safetensors qwen2 multilingual instruction-tuning qwen efficiency hindi en hi dataset:1024m/Qwen-2.5-14B-Hindi-Instruct-Data license:apache-2.0 model-index region:us
---
datasets:
- 1024m/Qwen-2.5-14B-Hindi-Instruct-Data
language:
- en
- hi
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- multilingual
- instruction-tuning
- qwen
- efficiency
- hindi
model-index:
- name: Qwen-14B-Hindi
  results:
  - task:
      type: text-generation
      name: Text Generation
    dataset:
      name: MMLU Pro (5-Shot)
      type: mmlu_pro
      config: MMLU Pro
      split: test
      args:
        num_few_shot: 5
    metrics:
    - type: acc
      value: 52.63
      name: accuracy
    source:
      url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
      name: Open LLM Leaderboard
  - task:
      type: text-generation
      name: Text Generation
    dataset:
      name: GPQA (0-Shot)
      type: gpqa
      config: GPQA
      split: test
      args:
        num_few_shot: 0
    metrics:
    - type: acc
      value: 36.24
      name: accuracy (normalized)
    source:
      url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
      name: Open LLM Leaderboard
  - task:
      type: text-generation
      name: Text Generation
    dataset:
      name: MuSR (0-Shot)
      type: musr
      config: MuSR
      split: test
      args:
        num_few_shot: 0
    metrics:
    - type: acc
      value: 44.84
      name: accuracy (normalized)
    source:
      url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
      name: Open LLM Leaderboard
  - task:
      type: text-generation
      name: Text Generation
    dataset:
      name: Big Bench Hard (3-Shot)
      type: bbh
      config: Big Bench Hard
      split: test
      args:
        num_few_shot: 3
    metrics:
    - type: acc
      value: 64.97
      name: accuracy (normalized)
    source:
      url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
      name: Open LLM Leaderboard
  - task:
      type: text-generation
      name: Text Generation
    dataset:
      name: Math HARD (4-Shot)
      type: math_hard
      config: Math Hard
      split: test
      args:
        num_few_shot: 4
    metrics:
    - type: acc
      value: 25.08
      name: accuracy (exact match)
    source:
      url: https://huggingface.co/datasets/open-llm-leaderboard/results/blob/main/1024m/PHI-4-Hindi/results_2025-02-06T05-43-08.878637.json
      name: Open LLM Leaderboard
---

# Qwen-14B-Hindi

Qwen-2.5-14B-Hindi is a 14.8B parameter instruction-tuned bilingual large language model for both Hindi and English, 
trained on a mixed language dataset.

- ~0.3 % better performance on English Tasks compared to the original (average benchmark scores)
- ~3.5 % better performance on Hindi Tasks compared to the original (average benchmark scores)
- ~7.6 % better performance on tougher english benchmarks (open-llm-leaderboard evals) 
- Less Biases due to ordering of choices while answering MCQs

### Model Details:

- **Developed by:** [Traversaal.ai](https://huggingface.co/large-traversaal), [1-800-LLMs](https://huggingface.co/1-800-LLMs)
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Optimized for Hindi and English
- **License:** Apache 2.0
- **Paper :** TBA April 15

![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/645c60dd7d655680b57ddbff/eT2WjsH8c-VSqAOnf-5rN.png)

## Intended Use

<!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->
We release Qwen-2.5-14B-Hindi under the Apache 2.0 license, encouraging researchers, developers, and enterprises to experiment with and build upon the model, particularly for bilingual, multilingual and non-English applications.
At the time of release, the model demonstrated state-of-the-art performance across an extensive English and Hindi evaluation suite.  

Some potential downstream applications are as follows:  
- *Research*: This model serves as a valuable tool for researchers and developers working in NLP.  
- *Commercial Use*: It can be utilized as a foundational model for fine-tuning to meet specific industry needs.  
Possible applications include:  
  - AI-powered Chat Assistants  
  - Customer Support Service  
  - Educational tools for language learning  

Target audiences who may benefit from our model:  
- *Academics*: Researchers focused on Hindi and multilingual NLP advancements.  
- *Businesses*: Companies catering to Hindi-speaking and bilingual users.  
- *Developers*: Those integrating Hindi language capabilities into applications and services.  
- *Educational Institutions*: Schools and universities developing AI-powered learning tools.  

