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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Schulz

Ted Schulz

["1 Amateur wins","2 Professional wins (7)","2.1 PGA Tour wins (2)","2.2 Other wins (4)","2.3 Champions Tour wins (1)","3 Results in major championships","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American professional golfer Ted SchulzPersonal informationFull nameTheodore James SchulzBorn (1959-10-29) October 29, 1959 (age 64)Louisville, KentuckyHeight6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)Weight190 lb (86 kg; 14 st)Sporting nationality United StatesCareerCollegeUniversity of LouisvilleTurned professional1984Former tour(s)PGA TourChampions TourProfessional wins7Highest ranking75 (May 19, 1991)Number of wins by tourPGA Tour2PGA Tour Champions1Other4Best results in major championshipsMasters TournamentT6: 1992PGA ChampionshipT69: 1992U.S. OpenT33: 1990The Open ChampionshipDNP Theodore James Schulz (born October 29, 1959) is an American professional golfer who has played on the PGA Tour, Nationwide Tour and Champions Tour. Schulz was born, raised and has lived his entire life in Louisville, Kentucky. He attended the University of Louisville from 1977 to 1981, and was a member of the golf team. He joined the PGA Tour in 1984. Schulz has 15 top-10 finishes in PGA Tour events including two wins. His career year was 1991 when he had five top-10 finishes including a win at the Nissan Los Angeles Open, and finished 29th on the money list. His best finish in a major championship was T6 at the 1992 Masters Tournament. Schulz lost his Tour card in 1994. After that he played mostly in Nationwide Tour events, where his best finish is a T-13 at the 1995 NIKE Central Georgia Open. Schulz became eligible to compete on the Champions Tour at the start of the 2010 season, and scored his first victory on the senior circuit at the Home Care & Hospice First Tee Open at Pebble Beach in September of that year. Schulz volunteers as an assistant golf coach at his alma mater. He is a member of the University of Louisville Athletic Hall of Fame. Schulz and his wife Diane have three children. Amateur wins 1983 Kentucky State Amateur Professional wins (7) PGA Tour wins (2) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner(s)-up 1 Sep 24, 1989 Southern Open −14 (66-66-68-66=266) 1 stroke Jay Haas, Tim Simpson 2 Feb 24, 1991 Nissan Los Angeles Open −12 (69-66-69-68=272) 1 stroke Jeff Sluman PGA Tour playoff record (0–1) No. Year Tournament Opponents Result 1 1993 Greater Milwaukee Open Mark Calcavecchia, Billy Mayfair Mayfair won with birdie on fourth extra holeSchulz eliminated by par on first hole Other wins (4) 1984 Kentucky Open 1988 Kentucky Open 1989 Chrysler Team Championship (with David Ogrin), Jerry Ford Invitational (tie with Donnie Hammond) Champions Tour wins (1) No. Date Tournament Winning score Margin ofvictory Runner-up 1 Sep 5, 2010 Home Care & Hospice First Tee Open at Pebble Beach −14 (68-64-70=202) 1 stroke Tom Pernice Jr. Results in major championships Tournament 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 Masters Tournament CUT CUT T6 T39 U.S. Open T33 T51 T81 PGA Championship CUT CUT CUT T69 Note: Schulz never played in The Open Championship.   Top 10   Did not play CUT = missed the half-way cut "T" = tied See also 1986 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates 1988 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates References ^ "Week 20 1991 Ending 19 May 1991" (pdf). OWGR. Retrieved October 29, 2019. ^ "Golf Major Championships". ^ Player profile at pgatour.com Archived 2011-06-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ Biographical information from University of Louisville Athletic Hall of Fame official site Archived 2008-04-04 at the Wayback Machine External links Ted Schulz at the PGA Tour official site Ted Schulz at the Official World Golf Ranking official site

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[]

[{"title":"1986 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"},{"title":"1988 PGA Tour Qualifying School graduates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_PGA_Tour_Qualifying_School_graduates"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_M%C3%BCller-Hermann

Ernst Müller-Hermann

["1 Life","2 Literature","3 References"]

German politician Ernst Müller-HermannErnst Müller-Hermann on a campaign poster for the 1961 federal electionsMember of the BundestagIn office1 January 1952 – 4 November 1980 Personal detailsBorn(1915-09-30)30 September 1915Died19 July 1994(1994-07-19) (aged 78)NationalityGermanPolitical partyCDU Ernst Müller-Hermann (September 30, 1915 – July 19, 1994) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag. Life He became a member of the CDU as early as 1946. From 1946 to 1948, he was state managing director, and from 1968 to 1974 he was state chairman of the Bremen CDU. From 1946 to 1952, Müller-Hermann was a member of the Bremen State Parliament and from 1950 to 1952 Chairman of the CDU parliamentary group. He was a member of the German Bundestag from January 1, 1952, when he succeeded Johannes Degener, until 1980. He was elected to parliament in all electoral periods via the CDU's Bremen national list. From 1957 to 1965 he was Deputy Chairman of the Bundestag Committee on Transport, Post and Telecommunications, and from 1965 to 1969 of the Transport Committee. From 13 June 1967 to 1969 he was Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in the Bundestag and from 1969 to 1976 Chairman of the Economics and Food Working Group of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group. He was a member of the European Parliament from 27 February 1958 to 21 December 1965 and from 19 January 1977 to 1984. Literature Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1. References ^ "Die Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages - 1.