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2690200	[Title: """The Defense"""] As he puts off beginning a novel based on his young son's prodigiousness in chess and the viperous character of Valentinov, he dies. Valentinov: A confident man with a competent understanding of chess (he creates problems but does not play) who manages Luzhin's career through childhood. He uses the young Luzhin for his own gain and without much regard for Luzhin's personal development. Valentinov returns Luzhin to his father once he is no longer marketable as a child prodigy. Turati: The suave Italian grandmaster of chess. Luzhin has a nervous breakdown midway through the game with Turati. Comments. The character of Luzhin is based on Curt von Bardeleben, a chess master Nabokov knew personally. Bardeleben ended his life by jumping out of a window. Nabokov said of this novel: "Of all my Russian books, "The Defense" contains and diffuses the greatest 'warmth' – which may seem odd seeing how supremely abstract chess is supposed to be." He later described this novel as the "story of a chess player who was crushed by his genius". The book was also influenced by the Soviet film "Chess Fever" (1925). Movie adaptation. The book was adapted to film in 2000, as "The Luzhin Defence." It was directed by Marleen Gorris, and starred John Turturro as Luzhin.
2690201	[Title: """CPRA"""] CPRA may refer to:
2690202	[Title: """Flexor retinaculum of the hand"""] The flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament or anterior annular ligament) is a fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist. It arches over the carpal bones of the hands, covering them and forming the carpal tunnel. Structure. The flexor retinaculum is a strong, fibrous band that covers the carpal bones on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist. It attaches to the bones near the radius and ulna. On the ulnar side, the flexor retinaculum attaches to the pisiform bone and the hook of the hamate bone. On the radial side, it attaches to the tubercle of the scaphoid bone, and to the medial part of the palmar surface and the ridge of the trapezium bone. The flexor retinaculum is continuous with the palmar carpal ligament, and deeper with the palmar aponeurosis. The ulnar artery and ulnar nerve, and the cutaneous branches of the median and ulnar nerves, pass on top of the flexor retinaculum. On the radial side of the retinaculum is the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis, which lies in the groove on the greater multangular between the attachments of the ligament to the bone. The tendons of the palmaris longus and flexor carpi ulnaris are partly attached to the surface of the retinaculum; below, the short muscles of the thumb and little finger originate from the flexor retinaculum. Function. The flexor retinaculum is the roof of the carpal tunnel, through which the median nerve and tendons of muscles which flex the hand pass. Clinical significance. In carpal tunnel syndrome, one of the tendons or tissues in the carpal tunnel is inflamed, swollen, or fibrotic and puts pressure on the other structures in the tunnel, including the median nerve. Carpal tunnel syndrome is the most commonly reported nerve entrapment syndrome. It is often associated with repetitive motions of the wrist and fingers. It is because of this that pianists, meat cutters, and people with jobs involving extensive typing are at particularly high risk.
2690203	[Title: """Flexor retinaculum of the hand"""] The tough flexor retinaculum along with the rest of the carpal tunnel cannot expand, putting pressure on the median nerve running through the carpal tunnel with the flexor tendons of the wrist. This results in the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome include tingling sensations and muscle weakness in the palm and lateral side of the hand and palm. It is possible that the syndrome may extend and radiate up the nerve causing pain to the arm and shoulder. Carpal tunnel syndrome may be treated surgically. This is usually done after all non-surgical methods of treatment have been exhausted. Non-surgical treatment methods include anti-inflammatory drugs. The wrist may be immobilized in order to prevent further use and inflammation. When surgery is needed, the flexor retinaculum is either completely severed or lengthened. Surgery to divide the flexor retinaculum is the most common procedure. The scar tissue will eventually fill the gap left by surgery. The intent is that this will lengthen the flexor retinaculum enough to accommodate inflamed or damaged tendons and reduce the effects of compression on the median nerve. In a 2004 double blind-study, researchers concluded that there was no perceivable benefit gained from lengthening the flexor retinaculum during surgery and so division of the ligament remains the preferred method of surgery.
2690204	[Title: """105P/Singer Brewster"""] 105P/Singer Brewster is a periodic comet in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1986, and received the name of 1986d under the old naming system. Because 105P/Singer Brewster only comes within 2 AU of the Sun, during the 2012 perihelion passage it is only expected to brighten to about apparent magnitude 17. The comet nucleus is estimated to be 2.2 kilometers in diameter. The orbit of Comet Singer Brewster was altered significantly in August 1976 when it passed within 0.376 AU of Jupiter and will be altered again in August 2059. The single discoverer bears a hyphenated surname (Singer-Brewster), but co-discovered comets bear the names of the co-discoverers linked by hyphens, e.g. Shoemaker-Levy 9, Swift-Tuttle, etc. In these cases, the IAU either removes one of the parts of the name or replaces the hyphen by a space.
2690205	[Title: """Retinal degeneration"""] Retinal degeneration may refer to:
2690206	[Title: """Glas javnosti"""] Glas javnosti (Глас јавности, meaning "Voice of the Public") was a daily newspaper published in Belgrade. After publishing a newspaper from April 1998 until January 2010, the people behind the project have since then run an online news portal and YouTube channel under the same name. Its first issue appeared on April 20, 1998, published by a group of journalists from "Blic" daily who, led by Manojlo Vukotić, left to form their own newspaper. Initially, their new paper carried the Novi Blic name, but the Belgrade Commercial Court put a stop to that by issuing an immediate injunction citing copyright infringement. After five issues, on April 25, 1998, the paper appeared under its current name, which the staff took from a long-forgotten 19th century publication. Modern "Glas javnosti" assumes a continuity from a newspaper of the same name published in Kragujevac during the 19th century. The first issue of that "Glas javnosti" came out on July 15, 1874. "Glas" is financially managed by Radisav Rodić who also owns "Kurir". Initially, the paper's editor-in-chief duties were performed by Manojlo Vukotić, who was succeeded by Srećko Petrić, Milan Bečejić, Slavoljub Kačarević, Maja Vojinović, Petar Lazić, Ivan Čorbić, Slavica Jovović, and Ljiljana Staletović. The FR Yugoslavian authorities frequently went after "Glas". On the 2nd and 3 October 1999, the paper ceased publication due to an official injunction, citing three unregistered workers at the ABC grafika printing company. The ban was widely seen as retribution for the paper's decision to print and distribute a bulletin by the Alliance for Change opposition coalition. In January 2010, the newspaper ceased publishing its print issue. The plan initially was to continue with the web-portal and eventually go back to print publishing but this did not occur.
2690207	[Title: """Akin Euba"""] Olatunji Akin Euba (28 April 1935 – 14 April 2020) was a Nigerian composer, musicologist, and pianist. Career. Born on 28 April 1935 in Lagos, Nigeria, Akin Euba studied composition with Arnold Cooke at the Trinity College of Music, London, obtaining the diplomas of fellow of the Trinity College London (Composition) and fellow of the Trinity College London (Piano). He was awarded a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship in 1962. He received B.A. and M.A. degrees from the University of California, Los Angeles, where he studied with Mantle Hood, Charles Seeger, J. H. Kwabena Nketia, Klaus Wachsmann, and Roy Travis. He held a Ph.D. in ethnomusicology from the University of Ghana, Legon (1974). While at Legon, Euba's doctoral work was supervised by Professor Nketia, and his dissertation is titled "Dundun Music of the Yoruba". Euba was professor and director of the Centre for Cultural Studies at the University of Lagos, and also served as a senior research fellow at the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) in Nigeria. He served as head of music at the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation for five years. He was a research scholar and artist in residence at IWALEWA House, the African studies center of the University of Bayreuth in Germany between 1986 and 1992. He was the Andrew Mellon Professor of Music at the University of Pittsburgh between 1993 and 2011 and until his death, was the Andrew W. Mellon Professor, Emeritus in music; the founder and director of the Centre for Intercultural Music Arts, London (founded in 1989), and director emeritus of the Centre for Intercultural Musicology at Churchill College, University of Cambridge. Euba's scholarly interests included the musicology and ethnomusicology of modern interculturalism. He organized regular symposia on music in Africa and the Diaspora at Churchill College, Cambridge as well as the Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing. These events featured such notable composers and scholars as J. H. Kwabena Nketia and Halim El-Dabh.
2690208	[Title: """Akin Euba"""] With his Elekoto Ensemble, he brought together musicians from Nigeria, China, India, Germany, Malta, and the United States. His compositions involve a synthesis of African traditional material (often from his own ethnic group, the Yoruba people) and contemporary classical music. His most ambitious composition is the opera "Chaka: An Opera in Two Chants" (1970), which blends West African percussion and "atenteben" flutes with twelve-tone technique. Euba died on 14 April 2020, two weeks short of his 85th birthday.
2690209	[Title: """Shine It All Around"""] "Shine It All Around" is the first single from Robert Plant and the Strange Sensation, from the album "Mighty ReArranger". Reception. The single peaked at #18 on "Billboard"'s Mainstream Rock Songs. "World Cafe"s David Dye called the track a "favorite". In 2017, Stereogum named it the best song of Plant's solo career. The recording was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Solo Rock Vocal Performance, losing in the 48th Annual Grammy Awards to Bruce Springsteen's "Devils & Dust". "All the Money in the World". The B-side "All the Money in the World", and was the only non-album song to emerge from the sessions aside from remixes.
2690210	[Title: """Cosmopolitan Soccer League"""] The Cosmopolitan Soccer League is a regional soccer league consisting of semi-pro and amateur teams based in and around New York City. Established in 1923, it is one of the oldest soccer leagues in the United States and has contributed greatly to the nation's soccer history. Currently, the league has four open divisions. The first two divisions require all clubs to also field reserve teams, a requirement that some leagues have abolished, but which the Cosmopolitan Soccer League believes makes its competition some of the strongest in United States soccer. The league also has an over-30 and an over-40 division. The league is USASA-affiliated. The Cosmopolitan Soccer League plays a traditional international schedule with competition beginning the second weekend of September and running through June, with a winter break from late December to early March. During the winter months, the league runs optional league cups. History. The Cosmopolitan Soccer League was formed as the German American Soccer League in 1923. In 1927, the association changed its name to the German American Football Association. The league was highly successful in the 1920s and, in New York, was behind only baseball and basketball in terms of popularity. The league struggled through the Great Depression and by the 1940s the game was viewed by most Americans as an "ethnic" sport. Attendance and popularity declined sharply until the founding of the North American Soccer League in 1968. By the mid-1970s, league officials recognized that in order to maintain the league's viability in the same market as the star-studded New York Cosmos, it needed to appeal to a wider audience and in 1977, it voted to change its name to the Cosmopolitan Soccer League. Prior to the professionalizing of the modern American game, the United States national team often consisted of Cosmopolitan League players. In 1923, five teams, S.C. New York, Wiener Sports Club, D.S.C. Brooklyn, Hoboken FC 1912 and Newark S.C., banded together to found the German American Soccer League. As the name suggests, the teams were largely composed of recent immigrants from Central Europe, primarily Germany. The next year, four more teams, Swiss F.C., Elizabeth S.C., S.C. Eintracht and Germania S.C., joined the league. The league renamed itself the German American Football Association in 1927.
2690211	[Title: """Cosmopolitan Soccer League"""] While the GASL began as a single division league, it added a junior division in 1933. That year, the league also held its first indoor tournament. In addition to its junior division, the GASL also added several lower divisions over the decades. In 1943, all of the U.S. leagues suffered from significant player losses from the U.S. participation in World War II. In order to continue to play a competitive schedule, the GASL joined with the Eastern District Soccer League to run a joint season. Following the end of the war in 1945, the GASL found itself turning from a lack of quality players to an overabundance as Central European professionals left their war ravaged countries to move to the United States. The league experienced a second influx of talented players when Hungarians fled their country following the Soviet Union crushing the 1956 Hungarian Revolution. In 1964, the GASL joined with the professional American Soccer League in a short lived experiment. That year, the two leagues formed the Eastern Professional Soccer Conference which competed during the GASL/ASL off season. The league was a failure and did not complete its one season in existence. While the merger with the ASL was less than successful, the GASL undertook a cooperative agreement with another league, this time the International Soccer League (ISL) in 1965. That season, the GASL All Star team entered the ISL as the New Yorker, going to the final where it lost to Polonia Bytom 5–1. The string of league mergers continued in 1974 when the National Soccer League of New York merged into the GASL. In 1977, the GASL changed its name in response to a changing American soccer scene. While soccer had existed as an ethnic sport since the 1930s, the creation of the North American Soccer League in 1968 had brought the sport into the mainstream. Recognizing that maintaining its ethnic identity would hinder its acceptance by the wider U.S. sports culture, the GASL governing board voted to rename the league the Cosmopolitan Soccer League. As part of this process, the league's teams were directed to change their names to ones with less ethnic connotations, although this requirement was dropped three years later. Despite the regional and semi-professional nature of the league, it featured many of the top U.S.
2690212	[Title: """Cosmopolitan Soccer League"""] player in the 1950s and 1960s. Even into the early 1970s, GASL players appeared regularly with the U.S. national team. The high regard afforded to the league is reflected in that the National Soccer Hall of Fame considers the GASL as one of a handful of leagues in which a player may become eligible for entry into the Hall of Fame. New York Cosmos. The GASL had named an All Star team beginning in 1930. In 1968, after the newly established North American Soccer League approached the GASL about placing a GASL team in the NASL, the league formed its All Star team, known as the Cosmos, into an exhibition team. The Cosmos did not enter the NASL until the 1971 season, but when it did, it was well stocked with former GASL players. 2024-2025 team list. List of the participants in the current season: The top former CSL teams play in the Metropolitan Conference in the Eastern Premier Soccer League, which together with Maryland Major Soccer League, creates a regional based multi-league promotion and relegation system between these leagues. Some CSL teams also have reserve teams that play in a separate reserve division. Year by year. Source
2690213	[Title: """High (song)"""] "HIGH" is a song by American DJ duo the Chainsmokers, released on January 28, 2022, through Columbia Records. The song serves as the lead single from the Chainsmokers' fourth studio album "TCS4". The music video was released on the same day. This single marks the duo's first single in almost 2 years and coming back from their hiatus.
2690214	[Title: """Melrose Avenue"""] Melrose Avenue (sometimes referred to simply as "Melrose") is a shopping, dining and entertainment destination in Los Angeles, California, starting at Santa Monica Boulevard at the border between Beverly Hills and West Hollywood, and ending at Lucile Avenue in Silver Lake. To the south of Melrose Avenue is Beverly Boulevard and to the north is Santa Monica Boulevard. Paved in 1909, Melrose Avenue's namesake comes from the Massachusetts town of the same name. Its most famous section, known as the Melrose District, is the West End through West Hollywood and the Fairfax District. At the corner of Fairfax and Melrose is Fairfax High School, home of the Melrose Trading Post swap meet. One of the most famous landmarks located on Melrose Avenue is Paramount Pictures. Metro Local line 10 operates on Melrose Avenue. Cosmo Lombino, a New York-born designer known as the "Queen of Melrose", owns three boutiques located on Melrose Avenue. History. A petition signed by voters in the Melrose addition was presented to the city council of Los Angeles in February 1922, requesting annexation to the city. The Melrose Annexation was effective June 16, 1922. The area was 0.67 square miles, generally along Melrose Avenue, from Sweetzer Avenue to the west, east to June Street. Melrose District. The eastern end of the district, which runs from Fairfax to Highland Avenue, became a popular underground and new wave shopping area in the early 1980s and a centerpoint for the new wave and punk subcultures. The avenue has appeared in various films and television shows, including "Entourage, LA Ink, Melrose Place" and the "Jaywalking" public interaction segments of "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno." Many stores and businesses have made their homes in the district, including "Retail Slut" and a large outdoor flea market called the Melrose Trading Post. At the corner of Highland and Melrose is what has been described by the "Los Angeles Times" as the "boss of LA's Italian dining scene", Osteria Mozza, which marks the eastern end of the Fairfax District. Much of the area is managed by the Melrose Avenue Business Improvement District. Melrose Heights. The Western End, popularly referred to as Melrose Heights, runs from La Cienega Blvd.
