sentence-transformers safetensors qwen2 sentence-similarity feature-extraction generated_from_trainer dataset_size:1077240 loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss arxiv:1908.10084 arxiv:1705.00652 base_model:Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct base_model:finetune:Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct model-index autotrain_compatible text-embeddings-inference endpoints_compatible region:us
---
base_model: Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- pearson_cosine
- spearman_cosine
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:1077240
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: Who is the father of philosophy?
  sentences:
  - 'Charles Sanders Peirce

    Charles Sanders Peirce (/pɜːrs/[9] "purse"; 10September 1839 – 19April 1914) was
    an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes
    known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed
    as a scientist for 30 years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions
    to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and
    for his founding of pragmatism.'
  - 'Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

    According to Hegel, "Heraclitus is the one who first declared the nature of the
    infinite and first grasped nature as in itself infinite, that is, its essence
    as process. The origin of philosophy is to be dated from Heraclitus. His is the
    persistent Idea that is the same in all philosophers up to the present day, as
    it was the Idea of Plato and Aristotle". For Hegel, Heraclitus''s great achievements
    were to have understood the nature of the infinite, which for Hegel includes understanding
    the inherent contradictoriness and negativity of reality; and to have grasped
    that reality is becoming or process and that "being" and "nothingness" are mere
    empty abstractions. According to Hegel, Heraclitus''s "obscurity" comes from his
    being a true (in Hegel''s terms "speculative") philosopher who grasped the ultimate
    philosophical truth and therefore expressed himself in a way that goes beyond
    the abstract and limited nature of common sense and is difficult to grasp by those
    who operate within common sense. Hegel asserted that in Heraclitus he had an antecedent
    for his logic: "[...] there is no proposition of Heraclitus which I have not adopted
    in my logic".'
  - 'History of nuclear weapons

    The notion of using a fission weapon to ignite a process of nuclear fusion can
    be dated back to 1942. At the first major theoretical conference on the development
    of an atomic bomb hosted by J. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California,
    Berkeley, participant Edward Teller directed the majority of the discussion towards
    Enrico Fermi''s idea of a "Super" bomb that would use the same reactions that
    powered the Sun itself.'
- source_sentence: When was Father's Day first celebrated in America?
  sentences:
  - 'Father''s Day (United States)

    Father''s Day was founded in Spokane, Washington at the YMCA in 1910 by Sonora
    Smart Dodd, who was born in Arkansas.[4] Its first celebration was in the Spokane
    YMCA on June 19, 1910.[4][5] Her father, the Civil War veteran William Jackson
    Smart, was a single parent who raised his six children there.[4] After hearing
    a sermon about Jarvis'' Mother''s Day at Central Methodist Episcopal Church in
    1909, she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday honoring
    them.[4][6] Although she initially suggested June 5, her father''s birthday, the
    pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons, and the celebration
    was deferred to the third Sunday of June.[7][8]'
  - 'Father''s Day

    In [[Peru]], Father''s Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not
    a public holiday. People usually give a present to their fathers and spend time
    with him mostly during a family meal.'
  - 'Sacramento River

    The Sacramento and its wide natural floodplain were once abundant in fish and
    other aquatic creatures, notably one of the southernmost large runs of chinook
    salmon in North America. For about 12,000 years, humans have depended on the vast
    natural resources of the watershed, which had one of the densest Native American
    populations in California. The river has provided a route for trade and travel
    since ancient times. Hundreds of tribes sharing regional customs and traditions
    inhabited the Sacramento Valley, first coming into contact with European explorers
    in the late 1700s. The Spanish explorer Gabriel Moraga named the river Rio de
    los Sacramentos in 1808, later shortened and anglicized into Sacramento.'
- source_sentence: What is the population of Austria in 2018?
  sentences:
  - 'Utah State Capitol

    The Utah State Capitol is the house of government for the U.S. state of Utah.
    The building houses the chambers and offices of the Utah State Legislature, the
    offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, the State Auditor
    and their staffs. The capitol is the main building of the Utah State Capitol Complex,
    which is located on Capitol Hill, overlooking downtown Salt Lake City.'
  - 'Same-sex marriage in Austria

