sentence-transformers safetensors xlm-roberta sentence-similarity feature-extraction generated_from_trainer dataset_size:69500 loss:Infonce arxiv:1908.10084 arxiv:1705.00652 base_model:Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 base_model:finetune:Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0 autotrain_compatible text-embeddings-inference endpoints_compatible region:us
---
base_model: Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0
library_name: sentence-transformers
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:69500
- loss:Infonce
widget:
- source_sentence: What aspect of human relationship to nature is omitted from the
    text
  sentences:
  - 'There are a few good ones, though. Here are the best WWE apps and WWE games for
    Android! The first five are the best games...

    Go Android Apps (blog)

    The Best Themes for Android Free Download: Hi friend we are again back with our
    new top ten best free themes for android list. This article is especially dedicated
    for those persons who want to make their smartphone...

    Paragon Software has created an app for Android that allows your device to natively
    read partitions in file systems that Android normally can''t handle, such as Microsoft''s
    NTFS, allowing immediate and easy use of... While the Sentio Desktop app can be
    used on its own, it was primarily meant to complement Sentio''s Superbook, a crowdfunded
    laptop shell for Android smartphones and tablets that''s just entering production
    after...

    ... phone then GBWhatsapp is the app for you. GBWhatsapp is basically similar
    to Whatsapp+ in terms of features. The newest available version right now is GBWhatsapp
    6.40 APK for Android devices.'
  - A true entertainer. date city state venue 11/23/2012 West Palm Beach FL Kravis
    Center 11/24/2012 Sarasota FL Van Wezel Performing Arts Hall 11/25/2012 Clearwater
    FL Capitol Theatre 11/29/2012 Durham NC Durham Performing Arts Center 12/1/2012
    Atlantic City NJ Trump Taj Mahal 12/2/2012 Staten Island NY St. George Theatre
    12/4/2012 Bethlehem PA Musikfest Cafe 12/5/2012 Verona NY Turning Stone Casino
    12/6/2012 Stamford CT Palace Theatre Stamford 12/8/2012 Shippensburg PA Luhrs
    Center 12/9/2012 Boston MA Wilbur Theatre 12/11/2012 Greensburg PA The Palace
    Theatre 12/12/2012 Easton MD Avalon Theatre 12/15/2012 Saint Charles IL Arcada
    Theater 12/16/2012 Milwaukee WI Potawatomi Bingo Casino 12/18/2012 Beaver Creek
    CO Vilar Performing Arts Center 12/20/2012 Chandler AZ Ovations Live!
  - The reader will gain a better understanding of the direction nature and culture
    is heading today by learning how connections were made in the past. It omits that
    which Raymond Williams called "a working landscape" -- the most intimate human
    relationship to nature which is people who live and work on it.
- source_sentence: Why is it recommended to contact a wedding agency or consultant
    before making a decision
  sentences:
  - Perhaps owing to this humiliation I resigned as Chief Winery Warlord, and took
    a position elsewhere. Following my resignation, we rebooked our date with axe
    throwing destiny, and converted the night from a team building exercise to a majestic
    send off in honour of my 10ish glorious years at Coffin Ridge. We arrived in our
    most impeccable vestments.
  - Therefore, those private companies increased their own rate of cash burn since
    the financial markets were willing to fund money-losing enterprises without hesitation.
    Out of the 100 largest North American-based technology companies, 16 have lost
    money over the past year.
  - Yet , it is best to contact a wedding agency or consultant before you make your
    concluding decision. This will make certain you are dealing with a respectable
    company.
- source_sentence: What is the Electronic Music Education and Preservation Project
    (EMEAPP) and what are its functions
  sentences:
  - The Electronic Music Education and Preservation Project (EMEAPP) is the steward
    of a privately held world-class curated collection of rare vintage electronic
    instruments and stage-used gear. This includes effects units, amps, organs, synthesizers,
    electro-mechanical instruments, guitars, prototypes, vintage audio/video media
    and analog studio gear. In addition, EMEAPP itself is cultivating its own humble
    collection. It is our charge to cultivate and reap excellent knowledge from these
    unique resources and return it to our members and the world. We do this as a learning
    center, through research projects, creative endeavors, media programming and tours,
    enlightening many people along the way. There is so much to be harvested from
    history; EMEAPP has a key to the vault. EMEAPP is a private museum, a critical
    learning center and a multi-media production studio nicely packed into a brick-and-mortar
    facility outside of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. EMEAPP is a 501(c)(3) non-profit
    organization.
  - You got a problem? Yo, she'll splode it.
  - I love sex; I think sex is completely absurdly demonized in our culture. But in
    the end, however much sex you want to have, with however many people in how many
    ways, to be loved and to love is what human beings really want.
- source_sentence: What year did the Duchess die and where did it happen
  sentences:
  - 'League One