2690215	[Title: """Melrose Avenue"""] to Fairfax Avenue and features a variety of upscale establishments, such as various hair salons and wellness spas (such as Elixir), The Bodhi Tree (metaphysical and New Age bookstore), Fred Segal, Plush Home and the comedy clubs The Improv and The Groundlings. Most famously the area is known for its high-end designer stores and boutiques, including Alexander McQueen, Balenciaga, BCBG Max Azria, Carolina Herrera, Diane von Fürstenberg, Diesel, Homa Bridal, John Varvatos, Marc Jacobs, Mulberry, Oscar de la Renta, Paul Smith, Sergio Rossi, Temperley London, Vera Wang and Vivienne Westwood, amongst others. Melrose Place. Near its intersection with La Cienega Boulevard is Melrose Place, a branch of the main avenue made famous thanks to the soap opera of the same name. In reality, Melrose Place features no residences and has, historically, been home to antique shops, smaller boutiques, and hair and nail salons. Melrose Place runs entirely within the Los Angeles city limits, just outside of the West Hollywood city limits. La Cienega Design Quarter. The area of Melrose Avenue that intersects La Cienega Boulevard and its satellite streets is part of the La Cienega Design Quarter. Its businesses feature many antique and furniture stores, rug sellers, accessories and artisans.
2690216	[Title: """KFYI"""] KFYI (550 AM) – branded "News/Talk 550 KFYI" – is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to serve Phoenix, Arizona. Owned by iHeartMedia, KFYI serves the Phoenix metropolitan area as the market affiliate for Fox News Radio, "The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show", "The Sean Hannity Show", the "Glenn Beck Radio Program" and "Coast to Coast AM". Established as KFCB in 1922 by Earl A. Nielsen after a year of experimental broadcasting, this station adopted the KOY call sign in 1929. Sold to interests controlled by the "Prairie Farmer"/WLS in 1936, KOY was the Phoenix outlet for CBS radio in the 1930s and 1940s as well as an early home for Steve Allen and Jack Williams, the latter a part of the station from 1929 until his election to Arizona governor in 1966. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, KOY featured a popular adult contemporary format headlined by Bill Heywood, but declining ratings resulted in a 1988 flip to satellite-fed adult standards. As a result of mass consolidation, KOY's call letters and standards format were moved in 1999 to , with assuming the KGME call sign and sports format. Since 2000, this station has featured the KFYI calls and talk format—which had previously originated on —after a second intellectual property swap. Studios for KFYI are located near 48th and Van Buren streets, near Sky Harbor Airport, and the transmitter is located on South 36th Street near East Vineyard Road in Phoenix. In addition to a standard analog transmission, KFYI is simulcast over the second HD subchannel of KYOT (95.5 FM) and streams online via iHeartRadio. History. Early years. KFYI was first licensed as a broadcasting station, with the call sign KFCB, on September 6, 1922. However, the station's history includes earlier broadcasting experimentation by the station's founder, Earl A. Nielsen, and the station has claimed a 1921 start date on several occasions.
2690217	[Title: """KFYI"""] From 1912 to 1927, radio communication in the United States was regulated by the Department of Commerce, and originally there were no formal requirements for stations, most of which operated under Amateur and Experimental licenses, making broadcasts intended for the general public. In order to provide a common standard, the department issued a regulation effective December 1, 1921 requiring that broadcasting stations would now have to hold a Limited Commercial license that authorized operation on two designated broadcasting wavelengths: 360 meters (833 kHz) for "entertainment", and 485 meters (619 kHz) for "market and weather reports". The first two Phoenix broadcasting station authorizations were issued to Smith Hughes & Company for KDYW on May 15, 1922, and McArthur Brothers Mercantile Company for KFAD (now KTAR) on June 21, 1922, both for 360 meters. KFCB. In 1921, Earl A. Nielsen, a native of Kansas City, Missouri, received a license for an amateur station, with the call sign 6BBH, located at 115 South 21st Avenue in Phoenix. The Nielsen Radio Supply Company was incorporated in 1922 to purchase and distribute radios in Phoenix. The Department of Commerce's December 1, 1921, broadcasting regulations barred amateur stations from making broadcasts intended for the general public. Despite this, it was reported that on May 23, 1922, the Nielsen company, operating on the standard amateur radio wavelength of 200 meters (1500 kHz), had conducted what were described as the "first broadcasting tests in the Salt River Valley". On September 6, 1922, the Nielsen Radio Supply Company was granted a broadcasting license with the call letters KFCB, for operation on 360 meters. This call sign was issued randomly from an alphabetical roster of available call letters. Because at this time only the single entertainment broadcasting wavelength of 360 meters was available, stations in a given region were encouraged to devise time-sharing agreements. In April 1923, KFCB's time slots were 7 to 8 p.m. on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. KDYW shut down in early 1924, leaving KFAD and KFCB as the only stations in the state capital. There were several frequency changes in the early years.
2690218	[Title: """KFYI"""] KFCB was deleted in mid-1923 but quickly relicensed on 1280 kHz, which was changed to 1080 kHz later in the year. In 1924, KFCB was moved to 1260 kHz, which was followed by a reassignment to 1230 kHz on June 1, 1927, with 125 watts. In the fall of 1927, Nielsen opened new studios at Pierce Street and Central Avenue; the $70,000 ($ in dollars) building also housed the company's sporting goods division and contained a basement with eight bowling lanes. On November 11, 1928, KFCB was initially assigned to a "local" frequency, 1310 kHz, as part of the Federal Radio Commission's implementation of General Order 40, a national radio reallocation. This was soon changed to a "regional" frequency, 1390 kHz. KOY. On February 8, 1929, KFCB changed its call sign to KOY; the new call sign began to be used on March 16, when the station was rebuilt and began broadcasting with 500 watts. This power level was increased again to 1,000 watts during daylight hours in 1933. Salt River Valley Broadcasting Company ownership. In 1936, Nielsen—whose radio and sporting goods businesses both suffered during the Great Depression—sold KOY to the newly formed Salt River Broadcasting Company, owned by WLS radio in Chicago and the "Prairie Farmer" and headed by Burridge Butler. (Nielsen later moved to Hawaii, where he managed Hilo station KHBC and served as a territorial legislator; he died in 1966.) At the time, KOY was a station in need of major repair: the station's antenna had fallen, hanging over Central Avenue, and the station had "gone broke twice and was floundering". Major changes followed, including a new transmitter and new facilities just outside the city limits in the 800 block of North Central Avenue. On March 1, 1937, KOY joined CBS, marking its second time with that network after a five-month stint in 1932, and several days later, it began using a new transmitter site at 12th Street and Camelback Road.
2690219	[Title: """KFYI"""] In September 1937, KOY established the Arizona Network with Tucson's KGAR (which became KTUC) and KSUN in Bisbee. Burridge Butler's ownership strongly emphasized community involvement and service, in some cases copying successful WLS features as the Christmas Neighbors Club and its country music-oriented "Dinnerbell" program. A donation from Butler established the first two Boys Clubs in Phoenix, and a settlement of his estate led to the creation of a third, named in Butler's honor. In 1938, KOY applied to move from 1390 to 550 kHz, which was approved by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on March 13, 1940, over the objections of KOAC in Corvallis, Oregon; the station made the move on April 7. A further power increase to 5,000 watts was initially granted in December 1941, but World War II postponed KOY's plans to make the change until 1948. Burridge Butler did not live to see the frequency change carried out; he died in April 1948, with ownership of KOY given to three company executives, per his will; one of these was program director John R. "Jack" Williams. Williams had already been a KOY veteran by this time, having been interviewed by founder Nielsen and hired on the same day in 1929, when Williams was a 20-year-old college student; he was appointed program director when the Butler ownership took over in 1936. Among Williams's hires was Steve Allen, who began his broadcasting career at KOY in 1942 before moving to Los Angeles. In a 1992 book, Allen called his years at KOY "pleasant ones and extremely educational". KOY lost its CBS affiliation on January 1, 1950, to KOOL (960 AM), which went on the air in 1947; Gene Autry was one of the principal owners of KOOL, and his deep ties to CBS and Columbia Records helped seal the deal. In exchange, KOY picked up the Mutual–Don Lee hookup previously held by KOOL. In 1952, KOY filed for a television station on channel 10; in competition with a similar bid from KOOL, and wanting to spare years of comparative hearings, the two parties agreed to a time-sharing proposal.
2690220	[Title: """KFYI"""] On October 24, 1953, KOY-TV and KOOL-TV signed on, sharing time and studio and transmitter facilities on channel 10. After five months, KOY sold its interest to KOOL, which took over full operation of the venture; two months later, KOY-TV was no more. Jack Williams's popularity on the air was also evident. In addition to his duties as program director and announcer, he forged close political ties with others. From 1945 to 1948, he read the State of the State address for governor Sidney Preston Osborn, who suffered from multiple sclerosis, and in 1952, he was appointed to fill a term on the Phoenix City Council. His KOY career was considered the springboard to his political career, which included terms as Mayor of Phoenix and Governor of Arizona. Even while mayor, he continued to host his program on KOY and only stepped aside from his duties at the station in 1965, when he prepared his first gubernatorial campaign. The 1960s, 70s and 80s. In 1964, the sale of KOY to a Pennsylvania real estate firm, Cote Realty, was announced; the deal never went through because of excessive signal overlap with KTUC in Tucson, which Cote already owned. In 1967, KOY was instead sold to the Southern Broadcasting Company of Winston-Salem, North Carolina, for $2 million. Southern filed to move the transmitter to its present site at the end of 1967 and sold the Camelback land to the Coulter car dealership group. Gary Edens became KOY's general manager in 1970 and helped bring Williams back to a part-time role at the station, hosting a taped version of his previous "Yours Sincerely" program, which would not discuss state government issues. In 1973, Southern bought KRFM (95.5 FM), a beautiful music station; however, the two would operate from separate premises until August 1984. Also in 1973, KOY brought in a host who would have a long run on the station. A format change at KTAR had cost Bill Heywood, that station's morning man, his job. He moved to Las Vegas, but Edens wanted him for his station, which happened to have an opening in morning drive.
2690221	[Title: """KFYI"""] Edens flew to Las Vegas and went to Heywood's house in a successful bid to lure him back to Phoenix. Heywood grew to be one of the market's most popular radio hosts, being honored in 1975 as "Grand International Air Personality", the top individual honor of the International Radio Programming Forum, and pulled as much as 13 percent of the morning audience. The station supplemented its middle-of-the road format, which evolved into adult contemporary, with Heywood and sports. In 1983 and 1984, KOY was the broadcast home of the Arizona Wranglers of the United States Football League, though it lost money carrying the nascent team's games. Southern Broadcasting merged with Harte-Hanks in 1978. Three years later, Edens was appointed president of the company's broadcast division, which was renamed Harte-Hanks Radio and relocated its corporate headquarters from Winston-Salem to Phoenix. When Harte-Hanks went private in a leveraged buyout in 1984, the company sought to shed its radio properties, and Edens purchased all nine of its stations—including KOY and the sister FM (then called KQYT)—for $40 million, forming Edens Broadcasting. Decline and standards format. On July 1, 1986, Edens Broadcasting ended KQYT's long-running beautiful music format and launched KOY-FM, which simulcast the AM station's talk-heavy adult contemporary during the day and aired music at night while the AM station continued with talk shows. However, even with the FM added in an attempt to capture music listeners who had moved away from AM, ratings were falling, and Heywood's popularity diminished. KOY-FM split off as an adult top 40 station under the "Y-95" moniker in July 1987, with AM and FM only sharing Bill Heywood's morning show. The next month, Heywood departed, citing the incompatibility of the Y-95 format and his program; he then was hired by KTAR in January 1988.
2690222	[Title: """KFYI"""] In a cost-cutting move, in November 1988, Edens fired 12 employees and dropped KOY's music-and-talk format for the satellite-delivered AM Only format of adult standards music; Edens felt that what would have been the natural evolution of KOY, to a talk format competing with KTAR and KFYI (910 AM), would have taken too long, and that the move would allow the company to focus on KOY-FM. Gary Edens later cited that moment as the death of the "legendary KOY". Sundance Broadcasting acquired the Edens Phoenix stations in 1993, creating a four-station cluster with KOY, 95.5 (which was relaunched as "rhythm and rock" KYOT), KZON (101.5 FM), and KISO (1230 AM). Radio deregulation in 1996 brought more acquisitions in short order: Sundance sold its Phoenix cluster and five other stations in Milwaukee and Boise to Colfax Communications for $95 million, and before that deal had even closed, Colfax sold those four and KOOL-FM to Chancellor Media, plus seven stations in other cities, for $365 million. KGME. In 1999, Chancellor sold KGME (1360 AM), a sports talk station, to Salem Communications. Its programming and call sign then moved to the 550 frequency, with KOY and its nostalgia format replacing classic country KISO at 1230 AM. Chancellor then merged with Capstar Communications later in the year and changed its name to AMFM, Inc. KFYI. Later that year, Clear Channel Communications, predecessor to iHeartMedia, merged with AMFM. Clear Channel opted to sell four of AMFM's FM stations in Phoenix and retain all of its local AMs, including KGME at 550 and KFYI at 910. When the deal closed in September 2000, Clear Channel immediately moved to swap KFYI and KGME, moving the talk station to 550 and sports to 910. In conjunction with the swap, KFYI debuted a morning show hosted by former KTVK anchor Heidi Fogelsong and Jim Sharpe. In 2001, Heywood returned to the 550 frequency from KTAR, replacing Sharpe; the morning show was ended in 2003 and Heywood released due to "lack of ratings performance". Former Congressman J.
2690223	[Title: """KFYI"""] D. Hayworth hosted a weekday show in the late 2000s on KFYI. He resigned from KFYI in 2010 to pursue an unsuccessful run for the U.S. Senate against Senator John McCain. On March 8, 2006, KFYI made news when fill-in host Brian James suggested that the United States National Guard and Border Patrol should shoot to kill people illegally crossing the U.S.-Mexican border. He also said on the air that he would be "happy to sit there with my high-powered rifle and my night scope" and kill people as they cross the border. Those remarks prompted Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard and U.S. Attorney Paul Charlton to complain to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), calling the remarks "irresponsible and dangerous". Programming. KFYI's weekday lineup begins with a local interview and information show hosted by James T. Harris, "The Conservative Circus"; Harris began hosting afternoons at KFYI in 2018 and moved to mornings in 2020. In afternoon drive time, Garret Lewis hosts "The Afternoon Addiction", a program shared with KNST in Tucson. The rest of the weekday schedule consists of nationally syndicated conservative talk shows, many supplied by co-owned Premiere Networks, including "The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show", Sean Hannity, Glenn Beck, and "Coast to Coast AM" with George Noory. Weekend programs include a variety of specialty shows on topics including money, health, gardening, real estate, the outdoors, and beer, plus weekend syndicated shows from Bill Handel, Ben Ferguson, and Bill Cunningham. Because Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, syndicated programs air on a one-hour recorded delay from mid-March to early November, so they can be heard in the same time slots on KFYI year-round. This practice has been utilized by KFYI since the mid-1990s (when it was at 910).