    A September 2018 poll for "Österreich" found that 74% of Austrians supported same-sex
    marriage and 26% were against.'
  - 'Demographics of Austria

    Population 8,793,370 (July 2018 est.) country comparison to the world: 96th'
- source_sentence: What language family is Malay?
  sentences:
  - 'Malay language

    Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages
    from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental
    Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean,
    is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family
    is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking. Many roots
    have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language.
    There are many cognates found in the languages'' words for kinship, health, body
    parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.'
  - 'Filipinos of Malay descent

    In the Philippines, there is misconception and often mixing between the two definitions.
    Filipinos consider Malays as being the natives of the Philippines, Indonesia,
    Malaysia and Brunei. Consequently, Filipinos consider themselves Malay when in
    reality, they are referring to the Malay Race. Filipinos in Singapore also prefer
    to be considered Malay, but their desire to be labeled as part of the ethnic group
    was rejected by the Singaporean government. Paradoxically, a minor percentage
    of Filipinos prefer the Spanish influence and may associate themselves with being
    Hispanic, and have made no realistic attempts to promote and/or revive the Malay
    language in the Philippines.'
  - 'Preferred provider organization

    In health insurance in the United States, a preferred provider organization (PPO),
    sometimes referred to as a participating provider organization or preferred provider
    option, is a managed care organization of medical doctors, hospitals, and other
    health care providers who have agreed with an insurer or a third-party administrator
    to provide health care at reduced rates to the insurer''s or administrator''s
    clients.'
- source_sentence: When was ABC formed?
  sentences:
  - 'American Broadcasting Company

    ABC launched as a radio network on October 12, 1943, serving as the successor
    to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended
    its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established
    broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount
    Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of
    Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the
    new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful
    series. In the 1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel
    ESPN, the network''s corporate parent, American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.,
    merged with Capital Cities Communications, owner of several print publications,
    and television and radio stations. In 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABC''s assets
    were purchased by The Walt Disney Company.'
  - 'Roman concrete

    Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was a material used in construction
    during the late Roman Republic until the fading of the Roman Empire. Roman concrete
    was based on a hydraulic-setting cement. Recently, it has been found that it materially
    differs in several ways from modern concrete which is based on Portland cement.
    Roman concrete is durable due to its incorporation of volcanic ash, which prevents
    cracks from spreading. By the middle of the 1st century, the material was used
    frequently, often brick-faced, although variations in aggregate allowed different
    arrangements of materials. Further innovative developments in the material, called
    the Concrete Revolution, contributed to structurally complicated forms, such as
    the Pantheon dome, the world''s largest and oldest unreinforced concrete dome.[1]'
  - 'Americans Battling Communism

    Americans Battling Communism, Inc. (ABC) was an anti-communist organization created
    following an October 1947 speech by Pennsylvania Judge Blair Gunther that called
    for an "ABC movement" to educate America about communism. Chartered in November
    1947 by Harry Alan Sherman, a local lawyer active in various anti-communist organizations,
    the group took part in such activities as blacklisting by disclosing the names
    of people suspected of being communists. Its members included local judges and
    lawyers active in the McCarthy-era prosecution of communists.'
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct
  results:
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts dev 896
      type: sts-dev-896
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.7512795462804751
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.7602862030369626
      name: Spearman Cosine
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts dev 768
      type: sts-dev-768
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.7504358517848402
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.7590404004512833
      name: Spearman Cosine
---

# SentenceTransformer based on Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 896-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen2.5-0.5B-Instruct) <!-- at revision 7ae557604adf67be50417f59c2c2f167def9a775 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 1024 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 896 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 1024, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: Qwen2Model 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 896, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("AlexWortega/qwen3k")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'When was ABC formed?',
    "American Broadcasting Company\nABC launched as a radio network on October 12, 1943, serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS and NBC. In the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop and greenlight many successful series. In the 1980s, after purchasing an 80% interest in cable sports channel ESPN, the network's corporate parent, American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., merged with Capital Cities Communications, owner of several print publications, and television and radio stations. In 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABC's assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company.",
    'Americans Battling Communism\nAmericans Battling Communism, Inc. (ABC) was an anti-communist organization created following an October 1947 speech by Pennsylvania Judge Blair Gunther that called for an "ABC movement" to educate America about communism. Chartered in November 1947 by Harry Alan Sherman, a local lawyer active in various anti-communist organizations, the group took part in such activities as blacklisting by disclosing the names of people suspected of being communists. Its members included local judges and lawyers active in the McCarthy-era prosecution of communists.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 896]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