    League table


    Results summary


    Results by matchday


    Matches

    On 21 June 2018, the League One fixtures for the forthcoming season were announced.
    FA Cup


    The first round draw was made live on BBC by Dennis Wise and Dion Dublin on 22
    October.'
  - "The Duchess was widowed in 2007 and died in London in 2011. Issue \n\nThe Duke\
    \ and Duchess of Buccleuch and Queensberry had four children:\nRichard Scott,\
    \ 10th Duke of Buccleuch (b. 1954), married Lady Elizabeth Kerr, daughter of the\
    \ Marquess of Lothian, and has issue two sons and two daughters. Lord John (born\
    \ 9 August 1957), married Berrin Torolsan, and lives in Istanbul, Turkey. Lady\
    \ Charlotte-Anne (born 9 January 1966), married Count Bernard de Castellane in\
    \ 1991, and has issue two sons and a daughter. Lord Damian (born 8 October 1969),\
    \ married Elizabeth Powis, and has issue. External links\nJane in her wedding\
    \ dress  \nMovie clip of Jane's wedding\n\nReferences \n\n1929 births\n2011 deaths\n\
    British duchesses by marriage\nJane\nScottish female models\nBritish cookbook\
    \ writers\nWomen cookbook writers"
  - Is this common, do other people with epilepsy have dangerously low appetites?
    So we left there and stopped and got her a bite to eat.
- source_sentence: Why is it important to keep moving over the summer
  sentences:
  - It's important to keep moving over the summer!
  - '2008. CHENG HF, LEE YM, Chu CH, Leung WK & Mok TMY. - Journal Editor (Hong Kong
    Medical Journal) 2008

    - Editor-in-Chief (Hong Kong Dental Journal) 2007

    - Editor-in-Chief (Hong Kong Dental Journal) 2006

    - Deputy Editor (Hong Kong Dental Journal) 2004'
  - Both demand collective action and shared resources. While one is distinctly egalitarian
    and the other hierarchical in nature, both speak of sublimating private goals
    for the achievement of larger, shared ones.
---

# SentenceTransformer based on Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0](https://huggingface.co/Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 1024-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0](https://huggingface.co/Snowflake/snowflake-arctic-embed-l-v2.0) <!-- at revision 7f311bb640ad3babc0a4e3a8873240dcba44c9d2 -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 1024 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 1024 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 1024, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: XLMRobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 1024, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("Jrinky/snowflake")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Why is it important to keep moving over the summer',
    "It's important to keep moving over the summer!",
    '2008. CHENG HF, LEE YM, Chu CH, Leung WK & Mok TMY. - Journal Editor (Hong Kong Medical Journal) 2008\n- Editor-in-Chief (Hong Kong Dental Journal) 2007\n- Editor-in-Chief (Hong Kong Dental Journal) 2006\n- Deputy Editor (Hong Kong Dental Journal) 2004',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 1024]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

<!--
### Direct Usage (Transformers)

<details><summary>Click to see the direct usage in Transformers</summary>

</details>
-->

<!--
### Downstream Usage (Sentence Transformers)

You can finetune this model on your own dataset.