2690224	[Title: """Emtricitabine/tenofovir"""] Emtricitabine/tenofovir, sold under the brand name Truvada among others, is a fixed-dose combination antiretroviral medication used to treat and prevent HIV/AIDS. It contains the antiretroviral medications emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil. For treatment, it must be used in combination with other antiretroviral medications. For prevention before exposure, in those who are at high risk, it is recommended along with safer sex practices. It does not cure HIV/AIDS. Emtricitabine/tenofovir is taken by mouth. Common side effects include headache, tiredness, trouble sleeping, abdominal pain, weight loss, and rash. Serious side effects may include high blood lactate levels and enlargement of the liver. Use of this medication during pregnancy does not appear to harm the fetus, but this has not been well studied. Emtricitabine/tenofovir was approved for medical use in the United States in 2004. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In the United States, emtricitabine/tenofovir was under patent by Gilead until 2020, but is now available as a generic worldwide. In 2020, it was the 278th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. Medical uses. Emtricitabine/tenofovir is used both to treat and to prevent HIV/AIDS. The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends antiretroviral therapy (ART) for all people with HIV/AIDS. HIV prevention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of emtricitabine/tenofovir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for uninfected, HIV-1 negative individuals that may be at risk for HIV-1 infection. A Cochrane systematic review found a 51% relative risk reduction of contracting HIV with both tenofovir alone and the tenofovir/emtricitabine combination. A JAMA systematic review found a similar relative risk reduction of 54% on average and greater reduction with greater adherence. It was approved for PrEP against HIV infection in the United States in 2012.
2690225	[Title: """Emtricitabine/tenofovir"""] The CDC recommends PrEP be considered for the following high-risk groups: The consideration of utilizing emtricitabine/tenofovir as a reduction strategy involves discussion with a health professional who can help the patient navigate the benefits and risks. Patients are advised to discuss any history of bone issues, kidney issues, or hepatitis B infection with their healthcare provider. Effectiveness of PrEP for prevention of infection is reliant on an individual's ability to take the medication consistently. Emtricitabine/tenofovir is also used for HIV post-exposure prophylaxis. People who start taking emtricitabine/tenofovir see HIV reduction benefits up to 72 hours after starting, but the medicine must be taken for thirty days after a high-risk sexual event to ensure HIV transmission levels are optimally reduced. Emtricitabine/tenofovir as PrEP should not be used for individuals who are positive for HIV-1. HIV treatment. Emtricitabine/tenofovir has been approved in the United States as part of antiretroviral combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1. The combination therapy is suggested as one of the options for adults who have not received any prior treatment for HIV infection. Hepatitis B. Both emtricitabine and tenofovir are indicated for the treatment of hepatitis B, with the added benefit that they can target HIV for those with co-infection. Emtricitabine/tenofovir may also be considered for some antiviral resistant hepatitis B infections. Pregnancy and breastfeeding. In the United States, it is recommended that all pregnant HIV-infected women start antiretroviral therapy (ART) as early in pregnancy as possible to reduce the risk of transmission. ART generally does not increase risk of birth defects with exception of dolutegravir, which is not recommended during first trimester of pregnancy only due to potential risk of neural tube defects. Emtricitabine/tenofovir is secreted in breast milk. In developed countries, HIV-infected mothers are generally recommended to not breastfeed due to slight risk of mother-to-children HIV transmission. In developing countries, where avoiding breastfeeding may not be an option, the World Health Organization recommends a triple drug regimen of tenofovir, efavirenz, and either lamivudine or emtricitabine. Side effects. Emtricitabine/tenofovir is generally well tolerated.
2690226	[Title: """Emtricitabine/tenofovir"""] Some of its side effects include: Fat redistribution and accumulation (lipodystrophy) has been observed in people receiving antiretroviral therapy, including fat reductions in the face, limbs, and buttocks and increases in visceral fat of the abdomen and accumulations in the upper back. When used as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) this effect may not be present. Weight changes have however been linked to the medication. Drug interactions. Other drugs with adverse reactions include dabigatran etexilate, lamivudine, and vincristine. Dabigatran etexilate used with p-glycoprotein inducers requires monitoring of decreased levels and effects of dabigatran. Lamivudine may increase the adverse or toxic effect of emtricitabine. Vincristine used with P-glycoprotein/ABCB1 inducers can decrease the serum concentration of vincristine. Society and culture. The patent for the drug combination is owned by Gilead Sciences in some regions. The European patent EP0915894B1 expired in July 2018, but Gilead Sciences wished the patent to be extended. Four rival labs — Teva, Accord Healthcare, Lupin and Mylan — had sought to have that overturned in the courts in Britain, and the High Court of Justice invalidated Gilead's patent. Gilead appealed and the UK referred the case to the European Court of Justice, which refused to extend the patent. An Irish court rejected an injunction request to prevent the launch of generic Emtricitabine/tenofovir prior to the resolution of the case. Despite the expiration of the Gilead Sciences patent, as of 2021, there are still widespread challenges to the availability and uptake of generic PrEP throughout Europe. In 2019, Gilead Sciences challenged the validity of patents granted to the United States after 2015 for using the drug combination for HIV PrEP and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In July 2024, The Biden administration appealed the jury finding that ruled in favor of Gilead Sciences verdict that the U.S. government's patents are invalid. In the United States, most healthcare plans are required to cover PrEP without any copay or other cost sharing. This is due to a United States Preventive Services Task Force recommendation that gave PrEP a grade A rating.
2690227	[Title: """Emtricitabine/tenofovir"""] Under the Affordable Care Act, this recommendation requires all non-grandfathered private health plans to cover PrEP without cost sharing. In the United Kingdom, PrEP is widely available to all at-risk groups following the Department for Health and Social Care's decision to make it available across England in 2020. Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland made it available in 2017 and 2018.
2690228	[Title: """Human rights in Germany"""] Human rights in Germany enjoy a high level of protection, both in theory and in practice, and are enshrined in the "Grundgesetz". The country has ratified most international human rights treaties. Reports from independent organizations such as Amnesty International certify a high level of compliance with human rights, while others, like the researcher Tobias Singelnstein, point out several issues, in particular police brutality and mistreatment of refugees. The 2008 Freedom in the World report by US-funded Freedom House gives Germany a score of "1" (the best possible) for both political rights and civil liberties. Law. The constitution of Germany, the "Grundgesetz", which came into effect on May 23, 1949, puts a particular emphasis on human rights. Its first sentence, "Human dignity is inviolable", is being interpreted as protecting the sum of human rights. This paragraph is protected by an "eternity clause" and cannot be changed. It has wide-ranging effects on judicial practice; for example, it has been used to justify the right on Informational self-determination in a 1983 finding of the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany. However, following experiences from the Weimar Republic, Germany sees itself as a "wehrhafte Demokratie" (fortified democracy); actions targeted towards removing the democratic order are not covered by human rights. The constitution guarantees all rights from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (which itself is not legally binding), with the exception of an unlimited right for asylum. The ratification of the European Convention on Human Rights allows citizens to appeal to the European Court of Human Rights. Mandatory military service for male citizens was established in 1956. At any time, conscientious objectors can opt to do "Zivildienst" (civilian service) instead. For the time of both services, many human rights such as freedom of movement are suspended. Since 1 July 2011, the government no longer has the ability to exercise the right under this article, that is, military service is currently "de facto" voluntary in Germany. However, there are no plans to abolish laws allowing conscription. Treaties. Germany is also a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council. It recognizes the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.
2690229	[Title: """Human rights in Germany"""] Reports. The Amnesty International reports of 2005 and 2006 mainly criticize—though very rarely occurring and mostly severely punished—some cases of police brutality, mistreatment of refugees, and racist attacks. The 2008 Freedom in the World report by US-funded Freedom House gives Germany a score of "1" (the best possible) for both political rights and civil liberties. Topics. Custody. Remand must be ordered by a judge. Usually, a suspect cannot be detained for more than six months without a conviction. The death penalty is abolished. A court may order that a person be detained indefinitely even after the sentence is completed, if the person is convicted of particularly serious crimes and is judged, after expert testimony, to be a danger to the public ("Sicherungsverwahrung"). The German citizen Khalid El-Masri was abducted by the CIA in 2005 and interned without trial for months, although innocent. German intelligence was informed early about this, but undertook nothing, which was subject to an intense political debate. Freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is guaranteed by the constitution. However, "Volksverhetzung" (incitement of the people) is a crime, defined as spreading hate against or insult against a part of the population. In 1994, a paragraph explicitly forbidding denial of Nazi crimes was added. Freedom of assembly. Open-air public rallies require (generally) prior announcement to the local authorities, but no permits. Local authorities can prohibit rallies only on grounds of public safety concerns or involvement of outlawed organizations. Freedom of press. Freedom of press is generally very established in Germany; the 2009 Press Freedom Index of Reporters Without Borders rates Germany at place 18 of 175 countries. The most notable incident involving free press restrictions was the Spiegel scandal of 1962, when the Minister of Defense Franz Josef Strauß ordered the unlawful arrest of several journalists after an article accusing him of bribery. The scandal led to the dismissial of Strauß from office and severely damaged the reputation of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer. In 2005, minister of the interior Otto Schily authorized a raid of offices of the periodical Cicero, which was criticized as an attack on press freedom by part of the German press. The raid was based on a substantiated suspicion of leaking of state secrets.
2690230	[Title: """Human rights in Germany"""] However, on February 27, 2007, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that suspicion that a journalist is aiding the betrayal of state secrets is not sufficient to warrant a search, and thus the raid was illegal. The finding has been widely regarded as a strengthening of press freedom. A scandal regarding spying on journalists by the secret service "Bundesnachrichtendienst", starting in May 2006, has not been cleared up yet. Police brutality. Especially because of experiences through the Nazi-regime, the German politics and people are very attentive to the power and way of working of the police. In Germany the use of firearms—even by the police—is strictly regulated and there are (compared with other countries) only a few cases of shots fired by the police every year. However, there were some incidents in the last past years: On 5 March 2009 a man died in a hospital after falling into a coma while in police custody in Hagen on 17 February where he had been bound face-down. The Office of the Public Prosecutor terminated its investigations and found that the force used by the police was proportionate, despite the fact that since 2000, police officers have been trained not to restrain a person face-down because of the danger of asphyxia. In December 2008, the regional court of Dessau acquitted two police officers of killing Oury Jalloh as a result of negligence. Oury Jalloh had died 2005 when a fire broke out in his cell, where he was restrained to the bed. In its oral reasons for the judgment, the court stated lack of evidence as the reason for the acquittal, and strongly criticized the testimonies of most of the police officers who were witnesses in the court case. On 13 December 2012, the regional court of Magdeburg overruled the earlier acquittal, and ruled for negligent homicide. An earlier accusation of bodily harm with fatal consequences was dropped by the public prosecution for lack of evidence. The accused officer was condemned to a fine of 10,800 Euro by the court, in excess of the 6,300 Euro plead for by prosecution. Torture. There are no reports on systematic use of torture in Germany. However, there were some related incidents.
2690231	[Title: """Human rights in Germany"""] In 2002, Frankfurt's police vice president Wolfgang Daschner ordered a subordinate officer to threaten the suspect of a kidnapping to use force in order to get information on the whereabouts of the abductee (the abductee was killed shortly after the kidnapping, but the suspect told the police that the child was still alive, and Daschner decided to break the law to save the child's life. Daschner himself wrote down an official note of his actions). This triggered an emotional debate over the legality of such measures. Daschner was convicted to the lowest possible penalty of a fine. Daschner and the subordinate officer remained in duty. In a trial against terror suspect Mounir El Motassadeq, a court used evidence provided by US authorities, despite widespread evidence of torture in US detainment camps. The conviction was rejected in appeal due to lack of evidence. In January 2007 he was condemned for 15 years in detention. Forced psychiatric interventions have repeatedly been reported by Psychiatric Survivor activists to be inhumane, meeting the criteria of and being experienced as torture. In 2011 and 2012, the German Federal Constitutional Court and the Federal Court of Justice clarified that there has never been any sufficient legal basis for compulsory treatment as practiced until then. Under the protests of human rights activists who were supported by sociologist Prof. Wolf-Dieter Narr, the German Government and successively also the federal state governments started working towards a quick legalization of involuntary treatment. By the time the first of these laws were enacted, the Special Rapporteur on torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment of the United Nations Human Rights Council, Juan E. Méndez, reported on abusive practises in health care settings worldwide and the policies that promote these practises. He stated that: "both this mandate and United Nations treaty bodies have established that involuntary treatment and other psychiatric interventions in health-care facilities are forms of torture and ill-treatment" and that "it is essential that an absolute ban on all coercive and non-consensual measures, including restraint and solitary confinement of people with psychological or intellectual disabilities, should apply" Surveillance. Several parties, such as the right-wing "National Democratic Party of Germany" (NPD) and the communist platform of the Left Party, are under surveillance from the "Verfassungsschutz" ("Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution"). The use of police informers has sometimes been criticized as excessive.
2690232	[Title: """Human rights in Germany"""] A motion to label the NPD as an illegal organization was abandoned, because it became apparent that many actions of the NPD were actually controlled by the Verfassungsschutz. In addition to parties, the German Government placed the Church of Scientology and its members in Germany under surveillance by the Verfassungsschutz since 1997 for the alleged goal of abolishing the order based on the German Grundgesetz. See also: Scientology in Germany. Vulnerable populations. Minority and foreign parents. Ethnic minorities are underrepresented in the political process and in public life, especially the civil service. There were some cases of attacks on minorities in the country by right-wing groups, although Germany is—especially because of its past—very considerate on tolerance and integration. In 2010 the US State Department reported that "right-wing extremist violence and harassment of racial minorities and foreigners were problems”. Human trafficking. There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in Europe ("see main article: trafficking in human beings"). The end of communism and collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia has contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with the majority of victims being women forced into prostitution. Germany is a transit and destination country for persons, primarily women, trafficked mainly from Central and Eastern Europe and from Africa for the purpose of sexual exploitation. Russia alone accounted for one-quarter of the 1,235 identified victims reported in 2003, the latest year for which statistics are available. For the first time, Germany's statistics included German nationals who numbered 127. LGBT rights. Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights in Germany have evolved significantly over the course of the last decades. As of June 29, 2017, Germany legalized same-sex marriage, which provides the same rights as opposite-sex married couples receive. Same-sex step adoption has also been legal since 2005 and was expanded in 2013 to allow someone in a same-sex relationship to adopt a child already adopted by their partner; however, joint adoption has not yet been legislated. Discrimination protections on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity vary across Germany, but discrimination in employment and the provision of goods and services is in principle banned countrywide. Transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender since 1980.
2690233	[Title: """Human rights in Germany"""] The law initially required them to undergo surgical alteration of their genitals in order to have key identity documents changed. This has since been declared unconstitutional. Intersex rights. Intersex people in Germany have no recognition of their rights to physical integrity and bodily autonomy, and no specific protections from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics. In response to an inquiry by the German Ethics Council in 2012, the government passed legislation in 2013 designed to classify some intersex infants to a "de facto" third category. The legislation has been criticized by civil society and human rights organizations as misguided. Research published in 2016 found no substantive reduction in numbers of intersex medical interventions on infants and children with intersex conditions in the period from 2005 to 2014. The United Nations and Amnesty International have joined local intersex civil society organizations in calling for protections.