-13. Wahlperiode: Alphabetisches Gesamtverzeichnis; Stand: 28. Februar 1998" (PDF). webarchiv.bundestag.de (in German). Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Bundestages (WD 3/ZI 5). 1998-02-28. Retrieved 2020-05-21. Ernst Müller-Hermann navigational boxes vte Members of the 1st Bundestag (1949–1953)President: Erich Köhler until 18 October 1950; Hermann Ehlers from 19 October 1950 (CDU)CDU/CSUvte CDU/CSUSpeaker: Konrad Adenauer until 21 September 1949; Heinrich von Brentano from 30 September 1949 CDU: Adenauer Albers Arndgen Bartram (from 13 May 1952) Bauknecht Baur Bausch Becker Blank Brauksiepe Brentano Brese Brökelschen Brönner Brookmann Bucerius Degener (until 31 December 1951) Dietz Dresbach Eckstein Ehlers Ehren Eplée (from 16 January 1953) Erhard Etzel (until 4 January 1953) Etzenbach Even Feldmann Frey Friedensburg (from 1 February 1952) Gengler Gerns Gerstenmaier Gibbert Giencke Glüsing Gockeln Götz Gröwel Günther Hagge (from 24 June 1953 FDP) Handschumacher (from 21 January 1953) Heiler Heix Henle Hilbert Hilpert (until 10 October 1949) Höfler Hohl (from 3 November 1949) Holzapfel (until 20 January 1953) Hoogen Hoppe Horn (from 10 June 1950) Huth Junglas Kaiser Kather Kemper Kern Kiesinger Köhler Kopf Krone Kühling Kuntscher Kunze Lehr Leibfried Lemmer (from 1 February 1952) Lenz Leonhard Lübke (until 30 September 1950) Lücke Majonica (from 19 November 1950) Massoth Maxsein (from 1 February 1952) Mayer Mehs Mensing Morgenthaler Muckermann Mühlenberg Müller Müller-Hermann (from 1 January 1952) Naegel Neber Nellen Neuburger Niggemeyer Oetzel (from 24 January 1953) Orth Pelster Pfender Pferdmenges (from 12 January 1950) Povel (until 21 October 1952) Pünder Raestrup Rehling Rösch Rümmele Sabel Scharnberg Schill Schlange-Schöningen (until 9 June 1950) Schmitt Schmitz Schmücker Schröder Schröter (until 25 February 1952) Schuler Schulze-Pellengahr Schüttler Serres Sewald (until 25 November 1949) Siebel Stauch Steinbiß Storch Struve Tillmanns Vogel Wacker Wackerzapp Wahl Weber Weber Weiß Winkelheide Wuermeling CSU: Bauereisen Bodensteiner (from 14 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) Fuchs Fugger Funk Horlacher Jaeger Kahn Karpf Kemmer Kleindinst Laforet Loibl (until 16 April 1951) Nickl Niklas (from 30 May 1951) Oesterle Probst Schäffer Schatz Schütz Semler (from 14 May 1950) Solleder Spies Spreti Strauss Stücklen SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Kurt Schumacher until 20 August 1952; Erich Ollenhauer from 7 October 1952 Members: Albertz Albrecht Altmaier Ansorge (from 17 November 1951) Arndt Arnholz Baade Bärsch Baur Bazille Behrisch Bergmann Bergsträsser Berlin Bettgenhäuser Bielig Birkelbach Blachstein Bleiß Böhm Brandt Brill Bromme Brünen Brunner (until 13 November 1951) Cramer Dannebom Diel Döhring Eichler Ekstrand Erler Faller (from 4 December 1951) Fischer (until 21 October 1951) Franke (from 17 May 1951) Freidhof Freitag Geritzmann Gleisner Görlinger Graf Greve Gülich Happe Heiland Heinen (from 24 July 1953) Hennig Henßler Herbig (until 1 December 1951) Herrmann Höcker Höhne Hubert Imig Jacobi Jacobs Jahn Kalbfell Kalbitzer Keilhack Keuning Kinat Kipp-Kaule Klabunde (until 21 November 1950) Knoeringen (until 3 April 1951) Knothe (until 20 February 1952) Koch Königswarter (from 1 February 1952) Korspeter Krahnstöver Kreyssig (from 4 April 1951) Kriedemann Kurlbaum Lange Lausen Leddin (until 25 March 1951) Löbe Lockmann (from 28 November 1950) Lohmüller (until 2 March 1952) Ludwig Lütkens Marx Matzner Mayer Meitmann Mellies Menzel Merten (from 23 April 1951) Mertins Meyer Meyer Meyer-Laule Missmahl Mommer Moosdorf (from 4 May 1952) Mücke Müller Müller Nadig Neubauer (from 1 February 1952) Neumann Nölting (until 15 July 1953) Nowack Odenthal (from 28 September 1951) Ohlig Ollenhauer Paul Peters Pohle Preller (from 16 March 1951) Priebe Reitzner Richter Ritzel Roth (until 14 May 1951) Ruhnke Runge Sander Sassnick Schanzenbach Schellenberg (from 1 February 1952) Schmid Schmidt Schoettle Schönauer (until 2 April 1950) Schöne Schroeder Schröter (from 1 February 1952) Schumacher (until 20 August 1952) Segitz (from 4 December 1951) Seuffert Stech Steinhörster Stierle Stopperich (until 6 January 1952) Striebeck Strobel Suhr (until 31 January 1952) Temmen Tenhagen Troppenz Veit Wagner Wehner Wehr (from 21 May 1952) Weinhold Welke Weltner Wenzel Winter (from 9 November 1952) Wolff (from 1 February 1952) Wönner Zinn (until 21 January 1951) Zühlke FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Theodor