offensive side, while offering direct control over the plasma cannon defense base and partial control over the pom-pom cannon and lightening field defense bases. The computer versions do not have these units. Differences between versions The NES version is a port of the earlier home computer versions. However, there are several differences between them: The NES version uses fewer screens than its home computer counterparts, even fewer sounds, and much more simplified controls. While the original game uses units of soldiers in platoons which were upgradeable, the NES game condensed the battle elements to missiles and hover tanks against ground defenses, none of which can be upgraded. The message area is much larger in the other versions, and placed along the right hand side of the screen, compared to bottom center of the NES game. The NES game allows a single saved game to be stored, compared to up to four on the home computer version. In the NES version only credits are required to buy craft, whereas the original versions require the player to spend money, minerals, fuel and energy (though this varies depending on the difficulty level). Finally, the use of the docking bays is more complex in the home computer versions, which also feature an image of the face of the enemy that grows clearer the closer the player is to completing the game. Reception The main theme composed by Jeroen Tel is recognized as one of the best SID musical compositions ever made, reaching the 52nd spot among almost 30,000 entries in the High Voltage SID Collection. Computer Gaming World in 1991 described the computer version of the game as "easy to learn and a delight to play ... Overlord conquered this reviewer's taste". In a 1992 survey of science fiction games the magazine gave the title one-plus stars of five, stating that the computer opponent did not adapt to faster clock speeds and became unplayable. Flyingomelette gave the NES version a rating of 2/10 stars, saying, "It isn't often that a game comes along that challenges my notions of just how bad a game can really be. (...) What appeared to be a very promising simulation and strategy game for the NES, ends up being a complete disaster, due to the many elements that all work against you, all at once, much too quickly".

4318753

Champtoceaux

Champtoceaux is a former commune in the Maine-et-Loire department of western France. On 15 December 2015, it was merged into the new commune Orée-d'Anjou. History Champtoceaux name derives from Latin Castrum Sellense. Inhabitants are called Castrocelsiens today. Twin towns Verwood in East Dorset, England. Niederheimbach in the Mainz-Bingen Kreis of Germany. Calcinato in the province of Brescia, in the Lombardy region of Italy

4318757

European Heritage Days

European Heritage Days (EHD) is a joint action of the Council of Europe and the European Commission involving all 50 signatory states of the European Cultural Convention under the motto, Europe: a common heritage. The annual programme offers opportunities to visit buildings, monuments and sites, many of which are not normally accessible to the public. It aims to widen access and foster care for architectural and environmental heritage. These events are also known as Doors Open Days and Open Doors Days in English-speaking countries. The event began in France in 1984, with La Journée portes ouvertes dans les monuments historiques, sponsored by the Ministry of Culture. In 1985, in Granada, at the 2nd European Conference of Ministers responsible for Architectural Heritage, the French Minister of Culture proposed that the project be internationalised under the Council of Europe. The Netherlands held their first Open Monumentendag in 1987. Sweden and the Republic of Ireland joined in 1989, as well as Belgium and Scotland in 1990. In 1991 these events were united as European Heritage Days at the initiative of the Council of Europe, supported by the EU. By 2010, 50 signatory states of the European Cultural Convention had joined the EHDs. The most recent European Heritage Days event was hosted by Armenia in September 2019. The Directorate General IV – Education, Culture and Heritage, Youth and Sport of the Council of Europe, in close cooperation with the Directorate General for Education and Culture of the European Commission, ensures the general orientation, definition and execution of the tasks to be achieved within the framework of the EHD. The Secretariat of the EHD is carried out by the Directorate of Culture and Cultural and Natural Heritage, under the responsibility of the Council of Europe's Steering Committee for Cultural Heritage. Member states Participating member states of the European Heritage Days are: Responsible institutions per European country : "Jornades europees del patrimoni" by Patrimoni Cultural : Tag Des Denkmals by Bundesdenkmalamt : : Journées du patrimoine à Bruxelles / Open Monumentendagen in Brussel : Open Monumentendag Vlaanderen : Journées du patrimoine en Wallonie : "Journées européennes du patrimoine" under the auspices of the Ministry of Culture : Tag des offenen Denkmals by the Deutsche Stiftung Denkmalschutz : Heritage Week by the Heritage Council : "Giornate Europee del Patrimonio" by Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali : "Eiropas kultūras mantojuma dienas" by National Heritage Board of Latvia : "Open Monumentendag" by Stichting Open Monumentendag : "Europejskie Dni Dziedzictwa" ("European Heritage Days") by National Heritage Board of Poland : "Jornadas Europeias do Património" by Direção Geral do Património Cultural : "Европейские дни наследия" by Russian Scientific Research Institute for Natural and Cultural Heritage : "Las Jornadas Europeas de Patrimonio" by Instituto del Patrimonio Cultural de España (Ministry of Culture) : "Les Jornades Europees de Patrimoni" by Patrimoni Cultural : : Heritage Open Days by the National Trust. London has a separate event, Open House London. : Doors Open Days by Scottish Civic Trust : Open Doors Days (Welsh: Drysau Agored) by Civic Trust for Wales : European Heritage Open Days : "Europäischer Tag des Denkmals" by the Swiss Information Centre for Cultural Heritage Conservation Similar concepts This idea is popular outside Europe, too, with similar schemes in Canada since 1974 in Alberta, the United States, Australia, and other countries, at various times of year. In Argentina and Uruguay the corresponding Día del Patrimonio is held on the last weekend of September, while in Chile the same event is held on the last Sunday of May.

4318764

Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)

"Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" is a song by Italian electronic music producer Spiller featuring vocals from British singer-songwriter Sophie Ellis-Bextor. Various versions of the single were later featured on the German reissue and some UK editions of Ellis-Bextor's debut solo album, Read My Lips. The single was released on 14 August 2000 by Positiva Records. In addition to receiving critical acclaim, it became a hit in Europe and Australia, peaking at number one in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Ireland, and Australia, and it reached number three on the US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. On 22 July 2013, the song was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), and it has sold 642,000 copies in the UK as of March 2019. Background The track was originally created by Spiller in early 1999 as an instrumental, with no singing, and was included on the Mighty Miami EP. It is mainly built upon samples from "Love Is You", a disco song originally performed by Carol Williams with the Salsoul Orchestra. The origin of the song title is taken from the name of South Beach, Miami nightclub 'Groovejet', where the song was first played (as an instrumental) in 1999. In order to make the track more palatable for airplay, as the instrumental is somewhat repetitive, Positiva Records asked British singer Sophie Ellis-Bextor, formerly with indie rock band theaudience, to provide lyrics and vocals for the song. Before recording, Ellis-Bextor's lyric was partly reworked by Rob Davis, who replaced her hook "And so it goes... how does it feel so good?" with "If this ain't love... why does it feel so good?", thereby providing the song with its subtitle. Boris Dlugosch produced the vocal portions added to the track. Sharon Scott is the back-up vocalist. The track has been remixed by Boris Dlugosch and Michi Lange, Todd Terry, Solar, Ramon "Ray Roc" Checo and Ernest St. Laurent. "Groovejet" was the first song ever to be played on an iPod, specifically on a prototype unit in August 2001. Upon its inclusion on Now That's What I Call Music! 46 in the UK, released a month before the single, the booklet write-up correctly predicted it to be a hit. Critical reception "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" has received critical acclaim. Piers Martin of NME was favourable, saying "this is a slip of irresistible ice-filtered summer funk. This year's 'Sing It Back' and 'Music Sounds Better with You', if you will." Stylus Magazine's Dom Passantino rated the single 8/10, describing the song as "handbag house's last hurrah, except we'd stopped drinking Hooch by then and it was all about sambucca..." Tom Ewing of Freaky Trigger rated the single 9 out of 10, saying: "There's a beautiful tension in 'Groovejet', an apt flirtation between Bextor's languid, cut-glass vocals and the delightful indulgence of Spiller's music. It's not just any disco he's reviving, after all. No Chic for Spiller, none of that poise or aspirational elegance. The sounds 'Groovejet' loots are the syn-drums and ray-gun synths of disco's overripe peak and decline, when it was corny, wonderful, mass-market pop music: you can hear hints of Kelly Marie or Amii Stewart in the song, before that sweetness falls back into the dreamy groove. 'Groovejet' is a fond tour of disco when it ruled the world, and proof that it still could." He described the music's sophistication as coming from Ellis-Bextor, who "offsets the track's bubbly repetition, adds a bittersweet note without ever sounding like she's above it. In fact she sounds carried along by it." The song was ranked at number 486 in Pitchfork Media's list of the Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s. Mixmag included "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" in their list of "The 30 best vocal house anthems ever" in 2018. In 2003, Q Magazine ranked "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" at number 782 in their list of the "1001 Best Songs Ever". Commercial performance In the United Kingdom, the single was first released in the same week as "Out of Your Mind", Victoria Beckham's first solo single. "Out of Your Mind" held the midweek number one in the UK singles chart until Saturday, when "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" overtook it in sales; it was hyped by the media as a personal battle between the two artists. The song was the eighth best-selling song of 2000 in the UK. A live version of the track appeared as a B-side to Ellis-Bextor's single Music Gets The Best of Me, and in 2003, "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" was re-released as part of Positiva Records 'Remixed' series. In April 2015, the Official Charts Company announced that "Groovejet" was the biggest-selling vinyl single of the millennium in the UK. The single also found success worldwide. It reached number one in Ireland (two weeks), Australia (three weeks), and New Zealand (seven weeks). In mainland Europe, it charted within the top five in Iceland, Norway, and Switzerland while becoming a top-ten hit in Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, and Portugal. On the Eurochart Hot 100, it peaked at number 12 on 21 October 2000. In the United States, "Groovejet" peaked at number 27 on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales chart and number three on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart. The track has earned platinum certifications in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK. Music video The video for the song shows Spiller and Sophie making their way separately around Bangkok. Spiller meets people and signs autographs, while finding his height makes life there difficult; Sophie sings wistfully at various tables in bars. Spiller takes a taxicab while Sophie takes a tuk-tuk, and eventually they meet at a nightclub. Track listings European CD single "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (radio edit) – 3:43 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (instrumental radio) – 3:30 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (BMR's club cut) – 6:57 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (Spiller's extended vocal mix) – 7:28 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (Todd Terry's In House remix) – 6:51 "Groove Jet" – 6:18 UK CD single "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (radio edit) – 3:47 "Groovejet" – 6:18 "Groovejet" (Solar's Jet Groove dub mix) – 8:18 UK 12-inch single A1. "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)" (Spiller's extended vocal mix) – 7:27 AA1. "Groovejet" – 6:18 AA2. "Groovejet" (Solar's Jet Groove dub mix) – 5:55 German maxi-single "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) (radio edit) – 3:41 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) (original version) – 6:16 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) (BMR's club cut) – 6:57 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) (Spiller's extended vocal mix) – 7:26 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) (Todd Terry's In House remix) – 6:47 "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love) (Ray Roc's Trackworks Remix Part II) – 8:10 Charts and certifications Weekly charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Certifications Release history

4318769

Avdy Andresson

Avdy Andresson (15 November 1899 in Viluvere, Estonia – 27 August 1990 in Deerfield, New Jersey, United States) was the Estonian Minister of War in exile from April 3, 1973, until two months before his death on June 20, 1990, and disputed from 14 October 1975. Life Born and raised in Estonia, which was then part of the Russian Empire, Andresson served in the Czarist Cavalry during World War I. During the Estonian Liberation War against Bolshevist Russia from 1918 until 1920 Andresson served in the 1st Cavalry Regiment of the Estonian Army and from 1920 to 1940 in the Cavalry Regiment and the Ministry of War's Horse Breeding Station as a non-commissioned officer and a veterinarian. During the Soviet invasion and occupation of Estonia in 1940, during World War II, Andresson served in Wehrmacht Cavalry division from 1940 until 1945. Following Germany's defeat Avdy Andresson fled to the United States of America with his second wife Hilda Andresson (née Vilms). In 1960, he was elected president of the . For years, he published a monthly Estonian Freedom Fighters bulletin called Virgats, and was instrumental in the construction of a granite monument in their honor on the grounds of the Lutheran Church in Northville, New Jersey. From 1973 until 1990, Andresson served as the Minister of War in Exile. Andresson died in Deerfield, New Jersey, and was interred at the Northville Estonian Lutheran Cemetery in Cumberland County, New Jersey. His wife Hilda died in 1995 and was interred next to him. Acknowledgements Order of the Cross of the Eagle, Class III. 24 February 1938.

4318777

Cox (surname)

The surname Cox is of English or Welsh origin, and may have originated independently in several places in Great Britain, with the variations arriving at a standard spelling only later. There are also two native Irish surnames which were anglicised into Cox. An early record of the surname dates from 1556 with the marriage of Alicea Cox at St. Martin in the Fields, Westminster, London. Cox is the 69th-most common surname in the United Kingdom. Origin One possibility of the origin is that it is a version of the Old English which means "the little", and was sometimes put after the name of a leader or chieftain as a term of endearment. Surnames such as Wilcox, Willcocks and Willcox are examples of this practice: all are composed of the name William and the archaic word , coming together to mean "little William". The suggestion is that only the element -cox may have endured as a surname for some families. Another opinion is that the name is derived from the Old English , which means a "heap" or "mound", and was a topographic name for a man living near any heap, hill or other bundle. Names like Haycock or Haycox come from such practice, meaning from "the hay mounds" or "the hay fields". Again, the element -cox may have only been carried on in some families. The third possibility is that it comes from the Welsh , meaning "red". In this opinion, the word could have either been applied to a man with red hair, calling him in essence "the Red", or else served as a topographic name for someone living near the ruddy-hued hills found in Wales, implying that the man is "from the red hills". In Cornwall, the surnames Cock and Couch (pronounced 'cooch') also derive from Cornish "red, scarlet". As a Cornish surname, Cock can also derive from , "fishing boat", the Cornish surname "Cocking" being the diminutive form , "small fishing boat". In these cases, the surname is likely to derive from occupation. The English word "cock", meaning "rooster", is derived from the Anglo-Saxon word , and a fourth possibility is that the surname came about as a nickname. Another possibility is that the name is of Norman origin. In the Battle of Hastings in October 1066, Alric Le Coq was one of Duke William's companions. Alric was said to have been a "a strutting {as a rooster struts} Norman soldier ... who was nicknamed '' and his children 'little cockes.'" could easily have been Anglicized to Cox as seen in the previous possibility. The surname Cox is also native to Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This name, like the related Cockx, is a degenerate form of , a latinization of Kok (English: cook). Noticeably similar surnames include Cock, Cocks, Coxe, Coxen and Coxon. There is no evidence beyond similar spellings and phonetics that these surnames are related. Given that the origins of the Cox surname are uncertain, it is possible that these names developed as spelling variations, or that each of these names has an origin in a separate word and language. The origins of the surname in North America are speculated across several written accounts, with most sources pointing toward three distinct families arriving from England in the 17th and 18th Centuries: in 1690, brothers Thomas, William, and Walter Cocke originally of Surry; in 1705, the family of Dr. Wilham Cocke of Williamsburg; and at an unknown time before 1658, Nicholas Cocke of Middlesex. Notable people with the surname "Cox" include A Aaron Cox (born 1965), American football player Abbie Cox (1902–1985), Canadian ice hockey player Adam Cox (born 1986), British artistic gymnast Adrian Cox (born 1980), Australian rules footballer Ainslee Cox (1936–1988), American conductor Alan Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Alaqua Cox (born 1997), American actress Albert Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Alexander Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Alf Cox (1919–2008), Australian rugby league footballer Alfred Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Alison Cox (born 1979), American rower Allyn Cox (1896–1982), American artist Amanda Cox (born 1980), American journalist Amber Cox (born 1973/1974), American sports executive Ana Marie Cox (born 1972), American blogger André Cox (born 1954), Zimbabwean General of The Salvation Army Andrew Cox (born 1964), Australian rower Andy Cox (born 1956), British guitarist Anna Cox, British neuroscientist Anthony Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Archibald Cox (1912–2004), American politician Arisa Cox (born 1978), Canadian television personality Arthur Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Ashley Cox (born 1956), American model and actress B Barbara Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Barry Cox (born 1949), Australian rugby league footballer Bell Cox (1826–1897), Irish priest Ben Cox (born 1992), English cricketer Benjamin Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Berkley Cox (born 1935), Australian rules footballer Bill Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Billy Cox (born 1941), American bass guitarist Billy Cox (baseball) (1919–1978), American baseball player Bobby Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Brad Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Bradford Cox (born 1982), American singer-songwriter Brandon Cox (born 1983), American football player Brenda Cox (1944–2015), Australian sprinter Brennan Cox (born 1998), Australian rules footballer Brenton Cox Jr. (born 2000), American football player Brian Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Britteny Cox (born 1994), Australian skier Bronwyn Cox (born 1997), Australian rower Bruce Cox (1918–2004), American photographer Bryan Cox (born 1968), American football player and coach Bryan Cox Jr. (born 1994), American football player Bryan-Michael Cox (born 1977), American songwriter Bud Cox (born 1960), American tennis player C Calli Cox (born 1977), American pornographic actress Canela Cox (born 1984), American singer-songwriter Carl Cox (born 1962), British musician Carmiesha Cox (born 1995), Bahamian sprinter Carol Cox, American drag racer Caroline Cox (born 1937), English politician Cary Cox (1917–1991), American football player Casey Cox (born 1941), American baseball player Cassidy Cox (born 1998), American archer Catherine Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Cathy Cox (born 1958), American politician Cathy Cox (Canadian politician), Canadian politician C. C. Cox (1887–1915), American race car driver Cedric Cox (1913–1993), Canadian technician and politician Cedric Cox (footballer) (born 1997), Australian rules footballer Chandler Cox (born 1996), American football player Channing H. Cox (1879–1968), American politician Chapman B. Cox (born 1940), American military advisor Charles Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Charly Cox (born 1995), British poet Cheryl Cox (born 1949), American politician Chip Cox (born 1983), American football player Chris Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Christina Cox (born 1971), Canadian actress Christopher Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Chubby Cox (born 1955), American basketball player Cindy Cox (born 1961), American composer Claire Cox (born 1975), British actress Clay Cox (born 1968), American politician Colin Cox (1922–1989), Australian rules footballer Comer Cox (1905–1971), American baseball player Constance Cox (1912–1998), British scriptwriter Courteney Cox (born 1964), American actress Courtney Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Crystal Cox (born 1979), American track and field athlete Curome Cox (born 1981), American football player D Damien Cox (born 1961), Canadian journalist Daniel Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Danny Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Darius Cox (born 1983), Bermudian footballer Darron Cox (born 1967), American baseball player Darryl Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Dave Cox (1938–2010), American politician David Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Dayna Cox (born 1993), Australian rules footballer Dean Cox (born 1981), Australian rules footballer Dean Cox (English footballer) (born 1987), English footballer Deb Cox (born 1958), Australian screenwriter Deborah Cox (born 1971), Canadian singer Demetrious Cox (born 1994), American football player Denise Cox, American geologist Dennis Cox (1925–2001), English cricketer Derek Cox (born 1986), American football player Derek Cox (athlete) (1931–2008), English athlete Dick Cox (1897–1966), American baseball player Doak Cox (1917–2003), American geologist Doc Cox (born 1946), British television personality Don Cox (born 1964), American singer Donald Cox (born 1937), American electrical engineer Donald L. Cox (1936–2011), American activist Donna Cox, American professor Dorinda Cox (born 1977), Australian politician Dorothy Cox (1892–1977), American archaeologist Dorothy Cox (artist) (1882–1947), English artist Doug Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Douglas Cox (disambiguation), multiple people E Earnest Cox (disambiguation), multiple people E. B. Cox (1914–2003), Canadian sculptor Ed Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Edgar William Cox (1882–1918), British intelligence officer Edward Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Edwin Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Elbert Frank Cox (1895–1969), American mathematician Eleanor Worthington Cox (born 2001), British actress Elijah Albert Cox (1876–1955), British painter Elijah Allen Cox (1887–1974), American judge Elizabeth Cox, English actress Emily Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Emma Cox (born 1992), Australian sport shooter Emmett Ripley Cox (born 1935), American judge Eric Cox (1923–2006), Australian rugby league footballer Erin Nealy Cox (born 1970), American attorney Erle Cox (1873–1950), Australian writer Ernest Cox (1883–1959), British engineer Ernest Stewart Cox (1900–1992), British engineer Ernie Cox (1894–1962), Canadian football player Ernie Cox (baseball) (1894–1974), American baseball player E. S. Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Ethan Cox (born 1987), Canadian ice hockey player Euan Hillhouse Methven Cox (1893–1977), English botanist Eugene Saint Julien Cox (1834–1898), American politician Eva Cox (born 1938), Australian writer F Fletcher Cox (born 1990), American football player Francis Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Francisco José Cox (1933–2020), Chilean prelate Frank Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Franklin Cox (born 1961), American composer Freddie Cox (1920–1973), English football player Frederic Cox (1905–1985), British singer Frederick Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Frosty Cox (1908–1962), American basketball coach F. W. Cox (1817–1904), Australian pastor G Gardner Cox (1920–1988), American sailor Garfield V. Cox (1893–1970), American economist Gary Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Gene Cox (1935–2009), American football coach Geoffrey Cox (disambiguation), multiple people George Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Geraldine Cox (born 1945), Australian orphanage administrator Gerard Cox (born 1940), Dutch singer Gershom Cox (1863–1918), English footballer Gertrude Mary Cox (1900–1978), American statistician Gilbert Cox (1908–1974), English cricketer Glenn Cox (1931–2012), American baseball player Grace Victoria Cox (born 1995), Australian actress Graham Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Greg Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Guillermo Larco Cox (1932–2002), Peruvian politician Gustavus Cox (1870–1958), Barbadian cricketer H Hampden Cox (1886–1940), Barbadian cricketer Han Cox (1899–1979), Dutch rower Hardin Cox (1928–2013), American politician Harold Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Harry Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Harvey Cox (born 1929), American theologian Hayden Cox (born 1982), Australian entrepreneur Heather Cox (born 1970), American sportscaster Herbert Charles Fahie Cox (1893–1973), British lawyer Henry Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Hiram Cox (1760–1799), British diplomat Homersham Cox (1821–1897), British judge Homersham Cox (mathematician) (1857–1918), English mathematician Horace Cox, English publisher Howard Cox, British academic H. R. Cox (1907–1986), American bacteriologist Hudson B. Cox, American lawyer I Ian Cox (born 1971), Trinidadian footballer Ian Cox (cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer Ida Cox (1896–1967), American musician Idris Cox (1899–1989), Welsh community activist Ingemar Cox, English professor Irwin Cox (1838–1922), British barrister Isaac Cox (disambiguation), multiple people J Jabril Cox (born 1998), American football player Jacob Cox (1810–1892), American painter Jacob Dolson Cox (1828–1900), American soldier and politician Jack Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Jackie Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Jamael Cox (born 1992), American soccer player James Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Jamie Cox (born 1969), Australian cricketer Jamie Cox (boxer) (born 1986), British boxer Jan Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Janae Cox (born 1985), American gymnast Jane Cox (born 1952), American actress J. B. Cox (born 1984), American baseball player J'den Cox (born 1995), American wrestler Jean Cox (1922–2012), American tenor Jeff Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Jennifer Elise Cox (born 1969), American actress Jennings Cox, American mining engineer Jeremy Cox (born 1996), American football player Jeromy Cox (born 1970), American colorist Jesse Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Jessica Cox (born 1983), American pilot Jim Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Jimmy Cox (1882–1925), American vaudeville performer Jo Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Joel Cox (born 1942), American film editor John Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Johnny Cox (born 1936), American basketball player Jolan Cox (born 1991), Belgian volleyball player Jon Cox (born 1986), American soccer player Jordan Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Joseph Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Josephine Cox (1938–2020), English author Josh Cox (born 1975), American runner Julie Cox (born 1973), Scottish actress Justin R. Cox (born 1981), American soccer player K Kadeena Cox (born 1991), British athlete Karen L. Cox (born 1962), American historian Karl Cox, American business executive Katelynne Cox (born 1994), American singer Katherine Laird Cox (1887–1938), British socialist Kathleen Cox (1904–1972), Irish artist Kathy Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Keith Cox (1933–1998), British geologist Keith Cox (cricketer) (1903–1977), New Zealand cricketer Kennard Cox (born 1985), American football player Kenneth A. Cox (1916–2011), American attorney Kenny Cox (1940–2008), American pianist Kenyon Cox (1856–1919), American artist Kerrianne Cox, Australian singer Kevin R. Cox (born 1939), British-American geographer Kirk Cox (born 1957), American politician Kris Cox (born 1973), American golfer Kristen Cox (born 1969), American politician Kurt Cox (1947–2018), American golfer L Lance Cox (1933–2016), Australian rules footballer Lara Cox (born 1978), Australian actress Larry Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Laura Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Lauren Cox (born 1998), American basketball player Laurence Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Laurie D. Cox (1883–1968), American landscape architect Laverne Cox (born 1972), American actress LaWanda Cox (1909–2005), American historian Leander Cox (1812–1865), American politician Lee Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Leonard Cox (1495–1549), English author Leonard Bell Cox (1894–1976), Australian neurologist Leroy M. Cox (1906–1981), American entrepreneur Les Cox (1904–1934), American baseball player Leslie Reginald Cox (1897–1965), British malacologist Lionel Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Louis Cox (1874–1961), American judge Louise Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Lucy Cox (artist) (born 1988), British artist Lynne Cox (born 1957), American swimmer M Maarten Cox (born 1985), Belgian singer Madisyn Cox (born 1995), American swimmer Margaret Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Margie Cox, American singer Marian Roalfe Cox (1860–1916), English folklorist Marie C. Cox (1920–2005), American activist Marion Cox (1920–1996), NASCAR owner Mark Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Marsha Cox (born 1983), South African field hockey player Marta Cox (born 1997), Panamanian footballer Martin Cox (born 1956), American football player Marvyn Cox (born 1964), German race car driver Mason Cox (born 1991), American Australian rules footballer Matthew Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Maurice Cox (born 1959), English footballer Meghan Cox (born 1994), American soccer player Mekia Cox (born 1981), American actress Mia Cox, American singer-songwriter Michael Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Michele Cox (born 1968), New Zealand footballer Michelle Cox (born 1991), Australian softball player Mike Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Minnie M. Cox (1869–1933), American teacher Molly Cox (1925–1991), British television producer Monica Cox, American professor Montana Cox (born 1993), Australian model Morgan Cox (born 1986), American football player N Nagin Cox (born 1965), Indian aeronautical engineer Nancy Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Nathalie Cox, British actress Nathan Cox (born 1971), American music video director Neil Cox (born 1971), English footballer Newman Cox (1867–1938), Guyanese cricketer Nicholas Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Nico Cox, American horologist Nigel Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Nikki Cox (born 1978), American actress Noel Cox (born 1965), New Zealand lawyer Noel Cox (politician) (1911–1985), American politician Norman Cox (disambiguation), multiple people O Oliver Cox (1901–1974), Trinidadian-American sociologist Oscar Cox (1880–1931), Brazilian sportsman Oscar Cox (lawyer) (1905–1966), American lawyer and judge Owen Cox (1866–1932), Welsh-Australian businessman Owen DeVol Cox (1910–1990), American judge P Paige Cox (1855–1934), British archdeacon Palmer Cox (1840–1924), Canadian inventor Pat Cox (born 1952), Irish politician Patrick Cox (born 1963), Canadian-British fashion designer Paul Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Paula Cox (born 1964), Bermudian politician Percy Cox (1864–1937), British diplomat Percy Cox (cricketer) (1878–1918), Barbadian cricketer Percy S. Cox (1872–1911), American photographer Perrish Cox (born 1987), American football player Perry D. Cox (born 1957), American memorabilia expert Peter Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Phil Cox (born 1974), American political operative Philip Cox (born 1939), Australian architect Philip Cox (businessman) (born 1951), British businessman Philip Joseph Cox (1922–2014), British naval officer Pierre Cox (born 1956), French astronomer R Rachael Cox (born 1975), Australian Paralympic sailor Rachel Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Rakim Cox (born 1991), American football player Ralph Cox (born 1957), American ice hockey player Ramsay Cox (1911–2005), English cricketer Raphael Cox (born 1986), American soccer player Rawle Cox (born 1960), American field hockey player Ray Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Raymond Cox (1951–2017), American businessman and politician Rebecca Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Red Cox (1895–1984), American baseball player Reginald Cox (1865–1922), English banker Renard Cox (born 1978), American football player Renee Cox (born 1960), American artist Richard Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Robert Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Roderick Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Roger Cox (born 1947), English cricketer Rohanee Cox (born 1980), Australian basketball player Rónadh Cox (born 1962), Irish geologist Ronald Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Roosevelt Cox (1914–??), American baseball player Rory Cox (born 1991), English cricketer Roxbee Cox (1902–1997), British aeronautical engineer Rupert Cox (born 1967), English cricketer Russell Cox (born 1951), Australian rugby league footballer Russell M. Cox (1919–1942), American naval officer Ryan Cox (1979–2007), South African cyclist S Sabian Cox (born 1991), Trinidadian sprinter Sammy Cox (1924–2015), Scottish footballer Samuel Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Sara Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Sarah Cox, British civil servant Schaeffer Cox (born 1984), American political activist and felon Scott William Cox (born 1963), American serial killer Sean Cox (born 1963), American judge Sean Cox (rugby union) (born 1985), English rugby union footballer Shana Cox (born 1985), American track and field athlete Shannon Cox (born 1986), Australian rules footballer Shawn Cox (born 1974), Barbadian boxer Sidney E. Cox (1887–1975), English-Canadian religious figure Simon Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Somers Cox (1911–1997), New Zealand rower Sonia Cox (1936–2001), New Zealand tennis and badminton player Sonny Cox (1938–2020), American basketball coach Sophie Cox (born 1981), British judoka Spencer Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Stanley Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Stephen Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Stephanie Cox (born 1986), American soccer player Steve Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Susan Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Susanna Cox (1785–1809), American domestic servant Suzanne Cox (born 1972), English aerobic instructor Sydney Cox, English cricketer T Tara Cox (born 1971), New Zealand footballer Ted Cox (disambiguation), multiple people TJ Cox (born 1963), American engineer and politician Terry Cox (born 1937), English drummer Terry Cox (baseball) (born 1949), American baseball player Theodolphus Cox (1855–1908), New Zealand cricketer Thomas Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Tiequon Cox (born 1965), American murderer Tim Cox, American TV director Timothy Cox (baseball) (born 1986), Australian baseball player Tony Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Torrie Cox (born 1980), American football player Trena Cox (1895–1980), English artist Trenchard Cox (1905–1995), British museum director Trevor Cox, English academic Trevor Cox (ice hockey) (born 1995), Canadian ice hockey player Tricia Nixon Cox (born 1946), American daughter of Richard Nixon V Vaughan Cox (1860–1923), British general Vivienne Cox (born 1959), British businesswoman V. L. Cox (born 1962), American artist W Wally Cox (1924–1973), American actor Walter Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Warren J. Cox (born 1935), American architect Wendell Cox, American public policy consultant Wesley Cox (born 1955), American basketball player West Cox (born 1986), American politician W. F. Cox, American football player W. H. Lionel Cox (1844–1921), British lawyer and judge Wiffy Cox (1896–1969), American golfer William Cox (disambiguation), multiple people Z Zack Cox (born 1989), American baseball player Fictional characters Julianna Cox, fictional character from Homicide: Life on the Street Perry Cox, fictional character on the TV series Scrubs Reg Cox, fictional character in East Enders soap opera