### Prompt Formats

| Task                           | Input Format                                            |
|--------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------|
| Natural Language Inference     | "`Text1 ### Text2 ### NLI ###`"                           |
| Multiple Choice Questions      | "`Question ### A) a, B) b,... ### MCQ ###`"               |
| Numeric Questions              | "`Question ### NUMERIC ###`"                              |
| Boolean Questions              | "`Question ### BOOLEAN ###`"                              |
| Questions seeking Long responses | "`Question ### LONG RESPONSE ###`"                      |
| Short responses (few words)    | "`Input ### DIRECT RESPONSE ###`"                         |
| Coding                         | "`Input ### CODE ###`"                                  |
| Text Summarization             | "`Input ### SUMMARIZE ###`"                               |
| Paraphrasing/Rephrasing        | "`Input ### PARAPHRASE ###`"                              |
| Translation to specified language | "`Input ### TRANSLATION [lang] ###`"                   |
| Text Simplification/ELI5       | "`Input ### SIMPLIFY ###`"                                |

The following prompt formats were used during training and are better suited for usage, however the model works well even without such formatting

### Out-of-Scope Use

<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->

While Qwen-2.5-14B-Hindi is a powerful bilingual model designed for Hindi and English, it is crucial to acknowledge its limitations and the potential for misuse. The model must not be used in ways that violate any applicable laws or regulations. Below are specific scenarios where its use is restricted:  

- *Harmful or Malicious Use*: The model should not be employed to create or distribute harmful, misleading, or inappropriate content, including but not limited to:  
  - Encouraging hate speech, violence, or discrimination  
  - Spreading misinformation or false narratives  
  - Facilitating or promoting illegal activities  

- *Sensitive Data Handling*: The model is not designed to process or generate personal, confidential, or sensitive information.  

- *Language Constraints*: While optimized for Hindi and English, the model should not be assumed to have the same proficiency in other languages.  

- *High-Risk Decision-Making*: It should not be used for critical decision-making without human oversight, especially in medical, legal, financial, or safety-related contexts.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->

<!-- The model is trained on publicly available data which was in part curated by Inception. -->
While efforts have been made to minimize biases, it is likely that the model, as with all LLM models, will exhibit some bias. 

The model is trained as an AI assistant for Hindi and English speakers. The model is limited to produce responses for queries in these two languages
and may not produce appropriate responses to other language queries.

By using this model, you acknowledge and accept that, as with any large language model, it may generate incorrect, misleading and/or offensive information or content. 
The information is not intended as advice and should not be relied upon in any way, nor are we responsible for any of the content or consequences resulting from its use. 
We are continuously working to develop models with greater capabilities, and as such, welcome any feedback on the model~~

## Evaluation:
We evaluated our models on multiple well-known benchmarks to measure their effectiveness against other leading models, and the results are as follows:

| Model                           | ARC-C | ARC-E | BoolQ | CMCQ  | MMLU  | Average* | MMLU-Pro | GPQA | MuSR  | BBH   | MATH-Hard  |
|---------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|----------|----------|------|-------|-------|-------|
| AryaBhatta-GemmaUltra-8.5B      | 22.70 | 25.04 | 22.95 | 62.23 | 23.70 | 31.32    | 22.66    | 25.34| 42.72 | 41.12 | 2.95  |
| Airavata-7B                     | 25.09 | 30.47 | 25.31 | 62.17 | 33.20 | 35.25    | 16.35    | 27.43| 37.57 | 36.00 | 13.60 |
| sarvam-1-2B                     | 30.03 | 33.25 | 62.17 | 42.80 | 27.90 | 39.23    | -        | -    | -     | -     | -     |
| Nemotron-4-Mini-Hindi-Instruct  | 55.80 | 71.63 | 62.11 | 68.10 | 43.20 | 60.17    | 25.95    | 30.87| 41.53 | 40.11 | 2.04  |
| Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat          | 65.36 | 80.64 | 82.29 | 67.60 | 50.61 | 69.30    | 31.57    | 30.12| 43.52 | 49.38 | 5.59  |
| Krutrim-2-12b-instruct          | 67.32 | 81.10 | 84.74 | 76.30 | 56.10 | 73.11    | -        | -    | -     | -     | -     |
| aya-expanse-8b                  | 74.06 | 87.08 | 86.45 | 83.30 | 56.89 | 77.56    | 30.04    | 30.29| 37.17 | 49.42 | 7.02  |
| aya-expanse-32B                 | 85.41 | **95.08** | **90.43** | 89.80 | 69.71 | 86.08    | 41.30    | 32.55| 38.62 | 56.29 | 13.37 |
| **Our Qwen Model (14b)**        | 90.61 | 94.82 | 88.53 | **90.70** | 75.00 | 87.93 | **52.63** | 36.24 | 44.84 | 64.97 | **25.08** |
| **Our Phi Model (14b)**         | **97.39** | 92.24 | 87.65 | 87.40 | **75.59** | **88.05** | 52.39 | **39.77** | **49.07** | **66.97** | 23.11 |