Heuss until 12 September 1949; Hermann Schäfer until 10 January 1951; August-Martin Euler until 6 May 1952; Hermann Schäfer from 6 May 1952 Members: Atzenroth Becker Blank Blücher Dannemann Dehler Dirscherl Eberhard (from 3 October 1952) Euler Fassbender Friedrich (from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 16 November 1950 BHE/DG, from 2 April 1952 FDP-Gast) Frühwald Funcke (from 14 September 1951) Gaul Golitschek Grundmann Hammer Hasemann Henn (from 1 February 1952) Heuss (until 15 September 1949) Hoffmann (from 15 June 1951) Hoffmann Höpker-Aschoff (until 9 September 1951) Hübner (from 1 February 1952) Hütter (from 15 September 1949) Ilk (from 3 November 1949) Jaeger (from 22 January 1953) Juncker Kneipp Kohl (until 31 January 1952) Kühn Langer (from 10 June 1952 Non-attached, from 29 March 1953 WAV) Leuchtgens (from 21 January 1950 DRP, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 6 December 1950 DP, from 27 July 1953 partei- und Non-attached) Leuze (from 21 March 1952) Linnert (until 27 October 1949) Luchtenberg (from 30 October 1950) Margulies Mauk (from 7 April 1952) Mayer (until 18 December 1952) Mende Middelhauve (until 17 October 1950) Mulert (from 1 February 1952) Neumayer Nöll Nowack (until 30 September 1952) Oellers (until 5 June 1951) Onnen Pfleiderer Preiß Preusker Rademacher Rath Rechenberg (until 19 January 1953) Reif Revenstorff Rüdiger (until 20 February 1951) Schäfer Schneider Stahl Stegner Trischler Vries (from 5 January 1953) Wellhausen Wildermuth (until 9 March 1952) Will (from 1 February 1952) Wirths Zawadil (from 26 November 1952 DP) DPvteDPSpeaker: Heinrich Hellwege until 2 November 1949; Friedrich Klinge until 21 December 1949; Hans Mühlenfeld until 15 March 1953; Hans-Joachim von Merkatz from 17 March 1953 Members: Ahrens Bahlburg (from 13 September 1951 Non-attached, from 24 January 1952 DP-Gast, from 10 September 1952 Non-attached) Campe (from 23 January 1950, until 8 January 1952) Eickhoff Ewers Farke Fricke (from 22 March 1952) Hedler (from 19 January 1950 Non-attached, from 28 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 16 September 1950 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV) Hellwege Jaffé (from 9 January 1952) Kalinke Klinge (until 21 December 1949) Kuhlemann Matthes Merkatz Mühlenfeld (until 15 May 1953) Seebohm Tobaben Walter Wittenburg Woltje (from 30 May 1953) BPvteBPSpeaker: Gebhard Seelos until 25 September 1951; Hugo Decker from 25 September 1951 Members: Aretin (from 14 December 1951 FU) Aumer (from 8 September 1950 Non-attached) Baumgartner (until 1 January 1951) Besold (from 14 December 1951 FU) Decker Donhauser (from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 September 1952 CSU) Eichner (from 14 December 1951 FU) Etzel (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 3 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) Falkner (until 27 October 1950) Fink (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 5 January 1952 CSU) Fürstenberg (from 7 November 1950 Non-attached, from 19 January 1951 CSU) Lampl (from 10 November 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU) Maerkl (from 1 September 1952) Mayerhofer (from 14 December 1951 FU) Meitinger (from 26 September 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU) Oettingen-Wallerstein (from 8 January 1951, from 14 December 1951 FU, until 1 September 1952) Parzinger (from 14 December 1951 FU) Rahn (from 14 January 1950, from 8 September 1950 Non-attached, from 17 October 1950 WAV-Gast, from 14 February 1951 CSU) Seelos (until 25 September 1951) Volkholz (from 14 December 1951 FU) Wartner (from 14 December 1951 FU) Ziegler (until 30 December 1949) KPDvteKPDSpeaker: Max Reimann Members: Agatz Fisch Gundelach Harig Kohl (from 26 January 1950) Leibbrand (until 26 January 1950) Müller (from 10 May 1950 Non-attached) Müller Niebergall Niebes (from 10 July 1952) Nuding (until 20 April 1951) Paul Reimann Renner Rische Strohbach (from 16 May 1951) Thiele Vesper (until 30 June 1952) WAVvteWAVSpeaker: Alfred Loritz Members: Bieganowski (from 21 March 1952, from 23 April 1952 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached) Fröhlich (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached) Goetzendorff (from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 29 April 1953 WAV) Keller (from 24 April 1952, from 6 December 1951 DP, Non-attached) Löfflad (from 6 December 1951 DP) Loritz (from 6 December 1951 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV) Paschek (from 29 March 1950 DRP-Gast, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached, from 30 January 1951 WAV, from 6 December 1951 DP, until 22 April 1952) Reindl (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached, from 29 April 1953 WAV) Schmidt (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached) Schuster (from 6 December 1951 DP) Tichi (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached) Wallner (from 6 December 1951 DP/DPB, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached) Weickert (from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, until 16 March 1952) Wittmann (from 6 December 1951 DP, from 