2690234	[Title: """Go opening"""] A Go opening is the initial stage of a game of Go. On the traditional 19×19 board the opening phase of the game usually lasts between 15 and 40 plies. There is some specialised terminology for go openings. The precise meanings of Japanese language terms is often misunderstood. A go whole-board opening refers to an opening sequence of plays, almost always laid out the standard 19×19 go board. Because of the symmetry of the board (eight-fold), there are certain conventions about displaying opening moves traditional in Japan. These do not necessarily apply in China or Korea, but naturally in speaking of an 'opening' one never needs to distinguish openings related by symmetry. The Japanese term for the opening phase of the game is "joban", but this is not used in English. Instead it is very common to use "fuseki", a Japanese term that has a literal meaning of 'scattering of stones'. This really refers, therefore, to the way the initial plays are distributed around the sides and corners. If the game begins just in one corner, which is rare for high-level play but more common with novices, this is not really "fuseki". Also, "fuseki" may be commonly used as a description for the pattern adopted by Black, the first player, for example, for Black 1-3-5. This ignores White 2 and White 4, and so is really a name for a side formation (for example, Chinese opening) or perhaps a diagonal formation (for example, "tasukiboshi", where Black 1 and Black 3 are at 4-4 points in the north-east and south-west corners). The Korean-language term equivalent to "fuseki" is "poseok". There are also go corner openings. There are many thousands of these standard variations known, related to developments in just one 10×10 corner of the board. In English, they are almost always called "joseki"; "joseki" is not a synonym of "corner opening", but of "standard sequence". The literal meaning in Japanese is of "set" (i.e., fixed or settled) "stones". There are "joseki" in Go that do not relate to the corner openings. The Korean term equivalent to "joseki" is "jeongseok", often transliterated "jungsuk".
2690235	[Title: """Go opening"""] In Japanese the 10-10 point on the board (i.e. the center) is called "tengen". An opening play at "tengen" is a kind of experimental opening, and has at times in history been controversial. It may lead to what is called mirror go, in Japanese "manego", in which Black imitates White by playing diagonally opposite with respect to the centre stone. There is another style, also called mirror go, where from the beginning of the game White imitates Black in a diagonally-opposite way. The first kind was interesting, for strong players, before the introduction of "komidashi", i.e. compensation points for second play. The second kind became interesting only "after" the introduction of "komidashi". Go opening strategy is the strategy applied in Go opening. There are some conventional divisions that are applied. Firstly there is the distinction that may be drawn between "go opening theory", the codified variations that resemble chess openings in the way that they occur repeated in games, and "go opening principles". Since there is great freedom of choice, the fundamental opening principles are more useful for all players before they reach dan player level. Basic principles. Examples of principles that are generally useful are comments such as 'corner-side-centre', which says that the corner areas of the board are more valuable than the sides (points near an edge but away from the corners). Occupying points in the centre may be good for early fighting, but these points are weaker from the aspect of developing one's territory. Developments over the last century. The opening strategy in Go can be said to have undergone some major changes in the twentieth century. Not only have new "joseki" been developed, but some important shifts in thinking have occurred. For example: Contemporary ideas. Contemporary Go opening strategy is more complicated than the old corner opening/whole-board opening distinction suggests. The 4-4 point is used by professionals in about 70% of corners. Corner openings for the 4-4 point are still being developed, but it is more accurate to say that almost all contemporary opening theory is implicated in the patterns around the 4-4 point. "Fuseki". The Japanese term "fuseki" is sometimes taken as synonymous with 'whole-board strategy'.
2690236	[Title: """Go opening"""] More accurately, it means the 'scattering' or thin distribution of stones that occurs in the early part of the game. In the game of Go, opening theory is the strategy of where, why, in what order, and in what shapes the first several moves are played in Go opening. The middle game typically begins once the basic foundational areas called "frameworks" are established and "fighting" begins. The opening is conceptually and traditionally divided for study into the sequences that are "whole board" openings and those that are "corner" openings. Each type constitutes a series of plays which have been studied for their balance (with the other) as well as for countermoves. For a standard board, the most basic single concept for the opening is that "plays in the corners are more efficient for making territory than plays on the sides or in the center." Only a relatively small proportion of openings have a recognised name. These include the Three stars opening ("sanrensei"), Two stars opening ("nirensei"), "Pinwheel" or Shusaku opening and Chinese opening (Chinese fuseki). To be more precise, these are names for the moyo (framework) formations which Black makes on one side of the board. Since White has a choice of perhaps two dozen legitimate variations on the other side, these are in fact large complexes of openings. The Chinese opening has an intricate history. According to several historical accounts (both Chinese and Japanese), it was actually first developed by Japanese players, but later was heavily researched and developed by Chinese players. It was very popular from about 1970 onwards, and has by Go standards a thoroughly-researched theory. Jōseki. Joseki are "sequences" of moves which have been "Joseki" is a Japanese word (定石) (Korean "jeongseok"), where "jo" (定) means "fixed" or "set", and "seki" (石) means stone(s). It thus literally means "set stones", as in "set pattern". Variations are shown to lead to different positional advantages and disadvantages for the two players in certain overall game situations. If Black and White both play the "joseki" correctly, they should achieve a balanced result within that particular corner; neither should have a large advantage, unless the opponent makes a mistake.
2690237	[Title: """Go opening"""] "Balance" typically refers to an equitable trade-off between securing territory in the corner versus making good "thickness" toward the sides and center. The assessment also takes into account who started and ended the corner sequence: if Black has played one more stone than White in the corner, for example, Black's result should be objectively better than White's, to reflect the extra investment of a play. In application these concepts are in fact very dynamic, and often "joseki" are deviated from depending on the needs of the situation, and the opportunities available. While learning "joseki" is a tool to defend against a local loss, players can seek to take advantage by deviating from the "joseki", or "pausing" it. Usually "joseki" as a term (in literature in English) is applied to a set sequence happening in one corner in the opening stage. These sequences are not the only set sequences in the game, however. There are also "joseki" seen in the middle game: these include standard follow-ups to earlier "joseki". Other examples are common techniques for invading or reducing frameworks. Learning to apply these so-called "middle game joseki" is one of the steps to becoming strong. The current body made up of "joseki" is not fixed, but consists of patterns that have gained acceptance in professional games. That is, they form a consensus judgement that might change in the future, or with certain caveats. Hence the basic definition may be misleading for new players in that joseki can be misconstrued as foolproof and unalterable, and are otherwise optimal for all situations. Some joseki are in fact useful only for study within an artificially confined corner, and in real play are only considered good form when used in proper combination with other plays on the board (i.e. other joseki and fuseki moves). Knowing a particular "joseki" simply means that one knows a sequence of moves, resulting in a balance or fair trade-off between their positions. This is in practice much easier than appraising how "joseki" relate to the rest of the board—hence "knowledge of joseki" is regarded as shallow, when compared with the ability to integrate a strategy into a complex game landscape.
2690238	[Title: """Go opening"""] There is a go proverb that states that "learning "joseki" loses two stones in strength," meaning that rote learning of sequences is not advantageous. Rather learning "from" "joseki" should be a player's goal. Hence the study of joseki is regarded as a double-edged sword and useful only if learned not by rote but rather by understanding the principles behind each move. Every "joseki" should be used as a specific tool that leaves the board in a particular shape. Just as using an improper tool in machinery can be devastating, choosing the wrong "joseki" can easily be worse than improvising one's own moves. In his book "A Way of Play for the 21st Century", Go Seigen compared choosing the proper joseki to choosing the proper medicine—"pick the right one, and you feel better. Pick the wrong one and you die."(par.) Rui Naiwei similarly remarked that "playing joseki is easy [but] choosing the right one [in a game] is hard."(par.) A "joseki" may fall out of use for various reasons, some of which may often seem minor to the amateur player, and professionals may consider one variation suboptimal for a very specific reason. There is no definitive guide to what is "joseki"; the situation with "joseki" dictionaries is similar to that of natural language dictionaries, in that some entries are obsolete and the listing is not likely to be complete. Studying "joseki" is only an important part of developing one's strength as a player at some levels; the study of life and death and middle-game fighting are considered to be more important. Concepts. Opening theory is less dominant in terms of study for those wanting to reach a good amateur level, than in chess or "shogi". It is, however, an important component of Go knowledge, though there is no single, codified source for it. The standard sequences for the joseki in many cases come to a definite end, after which both players should move elsewhere. In some cases a sharp local struggle breaks out, which neither player should neglect. For those cases, the result of the opening may develop out of a 10×10 corner area into the rest of the board. Analysis without taking into account what other stones are in place then becomes somewhat meaningless. The longest 'book' corner openings are about 50-ply.
2690239	[Title: """Go opening"""] Most corner openings do not have special or picturesque names. A few that do are known by Japanese names: the "taisha", the "nadare" (avalanche), the Magic sword of Muramasa. These are among the most complex, and are contraindicated for novices. History. Go openings have been studied in depth for many centuries, and center upon concepts of finding balance with the opponent. Because black moves first, opening moves for black are based on the concept of exploiting that first-move advantage (along with sente) to gain influence (or strength) and thus establish areas of territory. There is no complete theory of go, simply because the number of possible variations makes any literal study impossible. Hence even the opening is subject to changes of fashion, and also some notable periods of innovation. Certain professional players are known for their use of specific or innovative types of openings, and their ability to combine their use of those openings with other strengths in competitive play. The 10-10 point. Go Seigen played his third move (Black 5) on "tengen", in a 1933 game against Honinbo Shusai, the top player of the time. Go lost the controversial four-month game, which was played over 14 sessions in a "ryokan" in Tokyo from 16 October 1933 to 19 January 1934.
2690240	[Title: """Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang"""] Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang (31 January 1909 – 25 November 1988) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician. A member of Nasjonal Samling, he was the party's Secretary-General from 1933. During the German occupation of Norway in World War II, he served in the government of Vidkun Quisling as a secretary of state from 1940, and then as Minister of Culture and Enlightenment from 1942 until liberation in 1945. He was also President of the between 1943 and 1945. Biography. Early life and political career. Born in Fredrikstad, Fuglesang received a degree in law in 1933. An early follower of Vidkun Quisling, he joined Nasjonal Samling the same year, and was soon employed as the party's Secretary-General; in this capacity, he was in charge of the economical and organizational affairs of Nasjonal Samling during the party's growth in membership in 1933–1934, and subsequent decline following the 1936 elections. German occupation. Despite being one of the men closest to Quisling, he was uninformed of the German invasion of Norway and Quisling's "coup d'état" on 9 April 1940. Nasjonal Samling would remain the sole legal party in the country during the German occupation, leading to a rapid increase in party membership and administration strictly overseen by Fuglesang. Despite being described as "moderate" during the initial stages of the occupation, Fuglesang would subsequently become a leading proponent of pan-German and racial ideas, earning him a positive reputation with Heinrich Himmler. In February 1942 he joined Quisling's government as a secretary of state; following the death of Gulbrand Lunde in October 1942, he succeeded the latter as Minister of Culture and Enlightenment. As a government member, Fuglesang tried to safeguard the government's relative autonomy in practical and administrative matters from the German occupational forces, causing him to frequently clash with "Reichskommissar" Josef Terboven. In January 1944, he accompanied Vidkun Quisling for his visit to Adolf Hitler and also had a longer, mainly conciliatory, conversation with Himmler in Rastenburg.
2690241	[Title: """Rolf Jørgen Fuglesang"""] Towards the end of the war, however, the Germans viewed him as one of their main opponents within the leadership of Nasjonal Samling. Post-war. After the liberation of Norway, Fuglesang was arrested and put on trial for treason in February 1946. He narrowly escaped execution as four out of seven judges voted for a life sentence During the legal purge in Norway after World War II, Fuglesang was sentenced to life imprisonment with forced labour for treason. He narrowly avoided execution, as four out of seven judges voted for a life sentence. Fuglesang was released from prison in 1956, and worked as a bricklayer and businessman in Oslo until his retirement. He died in Oslo in 1988. Personal life. Fuglesang married Signe Horn (1910–1989) in 1935. They had a daughter, Signe Horn Fuglesang (born 1938), an art historian who was married to fellow art historian Per Jonas Nordhagen; the marriage ended in divorce.
2690242	[Title: """Preußische Instruktionen"""] The so-called or PI (English: Prussian instructions) are a cataloging set of rules for libraries which was used in scientific libraries in German-speaking countries and beyond. First published in 1899, the PI were replaced by other sets of rules such as the (RAK) from the 1980s onwards, which in turn have been replaced by the Resource Description and Access (RDA) rules since 2015. History. Already in 1874 (hectographed edition) and 1886 (printed edition), Karl Franz Otto Dziatzko of the University Library at Breslau had presented a set of cataloging rules under the title ", also known as " (English: Breslau instructions). In there, the order of the titles was defined, but not the bibliographic recording. In 1890, the in Berlin created "instructions" that regulated the admission but not the order of entries. In 1899, a compromise arose from these two sets of instructions, resulting in the first uniform set of rules, the " (PI). They were first published on 10 May 1899 under the title ". , a later employee of Friedrich Althoff, played a decisive role in the creation of the PI. The second edition appeared in 1908. The PI formed the basis for the , the later (English: German General Catalog). During their time, the PI were a major step forward in the German library landscape and they were occasionally adopted also outside of Prussia. Despite their role model, it was often not possible to achieve a uniform and fully consistent application of the guidelines in the cataloging of some important libraries in Bavaria, Hesse, Saxony and at other traditional German library locations before the introduction of digital computers. In the international network of libraries, those rules which were tied to the structure of the German language and therefore difficult to transfer into other languages, have been replaced by other sets of rules. One of the peculiarities of the PI is that multi-author writings (with four or more authors) and factual title writings were sorted according to the principle of "grammatical order". This means that typically the first independent noun is relevant for the classification in the (card) catalog. Articles and prepositions are ignored. In addition, there are no entries in the PI under corporate bodies. Titles are arranged grammatically not mechanically, and literature is entered under its title.
2690243	[Title: """Preußische Instruktionen"""] There is no difference between the letters "I" and "J" to be made, and German umlauts are sorted alongside their non-diacritical letters. Scientific transliteration of Cyrillic into Latin was first introduced in 1898 as part of the standardization process for the PI. The publications of an author are divided into groups: first, editions of works are listed, then partial collections, fragments and excerpts from works, only then followed by individual writings. The application of the rules is comparatively complex and unsuitable for online catalogs such as Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), consequently they are rarely used today. In the case of library catalogs following keywords or correspondingly structured directories, knowledge of these rules is still helpful, however. Also, historical holdings still exist in libraries which are organized in catalogs based on the PI system.