<!--
### Direct Usage (Transformers)

<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>

</details>
-->

<!--
### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

</details>
-->

<!--
### Out-of-Scope Use

*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
-->

## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Semantic Similarity

* Datasets: `sts-dev-896` and `sts-dev-768`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | sts-dev-896 | sts-dev-768 |
|:--------------------|:------------|:------------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.7513      | 0.7504      |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.7603**  | **0.759**   |

<!--
## Bias, Risks and Limitations

*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
-->

<!--
### Recommendations

*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
-->

## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 1,077,240 training samples
* Columns: <code>query</code>, <code>response</code>, and <code>negative</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | query                                                                            | response                                                                             | negative                                                                            |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                               | string                                                                              |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 8.76 tokens</li><li>max: 26 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 23 tokens</li><li>mean: 141.88 tokens</li><li>max: 532 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 134.02 tokens</li><li>max: 472 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | query                                             | response                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | negative                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
  |:--------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>Was there a year 0?</code>                  | <code>Year zero<br>Year zero does not exist in the anno Domini system usually used to number years in the Gregorian calendar and in its predecessor, the Julian calendar. In this system, the year 1 BC is followed by AD 1. However, there is a year zero in astronomical year numbering (where it coincides with the Julian year 1 BC) and in ISO 8601:2004 (where it coincides with the Gregorian year 1 BC) as well as in all Buddhist and Hindu calendars.</code>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   | <code>504<br>Year 504 (DIV) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Nicomachus without colleague (or, less frequently, year 1257 "Ab urbe condita"). The denomination 504 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.</code>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             |
  | <code>When is the dialectical method used?</code> | <code>Dialectic<br>Dialectic or dialectics (Greek: διαλεκτική, dialektikḗ; related to dialogue), also known as the dialectical method, is at base a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments. Dialectic resembles debate, but the concept excludes subjective elements such as emotional appeal and the modern pejorative sense of rhetoric.[1][2] Dialectic may be contrasted with the didactic method, wherein one side of the conversation teaches the other. Dialectic is alternatively known as minor logic, as opposed to major logic or critique.</code>                                                                                                                               | <code>Derek Bentley case<br>Another factor in the posthumous defence was that a "confession" recorded by Bentley, which was claimed by the prosecution to be a "verbatim record of dictated monologue", was shown by forensic linguistics methods to have been largely edited by policemen. Linguist Malcolm Coulthard showed that certain patterns, such as the frequency of the word "then" and the grammatical use of "then" after the grammatical subject ("I then" rather than "then I"), were not consistent with Bentley's use of language (his idiolect), as evidenced in court testimony. These patterns fit better the recorded testimony of the policemen involved. This is one of the earliest uses of forensic linguistics on record.</code> |
  | <code>What do Grasshoppers eat?</code>            | <code>Grasshopper<br>Grasshoppers are plant-eaters, with a few species at times becoming serious pests of cereals, vegetables and pasture, especially when they swarm in their millions as locusts and destroy crops over wide areas. They protect themselves from predators by camouflage; when detected, many species attempt to startle the predator with a brilliantly-coloured wing-flash while jumping and (if adult) launching themselves into the air, usually flying for only a short distance. Other species such as the rainbow grasshopper have warning coloration which deters predators. Grasshoppers are affected by parasites and various diseases, and many predatory creatures feed on both nymphs and adults. The eggs are the subject of attack by parasitoids and predators.</code> | <code>Groundhog<br>Very often the dens of groundhogs provide homes for other animals including skunks, red foxes, and cottontail rabbits. The fox and skunk feed upon field mice, grasshoppers, beetles and other creatures that destroy farm crops. In aiding these animals, the groundhog indirectly helps the farmer. In addition to providing homes for itself and other animals, the groundhog aids in soil improvement by bringing subsoil to the surface. The groundhog is also a valuable game animal and is considered a difficult sport when hunted in a fair manner. In some parts of Appalachia, they are eaten.</code>                                                                                                                       |
* Loss: [<code>MultipleNegativesRankingLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 12
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 12
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 4
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.3
- `bf16`: True
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 12
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 12
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 4
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.3
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: True
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | sts-dev-896_spearman_cosine | sts-dev-768_spearman_cosine |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------------------:|:---------------------------:|