<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

</details>
-->

<!--
### Out-of-Scope Use

*List how the model may foreseeably be misused and address what users ought not to do with the model.*
-->

<!--
## Bias, Risks and Limitations

*What are the known or foreseeable issues stemming from this model? You could also flag here known failure cases or weaknesses of the model.*
-->

<!--
### Recommendations

*What are recommendations with respect to the foreseeable issues? For example, filtering explicit content.*
-->

## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 69,500 training samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code> and <code>positive</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                            | positive                                                                             |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                               |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 17.47 tokens</li><li>max: 44 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 3 tokens</li><li>mean: 113.33 tokens</li><li>max: 1024 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                                                     | positive                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
  |:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>What might have been unnecessary if better emergency plans had been implemented</code>               | <code>If better emergency plans had been in place, maybe chemical dipersants wouldn't be needed. And on and on.</code>                                                                                                                                                             |
  | <code>What was the year of publication for the 3rd Edition of 'Regular Polytopes' by H.S.M. Coxeter</code> | <code>Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd Edition, Dover New York, 1973 <br> Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995,  <br> (Paper 22) H.S.M.</code> |
  | <code>Who is the author of the GURPS Shapeshifters supplement</code>                                       | <code>GURPS Shapeshifters () is a supplement by Robert M. Schroeck for the GURPS role-playing game system, third edition.</code>                                                                                                                                                   |
* Loss: <code>selfloss.Infonce</code> with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 17,376 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>anchor</code> and <code>positive</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | anchor                                                                            | positive                                                                             |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                               |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 16.87 tokens</li><li>max: 45 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 115.36 tokens</li><li>max: 1024 tokens</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | anchor                                                                                                         | positive                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
  |:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
  | <code>What impressive achievements did the Warriors accomplish during their last season in Division III</code> | <code>The Warriors were among the most lethal offensive teams in Division III this past year, posting a team batting average of .344 and averaging nearly seven runs per game, smacking 29 home runs, and collecting nearly 600 total bases. They shared the Little East Conference regular-season championship and later knocked off the top seed in the NCAA regional tournament (Montclair State) en route to their winningest season in 14 years.</code> |
  | <code>How many bars had nectar and capped honey on them</code>                                                 | <code>Eight of the bars had nectar and capped honey on them. There are eighteen bars with brood in some form on them and a mix of workers and drones.</code>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
  | <code>What idea is being requested regarding the 'triangle'</code>                                             | <code>Next up...the "triangle". Please, seriously, if anyone could float me an idea, I would really appreciate it.</code>                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |
* Loss: <code>selfloss.Infonce</code> with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "scale": 20.0,
      "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 3
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 3
- `learning_rate`: 5e-06
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 3
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 3
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-06
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: True
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `batch_sampler`: no_duplicates
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------:|
| 0.0777 | 150  | 0.0257        | 0.0134          |
| 0.1554 | 300  | 0.0136        | 0.0082          |
| 0.2332 | 450  | 0.0079        | 0.0062          |
| 0.3109 | 600  | 0.0065        | 0.0051          |
| 0.3886 | 750  | 0.0059        | 0.0045          |
| 0.4663 | 900  | 0.0057        | 0.0040          |
| 0.5440 | 1050 | 0.0064        | 0.0037          |
| 0.6218 | 1200 | 0.005         | 0.0034          |
| 0.6995 | 1350 | 0.0052        | 0.0034          |
| 0.7772 | 1500 | 0.0041        | 0.0032          |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.12.3
- Sentence Transformers: 3.2.0
- Transformers: 4.44.2
- PyTorch: 2.6.0+cu124
- Accelerate: 1.3.0
- Datasets: 2.19.0
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

#### Infonce
```bibtex
@misc{henderson2017efficient,
    title={Efficient Natural Language Response Suggestion for Smart Reply},
    author={Matthew Henderson and Rami Al-Rfou and Brian Strope and Yun-hsuan Sung and Laszlo Lukacs and Ruiqi Guo and Sanjiv Kumar and Balint Miklos and Ray Kurzweil},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1705.00652},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```

<!--
## Glossary

*Clearly define terms in order to be accessible across audiences.*
-->

<!--
## Model Card Authors

*Lists the people who create the model card, providing recognition and accountability for the detailed work that goes into its construction.*
-->

<!--
## Model Card Contact

*Provides a way for people who have updates to the Model Card, suggestions, or questions, to contact the Model Card authors.*
-->