4318787

Palazzo Mattei

The Palazzo Mattei di Giove is the most prominent among a group of Mattei houses that forms the insula Mattei in Rome, Italy, a block of buildings of many epochs.<ref>Claudio Varagnoli, "Eredità cinquecentesca e apertura al nuovo nella costruzione di palazzo Mattei di Giove a Roma", Annali di Architettura: rivista del Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura "Andrea Palladio", nos. 10-11, (1998‑99).</ref> To distinguish this section from the others it carries the name of a Mattei fief, Giove. The Mattei owned a number of other palazzi that carried the family name including Palazzo Mattei di Trastevere across the Tiber as well as properties in Umbria, the Palazzo Mattei Paganica. Description Carlo Maderno designed the palace at the beginning of the 17th century for Asdrubale Mattei, Marquis di Giove and father of Girolamo Mattei and Luigi Mattei. He was also the brother of Ciriaco Mattei and Cardinal Girolamo Mattei. It was Maderno who was responsible for the extravagantly enriched cornice on the otherwise rather plain stuccoed public façade, the piano nobile loggia in the courtyard and the rooftop loggia or altana. For the interior of the palazzo, Pietro da Cortona was commissioned to execute the pair of compositions on the ceiling of the gallery, dating before 1626. In the early 19th century, a group of paintings from the collection at the palazzo was purchased by William Hamilton Nisbet and removed to Scotland. Like others of the Mattei family, Asdrubale Mattei was an enthusiastic patron of the arts. Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (better known simply as Caravaggio'') is recorded as living at the palazzo in 1601.

4318798

Augustine Harris

Bishop Augustine Harris (27 October 1917 – 30 August 2007) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Middlesbrough and former Auxiliary Bishop of Liverpool. Thomas Augustine Harris was born in West Derby, a suburb of Liverpool, and was educated at St. Cecilia's Primary School and St. Francis Xavier's College, both in Liverpool. In 1933, he went to the Liverpool Archdiocesan Seminary at St Joseph's College, Upholland (which is no longer in existence) to study for the priesthood. On 30 May 1942, he was ordained by Archbishop Downey. After six months as a curate at St Oswald's Church, Old Swan, Liverpool, he then served at St Elizabeth's, Litherland (1943 to 1952), and then as Chaplain at Walton Prison. During his time at St Elizabeth's he had an active Y.C.W. group and was chaplain to the local Catholic Social Guild. He was the English representative to the International Council of Senior Roman Catholic Prison Chaplains from 1957 to 1966. He was a member of the Vatican Delegation to the United Nations' Quinquennial Congress on Crime in London (1960) and Stockholm (1965). Throughout his life, Bishop Harris maintained a personal interest in criminology and published a number of articles in this field. On 11 February 1966, Augustine Harris was consecrated Bishop of Socia and Auxiliary Bishop of Liverpool by Archbishop George Beck in the crypt of the then unfinished Metropolitan Cathedral. A few months later Archbishop Beck had a severe heart attack, so the new bishop had to carry the administration of the largest archdiocese in the country, and the preparations for the imminent opening of the Metropolitan Cathedral. Harris was the principal consecrator of the Cathedral during Archbishop Beck's infirmity. As the first Roman Catholic Cathedral to be built in the 20th century in England, the event attracted international importance; it was featured on European TV. On 20 November 1978, Msgr. Harris was appointed as Bishop of Middlesbrough. It was Pope John Paul II's first episcopal appointment in the British Isles. Among his many projects in Middlesbrough diocese, Bishop Harris carried out a major reorganisation of Catholic schools and established four diocesan pastoral centres which have responsibility for assisting the renewal of parish community life. As Bishop, he produced pamphlets including This Decade is Forever for the Decade of Evangelisation, and Serve the Lord with Gladness (his own personal motto) as a reflection of his years in the priesthood. Bishop Harris acted very much in the ecumenical spirit engendered by Vatican II. While in Liverpool there were instances of his approval of Catholic priests assisting at the baptism of children of mixed confessional identity in Anglican churches with the baptism then registered of parish churches of both confessions. He consecrated Middlesbrough's Cathedral in 1998 which incorporated many of his suggestions to the architect on the church design. In 1980 he promoted a free monthly diocesan newspaper, The Catholic Voice, which, as of 2009, continues to be published and distributed. Bishop Harris served as liaison Bishop between the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales and the Prison Department at the Home Office, was Episcopal Moderator to the Federation Internationale des Associations Medicales Catholiques (1967 to 1976), and was President of the Commission for Social Welfare (1972 to 1984). He was Episcopal Chairman of the Commission for Radio and Television, President of UNDA (the Catholic broadcasters' association) in England and Wales, and a member of CRAC, the religious advisory body for the IBA and BBC. Bishop Harris had a variety of broadcasting experience, including a series of appearances for Terry Wogan's BBC Radio 2 programme in 1974. On 16 October 2003, he led a live broadcast of "Morning Worship" on BBC Radio 4 to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of Pope John Paul II. In May 2007 he recorded a special half-hour programme for BBC Radio Merseyside on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King, Liverpool. He was Chairman of the Department for Christian Responsibility and Citizenship. In his retirement he continued to write a regular column in the Liverpool Catholic Pictorial. In January 1992, Pope John Paul II accepted Bishop Harris' resignation, tendered in anticipation of his 75th birthday in October 1992 (75 is the statutory retirement age for bishops). The resignation was accepted and Bishop Harris remained in office until his successor, Bishop John Crowley, was appointed in November 1992. In his retirement Bishop Harris returned to his native Liverpool where he continued to serve the Church and administer the sacraments. To celebrate the 40th anniversary of his ordination as bishop, on 11 February 2006, Bishop Harris concelebrated Mass with Bishop John Crowley, his successor in Middlesbrough, and Msgr. Ricardo Morgan, at the time the Vicar General of the Diocese of Middlesbrough, in the chapel at Ince Blundell Hall where he has resided for the past few years. On 22 June 2006, the formal celebration of this event was held in the Liverpool's Metropolitan Cathedral where Bishop Harris was joined by Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, as well as, the Papal Nuncio, and twenty bishops, along with priests and lay people from the Liverpool and Middlesbrough dioceses. The homily was preached on that occasion by Cardinal Murphy-O'Connor. In retirement Harris lived in Formby, and later at Ince Blundell Hall, where he died on 30 August 2007, aged 89.

4318805

Bingham railway station

Bingham railway station serves the market town of Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England. The station is 8½ miles (14 km) east of Nottingham on the Nottingham-Skegness Line. The station is operated and served by East Midlands Railway. History Passenger services started on 15 July 1850. It is located on the line first opened by the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway and taken over by the Great Northern Railway. The buildings were designed by Thomas Chambers Hine. In 1851 the first station master, Thomas Hand, absconded with five days' takings from passengers travelling to the Nottingham Fair. Between 1879 and 1953, Bingham was also served by Bingham Road station on the Great Northern and London and North Western Joint Railway. It was used for London and North Western Railway services between Nottingham London Road and stations to Northampton. From 7 January 1963 passenger steam trains between Grantham, Bottesford, Elton and Orston, Aslockton, Bingham, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Netherfield and Colwick, Nottingham London-road (High Level) and Nottingham (Victoria) were replaced by diesel multiple-unit trains. Station masters Thomas Hand, 1850–1851 Robert Nicholson, c. 1865 J. W. Page (afterwards station master at Harby and Stathern) Charles Richardson, 1877–1898 George Tagg Mr Chandler, up to 1902 (afterwards station master at Little Bytham) John Thomas James, c. 1913 A. Smith, up to 1937 (afterwards station master at Loughborough Central) Albert S. Langford, c. 1940 – c. 1945 F. L. Cantwell, c. 1959–1961 J. H. Fisher, from 1961 Services There is generally an hourly service daily westbound to Nottingham and eastbound towards Grantham and Skegness.

4318806

Horn OK Please

Horn OK Please or Sound Horn is a phrase commonly painted on commercial vehicles like trucks, buses and local taxis in India, to alert drivers of vehicles approaching from behind to sound their horns if they wish to overtake. On April 30, 2015, the Government of Maharashtra banned the use of "Horn OK Please" on the rear of commercial vehicles, on the grounds that it encouraged motorists to honk unnecessarily and caused noise pollution. In Maharashtra, such signage is a violation of Section 134 (1) of the Maharashtra Motor Vehicle Rules. Bal Malkit Singh, former president of the All India Motor Transport Congress, welcomed the ban, stating that the phrase was required in the past when the roads were narrow; but that on modern wide roads and multi-lane highways, drivers could use lights and indicators to overtake other vehicles.

4318827

Aslockton railway station

Aslockton railway station serves the English villages of Aslockton and Whatton-in-the-Vale in Nottinghamshire. It also draws passengers from other nearby villages. It is 10 miles (17 km) east of Nottingham on the Nottingham–Skegness Line. History Passenger services from Aslockton started on 15 July 1850, when the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway opened its extension from Nottingham to Grantham. This was taken over by the Great Northern Railway. The station building designed by Thomas Chambers Hine was opened by the Great Northern Railway in 1857. On 12 October 1868 a goods train that left Nottingham at 4.15 am split near Aslockton station when one of the coupling chains broke. The driver shunted on to the down line, and while it got back onto the up line, a goods train from Grantham ran into it. The driver of the Grantham train, Smalley Hutchinson, was killed and its fireman severely injured. On 31 December 1904, George Skillington, aged 78, was killed on the line at Aslockton by a light engine. The station became part of the London and North Eastern Railway under the Grouping of 1923. On 23 July 1933 an excursion train from Skegness to Nottingham crashed through the level crossing gates at Aslockton. On 1 August 1937, a nine-year-old boy, Ernest Love of Sneinton, Nottingham, fell from a Nottingham to Mablethorpe excursion train at Aslockton and was killed. The station passed to the Eastern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. From 7 January 1963 passenger steam trains between Grantham, Bottesford, Elton and Orston, Aslockton, Bingham, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Netherfield and Colwick, Nottingham London-road (High Level) and Nottingham (Victoria) were replaced with diesel multiple-unit trains. When sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Regional Railways until the Privatisation of British Railways. The station is now managed by East Midlands Railway. Stationmasters David Bennett Fenn c. 1851 Mr. Buffam c. 1857 Edwin Frost c. 1861 Alfred Andrews c. 1868 Robert A. Theobald c. 1871 Henry Chapman c. 1880 John George Eyre c. 1881 Richard H. Simpson c. 1891 Albert Edward Hyde 1901 – c. 1905 William Poole 1931–1933 (formerly stationmaster at Cotham) Arthur Gilbert 1933 – c. 1950 (formerly stationmaster at Elton and Orston) George Kingston from 1957 (formerly stationmaster at Scalford) Current services There are trains every hour or two hours to Nottingham and to Boston and Skegness via Grantham. There are less frequent trains to destinations such as Norwich and Liverpool Lime Street. On Sundays, there are normally three services – one to Liverpool Lime Street, one to Skegness and one to Norwich. Former services

4318837

Religious views on love

Religious views on love vary widely between different religions. Specific religious views Abrahamic religions Baháʼí Faith Bahá'u'lláh, founder of the Baháʼí Faith, taught that God created humans due to his love for them, and thus humans should in turn love God. `Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'u'lláh's son, wrote that love is the greatest power in the world of existence and the true source of eternal happiness. The Baháʼí teachings state that all genuine love is divine, and that love proceeds from God and from humans. God's love is taught to be part of his own essence, and his love for his creatures gives them their material existence, divine grace and eternal life. The Baháʼí teachings state that human love is directed towards both God and other humans; that the love of God attracts the individual toward God, by purifying the human heart and preparing it for the revelation of divine grace. Thus through the love of God, humans become transformed and become self-sacrificing. It is also stated that true love for other humans occurs when people see the beauty of God in other people's souls. The Baháʼí teachings state that Baháʼís should love all humans regardless of religion, race or community, and also should love their enemies. Christian Most Christians also believe that God is the source and essence of eternal love, even if in the New Testament the expression "God is love" explicitly occurs only twice and in two not too distant verses: 1 John (NIV). Most Christians believe that the greatest commandment is "thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind, and with all thy strength: this is the first commandment"; in addition to the second, "thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself", these are what Jesus Christ called the two greatest commandments (see Mark 12:28–34, Luke 10:25–28, Matthew 22:37–39, Matthew 7:12; cf. Deuteronomy 6:5, Deuteronomy 11:13, Deuteronomy 11:22, Leviticus 19:18, Leviticus 19:34). See also Ministry of Jesus#General ethics. In the Gospel of John, Jesus said: "A new command I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so you must love one another. By this all men will know that you are my disciples, if you love one another." (NIV, John 13:34–35; cf. John 15:17). Jesus also taught "Love your enemies." (Matthew 5:44, Luke 6:27). The New Testament, which was written in Greek, only used two Greek words for love: agapē and philia. However, there are several Greek words for love. Agapē. In the New Testament, agapē is charitable, selfless, altruistic, and unconditional. It is parental love seen as creating goodness in the world, it is the way God is seen to love humanity, and it is seen as the kind of love that Christians aspire to have for others. Philia. Also used in the New Testament, philia is a human response to something that is found to be delightful. Also known as "brotherly love". Eros (sexual love) is never used in the New Testament but is more prominent in the Old Testament. Storge (needy child-to-parent love) only appears in the compound word philostorgos (Rom 12:10). Saint Paul glorifies agapē in the quote above from 1 Corinthians 13, and as the most important virtue of all: "Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away." (13:8 NIV). Christians believe that because of God's agapē for humanity He sacrificed his Son for them. John the Apostle wrote, "For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life. For God sent not his Son into the world to condemn the world; but that the world through him might be saved." (John 3:16–17 KJV) In Works of Love (1847), Søren Kierkegaard, a philosopher, claimed that Christianity is unique because love is a requirement. Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew chapter five: "You have heard that it was said, 'Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. If you love those who love you, what reward will you get? Are not even the tax collectors doing that? And if you greet only your own people, what are you doing more than others? Do not even pagans do that? Be perfect, therefore, as your heavenly Father is perfect." - Matthew 5: 43-48 Tertullian wrote regarding love for enemies: "Our individual, extraordinary, and perfect goodness consists in loving our enemies. To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians." Latter-day Saints According to Russell M. Nelson, there are examples of the love of Jesus in the Book of Mormon. First there is a covenant with Christ. King Benjamin stated in the Book of Mosiah: Then there are the ordinances of the gospel. Jesus stated in the Book of Mormon in Third Nephi: And at last Jesus exhorts us to follow his example: Moroni, the last prophet of the book, wrote about love: Unificationism The concept of True Love is the most central part of Unificationist theology: Islam In the Sahih Muslim Hadith, the Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said: "You will not enter paradise until you believe, and you will not believe until you love to the other muslim what you love to your self." Muslims are directed by Allah ('God') in the ways to become close to Him and how to gain His love. God loves those who: do good. are pure and clean. are righteous. are just and act rightly. trust Him. are patient and persevering. love Him and follow the Prophet. fight in His cause. The Qur'an also says that God loved Moses, and God Himself will produce people He will love. Here in this selection of verses we notice again the Arabic preference for the negative to state an opposite. While the following do not state that God hates, it certainly enforces the idea that the love of God is withheld from those who practice certain deeds or are described as manifesting a certain character. Several of the verses are repetitious and so we have the following categories. God does not love: the mua'tadeen, those who overstep boundaries or limits. the mushrikeen, those Who associates anything with God. the fasideen, those who spread corruption or mischief. the kafireen, the unbelievers. the dalemeen, the wrongdoers or oppressors. the musarifeen, the wasteful. the proud and boastful. those who boast in their riches. the treacherous. those who are given to crime and to evil speaking. Ahmadiyya According to the Ahmadi Muslims, love of the creatures of God is essential for all Muslims. Ahmadi Muslims express that the Qur'an was sent as a gift to mankind, and its teachings are filled with love, tolerance and respect. The founder of the Ahmadiyya sect in Islam, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad said: The task for which God has appointed me is that I should remove the malaise that afflicts the relationship between God and His creatures and restore the relationship of love and sincerity between them. Through the proclamation of truth and by putting an end to religious conflicts, I should bring about peace and manifest the Divine verities that have become hidden from the eyes of the world. I am called upon to demonstrate spirituality which lies buried under egoistic darkness. It is for me to demonstrate by practice, and not by words alone, the Divine powers which penetrate into a human being and are manifested through prayer or attention. Above all, it ismy task to re-establish in people's hearts the eternal plant of the pure and shining Unity of God which is free from every impurity of polytheism, and which has now completely disappeared. All this will be accomplished, not through my power, but through the power of the Almighty God, Who is the God of heaven and earth. Jewish In Hebrew Ahava is the most Commonly used term for both interpersonal love of family and love of God. Other related but dissimilar terms are chen (grace, good will, kindness) and chesed (kindness, love), which basically combines the meaning of "affection" and "compassion" and is sometimes rendered in English as "loving-kindness" or "steadfast love." As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). The Biblical book Song of Songs is considered a romantically-phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading reads like a love song. Indian-origin religions Indian-origin religions, namely Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism,are also collectively called the "indic religions" and "dharma dhamma", share many core beliefs including there is no concept of apostasy or blasphemy and hence no concept of punishment for these, and there is no concept of predatory missionary or conversion activities, hence there is no religious merit is gained by getting others to convert. Buddhist In Buddhism, kama is sensuous, love. The vast majority believe it to be an obstacle on the path to enlightenment, perceiving it as selfish. Karuṇā is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It is complementary to wisdom, and is necessary for enlightenment. Adveṣa and maitrī are benevolent love. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. This is quite different from common conceptions of love which are often confused with attachment and sexual desire, and can be self-interested. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare. The bodhisattva ideal in Tibetan Buddhism involves the complete renunciation of oneself in order to take on the burden of a suffering world. The strongest motivation one has in order to take the path of the bodhisattva is the idea of salvation within unselfish love for others. Hindu In Hinduism, kāma is pleasurable, personified by the god Kama. For many Hindu schools it is the third end in life. In contrast to kāma, prema or prem refers to elevated love. Love in Hinduism is sacrament. It preaches that one gives up selfishness in love, not expecting anything in return. It also believes "God is love". A sacred text named Kanda Guru Kavasa quotes, " Oh holy Great flame, Grant me with love.. You said the spreading love is Para Brahma, For the thing which is everywhere is only Love, And Love is the only thing which is like a soul within us, Love is Kumara, Love is Kanda" This simply means Love is God. The love of the Hindu deity Krishna with Radha and many other gopis (milkmaids) of Vrindavana is highly revered. His amorous dance with the gopis became known as the Rasa lila and were romanticised in the poetry of Jayadeva, the author of Gita Govinda. These became important as part of the development of the Krishna bhakti traditions worshiping Radha Krishna. Sikhism In Sikhism, love means love for the Lord and His creation. This is one of five virtues vigorously promoted by the Sikh Gurus. The other four qualities in the arsenal are truth (sat), contentment (santokh), compassion (daya), and humility (nimrata). These five qualities are essential for a Sikh and it is their duty to meditate on and recite the Gurbani so that these virtues become a part of their mindset. Love is a positive and powerful tool in the Sikh's arsenal of virtues. When one's mind is full of love, one will overlook deficiencies in others and accept them wholeheartedly as a product of God. Sikhism asks all believers to take on godlike virtues, and this perhaps is the most godlike characteristic of all. Gurbani teaches that Waheguru is a "loving God" full of compassion and kindness. It is the duty of the Sikh to take on qualities of this nature and to easily forgive, never hate anyone, and live in Waheguru's Hukam and practise compassion and humility. In the Dasam Granth, it is stated on ang 40 that "he, who is absorbed in True Love, he would realize the Lord." Polytheist religions Different cultures have deified love in male and female forms. (Although in monotheistic religions the supreme being is believed to represent love, there are often angels or similar beings that represent love as well.) Below is a list of gods and goddesses of love. Áine, goddess of fertility and passionate love in Irish mythology Eros or Cupid, god of passionate love in Roman mythology Antheia, goddess in Crete mythology of love, flowers, gardens, and marshes Aonghus or Aengus, god of beauty, youth, and sensual love in Irish mythology Aphrodite, goddess of beauty and passionate love in Greek mythology Astarte, goddess of love in Canaanite mythology Eros, god of passionate love in Greek mythology Freyja, goddess of love, fertility and war in Norse mythology Hathor, goddess of love in Ancient Egyptian religion Inanna, goddess of sexual love in Sumerian religion Ishtar, goddess of love and war in Babylonian mythology Kama, god of sensual love in Hindu mythology Mihr, spirit of love in Persian mythology Rati, goddess of passionate love in Hindu mythology Venus, goddess of beauty and passionate love in Roman mythology Xochipilli, god in Aztec mythology