**Table 1: Metrics (.2f) of our models and other LLMs over several English benchmarks**

| Model                              | ARC-C | ARC-E | BoolQ | CMCQ  | MMLU  | Average |
|------------------------------------|-------|-------|-------|-------|-------|---------|
| AryaBhatta-GemmaUltra-8.5B         | 22.70 | 25.08 | 22.95 | 62.17 | 23.80 | 31.34   |
| Airavata-7B                        | 22.87 | 25.13 | 23.28 | 62.17 | 33.20 | 33.33   |
| sarvam-1-2B                        | 32.76 | 35.06 | 62.16 | 47.10 | 24.22 | 40.26   |
| Llama-3-Nanda-10B-Chat             | 45.99 | 60.56 | 71.96 | 54.70 | 36.35 | 53.91   |
| Nemotron-4-Mini-Hindi-4B-Instruct  | 50.68 | 63.72 | 68.74 | 51.30 | 37.18 | 54.32   |
| Krutrim-2-12b-instruct             | 56.83 | 70.66 | 78.86 | 64.10 | 46.51 | 63.39   |
| aya-expanse-8b                     | 57.42 | 72.90 | 80.42 | 69.00 | 43.39 | 64.63   |
| aya-expanse-32B                    | 73.29 | 85.48 | **87.73** | **79.70** | **56.96** | 76.63   |
| **Our Qwen Model (14b)**           | 74.06 | 81.23 | 84.07 | 78.20 | 53.85 | 74.82 |
| **Our Phi Model (14b)**            | **81.74** | **89.06** | 86.02 | 78.70 | 56.39 | **78.38** |

**Table 2: Metrics (.2f) of our models and other LLMs over several Hindi benchmarks**

| Benchmark       | Lang | Qwen-2.5-14B-Instruct | Our Qwen | Change | Phi-4 | Our Phi | Change |
|----------------|------|----------------------|----------|--------|-------|---------|--------|
| ARC-Easy      | En   | 95.45                | 94.82    | 🔻 0.63 | 97.31 | 97.39   | 🔼 0.08 |
|               | Hi   | 78.49                | 81.23    | 🔼 2.74 | 86.87 | 89.06   | 🔼 2.19 |
| ARC-Challenge | En   | 90.87                | 90.61    | 🔻 0.26 | 92.41 | 92.24   | 🔻 0.17 |
|               | Hi   | 69.62                | 74.06    | 🔼 4.44 | 79.18 | 81.74   | 🔼 2.56 |
| BoolQ         | En   | 86.09                | 88.53    | 🔼 2.44 | 86.30 | 87.65   | 🔼 1.35 |
|               | Hi   | 78.89                | 84.07    | 🔼 5.18 | 82.72 | 86.02   | 🔼 3.30 |
| Context-MCQ   | En   | 91.20                | 90.70    | 🔻 0.50 | 86.30 | 87.40   | 🔼 1.10 |
|               | Hi   | 77.40                | 78.20    | 🔼 0.80 | 75.70 | 78.70   | 🔼 3.00 |
| MMLU          | En   | 74.37                | 75.00    | 🔼 0.63 | 74.67 | 75.59   | 🔼 0.92 |
|               | Hi   | 52.16                | 53.85    | 🔼 1.69 | 53.24 | 56.39   | 🔼 3.15 |
| **Average**   | En   | **87.60**            | **87.93**| 🔼 0.33 | **87.40** | **88.05** | 🔼 0.65 |
|               | Hi   | **71.31**            | **74.82**| 🔼 3.51 | **75.54** | **78.38** | 🔼 2.84 |
| **Overall**   |      | **79.46**            | **81.38**| 🔼 1.92 | **81.47** | **83.22** | 🔼 1.75 |