2690244	[Title: """Carnegie telescope"""] The Carnegie telescope (i.e. Carnegie double astrograph) is a twin refractor telescope located at Lick Observatory in California, United States. The double telescope's construction began in the 1930s with a grant from the Carnegie institution, although it was not completed until the 1960s when a second lens was added. The telescope is not designed for visual observation, rather it has two lenses used for taking photographs for a specific wavelength recorded on a film emulsion. It was used for photographic sky surveys in the late 20th century, which were successfully completed. The overall goal of the telescope was to study the "problem of galactic rotation and proper motion.. " History. The first survey was conducted between 1947 and 1954, using the blue-light corrected lens which was installed in 1946. Lenses: Description. The double telescope is on a precision equatorial mount. It was designed for astrophotographic surveys, and two noted results were the Shane-Wirtanen galaxy counts and the Lick Northern Proper Motion project. The Carnegie twin refractor is located in a mid-sized dome at the observatory. Because the Carnegie is actually two telescopes, side by side on a single mount, it looks more like a large set of very long binoculars rather than a telescope. One side is designed to photograph blue light and the other yellow light. The Carnegie was built expressly to measure the motions of as many stars as possible in our local area of the Milky Way. Called the Lick Proper Motion Survey, the Carnegie's mission was to photograph the entire night sky twice; once in the 1950s and again 20 years later. By comparing both sets of photographs, much was learned about the motion of stars and the structure of our galaxy. The Carnegie is not used today except when photographs of a wide area of the sky are needed. The telescope was built by Warner & Swasey according to a design by Doctor F.E. Ross. The second lens was not installed until 1962, and was corrected for yellow light. The second lens was manufactured by Perkin-Elmer. This lens has four elements, including two crown elements and two flint elements. The clear aperture of the first element surface is 21.5 inches and the entire lens weighs 820 pounds including all four elements. (The clear aperture of the entrance pupil is 20 inches)
2690245	[Title: """The Anointed One"""] The Anointed One or The Anointed may refer to:
2690246	[Title: """Shanice (album)"""] Shanice is the fourth studio album by American singer and songwriter Shanice. It was released on March 9, 1999 on LaFace Records. Produced by Dallas Austin, Babyface, Warryn Campbell, Laney Stewart, and others, the album peaked at number 56 on the US "Billboard" 200 and number 15 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The lead single, "When I Close My Eyes", held the record for the biggest leap in one week on the "Billboard" Hot 100 (from number 91 to number 16) until 2006 and peaked at number 12 on the US "Hot 100". Other singles released from the album were "Yesterday" and "You Need a Man". Critical reception. AllMusic editor Jose F. Promis found that the singer "possesses a powerful voice to be sure, and the songs on this set are pleasant enough, but one can't help but feel that this album possesses something of an assembly-line feel [...] Shanice has a strong voice and is a talented singer, but ultimately deserves more creative songwriting and better material, because one can't help but feel that her talent is wasted on this mindless, mass-produced '90s pop-soul borderline drudge."
2690247	[Title: """Sanctum (band)"""] Sanctum is a band from Sweden formed in 1994. Their music is often classified as industrial or electronic, and combines elements of orchestral and contemporary music. Lately experimental music has become a dominant influence. Sanctum originally consisted of four members, Jan Carleklev, Marika Kante, Håkan Paulsson and Lena Robért. The singer Lena Robért and the cellist Marika Kante left the band in 2001. Nowadays Jan Carleklev and Håkan Paulsson continue with the help of guest vocalists. Sanctum has played shows in Europé and the US, for example at Maschinenfest, Cornerstone Festival and Wave-Gotik-Treffen. During Sanctum shows a video live-mix is provided by the video artist Ulrika Carlsson. Paulsson and Carleklev also spend their time in Counterblast.
2690248	[Title: """Carl Kellner (optician)"""] Carl Kellner (March 26, 1826 – May 13, 1855) was a German mechanic and self-educated mathematician who founded in 1849 an "Optical Institute" that later became the Leitz company, makers of the Leica cameras. Biography. Carl Kellner was born in Hirzenhain, Wetteraukreis, in Hesse. In 1849 he founded in Wetzlar a company called "Optisches Institut" for the production of lenses and microscopes. Kellner had invented a new achromatic combination of lenses for an eyepiece, published in his treatise "Das orthoskopische Ocular, eine neu erfundene achromatische Linsencombination", that was able to produce an image with correct perspective and without the distortions that were usual for other optical instruments of the time. His invention is still useful and known as the Kellner eyepiece. Legacy. After his early death in Wetzlar in 1855 from tuberculosis at the age of 29, his widow led the company, which had twelve employees at that time. In 1856, she married her employee Friedrich Belthle (February 27, 1829 – May 9, 1869), who from then on managed the company. In 1864, precision mechanic Ernst Leitz I joined them; he became a partner on October 7, 1865, took over the company in 1869 and re-founded it as the "Ernst Leitz GmbH". The company expanded quickly; its newly developed binocular microscope was a market success.
2690249	[Title: """Cimarron Valley Railroad"""] The Cimarron Valley Railroad was formed May 29, 1996 in Utah, United States. In that year it purchased from what was then Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway (now BNSF Railway) trackage built , being the former C.V. and Manter Subdivisions of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway tracks in Oklahoma, Colorado and Kansas. One line runs from Dodge City, Kansas, to Boise City, Oklahoma, the other from Satanta, Kansas, to Springfield, Colorado. The CVR runs a total of 254 miles of track primarily hauling agricultural commodities (such as wheat, corn, and milo), along with sand, cement, poles, pipe, and fertilizers. CVR was one of several short-line railroads operated by The Western Group of Ogden, Utah. As of November 2009, the Kansas Department of Transportation and partners were planning a renovation and upgrade of the line. On November 1, 2020, the CVR was purchased by Jaguar Transport Holdings.
2690250	[Title: """Postmodernist school (criminology)"""] The postmodernist school in criminology applies postmodernism to the study of crime and criminals. It is based on an understanding of "criminality" as a product of the use of power to limit the behaviour of those individuals excluded from power, but who try to overcome social inequality and behave in ways which the power structure prohibits. It focuses on the identity of the human subject, multiculturalism, feminism, and human relationships to deal with the concepts of "difference" and "otherness" without essentialism or reductionism, but its contributions are not always appreciated (Carrington: 1998). Postmodernists shift attention from Marxist concerns of economic and social oppression to linguistic production, arguing that criminal law is a language to create dominance relationships. For example, the language of courts (the so-called "legalese") expresses and institutionalises the domination of the individual, whether accused or accuser, criminal or victim, by social institutions. According to postmodernist criminology, the discourse of criminal law is dominant, exclusive and rejecting, less diverse, and culturally not pluralistic, exaggerating narrowly defined rules for the exclusion of others. Definitional issues. Postmodernism is associated with relativism and a focus on the role of ideology in the maintenance of economic and political power. Postmodernists are "skeptical of explanations which claim to be valid for all groups, cultures, traditions, or races, and instead focuses on the relative truths of each person". A crime might be defined on the basis that the behaviour represents a danger to society and it is designated as such in the penal code ("nullum crimen sine lege" the Latin presumption that there can be no crime without a law defining it as such). Human activity extends its range as society develops, and any of these activities (with or without reason) may be considered harmful for people and are therefore “extinguished” by society either through informal moral condemnation or by the state when formal legal restrictions are infringed. There are overlapping explanations of criminality: This difficulty in defining the basic concept of criminality applies equally to questions concerning its causes; even in physical and biological systems it is difficult, although not impossible, to isolate the cause-effect link from its context of interrelationships. It is more difficult for social systems. Indeed, some argue that chaos theory may provide a more appropriate model for what is termed the "social sciences".
2690251	[Title: """Postmodernist school (criminology)"""] Thus, for postmodernism, the key “criminogenic” factor is the change in society from hierarchical relationships to ones based on differentiation with the meta-codes for identity as the determinant for social inclusion/exclusion (Gilinskiy: 2001). Theoretical concerns. Postmodernism is associated with the decline of the left's credibility, specifically in the failure of state socialism to offer an attractive and, later, even a viable alternative to Western capitalism. Both Marxism and socialism derived their philosophical foundation from the Enlightenment. Postmodernism is a critique of the Enlightenment and of scientific positivism which has argued that the world can be understood and both "truth" and "justice" can be discovered by applying the universal linear principle of reason (see Milovanovic, who describes the shift from Hegelian to Nietzschean and Lacanian thought). The idea that the application of scientific principles to social life will uncover the laws of society, making human life predictable and social engineering practical and possible, is discounted. Postmodernists argue that this claim for the universality of reason was ethnocentric in that it privileged one Western view of the world while discounting other views (Kiely, 1995: 153-154). and truth claims were part of a relationship of domination, a claim to power. Given the history of colonialism and globalisation in both the physical and the intellectual world, this critique asserts righteous indignation and moral superiority. In postmodernism, "truth" and "falsity" are purely relative; each culture has its own standard for judging truth that is not inherently superior to any other. Postmodernist analysis is a method to uncover how the world is made to appear real, "thereby questioning that it is real in truth or fact, or that there is any way of making such judgements". No truth claim, and certainly not Enlightenment scientism, rests on any more secure foundation than any other. No knowledge claim is privileged. The main weakness of relativism is that it offers no basis for evaluation. Henry and Milovanovic (1996) posit that all claims are to be considered valid, all social practices merely cultural variations, neither inherently inferior nor superior to any other. This may be potentially progressive because it challenges the absolutist assumptions of the superiority of, for example, Western economics and capitalism. But it does not challenge the "status quo".
2690252	[Title: """Postmodernist school (criminology)"""] On the contrary, as Kiely (1995: 155) argues, appeals for tolerance and pluralism "at its worse . . . simply ignores, or even becomes an apology for, all kinds of oppressive practices" that violate any sense of human and social rights. The human subject. The human subject is said to be one or a number of ideological constructions which are transient, multifaceted works-in-process. The discourse has the power to create a convincing truth claim about the reality of any subject that is historically conditioned, particularly when depicting human action. Subjects are continually recreating themselves while simultaneously continually recreating the social context that shapes their identity and potential for action as well as the identity and potential of others to act. Human agents are all "investors" in constructing their version of reality. Praxis is defined as purposive social activity born of human agents' consciousness of their world, and mediated through the social groups to which they belong". It assumes dualistic forms, such as negation/affirmation. Hierarchies are often reconstituted through negation; they are subject to deconstruction through affirmation. Structure. The human subject is a "role-maker", an agent who can occupy situations and may act contingently in relation to others to affirm or negate their representations. Whereas early conceptions of structure posited an underlying "reality" which could be understood empirically, postmodernism, considers structural contexts to be constituted by the discourse to produce culturally and historically specific representations which are imbued with object-like reality and attain relative stability. In this process, other representations are silenced or denied and the human agency that constituted the contingent and transitory "reality" may be hidden. At any instance, however, certain depictions gain ascendancy and are strengthened by social action which is undertaken in relation to them. Social actors "invest" in these depictions; they organise action to defend specific representations, giving them the appearance of stability and producing the dynamics of subordination and oppression. Social change creates competing discourses and, for a time, alternative realities. When change begins, initial states are always uncertain and through iteration over time, produce outcomes. Inevitably, as change is occurring, cracks and slippage exist, providing the basis for strategic intervention. Action is then organised to defend or deny the representation. In the end, structures as well as subjects possess "relative autonomy" while being co-dependent.
2690253	[Title: """Postmodernist school (criminology)"""] Crime and harmfulness. Crime and the identification of harm are categories constituted by the discourse but they are, nevertheless, "real" in their consequences. There may be harms of reduction, which occur when a social agent experiences a loss of some quality, and harms of repression, which occur when a social agent experiences a restriction preventing the achievement of a desired end. Crime is the outcome of an agent's "investment" in constituting a difference which, through the exercise of "disrespecting" power over others, denies their full humanity and, thereby, renders them powerless to constitute their own differences. Far from being confined to "law", in this expanded view, the exercise of power is the genesis of harms of all types and, hence, of crime. Law merely legitimises existing social relations of power. Crime, then, is a contingent "universality": Victims are numerous but are constituted contingently, relative to historically specifiable relations of power. Power itself is produced and maintained through ideology, through discursive practices. While all humans invest in their respective constructions of reality, some become "excessive investors", conflating socially constructed differences with differential evaluations of worth, reinforcing a social hierarchy while suppressing others' co-production, rendering them silent.
2690254	[Title: """Licia Maglietta"""] Licia Maglietta (born 16 November 1954) is an Italian actress and stage director, known for her work with Italian director Silvio Soldini. Their collaborations include romances "Bread and Tulips" (2000) – for which Maglietta won multiple awards – and "Agata and the Storm" (2004). In 2002 she won her second Italian Golden Globe, for Mafia drama "Red Moon". Early career. Born in Naples, Licia Maglietta later studied theatre, dance and architecture. In 1981 she joined avant-garde stage company "Falso Movimento" (later renamed Teatri Uniti) where she worked with director Mario Martone. She also worked several times in a theatre company with actor Carlo Cecchi, and directed several stage plays. Maglietta began her screen career in the mid 1980s via a run of television roles, including playing Desdemona in a 1985 telemovie based on Shakespeare's "Othello". After working with Mario Martone on 1985 short film "Nella citta Barocca", she later acted in Martone's first full-length feature, "Death of a Neapolitan Mathematician" (1992). Work with Silvio Soldini. Maglietta starred in three films for Italian writer/director Silvio Soldini. She won multiple awards for their second collaboration, "Bread and Tulips". Maglietta and Soldini first worked together on the drama "The Acrobats" (1997). Maglietta co-stars as a divorced woman who befriends a woman from elsewhere in Italy. "The Acrobats" was invited to the 1997 Cannes Film Festival, in the Directors' Fortnight section. Maglietta's breakout role was in the 2000 romance "Bread and Tulips". She played accident-prone housewife Rosalba Barletta, who is left behind on a bus tour and finds herself in Venice, where she gets a job and finds accommodation with a mysterious but helpful maître d' (played by Bruno Ganz). The film won more than 30 awards, and Maglietta took away at least five of them, including a David di Donatello, a Nastro d'Argento, and a Ciak d'oro.
2690255	[Title: """Licia Maglietta"""] Maglietta's final collaboration with Silvio Soldini was the 2004 romantic comedy "Agata and the Storm". She again co-starred; this time she played a woman running a bookshop in the Italian port city of Genoa, who romances a younger man. Later career. Since 2004 Maglietta's screen roles have mainly involved television, including Italian series "In Treatment" (as supervisor to the main character, a psychologist) and "Una Pallottola nel Cuore" (aka "Bulletproof Heart").
2690256	[Title: """Hardtack Teak"""] HARDTACK-Teak was an exoatmospheric high altitude nuclear weapon test performed during Operation Newsreel. It was launched from Johnston Atoll on a Redstone missile. On 1 August 1958, the shot detonated at an altitude of . Along with HARDTACK-Orange it was one of the two largest high-altitude nuclear explosions. Wernher von Braun, who led the development of the Redstone missile, was a witness at the test aboard the USS "Boxer". Planning. The 3.8-megaton detonation was planned to occur at an altitude of above a point approximately south of Johnston Island. However, due to a programming failure, it burst directly above the island at the desired altitude, making the island the effective ground zero. This brought the explosion nearer the launch site control and analysis crews than intended. The "Teak" test was originally planned to be launched from Bikini Atoll, but Lewis Strauss, chairman of the United States Atomic Energy Commission opposed the test because of fears that the flash from the nighttime detonation might blind Islanders who were living on nearby atolls. He finally agreed to approve the high-altitude test on the condition that the launch point be moved from Bikini Atoll to the more remote site at Johnston Island. According to the United States Defense Nuclear Agency report (DNA6038F) on Operation Hardtack I: Effects. When the warhead burst at directly above Johnston Island, the flash effectively turned night into day, as shown in the "After" photo in the section above. The initial glow faded over a period of about 30 seconds. The thermal radiation output of the explosion was such that observers were forced to take cover in the "shade" for the first few moments, as can be seen in film footage of the test. "Teak" caused communications impairment over a widespread area in the Pacific basin. This was due to the injection of a large quantity of fission debris into the ionosphere. The debris prevented normal ionospheric reflection of high-frequency (HF) radio waves back towards Earth, which disrupted most long-distance HF radio communications. The nuclear detonation occurred at 10:50 UTC on 1 August 1958 (which was 11:50 p.m., Johnston Island local time, on 31 July 1958).