4318847

Chocolate Starfish

Chocolate Starfish is an Australian rock band formed in 1992, before separating in 1998. Their self-titled debut album was issued in April 1994, which peaked at No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. It was followed in October 1995 by their second album, Box, which reached No. 6. Their highest-charting single, "You're So Vain", was a cover version of Carly Simon's 1972 hit. It peaked at No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart in September 1993. They had another hit with "Mountain" in March 1994, which reached No. 12. The group reformed in 2010 and on 31 March 2012, guitarist Zoran Romic died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma after remission from an earlier bout. Since the reformation, the group has released a further three studio albums. The group are also known for paying homage to great and touring classic albums, including odes to Meat Loaf's Bat Out Of Hell in 2017 and INXS's Kick in 2018 and a Bohemian Rhapsody tour 2021. History 1992-1998: Formation, Chocolate Starfish & Box Chocolate Starfish were founded in Melbourne in early 1992 with Norman Falvo on keyboards and vocals; Craig Harnath on bass guitar, Bruce Pawsey on drums; Zoran Romic on guitar and vocals and Adam Thompson on vocals. The band played a limited number of shows with a comical country based theme under the name of The Hodads at the Station Hotel. Australian rock music historian, Ian McFarlane, described Thompson as an "entertaining frontman who lent the music an air of much-needed theatricality and melodrama". Other early members were guitarist Brett Kingman (also a member of Uncanny X-Men, and a member of James Reyne's band for many years), and John Justin. In January 1993 Chocolate Starfish released their debut extended play, Seafood. By that time ex-Roxus members John "Stone" Nixon and Darren Danielson replaced Harnath on bass guitar and Pawsey on drums, respectively. In August they released their debut single—a cover version of Carly Simon's "You're So Vain"—which reached No. 11 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Their second single, "All Over Me" (October), reached the Top 40; while their third single, "Mountain", peaked at No. 12 in March 1994. Their debut album, Chocolate Starfish, was released in April 1994, and reached No. 2 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album was certified platinum. It was produced by Pseudo Echo front man, Brian Canham, for EMI Music Australia. The album appeared in the top 40 on the ARIA End of Year Charts. McFarlane felt the album "showcased the band's confident and punchy, if overwrought, delivery". Falvo left the group at the end of 1994 and Tim Rosewarne replaced him on keyboards for the second album, Box, released in October 1995, reached No. 6. This was mixed by Thom Panunzio (U2, Soundgarden) and produced by Canham for Virgin Records. McFarlane felt it was similar to their debut album and "mixed strong vocals with grungy riffs, anthemic choruses with moody ballads, and accessible 1970s-influenced rock with tight 1990s production values". In 1997 Danielson left and the group relocated to Paris for six months; they disbanded by 1998. 1997-2009: After disbandment In 1997 Danielson and Canham formed a band, Brill, which released one self-titled album independently. In 1998 Romic joined Brill. When Canham re-formed Pseudo Echo in 1999, he recruited Danielson to play drums. In the following years, Romic and Danielson formed The Fur Group and Fur Records in Melbourne with successful bands such as Skybombers. 2010-present: Reformation, Born Again Versions, Spider & Beautiful Addiction In 2010 Chocolate Starfish reformed with a line-up of Danielson, Falvo, Nixon, Romic and Thompson. They started work on new studio material, however a planned concert tour was cancelled when Romic was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in March 2011. A benefit concert was held for Romic in October 2011—at which he performed with Chocolate Starfish—and on 31 March 2012 he died of the cancer. The band continued after Romic's death and from January to March 2013 they played on the Red Hot Summer Tour alongside Jimmy Barnes, Ian Moss and Dragon. For the tour they used Tim Henwood (The Androids, The Superjesus) on guitar. In 2014, the band recorded a wholly acoustic album of favourites called Born Again Versions (BAV) with the premise that "If a song can stand the rigours of a rework and still hold up, then hopefully it has the hallmarks of a good song". In 2014, the band wrote a song for a TV commercial in the Northern Territory, which lead to them writing and recording an EP. In October 2014, the group released a self-produced EP titled Primitive. Drummer Daniel Danielson said "It's a little from where we left off in the '90s. I'd like to think that we still have that energy that we had back in the day." Thompson told Forte magazine, "I'm going to tell you that it's fantastic that we finally have some new material we can shop around and show people. It was a long time coming to put it together, because everybody has other things in their lives going on and Starfish isn't a full-time thing anymore. It freshens everything up and its a welcome change for us I think." On 31 October 2014, the group performed a one-off performance of Meat Loaf's Bat Out of Hell album from start to finish. In March 2015, the band released their first new single in almost 20 years, titled "Cinderella". All proceeds from the sale of the song were donated to the Jaime Wild Foundation in support for Jamie, who is a young woman challenged by motor neurone disease. On 31 December 2017, the band released their first album of new material in twenty years, titled Spider dedicated to Zoran "Spider" Romic. Romic co-wrote the album track "Heavyweight" several years ago. The album's lead single "Farmer Loretta" was released in early 2018. In December 2020, the band released the EP Scaled Back which includes tracks from 1993 debut recorded in an intimate, jam session. In March 2021, the band confirmed the release of the album, Beautiful Addiction set for release in May 2021. The lead single is a cover of 4 Non Blondes' "What's Up". Discography Studio albums Live albums Extended plays Singles Awards and nominations ARIA Music Awards The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Chocolate Starfish has been nominated three times. |- | rowspan="2"| 1994 ||rowspan="2"| "You're So Vain" || ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Single || |- | ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single || |- | 1995 || "Mountain" || ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single || |-

4318849

Bundesautobahn 45

is an autobahn in Germany, connecting Dortmund in the west with Aschaffenburg in the southwest. It is colloquially known as the Sauerlandlinie (Sauerland line) as it runs through the hilly, rural Sauerland region between Hagen and Siegen. The A45 has many bridges to cross valleys, the highest of which is the Sichter Valley bridge (Talbrücke Sichter) between Lüdenscheid and Meinerzhagen at 530 metres above mean sea level. It is mostly two lanes each way with frequent climbing lanes between Dortmund-Hafen and the Gambacher Kreuz intersection. In March 2013 30 people were injured in a pile-up on the A45. History During the 1960s and 1970s a southward extension was proposed as the „Odenwald-Neckar-Alb-Autobahn" (ONAA), to pass through Groß-Umstadt, Michelstadt, Schwaigern, Neckarwestheim, Mundelsheim, Berglen, Remshalden, Lichtenwald and Schlierbach, linking the ONAA to the A 8 near Kirchheim unter Teck, however the project was abandoned for ecological reasons in 1979 by the state government of Baden-Württemberg. Trajectory The A 45 branches off the A 2 at the Dortmund Nord-West intersection, passes through the eastern Ruhr area and enters the Sauerland near Hagen. It then enters the Siegerland and the state of Hesse, where the A 45 is joined by the A 66 between the interchanges Hanauer Kreuz and Langenselbolder Dreieck. A short stretch of road, between junctions Alzenau and Mainhausen, is on Bavarian territory, then the A 45 merges with the A 3 at the interchange Seligenstädter Dreieck in the state of Hesse, just to the west of the Bavarian city of Aschaffenburg. Numerical listing of Exits and Junctions |}

4318852

De Quervain's thyroiditis

De Quervain's thyroiditis, also known as subacute granulomatous thyroiditis or giant cell thyroiditis, is a member of the group of thyroiditis conditions known as resolving thyroiditis. People of all ages and genders may be affected. Presentation Patients will experience a hyperthyroid period as the cellular lining of colloid spaces fails, allowing abundant colloid into the circulation, with neck pain and fever. Patients typically then become hypothyroid as the pituitary reduces TSH production and the inappropriately released colloid is depleted before resolving to euthyroid. The symptoms are those of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. In addition, patients may suffer from painful dysphagia. There are multi-nucleated giant cells on histology. Thyroid antibodies can be present in some cases. The clinical presentation during the hyperthyroid phase can mimic those of Diffuse Toxic Goiter or Graves' disease. In such cases, a radionuclide thyroid uptake and scan can be helpful, since subacute thyroiditis will result in decreased isotope uptake, while Graves' disease will generally result in increased uptake. Distinguishing between these two types of disease is important, since Graves' disease and Diffuse Toxic Goiter can be treated with radioiodine therapy, but subacute thyroiditis is usually self-limited and is not treated with radioiodine. Causes Some cases may be viral in origin, perhaps preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection. Viral causes include Coxsackie virus, mumps and adenoviruses. Some cases develop postpartum . Pathophysiology In the initial phase of damage to the gland, preformed thyroid hormone will 'fall out' of the damaged cells. This leads to symptoms and biochemistry of an overactive thyroid (feels hot, trembly, anxious, loses weight, fast heart rate, sweaty, greasy hair), with raised free T3 and free T4, and a suppressed thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) value. The damaged cells will no longer be able to take up iodine in order to manufacture further supplies of thyroid hormone, and thus in due course the patient comes to experience the symptoms of an underactive thyroid (feels cold, tired, depressed, gains weight, dry skin and hair) with low free T3 and free T4, and eventually increased TSH. Diagnosis With the standard overactive thyroid, iodine uptake into the thyroid is avid, whereas if the cells are damaged, then uptake is poor. In this way, if there is doubt about whether the patient has too much thyroid hormone because of de Quervain's thyroiditis, then measuring radio-iodine uptake or technetium uptake gives a clear cut answer as it will be higher than normal in standard thyrotoxicosis and lower than normal in de Quervain's. Treatment Treatment is beta blockers, aspirin, and NSAIDs (or corticosteroids if NSAIDs are ineffective). Eponym It is named for Fritz de Quervain. It should not be confused with De Quervain syndrome. Terminology It is sometimes called subacute thyroiditis, but there are other forms of subacute thyroiditis, subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, postpartum thyroiditis, and autoimmune thyroiditis all of which, in contrast to de Quervain's, are typically painless or "silent". It is also sometimes called "painful subacute thyroiditis". This is in contrast to subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis, which is also sometimes called "painless thyroiditis".

4318861

Instant Karma (record label)

Instant Karma is an independent record label created by former Warner Music Group chairman and head of the BPI, Rob Dickins, in 1999. The label was founded by Dickins after his resignation from Warner Music, where he gained fame for his track record of signing female vocalists such as Enya and The Corrs. Instant Karma's first release was Helicopter Girl's How to Steal the World album in June 2000; the label received attention for the fact that its very first release was short-listed for the Mercury Prize. Helicopter Girl signed with Instant Karma on the condition that she be permitted not to tour. Dickins noted that he was pleased to have How to Steal the World as the label's "calling card", but that he planned other releases to have more immediate commercial appeal. The label was funded by Sony Music UK. British DJ K-Gee's first solo single and album were released on Instant Karma in October 2000 and October 2002, respectively. Acts I Monster Panjabi MC Helicopter Girl The Kennedy Soundtrack

4318870

Cavalier (fortification)

A cavalier is a fortification which is built within a larger fortification, and which is higher than the rest of the work. It usually consists of a raised platform within a fort or bastion, so as to be able to fire over the main parapet without interfering with the fire of the latter. Through the use of cavaliers, a greater volume of fire can be obtained, but its great height also makes it an easy target for a besieger's guns. There are two types of cavaliers: Common cavalier – a raised gun platform without any additional defensive features Defensible cavalier – a raised gun platform surrounded by a ditch. If the ditch cuts across the bastion's terreplein and is supported by cuts, the cavalier can also be considered as a retrenchment. Gallery

4318871

Nigel Crisp, Baron Crisp

Edmund Nigel Ramsay Crisp, Baron Crisp (born 14 January 1952) is a crossbench member of the House of Lords where he co chairs the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Global Health. He works and publishes extensively in global health and international development. He was a British senior civil servant in the Department of Health, public policy analyst, and Senior Manager in the NHS. He was awarded a life peerage upon retirement. Background and personal life Crisp was educated at Uppingham School and then studied philosophy at St John's College, Cambridge. Crisp is married with two children, and lives in the countryside near Newbury. His interests include the countryside, gardening and painting. Career Crisp joined the NHS in 1986 from a background in community work, where he worked in Liverpool and Cambridgeshire, and industry and (from 1981 to 1986) was Secretary and Director of Age Concern Cambridge. He then became the General Manager for Learning Disabilities in East Berkshire and moved in 1988 to become General Manager (and later Chief Executive) of Heatherwood and Wexham Park Hospitals which provided a wide range of general hospital and mental health services in East Berkshire. He moved to Oxford in 1993 to become Chief Executive of the Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals NHS Trust which at the time incorporated the John Radcliffe and Churchill Hospitals and is one of the largest academic medical centres in the country. Crisp became South Thames Regional Director of the NHS Executive in 1997 and London Regional Director in 1999. Crisp was appointed as the fifth chief executive of the NHS and Permanent Secretary at the Department of Health on 1 November 2000. He is unlike his predecessors or successor in combining these posts. On 8 March 2006 Crisp announced his intention to retire at the end of March, acknowledging the current financial problems of parts of the NHS as a disappointment. He was praised by the prime minister, Tony Blair, for his contribution to British healthcare and was created Baron Crisp, of Eaglescliffe in the County of Durham, on 28 April 2006. He was replaced by Sir Ian Carruthers, as acting NHS Chief Executive, and Hugh Taylor, the Director of Strategy and Business Development, as acting Permanent Secretary. . In 2016, a biography of Tony Blair – Broken Vows: Tony Blair, The Tragedy of Power by British author Tom Bower, reported Ken Anderson's comment "Crisp had no control over costs and didn't have a clue what to do", following the former's investigation into why the NHS accounts were six months late. Bowers describes that after an assessment by management consultants McKinsey & Company, Tony Blair and Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt decided Crisp should be replaced, and part of the method used to induce Crisp to resign at age 54 was to award him a life peerage. Global health and international development Nigel Crisp has been very active in global health and international development since 2006; most notably publishing in 2007 Global Health Partnerships - a report for the prime minister on what more the UK can do to support health improvement in developing countries; co-chairing, with Commissioner Bience Gawanas of the African Union, a Task Force on scaling up the education and training of health workers on behalf of the Global Health Workforce Alliance which resulted in the publication of Scaling up, Saving lives in 2008; and founding, with the Zambian Ministry of Health, The Zambia UK Health Workforce Alliance in 2009. He writes and speaks widely on global health and his book Turning the world upside down - the search for global health was published in 2010. In 2018 he founded and subsequently co-chaired with Sheila Tlou, the former health minister of Botswana, Nursing Now. Nursing Now was designed to raise the profile and status of nurses globally and was very successful with 126 countries joining the campaign with more than 750 national, regional and local groups active when it concluded in May 2021. It was succeeded by the Nursing Now Challenge which aims to provide leadership development opportunities for 100,000 young nurses and midwives globally. See https://www.nursingnow.org/ He chaired Sightsavers International from 2007 to 2013 co-chairs the All Party Parliamentary Group on Global Health, is a Senior Fellow of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, a Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Harvard School of Public Health and an Honorary Professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Honours He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the New Years Honours 2003. Books Crisp N: turning the World Upside Down Again - global health in a time of pandemics, climate change and political turmoil.To be published by CRC Press in March 2022. Crisp N. Health is Made at Home, Hospitals are for Repairs; Salus, 2020 Crisp, N. Turning the world upside down - the search for global health in the 21st Century, CRC Press, 2010 Crisp, N. 24 hours to save the NHS: The Chief Executive's account of reform 2000 - 2006, Oxford University Press, 2011 Crisp, N. & Omaswa, F (ed.) African health leaders: Making change and claiming the future, Oxford University Press, 2014 Arms

4318882

UTA AEC

Following the end of World War II, most railways throughout the world were looking to either update their fleet of steam locomotives with new and more economical designs or look towards alternatives, which for many meant a programme of dieselisation. The main considerations were the rising cost of coal against diesel oil and the weight of the trains causing wear and tear on the track. In looking to the dieselisation of their system the Ulster Transport Authority (UTA) made early inroads with small, lightweight diesel units, based on those built for the Great Western Railway in England, using the same manufacturers to supply parts and undertaking construction in their own workshops. History AEC (Associated Equipment Company Limited) of Southall, London were a well known bus chassis, engine and body builders responsible for many types of London's famous red buses. They also provided engines for many diesel railcars built for, or by, the Great Western Railway and later British Railways. In the early 1950s, with dieselisation being undertaken on the GNR(I) and the UTA systems, their products were supplied to both companies. In August 1951 UTA's York Road works outshopped two new power cars which, following on the first diesel acquisitions, were numbered 6 and 7. They lasted well, 15 July 1966 seeing their last recorded working, after which they were not used again, although not officially withdrawn. On the formation of NIR they were included in the stock transferred over, to be officially withdrawn in December 1968. To increase capacity the unit ran with coach 279, as a centre trailer car, which was converted to work with this set. It became 528 in 1958. At the same time, (1950/1), AEC were also responsible for power cars supplied to the GNR(I) and on the division of stock of that company in 1958 ten of these entered the UTA lists. Numbered from 111 to 120 inclusive they were, in order, originally GNR(I) No's. 603/602/607/606/611/610/615/614/619/618. Trailers from these railcars were converted from existing GNR steam coaches and retained their GNR numbers (Except vehicles 8 and 9, later UTA 585+586, which were built new as AEC driving trailers). Those that were acquired by UTA became 554 555 580 581 582 585 586 593 (The gaps being due to their numbering in the same series as BUT trailers). Kitchen Car 166 was converted to an AEC trailer in 1967 and retained its number Withdrawal All NIR AEC railcars were withdrawn by 1972. The last set in service was 114-586-115 stopped in September of that year No's 6 & 7 were involved in the Lisburn accident on 5 February 1963 (which also involved Class WT, No.2) and were sent to Dunluce Street for repairs. Technically, and theoretically, No's. 6 and 7 were compatible with 111 - 120 but never ran with them. AEC AEC vehicles Scrapped locomotives

4318898

Elton and Orston railway station

Elton and Orston (formerly Elton) railway station serves the villages of Elton on the Hill and Orston in Nottinghamshire, England. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway, but now provides minimal rail services. History The station lies on the line first opened by the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway. Passenger services began on 15 July 1850. The line was taken over by the Great Northern Railway in 1855. The master's lodge and ticket office building was designed by Thomas Chambers Hine. From 7 January 1963 passenger steam trains between Grantham, Bottesford, Elton and Orston, Aslockton, Bingham, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Netherfield and Colwick, Nottingham London-road (High Level) and Nottingham (Victoria) were replaced by diesel multiple-unit trains. Images show how the station looked in 1967. No station buildings by Hine survived by 2008. There is a small 1980s brick-built shelter on one platform. The name of the station was still plain "Elton" in 1904. Stationmasters George H. Withers c. 1851 John Millman c. 1861 Hilton Johnson until 1866 Richard Collins c. 1871 Paul Johnson 1881 John Curtis c. 1886 – c. 1891 John Beeston Ings c. 1900 (afterwards station master at Lowesby) Thomas Winfield c. 1901 Arthur Gilbert c. 1927–1933 (afterwards station master at Aslockton) H. Townsend until 1942 (afterwards station master at Stow Park) J. R. Scholey 1942–1943 (afterwards station master at Tumby Woodside) G. P. Brown 1943 (formerly station master at Northorpe, afterwards at Stickney) R. S. Lamb 1945–1949, afterwards station master at Habrough. - 1949 (afterwards station master at Habrough) A. Trantham 1949–1951 (also station master at Cotham, afterwards station master at Sutton-on-Sea) Services The station is unstaffed and offers limited facilities other than two shelters, bicycle storage, timetables and modern "Help Points". The full range of tickets for travel can be purchased from the inspector on the train at no extra cost. There are no retail facilities at the station. There is one service to Nottingham per day at 06:25 and one service to Skegness per day at 17:10. There is no Sunday service. The service operates on most bank holidays. The 2019/2020 statistics show only 68 recorded journeys to and from Elton and Orston and it was the second least used station in the country behind Berney Arms. It was Nottinghamshire's least used station and is one stop down the line from Leicestershire's least used station, Bottesford.