| 0.0004 | 10   | 2.2049        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0009 | 20   | 2.3168        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0013 | 30   | 2.3544        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0018 | 40   | 2.2519        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0022 | 50   | 2.1809        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0027 | 60   | 2.1572        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0031 | 70   | 2.1855        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0036 | 80   | 2.5887        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0040 | 90   | 2.883         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0045 | 100  | 2.8557        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0049 | 110  | 2.9356        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0053 | 120  | 2.8833        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0058 | 130  | 2.8394        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0062 | 140  | 2.923         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0067 | 150  | 2.8191        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0071 | 160  | 2.8658        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0076 | 170  | 2.8252        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0080 | 180  | 2.8312        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0085 | 190  | 2.7761        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0089 | 200  | 2.7193        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0094 | 210  | 2.724         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0098 | 220  | 2.7484        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0102 | 230  | 2.7262        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0107 | 240  | 2.6964        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0111 | 250  | 2.6676        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0116 | 260  | 2.6715        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0120 | 270  | 2.6145        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0125 | 280  | 2.6191        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0129 | 290  | 1.9812        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0134 | 300  | 1.6413        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0138 | 310  | 1.6126        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0143 | 320  | 1.3599        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0147 | 330  | 1.2996        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0151 | 340  | 1.2654        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0156 | 350  | 1.9409        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0160 | 360  | 2.1287        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0165 | 370  | 1.8442        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0169 | 380  | 1.6837        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0174 | 390  | 1.5489        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0178 | 400  | 1.4382        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0183 | 410  | 1.4848        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0187 | 420  | 1.3481        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0192 | 430  | 1.3467        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0196 | 440  | 1.3977        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0201 | 450  | 1.26          | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0205 | 460  | 1.2412        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0209 | 470  | 1.316         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0214 | 480  | 1.3501        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0218 | 490  | 1.2246        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0223 | 500  | 1.2271        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0227 | 510  | 1.1871        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0232 | 520  | 1.1685        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0236 | 530  | 1.1624        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0241 | 540  | 1.1911        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0245 | 550  | 1.1978        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0250 | 560  | 1.1228        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0254 | 570  | 1.1091        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0258 | 580  | 1.1433        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0263 | 590  | 1.0638        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0267 | 600  | 1.0515        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0272 | 610  | 1.175         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0276 | 620  | 1.0943        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0281 | 630  | 1.1226        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0285 | 640  | 0.9871        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0290 | 650  | 1.0171        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0294 | 660  | 1.0169        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0299 | 670  | 0.9643        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0303 | 680  | 0.9563        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0307 | 690  | 0.9841        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0312 | 700  | 1.0349        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0316 | 710  | 0.8958        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0321 | 720  | 0.9225        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0325 | 730  | 0.842         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0330 | 740  | 0.9104        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0334 | 750  | 0.8927        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0339 | 760  | 0.8508        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0343 | 770  | 0.8835        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0348 | 780  | 0.9531        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0352 | 790  | 0.926         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0356 | 800  | 0.8718        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0361 | 810  | 0.8261        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0365 | 820  | 0.8169        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0370 | 830  | 0.8525        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0374 | 840  | 0.8504        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0379 | 850  | 0.7625        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0383 | 860  | 0.8259        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0388 | 870  | 0.7558        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0392 | 880  | 0.7898        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0397 | 890  | 0.7694        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0401 | 900  | 0.7429        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0405 | 910  | 0.6666        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0410 | 920  | 0.7407        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0414 | 930  | 0.6665        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0419 | 940  | 0.7597        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0423 | 950  | 0.7035        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0428 | 960  | 0.7166        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0432 | 970  | 0.6889        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0437 | 980  | 0.7541        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0441 | 990  | 0.7175        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0446 | 1000 | 0.7389        | 0.6420                      | 0.6403                      |