9 May 1952 Non-attached, from 5 July 1952 CDU/CSU-Gast) ZENTRUMvteZENTRUMSpeaker: Helene Wessel Members: Amelunxen (until 7 October 1949) Arnold (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 9 December 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) Bertram (from 3 November 1949, from 14 December 1951 FU) Determann (from 14 December 1951 FU) Glasmeyer (from 23 November 1951 CDU) Hamacher (until 29 July 1951) Hoffmann (, from 14 December 1951 FU) Krause (until 18 October 1950) Pannenbecker (from 14 December 1951 FU) Reismann (from 14 December 1951 FU) Ribbeheger (from 14 December 1951 FU) Wessel (from 14 December 1951 FU, from 13 November 1952 Non-attached (GVP)) Willenberg (from 26 October 1950, from 14 December 1951 FU) DRPvteDRP Members: Dorls (from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, am 23 October 1952 Mandatsaberkennung) Frommhold (from 7 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 5 October 1950 Non-attached (DRP), from 26 March 1952 DP-Gast, from 11 February 1953 Non-attached) Jaeger (from 29 February 1952) Miessner (from 5 October 1950 FDP-Gast, from 20 December 1950 FDP) Rößler (from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte, from 6 September 1950 Non-attached, from 13 December 1950 WAV-Gast, from 17 January 1951 WAV, from 26 September 1951 Non-attached, until 21 February 1952) Thadden (from 15 September 1949 Nationale Rechte; 1950 DRP, from 20 April 1950 Non-attached) OTHERvteOTHER Members: Clausen (from 23 January 1952 FU-Gast, from 3 July 1953 Non-attached) Edert (CDU/CSU-Gast) Freudenberg (from 5 December 1952 Non-attached) Ott (Non-attached, from 4 May 1950 WAV-Gast, from 13 October 1950 BHE/DG, from 21 March 1952 Non-attached, from 26 March 1952 DP/DPB-Gast, from 26 June 1952 Non-attached) List of members of the 1st Bundestag vte Members of the 2nd Bundestag (1953–1957)President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Heinrich von Brentano until 7 June 1955; Heinrich Krone from 15 June 1955]] CDU: Ackermann Adenauer Albers Albrecht (from 11 May 1956) Arndgen Baier (from 26 June 1956) Barlage Bartram Bauknecht Bausch Becker Berendsen Bergmeyer Bismarck Blank Bleyler Blöcker (from 8 November 1954) Bock Bodelschwingh Böhm Brand Brauksiepe Brenner (from 5 May 1957) Brentano Brese Brökelschen Brönner Brookmann (until 31 August 1957) Brück (until 17 September 1957) Bucerius Buchka Burgemeister Bürkel Caspers Cillien Conring Czaja Diedrichsen Dietz Dresbach Eckstein Ehlers (until 29 October 1954) Ehren Engelbrecht-Greve Erhard Etzenbach Even Farny (until 11 November 1953) Feldmann Finckh Franzen Friedensburg Friese Furler Ganswindt (from 9 November 1955) Gantenberg (from 8 October 1956) Gedat Gengler Gerns Gerstenmaier Gibbert Giencke Glasmeyer Glüsing Gockeln Goldhagen Gontrum Götz Grantze (from 17 November 1955) Griem (until 7 November 1955) Günther Hahn Harnischfeger Hassel (until 4 November 1954) Häussler Hellwig Hesberg Heye Hilbert Höck Höfler Holla Hoogen Horn Huth Illerhaus Jahn Jochmus Josten Kaiser (from 17 September 1956) Kaiser Kather (from 15 June 1954 GB/BHE) Kemper Kiesinger Kirchhoff Kliesing Knapp Knobloch Köhler Kolbe (until 25 December 1953) Koops Kopf Kortmann Krammig Kratz (from 4 January 1957, until 11 April 1957) Kroll Krone Kühlthau Kuntscher Kunze Leibfried (until 21 June 1956) Leibing (from 8 August 1955) Leiske Lemmer Lenz (until 2 May 1957) Lenz Lenze Leonhard Leverkuehn Lindenberg Lindrath Löhr Lotze (from 1 November 1954) Lübke Lücke Lulay Majonica Massoth Maucher (until 16 September 1956) Maxsein Mayer (from 20 November 1953) Mayer Menke Mensing Moerchel Morgenthaler Muckermann Mühlenberg Müller (until 11 November 1953) Müller Müller-Hermann Müser Naegel (until 24 May 1956) Nellen Neuburger Niggemeyer Oetzel Orth (until 7 October 1956) Pelster Pferdmenges Pitz-Savelsberg Platner (from 12 December 1956 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Pohle Praetorius Pünder Raestrup Rasner Rehling Richarts Röder (from 4 January 1957) Rösch Ruf Rümmele Sabel Schäfer (from 4 January 1957) Scharnberg Scheppmann Schill Schlick Schmidt-Wittmack (from 22 April 1954 Non-attached, Loss of mandate 23 February 1956) Schmücker Schneider Schrader Schröder Schuler (until 30 July 1955) Schulze-Pellengahr Schüttler Schwarz Schwarzhaupt Seffrin Serres Sfromaß Sfromel (until 16 September 1957) Siebel Siemer Solke Spies Stauch Steinbiß Steinhauer (from 12 April 1957) Stingl Storch Storm Struve Teriete Thies (from 30 May 1956) Tillmanns (until 12 November 1955) Varelmann Vietje Vogel Voß Wacker Wahl Walz Weber Weber Wehking Welskop Welter (from 4 January 1954) Werber Wiedeck Willeke Windelen (from 28 September 1957) Winkelheide Wolf (from 13 November 1953) Wuermeling Wullenhaupt CSU: Bauer Bauereisen Demmelmeier Dittrich Dollinger Donhauser Franz Fuchs Funk Geiger Geisendörfer Gleissner Graf (from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Gumrum (from 26 October 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Henckel Höcherl Horlacher Jaeger Kahn Karpf Kemmer Kihn Klausner Kleindinst Kramel Kuchtner Lang Lermer Leukert Lücker Manteuffel-Szoege Meyer Miller Niederalt Oesterle Probst Riederer Rinke Schäffer Schuberth