sentence-transformers safetensors roberta sentence-similarity feature-extraction generated_from_trainer dataset_size:10501 loss:CosineSimilarityLoss arxiv:1908.10084 base_model:klue/roberta-base base_model:finetune:klue/roberta-base model-index autotrain_compatible text-embeddings-inference endpoints_compatible region:us
---
base_model: klue/roberta-base
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- pearson_cosine
- spearman_cosine
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:10501
- loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: 어떤 일이 있어도 약속을 연기하지 말거라.
  sentences:
  - 약속을 정하셨으면 뒤로 미루지 마세요.
  - 음식 여름에 남기지 말자고.
  - 그리고 주인에 대한 배려가 아주 좋았습니다.
- source_sentence: 태풍 진로방향은 서울이야? 부산이야?
  sentences:
  - 주말에 약속 잡을 거면 오전 말고 오후에 잡아.
  - 특히 침구류는 최고급 호텔 못지않게 편안함을 제공합니다.
  - 태풍이 어디로 향하고 있는지 알려줘. 서울과 부산 중에서.
- source_sentence: 보일러 끄지마
  sentences:
  - 그릇 씻을때 무조건 식기 세척기 쓰면 안된다.
  - 난방 보일러는 끄지 말고 냅둬
  - 주말 평일 중에 주로 언제 약속을 많이 잡아?
- source_sentence: 열대야에는 과음 안됩니다.
  sentences:
  - 바다에서 일기예보 무시하지마.
  - 공기 청정기 끄지말고 하루동안 지내자.
  - 넓은 테라스, 거실, 욕실의 청결함이 마음에 들었습니다.
- source_sentence: 교토와 도쿄 중 지진 위험이 더 큰 곳은 어디인가요?
  sentences:
  - 지진 위험은 교토가 더 큰가요? 아니면 도쿄가 더 큰가요?
  - 또한, 요양병원 및 기타 지역의 근로자에 대한 감염관리 교육 예산과 대상을 확대하고, 감염관리 기본규칙별 표준교육 동영상 배포 등 방역관련
    교육을 강화하기로 했습니다.
  - 연간 강설량이 제일 많은 곳은 어디입니까?
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer based on klue/roberta-base
  results:
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: Unknown
      type: unknown
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.3477069869239444
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.35560473197486514
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.9617607302156507
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.922401219527741
      name: Spearman Cosine
---

# SentenceTransformer based on klue/roberta-base

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [klue/roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/klue/roberta-base). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [klue/roberta-base](https://huggingface.co/klue/roberta-base) <!-- at revision 02f94ba5e3fcb7e2a58a390b8639b0fac974a8da -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 768 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
<!-- - **Training Dataset:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **Language:** Unknown -->
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: RobertaModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    '교토와 도쿄 중 지진 위험이 더 큰 곳은 어디인가요?',
    '지진 위험은 교토가 더 큰가요? 아니면 도쿄가 더 큰가요?',
    '또한, 요양병원 및 기타 지역의 근로자에 대한 감염관리 교육 예산과 대상을 확대하고, 감염관리 기본규칙별 표준교육 동영상 배포 등 방역관련 교육을 강화하기로 했습니다.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Semantic Similarity

* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.3477     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.3556** |

#### Semantic Similarity

* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.9618     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.9224** |

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### Unnamed Dataset


* Size: 10,501 training samples
* Columns: <code>sentence_0</code>, <code>sentence_1</code>, and <code>label</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence_0                                                                        | sentence_1                                                                        | label                                                          |
  |:--------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                            | string                                                                            | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 5 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.99 tokens</li><li>max: 58 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 6 tokens</li><li>mean: 19.44 tokens</li><li>max: 64 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.45</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence_0                                | sentence_1                                     | label                            |
  |:------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------|
  | <code>주변엔 레스토랑과 로컬 슈퍼마켓이 있구요.</code>      | <code>주변에는 식당과 동네 슈퍼마켓이 있습니다.</code>           | <code>0.8400000000000001</code>  |
  | <code>티비 조정하고 싶을 때 할 수 있는 명령어가 뭐니?</code> | <code>네가 안방 온도로 원하는 정도가 이십오도야, 아님 삼십도야?</code> | <code>0.0</code>                 |
  | <code>사진처럼 숙소는 개성있고 예쁜 장소입니다.</code>      | <code>최근에 리모델링된 이 숙소는 깨끗하고 예쁜 아파트입니다.</code>   | <code>0.33999999999999997</code> |
* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1
- `num_train_epochs`: 4
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: False
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: None
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: round_robin

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | spearman_cosine |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:---------------:|
| 0      | 0    | -             | 0.3556          |
| 0.7610 | 500  | 0.0278        | -               |
| 1.0    | 657  | -             | 0.9117          |
| 1.5221 | 1000 | 0.0083        | 0.9139          |
| 2.0    | 1314 | -             | 0.9142          |
| 2.2831 | 1500 | 0.005         | -               |
| 3.0    | 1971 | -             | 0.9223          |
| 3.0441 | 2000 | 0.0034        | 0.9224          |


### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.12.7
- Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
- Transformers: 4.48.0
- PyTorch: 2.6.0
- Accelerate: 1.2.1
- Datasets: 3.2.0
- Tokenizers: 0.21.0

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

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