| 0.0450 | 1010 | 0.7142        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0454 | 1020 | 0.7301        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0459 | 1030 | 0.7299        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0463 | 1040 | 0.6759        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0468 | 1050 | 0.7036        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0472 | 1060 | 0.6286        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0477 | 1070 | 0.595         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0481 | 1080 | 0.6099        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0486 | 1090 | 0.6377        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0490 | 1100 | 0.6309        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0495 | 1110 | 0.6306        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0499 | 1120 | 0.557         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0504 | 1130 | 0.5898        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0508 | 1140 | 0.5896        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0512 | 1150 | 0.6399        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0517 | 1160 | 0.5923        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0521 | 1170 | 0.5787        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0526 | 1180 | 0.591         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0530 | 1190 | 0.5714        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0535 | 1200 | 0.6047        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0539 | 1210 | 0.5904        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0544 | 1220 | 0.543         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0548 | 1230 | 0.6033        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0553 | 1240 | 0.5445        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0557 | 1250 | 0.5217        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0561 | 1260 | 0.5835        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0566 | 1270 | 0.5353        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0570 | 1280 | 0.5887        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0575 | 1290 | 0.5967        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0579 | 1300 | 0.5036        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0584 | 1310 | 0.5915        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0588 | 1320 | 0.5719        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0593 | 1330 | 0.5238        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0597 | 1340 | 0.5647        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0602 | 1350 | 0.538         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0606 | 1360 | 0.5457        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0610 | 1370 | 0.5169        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0615 | 1380 | 0.4967        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0619 | 1390 | 0.4864        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0624 | 1400 | 0.5133        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0628 | 1410 | 0.5587        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0633 | 1420 | 0.4691        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0637 | 1430 | 0.5186        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0642 | 1440 | 0.4907        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0646 | 1450 | 0.5281        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0651 | 1460 | 0.4741        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0655 | 1470 | 0.4452        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0659 | 1480 | 0.4771        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0664 | 1490 | 0.4289        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0668 | 1500 | 0.4551        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0673 | 1510 | 0.4558        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0677 | 1520 | 0.5159        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0682 | 1530 | 0.4296        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0686 | 1540 | 0.4548        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0691 | 1550 | 0.4439        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0695 | 1560 | 0.4295        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0700 | 1570 | 0.4466        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0704 | 1580 | 0.4717        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0708 | 1590 | 0.492         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0713 | 1600 | 0.4566        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0717 | 1610 | 0.4451        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0722 | 1620 | 0.4715        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0726 | 1630 | 0.4573        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0731 | 1640 | 0.3972        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0735 | 1650 | 0.5212        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0740 | 1660 | 0.4381        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0744 | 1670 | 0.4552        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0749 | 1680 | 0.4767        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0753 | 1690 | 0.4398        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0757 | 1700 | 0.4801        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0762 | 1710 | 0.3751        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0766 | 1720 | 0.4407        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0771 | 1730 | 0.4305        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0775 | 1740 | 0.3938        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0780 | 1750 | 0.4748        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0784 | 1760 | 0.428         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0789 | 1770 | 0.404         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0793 | 1780 | 0.4261        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0798 | 1790 | 0.359         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0802 | 1800 | 0.4422        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0807 | 1810 | 0.4748        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0811 | 1820 | 0.4352        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0815 | 1830 | 0.4032        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0820 | 1840 | 0.4124        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0824 | 1850 | 0.4486        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0829 | 1860 | 0.429         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0833 | 1870 | 0.4189        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0838 | 1880 | 0.3658        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0842 | 1890 | 0.4297        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0847 | 1900 | 0.4215        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0851 | 1910 | 0.3726        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0856 | 1920 | 0.3736        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0860 | 1930 | 0.4287        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0864 | 1940 | 0.4402        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0869 | 1950 | 0.4353        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0873 | 1960 | 0.3622        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0878 | 1970 | 0.3557        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0882 | 1980 | 0.4107        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0887 | 1990 | 0.3982        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0891 | 2000 | 0.453         | 0.7292                      | 0.7261                      |