2690257	[Title: """Hardtack Teak"""] According to the book "Defense's Nuclear Agency 1947–1997", when the "Teak" detonation occurred: According to page 269 of the Defense Nuclear Agency report on Operation Hardtack: According to civilian observer reports contained in the official United States Defense Nuclear Agency report on Operation Hardtack I:
2690258	[Title: """Norman Partridge"""] Norman Partridge (born May 28, 1958) is an American writer of horror and mystery fiction. He has written two detective novels about retired boxer Jack Baddalach, "Saguaro Riptide" and "The Ten Ounce Siesta". He is also the author of a Crow novel, "", which was adapted in 2005 into the fourth Crow movie, bearing the same name. Mr. Partridge's 2006 novel "Dark Harvest", published in a limited edition of 2000 autographed copies and 24 lettered edition copies by Cemetery Dance Publications, was voted one of "Publishers Weekly"s 100 Best Books of 2006. It also won the 2006 Bram Stoker Award for Best Long Fiction, and has been nominated for two more awards in 2007. "Dark Harvest" was made into a film in 2023. His short stories are collected in the volumes "Mr. Fox and Other Feral Tales", "Bad Intentions", and "The Man with the Barbed Wire Fists". Partridge works as the library's evening circulation supervisor at Saint Mary's College of California. He gave a campus reading of "Dark Harvest" on October 30, 2019. In October 2010, Cemetery Dance announced the "Four Days of Halloween" Limited Edition promotional offer, where from October 29, 2010 to November 1, 2010, they would be offering "10/31: The Butcher's Tale" by Norman Partridge, setting the print run at however many books were ordered in that window. As of July, 2022, there has been no development on this book, and apparently no plans from Partridge to deliver a manuscript. Selected bibliography. Collections. This book was re-released in a revised version in 2005 by Subterranean Press with 11 more short stories and authorial commentary about each story (). Early pre-orders also came with the chapbook "Dead Men Tell No Tales". The additional stories are: The re-released Subterranean Press version also came in a 26 copy lettered edition which featured additional material: Available as a trade edition and a 250 copy signed limited edition (with a bonus chapbook short story) Anthologies. As editor:
2690259	[Title: """Shaft (TV series)"""] Shaft is a television series that aired along with "Hawkins" during 1973–74 television season on "The New CBS Tuesday Night Movies". Broadcast every third week, the series is a follow-up continuation of the three feature films that preceded its release. Starring Richard Roundtree as private detective John Shaft, it serves as the fourth installment overall in the "Shaft" franchise. Ed Barth costars as Al Rossi. Production. Because it was to be aired on over-the-air television, CBS felt that the narrative of "Shaft" needed to be toned down as compared to the original three films. Now instead of opposing the police, Shaft worked with them, creating conflicts with "Hawkins" starring cinema legend James Stewart, another police series with a starkly different viewership. Contemporary analysts suggested that since "Shaft" and "Hawkins" appealed to vastly different audience bases, alternating them only served to confuse fans of both series, giving neither one the time to build up a large viewership. A further contributor to its ratings failure was competition from other crime drama series starring African-American private investigators, NBC's "Tenafly" and ABC's "Get Christie Love!". Richard Roundtree himself publicly expressed disdain for the small-screen version of "Shaft".
2690260	[Title: """Ray Wallace"""] Ray or Raymond Wallace may refer to:
2690261	[Title: """Moonfruit"""] Moonfruit was a UK-based company that offered a website building service. History. Moonfruit was launched in January 2000 during the dot-com bubble, and was supported entirely by advertisements. When the bubble burst, it became a subscription-based service. Later, the company was bought out by its London-based staff. The service is now in its sixth version, including a French language version, with further languages to follow. In April 2011, over 3.5 million websites had been built using Moonfruit's point-and-click interface and drag-and-drop templates. By the end of 2011 over 4.4 million were created with another 1.2 million in 2012, bringing the total to 5.66 million websites by the end of 2012. SiteMaker is a reseller of domain registrar Gandi so SiteMaker customers can register domains for their sites, in return Gandi offers SiteMaker as an option to its customers in addition to its own website builder. Turnover reached $1.9m in 2009, before shooting up to nearly $4m in 2010, with its SiteMaker subsidiary making a loss of £1.26m in 2011. On 16 May 2012, Yell (the British Yellow Pages publisher) acquired Moonfruit in a deal worth £23 million. In 2013 Moonfruit's Flash-based platform was adapted to render sites in the HTML 5 format to enable website presentation on devices not supporting Flash, such as iPhones and iPads. The HTML 5 rendering engine continues to be improved with new features and improvements including e-commerce, blog page and social platform integration. Moonfruit user created websites that are facilitated by the new build of Moonfruit can be viewed at the non-affiliated Moonfruit Directory. On 8 August 2016 Moonfruit announced that they would cease to offer free websites. The owners of free Moonfruit websites could upgrade to a paid subscription, failing which their websites would be deleted after 90 days. In 2021, Moonfruit announced that the platform will be decommissioned on 7 December 2021. Twitter. In June 2009 Moonfruit began a promotional campaign using Twitter. In celebration of their 10th birthday, they offered Twitter users the chance to win an Apple MacBook Pro by tweeting their tag, "#moonfruit".
2690262	[Title: """Moonfruit"""] One MacBook would be given away each day for 10 days to a random participant who had used the tag. This campaign was successful enough to keep the #moonfruit tag at the top of the trending topics for an entire week and garnered some media attention.
2690263	[Title: """Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf"""] Scooby-Doo and the Reluctant Werewolf is a 1988 animated comedy horror made-for-television film produced by Hanna-Barbera for syndication as part of the "Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10" series. It marked Scrappy-Doo's last appearance as a protagonist in the "Scooby-Doo" franchise to date; he would not appear in a "Scooby-Doo" production again until the live-action "Scooby-Doo" film as the villain in 2002. It is also the last appearance of Shaggy's outfit from "The 13 Ghosts of Scooby-Doo" until "Scooby-Doo and the Cyber Chase". Plot. Every year, all of the classic Hollywood monsters (consisting of Frankenstein's monster, his wife Repulsa, a Mummy, the Witch Sisters, Bone Jangles the Skeleton, Dr. Jackyll/Mr. Snyde, Swamp Thing, and Dragonfly) gather at Count Dracula's castle in Transylvania for the "Monster Road Rally", a road race similar to Wacky Races, awarding the winner with the "Monster of the Year" award as well as many other macabre prizes as announced by Dracula's wife and co-host, Vanna Pira. However, this year, Dracula receives a postcard from the Wolfman stating that he has retired to Florida and thus will not be participating in any further races. Dracula fears he will have to cancel the race due to this sudden absence, until his lion-like manservant Wolfgang notifies him of a way to create a new werewolf: according to an old spellbook, the full moon will come into the perfect position to transform a human into a werewolf every five centuries, on three nights in a row that begin the following night. The one in line to become the next werewolf is revealed to be none other than Shaggy Rogers, whom coincidentally has won a recent car race with the help of his pit crew, Scooby-Doo, and his young nephew Scrappy-Doo. Dracula sends his hunchbacked henchmen, "The Hunch Bunch" (consisting of the well-civilized Brunch and the gibberish-speaking Crunch), on a mission to America to turn Shaggy into a werewolf and bring him back to his castle for the race.
2690264	[Title: """Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf"""] The first two nights, the duo is unsuccessful, but on the final night, while Shaggy is at a drive-in movie along with his girlfriend Googie, the Hunch Bunch manages to expose Shaggy to moonlight by dropping the sunroof of his customized race car, causing Shaggy to be transformed into a werewolf. However, Shaggy's hiccups surprisingly force him to alternate between human and werewolf. Hearing the other movie watchers speaking of a werewolf loose in the theater, Scooby hides in a nearby car. Upon meeting Scooby and seeing his reflection, Shaggy flees the drive-in with his car with Scooby, Scrappy, and Googie in tow, pursued by the Hunch Bunch, but loses his hiccups in the pursuit and thus remains trapped in werewolf form. The Hunch Bunch then knocks the group out with moon dust from their vehicle, the "Bat-Copter", and fly back to Transylvania, towing the car. Revealing himself, Dracula explains to Shaggy why he was transformed, but Shaggy, having no desire to be a werewolf, refuses to participate in Dracula's plans. After several failed attempts to extort Shaggy, Dracula offers him a bargain: if Shaggy agrees to drive in the race and wins, Dracula will change him back to human and allow him and his friends to leave. The deal is made, but Dracula has no intent on allowing Shaggy to succeed. The gang is then given good lodgings, treated as guests in the castle, and allowed all the food they wish for breakfast. Dracula then shows them the trail that Shaggy will have to follow for the race and consents to let them navigate the track in their own racecar, with the "Werewolf Wagon" currently undergoing maintenance for Shaggy. Dracula attempts to rig the track by sending the Hunch Bunch to implement traps, but despite their efforts, Shaggy completes the course expertly, making the Count worry that he may lose his new werewolf. He subsequently alters the racecourse, sabotages the Werewolf Wagon, and has the Hunch Bunch deprive Shaggy of sleep. The next morning, Googie energizes Shaggy with a kiss, and he repairs the Werewolf Wagon shortly after the race begins.
2690265	[Title: """Scooby-Doo! and the Reluctant Werewolf"""] Everyone conspires against Shaggy and Scooby throughout the race, but thanks to Googie and Scrappy, who follow along in their own car as their pit crew, Dracula, the Hunch Bunch, and the other racing monsters end up doing more harm to themselves than him. After more failed attempts, Dracula loses his patience and unleashes his secret weapon, Genghis Kong, a towering ape-like beast, to stop Shaggy. As the other racers near the finish line, Googie and Scrappy return and rescue Shaggy and Scooby, then both pairs work together to make the monster fall onto the other cars, leaving an easy path to victory for Shaggy. Furious to see all of his schemes have failed, Dracula goes back on his deal, stating that there is no way to turn Shaggy back. However, after Vanna Pira reveals that the solution is in Dracula's spellbook, the gang steals the book and make an escape. Dracula chases after them in his weaponized car and later his own plane. The four barely manage to dodge Dracula's powerful gadgets, and seconds before Dracula gets the best of them, a thunderstorm ensues. Dracula's plane is struck by lightning, sending him plummeting into the ocean below, where a shark chases him off. Returning home, Googie uses the book to change Shaggy back to human. That night, the gang all sit down to watch another horror movie and eat pizza. In the final scene, Dracula and the Hunch Bunch sneak up to their window swearing revenge, ending the film on a cliffhanger. Home media. The film was originally released in 1991 on VHS by Goodtimes Home Video and got re-released by Turner Home Entertainment in 1992. It was released that same year on Laserdisc by Image Entertainment. Warner Home Video re-released the film on VHS and DVD in Region 1 on March 5, 2002. The film was released on Blu-ray on February 20, 2024, as an individual release, and as part of a "Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10" boxset through Warner Archive. Reception. On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 20% based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 5.0/10.
2690266	[Title: """AC-2"""] Yellow / AC-2 (Atlantic Crossing 2) is a submarine telecommunications cable system linking the United States and the United Kingdom. The cable is wholly owned by Lumen (formerly Level 3 Communications) in the US following its acquisition of Global Crossing. The original owners, which each owned two of the fibre pairs, gave this cable system different names, so it is known as both Yellow (after the Beatles song Yellow Submarine) and AC-2. It has a capacity of 320 Gbit/s as of January 2007, upgradeable to 640 Gbit/s. It has landing points in:
2690267	[Title: """Nagar (princely state)"""] Nagar (, "Riyasat Nagar") was a Burusho princely state located in the northern region of present-day Gilgit–Baltistan, Pakistan. Although under the suzerainty of the Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), Nagar was not a part of it, and had status of a separate state. Before August 1947, it maintained a subsidiary alliance with British India. It shared its borders with the Gilgit Agency states to the south and west, while to the north and east, it bordered the princely state of District Hunza. From November 1947 to 1974, Nagar was recognized as a princely state within Pakistan, with its administrative center in the town of Nagar. The land that was previously part of Nagar now comprises three tehsils within the Nagar District of northern Pakistan. History. Nagar, established in the 14th century, operated as an autonomous principality until the British exerted control over the region during the Hunza–Nagar Campaign (1889–1893). Subsequently, it became a colonial princely state under the jurisdiction of the Gilgit Agency until 1947. However, starting in 1868, Nagar was a vassal state under the authority of the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, even though it was never directly governed by Kashmir. The rulers of Nagar were considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharajas of Jammu and Kashmir, sending annual tributes to their Durbars until 1947. The British granted them a hereditary gun salute of 15-guns. In November 1947, the ruler, Mir Shaukat Ali Khan, acceded Nagar to Pakistan, which became responsible for its external affairs and defense, while Nagar maintained internal self-government. In 1968, Syed Yahya Shah, the first educated politician of the valley, demanded civil rights from the Mir of Nagar. In 1972, the Pakistan People's Party government (under Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto) forced the Mir of Nagar to abdicate. The area was then merged with the Northern Areas. Government. The state was governed by the hereditary rulers of the Maglot dynasty, who were referred to as "Mir". The details of these early rulers are uncertain; the first definite dates available are from 1839. In November 1947, the state became one of the princely states of Pakistan.
2690268	[Title: """Nagar (princely state)"""] Brigadier Mir Shaukat Ali Khan was the last ruler of the State before it was abolished by Pakistani PM Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in 1972. Population. Demographics. There are around 90,000 inhabitants of the Nagar valley (AKRSP Census, 2000). As of now, the population is estimated to have exceeded 130,000. Nagar is home to two main ethnic groups: the Burushaski speakers and the Shina speakers. An older form of Burushaski is still spoken in the valley with a subtle modern accent. Additionally, a third language, Bedeski, is also still spoken in Chalt Valley of Nagar. Religion. The population is predominantly Shia Isna'asheri (Jafaria). Geography. The terrain of Nagar is highly mountainous, offering a degree of natural protection against invading forces. The highest peak in the area is Mount Dastagilsar, standing at 7,885 meters, located in Hisper to the south of the town of Nagar. The Karakoram Highway passes through Nagar, connecting Pakistan to China via the Khunjerab Pass. The road follows the Hunza River for a considerable stretch, traveling through Nagar and into the Hunza region. In terms of local languages, Nagar Valley is divided into two main areas: Nagar Shinaki and Nagar Burosho. Villages of Nagar. Shina Speaking Villages in Nagar (Shinaki/Sheenbar) Burushaski Speaking Villages in Nagar Bilingual Valleys in Nagar The Nagar villages are populated by religious scholars, educators, sportsmen, craftsmen and craftswomen, farmers, hunters and fishermen, handicraftsmen, miners, shepherds, adventurers, mountaineers, and so on.
2690269	[Title: """Midland Oak"""] The Midland Oak is an oak tree that grows in Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, near the Lillington boundary, at the junction of Lillington Road and Lillington Avenue. A plaque nearby unveiled in 1988 states that the old tree, the original centuries old Midland Oak was reputed to mark the centre of England. The present tree was planted about 1988, grown from an acorn saved in 1967 when the old tree, which had died, was cut down. The tree survived the extensive work carried out in 2002, when an underground stream, the Bins Brook, was exposed and an overflow basin was created, to prevent the flooding of nearby houses.