Schütz Seidl Spies Spörl Spreti (until 5 March 1956) Stiller Strauss Stücklen Unertl Wacher Wieninger Winter (from 6 March 1956) Wittmann CVP: Ruland (from 4 January 1957, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion) Schneider (from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 23 May 1957 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion) SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Erich Ollenhauer Members: Albertz Albrecht Altmaier Arndt Arnholz Baade Bals Banse Bärsch Bauer Baur Bazille Behrisch Bennemann Bergmann Berlin Bettgenhäuser Beyer Birkelbach Blachstein Bleiß Böhm (until 18 July 1957) Brandt Bruse Corterier Dannebom Daum Deist Dewald Diekmann Diel Döhring Dopatka (from 21 November 1955) Erler Eschmann Faller Franke Frehsee Freidhof Frenzel Gefeller Geiger (from 1 January 1954) Geritzmann Gleisner Görlinger (until 10 February 1954) Greve Grunner (from 11 June 1957, until 21 June 1957) Gülich Hansen Hansing Hauffe Heide Heiland Heinrich Heise Hellenbrock Herklotz (from 24 September 1956) Hermsdorf Herold Höcker Höhne Hörauf Hubert Hufnagel Jacobi Jacobs Jahn Jaksch Kahn-Ackermann Kalbitzer Keilhack Kettig Keuning Kinat Kipp-Kaule Klingelhöfer Koenen Könen Königswarter Korspeter Kreyssig Kriedemann Kühn Kurlbaum Ladebeck Lange Leitow (from 3 August 1956) Lockmann Ludwig Lütkens (until 17 November 1955) Marx Mattick Matzner Mayer Meitmann Mellies Menzel Merten Metzger Meyer Meyer Meyer-Laule Missmahl (from 1 September 1954) Moll Mommer Müller Müller Nadig Neubauer Neumann Odenthal Ohlig Ollenhauer Op Paul Peter (from 24 July 1957) Peters Pohle Pöhler Preller Prennel (from 9 November 1955) Priebe Pusch Putzig (from 13 February 1954) Rasch Ratzel (from 15 September 1955) Regling Rehs Reitz Reitzner Renger Richter Ritzel Rudoll Ruhnke Runge Sassnick (until 6 November 1955) Schanzenbach Schellenberg Scheuren Schmid Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt Schoettle Schöne Schreiner (from 4 January 1957) Schroeder (until 4 June 1957) Schröter Seidel Seither Seuffert Stierle Sträter Strobel Stümer (from 30 March 1954) Tausch-Treml (from 25 June 1957) Tenhagen (until 22 August 1954) Thieme Traub  (until 8 September 1955) Trittelvitz (until 12 September 1956) Veit (until 10 December 1953) Wagner Wagner Wehner Wehr Welke Weltner Wenzel Wienand Will (from 4 January 1957) Winter (until 7 March 1954) Wittrock Wolff Ziegler (until 27 July 1956) Zühlke FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Erich Mende Members: Atzenroth Becker Berg (from 27 June 1955, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Blank (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Blücher (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Bucher Dannemann (until 1 July 1955) Dehler Drechsel Eberhard Euler (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Fassbender (from 18 November 1955 DP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Friese-Korn Frühwald Gaul Golitschek (from 18 April 1956) Graaff (from 4 July 1955) Hammer Held (from 13 September 1954) Henn (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Hepp (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Hoffmann Hübner (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Hütter (from 29 September 1955) Ilk Jentzsch Kühn Lahr (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Lenz Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg (from 6 June 1957 Non-attached, from 25 June 1957 DP/FVP) Luchtenberg (from 18 September 1954, until 9 April 1956) Lüders Manteuffel (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Margulies Mauk Mayer (until 14 May 1956) Mende Middelhauve (until 10 September 1954) Miessner Neumayer (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Onnen Pfleiderer (until 20 September 1955) Preiß (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Preusker (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Rademacher Reif Schäfer (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Scheel Schloß Schneider (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Schwann Stahl Stammberger Starke Stegner (from 13 January 1954 Non-attached, from 6 February 1957 GB/BHE) Weber (from 15 May 1956) Wellhausen (from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 23 June 1956 CDU/CSU) Weyer (until 17 September 1954) Will Wirths (until 16 June 1955) DPS: Schneider (from 4 January 1957, Guest of FDP-Fraktion) Schwertner (from 4 January 1957, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion) Wedel (from 4 January 1957, Non-attached, from 8 January 1957 Guest of FDP-Fraktion) GB/BHEvteGB/BHESpeaker: Horst Haasler until 15 March 1955; Karl Mocker 15 March 1955 till 26 April 1956; Erwin Feller from 26 April 1956]] Members: Bender (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Czermak (from 14 July 1955 FDP) Eckhardt (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Elsner Engell Feller Fiedler (until 13 October 1953) Finck (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Finselberger Gemein Gille Haasler (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Keller Klötzer Körner (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 FDP, from 23 February 