sentence-transformers safetensors bert sentence-similarity feature-extraction generated_from_trainer dataset_size:546 loss:TripletLoss arxiv:1908.10084 arxiv:1703.07737 base_model:intfloat/multilingual-e5-small base_model:finetune:intfloat/multilingual-e5-small model-index autotrain_compatible text-embeddings-inference endpoints_compatible region:us
---
base_model: intfloat/multilingual-e5-small
datasets: []
language: []
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- cosine_accuracy
- dot_accuracy
- manhattan_accuracy
- euclidean_accuracy
- max_accuracy
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:546
- loss:TripletLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: How to cook a turkey?
  sentences:
  - How to make a turkey sandwich?
  - World's biggest desert by area
  - Steps to roast a turkey
- source_sentence: What is the best way to learn a new language?
  sentences:
  - Author of the play 'Hamlet'
  - What is the fastest way to travel?
  - How can I effectively learn a new language?
- source_sentence: Who wrote 'To Kill a Mockingbird'?
  sentences:
  - Who wrote 'The Great Gatsby'?
  - How can I effectively save money?
  - Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird'
- source_sentence: Who was the first person to climb Mount Everest?
  sentences:
  - Steps to visit the Great Wall of China
  - Who was the first person to climb K2?
  - First climber to reach the summit of Everest
- source_sentence: What is the capital city of Canada?
  sentences:
  - First circumnavigator of the globe
  - What is the capital of Canada?
  - What is the capital city of Australia?
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-small
  results:
  - task:
      type: triplet
      name: Triplet
    dataset:
      name: triplet validation
      type: triplet-validation
    metrics:
    - type: cosine_accuracy
      value: 0.9672131147540983
      name: Cosine Accuracy
    - type: dot_accuracy
      value: 0.03278688524590164
      name: Dot Accuracy
    - type: manhattan_accuracy
      value: 0.9672131147540983
      name: Manhattan Accuracy
    - type: euclidean_accuracy
      value: 0.9672131147540983
      name: Euclidean Accuracy
    - type: max_accuracy
      value: 0.9672131147540983
      name: Max Accuracy
---

# SentenceTransformer based on intfloat/multilingual-e5-small

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [intfloat/multilingual-e5-small](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-small). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [intfloat/multilingual-e5-small](https://huggingface.co/intfloat/multilingual-e5-small) <!-- at revision fd1525a9fd15316a2d503bf26ab031a61d056e98 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("srikarvar/multilingual-e5-small-triplet-final-1")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'What is the capital city of Canada?',
    'What is the capital of Canada?',
    'What is the capital city of Australia?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Triplet
* Dataset: `triplet-validation`
* Evaluated with [<code>TripletEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.TripletEvaluator)

| Metric             | Value      |
|:-------------------|:-----------|
| cosine_accuracy    | 0.9672     |
| dot_accuracy       | 0.0328     |
| manhattan_accuracy | 0.9672     |
| euclidean_accuracy | 0.9672     |
| **max_accuracy**   | **0.9672** |