| 0.0896 | 2010 | 0.3971        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0900 | 2020 | 0.4374        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0905 | 2030 | 0.4322        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0909 | 2040 | 0.3945        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0913 | 2050 | 0.356         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0918 | 2060 | 0.4182        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0922 | 2070 | 0.3694        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0927 | 2080 | 0.3989        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0931 | 2090 | 0.4237        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0936 | 2100 | 0.3961        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0940 | 2110 | 0.4264        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0945 | 2120 | 0.3609        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0949 | 2130 | 0.4154        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0954 | 2140 | 0.3661        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0958 | 2150 | 0.3328        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0962 | 2160 | 0.3456        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0967 | 2170 | 0.3478        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0971 | 2180 | 0.3339        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0976 | 2190 | 0.3833        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0980 | 2200 | 0.3238        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0985 | 2210 | 0.3871        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0989 | 2220 | 0.4009        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0994 | 2230 | 0.4115        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.0998 | 2240 | 0.4024        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1003 | 2250 | 0.35          | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1007 | 2260 | 0.3649        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1011 | 2270 | 0.3615        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1016 | 2280 | 0.3898        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1020 | 2290 | 0.3866        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1025 | 2300 | 0.3904        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1029 | 2310 | 0.3321        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1034 | 2320 | 0.3803        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1038 | 2330 | 0.3831        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1043 | 2340 | 0.403         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1047 | 2350 | 0.3803        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1052 | 2360 | 0.3463        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1056 | 2370 | 0.3987        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1060 | 2380 | 0.3731        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1065 | 2390 | 0.353         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1069 | 2400 | 0.3166        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1074 | 2410 | 0.3895        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1078 | 2420 | 0.4025        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1083 | 2430 | 0.3798        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1087 | 2440 | 0.2991        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1092 | 2450 | 0.3094        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1096 | 2460 | 0.3669        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1101 | 2470 | 0.3412        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1105 | 2480 | 0.3697        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1110 | 2490 | 0.369         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1114 | 2500 | 0.3393        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1118 | 2510 | 0.4232        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1123 | 2520 | 0.3445        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1127 | 2530 | 0.4165        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1132 | 2540 | 0.3721        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1136 | 2550 | 0.3476        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1141 | 2560 | 0.2847        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1145 | 2570 | 0.3609        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1150 | 2580 | 0.3017        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1154 | 2590 | 0.374         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1159 | 2600 | 0.3365        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1163 | 2610 | 0.393         | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1167 | 2620 | 0.3623        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1172 | 2630 | 0.3538        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1176 | 2640 | 0.3206        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1181 | 2650 | 0.3962        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1185 | 2660 | 0.3087        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1190 | 2670 | 0.3482        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1194 | 2680 | 0.3616        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1199 | 2690 | 0.3955        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1203 | 2700 | 0.3915        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1208 | 2710 | 0.3782        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1212 | 2720 | 0.3576        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1216 | 2730 | 0.3544        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1221 | 2740 | 0.3572        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1225 | 2750 | 0.3107        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1230 | 2760 | 0.3579        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1234 | 2770 | 0.3571        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1239 | 2780 | 0.3694        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1243 | 2790 | 0.3674        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1248 | 2800 | 0.3373        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1252 | 2810 | 0.3362        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1257 | 2820 | 0.3225        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1261 | 2830 | 0.3609        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1265 | 2840 | 0.3681        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1270 | 2850 | 0.4059        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1274 | 2860 | 0.3047        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1279 | 2870 | 0.3446        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1283 | 2880 | 0.3507        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1288 | 2890 | 0.3124        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1292 | 2900 | 0.3712        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1297 | 2910 | 0.3394        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1301 | 2920 | 0.3869        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1306 | 2930 | 0.3449        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1310 | 2940 | 0.3752        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1314 | 2950 | 0.3341        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1319 | 2960 | 0.3329        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1323 | 2970 | 0.36          | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1328 | 2980 | 0.3788        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1332 | 2990 | 0.3834        | -                           | -                           |
| 0.1337 | 3000 | 0.3426        | 0.7603                      | 0.7590                      |

</details>

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 3.3.0
- Transformers: 4.46.2
- PyTorch: 2.1.0+cu118
- Accelerate: 1.1.1
- Datasets: 3.1.0
- Tokenizers: 0.20.3

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

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