1956 Non-attached, from 15 March 1956 Demokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft (DA), from 26 June 1956 FVP, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Kraft (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Kunz Kutschera Meyer-Ronnenberg (from 20 August 1954 CDU/CSU) Mocker Oberländer (from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Petersen Reichstein Samwer (from 15 October 1953, from 12 July 1955 Non-attached, from 14 July 1955 Group Kraft/Oberländer, from 15 July 1955 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 20 March 1956 CDU/CSU) Seiboth Sornik Srock Strosche DPvteDPSpeaker: Hans-Joachim von Merkatz until 11 September 1955; Ernst-Christoph Brühler from 11 September 1955]] Members: Becker (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Brühler (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Eickhoff (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Elbrächter (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Hellwege (until 27 May 1955) Kalinke (from 3 June 1955, from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Matthes (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Merkatz (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Müller (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Schild (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Schneider (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Schranz (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Seebohm (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Walter (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Wittenburg (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) Zimmermann (from 14 March 1957 DP/FVP) OTHERvteIndependent Members: Böhner (Non-attached, until 8 January 1954) Brockmann (Non-attached) Heix (from 23 September 1953 CDU/CSU) Rösing (from 14 January 1954, Non-attached, from 25 June 1954 Guest of CDU/CSU-Fraktion, from 6 June 1955 CDU/CSU) List of members of the 2nd Bundestag vte Members of the 3rd Bundestag (1957–1961)President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Heinrich Krone CDU: Ackermann Adelmann Adenauer Arndgen Arnold (until 29 June 1958) Baier Baldauf Balkenhol Bartels Barzel Bauknecht Bausch Becker Becker Benda Berberich Berendsen (until 15 September 1959) Berger Bergmeyer Birrenbach Bismarck Blank Bleyler Blöcker Blohm Bodelschwingh Böhm Brand Brauksiepe Brentano Brese Brökelschen Brönner (until 21 January 1958) Brück Brüns (from 26 October 1959 until 28 November 1960) Bucerius Bühler Burgbacher Burgemeister Caspers Cillien (until 29 April 1960) Conring Czaja Deringer Diebäcker Diel Draeger Dresbach Ehren Eichelbaum Elbrächter Engelbrecht-Greve Engländer Enk Eplée (from 8 September 1958) Erhard Etzel Etzenbach Even Even Finckh Franzen Frey Friedensburg Fritz Fritz Furler Gantenberg Gaßmann Gedat Gehring Gerns Gerstenmaier Gewandt Gibbert Giencke Glüsing Gockeln (until 6 December 1958) Goldhagen Gontrum Gossel Gottesleben Götz Gradl Günther Hackethal Hahn Hahne (from 7 December 1959) Harnischfeger Hauser (from 11 March 1960) Häussler Heck Heix Hellwig (until 30 November 1959) Hesberg Hesemann Heye Hilbert Höck Höfler Holla Hoogen Horn Hübner () Huth Huys Illerhaus Jahn Jordan Josten Kalinke Kanka Katzer Kiesinger (until 19 February 1959) Kirchhoff Kisters (from 21 September 1959) Klemmert Kliesing Knobloch Koch Kopf Kraft Krammig Kroll Krone Krüger (from 15 December 1958) Krüger Kühlthau Kunst Kuntscher Kunze (until 11 October 1959) Leicht Leiske Lemmer Lenz Lenze Leonhard Leverkuehn (until 1 March 1960) Lindeiner (from 8 September 1959) Lindenberg Lindrath (until 27 February 1960) Löhr Lübke (until 2 September 1959) Lücke Lulay (from 23 February 1959) Majonica Martin Maucher (from 30 January 1958) Maxsein Mayer Meis (from 2 July 1958) Mengelkamp Menke Mensing Merkatz Meyers (until 4 September 1958) Mick Muckermann Mühlenberg Müller-Hermann Müser Neuburger Nieberg Niggemeyer Oberländer Oetzel Pannhoff Pelster Pernoll (until 15 July 1959) Pferdmenges Pflaumbaum Philipp Pietscher Pitz-Savelsberg Preiß Preusker Probst Rasner Rehling Reinhard Reith Richarts Riedel Ripken (from 10 March 1958) Rollmann (from 7 March 1960) Rommerskirchen (from 12 December 1960) Rösch Rösing Rüdel Ruf Scharnberg Scheppmann Schild Schlick Schmidt Schmitt Schmücker Schneider (from 10 September 1958) Schneider Schröder Schulze-Pellengahr Schüttler Schwarz Schwarzhaupt Schwörer (from 21 October 1958) Seebohm Seffrin Serres Siebel Siemer Simpfendörfer Solke Spies Stauch Stecker Steinbiß Steinmetz Stingl Stoltenberg Storch Storm Storm Struve Teriete Tobaben Toussaint Varelmann Vehar Vietje (from 6 May 1960) Vogel Wahl Weber Weber Wehking Weimer Welter Wendelborn Werber Werner (from 24 July 1959) Wilhelmi Willeke Windelen Winkelheide Wittmer-Eigenbrodt Wolff (until 15 October 1958) Worms Wuermeling Wullenhaupt Zimmer CSU: Aigner Balke Bauer Bauereisen Besold Demmelmeier Dittrich Dollinger Drachsler Eckhardt (from 27 December 1957) Feury (until 10 December 1957) Franz Fuchs Funk Geiger Geisendörfer Gleissner Görgen Guttenberg Haniel-Niethammer Henckel (from 5 September 1959) Höcherl Jaeger Kemmer Kempfler Klausner (until 17 April 