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 546 training samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, and <code>negative</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                            | positive                                                                         | negative                                                                          |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                           | string                                                                            |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.78 tokens</li><li>max: 22 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 4 tokens</li><li>mean: 9.52 tokens</li><li>max: 19 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.75 tokens</li><li>max: 22 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                               | positive                                      | negative                                               |
  |:-----------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>What is the capital of Brazil?</code>          | <code>Capital city of Brazil</code>           | <code>What is the capital of Argentina?</code>         |
  | <code>How do I install Python on my computer?</code> | <code>How do I set up Python on my PC?</code> | <code>How do I uninstall Python on my computer?</code> |
  | <code>How do I apply for a credit card?</code>       | <code>How do I get a credit card?</code>      | <code>How do I cancel a credit card?</code>            |
* Loss: [<code>TripletLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#tripletloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
      "triplet_margin": 0.7
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 61 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code>, <code>positive</code>, and <code>negative</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                            | positive                                                                         | negative                                                                          |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                           | string                                                                            |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 7 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.66 tokens</li><li>max: 16 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 9.43 tokens</li><li>max: 14 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 10.54 tokens</li><li>max: 17 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                             | positive                                                 | negative                                             |
  |:---------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>How to create a podcast?</code>              | <code>Steps to start a podcast</code>                    | <code>How to create a vlog?</code>                   |
  | <code>How many states are there in the USA?</code> | <code>Total number of states in the United States</code> | <code>How many provinces are there in Canada?</code> |
  | <code>What is the population of India?</code>      | <code>How many people live in India?</code>              | <code>What is the population of China?</code>        |
* Loss: [<code>TripletLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#tripletloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.EUCLIDEAN",
      "triplet_margin": 0.7
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 2
- `learning_rate`: 5e-06
- `weight_decay`: 0.01
- `num_train_epochs`: 20
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `warmup_steps`: 50
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 2
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-06
- `weight_decay`: 0.01
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 20
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: cosine
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
- `warmup_steps`: 50
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch_fused
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch       | Step    | Training Loss | loss       | triplet-validation_max_accuracy |
|:-----------:|:-------:|:-------------:|:----------:|:-------------------------------:|
| 0.5714      | 10      | 0.6735        | -          | -                               |
| 0.9714      | 17      | -             | 0.6198     | -                               |
| 1.1429      | 20      | 0.6596        | -          | -                               |
| 1.7143      | 30      | 0.6357        | -          | -                               |
| 2.0         | 35      | -             | 0.5494     | -                               |
| 2.2857      | 40      | 0.596         | -          | -                               |
| 2.8571      | 50      | 0.5587        | -          | -                               |
| 2.9714      | 52      | -             | 0.4479     | -                               |
| 3.4286      | 60      | 0.5265        | -          | -                               |
| 4.0         | 70      | 0.4703        | 0.3363     | -                               |
| 4.5714      | 80      | 0.4269        | -          | -                               |
| 4.9714      | 87      | -             | 0.2414     | -                               |
| 5.1429      | 90      | 0.3725        | -          | -                               |
| 5.7143      | 100     | 0.3438        | -          | -                               |
| 6.0         | 105     | -             | 0.1711     | -                               |
| 6.2857      | 110     | 0.3058        | -          | -                               |
| 6.8571      | 120     | 0.2478        | -          | -                               |
| 6.9714      | 122     | -             | 0.1365     | -                               |
| 7.4286      | 130     | 0.2147        | -          | -                               |
| 8.0         | 140     | 0.1971        | 0.1224     | -                               |
| 8.5714      | 150     | 0.1946        | -          | -                               |
| 8.9714      | 157     | -             | 0.1111     | -                               |
| 9.1429      | 160     | 0.1516        | -          | -                               |
| 9.7143      | 170     | 0.1663        | -          | -                               |
| 10.0        | 175     | -             | 0.1049     | -                               |
| 10.2857     | 180     | 0.1534        | -          | -                               |
| 10.8571     | 190     | 0.1684        | -          | -                               |
| 10.9714     | 192     | -             | 0.1027     | -                               |
| 11.4286     | 200     | 0.1422        | -          | -                               |
| 12.0        | 210     | 0.1354        | 0.1007     | -                               |
| 12.5714     | 220     | 0.1407        | -          | -                               |
| 12.9714     | 227     | -             | 0.0990     | -                               |
| 13.1429     | 230     | 0.154         | -          | -                               |
| 13.7143     | 240     | 0.1359        | -          | -                               |
| 14.0        | 245     | -             | 0.0975     | -                               |
| 14.2857     | 250     | 0.1397        | -          | -                               |
| 14.8571     | 260     | 0.1389        | -          | -                               |
| 14.9714     | 262     | -             | 0.0969     | -                               |
| 15.4286     | 270     | 0.15          | -          | -                               |
| 16.0        | 280     | 0.1273        | 0.0966     | -                               |
| 16.5714     | 290     | 0.1318        | -          | -                               |
| 16.9714     | 297     | -             | 0.0966     | -                               |
| 17.1429     | 300     | 0.1276        | -          | -                               |
| 17.7143     | 310     | 0.1381        | -          | -                               |
| 18.0        | 315     | -             | 0.0966     | -                               |
| 18.2857     | 320     | 0.1284        | -          | -                               |
| 18.8571     | 330     | 0.1394        | -          | -                               |
| 18.9714     | 332     | -             | 0.0965     | -                               |
| **19.4286** | **340** | **0.1407**    | **0.0965** | **0.9672**                      |

* The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.10.12
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.1
- Transformers: 4.41.2
- PyTorch: 2.1.2+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.32.1
- Datasets: 2.19.1
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### TripletLoss
```bibtex
@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification}, 
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
```

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