4318901

Kekko Kamen

is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Go Nagai. It was serialized in Monthly Shōnen Jump from September 1974 to February 1978, with the chapters collected into five tankōbon volumes by Shueisha. It follows the misadventures of a student named Mayumi Takahashi who attends a boarding school called Sparta Academy that is run by sadistic psychopaths. The teachers are constantly looking for ways to torture or humiliate the students, and from this the teachers derive sexual satisfaction. Takahashi's only protection is from a mysterious nude female superhero—the titular Kekko Kamen. The manga has spawned an original video animation series and numerous live-action films. In North America, the OVAs were released by ADV Films, while several of the films were published by different distributors. Plot First-year student Mayumi Takahashi attends a junior high school called , where the penalty for any student (usually girls) making the slightest mistake is being sexually humiliated by the perverted, corrupt and misogynistic teachers running the school, the principal being a demonic, jester-like villain named "Toenail of Satan". However, before the teachers can take their sexual advances too far, Kekko Kamen steps in and delivers a sound beating to the teachers, and usually performs a finishing attack by jumping into the air and landing crotch-first onto her opponent's face. Characters A practically nude female superhero dressed only in a red, rabbit-eared mask, with matching gloves, scarf, and boots. She uses her body to distract the usually male enemy teachers that she fights in order to protect Sparta Academy's unfairly punished and harassed students, but, typically, she ends up coming to the defense of Mayumi Takahashi. She fights with a graceful and acrobatic martial arts style, as well as often using weapons to aid her, such as nunchuks and a bo staff. Her finishing move, the , involves her leaping into the air, spreading her legs, and landing groin-first on her typically male opponent's face, which knocks him out. The possibility of an outside intruder is ruled out, and the principal and faculty thus conclude that one of the students is the masked heroine. In the last chapter, it is revealed that Kekko Kamen has six secret identities—the belief that she only had one allowed each of her secret identities to remain uncovered, whilst giving each other alibis. In the end, the six are victorious, and the school is shut down, thanks to their efforts. Portrayed by: Chris Aoki A first year student at the Sparta Academy. Mayumi is an innocent and good-natured girl, but her failure to meet the school's high academic standards often lands her in the school's torture chamber, where she is subjected to humiliating punishments. However, before the teachers are about to completely violate her, Kekko Kamen always bursts in and save the day. Her heroine's constant rescuing of her has filled Mayumi with a deep amount of affection for her, but she is often used by the principal and faculty as bait to lure Kekko Kamen into a trap. Portrayed by: Yumi Goto (1991 Movie), Rie Nakano (1992 Movie), Juri Inahara (2004 Movie) The main antagonist and wicked principal of Sparta Academy, who dresses in a fearsome white demon mask and jester hood. He is extremely perverted and obtains satisfaction from sexually humiliating the bodies of female students, especially that of Mayumi Takahashi. This brings him into conflict with Kekko Kamen, whose secret identity he wishes to uncover, so that he may destroy her. To accomplish this, he exhorts various punishment councillors into publicly humiliate Takahashi, using her as bait to bring the naked warrior of justice out in the open, but she always defeats him. Portrayed by: Paul Maki, Hajime Tsukumo A perverted, insane, abusive, sadistic, mad scientist teacher who works for Toenail of Satan. He always punishes Mayumi Takahashi for her substandard grades, but is then put in his place by Kekko Kamen. A shy, introverted second year student. When Mayumi sees her bare body during an examination intended to unmask Kekko Kamen, her reaction shows that she believes the heroine is Chigusa, but Kekko Kamen suddenly appears and declares that they suspected the wrong person. However, Chigusa actually does have a secret—she is actually two people, the twins Chigusa and Yuka, enrolling as one student due how poor their family is. When their secret is discovered, the twins are accused of being Kekko Kamen, and tortured, but are again cleared of suspicion when Kekko Kamen arrives to save them and Mayumi. In the last chapter, however, it is revealed that the twins really were Kekko Kamen, alongside four others. A tough, popular Physical Education teacher, and an expert at various styles of fighting techniques, sports, and with many types of weapons—this caused the principal to suspect that she was actually Kekko Kamen, so he began to humiliate her. This ceased when Kekko Kamen jumped in to rescue her. She would come under suspicion of being Kekko Kamen more than once, and was accused of hiding Kekko Kamen's identity when her sister came under suspicion of being the heroine. In the last chapter, it is revealed that she indeed was Kekko Kamen, alongside Chigusa, Yuka and three others. A supposedly first year male student, who is in the same class as Mayumi. However, another student uncovered that "he" was actually a female in disguise. This prompted the Principal to believe that she was Kekko Kamen. When her true gender was unveiled, Keiko suddenly rushed in to save her, and confessed that she was Koichi's older sister. Both sisters were then tortured until Kekko Kamen came to their rescue. After this revelation, Koichi continued to be a valuable friend and ally of Mayumi. She, her sister, and Chigusa would come under suspicion again, but were proven innocent each time. In the last chapter, she reveals herself to be Kekko Kamen, alongside her sister, the twins Chigusa and Yuka, and two others. A young student who is positively infatuated with Kekko Kamen, and is inspired to become a heroine of justice herself. So, armed with a rapier, she becomes the mostly nude, caped, swashbuckling hero with a ribbon covering her crotch known as . However, on her first attempt to combat the evil of the school, Ai finds herself in danger. Fortunately, Kekko Kamen comes to her rescue. After this incident, Ai continued to appear sporadically throughout the manga as a supporting character. The very attractive school nurse. After Kekko Kamen's thigh is injured in a battle, the villain traces her to the infirmary, and confronts Kaori, ripping off her clothing in an attempt to find the scar, only to discover that it isn't there. Kekko Kamen appears, a bandage on her thigh, rescuing her, and eliminating her as a suspect. In the last chapter, however, she is revealed to be Kekko Kamen, alongside Chigusa, Yuka, Keiko and Koichi. A red-haired, chain smoking, tough-as-nails third-year student—she is a gang leader who makes sure everyone knows their place when dealing with her, and she hardly comes to class. When seeing Kei walk away from her, Mayumi is immediately reminded of someone else, but she quickly dismisses the thought. Shortly afterwards, Mayumi is accosted by Toenail of Satan, and Kekko Kamen jumps in to save her, only to find herself in the midst of a trap. By the end of it, she is captured and unmasked—she is revealed to be Kei. She is then saved by Koichi, who reveals herself as Kekko Kamen—Chigusa, Yuka, Keiko and Kaori reveal themselves to be Kekko Kamen as well, and unite to defeat the Toenail of Satan and the faculty. Production Kekko Kamen is a female superhero whose costume consists solely of red boots, gloves, scarf and a mask with long bunny-like ears. Her fighting style is graceful, and her finishing move involves driving the opponent to the ground with a flying headscissors takedown which presses her groin into the victim's face. Kekko Kamen is a parody of Gekko Kamen. It was originally a joke that Nagai sent to his editor expecting him to reject it. His editor, however, loved the idea and that started Kekko Kamen. Even the name of the main antagonist is a parody: in Gekko Kamen it is while in Kekko Kamen it is . The theme song for the Kekko Kamen character uses the same lyrics for the theme song to Moonlight Mask, but with changes. Media Manga Kekko Kamen was originally serialized in Shueisha's magazine Monthly Shōnen Jump, from to . The series has been compiled several times by Shueisha and other publishers. It is also available in ebook format, published by ebookjapan. The manga was published in two volumes in Italy by d/visual, on December 22, 2006 and July 30, 2010. Shueisha (Jump Comics, 1976–1978) Shueisha (Jump Comics Deluxe, 1990) Kadokawa Shoten (Kadokawa Bunko, 1996) Kodansha (Kodansha Comics Deluxe, 2003) Leed Publishing (SP Comics, 2004) Original video animation A four-episode original video animation adaptation of Kekko Kamen was created by Studio Signal and released by Nippon Columbia on two VHS tapes in 1991 and 1992. A DVD collection was released on April 21, 2001. The first two episodes were directed by Nobuhiro Kondo and the second two by Kinji Yoshimoto. The opening theme song is which Go Nagai wrote for the manga, with composition and arrangement by Keiju Ishikawa, and sung by Emi Shinohara. The ending theme is written by Hiroshi Koenji, composed and arranged by Keiju Ishikawa, and sung by Emi Shinohara. The OVA series was released in the United States subtitled in English on two VHS tapes by ADV Films on February 7 and April 4, 1995. A single DVD version was produced on February 15, 2005, which beside the subtitles, also included dubbed English audio. ADV Films has also re-released Kekko Kamen in bundled DVD packages with other anime; Cutey Honey/Kekko Kamen on April 1, 2008, and Puni Puni Poemy/Kekko Kamen on April 21, 2009. The OVA was also released in a dubbed version in Italy on VHS by Dynamic Italia in 2000 under the name Kekko Kamen: La maschera libidinosa. Episodes Live-action films There have been eleven live-action films based on Kekko Kamen. Go Nagai has been intricately involved in the production of the films. The first three movies and the three from 2006 were released in direct-to-video format, while films four through seven and eleven were theatrically released in Japan. The 2012 film was released theatrically in limited locations before being released on DVD after more than a month. The first four theatrical films were released on DVD in North American by Media Blasters' Tokyo Shock label beginning in 2005. First series, produced by Japan Home Video Kekko Kamen (けっこう仮面)(1991) Kekko Kamen 2 (けっこう仮面2)(1992) Kekko Kamen 3 (けっこう仮面3)(1993) Second series, produced by Art Port Kekko Kamen: Mask of Kekkou (けっこう仮面 MASK OF KEKKOU)(2003) also known in English as Kekko Kamen New Kekko Kamen: Mangriffon no Gyakushu (けっこう仮面 マングリフォンの逆襲)(2003) known in English as Kekko Kamen: The MGF Strikes Back Kekko Kamen Returns (けっこう仮面 RETURNS)(2004) Kekko Kamen Surprise (けっこう仮面 SURPRISE)(2004) Third series, produced by Art Port, starring Maria Ozawa Kekko Kamen Royale (けっこう仮面 ロワイヤル)(2006) Kekko Kamen Premium (けっこう仮面 プレミアム)(2006) Kekko Kamen Forever (けっこう仮面 フォーエバー)(2006) Fourth series, produced by AMG Entertainment, starring Aino Kishi Kekko Kamen Reborn (けっこう仮面 新生)(2012) also known as Mask The Kekkou Reborn Sequels is a manga series written by Shigemitsu Harada and illustrated by Seiju Minato and published in Weekly Young Magazine from 2003 to 2004. The chapters were collected into two tankōbon volumes by Kodansha on May 6 and July 6, 2004. It is a sequel to the original series, where several years have passed since the events depicted in the first manga. Momoka Nogami discovers the legend of the original Kekko Kamen and decides to emulate her actions donning a similar costume, adding a peach motif, and so she becomes Kekko Kamen Peach. Other Kekko also appear, Kekko Kamen Lemon and Kekko Kamen Melon, and even a male version called Kekko Kamen Banana. A special story called , written by Shinobu Inokuma with co-operation from Nagai, was published in Business Jump in June 2011. It takes place many years after the original manga where a new Kekko Kamen, whose secret identity is a new teacher in a new school owned by the remaining factions of the Toenail of Satan, protects young female students from the evil members of the organisation unfortunately one of them catches her. She is held prisoner until the original Kekko Kamen rescues her and they both defeat him, with the original telling her successor that some of the remains of the Toenail of Satan may have spread all over the world and that she will keep on fighting alone but she was proud of her successor that if she's gone she and her successors after her will always protect the young female women from evil by using her namesake. A one-shot crossover featuring Go Nagai's Kekko Kamen and Mazinger Z characters was written by Takeshi Okano and published in Grand Jump on January 16, 2013. Reception Stig Høgset of Them Anime Reviews gave the Kekko Kamen OVAs two out of five stars, called the art passable, and clarified that while the jokes are smutty, they never get offensive. Reviewing for Anime News Network, Theron Martin wrote "Kekko Kamen is great (if nonsensical) fun as long as you're an adult who can appreciate oodles of fan service and raunchy, sometimes utterly tasteless, humor." He cited the humor as a highlight, but felt the production values were mediocre. Martin gave a much more negative review of the live action Kekko Kamen: Mask of Kekkou (also known as Kekko Kamen New), saying it came off as "exploitive and cruel rather than the campy, whimsical work it should have been." He called the writing amateurish and the acting even worse. Angel Blade is a hentai parody OVA of Kekko Kamen produced in the Vanilla Series. American heavy metal musician Rob Zombie used clips of the Kekko Kamen OVA during the 2010 Mayhem Festival tour during the song "Never Gonna Stop (The Red Red Kroovy)".

4318909

Barents

Barents may refer to: René Barents (born 1951), Dutch judge and legal scholar Willem Barents (c. 1550–1597), Dutch navigator and explorer Barents AirLink, a Swedish airline Barents Island (), an island in the Svalbard archipelago, part of Norway Barents Sea, a part of the Arctic Ocean north of Norway and Russia Barents Region, the land along the coast of the Barents Sea Barents Basin, a sedimentary basin in the Barents Sea

4318918

Doors Open Days

Doors Open Days (also known as Open House or Open Days in some communities) provide free access to buildings not normally open to the public. The first Doors Open Day took place in France in 1984, and the concept has spread to other places in Europe (see European Heritage Days), North America, Australia and elsewhere. Doors Open Days promotes architecture and heritage sites to a wider audience within and beyond the country's borders. It is an opportunity to discover hidden architectural gems and to see behind doors that are rarely open to the public for free. Open Doors Days trace their origin to the 1990 Door Open Day held as part of Glasgow's year as European City of Culture. Heritage Open Days in England Heritage Open Days established in 1994 celebrate English architecture and culture allowing visitors free access to historical landmarks that are either not usually open to the public, or would normally charge an entrance fee. List of Doors Open events in England Open House London Doors open days in Scotland Doors Open Days is organised by the Scottish Civic Trust. Alongside Scottish Archaeology Month, the open days form Scotland's contribution to European Heritage Days. This joint initiative between the Council of Europe and the European Union aims to give people a greater understanding of each other through sharing and exploring cultural heritage. 49 countries across Europe take part annually, in September. During Glasgow's year as European City of Culture in 1990, organisers ran an Open Doors event, an event credited with popularizing the Doors Open concept and spreading it to other countries. Its popularity encouraged other areas to take part the following year and were coordinated by the Scottish Civic Trust. Doors Open Days now take place throughout Scotland thanks to a dedicated team of area coordinators. These coordinators work for a mixture of organisations: local councils, civic trusts, heritage organisations and archaeological trusts. Scotland is one of the few participating countries where events take place every weekend in September, with different areas choosing their own dates. More than 900 buildings now take part. In 2008, over 225,000 visits were made generating £2 million for the Scottish economy. It is estimated that 5,000 or more volunteers give their time to run activities and open doors for members of the public. Doors Open Days was supported in 2009 by Homecoming Scotland 2009, a year-long initiative that marked the 250th anniversary of the birth of Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns. It was funded by the Scottish Government and part financed by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund. Its aim was to engage Scots at home, as well as motivate people of Scottish descent and those who simply love Scotland, to take part in an inspirational celebration of Scottish culture and heritage. Open house in Australia Open House events are organised in Australia in partnership with Open House Worldwide. The first Open House event took place in Melbourne in 2008. This was followed by Brisbane in 2010, and Adelaide and Perth in 2012. Canada Doors Open Canada began in 2000. List of Doors Open events in Canada Doors Open Newfoundland and Labrador Doors Open Ottawa Doors Open Toronto Doors Open Saskatoon United States List of Doors Open events in the U.S. Doors Open Baltimore, first weekend in October Doors Open Buffalo Open House Chicago Open House New York Doors Open Milwaukee Doors Open Minneapolis Doors Open Pittsburgh, first weekend in October Doors Open Rhode Island

4318921

Roundhead (weapon)

A roundhead was a type of mace used during the English Civil War. It is described as having a head about , a staff long inserted into the head, twelve iron spikes round about, with another spike in the end. In 1643 an article in Mercurius Civicus claimed the weapon was called a roundhead by the Cavaliers because they were to be used to beat the Roundheads into subjection. References and notes Attribution: Pole weapons

4318923

Charles Degeorge

Charles Jean Marie Degeorge (1837 Lyon – 1888 Paris) was a French sculptor, and medallist, whose best-known work, La jeunesse d'Aristote (The Youth of Aristotle) (1875) depicts the philosopher as a semi-nude teenage boy sitting in a large chair, looking bored as he studies a scroll. The statue is in the Musée d'Orsay. Degeorge also sculpted a bust of Henri Regnault which was incorporated into Regnault's monument at the École des Beaux Arts, Paris.

4318927

Bottesford railway station

Bottesford railway station serves the village of Bottesford in Leicestershire, England. The station is 15 miles (24 km) east of Nottingham, on the lines to Grantham and Skegness. It is the least used station in Leicestershire. History The line through Bottesford was first opened by the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway on 15 July 1850, then taken over by the Great Northern Railway. The station buildings were designed by Thomas Chambers Hine. There was also a link to the old GNR Newark to Leicester cross-country route a short distance to the east; this remained in use for freight until 1988 but has since been lifted. From 7 January 1963 passenger steam trains between Grantham, Bottesford, Elton and Orston, Aslockton, Bingham, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Netherfield and Colwick, Nottingham London-road (High Level) and Nottingham (Victoria) were replaced by diesel multiple-unit trains. The station is now owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway, which provides all rail services. Facilities The station is unstaffed and offers limited facilities other than two shelters, bicycle storage, timetables and modern Help Points. The station does not have any ticket purchasing facilities, which means that all tickets must be purchased from the conductor on the train at no extra cost. Plans to open a community garden on a derelict piece of land at the station started in early 2018. In June 2019, such a garden was opened by the Duchess of Rutland. Services There is a daily service every hour or two hours westbound to Nottingham and eastbound to Skegness via Grantham. Several Grantham trains have connections to London, King's Cross or to York. An extra service to Liverpool stops every day, and on Sundays there is an extra service to Norwich. Bottesford is the least used station in the county of Leicestershire and is one stop down the line from Nottinghamshire's least used station, Elton and Orston. Former services The Great Northern and London and North Western Joint Railway opened in 1879, providing a Leicester to Grantham service from 1882 to 1953. Former Services

4318932

Biological basis of love

The theory of a biological basis of love has been explored by such biological sciences as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary biology, anthropology and neuroscience. Specific chemical substances such as oxytocin are studied in the context of their roles in producing human experiences and behaviors that are associated with love. Evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology has proposed several explanations for love. Monkey infants and children are for a very long time dependent on parental help. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote mutual parental support of children for an extended time period. Another is that sexually transmitted diseases may cause, among other effects, permanently reduced fertility, injury to the fetus, and increase risks during childbirth. This would favor exclusive long-term relationships reducing the risk of contracting an STD. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology the experiences and behaviors associated with love can be investigated in terms of how they have been shaped by human evolution. For example, it has been suggested that human language has been selected during evolution as a type of "mating signal" that allows potential mates to judge reproductive fitness. Miller described evolutionary psychology as a starting place for further research: "Cognitive neuroscience could try to localize courtship adaptations in the brain. Most importantly, we need much better observations concerning real-life human courtship, including the measurable aspects of courtship that influence mate choice, the reproductive (or at least sexual) consequences of individual variation in those aspects, and the social-cognitive and emotional mechanisms of falling in love." Since Darwin's time there have been similar speculations about the evolution of human interest in music also as a potential signaling system for attracting and judging the fitness of potential mates. It has been suggested that the human capacity to experience love has been evolved as a signal to potential mates that the partner will be a good parent and be likely to help pass genes to future generations. Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as 'unconditional selflessness', suggesting utterly cooperative instincts developed in modern humans' ancestor, Australopithecus. Studies of bonobos (a great ape previously referred to as a pygmy chimpanzee) are frequently cited in support of a cooperative past in humans. Bode and Kushnick undertook a comprehensive review of romantic love from a biological perspective in 2021. They considered the psychology of romantic love, its mechanisms, development across the lifespan, functions, and evolutionary history. Based on the content of that review, they proposed a biological definition of romantic love: Social psychology Social psychological approaches to explaining love have been developed to help further explain the psychological components involved in love. One of the more prominent concepts pertaining to love was proposed by Robert J. Sternberg known as the "Triangular theory of love". Proposed within this theory, love follows a triangular motion, flowing with combinations of different levels within the three sides of the triangle. The three sides are Intimacy, Passion, and Commitment. Within those three sides of the triangle, combinations between two can produce certain types of love and affection. For example, Intimacy plus Passion leads to romantic love while Intimacy plus Commitment leads to compassionate love. The relative amount of love invested is explained by the size and general form of the triangle. Triangular theories do not solely apply to one's own current relationship, they also can be meant for explaining what different levels of intimacy/passion/commitment mean in an imbalanced triangle, or even determine your love triangle for a preference of relationship. Neurochemistry The conventional view in biology is that there are three major drives in love – libido, attachment, and partner preference. The primary neurochemicals (neurotransmitters, sex hormones, and neuropeptides) that govern these drives are testosterone, estrogen, dopamine, oxytocin, and vasopressin. Central dopamine pathways mediate partner preference behavior, while vasopressin in the ventral pallidum and oxytocin in the nucleus accumbens and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus mediate partner preference and attachment behaviors. Sex drive is modulated primarily by activity in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway (ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens). Trace amines (e.g., phenethylamine and tyramine) play a critical role in regulating neuronal activity in the dopaminergic pathways of the central nervous system. Testosterone and estrogen contribute to these drives by modulating activity within dopamine pathways. Adequate brain levels of testosterone seem important for both human male and female sexual behavior. Norepinephrine and serotonin have a less significant, contributing role through their neuromodulatory effects upon dopamine and oxytocin release in certain pathways. The chemicals triggered that are responsible for passionate love and long-term attachment love seem to be more particular to the activities in which both persons participate rather than to the nature of the specific people involved. Individuals who have recently fallen in love show higher levels of cortisol. Role of the limbic system In A General Theory of Love, three professors of psychiatry from UCSF provide an overview of the scientific theories and findings relating to the role of the limbic system in love, attachment and social bonding. They advance the hypothesis that our nervous systems are not self-contained, but rather demonstrably attuned to those around us and those with whom we are most close. This empathy, which they call limbic resonance, is a capacity which we share, along with the anatomical characteristics of the limbic areas of the brain, with all other mammals. Their work builds on previous studies of the importance of physical contact and affection in social and cognitive development, such as the experiments conducted by Harry Harlow on rhesus monkeys, which first established the biological consequences of isolation. Brain imaging Brain scanning techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging have been used to investigate brain regions that seem to be involved in producing the human experience of love. In 2000, a study led by Semir Zeki and Andreas Bartels of University College London concluded that at least two areas of the brain become more active when in love. These were foci in the media insula, which the brain associates with instinct, and part of the anterior cingulate cortex, which is associated with feelings of euphoria. Ortigue et al. found that an unconscious prime of the name of a romantic partner activated similar brain regions as when subjects were consciously aware of seeing partners' faces. Subliminal priming with either a beloved's name or a favorite hobby activated emotion and motivational brain regions: caudate nucleus, insula, bilateral fusiform regions, parahippocampal gyrus, right angular gyrus, occipital cortex, and cerebellum. However, the love prime evoked more activation in bilateral angular gyri and bilateral fusiform regions than the hobby prime. These regions are associated with integrating abstract representations, and the angular gyrus in particular is involved with abstract representations of the self. The authors also found a correlation (r=0.496, p=0.002) between activation of a region of the angular gyrus with a passionate-love scale measuring subjective feelings of love. Love and motivation Conscious thoughts about a romantic partner activate brain regions related to reward and motivation. Ortigue et al. investigated whether unconscious priming by a partner's name could also affect motivation. They found that priming by either a beloved or a favorite hobby improved reaction times in identifying whether a string of letters was a word or not compared against priming by a neutral friend. The authors suggest this effect happens because a beloved's name "may call for a goal-directed state" and produce "dopaminergic-driven facilitation effects."

