private function step1()
    {
        // heden
        //      replace with heid if in R1
        if ( ($position = $this->search(array('heden'))) !== false) {
            if ($this->inR1($position)) {
                $this->word = preg_replace('#(heden)$#u', 'heid', $this->word);
            }
            return true;
        }

        // en   ene
        //      delete if in R1 and preceded by a valid en-ending, and then undouble the ending
        if ( ($position = $this->search(array('ene', 'en'))) !== false) {
            if ($this->inR1($position)) {
                $word = Utf8::substr($this->word, 0, $position);
                if ($this->hasValidEnEnding($word)) {
                    $this->word = $word;
                    $this->unDoubling();
                }
            }
            return true;
        }

        // s   se
        //      delete if in R1 and preceded by a valid s-ending
        if ( ($position = $this->search(array('se', 's'))) !== false) {
            if ($this->inR1($position)) {
                $word = Utf8::substr($this->word, 0, $position);
                if ($this->hasValidSEnding($word)) {
                    $this->word = $word;
                }
            }
            return true;
        }

        return false;
    }