1958) Knorr Kramel Krug Kuchtner Lang Lermer Leukert (from 21 April 1958) Lücker Manteuffel-Szoege Memmel Meyer Niederalt Oesterle (until 31 August 1959) Probst Ruland Schäffer Schlee Schütz Seidl Spies Stiller Strauss Stücklen Sühler Unertl Vogt Wacher Weinkamm Wieninger Winter Wittmann Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Erich Ollenhauer Members: Albertz Albrecht (until 16 May 1958) Altmaier Altvater (from 22 September 1960) Arndt Auge Baade Bach (from 27 October 1959) Bading Bals Bärsch Bauer Bäumer Baur Bay (from 20 December 1960) Bazille Bechert Behrendt Bennemann Berger-Heise Bergmann Berkhan Berlin Bettgenhäuser Beyer Birkelbach Blachstein Bleiß Börner Brecht Bruse Büttner Conrad (until 20 July 1959) Corterier Cramer Deist Dewald Diekmann Diel (until 6 April 1959) Döhring Dopatka Dröscher Eilers Erler Eschmann Faller Felder Folger (from 19 May 1958) Franke Frede Frehsee Frenzel (until 4 November 1960) Geiger Geritzmann Gleisner (until 17 March 1959) Greve Gülich (until 15 April 1960) Haage Hamacher Hansing Harm (until 22 September 1961) Hauffe Heide Heiland Heinemann Heinrich (until 7 March 1959) Hellenbrock Herklotz Hermsdorf Herold Höcker Höhmann Höhne Hörauf Hubert Hufnagel Iven Jacobi Jacobs Jahn (until 10 July 1960) Jahn Jaksch Junghans Jungherz (from 19 January 1960) Jürgensen Kalbitzer Keilhack Kettig Keuning Killat (from 19 March 1959) Kipp-Kaule Koenen Könen Königswarter Korspeter Krappe Kraus Kreyssig Kriedemann Kühn Kurlbaum Lange Lantermann Lautenschlager (from 9 November 1960) Leber Lohmar Lücke Ludwig Lünenstraß Marx Mattick Matzner Mayer (until 14 December 1960) Meitmann Mellies (until 19 May 1958) Menzel Merten Metter Metzger Meyer Meyer Meyer-Laule Mommer Müller Müller Müller Munzinger (from 20 April 1959 until 1 October 1959) Nadig Nellen Neubauer Neumann Odenthal Ollenhauer Paul Peters Pohle Pöhler Prennel Priebe Pusch Pütz Rasch (until 15 September 1960) Ratzel (until 21 June 1960) Recktenwald (from 11 August 1959 until 20 October 1959) Regling Rehs Reitz Reitzner Renger Rimmelspacher (from 27 June 1960) Ritzel Rodiek (from 15 July 1960) Rohde Rudoll Ruhnke Schäfer Schanzenbach Scharnowski Schellenberg Scheuren (from 20 March 1959) Schliestedt (from 29 September 1961) Schmid Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen Schoettle Schreiner (until 31 August 1958) Schröder Schröter Schütz Seidel Seither Seppi (from 13 October 1959) Seuffert Seume Stenger Stierle Sträter Striebeck (from 27 May 1958) Strobel Tamblé (from 25 April 1960) Theil (from 6 March 1960) Theis Wagner Walpert (until 12 January 1960) Wegener Wehner Wehr (until 20 February 1960) Welke Welslau Weltner Wessel Wienand Wilhelm (from 5 September 1958) Wischnewski Wittrock Wolff Zühlke FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Erich Mende Members: Achenbach Atzenroth Becker (until 29 July 1960) Bucher Dahlgrün Dehler Diemer-Nicolaus Döring Dowidat Dürr Eberhard (from 4 November 1959) Eilers Eisenmann Friese-Korn Glahn (until 2 November 1959) Graaff (until 8 May 1959) Hoven Imle (from 29 June 1960) Keller Köhler (until 27 June 1960) Kohut Kreitmeyer Kühlmann-Stumm (from 8 August 1960) Kühn Lenz Logemann Lüders Margulies Mauk Mayer (until 30 September 1959) Mende Miessner (from 21 May 1959) Mischnick Mühlen (from 6 October 1959) Murr Rademacher Ramms Rutschke Sander Scheel Schneider Schultz Spitzmüller Stahl Stammberger Starke Walter Weber Will Zoglmann OTHERvteIndependent Members: Behrisch Kinat Matthes Schneider Schranz List of members of the 3rd Bundestag vte Members of the 4th Bundestag (1961–1965)President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Heinrich von Brentano until 14 November 1964; Rainer Barzel from 1 December 1964 CDU: Ackermann (from 16 January 1965) Adenauer Adorno Arndgen Arnold Artzinger Baier Baldauf Balkenhol Barzel Bauknecht Bausch Becker (from 11 June 1964) Becker Benda Berberich Berger (from 22 December 1964) Bewerunge Biechele Bieringer Birrenbach Bismarck Blank Bleyler Blöcker Blohm Blumenfeld Bodelschwingh Böhm Böhme Brand Brauksiepe Brentano (until 14 November 1964) Brese Brück Bucerius (until 22 March 1962) Bühler Burgbacher Burgemeister Conring Czaja Delden Deringer Dichgans Diebäcker Draeger Dresbach Ehren (from 4 October 1962 until 30 November 1964) Eichelbaum Elbrächter Engelbrecht-Greve (until 7 December 1962) Engländer (from 1 August 1962) Erhard Etzel Even (until 24 November 1964) Even Exner (from 30 November 1964) Falke Finckh (until 28 April 1962) Franzen (until 8 October 1965) Frey Friedensburg Fritz (until 5 January 1965) Furler Gaßmann Gedat Gehring Gerlich (from 24 August 1963) Gerns (until 20 August 1963) Gerstenmaier Gewandt Gibbert Giencke Glüsing Goldhagen (until 7 January 1964) Gossel Gottesleben Götz Gradl Griesinger (from 23 November 1964) Güde Günther Haase Hagen (from 20 January 1964) Hahn (from 9 May 1962 until 16 November 1964) Hahn Harnischfeger Härzschel (from 28 October 1963) Hauser Häussler (from 20 April 1964) Heck Heix Hesberg Hesemann Hilbert Höchst Höfler (until 21 October 1963) Holkenbrink Hoogen (until 11 December 1964) Horn Hörnemann Hübner Huthmacher (until 13 February 1962) Huys Illerhaus Jacobi Josten Jungmann Kalinke