4318933

Hana Mašková

Hana Mašková () (26 September 1949 – 31 March 1972) was a Czech figure skater who competed for Czechoslovakia. She was the 1968 Olympic bronze medalist, a two-time World bronze medalist (1967, 1968), and the 1968 European champion. Career As a child, Mašková spent her days on the ice at the Štvanice Stadium. Karel Glogar, who had been instrumental in the early career of two-time World champion Ája Vrzáňová, identified her talent. Her next coach was Jaroslav Sadílek, followed by Míla Nováková in 1963. Mašková's international career started at the 1963 European Championships in Budapest. The next year, she competed in the 1964 World Championships in Dortmund. As a fifteen-year-old, she represented Czechoslovakia at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck and placed 15th. In 1967, Mašková won the silver medal at the European Championships in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, finishing second to Gabriele Seyfert from East Germany (GDR). One year later, Mašková won the gold medal in Västerås in Sweden. She competed at the 1968 Winter Olympics in Grenoble, winning the bronze medal behind Peggy Fleming of the United States, who had already won two World titles, and Seyfert. She is the only Czech woman to win an Olympic medal in figure skating. Ája Vrzáňová invited her to join a professional show, but Mašková decided to compete one more year. She took the silver medal at the 1969 European Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, West Germany, behind Gabriele Seyfert. In 1969, Mašková left competition and joined the Holiday on Ice tour. Death On 31 March 1972, Mašková was killed in a car crash near the French town Vouvray. Her tomb is at the Vyšehrad cemetery in Prague, decorated by a winged female torso made by Jan Štursa. Competitive highlights

4318942

Marc Johnson (skateboarder)

Marc Johnson (born January 6, 1977) is an American professional skateboarder. Sponsors As of May 2017, Johnson's sponsors are listed as Adidas, Thunder, Spitfire, ABC Hat Co., MOB griptape, Andale Bearings, Loud Headphones, and Glassy Sunhaters. The Back Forty The "Back Forty" project was launched in mid-2013/early 2014 and is a collaboration between Johnson, Kenny Anderson and Chris Roberts—Johnson asserted in a March 2014 interview that, while the project sells products, it is not a "company." On the "About" section of the Back Forty's Facebook page, the project is self-defined as a commitment to: "Becoming the voice for what skateboarding has to say for itself." Johnson further explained: "We have tons of ideas that don't belong anywhere else ... Back Forty's a home for all the ideas that we have that don't really vibe with anything else that we're involved in." Johnson appeared on episode #36 of The Nine Club hosted by Chris Roberts. While technically unrelated to The Back Forty, The Nine Club podcast shows a clear vision of furthering the missions of the latter project and generating skateboarding culture, history, and business content by and for skateboarders. In a 2007 Thrasher interview, Johnson explained his inspiration in the following manner: I've wondered about that. This is going to sound bizarre to most people, but ALL inspiration comes from something similar to the way a radio works. If you imagine that everything ever known or will be known exists between the lowest and the highest frequencies, we simply either stumble upon a brilliant song accidentally, or we spend our lives searching for great songs and find them where we may. Invention works like that. I think Tesla said something to that effect: We are simply filters for Divine Knowledge. Professional skateboarder Paul Rodriguez included Johnson in his "top ten" list of favorite professional skateboarders in July 2013. Rodriguez praised Johnson as "a boss" with "incredible style" and "incredible technical capabilities." The list was published on Rodriguez's personal website and he concluded with the statement, "I think he is one of the all time greats for sure." Personal life In August 2012, Johnson's residence was in a semi-isolated, mountainous area of California called Crest Line. Johnson has announced he is starting a new skateboard company called Business & Company via social media Videography Maple: Rites of Passage (1994) Etnies: High 5 (1995) Maple: Promo (1995) Transworld: Uno (1996) Maple: Seven Steps To Heaven (1996) NC Board Shop: Montage (1996) 411VM: Best Of 411, Volume 4 (1997) 411VM: Issue 20 (1997) Emerica: Yellow (1997) Transworld: Modus Operandi (2000) Transworld: Anthology (2000) NC: Tilt Mode! (2000) ON Video: Spring 2001 (2001) ON Video: Summer 2001 (2001) Tilt Mode Army: Man Down (2001) Thrasher: Jaded (2002) Lakai: Beware Of The Flare (2002) 411VM: Issue 60 (2003) Girl: Yeah Right! (2003) Closure (2003) – independent Dan Wolfe production Chocolate: Hot Chocolate (2004) Chocolate: Se Habla Canuck (2004) Girl: What Tour? (2005) Lakai: The Red Flare Tour (2005) Elwood: 1st & Hope (2006) Matix: Grateful Shred Tour (2006) Lakai: Fully Flared (2007) Girl/Chocolate: Badass Meets Dumbass (2007) Lakai: The Final Flare! (2008) Lakai: 2010 Video Collection (2010) Lakai: Voltage (2010) Thrasher: King Of The Road 2011 (2011) Girl/Chocolate: Pretty Sweet (2012) Lakai: Lost & Lakai'd (2013) Johnson stated in a 2012 interview that he has selected the music for all of his career video parts.

4318954

Azerbaijani Air Forces

Azerbaijani Air Forces and Air Defence often referred to as the Azerbaijani Air Force () is the air force and air defence force of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces. History The roots of the current organisation go back to June 26, 1918, when the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic bought its first military aircraft. After independence in 1991, the presence of former Soviet air bases in Azerbaijan helped the Air and Air Defence Force develop. On February 11, 2009, the commanding officer of the Air Force, Lieutenant General Rail Rzayev was assassinated outside his home. Rzayev had been reportedly negotiating closer ties with the United States regarding air force modernisation before his death, possibly including the acquisition of US fighter aircraft. The post was vacant until another officer, Mehtiev, was appointed in December 2009. Organization Brinkster.net reported in October 2004 that the Azeri Air and Air Defence Force comprised a fighter squadron at Nasosnaya Air Base with MiG-25PDs and training variants, a bomber aviation regiment at Kyurdamir with Su-17/24/25, MiG-21s, and L-29/39s, a transport aviation squadron at Ganja Airport with Il-76s(?), Аn-12/24, and Тu-134s, a helicopter squadron at Baku Kala Air Base with Mi-2/8/24s, two aircraft repair factories, and two air defence missile units. Other air bases include Dollyar Air Base (which Jane's Sentinel says is reported to be non-operational) Nakhchivan Airport in the Nakhchivan exclave, Sanqacal Air Base, and Sitalcay Air Base. Air Defence Force The Air Defence Force is a component of the Air and Air Defence Force of Azerbaijan. There are some installations of the Cold War era left by the Soviets in 1990. Education The Azerbaijan Higher Military Aviation School is the educational institution of the Azerbaijani Air Force and a branch of the education system of the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan. In 1997, the school graduated its first class of military pilots. By presidential decree of 24 December 2015, the school was abolished and transferred to the Azerbaijan Higher Military Academy with the establishment of the corresponding faculties there. Azeri pilots are trained at the Azerbaijan Air Force School and then develop their skills further within their units. Azerbaijan has an experience exchange with Turkey, the United States, Ukraine, and a number of other NATO countries. Turkish Air Force School plays a great role in the training of military pilots. The Azerbaijani pilots are also trained in Ukraine's Pilot Training School. Infrastructure The United States is the most active participant in the modernisation of Air Force airfields. Airfields in Gala and the Nasosnaya Air Base near Haji Zeynalabidin settlement have been modernised with US support as part of the Azerbaijan-NATO Individual Partnership Action Plan. Special equipment were installed there to provide flight security. The starting command points, engineering control systems and engineering air force service were provided with new buildings. Negotiations over the modernisation of Kurdamir airfield are currently under way. An advanced Flight Control System has been installed at Dollyar Air Base with support from the United States. Since September 2008, Turkey has helped to modernise the Air Force central command headquarters. According to a Turkish-Azeri agreement, a NATO standard central command management center will be installed there. A great number of projects such as joint manufacture of unmanned aircraft will be implemented with Turkey in the near future. The Gabala OTH Radar was operated by the Russian Space Forces. The radar station had a range of up to 6,000 kilometres (3,728 mi), and was designed to detect missile launches as far as from the Indian Ocean. It is not known whether Russia shared any of the radar's data with Azerbaijan. The equipment was dismantled and sent back to Russia after 2012. In 2006, the US provided Azerbaijani military with additional radar installations. Plans were announced for the US to modernize one radar station near the Iranian border at Lerik and another near the border with Georgia at Agstafa. Joint work also commenced on two radar stations on the Russia-Azerbaijani border and Iran-Azerbaijani border to monitor Caspian Sea traffic. Equipment Aircraft The MiG-29 has been designated as the standard aircraft for the AzAF. In September–October 2010, Azerbaijan purchased 24 Mi-35M from Rostvertol. 8 of them have been delivered in the end of the first quarter of 2012 and four more in August 2012. With the arrival of the MiG-29s, the Air Force appears to have retired the MiG-25 aircraft that it used to fly from Nasosnaya Air Base. IISS estimates in 2007 reported 26 as still in service; other figures previously placed the total as high as 38. The Air Force retains in store and L-39 fighter training aircraft produced in the Czech Republic and Ukraine. Azerbaijan also manufactures Israeli-designed spy planes. Among the licensed UAVs is the Orbiter-2M and the Aerostar. Both are manufactured at the government-owned Azad Systems Company plant near Baku. The head of the Defense Industry, Yaver Jamalov, said that by the end of 2011 a total of 60 UAVs will be produced. In 2016 three Bell 412 helicopters were purchased from Canada, and by 2018 a number of pilots were trained in the type. A further undisclosed number of Bell 407 and MD-530 helicopters were obtained but neither type is currently operational as pilots have not been trained yet. Current inventory Future developments Jane's said in 2009 that 'efforts to acquire more modern hardware are understood to have been underway for several years, but funding constraints proved to be a stumbling block. Until quite recently, only limited success was achieved, with the most significant addition to the inventory being a handful of Su-25s that were obtained from Georgia in 2002. In 2007, however, Azerbaijan took delivery of the first of a substantial number of MiG-29 'Fulcrum' fighters. These are understood to have originated from disparate sources, including Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, with at least some having been overhauled at Odessa in Ukraine prior to delivery. On 20 February 2020, Azerbaijan's Defense Minister Zakir Hasanov signed a preliminary agreement on the procurement of Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master during the President Ilham Aliyev visit to Italy on that day. The Air Force plans to purchase 10-15 aircraft. Air defense equipment Azerbaijan has also a number of missile systems covering Azerbaijani airspace. The S-75 Dvina has been installed around Baku and additional installations are near the border with Iran and Dagestan. Some are installed to defend against Armenian aircraft. In terms of numbers, the IISS reported in 2002 that Azerbaijan had 100 S-75 Dvina, S-125 Neva/Pechora, and S-200 systems. Among them are the medium range 2K11 Krug, for short range the 9K33 Osa and the 9K35 Strela-10 mobile SAM and the ZSU-23-4 Shilka vehicles to cover the armored forces against airstrikes. Azerbaijan has also lighter AA guns and MANPADS of varying quality. In 2009 Azerbaijan's Defence Ministry signed a contract with Russia's Rosoboronexport company to buy two battalions of S-300PMU-2 Favorit. In January 2012, Azerbaijan and Israel signed a $1.6 billion deal that includes anti-aircraft and missile defense systems. Air defense Accidents and incidents January 29, 2008: Azerbaijani air force MiG-29UB crashed into the Caspian Sea during a training flight. Both crew members on board the MiG-29UB were killed. March 3, 2010: An Azerbaijani Air Force Su-25 crashed in the Tovuz region of Azerbaijan, killing the pilot, Famil Mammadli. February 3, 2011: An Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force Su-25UB crashed in the Kurdamir region of Azerbaijan. Both crew members were not injured. July 24, 2019: during a night training flight, a MiG-29 fighter of the Azerbaijani Air Force crashed into the Caspian Sea after a bird strike. The pilot was killed in the crash.

4318956

Brussels Airlines

Brussels Airlines is the flag carrier and largest airline of Belgium, based and headquartered at Brussels Airport. It operates to over 100 destinations in Europe, North America, Africa and also offers charter services, maintenance and crew training. It is a member of the Star Alliance as well as the International Air Transport Association. The airline's IATA code SN is inherited from its predecessors, Sabena and SN Brussels Airlines. Brussels Airlines is part of the Lufthansa Group. The company slogan is ′You're in good company′. History Early years (2005-2009) Brussels Airlines was created following the merger of SN Brussels Airlines (SNBA) and Virgin Express, the former subsequently created after the bankruptcy of Belgium's previous national carrier Sabena. On 12 April 2005, SN Airholding, the company behind SNBA, signed an agreement with Richard Branson, giving it control over Virgin Express. On 31 March 2006 SNBA and Virgin Express announced their merger into a single company. On 7 November 2006, the new name, Brussels Airlines, was announced at a press conference at Brussels Airport. Brussels Airlines began operations on 25 March 2007. Sometime between this period, the airline was forced to change its 13-dot logo to a 14-dot logo due to superstitious passengers complaining about the logo. On 15 September 2008, it was announced that Lufthansa would acquire a 45% stake in Brussels Airlines with an option to acquire the remaining 55% from 2011. As a part of this deal, Brussels Airlines would join Star Alliance. From 26 October 2008, the ICAO code was changed from DAT to BEL. On 15 June 2009, Brussels Airlines announced that the European Commission had granted approval for Lufthansa to take a minority share in Brussels Airlines. As a result of this clearance by the EU, Brussels Airlines was able to join Star Alliance. Lufthansa purchased 45% of the company in 2009, and acquired the remainder in January 2017. Since 25 October 2009, Brussels Airlines has been a member of Lufthansa's frequent flyer programme Miles & More. On 9 December 2009, Brussels Airlines became the 26th Star Alliance member during a ceremony at Brussels Town Hall. On 15 December 2009, Brussels Airlines announced it was working on a new regional airline in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The name of the airline was Korongo. The main base of the airline was at Lubumbashi in Congo. The airline was launched in April 2012 and shut down in 2015. Brussels Airlines cancelled the airDC project, due to disagreements with Hewa Bora. Development since 2010 On 5 July 2010, a fifth Airbus A330-300 entered into service. Brussels Airlines increased its frequency to Abidjan (up to 6 weekly) and added Accra, Cotonou, Ouagadougou, and Lomé as new destinations. On 11 August 2010, Brussels Airlines and tour operator Club Med announced new cooperation. As from April 2011, Brussels Airlines will transport 80% of all Club Med passengers out of Brussels, both on existing regular Brussels Airlines routes as on new charter routes operated by Brussels Airlines. Brussels Airlines also announced that it will lease 2 Airbus A320 aircraft from January 2011. On 26 August 2010, the company announced its new maintenance project. The contract with Sabena Technics for the A330 and Boeing 737 ended on 1 January 2011 and Brussels Airlines will then do the maintenance on the planes. To be able to do this, the move from Building 117 to Hangar 41 was necessary. Also, 73 people from Sabena Technics joined the Brussels Airlines maintenance staff. On 1 June 2012 Brussels Airlines inaugurated the route to New York JFK, operating daily with an Airbus A330-300 fitted with the new interior. This is the first Belgian airline in 10 years to fly to New York, after the collapse of Sabena and Delsey Airlines. Since 18 June 2013 they also fly 5 times a week to Washington Dulles. Since April 2016 Toronto Pearson has been added to the North-American network. It has been announced that as from March 2017 a new service to Mumbai will commence with 5 flights per week operated by a new Airbus A330-200 arriving early 2017. On 30 January 2014, Brussels Airlines added 9 seasonal destinations and returned to the Polish market after some years of absence. It also confirmed the permanent exit of its Avro RJ100 fleet by 2016. In April 2015, Brussels Airlines has been praised by the White House for continuing its normal flying operation to Western African countries during the Ebola outbreak, allowing essential aid to be delivered. All other airline companies, except Royal Air Maroc, suspended their flights to Sierra Leone, Liberia and Guinea. On 22 March 2016, members of the terrorist organization ISIL detonated two bombs in Brussels Airport, closing the airport until Sunday, 27 March 2016. Brussels Airlines shifted some long haul flights to Zurich and Frankfurt and began Airbus A319/Avro RJ100 shuttle service between Liege/Antwerp and Zurich/Frankfurt, as well as providing contracted bus service from Brussels to Antwerp and Liege from where it served European destinations. On 28 September 2016, the supervisory board of Lufthansa announced that the airline would exercise the option to acquire the remaining 55% of Brussels Airlines' parent company SN Airholding. The modalities would be defined before the end of the year to conclude the transaction at the beginning of 2017. In March 2017, Thomas Cook announced its intention to sell its Belgian flight operations. Brussels Airlines' parent company. Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium was shut down by November 2017 with two aircraft and all traffic rights being integrated by Brussels Airlines. Brussels Airlines took over the 160 Thomas Cook Airlines crew members. In February 2018 CEO Bernard Gustin and financial director Jan De Raeymaeker resigned after a meeting with the Lufthansa board over the future of the airline. Gustin was replaced by Christina Foerster on 1 April 2018. On 1 May 2018, Dieter Vranckx joined the company as CFO. In December 2019, it was announced that Dieter Vranckx will replace Christina Foerster as CEO of Brussels Airlines effective January 1, 2020. During the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, Brussels Airlines suspended all flights from March 21 through April 19. Additionally, Brussels Airlines cancelled its wetlease contract with CityJet, leading to the termination of eight European destinations in the wake of the pandemic. At the end of June 2020 Brussels Airlines also announced that they were cancelling a number of flights scheduled for operation in September and October 2020. Like many airlines Brussels Airlines did not refund affected customers in line with Flight Compensation Regulation timelines during the COVID pandemic and encouraged passengers to take credit vouchers or flights on alternative dates instead. However, some passengers who found their flights cancelled by airline never got refunded and had to launch chargeback claims in order to get their money back. In November 2021, Brussels Airlines announced a revision of their corporate design including a new logo. Corporate affairs Head office The company is headquartered in the b.house (Building 26) in the General Aviation Zone on the grounds of Brussels Airport and in Diegem, Machelen, Flemish Brabant. Ownership and structure Brussels Airlines is the operating name of Brussels Airlines SA/NV (previously Delta Air Transport SA/NV) which has its registered office in Elsene-Ixelles, Brussels. Brussels Airlines is almost 100% owned by SN Airholding SA/NV (1,811,308 shares out of 1,811,309), a Belgian holding company. Lufthansa owns 100% of SN Airholding SA/NV, having taken control of the remaining shares it did not own effective January 2017. Dieter Vranckx has been the CEO since 1 January 2020. The executive committee consists of Dieter Vranckx (CEO & CCO) and Edi Wolfensberger (COO). Dieter Vranckx was previously the CFO of the company. Business trends Limited information on Brussels Airlines appears to be published by the company or the Lufthansa Group. However, accounts for all Belgian companies must be filed with the National Bank of Belgium, and key trends over recent years are shown below (for years ending 31 December): Destinations Alliances Brussels Airlines is a member of Star Alliance. Codeshare agreements Brussels Airlines has codeshare agreements with the following airlines: Aegean Airlines Aeroflot Africa World Airlines airBaltic Air Canada Air Malta All Nippon Airways Austrian Airlines Cathay Pacific Croatia Airlines EgyptAir Etihad Airways Eurowings Hainan Airlines Lufthansa Royal Air Maroc Singapore Airlines Swiss International Air Lines TAAG Angola Airlines TAP Air Portugal TAROM Thai Airways United Airlines In October 2019, Brussels Airlines and Africa World Airlines announced an interline agreement to better connect passengers traveling through their respective hubs in Accra and Brussels. In December 2019, Brussels Airlines and Aeroflot announced a code-share agreement in effect January 20, 2020 between Moscow-Sheremetyevo and Brussels. Fleet Current fleet , Brussels Airlines operates an all-Airbus fleet, composed of the following registered aircraft: Fleet development Brussels Airlines previously operated six British Aerospace 146s which were withdrawn in 2008. During 2010, two Airbus A319-100s joined Brussels Airlines' fleet. The first Airbus A320-200 joined the fleet in February 2011 and made its first commercial flight on 23 April 2011. With improving financial performance, rising cash reserves and a desire to reduce costs more rapidly, Brussels Airlines accelerated its fleet replacement plan by ordering 12 aircraft in August 2011. Six A319s, four A320s and two A330-200s were added to the fleet. This has completed the exit of Boeing aircraft from the fleet and accelerated the replacement of the Avro RJ85. Starting 2016, Brussels Airlines began phasing out its Avro RJ100s and replaced them with the Airbus A320 family and wet-leased Sukhoi Superjets. This was completed by the end of 2017. However, Brussels Airlines announced in July 2018 it would terminate the Superjet wet-lease contracts earlier than planned. This is due to the longer downtimes of the aircraft in case of repairs compared to more common and less new types. The Superjets have been phased out since January 2019. In Mid-2021, Brussels Airlines announced that it will take delivery of three Airbus A320neo aircraft in 2023 to replace ageing A319-100's and aim to lower emissions amongst its fleet. Special liveries Brussels Airlines launched a series of Belgian Icon special liveries on its Airbus A320 fleet, all representing things that are typically Belgian, including Rackham (a Tintin themed aircraft), Magritte (an ode to the famous surrealist artist René Magritte), Trident (the aircraft for the Belgian national football team) and Amare (Tomorrowland Festival theme). On 24 March 2018 the airline introduced an additional aircraft themed to The Smurfs. In spring 2019 an additional aircraft was dedicated to the famous Flemish painter Bruegel. The Magritte special livery was repainted in a Star Alliance livery in May 2021. Services Frequent-flyer programmes Brussels Airlines uses Miles & More, Lufthansa's frequent flyer programme. Miles can be earned on flights operated by airlines which are part of the programme, in addition to flights operated by Star Alliance airlines. Miles can also be earned with Brussels Airlines' non-airline partners. On 19 October 2015, Brussels Airlines launched a new customer programme called LOOP, which is available for all flights in the airline's network. LOOP is designed for the increasing number of customers who fly Brussels Airlines regularly and do not receive significant benefits from traditional frequent flyer programmes. The LOOP programme was discontinued on February 1, 2020. In-flight entertainment Brussels Airlines offers two in-flight magazines. For the European network, there is b-there! which is a monthly magazine. On the African network, the magazine is named B Spirit Magazine, which is published every two months. The magazines are also available as a freely downloadable application for Apple iPad. From November 2011 until the end of 2012 Brussels Airlines introduced a new interior on the A330 fleet. The new economy seats feature AVOD personal in-flight entertainment 9 inch screens. Additionally, business class has new lie-flat seats with an improved AVOD IFE system with 15 inch screens, supplied by the IMS-Company and known as "RAVE". Tariff structure On European flights, the airline offers four types of tickets: Check&Go is a low-cost fare, without checked-in luggage and with a buy on board programme offering snacks and drinks for purchase. Light&Relax is a regular economy class with a buy on board programme offering snacks and drinks for purchase. Flex&Fast is an economy plus class with a buy on board programme offering snacks and drinks for purchase, fast lane at security, change flexibility and priority boarding. Bizz&Class is a full-service business class on the European network. It offers premium meals, free champagne and full flexibility. On medium-haul and long-haul flights (to Africa and North America), Brussels Airlines offers Economy Light, Regular Economy, Economy Privilege and Business classes. Business class passengers have access to priority check in and business class lounges on the ground. In flight, passengers can enjoy a flat bed and multiple course meal.