**Table 3: Performance of our models compared to originals over each benchmark : evals through log likelihoods**

| Benchmark       | Lang | Qwen-2.5-14B-Instruct | Our Qwen | Change  | Phi-4 | Our Phi | Change  |
|----------------|------|----------------------|----------|---------|-------|---------|---------|
| MMLU-Pro      | En   | 49.04                | 52.63    | 🔼 3.59  | 53.78 | 52.39   | 🔻 1.39  |
| MATH hard     | En   | 00.00                | 25.08    | N/A   | 12.31 | 23.11   | 🔼 10.80 |
| GPQA          | En   | 32.21                | 36.24    | 🔼 4.03  | 33.72 | 39.77   | 🔼 6.05  |
| MuSR          | En   | 40.87                | 44.84    | 🔼 3.97  | 41.01 | 49.07   | 🔼 8.06  |
| BigBench-Hard | En   | 63.74                | 64.97    | 🔼 1.23  | 68.60 | 66.97   | 🔻 1.63  |
| **Average**   |      | **37.17**            | **44.75**| 🔼 7.58  | **41.88** | **46.26** | 🔼 4.38  |

**Table 4: Performance of our models compared to originals over each benchmark : evals through eval-harness**

### Recommendations

It is advisable for users to:
- Refrain from deploying the model in sensitive domains without human supervision.
- Cross-check factual information generated by the model for accuracy.
- Continuously assess the model to ensure compliance with ethical standards.
- Be mindful of potential biases and unintended outputs, especially in critical applications.

### Model Responses vs Order of Choices in MCQs

As benchmarks like MMLU-Pro have upto 10 choices, while most training datasets consist of typically 4-5 choices, we modified the ordering and labelling of choices i.e re-ordering choices to create an imbalance opposing the original model's choice distribution, replacement of labels from A/B/C/D to a/b/c/d or 1/2/3/4 or w/x/y/z etc.. in 5% of the MCQ samples for better robustness
This resulted in less bias towards the earlier choices among MCQs as compared to the original phi-4. The below images are a distution of choices selected by the model while being evaluated over MMLU-pro

![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/645c60dd7d655680b57ddbff/3v3HxkKayqhAw549TQn8g.png)
![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/645c60dd7d655680b57ddbff/bJRRv29aPPiJhyywBs7dz.png)

The same info on a different model built from the base checkpoint instruction tuned solely on our data can be seen below :

![image/png](https://cdn-uploads.huggingface.co/production/uploads/645c60dd7d655680b57ddbff/pAmU-a-kzyZqYu6IaVGu-.png)

### Team

- [`Ram Mohan Rao Kadiyala`](https://huggingface.co/1024m)
- [`Siddartha Pullakhandam`](https://huggingface.co/Siddartha10)
- [`Siddhant Gupta`](https://huggingface.co/minemaster01)
- [`Drishti Sharma`](https://huggingface.co/DrishtiSharma)
- [`Jebish Purbey`](https://huggingface.co/jebish7)
- [`Kanwal Mehreen`](https://huggingface.co/kanwal-mehreen18)
- [`Muhammad Arham`](https://huggingface.co/arhamm40182)
- [`Hamza Farooq`](https://huggingface.co/traversaal-ai)

### Correspondence

 [![Gmail](https://img.shields.io/badge/Gmail-D14836?style=for-the-badge&logo=gmail&logoColor=white)](mailto:ram@traversaal.ai)