2690270	[Title: """Order of Saint Blaise"""] The Order of Saint Blaise was an order founded in Armenia in the 12th century. It took its name from Saint Blaise, patron saint of the Armenian kingdom of Cilicia. The order was divided into religious, who were charged with the holy offices and missionary work among the unbelievers, and the fighters, who defended the country against the attacks of the Muslims. It rendered great services for a century and only disappeared when Armenia was conquered by the Turks. According to Thomas Robson ("The British Herald", 1830), the order was also called the Order of St. Bass.
2690271	[Title: """WJAN"""] WJAN may refer to:
2690272	[Title: """Leo Mustonen"""] Leo Arvid Mustonen (March 1, 1920 – November 18, 1942) was a Finnish-American World War II Army Air Forces aviation cadet who was reported missing after a plane crash on November 18, 1942 until his frozen remains were found in October 2005 on the surface of the Mendel Glacier in the Sierra Nevada mountain range, 63 years later. He was 22 at the time of his death. Mustonen's aircraft, a Beech 18 AT-7 Navigator #41-21079 was based at Mather Field in Sacramento, California. It was on a navigation training mission when it disappeared, and was piloted by 2nd Lt. William Gamber. In 1947, four UC Berkeley students found the wreck. One of the students guided an air-sea recovery team from Hamilton Field in Marin County, California, to the wreck site in late September, 1947. Engine identification tags confirmed that the plane wreckage belonged to #41-21079. No bodies were recovered. In 1948, a team of soldiers from Ft. Lewis in Washington returned to the glacier but were also unable to recover any remains. Then, Mustonen's remains were found in 2005. In August, 2007, the body of another cadet was discovered by Peter Stekel, an author conducting research for a book about the four aviators and the disappearance of their airplane. His book, "Final Flight", was published in late 2009 by Wilderness Press. Mustonen joined the army during his senior high school year in Brainerd, Minnesota and was in training to become a navigator when he was reported missing. His family have made arrangements to bury his remains alongside those of his parents in Brainerd. Four cadets were aboard the training flight that crashed east of Fresno, California, and until Mustonen's body was found, only some wreckage was recovered, in 1947. Pilot Lt. William Gamber and aviation cadet John Melvin Mortensen are still missing, and the National Park Service considered search for their remains in the following spring. Mustonen's identity was revealed February 4, 2006 after forensic testing used hair and teeth as well as some of Mustonen's equipment to date the body, as his nameplate had corroded and could not be used.
2690273	[Title: """Leo Mustonen"""] The autopsy on Mustonen showed that his injuries were so severe that he would have died instantly upon impact. He was buried in his hometown on March 24, 2006. On February 11, 2008, JPAC Joint POW-MIA Accounting Command notified the next of kin that the second airman found on Mendel Glacier was Ernest Glenn Munn.
2690274	[Title: """Hardy Pond"""] Hardy Pond is a pond located in Waltham, Massachusetts. Originally almost twice the size, in recent times the pond level was lowered in an inappropriate approach to controlling flooding. The quality of the water has degraded due to eutrophication caused by run-off from roads, fertilizers, and storm drain inputs. The pond is contiguous with of adjoining wetlands. It is a popular site for bird sightings, with over 140 species listed. There is a boat launch on the pond, off Princeton Street, contiguous to Lazazzero Park. Gas-powered boats are prohibited.
2690275	[Title: """Zygmunt Karol Radziwiłł"""] Zygmunt Karol Radziwiłł (; 1591-1642) was a Polish-Lithuanian noble, who served as the Chamberlain ("podkomorzy") at Poznań from 1625, Queen's Carver ("krajczy") from 1617, Carver of Lithuania from 1633, Cupbearer of Lithuania from 1638, and Governor (voivode) of Nowogródek from 1642. He was a member of the Knights Hospitaller Order and the patron of Knight Hospitaller centers in Poznań and Stołowicze (in Lithuania). Radziwiłł was born on 4 December 1591 in Nieśwież to Mikołaj Krzysztof "Sierotka" Radziwiłł (nicknamed "The Orphan") and Halaszka Eufemia Wiśniowiecka, and died on 5 November 1642 in Assisi, Italy. In 1621, he took part in the Battle of Khotyn (1621), and later commanded Lisowczycy mercenaries in 1622 during the period of their service in the Holy Roman Empire. After the death of his older brother, Albrycht Władysław Radziwiłł, he inherited ordynacja of Nieśwież in 1636, but gave it up to his brother Aleksander Ludwik Radziwiłł.
2690276	[Title: """Languages of Australia"""] The languages of Australia are the major historic and current languages used in Australia and its offshore islands. Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact. English is the majority language of Australia today. Although English has no official legal status, it is the "de facto" official and national language. Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling. Around 120 to 170 Indigenous languages and dialects are spoken today, but many of these are endangered. Creole languages such Kriol and Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole) are the most widely-spoken Indigenous languages. Other distinctively Australian languages include the Australian sign language Auslan, Indigenous sign languages, and Norf'k-Pitcairn, spoken mostly on Norfolk Island. Major waves of immigration following the Second World War and in the 21st century considerably increased the number of community languages spoken in Australia. In 2021, 5.8 million people used a language other than English at home. The most common of these languages were Mandarin, Arabic, Vietnamese, Cantonese, Punjabi, Greek, Italian and Hindi. English. English was introduced into Australia on British settlement in 1788 and in the following decades gradually overtook Indigenous languages to become the majority language of Australia. Although English is not the official language of Australia in law, it is the "de facto" official and national language. It is the most widely spoken language in the country, and is used as the only language in the home by 72% of the population. The increase in the migrant population over the past decade has seen a decline in the number of people speaking only English at home. Australian English is a major variety of the language with a distinctive accent and lexicon, and differs slightly from other varieties of English in grammar and spelling. General Australian serves as the standard dialect. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages. Humans arrived in Australia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago but it is possible that the ancestor language of existing Indigenous languages is as recent as 12,000 years old. Over 250 Australian Aboriginal languages are thought to have existed at the time of first European contact.
2690277	[Title: """Languages of Australia"""] The National Indigenous Languages Survey (NILS) for 2018-19 found that more than 120 Indigenous language varieties were in use or being revived, although 70 of those in use are endangered. The 2021 census found that 167 Indigenous languages were spoken at home by 76,978 Indigenous Australians. NILS and the Australian Bureau of Statistics use different classifications for Indigenous Australian languages. According to the 2021 census, the classifiable Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island languages with the most speakers are Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole) (7,596 speakers), Kriol (7,403), Djambarrpuyngu (3,839), Pitjantjatjara (3,399), Warlpiri (2,592), Murrinh Patha (2,063) and Tiwi (2,053). There were also over 10,000 people who spoke an Indigenous language which could not be further defined or classified. Torres Strait Island languages. Three languages are spoken on the islands of the Torres Strait, within Australian territory, by the Melanesian inhabitants of the area: Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole) (7,596 speakers used the language at home in 2021), Kalaw Lagaw Ya (875 speakers) and Meriam Mir (256 speakers). Meriam Mir is a Papuan language, while Kalaw Lagaw Ya is an Australian language. Creoles. A number of English-based creoles have arisen in Australia after European contact, of which Kriol and Yumplatok (Torres Strait Creole) are among the strongest and fastest-growing Indigenous languages. Kriol is spoken in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and Torres Strait Creole in Queensland and south-west Papua. It is estimated that there are 20,000 to 30,000 speakers of Indigenous creole languages. Tasmanian languages. Before British colonisation, there were perhaps five to sixteen languages on Tasmania, possibly related to one another in four language families. The last speaker of a traditional Tasmanian language, Fanny Cochrane Smith, died in 1905. Palawa kani is an in-progress constructed language, built from a composite of surviving words from various Tasmanian Aboriginal languages. Indigenous sign languages.
2690278	[Title: """Languages of Australia"""] Traditional Indigenous languages often incorporated sign systems to aid communication with the hearing impaired, to complement verbal communication, and to replace verbal communication when the spoken language was forbidden for cultural reasons. Many of these sign systems are still in use. Other languages. Sign languages. The Australian sign language Auslan was used at home by 16,242 people at the time of the 2021 census. Over 2,000 people used other sign languages at home in 2021. There is a small community of people who use Australian Irish Sign Language. External territories languages. Norf'k-Pitcairn, a creole of 18th century English and Tahitian, was introduced to Norfolk Island by Pitcairn settlers after 1856. In 2021, it was used at home by 907 people, mostly on Norfolk Island. Cocos Malay, a Malay-based creole, is spoken by around 700 people on the Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas Islands. Other spoken languages. The proportion of Australians speaking a language other than English increased after the Second World War due to the immigration of refugees and displaced persons from European countries. In the 21st century, there was another sharp increase in immigration, especially from Asia. In 2021, 5.8 million people (22.8% of the population) reported using a language other than English at home. The ten most common of these were: Mandarin (2.7% of census respondents), Arabic (1.4%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Cantonese (1.2%), Punjabi (0.9%), Greek (0.9%), Italian (0.9%), Hindi (0.8%), Spanish (0.7%) and Nepali (0.5%). Language education. English is the language of school education in Australia and is a key learning area in the Australian curriculum up to Year 10. Languages are also a key learning area up to Year 10 and include Arabic, Auslan, Chinese, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Modern Greek, Spanish, Turkish and Vietnamese, as well as the Framework for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages, and Framework for Classical Languages including Classical Greek and Latin. Year 12 enrolments in Languages Other than English declined over the 10 years to 2021 and are the lowest of all subject areas.
2690279	[Title: """Languages of Australia"""] There are a number of Indigenous language programs inside and outside the school system. The Australian Government has committed $14.1 million over the four years to 2025-2026 to teach First Nations languages in primary schools across Australia. There are also 20 Indigenous Language Centres across Australia which receive funding from the Australian Government and other sources. Australia is a significant destination for overseas students studying English. Over 79,000 overseas students enrolled in intensive English courses in Australia in 2022. This was below the pre-COVID-19 peak of 156,478 enrolments in 2019. Languages in Parliament. Although English is the primary language used for addressing any legislature in Australia, due to Australia's multiculturalism, many politicians have used other languages in parliamentary speeches. Federal. In 2016, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull spoke Ngunnawal in a parliamentary speech, becoming the first Prime Minister to use an Indigenous language in Parliament. In 1988, Trish Crossin became the first Senator to give a maiden speech in an Indigenous language, speaking in Gumatj, a Yolŋu dialect. In 1999, Aden Ridgeway introduced himself to the Senate in Gumbaynggirr. In 2008, Rob Oakeshott became the first politician to use an Indigenous language in the House of Representatives, after he used three Dhanggati words in his speech. In June 2013, he became the first politician to give a speech to any Australian parliament entirely in an Indigenous language, after giving a speech in Dhanggati with help from a linguist. In August 2016, Linda Burney gave an Acknowledgement of Country in Wiradjuri. In 2016, Senator Pat Dodson spoke Yawuru in the Senate, with the Senate President even responding in Yawuru. In 2016, Senator Malarndirri McCarthy gave an Acknowledgement of Country in Yanyuwa. In 2022, two MPs spoke both English and French in their maiden speeches: Jerome Laxale and Zoe McKenzie, both of whom are of French background. In the same year, Sam Lim used three languages in his maiden speech: Malay, Mandarin and English (in that order). New South Wales.
2690280	[Title: """Languages of Australia"""] The first politician to use an Indigenous language in the Parliament of New South Wales was Troy Grant in 2014, who used Wiradjuri in the closing sentence of the Acknowledgement of Country. In 2019, Sarah Mitchell gave an Acknowledgment of Country in English, which was translated into Dhanggati. Northern Territory. In 1981, Neil Bell became the first politician to use an Indigenous language in a maiden speech to the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, speaking in Pitjantjatjara. In 2008, Alison Anderson spoke in the Western Desert language during her first speech as Minister for Natural Resources, Environment and Heritage. In 2012, Bess Price spoke Warlpiri in her maiden speech. In the same sitting of parliament, Yingiya Mark Guyula spoke Yolŋu in his maiden speech. Queensland. In 2018, Cynthia Lui became the first politician to address an Australian parliament in a Torres Strait Islander language, addressing the Queensland Legislative Assembly in Kala Lagaw Ya. Western Australia. Josie Farrer was the first politician to use an Indigenous language in the Parliament of Western Australia, speaking in both Kija and Kriol.
2690281	[Title: """Saleem Jaffar"""] Saleem Jaffar (born 19 November 1962) is a Pakistani cricket coach and former cricketer who played in 14 Test matches and 39 One Day Internationals from 1986 to 1992. Jaffar was born in Karachi, Sindh. He was a right-handed batsman and left-arm fast bowler who played cricket for Pakistan as well as Karachi and United Bank Limited. Domestic career. Jaffar took 5 for 11 on his first-class debut in 1983–84, and in 1985–86 finished the season with 80 wickets at a bowling average of 19. After retiring from Test cricket, he played in the British Columbia Mainland Cricket League, in Vancouver, BC, Canada. International career. Jaffar made his Test and ODI debut in Pakistan's home series against West Indies in 1986. His tour of England in 1987 was ended by injury. Against England at Karachi in 1987–88, he took five wickets and was selected for the tour of the Caribbean that followed. His best bowling figures in a Test match, 8 for 134, against New Zealand at Wellington in 1988–89, included his only Test five-for. Test cricket. Saleem Jaffar was included in the squad for the Test match against West Indies at Faisalabad in 1986. In his first Test, Jaffar scored 9 runs and took 2 wickets for 57 runs. West Indies had earlier scored 240 runs. In the first innings, Jaffar got his first Test wicket by getting Richie Richardson caught by Asif Mujtaba for 43 runs while in the second innings, Jaffar got his second wicket in the match by dismissing Jeff Dujon. Against India in 1987 at Kolkata, he got two wickets for 148 runs, while in the Bangalore Test he could not get a wicket. In the Karachi Test against the England team that visited Pakistan in 1987, his five wickets cost 153 runs. In the Lahore Test against Australia in 1988, Jaffar took 3 wickets for 142 runs. His performance at Wellington against New Zealand in 1989 was remarkable. New Zealand's first innings score of 447 included Martin Crowe's 174 and Andrew Jones's 86.
2690282	[Title: """Saleem Jaffar"""] Jaffar got 3 wickets for 94 runs in the first innings and conceded 40 runs for 5 wickets in the second innings. In the second innings, his scalps included Andrew Jones for 39, Martin Crowe for a duck, Dipak Patel for 2, Jeff Crowe 23 and John Bracewell for a duck. He got four wickets in each of the two Tests against New Zealand in Lahore and Faisalabad in 1990. The Faisalabad Test against Sri Lanka in 1992 was his last Test where he got 3 wickets for 55 runs 18 runs in the 1987 World Cup. The last over of Pakistan's innings that Jaffar bowled in the 1987 World Cup semi-final against Australia cost 18 runs. Pakistan lost the match by the same margin of 18 runs. He played another 10 Tests and 15 ODIs for Pakistan after that, but his performance was not exceptional. The Faisalabad Test against Sri Lanka in 1992 proved to be his last Test. Jaffar's final over was of course not the only reason for Pakistan's defeat in the World Cup semi-final. There were other reasons as well, such as Dickie Bird's wrong dismissal of Imran Khan. Dickie Bird, Imran's favorite umpire, admitted his mistake and apologized to Imran. In this match, wicketkeeper Saleem Yousuf was injured when Abdul Qadir's ball hit him in the face and Miandad had to stand behind the wickets in his place. Cricket statistics. Jaffar remained unbeaten six times in 14 innings of 14 matches and scored 42 runs at an average of 5.25. 10 unbeaten runs was his highest individual score while he remained unbeaten 11 times in 13 innings of 39 ODIs and scored 36 runs at an average of 18.00. 10 unbeaten runs was his highest individual score in a single innings while he remained unbeaten 29 times in 76 innings of 76 matches in 81 first-class matches and scored 379 runs at an average of 8.06. His 33 not out was the highest score of any one innings. During the course of his Test career, Jaffar took 36 wickets for 1,139 runs at an average of 31.63 apiece.