4318997

Crystal River High School

Crystal River High School was built in Crystal River, Florida, in 1969. It was the second of the high schools located in Citrus County. The first enrollment count was 750 students. The school serves the following communities: Crystal River, Homosassa, and sections of Black Diamond, Citrus Springs, Homosassa Springs, Pine Ridge, and Sugarmill Woods. Reconstruction In 2010, the school began a major renovation to replace its outdated facilities with more modernized, state of the art facilities. The first phase included a new baseball field, a new administration building with classrooms, as well as a second classroom building, both of which were constructed on the school's original baseball field. This phase of construction also included the demolition of the school's original classroom building from 1969. Phase 1 of construction was completed in August 2011. The second phase of construction, which began shortly after the first completed, included a new Media Center, a third classroom building housing a Freshman Academy, renovations to the old Administration building to house the school's Health Academy, demolition of half of the school's other classroom building, and expansion of the school's cafeteria. As of 2022, construction has been finished for an unknown amount of time. Spirit Motto: Make footprints with your heart. Mascot: Pete the Pirate. School colors: Royal Blue and gold. Clubs: Crystal River has approximately 36 clubs and activities (not including sports). School store: Scallywags (Opened as of spring 2006). Rivalry: Lecanto High School 2000-2001: The "Victory Bell" (once located in the high school courtyard and used to celebrate athletic victories) goes missing before the beginning of school in August. Although Citrus High School students had relocated the bell many times in the past as a prank, the bell had always been discovered; the bell was found this time at the Citrus football field. "C.H.S. Rules" was written in the sand next to where the bell had once lived. 2003-2004: Citrus High School students climbed the fence of Crystal River High School the night before homecoming. They were dressed in camouflage, and they were armed with paintball guns. Their goal was to paintball the school floats that would be used for the homecoming parade. MTV later became aware of the prank, and the Citrus High School students (along with the participation of some Crystal River High School students) reenacted the nights events. It was aired on MTV's High School Stories. Affiliations College of Central Florida allows for students to participate in Dual Enrollment: a program that allows students, though still in high school, to get college credits (some of the classes are currently offered on campus). These include ENC1101, ENC 1102, Biology, and Calculus. Other programs include the Advanced Placement courses which allow students to go through a course in preparation for the AP Test which, if passed, gives the student college credit for the course. The school offers after school tutoring and has a mentoring program with the community. Notable alumni Will Bleakley Jeff Cunningham – American soccer player who formerly played for the Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer, as well as the United States men's national soccer team Donnie Dewees – An American professional baseball outfielder for the Chicago Cubs Mike Hampton – Former Major League Baseball pitcher Fred McKinnon – Former college basketball standout

4318999

Rocksteddy

Rocksteddy is a Filipino rock band signed to 12 Stone Records. History and singles Formerly known as Acoustic Faith, Rocksteddy was founded in March 2003 by fellow church members, a trio of Christian rockers including singer Teddy Corpuz, drummer Jeff Cucullo, and rhythm guitar Howie Ramos. In 2005, they decided to drop the Christian lyricism and acoustic style and turned to alternative rock. Corpuz however did not drop the spoken word element of their former music, which became the signature sound of Rocksteddy. The band opened 2006 with the release of their debut album Tsubtsatagilidakeyn. It features the hits "Lagi Mo Na Lang Akong Dinededma," "Gising Na," and the Close Up single "Smile at Me." They also provided the theme song, "Superhero," for the ABS-CBN fantasy show Super Inggo and contributed to the "Kami nAPO Muna: Tribute to the APO Hiking Society" album with a cover of "Blue Jeans". They became part of the Manila sound tribute album, "Hopia, Mani, Popcorn", with their rendition of the Juan dela Cruz song, "No Touch". Teddy Corpuz is a cousin of TV reporter, host and radio anchor Niña Corpuz-Rodriguez. In 2007, the band launched their second album with their single, "Break Na Tayo". In 2009, Rocksteddy launched their third album, Ayos Lang Ako, now under PolyEast Records, with their single "Boy Kulot". In 2013, Rocksteddy released Instadramatic, now with Universal Records alongside their single, "Matutunan Mo Rin", the concept of the album cover was a similar to the Instagram logo. In 2014, Rocksteddy launched their fourth album Kinagat Ng Seven Lions, via Universal Records, with their new single "Sa Panaginip". Band members Current Teddy Corpuz - lead vocals Jeff Cucullo - drums, percussion Christian Sindico - bass guitar, backing vocals Juven Pelingon - lead guitars, rhythm guitar Former Howie Ramos - rhythm guitar Alfie Guttierez - drums Discography Tsubtsatagilidakeyn is Rocksteddy's debut album released on January 6, 2006 which made a hit out of "Lagi Mo Na Lang Akong Dinededma". Tsubtsatagilidakeyn is a popular phrase Filipino children would blurt out playing 'Teks', a card game where the correct side of a flipped card wins. In the same year, Rocksteddy was also invited to join the tribute album Kami nAPO muna doing their version of Apo Hiking Society's "Blue Jeans". Another tribute album followed, The Best of Manila Sound: Hopia Mani Popcorn, this time they did "No Touch" by the Juan Dela Cruz Band. In 2007, Rocksteddy released EP album – dubbed a "maxi" album by Corpuz — Patipatopanabla, which contained their hit songs from different projects. It includes "Superhero", the TV soundtrack to ABS-CBN's series Super Inggo, starring Makisig Morales. The album also included the band's music videos. Rocksteddy returned with a new album in 2008 with Ayos Lang Ako, which they recorded at musician Vic Mercado's (formerly of band Bamboo) house and co-produced with Lean Ansing, guitarist of metalcore band Slapshock. While working on their fourth album, Rocksteddy released the single "Matutuhan Mo Rin", a love song about a guy who is willing to wait for a girl to feel the same for him. Corpuz directed its music video which stars actors Jason Abalos and Maan Marquez. Albums Studio albums Tsubtsatagilidakeyn (released by 12 Stone and Sony Music on January 26, 2006). Patipatopanabla (released by 12 Stone and Sony Music in 2007). Ayos Lang Ako (released by 12 Stone and PolyEast Records in 2008). Kinagat Ng Seven Lions (released by 12 Stone and Universal Records in 2014). EPs Instadramatic (released by 12 Stone and Universal Records in 2013). Collaborations Kami nAPO Muna (Universal Records, 2006) The Best Of Manila Sound: Hopia Mani Popcorn (Viva Records, 2006) 60 Taon Ng Musika At Soap Opera (Star Music, 2010) I-Star 15: The Best Of Alternative & Rock Songs (Star Music, 2010) Music videos and singles Lagi Mo Na Lang Akong Dinededma (first funny music video) Gising Na Blue Jeans (Original by APO; taken from the tribute compilation album Kami nAPO muna) Superhero (Super Inggo TV soundtrack) Magpakailanman No Touch (Original by Mike Hanopol; taken from the tribute compilation album The Best of Manila Sound: Hopia Mani Popcorn Directed by: Topel Lee) Bale wala Wag na lang Kung wala na tayo Tara Playing safe Impossible Super nova Non-stop Summer Break na Tayo Kung Fu Fighting feat. Gloc 9 (Kung Fu Kids TV soundtrack) Ka-Blog (Theme from Ka-Blog TV Show) Boy Kulot (second funny music video) Smile At Me (Close up Commercial) Leslie Skulin Bukulin Love is Your Bullet Matutuhan Mo Rin Sama-Sama Right By Your Side Pagkakataon Drown Sa Panaginip Katol U.T.I (Umasa Tapos Iniwan) (2017) No Label (2019) Styles and influences Rocksteddy is classified under the hard rock, pop punk and alternative rock genres. Their music contains influences from metal, post-grunge, and punk rock, on 2015 single "Katol" they use rapping. Other projects Rocksteddy's lead singer Teddy Corpuz is also an actor and host, currently seen in ABS-CBN's hit noontime show "It's Showtime". He has appeared in commercials for Globe and TV shows such as GMA's "Sugo" and TV5's "Shock Attack". Corpuz is also an actor on a Holy Week Drama Special on It's Showtime held every Holy Week of every year. Awards and nominations

4319009

Darcy Rota

Darcy Irwin Rota (born February 16, 1953) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player who spent eleven seasons in the National Hockey League. Playing career Born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Darcy's formative years including Bantam / Midget level hockey were in Prince George, British Columbia. Rota played his junior hockey with the Edmonton Oil Kings of the WCHL, helping the club reach the Memorial Cup in 1971 and 1972. A dangerous sniper, he led the WCHL in goals in 1972–73, notching 73 in just 68 games en route to a 129-point season. Following the season, he was selected 13th overall by the Chicago Black Hawks in the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft. Rota stepped straight into the Black Hawks' roster in 1973–74, and turned in a solid rookie season with 21 goals and 33 points in 74 games. Over the next several seasons, Rota developed into a solid, gritty, two-way player who made a solid contribution at both ends of the ice, although he didn't develop into the type of scorer it was thought he could be when he was drafted. He scored at least 20 goals in each of his first four seasons in Chicago, with his best year as a Black Hawk coming in 1976–77 when he co-lead the team with 24 goals. Late in the 1978–79 season, Rota was dealt along with Ivan Boldirev to the Atlanta Flames in a blockbuster trade which saw Tom Lysiak moving to Chicago. He started off well in Atlanta with 9 goals in 13 games to close the season, but struggled in 1979–80 with just 18 points through 44 games. Midway through the season, he and Boldirev were dealt again, this time to the Vancouver Canucks, giving a delighted Rota a chance to play for his hometown team. Rota's first full season as a Canuck in 1980–81 would be the best in his career to that point, as he notched career highs with 25 goals and 56 points. He would miss a substantial chunk of the 1981–82 campaign with a knee injury, but was a key component of the squad which reached the 1982 Stanley Cup finals, notching 6 goals in 17 playoff games. For the 1982–83 season, Rota spent much of the year on a dynamic line with Thomas Gradin and Stan Smyl, and turned in the finest year of his career. He led the team in goals with 42 and finished with 81 points, both of which set club records (since broken by Markus Näslund) for a left winger. Rota continued to excel in 1983–84, and was selected to play in his first NHL All-Star Game. He appeared to be on target for another season of close to 40 goals when he suffered a serious neck injury on a check from Jay Wells of the Los Angeles Kings. He managed to return for the playoffs, but was eventually forced to undergo spinal fusion surgery in the summer of 1984. He attempted to rejoin the Canucks in November of that year, but was warned that he risked further injury if he continued to play. After a few practices, he opted to retire. Rota finished his career with 256 goals and 239 assists for 495 points in 794 NHL games, along with 973 penalty minutes. Rota Fans called themselves the "Rota Rooters"! Management career Rota was hired to work in public relations for the Canucks, and served in various positions in the team's front office, including a spell as Director of Player Development, until they parted ways in 1990. He then spent a stretch working for the NHL as an assistant to league president John Ziegler. From 1994 to 1996 he served as a commentator on Canucks TV telecasts alongside Jim Robson. In 1998, Rota became head coach of the expansion Burnaby Bulldogs of the BCHL. Rota resides in the city of Coquitlam, and in 2000 he became part-owner, president, and general manager of the expansion Coquitlam Express of the BCHL. He built the team which won the 2006 Royal Bank Cup. Rota left the organization after the 2014 season. Career statistics Awards WCHL Second All-Star Team – 1972 WCHL All-Star Team – 1973

4319014

Administrative divisions of Albania

Since the Declaration of Independence in 1912, Albania has undergone administrative territorial reforms a total of 21 times. Its administrative boundaries have been divided and/or merged into regions (krahina), prefectures, sub-prefectures, counties (qarqe), districts (rrethe), municipalities (bashki), cities, communes (komuna), neighborhoods (lagje), villages () and localities. The country is presently divided into 12 counties, 61 municipalities and 373 administrative units. Current administrative divisions (since 2014) Counties Counties are the first level of local governance and are administered by the prefect (prefekti) and a county council (). The is appointed as a representative of the Council of Ministers. After 2000, there are 12 counties in total. Municipalities The second level of government is constituted by the municipalities (bashki), which have resulted from merging several former municipalities and communes. They are run by a mayor (kryebashkiak or kryetar bashkie) and a municipal council (këshilli bashkiak), elected every 4 years. The municipalities are further subdivided into administrative units (njësitë administrative). After 2014, there are 61 municipalities in total. Administrative units There are 373 units within Albania. History Declaration of independence and Early days Following the proclamation of Albania's independence from the Ottoman Empire, the first Albanian government led by Ismail Qemali accepted the administrative organization sanctioned in the "Appropriate Kanun of the Albanian Civil Administration" adopted on 22 November 1913, according to which the country was divided into three main levels. In the first level, the territory was divided into 8 prefectures (Durrës; Berat; Dibër; Elbasan; Gjirokastër; Korcë; Shkodër and Vlorë) governed by prefect. The second and third administrative divisions were the sub-prefectures and provinces. Principality of Albania On 10 April 1913, the Organic Statute of Albania was adopted, which was the first constitution of the modern state, which was a compromise between the Great Powers for the fundamental law that Albania would have under the monarchy of Prince Wilhelm Wied. The statute has a whole chapter in it that sanctioned the administrative division of Albania, where the preservation of the Ottoman names is noticed and meanwhile as alternative in some cases also the names that are in use today. Sanjak According to the statute, Albania was divided into 7 Sanxhaks as the first administrative units, which were the Sanjaks of: Shkodër, Elbasan, Dibër, Durrës, Korçë, Berat and Gjirokastër. While their capital would be the city from which they took their name, with the exception of the Sanjak of Dibra that the capital was later established, because as quoted in the statute, due to remaining outside the borders of today's Albania of the city of Dibra. In Article 98, the Sanjak of Dibra receives special attention as its composition is also sanctioned, saying that: It consists of the lands of former Sanjak of Dibra that have remained under Albania in addition to the lands of the former Vilayet of Kosovo (referring to Sanjak of Prizren) that only a small part was given to Albania. In the same article, the villages of Chameria that remain within the borders of Albania but that were once part of the Sanjak of Ioannina would join Sanjak of Gjirokastër (formerly known as Sanjak of Delvina); as well as the Kaza of Leskovik would pass to the Sanjak of Korçë. At the head of each Sanjak, thera are Mutasarrif which are appointed by the central government. On his responsibility were the local Gendarmerie and Militia and its main purpose was to maintain public order, implement decrees and inspect educational institutions. He in consultation with the Sanjak Council determined the annual budget of the sanjak. Kaza The second administrative unit was the Kaza which were administered by the Kaymakam, and a council. The latter consisted of members appointed by law (a secretary, an accountant, and a director of land taxes), as well as 4 members elected by the Municipal Councils (Këshilli Komunal) at the invitation of Kaymakam. Kaymakam was responsible for Kaza's finances and public services, such as issuing passports. He himself was under Mutasarafi in rank and had to answer before him for a series of issues. Kaza was essentially an urban center without villages. It had one or more towns and its capital there was the City Hall (Bashkia). The Municipal Council held meetings at City Hall at least once a week. Nahiye The third subdivision was Nahiye, which consisted of a group of villages with a total population of 4000–7000 people. They were administered by a Mudir (müdürs) and also had a municipal council composed of 4 councilors elected by a majority vote of Muhtars (heads of the constituent villages). Mudir was responsible for publishing and implementing laws, decrees, decisions and government ordinances; population census; and control of tax collection and levies. 1925 to 1945 Albanian Kingdom During 1925–1945, the Albanian administrative territory was divided into several divisions. According to the "Municipal Organic Law" adopted in 1921 and thereafter, with the "Civil Code" adopted in February 1928, the administrative division was: Municipality (). Became operational after 1928. It was mainly an element used in settlements of urban areas or cities. They were governed by the mayor and municipal council elected by citizens every three years. Village (). The village was the initial unit of the local administration. The villages was ruled by the chief of village who was elected by the rural population where he ruled. Commune (). The communes also became operational after 1928 (before 1928 was called Provinces (Krahinë)). It included several villages on the basis of tradition and social relations, ease of communication, the possibility of realizing the needs of residents, etc. The communes center become the village where there were facilities to move the inhabitants or the goods of all the villages that were part of the commune. Sub-prefecture (). It was the third level of local government, led by the sub-prefect, who was nominated by the prefect. The functions of the sub-prefecture consisted in the organization of order, civil status services etc. Prefecture (). Was the largest local government unit. The prefecture and the sub-prefecture exercised only executive functions. In 1927 Albania had 10 prefectures, 39 sub-prefectures, and 69 provinces with 2351 villages. In 1934 there were 10 prefectures, 30 sub-prefectures, 160 communes with 2351 villages. In 1940 there were 10 prefectures, 30 sub-prefectures, 23 municipalities, 136 communes and 2551 villages. 1945 to 1992 Socialist People's Republic of Albania After the end of World War II, by mid-1946, Albania continued with the existing administrative division with 10 prefectures (prefekturë) and 61 sub-prefectures (nënprefekturë), but was abolished the element of commune (komunë) and municipality (bashki). In September 1945, population census was conducted. By Law No. 284, dated August 22, 1946, the new administrative division was approved, which maintained as the first division level of 10 prefectures and lowered the number of sub-prefectures in 39 units, introducing a new element to the locality (lokalitet), but not much extended. In 1947, the locality gained extensive use by dividing the country into 10 prefectures, 2 subdivisions called districts (rrethe), and further into localities, villages and towns. By law no. 1707, in 1953, was moved to a new administrative division, where as the largest administrative unit was admitted to be 10 counties (qark), divided into 49 districts and 30 localities. In July 1958, the county was abolished, dividing the country into 26 districts. The city of Tirana maintained the level of the district. According to this division, there were 26 districts, 203 localities, 2655 villages, 39 cities and some of them had neighborhoods as the smallest administrative unit. After 1967 a new sub-division called united villages () was introduced. In 1968 there were 26 districts, 437 united villages, 2641 villages, 65 cities and 178 urban neighborhoods. This administrative division was preserved until the late 1980s, with some minor changes. In 1990 there were 26 districts, 539 united villages, 2848 villages, 67 cities, 306 urban neighborhoods. The city of Tirana consisted of three regions, which included several neighborhoods.

4319030

Les Disques du Crépuscule

Les Disques du Crépuscule is an independent record label founded in Belgium. The label was founded in 1980 by Michel Duval and Annik Honoré. It also had a prominent associated sublabel, Factory Benelux. Both are now run by former employee James Nice. "Crépuscule" translates as "twilight", with most of the label's catalogue numbers prefixed by the letters TWI. History Duval and Honoré had previously organised and promoted concerts in Brussels at the Plan K venue. The name Les Disques du Crépuscule was coined by Honoré. Their first visible work as Crépuscule was the fanzine Plein Soleil, issued in June 1980. The company also issued recordings by Factory Records-affiliated artists as Factory Benelux. Les Disques du Crépuscule went on to release diverse recordings by a cosmopolitan roster that included Michael Nyman, Wim Mertens, Anna Domino, Paul Haig, Josef K, Cabaret Voltaire, Mikado, Cathy Claret, Isabelle Antena, Louis Philippe (under the aliases of The Border Boys and The Arcadians), Gavin Bryars, Bill Nelson, Richard Jobson, Isolation Ward, Thick Pigeon, The Pale Fountains, Tuxedomoon, Repetition and many others. Cosmopolitan, and notably popular in Japan, the label is also celebrated for the artwork of design director Benoit Hennebert. Various compilations highlighting different aspects of the Crépuscule roster were issued by the label in its original form, including the landmark cassette release "From Brussels With Love" (TWI 007), featuring John Foxx, Thomas Dolby, Bill Nelson, Brian Eno (in conversation), Durutti Column and The Names among others. "The Fruit of the Original Sin" (TWI 035) was a lavish double-vinyl set featuring Orange Juice, Durutti Column, Richard Jobson and many more. Festive set "Ghosts of Christmas Past" (TWI 058) featured many label regulars as well as Aztec Camera. Later several retail promos also appeared, notably "Non Peut Etre" (issued to highlight new releases during 1988). Factory Benelux Initial Factory Benelux releases were by Factory Records artists, and were labelled as being "Factory Benelux/Les Disques du Crépuscule" editions. The first of these was a 7" by A Certain Ratio in August 1980, and singles by The Durutti Column and Section 25 followed in November 1980. Thereafter Factory Benelux operated as a separate imprint, although the two labels shared the same premises and staff. Bands released were associated with Factory in Manchester, some being releases that one Factory director liked but another did not (e.g., Crispy Ambulance). Factory Benelux ceased issuing new releases in 1988, although Crépuscule released some FBN-labeled CD reissues in 1990. The label was revived in 2013. Other sublabels A UK-based sublabel, Operation Twilight, was run from 1982-1983 by Patrick Moore, who later achieved fame as writer Philip Hoare. Their second UK sub-label, Operation Afterglow (1985-1986) simply issued UK editions of Belgian releases. Other sub-labels include Crépuscule Section Française, Crépuscule America and Crépuscule Au Japon (1983-2002), Interference, Dancyclopaedia and Another Side (1984-1987), and video label Les Images Du Crépuscule. Crépuscule also assisted in the launch of industrial label L.A.Y.L.A.H. Antirecords (1984-1989), éL Benelux, Little Circle and Interior Music (run with James Nice of LTM). Closure Having relocated to Paris in the late 1990s, the label became dormant after 2004. Duval went on to work in music publishing at Virgin and Because Music. Honoré's relationship with Joy Division singer Ian Curtis was dramatized in Control, the 2007 film directed by Anton Corbijn. Many of the artists, including Isabelle Antena, Blaine L. Reininger (Tuxedomoon), Winston Tong (Tuxedomoon), Paul Haig, Gavin Bryars, Anna Domino, Devine & Statton and Isolation Ward had their catalogue, old and new, re-issued by LTM Recordings retaining their original Crepuscule artwork. A few Crepuscule-themed collections also appeared on LTM, notably After Twilight (2011), a collection of previously-issued and specially-recorded tracks featuring curator Isabelle Antena plus Anna Domino, Paul Haig, The Names, Blaine L. Reininger and Cathy Claret. Reactivation In 2012 and 2013, both Factory Benelux and Crépuscule were revived by James Nice of LTM with the blessing of Duval and Honoré. This gave rise to many reissues, along with new releases by Helen Marnie, Marsheaux, 23 Skidoo and Penelope Queen (daughter of Isabelle Antena), as well as Section 25, The Wake and The Names on Factory Benelux. Nice has also worked with Duval on new Crépuscule projects.

4319035

Michael O'Neill (politician)

Michael O'Neill (7 October 1909 – 4 October 1976) was an Irish politician in the United Kingdom. O'Neill was educated at Dromore National School and Bellisle Academy. He was a farmer and a chairman of the Gaelic Athletic Association. He served as a councillor on Tyrone County Council and resigned as a member of Omagh rural council as a protest about the allocation of housing. O'Neill was elected Member of Parliament for the Mid Ulster constituency in 1951 as an Independent Nationalist, serving in the House of Commons. He was later associated with the Anti-Partition of Ireland League. He retired at the 1955 general election and the Mid Ulster seat was narrowly won by Tom Mitchell of Sinn Féin. At the 1956 Mid Ulster by-election the League stood O'Neill in an attempt to unseat the abstentionist Mitchell, but this split the nationalist vote and independent Unionist George Forrest was elected.

4319040

Echt, Aberdeenshire

Echt () is an Aberdeenshire crossroads village in northeast Scotland with a population of approximately 300 people. Echt has a number of prehistoric remains, including the Barmekin of Echt which is on a hill to the northwest. There is also the Cullerlie stone circle near Sunhoney Farm, which may date from the Bronze Age. Echt contains a church, village shop/post office, restaurant (Echt Tandoori) and pleasure park with a designated area of children's play equipment and local football matches are held. The annual Echt Show, a farmers' show, is held on the 2nd Saturday in July. It is centred on the junction of the B977 Dunecht—Banchory road and the B9119 Kingsford—Ordie road. It is some from the city of Aberdeen.

4319051

Hydrangea petiolaris

Hydrangea petiolaris, a climbing hydrangea (syn: Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris), is a species of flowering plant in the family Hydrangeaceae native to the woodlands of Japan, the Korean peninsula, and on Sakhalin island of easternmost Siberia in the Russian Far East. Hydrangea petiolaris is sometimes treated as a subspecies of the closely related Hydrangea anomala from China, Myanmar, and the Himalaya, as Hydrangea anomala subsp. petiolaris. The Hydrangea anomala species differs in being smaller (to ) and having flower corymbs up to 15 cm diameter. The common name Climbing hydrangea is applied to both species, or to species and subspecies. Description Hydrangea petiolaris is a vigorous woody climbing vine plant, growing to height and wide. It grows up trees and rock faces in its native Asian habitats, climbing by means of small aerial roots on the stems. The leaves are deciduous, ovate, 4–11 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, with a heart-shaped base, coarsely serrated margin and acute apex. The flowers are produced in flat corymbs 15–25 cm diameter in mid-summer; each corymb includes a small number of peripheral sterile white flowers 2.5-4.5 cm across, and numerous small, off-white fertile flowers 1–2 mm diameter. The fruit is a dry urn-shaped capsule 3–5 mm diameter containing several small winged seeds. Cultivation Hydrangea petiolaris is cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe and North America. Climbing hydrangea is grown either on masonry walls or on sturdy trellises or fences. It is at its best where it gets morning sun and afternoon shade, however it can tolerate dense shade, and is therefore often selected for shady, north-facing areas with little or no sun. Its clinging rootlets are not as strong as some other wall-climbing vines, and so is often anchored with supplemental gardening ties. Its outward-reaching side shoots can be pruned back to a pair of buds to espalier it flatter against its support. When pruned during flowering, the blooms are useful in bouquets. It can also be grown as a ground cover, to eventually grow over an area of up to . It is an USDA climatic Zone 4a plant, so it can resist temperatures down to between -34.4 °C (-30 °F) and -31.7 °C (-25 °F). Gallery Etymology 'Hydrangea' is derived from Greek and means 'water vessel', which is in reference to the shape of its seed capsules.

4319054

Dumbarton People's Theatre

Dumbarton People's Theatre (often abbreviated to DPT) is an amateur theatre group which exists in the town of Dumbarton in Scotland. It was formed in 1945. Since then they have normally performed four plays a year. This usually includes a Christmas pantomime, which club members write themselves, and is normally set in the town of "Drumtartan". Writers who have been involved with the group include Tom Gallacher and Dave Watson.