2690283	[Title: """Saleem Jaffar"""] He took 40 wickets in ODIs at an average of 34.55 . His best ODI bowling performance was 3 wickets for 25 runs. In first class matches, he took 263 wickets for 6,697 runs an average of 25.46. Seven wickets for 29 runs was his best bowling performance in any innings. After cricket. In 2007 he was appointed as a selector for the Pakistan national cricket team.
2690284	[Title: """Carsten Anker"""] Carsten Tank Anker (17 November 1747 – 13 March 1824) was a Norwegian businessman, civil servant, politician and one of the Fathers of the Constitution of Norway. He was the owner of the manor house in Akershus at which the original National Assembly ("Riksforsamlingen") of Norway was held. The manor house has since then been given the name "Eidsvollsbygningen". Early years. Born in Frederikshald, he was the son of the trader Erik Ancher (1709–1785) and cousin of Bernt Anker. In 1759 Carsten left on a journey abroad that was to last for several years, together with his brother Peter and four cousins from Christiania. From 1771 to 1772 he was an envoy from several of the major Norwegian trading companies in Stockholm to negotiate better conditions for the timber trade on the river Klarälven, without much success. While in Sweden, however, there arose suspicion that he was also working with a secret, political agenda, and when Gustav III conducted his coup d'état, Anker was asked by the government in Copenhagen to return. Civil service career. He then started his career as a civil servant. On 10 May 1774 he was appointed secretary in the (College of General Rural Economy and Commerce), in 1776 he was made , in 1781 third deputy of the (Mining Directory) and in 1784 second deputy. He was given the (mostly honorary) titles of and in 1779 and 1784 respectively, and on 14 January 1779 he was also made a member of the nobility. When "" was dissolved by royal resolution on 28 January 1791, Anker was given a pension, but kept a position as first director of the so-called (Realisation Committee). This position entailed among other things special responsibility for the government's Norwegian glassmaking companies. In 1792 he was made first director of the Danish Asia Company, a position he held until 1811. He also acquired considerable property in Norway by buying the historic Eidsvoll Ironworks (). He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1804. Time abroad. As an envoy of the Danish Asia Company, he stayed in London from January 1805 to take care of the company's business affairs vis-à-vis the English East India Company.
2690285	[Title: """Carsten Anker"""] This task he seems to have performed in an excellent manner. In 1807 he carried out a large transaction of money for the government in Hamburg, and finalised a deal in ship timber for the navy. In 1811 he took up permanent residence at Eidsvoll Ironworks. Friendship with Christian Frederik of Denmark. During his stay in Copenhagen, he had become an intimate acquaintance of the heir presumptive to the throne, Christian Frederik. When the prince arrived in Norway as in 1813, Anker was immediately made one of the prince's closest advisors. After the Treaty of Kiel the prince held a meeting at Eidsvoll during his journey to Trondheim, and on the way back he convened the Meeting of Notables of Eidsvoll on 16 February 1814, where it was decided that Norway should declare its independence, and that a National Assembly should be convened, also to be held at Eidsvoll. National Assembly of 1814. Before the National Assembly gathered, Anker had left Norway, and could therefore not take up his position in the new Norwegian government, where he was appointed councillor of government for the 5th Ministry (economy) on 2 March, and councillor of state on 19 May. In March 1814 he crossed the North Sea to promote Norway's interests in England; he worked to put the interests of Sweden and the great powers up against each other, but achieved little. In 1815 he was dismissed as councillor of state, and returned to Norway, where he developed a close relationship to the crown prince Karl Johan. Last years. In the last years of his life Anker's finances were not good; the ironworks was virtually closed down. Yet he continued to administer the government's glassmaking companies, and died during a visit to the glassworks at Biri. He had literary interests, acted as a patron, and had a large collection of manuscripts and books. In 1784 he married Hedvig Caroline Ernestine Christine Wegener (1763–1846).
2690286	[Title: """Levine"""] Levine (French transliteration from Russian) /Levin (English transliteration from Russian Левин) is a common Ashkenazi Jewish surname derived from the Hebrew name Levi. Levinsky is a variation with the same meaning. People with the name Levine or LeVine include:
2690287	[Title: """Aamer Malik"""] Aamer Malik (born 3 January 1963) is a former Pakistani cricketer who played in 14 Test matches and 24 One Day Internationals from 1987 to 1994. In 1987 he took over from Ray Berry as the professional at Hyde CC, playing in the Central Lancashire League.
2690288	[Title: """Prime Minister of Cambodia"""] The prime minister of Cambodia (, , ; literally 'chief minister') is the head of government of Cambodia. The prime minister is also the chairman of the Cabinet and leads the executive branch of the Royal Government of Cambodia. The prime minister is a member of parliament, and is appointed by the monarch for a term of five years. Since 1945, 37 individuals have served as prime minister; 33 as official prime ministers, and 4 in acting capacities. The current prime minister since 2023 is Hun Manet. History. The position was first held by King Norodom Sihanouk in March 1945, during the French colonial administration. On 13 March 1945, Sihanouk collaborated with Imperial Japan and declared Cambodia's independence from France. On 18 March, he proclaimed himself prime minister and formed the first government which lasted until August 1945. He was succeeded by Son Ngoc Thanh until October 1945. Following the surrender of Japan, the French administration returned, ending the Japanese occupation. In 1946, France introduced reforms into its colonies in Indochina, and allowed for the first time political parties and parliamentary elections. Cambodia's first parliamentary elections were held on 1 September 1946. The Democratic Party remained the dominant-party in Cambodian politics throughout the 1940s until the formation of the Sangkum in 1955. Sangkum was the only legal party in Cambodia from 1955 to 1970 until a military coup by Marshal Lon Nol. In 1993, constitutional monarchy was restored in Cambodia. The role of the prime minister was officially recognised in the constitution. Prince Norodom Ranariddh was considered the first democratically elected prime minister in a United Nations sponsored election. The CPP–FUNCINPEC coalition agreement of 1993 marked a brief period in Cambodia where Hun Sen and Prince Norodom Ranariddh were coequal Prime Ministers. In 1997, Hun Sen staged a coup that removed Ranariddh from office. The National Assembly voted to confirm Ung Huot to complete the remainder of Ranariddh's term. The 1998 election and every election since has been dominated by Hun Sen and the CPP. Unlike most parliamentary democracies, the prime minister serves a fixed five-year term in office, and does not have the power to call a snap election nor dissolve parliament prematurely. Appointment.
2690289	[Title: """Prime Minister of Cambodia"""] The prime minister is required to be a member of parliament. He first needs to be elected by a majority of parliament before a swearing-in ceremony can take place. The inauguration of the prime minister takes place at the Royal Palace. The prime minister-designate takes an oath of office in front of the monarch and the two heads of the Thammayut and Mohanikay order. A cabinet will then be unveiled. The formation of a new government takes place no more than 60 days after the election, as defined in the constitution. The prime minister is assisted by deputy prime ministers. Article 125 of the Constitution states that should the prime minister resign or die in office, an acting prime minister is appointed. In July 2022, the constitution was amended to eliminate the required majority vote in parliament to elect the prime minister. Office. The Peace Palace serves as the principal workplace of the prime minister. It was inaugurated on 19 October 2010 by the King. However, the prime minister resides at his own private residence. Constitutional powers. The powers of the prime minister are established by the current Constitution of Cambodia, adopted on 24 September 1993 and amended on 4 March 1999. They are defined by the following articles of the Constitution: List of prime ministers of Cambodia. The following is a list of prime ministers of Cambodia after the restoration of the monarchy in 1993. Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia. The deputy prime minister of Cambodia (, ) serves as the deputy to the prime minister of Cambodia and is the second most senior position in the Cabinet. As of November 2024, the prime minister is served by 12 deputy prime ministers concurrently.
2690290	[Title: """Heinrich Thyssen"""] Heinrich Thyssen (31 October 1875 – 26 June 1947), after 22 June 1907 Heinrich, Baron Thyssen-Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva, was a Hungarian-German entrepreneur and art collector. Biography. Thyssen was born in Mülheim an der Ruhr, the second son of German industrialist August Thyssen. Heinrich Thyssen had abandoned Germany as a young man and, after studying chemistry at the University of Heidelberg and philosophy at the University of London and obtaining a doctorate, he settled in Hungary in 1905 and married Baroness Margit Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva (Csetény, Veszprém, 23 July 1887 – Locarno, 17 April 1971) in Vienna or Budapest on 4 January 1906 and became a citizen of Austria-Hungary. In Vienna on 22 June 1907 he was adopted by his father-in-law, Gábor, Baron Bornemisza de Kászon et Impérfalva (Kolozsvár, 20 April 1859 – Budapest, 21 April 1915), the King's chamberlain who, having no sons of his own, adopted Heinrich. Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor-King of Austria-Hungary granted him the hereditary title and rank of a baron in the Hungarian nobility in 1907. His mother-in-law was English American Mathilde Louise Price (Wilmington, New Castle County, Delaware, 14 March 1865 – Locarno, 19 January 1959 and married at Vienna on 16 May 1883), who was a sister of Anne Hollingsworth Price (wife of Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Ardeck) and they were descendants of the Winthrop family, and related to Daniel M. Frost and John Kerry. The couple lived at the castle of Rohonc until after World War I and the uprising of Béla Kun, when they fled and moved to The Hague in the Netherlands from whence they directed some of the Thyssen commercial and industrial interests, including the "Bank voor Handel en Scheepvaart".
2690291	[Title: """Heinrich Thyssen"""] In 1926 he had refused to participate in the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, founded by his elder brother Fritz Thyssen, although becoming a board member, but kept his own inherited wealth, including his father's foreign investments and some German companies apart from the Thyssen steelworks, in a separate organization, the "August Thyssensche Unternehmungen des In- und Auslandes, GmbH", today Thyssen-Bornemisza Group Holdings N.V. (TBG). In 1932, he moved to Lugano and started to enlarge his art collection, to which he had already been adding new items since the 1920s. His preference was for classic and modern painting, although he disliked 20th-century painting. Among other works, he bought from the estate of the American banker Otto Hermann Kahn, "Maecenas" of the Metropolitan Opera House of New York, in 1935, the painting "Portrait of a Knight" by Vittore Carpaccio, which currently remains in the collection. In Europe he bought from many famous collections other famous paintings such as the portrait of Henry VIII of England by Hans Holbein the Younger from the Spencer collection. Thyssen divorced his first wife on 17 March 1932 and married Else Zarske, known as Maud (born in Thorn on 17 April 1909), at Brussels on 29 August 1932. Maud was maintaining an affair with Georgian polo player Alexis Mdivani which was revealed in 1935 following her car accident in which Mdivani died. They divorced in 1937 without issue. He married his third wife, Gunhild von Fabrice (born in Magdeburg on 5 March 1908) in Berlin on 15 November 1937. He died in Lugano in 1947. Children. His children by first marriage were: External links.
2690292	[Title: """Jenišovice"""] Jenišovice may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
2690293	[Title: """Aïn Defla"""] Aïn Defla (, lit. "oleander spring") is the capital city of Aïn Defla Province, Algeria. It is also a commune. History. In Roman times the city was called Oppidum Novum. The vestiges of the Oppidum Novum are still visible. The current city was founded in the 20th century by a soldier named youcef asnofg of the rank of agha, with the idea of bringing together the indigenous populations from the villages of the region. This region of uneven terrain, which was considered unstable and dangerous by the French during the Algerian War, had for this reason been declared a forbidden zone. In the 1990s, the same region was a stronghold of the Armed Islamic Group (GIA). There was fighting between militants and government troops in January 2021.
2690294	[Title: """Alimuddin (cricketer)"""] Alimuddin (Urdu: علیم الدین‎; 15 December 1930 – 12 July 2012) was a Pakistani cricketer who played 25 Tests for Pakistan between 1954 and 1962. His name is sometimes rendered Alim-ud-Din. A fast-scoring, right-handed opening batsman and occasional right-arm leg break bowler, he was the youngest player ever to appear in first-class cricket, aged 12 years and 73 days. In international cricket, he scored 1,091 runs at the average of 25.37, including two centuries and seven fifties. In 1954, he was a member of the Pakistani squad which toured England and recorded Pakistan's first Test match win. Former Pakistani captain Mushtaq Mohammad said about him that he was "a thorough gentleman as well as a great cricketer for Pakistan". Personal life. Alimuddin was an ethnic Muhajir, born in Ajmer, a city in British India, on 15 December 1930. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he moved to Karachi along with his family. He lived in London and never married, instead providing for his family. Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) had given him an opportunity to work at London Heathrow Airport. Two of his brothers, Salimuddin and Azimuddin, both also played first-class cricket. His nephew, James Uddin, the son of Salimuddin, is also a cricketer and currently plays semi-professional cricket in England. In later life, his pension was suspended after doubts over his actual birth date. The pension was restored after intervention from the Pakistani President. First-class career. During his career Alimuddin played 140 first-class matches and scored 7,275 runs, with the average of 32.77, including 14 centuries and 38 fifties; he also took 40 wickets. Critics considered him to be an excellent fielder. He made his debut for Rajasthan aged only 12 years 73 days, becoming the youngest player to have played first-class cricket. In 1942–43, he played his maiden match in the Ranji Trophy, scoring 13 and 27 runs in his two innings. His highest score in first-class cricket was 142, against Worcestershire in 1954.
2690295	[Title: """Alimuddin (cricketer)"""] Domestically, Alimuddin represented Sindh, Rajasthan, Karachi, Bahawalpur and Gujarat, and became the first Pakistani batsman to face a ball bowled by an international bowler on Pakistani soil, in a match between the Sindh and West Indians in 1948. During Pakistan's 1954 tour of England, Alimuddin scored more than 700 runs, including two centuries in the first two matches. He was most successful during 1961–62, scoring 1,020 runs in 12 matches at an average of 51.00. In the same season he captained Karachi, leading the team to victories in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy and Ayub Zonal Trophy. His final season in first-class cricket was 1967–68. International career. Alimuddin played 25 Test matches for Pakistan during his career and scored 1,091 runs in international cricket at the average of 25.37. He made two centuries and seven fifties. Cricket critics believed that he possessed a sound technique. In Test matches, Alimuddin established an effective opening partnership with Hanif Mohammad. Alimuddin started his international career against England in June 1954, at the Lord's Cricket Ground, in a match in which he scored 19 runs. In the fourth Test of the same series Pakistan beat England by 24 runs, recording their first Test win over them to become the first team to defeat England during their maiden tour. Alimuddin managed to score 10 runs in the match. In 1954–55, he played, against India, in Pakistan's first home Tests, finishing the series as the leading run scorer with 332; he made three fifties and in the fifth match scored 103 not out at the National Stadium, Karachi, his first international century. He was the first batsman ever to make an international century on the Ground. Alimuddin also toured West Indies as a part of Pakistan cricket team in 1957–58. He was not successful in the series and his highest score remained 41 runs which he made in the fourth Test at the Bourda, Georgetown, Guyana. In 1962, under the captaincy of Javed Burki, Pakistan visited England where they played a five Test match series.

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