4319056

Sivagiri, Kerala

Sivagiri is an area in Varkala municipality of Trivandrum District in Kerala. It is a pilgrimage centre of Varkala Town where the tomb or samadhi of Sree Narayana Guru is situated. The area is also the place where Guru build the Sarada Temple dedicated to Sarada Devi the goddess of knowledge. His tomb attracts thousands of devotees every year during the Sivagiri Pilgrimage days (Sivagiri Theerthadanam), from 30 December to 1 January. The Sivagiri Mutt, built in 1904, is situated at the top of the Sivagiri hill in Varkala Town. This is also the headquarters of the Sree Narayana Dharma Sangham, an organisation of his disciples and saints, established by the Guru to propagate his concept of "One Caste, One Religion, One God". The Guru Deva Jayanti, the birthday of the Guru, and the samadhi day are celebrated in August and September respectively every year. Colourful processions, debates and seminars, public meetings, cultural shows, community feasts, group wedding and rituals mark the celebrations. Guru's Initial days at Sivagiri Gurudevan's association with Sivagiri in Varkala in south Kerala dates to 1904. Varkala used to be known as the southern Benares. A lover of nature and places radiant with natural beauty Narayana Guru built a hermitage on top of the Sivagiri hill and stayed there. He grew some plants around the place. That solitary hill began to attract public attention ever since Gurudevan appeared there. In course of time the Travancore state government granted the Sivagiri hill to Gurudevan and the people gave some of the surrounding places to him as gifts. Later Sivagiri grew into the nerve centre of Sree Narayana movements At first an elementary school was established there. A night school was also founded for the illiterate people of untouchable castes. Many people came to Sivagiri to have a darshan of Gurudevan. Sarada Mutt After travelling many places in South India and Sri Lanka and establishing temples, he did the prathishta of the goddess Sree Sarada at Sivagiri in April 1912. It ranks as the most remarkable among his consecration of temple deities, and occupies a distinguished place in history. Foundation for it had been laid in 1909. The same year he composed the poem "jananee navarathna manjari". According to the Indian concept, the goddess Saraswathy is the prime goddess of knowledge. But there are very few temples in Kerala with Saraswathy prathishta. Sivagiri Sarada Mutt was planned and designed by Gurudevan who took a particular interest in it. Ordinary temples do not have windows. Gurudevan called this temple, which is octagonal in shape, Sarada Mutt. Here unlike in other temples, there is no nivedyam (offering of food to the deity) or abhishekam (pouring oil, ghee and such on the idol). Devotees can worship the goddess by reciting hymns. The idol of Saraswathy seated on white lotus is the symbol of knowledge blossoming on whiteness or purity. The Sarada Consecration Committee had Dr.P.Palpu as its president and Kumaran Asan was secretary. Gurudevan's concept of the Temple In connection with Prathishta of goddess Sarada, grand conferences and festivals were conducted for four consecutive days. Sree Narayana Guru introduced original and novel perceptions about temples, departing from traditional ideas on the subject. He shunned tantric rituals. There is no similar temple in India. Here, he established an architecture that was simple and different. For the first time in India, a temple with windows and ventilation was devised. The Guru installed a deity which was traditionally symbolic and aesthetically perfect. The highest standards of hygiene were introduced to maintain the place as a model to other temples and temple worshipers. The opening of this temple was uniquely marked by the inspirational ceremony of guest of hymns in praise of the mother Sarada. The Guru himself wrote janani-navaratna Manjari, nine Gems in praise of the mother. It is not necessary to build temples in the old style by spending a lot of money he ordained. Further, he also advised not to spend money on festivals and fireworks. In temples there should be spacious rooms where people can sit comfortably and take part in discourses. There must be schools attached to all temples. There should also be amenities attached to the temples to train children in various trades. The money that comes to the temples as donation must be spent in such a way that the poor people benefit from it. It is not desirable to make ponds near temples for the worshipers to take bath. It is not possible to keep the ponds always pure. Therefore, bathrooms are to be constructed with an arrangement of small pipes so that the water will fall from above the head. From these words we can clearly understand the progressive nature of Gurudevan's concept of the temple. Sivagiri pilgrimage Sivagiri pilgrimage, now known as Sivagiri Theerthadanam, was conceived by Vallabhasseri Govindan Vaidyar and T K Kittan Writer. It was duly approved by Gurudevan in January 1928. The setting was SNDP's Nagambadam Shiva temple. It was 3 pm and Gurudevan was resting under a mango tree when the two presented the concept of Sivagiri pilgrimage. Before giving it his blessings he set out the goals of such a pilgrimage. He said: "Let the pilgrims congregate at the beginning of the European New Year. It should be Dhanu 16-17 in Malayalam calendar. Let the pilgrims observe 10 days' self-purification according to Sri Buddha's principles of five purities (Pancha Dharma) - body, food, mind, word, deed." He ruled that pilgrims could wear yellow clothes - the colour of the garments Sri Buddha wore. Let no one purchase yellow silk because we have recommended yellow garments. Not even new clothes are required on the pilgrimage. A pilgrim can dip a white garment in turmeric water and wear after drying. The pilgrimage should be conducted with simplicity and preferably be accompanied by the chanting of hymns. There should be no shouting and pilgrims should scrupulously avoid trappings of ostentation. To Govindan Vaidyar and Kitten Writer, Gurudevan counted on his fingers the goals of the pilgrimage, explaining how to achieve them. The goals were the promotion of 1. Education 2. Cleanliness 3. Devotion to God 4. Organisation 5. Agriculture 6. Trade 7. Handicrafts 8. Technical training Finally, it was decided to start the first pilgrimage from the village of Elavumthitta. The S N D P unit No.76 of Elavumthitta selected 5 youngsters for the pilgrimage, namely, P.K.Divakara Panicker, P.K.Kesavan, P.V.Raghavan, M.K.Raghavan, S.Sankunni. All the 5 pilgrims wore bright yellow dress, as suggested by Sree narayana Guru. All the way to Sivagiri, they were reciting 'Swaathanthrya gadha' – written by the great poet Kumaranaasan. They were teased with the words 'Manjakkilikal' –meaning yellow birds. They never got provoked, with a smile they moved on. The dominant thought in their mind was the mission to fulfill, will have to reach Sivagiri, a great responsibility bestowed on their shoulders by the Sreenarayana devotees. Their mission was a great success. He advised them to organise a series of lectures on the themes with experts conducting them. The lectures should be listened to attentively. More important, the principles should be put into practice. Success must accompany efforts. Only then will the country and the people benefit. this must be the core purpose of Sivagiri pilgrimage. Festivals The Sarada temple and mutt has now become a unique place of pilgrimage. The Sri Narayana Jayanthi, birthday of the Guru, and the Samadhi day are befittingly celebrated in August and September respectively every year. On these days colourful processions, seminars, public meetings, cultural shows, community feasts and special rituals are held. In the last week of December, devotees of Sree Narayana Guru, donned in yellow attire stream to Sivagiri from different parts of Kerala and outside, in what may be called a pilgrimage of enlightenment. Seminars and discussions on various themes of modern life ranging from industrialisation to women's emancipation are held during the days of pilgrimage. The Mahasamadhi of Sree Narayana Guru also attracts a large number of devotees and tourists.

4319068

Jeff Rudom

Jeffrey Zade Rudom (July 30, 1960 – October 19, 2011) was an American professional basketball player and actor who played in films such as Revolver and District 13. He regularly appeared in Time Gentlemen Please. He played professional basketball in Israel, where he served in the armed forces and lived for around 10 years. He was born in Bangor, Maine. He stood 6' 5" (196 cm) and weighed 455 lb (206 kg) but dropped down to 363 lb (165 kg) after his appearance on Celebrity Fit Club in 2006 Jeff died in his home in Bangor, Maine on Wednesday, October 19, 2011, age . Filmography

4319078

S. Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar

Diwan Bahadur Sir Satappa Ramanatha Muttaiya Annamalai Chettiar, Raja of Chettinad KCSI (30 September 1881 – 15 June 1948) was an Indian industrialist, banker, educationist and philanthropist from Tamil Nadu. He is the founder of Annamalai University in Chidambaram and one of the founders of Indian Bank, along with his brother S. Rm. M. Ramaswami Chettiar. Born to S. Rm. Muthiah Chettiar of a wealthy Nagarathar family, Annamalai Chettiar joined the family business early and expanded their banking operations to South-East Asia. Annamalai Chettiar was one of the founders of Indian Bank along with his brother S. Rm. M. Ramaswami Chettiar and served as the first governor of the Imperial Bank of India. He also served a term as a member of the Council of State, the upper house of the Imperial Legislative Council of India and was honoured with a knighthood in 1923 and the hereditary title of Raja of Chettinad in 1929. Early life Annamalai Chettiar was born on 30 September 1881 at Kanadukathan in the Sivaganga estate of the then Madura district in the Madras Presidency of British India. His father, S.R.M.M. Muthiah Chettiar was a noted banker. His brother Ramaswami Chettiar was one of the founders of the Indian Bank of which Annamalai Chettiar later served as a director. After his schooling, he joined his family business and spent a considerable time in England. On his return home, he became the head of the civic body of Karaikudi and the District Board. Career In 1916, he transferred from local affairs to the Legislative Council of Madras Presidency, where he sat for 3 years. In 1920, he stood for election to the Council of State and held his seat in the council for three consecutive terms. He was appointed one of the governors of the Imperial Bank of India in 1921. Annamalai Chettiar established Sri Meenakshi College at Chidambaram in 1920. A Tamil College was added in 1927 and an Oriental Training College and College of Music were established. All these institutions were combined to form the Annamalai University on 1 January 1929. He died on 15 June 1948. Honours Chettiar was given the title Diwan Bahadur by King George V for valuable services rendered to the Crown. Later, he was conferred the honour of knighthood on 2 June 1923. In 1929, he was conferred the title of hereditary Raja of Chettinad. Family and legacy Annamalai Chettiar's oldest son M. A. Muthiah Chettiar, an activist of the Tamil Isai Movement, served as the Minister of Education and excise in the Madras Presidency while his third son M. A. Chidambaram and grandson A. C. Muthiah both served as presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Annamalai Chettiar is the maternal grandfather of former Finance Minister of India P. Chidambaram. The suburb of Raja Annamalaipuram in Chennai is named after Annamalai Chettiar. Indian Posts and Telegraphs Department issued a commemorative stamp in his honor.

4319079

History of Canadian nationality law

The history of Canadian nationality law dates back over three centuries, and has evolved considerably over that time. During the early colonial period, residents of the French colonies were French subjects, governed by French nationality law, while residents of British colonies were British subjects, governed by British law. Prior to Confederation in 1867, the residents of the various provinces of British North America were British subjects, governed primarily by British law. After Confederation, as Canada evolved to full nationhood, it gradually enacted laws relating to rights of domicile and entry to Canada, although Canadians continued to be British subjects under British law. In 1946, the federal Parliament enacted the Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946, which created fully independent Canadian citizenship, separate from British law and status as British subjects. That Act came into force on January 1, 1947, and remained in force for thirty years. It conferred citizenship in different ways, by birth in Canada, birth to a Canadian parent, and by naturalisation. Since 1977, Canadian nationality has been regulated by the Citizenship Act, enacted in 1976 and brought into force in 1977. The Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 imposed restrictions on multiple citizenship. The current Canadian Citizenship Act does not restrict multiple citizenship. Background Canada became a French possession in 1663 and Louis XIV established that the laws and ordinances of France governed the territory. The Ancien Régime of France developed a system of feudal allegiance in which subjects were bound together by a scheme of protection and service tied to land ownership. Possession of land was typically tied to military and court service and omitted women because they could not perform those obligations. Thus, French nationality also derived from place of birth in French territory, until the nineteenth century, but under feudal law married women were subjugated to the authority of their husbands under coverture. In 1763, at the end of the Seven Years' War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris, Canada was transferred to British control and converted to the laws of Britain. For a decade, English Common Law defined civil status in the territory. In Britain, allegiance, in which subjects pledged to support a monarch, was the precursor to the modern concept of nationality. The crown recognised from 1350 that all persons born within the territories of the British Empire were British subjects. Those born outside the realm — except children of those serving in an official post abroad, children of the monarch, and children born on a British sailing vessel — were considered by common law to be foreigners. Marriage did not affect the status of a subject of the realm, except that under common law, single women, including divorcées, were not allowed to be parents thus their children could not derive nationality maternally and were stateless unless legitimated by their father. Nationality acts passed in Britain did not extend beyond the bounds of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Other than common law, there was no standard statutory law which applied for subjects throughout the realm, meaning different jurisdictions created their own legislation for local conditions, which often conflicted with the laws in other jurisdictions in the empire. Thus, a person who was naturalised in Canada, for example, would be considered a foreigner, rather than a British national, in Australia or South Africa. In 1774, the Quebec Act restored French civil law in the territory of Quebec. The Constitution of 1791, divided Canada into two provinces and reaffirmed that Quebec, known as Lower Canada, was to retain French law as it existed up to 1763, while English law would be applicable in Upper Canada. In 1849, Upper Canada passed a statute to bring its law into line with the British Naturalisation Act of 1844, requiring foreign women to automatically derive their nationality from their spouse. In 1866, the Civil Code of Lower Canada was drafted to modernize and codify the legal system in place for Lower Canada, creating a coherent compilation of the various laws in effect in the territory in both English and French. Under the terms of the Code, foreign women automatically acquired the nationality of their spouse upon marriage. Married women were legally incapacitated and subject to their husband's authority. They were also required to share his domicile, which under French law is tied to the place from which one derives their civil rights. Imperial and federal legislation, 1868–1914 Upon passage of the British North America Act, 1867, the Parliament of Canada was given authority over "Naturalization and Aliens", by virtue of section 91(25). The Aliens and Naturalization Act, 1868 was the first federal Act to be passed, and it provided that persons who had been previously naturalized in any part of the Dominion possessed the same status as anyone naturalized under that Act. In addition: Aliens could apply for naturalization after three years' residence in Canada. Alien-born women became naturalized by marriage to a natural-born subject or to a husband naturalized under the Act. The laws in Nova Scotia and the former Province of Canada that allowed aliens to hold property were kept in force. The 1868 Act was replaced by the Naturalization and Aliens Act, 1881, which came into force on 4 July 1883. It made the rules allowing aliens to hold property uniform throughout the Dominion, and otherwise standardized the law along the same lines as the Naturalization Act 1870 of the United Kingdom. It also provided that Canadian women automatically derived their nationality upon marriage from their husbands. From the late nineteenth century, English-speaking Canadians viewed their nation as a white, British society; whereas, those in Quebec identified as nationals of Canada, with unique ties to French culture and Catholicism. The policies adopted for immigrants, and indigenous peoples, were aimed to include those who could quickly assimilate into the mainstream culture and exclude those who could not. In 1885, the government passed the Chinese Immigration Act, requiring payment of a $50 head tax for all Chinese immigrants. In 1907, an agreement was reached with Japan to restrict emigration to 400 persons per year and only allow contract labourers who had been government-approved, domestic workers for Japanese families, and persons who had been previous residents to enter Canada. In 1908, a further restriction was passed to prevent Asian immigrants from entering Canada unless they arrived from their birth country. Since there was no direct route to Canada from India, the law effectively barred Indian immigration. From 1869 to 1985, First Nations women in Canada who were Status Indians under the Indian Act were required to follow the status of their husband. This meant primarily that if they married a person who was not a Status Indian, they lost their Indian status. Likewise, being a Status Indian person was described in law until 1951, as a male person who had native blood with a tribal affiliation. His children or legal wife derived their Indian status from their father or husband. Canadian citizens and Canadian nationals, 1910–1947 The status of "Canadian citizen" was first created under the Immigration Act, 1910, which included anyone who was: a person born in Canada who had not become an alien; a British subject possessing Canadian domicile; and a person naturalized under the laws of Canada who had not subsequently become an alien or lost Canadian domicile. Aliens, as well as all other British subjects, who wished to immigrate to Canada required permission to land. "Domicile" was declared to have been acquired by a person having his domicile in Canada for three years after having been landed therein, excluding any time spent in "any penitentiary, jail, reformatory, prison, or asylum for the insane in Canada." Although the terms "Canadian citizen" and indeed "Canadian citizenship" were used in this Act, they did not create the legal status of Canadian citizen in a nationality sense. People who had the status of "Canadian citizen" were merely free from immigration controls. In 1911, at the Imperial Conference a decision was made to draft a common nationality code defining British nationals for use across the empire. The status of all British subjects in the Empire (whether by birth or naturalization) was standardized by the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914, which was adopted in Canada by the Naturalization Act, 1914. The uniform law, which went into effect on 1 January 1915, required a married woman to derive her nationality from her spouse, meaning if he was British, she was also, and if he was foreign, so was she. It stipulated that upon loss of nationality of a husband, a wife could declare that she wished to remain British and provided that if a marriage had terminated, through death or divorce, a British-born national who had lost her status through marriage could reacquire British nationality through naturalisation without meeting a residency requirement. The statute reiterated common law provisions for natural-born persons born within the realm on or after the effective date. By using the word person, the statute nullified legitimacy requirements for jus soli nationals. For those born abroad on or after the effective date, legitimacy was still required, and could only be derived by a child from a British father (one generation), who was natural-born or naturalised. Naturalisations required five years residence or service to the crown. By 1918, the rise of women's suffrage motivated new federal interest in the question of women's nationality, but the country's legislative ability to change its nationality laws was limited by the common code for Dominions of Britain that required legal changes to be unanimous among all member countries. In 1919, women were successful in lobbying for foreign women to be able to naturalise independently of their spouse in Canada, but by law they were still required to have the same nationality as their husband in the empire. A separate status of "Canadian national" was created under the Canadian Nationals Act, 1921, which was defined as being any British subject who was a Canadian citizen as defined above, the wife of any such citizen, and any person born outside Canada whose father was a Canadian national at the time of that person's birth. Canada later passed the Chinese Immigration Act, 1923 on June 30, 1923, which barred Chinese immigration except for a very restricted group of diplomats, merchants, missionaries, students and returning residents. In 1928, the Japanese government agreed to amend their emigration agreement, limiting immigration to Canada to 150 persons annually. After the World Conference on the Codification of International Law held in The Hague in 1930, Canada became the first Commonwealth country to modify its laws to conform with the provisions to prevent statelessness in the Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws. In 1931, under the government of R. B. Bennett the Nationality Act was reformed to prevent women from losing their nationality through marriage if they would be rendered stateless. The amendment also introduced the concept of consent, meaning that alien women did not automatically derive the nationality of a spouse, but could obtain his nationality if they requested it within six months of his change of status. Once ratified, the 1931 Statute of Westminster gave the Dominions the ability to govern independently on behalf of their constituents, rather than implementing governance on behalf of the British crown. This allowed Commonwealth members to define members of their own communities separately from that which defined British subjects, opening the door to nationality in member states of the realm. Because of this Canadians, and others living in countries that became known as Commonwealth realms, were known as subjects of the Crown. However in legal documents the term "British subject" continued to be used. Prior to 1947, Canada issued two types of passports: those to British subjects by birth (coloured blue), and those to naturalized British subjects or citizens (coloured red). Eligibility of married women There were complex rules for determining whether married women qualified as British subjects. Until 14 January 1932, the rule was that the wife of a British subject was deemed to be a British subject as well, and the wife of an alien was deemed to be an alien. After that date, and until 31 December 1946, the rules were generally as follows: At time of marriage: If husband was a British subject → then wife automatically became a British subject on marriage. If husband was an alien → then wife only ceased to be a British subject if she automatically acquired her husband's alien nationality upon marriage. During the marriage: If husband naturalized as a British subject → then wife must apply to become a British subject and obtain a Series H certificate. If husband naturalized in a foreign country → then wife's status changed only if she was automatically included in her husband's alien naturalization. However, she could apply to retain British subject status and be issued a Series I certificate. World War II-era war brides By marrying a Canadian soldier, a woman, if not already British, acquired the status of British subject and Canadian national. If she then landed in Canada, she became a British subject of Canadian domicile. In addition, Order in Council P.C. 7318 of 21 September 1944 stated: This was later replaced by P.C. 858 of February 9, 1945, which declared: On May 15, 1947, P.C. 858 was replaced with an amendment to the Immigration Act, which provided that, subject to medical examination, war brides and children of Canadian servicemen, who were still in Europe, were automatically entitled to admission and landing in Canada. Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 Canadian citizenship, as a status separate from British nationality, was created by the Canadian Citizenship Act, 1946 (popularly known as the 1947 Act), which came into effect on 1 January 1947. The Act meant that nationals in Canada were finally described as Canadian, rather than British, and it also granted married women greater choice over their own nationality status. The law redefined the order of nationality, stipulating that Canadians were nationals of Canada first and only secondarily nationals of Britain. This served as a catalyst to restructure the nationality laws throughout Britain. Under its terms, anyone born in Canada would now automatically be granted Canadian nationality, and marriage to a non-Canadian spouse would no longer strip a Canadian woman of her nationality. The Act permitted Canadian men to have Canadian nationality granted to children born outside the country, but Canadian women could only apply to do the same if their children had been born out of wedlock. Canadian citizenship was generally conferred immediately on the following persons: a person who was born in Canada (or on a Canadian ship) on or before January 1, 1947, and had not become an alien before January 1, 1947; a person other than a natural-born Canadian citizen: who was granted, or whose name was included in, a certificate of naturalization under any act of the Parliament of Canada and had not become an alien at the commencement of the Act, or who was a British subject who had acquired Canadian domicile (i.e. five years' residence in Canada as a landed immigrant) before 1947; a British subject who lived in Canada for 20 years immediately before 1947 and was not, on 1 January 1947, under order of deportation; women who were married to a Canadian before 1947 and who entered Canada as a landed immigrant before 1947; children born outside Canada to a Canadian father (or mother, if born out of wedlock) before 1947. In the latter two cases, a "Canadian" was a British subject who would have been considered a Canadian citizen if the 1947 Act had come into force immediately before the marriage or birth (as the case may be). Where the child born outside Canada was not a minor (i.e. was not under 21 years in age) at the time the Act came into force, proof of landed immigrant status was required to confirm Canadian citizenship. Acquisition and loss of citizenship In addition to those people who became Canadian citizens upon the coming into force of the Act, citizenship afterwards was generally acquired as follows: birth in Canada naturalization in Canada after five years' residence as a landed immigrant grant of citizenship to a foreign woman married to a Canadian man after one year's residence as a landed immigrant grant of citizenship to women who lost British subject status prior to 1947 upon marriage to a foreign man or his subsequent naturalization registration of a child born outside Canada to a Canadian "responsible parent" (being the father, if the child was born in wedlock, or the mother, if the child was born out of wedlock and was residing with the mother, if the father was deceased or if custody of the child had been awarded to the mother by court order) Loss of Canadian citizenship generally occurred in the following cases: naturalization outside Canada in the case of a minor, naturalization of a parent service in foreign armed forces naturalized Canadians who lived outside Canada for 10 years and did not file a declaration of retention where a Canadian had acquired that status by descent from a Canadian parent, and who was either not lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence on the commencement of the Act or was born outside Canada afterwards, loss of citizenship could occur on the person's 22nd birthday unless the person had filed a declaration of retention between their 21st and 22nd birthday and renounced any previous nationality they possessed. Although Canada restricted dual citizenship between 1947 and 1977, there were some situations where Canadians could nevertheless legally possess another citizenship. For example, migrants becoming Canadian citizens were not asked to formally prove that they had ceased to hold the nationality of their former country. Similarly children born in Canada to non-Canadian parents were not under any obligation to renounce a foreign citizenship they had acquired by descent. Holding a foreign passport did not in itself cause loss of Canadian citizenship. Impact The Canadian Citizenship Act replaced the following phrases throughout all federal legislation: "natural-born British subject" became "natural-born Canadian citizen" "naturalized British subject" became "Canadian citizen other than a natural-born Canadian citizen" "Canadian national" became "Canadian citizen" The Citizenship Act of 1946 did not contain provisions to automatically repatriate Canadian women who had lost their nationality before 1 January 1947. This meant that between two and three thousand women, who married allies of Britain during the Second World War, in Canada or overseas, were still deprived of their original nationality. To recover their nationality, women were required to obtain permanent residency through family sponsorship, meet medical and suitability requirements, and apply to be naturalised after living in Canada for a year. They were also required to take an oath of allegiance if they were approved. The Citizenship Act of 1946 also made no mention of First Nations people. An Act passed later in 1946 amended the Immigration Act, in order to specify that a "Canadian citizen" was one as defined in The Canadian Citizenship Act. These amendments would lead to later jurisprudence that addressed a transition that was problematic in certain cases. Although the 1946 Act did not deprive any Canadian national of such status, being a Canadian national did not automatically confer Canadian citizenship, as the Act represented a complete code for defining such status. The Act together with later retroactive amendments in 1953, had significant effects upon children of war brides. As Canadian soldiers fathered some 30,000 war children in Europe (including 22,000 in Britain and 6,000–7,000 in the Netherlands), of which a great number were born out of wedlock, the Act's provisions had differing impacts depending on how they were born: In 1947, the Chinese Exclusion Act ended, but was replaced by an act which limited immigration to the spouses and minor unmarried children of Chinese and other Asian persons who already had Canadian nationality. In 1950, an amendment to the Citizenship Act removed the one-year residency requirement for repatriation of married women, but still required them to apply for naturalisation. It also allowed foreign husbands of Canadian nationals and minor children to be admitted for immigration. Extensions of citizenship The Dominion of Newfoundland joined Confederation on 31 March 1949, and British subjects in Newfoundland acquired Canadian citizenship on broadly similar terms to those applying in the rest of Canada since 1947. In 1956, Parliament amended the Citizenship Act to retroactively grant citizenship to a small group of First Nations and Inuit who had entered Canada from Alaska at some point before 1947 but had not made formal application to enter Canada. The amendment provided that anyone who was defined as "Indians" (First Nations) or "Eskimos" (Inuit), and who were not natural-born citizens, but were domiciled in Canada on 1 January 1947, and had been resident in Canada for ten years as at 1 January 1956, were granted citizenship retroactive to January 1, 1947. 1967 amendment The rule relating to loss of citizenship by naturalized Canadians living outside Canada for more than ten years was repealed on 7 July 1967, with provision made for such loss to be reversed through a petition for resumption of citizenship. Immigration restrictions based on race and national origin were removed from Canadian legislation in 1967. Citizenship Act, 1976 Citizenship law was reformed by the Citizenship Act, 1976 (popularly known as the 1977 Act), which came into force on 15 February 1977. Under its provisions, children who were legitimate or adopted were allowed for the first time to derive nationality from their Canadian mother. Canada removed restrictions on dual citizenship, and many of the provisions to acquire or lose Canadian citizenship that existed under the 1947 Act were repealed. Under the new Act, Canadian citizenship is acquired by: birth in Canada (except where neither parent is a citizen or permanent resident and either parent is a representative of a foreign government, their employee, or anyone granted diplomatic privileges or immunities) birth outside Canada to a Canadian parent grant after three years' residence in Canada notification in the case of a woman who lost British subject status by marriage before 1947 delayed registration of a foreign birth under the Act before 15 February 1977 (This provision was repealed on 14 August 2004.) Canadian citizens are in general no longer subject to involuntary loss of citizenship, barring revocation on the grounds of: false representation, fraud, or knowingly concealing material circumstances. Section 8 of the Act provides that Canadians born outside Canada, to a Canadian parent who also acquired Canadian citizenship by birth outside Canada to a Canadian parent, will lose Canadian citizenship at age 28 unless they have established specific ties to Canada and applied to retain Canadian citizenship. Children born outside Canada to naturalized Canadian citizens are not subject to the section 8 provisions, nor is anyone born before 15 February 1977. Amendments 2009 On 17 April 2008, An Act to amend the Citizenship Act received Royal assent, coming into force one year later. Among the changes made: There is no longer a requirement to apply to maintain citizenship. Individuals can now only become Canadian citizens by descent if one of their parents was either a native-born citizen of Canada or a foreign-born but naturalized citizen of Canada. This effectively limits citizenship by descent to one generation born outside Canada. Such an individual might even be stateless if he or she has no claim to any other citizenship. The second generation born abroad can only gain Canadian citizenship by immigrating to Canada – this can be done by their Canadian citizen parents sponsoring them as dependent children, which is a category with fewer requirements and would take less time than most other immigration application categories. Foreign-born citizens being adopted in a foreign country by Canadian citizens can now acquire Canadian citizenship immediately upon completion of the adoption, without first entering Canada as a permanent resident, as was the case under the previous rules. Provision was also made for the reinstatement of Canadian citizenship to those: who became citizens when the first citizenship act took effect on 1 January 1947 (including people born in Canada prior to 1947 and war brides) and who then lost their citizenship; who were born in Canada or had become a Canadian citizen on or after 1 January 1947, and had then lost citizenship; or who were born abroad to a Canadian citizen parent on or after 1 January 1947, if not already a citizen, but only if they were the first generation born abroad. 2014 The Strengthening Canadian Citizenship Act received royal assent on 19 June 2014. Several provisions had retroactive effect to 17 April 2009, in order to correct certain situations that arose from the 2009 amendments, with the remainder coming into effect on 1 August 2014, 28 May 2015, and 11 June 2015. Among the Act's significant changes: Citizenship was granted retroactively to those individuals who were born or naturalized in Canada as well as to those who were British subjects residing in Canada prior to 1947 (or prior to April 1949, in the case of Newfoundland) who were not eligible for Canadian citizenship when the first Canadian Citizenship Act took effect. The required residence prior to application for citizenship was lengthened to four years (1,460 days) out of the previous six years, with 183 days minimum of physical presence in four out of six years. Residency is defined as physical presence. Adult applicants must file Canadian income tax returns, as required under the Income Tax Act, to be eligible for citizenship. Time spent in Canada before being granted Permanent Resident status does not apply towards the residency period A fast-track mechanism for citizenship was established for permanent residents serving withand individuals on exchange withthe Canadian Armed Forces to honour their service to Canada. Knowledge and language requirements were unchanged, except that the knowledge test must be taken in English or French. Authority was provided for revoking or denying citizenship in specified circumstances. Provision was made for the regulation of consultants, as well as for certain anti-fraud measures. 2017 On February 25, 2016, as a consequence of the Liberal victory in the 2015 election, An Act to amend the Citizenship Act and to make consequential amendments to another Act was passed on June 19, 2017. Most provisions took effect upon Royal Assent, with the remainder coming into force on October 11, 2017 January 24, 2018 and December 5, 2018. The Act provided for the following changes: The period required for physical presence in Canada was reduced from 1,460 days over six years to a total of 1,095 days over the five years immediately prior to submitting an application for citizenship. The requirement that a person intend to reside in Canada if granted citizenship was repealed. The adult maximum age limit applicable for the requirements to demonstrate adequate knowledge of one of the official languages is now applicable to those under 55 years of age, rather than by those under 65. The requirement to file income tax returns was clarified, so that persons must provide such returns for three years within the five-year period before applying for citizenship. "Statelessness" was added to the available grounds for the Minister to exercise his or her discretion in granting citizenship to any person "to alleviate cases of special and unusual hardship or to reward services of an exceptional value to Canada." The prohibition on receiving a grant of citizenship, or taking the citizenship oath, while serving a term of imprisonment was broadened to include being held under any form of incarceration. The power to revoke citizenship on grounds of national security was repealed. The provision specifying that a person whose citizenship is revoked reverts to being a foreign national was amended to provide that the person's status reverts to that of a permanent resident. The Minister was granted the power to seize or detain any document submitted for the purposes of the Act if there are reasonable grounds to believe the document was fraudulently or improperly obtained or used. Transitional provisions provided for certain of the 2014 amendments to be deemed to have never had effect. Judicial review of Citizenship Act provisions Definition of "residence requirement" There have been several court decisions dealing with the subject of Canadian citizenship. In particular, the interpretation of the 3-year (1,095-day) residence requirement enacted by the 1977 Citizenship Act, which does not define the term "residence" and, further, prohibits an appeal of a Federal Court decision in a citizenship matter to the Federal Court of Appeal or the Supreme Court, has "led to a great deal of mischief and agony" and generated considerable judicial controversy. Over the years two principal schools of thought for residence have emerged from the Federal Court. Early on, Associate Chief Justice Arthur L. Thurlow in Papadogiorgakis (Re), [1978] 2 F.C. 208, opined that residency entails more than a mere counting of days. He held that residency is a matter of the degree to which a person, in mind or fact, settles into or maintains or centralizes their ordinary mode of living, including social relations, interests, and conveniences. The question becomes whether an applicant's linkages suggest that Canada is their home, regardless of any absences from the country. In Re Koo, Justice Barbara Reed further elaborated that in residency cases the question before the Court is whether Canada is the country in which an applicant has centralized their mode of existence. Resolving such a question involves consideration of several factors: The general principle is that the quality of residence in Canada must be more substantial than elsewhere. In contrast, a line of jurisprudence flowing from the decision in Re Pourghasemi (1993), 62 F.T.R. 122, 19 Imm. L.R. (2d) 259, emphasized how important it is for a potential new citizen to be immersed in Canadian society and that a person cannot reside in a place where the person is not physically present. Thus, a potential citizen must establish that they have been physically present in Canada for the requisite period of time. In the words of Justice Francis Muldoon: The co-existence of such disparate, yet equally valid approaches has led some judges to comment that: the "[citizenship] law is in a sorry state;" "there cannot be two correct interpretations of a statute;" "it does not engender confidence in the system for conferring citizenship if an applicant is, in the course of a single application, subjected to different legal tests because of the differing legal views of the Citizenship Court;" there's a "scandalous incertitude in the law;" and that "there is no doubt that a review of the citizenship decisions of this Court, on that issue, demonstrates that the process of gaining citizenship in such circumstances is akin to a lottery." In 2010, it seemed that a relative judicial consensus for decision-making in residence cases might emerge. In several Federal Court decisions it was held that the citizenship judge must apply a hybrid two-test approach by firstly ascertaining whether, on the balance of probabilities, the applicant has accumulated 1,095 days of physical presence. If so, the residency requirement is considered to have been met. If not, then the judge must additionally assess the application under the "centralized mode of existence" approach, guided by the non-exhaustive factors set out in Koo (Re). However, most recently, this compromise formula was rejected by Federal Court judges, with some judges commenting on the need for legislation to resolve the issue<ref name = Ghaedi/. Other significant cases Canadians, British nationality, and immigration law (1947–1981) The Canadian Citizenship Act, 1976 replaced the term "British subject" with "Commonwealth citizen" in 1977, but the UK did not follow suit until 1 January 1983, when the British Nationality Act 1981 went into effect. While Canada created Canadian citizenship on 1 January 1947, the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 continued to confer British subject status (the only nationality and citizenship status of the United Kingdom and its colonies and dominions before 1949) on Canadians until the British Nationality Act 1948 came into effect on 31 December 1948. That, together with succeeding Acts, changed the nature of Canadian citizenship status as it could apply within the UK: Timeline

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Ancaster railway station

Ancaster railway station serves the village of Ancaster in Lincolnshire, England. The station is north of Grantham on the Nottingham to Skegness Line. The station is now owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway who provide all rail services. It still has a working signal box at west end of the station, however is regarded as unstaffed and offers limited facilities other than two shelters, bicycle storage, timetables and modern 'Help Points'. The full range of tickets for travel are purchased from the guard on the train at no extra cost, there are no retail facilities at this station. History Opened by the Boston, Sleaford and Midland Counties Railway, then run by the Great Northern Railway, it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The station then passed on to the Eastern Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. When Sectorisation was introduced in the 1980s, the station was served by Regional Railways until the Privatisation of British Railways. Services As of December 2015 there are four daily services in both directions which run to and , with three services on a Saturday. There are no Sunday services. A Normal service operates on most Bank holidays.

4319090

Census Act 1800

The Census Act 1800 also known as the Population Act 1800 (citation 41 Geo. III c.15) was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which enabled the first Census of England, Scotland and Wales to be undertaken. The census was carried out in 1801 and has been repeated almost every ten years thereafter. The 1801 census estimated the population of England and Wales to be 8.9 million, and that of Scotland was 1.6 million. Ireland was not included in the census until 1821. The first census of England had been carried out by William I and published in the Domesday Book in 1086. Various other censuses had taken place, such as that in the sixteenth century, in which bishops were asked to count the communicants or number of families in their dioceses. In the latter part of the eighteenth century, there were several proposals for a Census Bill and a growing concern about the population of Britain and its demand for food, particularly fuelled by the publication, in 1798 of Thomas Robert Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population. The Census Bill was presented to Parliament on 20 November 1800, passed on 3 December and received Royal Assent on 31 December. The first census was held on Tuesday 10 March 1801. Administration of the 1801 census The idea of a census had been championed, in the House of Commons, by Charles Abbot, MP for Helston, Cornwall, and future Speaker of the House of Commons. Prompted by the 1800 crop failure, which led to significant increases in food prices, a manufacturing recession and mass unemployment, and riots, Abbot believed the crisis could be solved, and future crises averted, by better knowledge of population, "wise legislation and good government". A census, Abbot argued, would enable the government to plan the distribution of grain supplies more effectively. Learning from a 1753 attempt to introduce a individual-level census combined with civil registration of births, marriages and deaths, Abbot's plan was designed to collect only a limited amount of information. Abbot was assisted in his plan by John Rickman who was a clerk in the House of Commons. Rickman subsequently undertook the analysis of the results and the preparation of abstracts and reports from the 1801 census (and the three following censuses). The 1801 census was geared to collecting data on an aggregate rather than an individual basis. Only statistical summaries were to be provided to the Government in Whitehall, on government issued enumeration forms: authorities neither requested nor required information about individuals. Information was to be collected from every household by census enumerators who in England and Wales were usually the local Overseers of the Poor, aided by constables, tithingmen, headboroughs and other officers of the peace. In March 1801 every Overseer was charged with walking to every house or dwelling in their parish and from their visits compiling the following data for their area (parish, township or place): the number of inhabited houses and the number of families inhabiting them, and the number of uninhabited houses; the number of people, by sex, excluding men on active military service; the number of people occupied in agriculture, in trade, manufacture or handicraft, or not occupied in those classes; any other remarks. In addition to this, local clergy were also called upon to supply data for the following: the number of baptisms, by sex, in various years over the preceding century; the number of marriages, annually, since 1754. The figures obtained in each parish throughout England and Wales were presented to magistrates at the Easter Quarter Sessions and from there were sent on to the Home Office in Whitehall to be tallied. However, it was found that overseers and priests in England and Wales often had either not supplied the data using the centrally issued forms, or had not been able to compile it at all. As a result, many places in England and Wales lacked returns. In Scotland, however, the responsibility for taking the count was placed on parish schoolmasters, and in recognition of the remoteness of many parishes they were given an extra six months in which to collect the information and return it to London. On the mainland of Scotland there was almost a complete return, owing to the efficiency of the schoolmasters. Analysis of the 1801 census was carried out at Whitehall, in offices in The Cockpit by St James's Park, by a team of clerks, working under Rickman, before being printed in two volumes by the parliamentary printer, Luke Hansard. It had taken just over a year for the complete results to be published, by which time the crisis in grain supply was over and prices had fallen. The total cost of collecting and analysing the data came in at less than £6,000. As the government only wanted a headcount, and not individual details, householder registration forms were not issued to enumerators. Enumerators often made unofficial notes to assist in producing their area report, with differing levels of detail. Some drew up lists that noted the head of household and gave figures in columns opposite their name to say how many were in the family and the work they did. Others made listings of their local area on a level of detail equal to or greater than the 1841 and 1851 censuses, including names, family groups and relationships, ages, dates of birth, and population movements between parishes. The census legislation stipulated that overseers should hand over any such lists drawn up during the enumeration to the churchwardens for safe-keeping. Where this was complied with, these detailed census records were kept in a variety of record sets, such as parish registers of baptisms, marriages, and burials, or the accounts books of the overseers or churchwardens. These record sets, where they survive, are often now publicly available in local record offices and libraries and/or online, though others may exist in private hands. Subsequent censuses The censuses held in 1811, 1821, and 1831 were based on the same model as the 1801 census. With the passing of the Population Act 1840, a new approach to censuses was adopted under the responsibility of the Registrar General and was first implemented in the 1841 census. Results Population by nation Other findings There were more women than men in the country, but not by a large amount: the imbalance was due to the numbers serving abroad; The population lived in 1.8 million houses: an average of six per house; 2 million people worked in agriculture; 2 million worked in making or selling things, which ranged from handicrafts to factory work; There were more baptisms than burials; There were an increasing number of marriages in the second half of the 18th century; the population was increasing, not declining. The system of recording occupations, by classifying numbers of males and females employed either in agriculture, in trade/manufactures/handicrafts, and the number not employed by either, reportedly generated some confusion, as enumerators incorrectly classified many women, children, and servants in the category of 'neither'. The 1811 and 1821 censuses would refine their format in attempts to minimise these errors.

4319094

Spotted wood quail

The spotted wood quail (Odontophorus guttatus) is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. It is a resident breeder in the mountains of Central America from southern Mexico to western Panama. It occurs in highlands from 1000 m or higher up to the timberline, usually in dense understory thickets or bamboos. The nest, as with several other wood-quails remains undescribed, but the eggs are known to be creamy-white with brown spots. The spotted wood quail is 25 cm long and weighs 300 g. It has an orange crest which is raised when it is excited. The upperparts are dark brown with black and rufous flecking. The underparts are normally olive brown, but there is a colour morph with rufous underparts. In both cases, the underparts are boldly spotted with white. The forehead is dark brown and the cheeks and throat are black streaked with white. The sexes are similar, but the male averages slightly larger and the female has a duller crest. Immature birds have smaller, more buff-tinted spotting, and the throat is dusky rather than black. There are no subspecies. The advertising call of the spotted wood quail, actually a duet, is a clear whistled coowit CAWwit coowit COO, and the contact calls are clear chirps and peeps. Spotted wood quails are found in groups of 4 to 10; they forage on the ground, scratching at the soil for seeds, fallen fruit and insects. This is a shy and wary species, which will normally make its escape on foot, but if startled it will explode into a short fast flight into cover. The best chance of seeing this species is at dawn, when it may feed at the side of a road or on a forest track. This species is reported as locally common in suitable habitat in Costa Rica and Panama, but has been adversely in much of its range by rampant deforestation.

4319095

Chambley-Bussières Air Base

Chambley-Bussières Air Base is a former United States Air Force base in France. It is located in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département of France, about ten miles west of the French city of Metz, and about one mile (1.6 km) southwest of Chambley-Bussières, on the south side of the Départemental 901 (D901) (Meurthe-et-Moselle) road. The first use of Chambley-Bussières as an airfield was in 1940, when the French Air Force stationed 9 Potez 631 fighters and 5 Mureaux 117 observation aircraft on farmland. The aircraft were assigned to the GAO 2/506. After the Battle of France ended in May, 1940, Chambley-Bussieres was abandoned as an air base and returned to agricultural use. During the Cold War, Chambley-Bussières was a front-line base for the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). United States Air Force use In 1951 as a result of the Cold War threat of the Soviet Union, Chambley-Bussières was provided for use by the United States Air Force. Construction of the base on former farmland started in 1952, although construction delays prevented the facility from being ready for wing operations until mid-1955. On 30 January 1953 during the initial construction period, the 73rd Air Depot Wing at Chateauroux Air Depot sent a small team to establish Flight A, 73rd Support Group Depot, Chambley. This flight was sent to receive, store and issue USAF supplies as needed by Air Force personnel and French contractors. This team lived near the main train station in Metz on the local economy and ensured at least one USAF airman was always present on the new base to provide site security. The design of the airfield was to space parked aircraft as far apart as possible by the construction of a circular marguerite system of hardstands that could be revetted later with earth for added protection. Typically the marguerite consisted of fifteen to eighteen hardstands around a large central hangar. Each hardstand held one or two aircraft, and allowed the planes to be spaced approximately 150 feet (50 m) apart. Each squadron was assigned to a separate hangar/hardstand complex. This construction can be seen clearly in the satellite image link at the bottom of this article. Enough construction was completed by February 1954 that USAFE established the 7002d Air Base Squadron at Chambley to coordinate the set-up of various facilities, such as security, supply, transportation and communications. Chambley Air Base was formally dedicated and turned over to the USAF on 12 June 1956. 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing The first USAF unit to use Chambley AB was the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing, being transferred from George AFB, California. The wing's deployment to France had to be carried out in stages. Four echelons of wing personnel variously traveled by train, ship, and air to reach Chambley between November 1954 and January 1955. The 21 FBW officially established its headquarters at Chambley on 12 December 1954. The 21 FBW consisted of three squadrons, the 72d, 416th and 531st Fighter-Bomber Squadrons, equipped with the F-86F "Sabre". In 1957, the Cabinet of France decreed that all nuclear weapons and delivery aircraft had to be removed from French soil by July 1958. As a result, the F-86's of the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing had to be removed from France. During October 1957 it was announced that the 21 FBW would be inactivated on 8 February 1958, and that its assets would be dispersed among existing USAFE units. After three years without any permanent flying units, in 1961 Chambley Air Base was reactivated as part of Operation Tack Hammer, the United States response to the Berlin Crisis of 1961. On 1 October 1961, as a result of the crisis, the mobilized Indiana Air National Guard 122d Tactical Fighter Wing was deployed to Chambley from Baer Field, Fort Wayne, Indiana. When activated, the 122d consisted of three tactical fighter squadrons, the 112th at Toledo Express Airport, Ohio; the 113th at Hulman Field, Terre Haute, and the 163d at Baer Field. The deployed wing was designated the 7122d Tactical Wing while in France. By 1 December the ground support units arrived and the 7122d prepared for an estimated overseas deployment of 10 months. On 7 June the 163d was directed to return to CONUS with all personnel, however the aircraft and equipment were to remain at Chambley. The assets of the ANG 163rd TFS at Chambley were assigned to the 390th Tactical Fighter Squadron. With the departure of the 390th TFS/366 TFW, Chambley-Bussieres AB was again placed in reserve status, being used for various USAFE exercises over the next two years. The facility was turned over to the 7367th Combat Support Group which acted as the host USAF unit. 25th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing The 25th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing was activated on 1 July 1965 at Chambley AB, and absorbed the 19th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron and 42d Electronic Countermeasures Squadron. On 1 May 1966, the 42d was inactivated and the squadrons remaining aircraft were deployed to Takhli RTAFB, with all of its assets in Thailand being assigned to the 41st Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron (TEWS). The remaining aircraft of the 25 TRW were assigned to the 363d Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, Shaw AFB, South Carolina. On 15 October 1966 the 25 TRW was inactivated. The 7367th Combat Support Group was activated to close the facility. On 1 April 1967, the last USAF personnel left Chambley AB, and the base was returned to French control. Current Uses After the USAF's departure in 1967, the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air) assumed control of Chambley AB. It was used for various flight operations and also by airborne forces for many years. Today, Chambley is being developed into a commercial business park. The runway and various taxiways are intact and usable. Many of the old USAF buildings and hangars are used for various non-military purposes. The airfield is still classified as being a military airfield, however many aeronautical activities take place in particular by the means of a club of Ultralight aircraft since more than 20 years and the "Lorraine Mondial Air Ballons", which is Europe's largest hot air balloon festival and takes place here every two years at the end of July. Since July 16, 2009, the main runway (05-23) of the airfield is now open to civil air traffic restricted to Very Light Aircraft with code LFJY.

4319099

Electoral district of Mount Gambier

Mount Gambier is a single-member electoral district for the South Australian House of Assembly. It covers the far south-east corner of the state containing the City of Mount Gambier and District Council of Grant local government areas. It is centred on the city and extinct volcano of Mount Gambier. History The electorate was created in the 1936 redistribution, taking effect at the 1938 election, but the name was not used between the 1993 and 2002 elections – the area was covered by the electoral district of Gordon during that time. It was one of the few country electoral districts that had never been held by the Liberal and Country League during the Playmander era. It was held by long-serving independent John Fletcher for the first two decades of its existence. Labor took the electorate at a 1958 by-election, and it was usually a marginal to fairly safe Labor electorate from then until the Liberals won it at the 1975 election on a 15.5 percent swing. Mount Gambier was one of several rural electorates where Labor suffered large swings in that election–notably 13.5 percent in Chaffey and 16.4 percent in Millicent. Labor has only come reasonably close to retaking the seat once since then, in 1982. The electorate, both in its current incarnation and as Gordon, has a recent history of electing independent MPs. It was held between 2002 and 2010 by Rory McEwen, a former Liberal who won as an independent in Gordon at the 1997 election after losing a preselection battle to succeed longtime Liberal member Harold Allison. While he did not put Labor into office after the 2002 election, he held various ministerial portfolios in the Rann Labor government from nine months after the election until his retirement at the 2010 election. McEwen was succeeded by another independent, Don Pegler, who narrowly defeated the Liberal candidate on a 0.4 percent two-candidate preferred margin. Pegler was defeated by Liberal candidate Troy Bell at the 2014 election, who also became an independent in 2017. In the lead up to the 2018 election, a ReachTEL poll of 655 voters in the electorate was conducted on 13 February 2018, a month before the election. The results of the poll unexpectedly showed that Bell, who was running as an independent candidate, would easily retain the electorate after preferences, and was strongly leading with 36 percent of the primary vote. The Liberals were on 28.5 percent (−23.3), Labor was on 13 percent (+2.1), new SA Best was on 11 percent, others were collectively on 6 percent, with the remaining 5 percent undecided. The election results reflected the poll, and Bell was comfortably returned as the member. Members for Mount Gambier Election results Notes