Kanka Katzer Klee Klein Kliesing Klinker (from 10 December 1962) Knobloch Kopf Krone Krüger Kühn Kuntscher Kurtz (from 12 October 1964) Leicht Lemmer Lenz Lenze Leonhard Löhr Lücke Luda Majonica Martin Maucher Maxsein Mayer Meis Mengelkamp Menke Merkatz Mick Missbach Müller Müller Müller Müller-Hermann Müser Neumann Nieberg Oberländer (from 9 May 1963) Oetzel Pannhoff Pferdmenges (until 28 September 1962) Pflaumbaum Philipp Pitz-Savelsberg Poepke Porten Preiß (from 24 November 1964) Rasner Rauhaus Rehling (until 29 May 1964) Reinhard Richarts Riedel Rollmann Rommerskirchen Rösing (from 30 June 1965) Ruf Ruland (from 19 February 1962 until 28 September 1964) Scheppmann Schlick Schmidt Schmücker Schneider (from 27 March 1962) Schröder Schroeder Schulhoff Schwarz Schwarzhaupt Schwörer Seebohm Seffrin Serres Siemer Sinn Stauch Stecker Stein Steinmetz Stingl Stoltenberg Stommel (from 4 December 1964) Stooß Storch Storm Struve Süsterhenn Teriete Tobaben Toussaint Varelmann Verhoeven Vietje (until 2 May 1963) Vittinghoff-Schell Vogel (until 15 April 1964) Wahl Weber (until 25 July 1962) Weber Wehking Welter Wendelborn Werner Wilhelmi Willeke (until 24 June 1965) Windelen Winkelheide Wittmer-Eigenbrodt Wuermeling Wullenhaupt Zimmer CSU: Aigner Althammer Balke Bauer Besold Brenck Dittrich Dollinger Drachsler Eckhardt (from 21 July 1964) Ehnes Franz Funk (until 5 August 1963) Geiger (from 8 June 1965) Geisendörfer Gleissner Guttenberg Haas (from 9 August 1963) Haniel-Niethammer Höcherl Hösl Jaeger Kemmer (until 7 October 1964) Kempfler Knorr Krug Kuchtner Lang (until 1 June 1965) Lemmrich Lermer (until 15 July 1964) Leukert (from 27 June 1962) Lücker Manteuffel-Szoege (until 8 June 1962) Memmel Meyer (until 29 January 1962) Niederalt Probst Ramminger Schlee (from 15 February 1963) Schütz (until 5 February 1963) Seidl Spies Stiller Strauss Stücklen Sühler Unertl Vogt Wacher (until 26 March 1963) Wagner Weigl Weinkamm Weinzierl Wieninger Winter (from 2 February 1962) Wittmann (from 26 October 1964) Ziegler (from 1 April 1963) Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Erich Ollenhauer until 14 December 1963; Fritz Erler from 3 March 1964 Members: Albertz Altmaier (until 8 February 1963) Anders (from 17 April 1963) Arendt Arndt Auge Baade Bading Bals Bartsch (from 23 October 1963) Bauer Bäuerle (from 31 May 1963) Bäumer Bazille Bechert Behrendt Berger-Heise Bergmann Berkhan Berlin Beuster Beyer Biegler Biermann Birkelbach (until 30 September 1964) Blachstein Bleiß Börner Brandt (until 27 December 1961) Brauer Braun Brecht (until 10 July 1962) Brünen Bruse (from 16 July 1962) Buchstaller Busch (from 26 January 1962) Büttner Corterier Cramer Deist (until 7 March 1964) Diekmann Döhring Dopatka Dröscher Eilers Elsner Eppler Erler Eschmann Faller Felder Figgen Flämig (from 15 February 1963) Folger Franke Frede Frehsee Freyh (from 22 December 1961) Fritsch Geiger Gerlach Glombig (from 25 January 1962) Gscheidle Haage Haase (from 10 November 1961) Hamacher Hansing Harm (until 10 August 1964) Hauffe Heide Heiland (until 6 May 1965) Heinemann Hellenbrock Herberts (from 12 March 1964) Herklotz Hermsdorf Herold Hirsch Hoegner (until 4 January 1962) Höhmann Höhne Hörauf Hörmann Hubert Hübner (from 13 May 1965) Hufnagel Hussong Iven Jacobi Jacobs Jahn Jaksch Junghans Junker Jürgensen Kaffka Kahn-Ackermann (from 10 January 1962) Kalbitzer Keilhack (until 19 January 1962) Kettig Killat Kipp-Kaule Klein (until 22 October 1963) Kleinert (from 13 November 1964) Koch Koenen Kohlberger Könen Korspeter Krappe Kraus Kreyssig Kriedemann Kübler Kühn (until 9 April 1963) Kulawig Kurlbaum Lange Langebeck Lautenschlager Leber Lemper Lenz Liehr (from 11 January 1962) Lohmar Lösche (from 18 April 1963) Lücke Ludwig (from 6 January 1962 until 18 February 1962) Lünenstraß (until 16 May 1963) Marquardt Marx Matthöfer Mattick Matzner Maybaum (from 22 May 1963) Meermann Menzel (until 24 September 1963) Merten Metter Metzger Meyer Meyer Michels Möller Mommer Morgenstern Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Nellen Neubauer (until 16 April 1963) Neumann Nissen (until 1 October 1964) Ohlemeyer (from 14 June 1965) Ollenhauer (until 14 December 1963) Paul Peiter (from 22 February 1962) Peters Pohle (until 3 November 1961) Pohlenz (from 30 September 1963 until 10 June 1965) Pöhler Porzner (from 21 May 1962) Priebe Ravens Regling Rehs Reichhardt (from 5 October 1964) Reischl Reitz Reitzner (until 11 May 1962) Renger Riegel Rinderspacher Ritzel Roesch Rohde Ross (from 18 August 1964) Rudoll Sänger Saxowski Schäfer Schanzenbach Schellenberg Scheuren Schlüter (from 11 September 1964) Schmid Schmidt (until 19 January 1962) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen Schoettle Schröder (until 6 September 1964) Schütz (until 9 January 1962) Schwabe Seibert Seidel Seifriz Seither Seppi Seuffert Seume Stammberger Steinhoff Stephan Striebeck Strobel Strohmayr Tamblé Theis Urban Wagner (until 19 December 1961) Wegener Wehner Welke Wellmann (from 1 January 1962) Welslau Weltner Wessel Wienand Wilhelm Winterstein (from 26 October 1964 until 2 November 1964) Wischnewski Wittrock (until 8 May 1963) Wolf (from 19 December 1963) Zimmermann Zinn (until 13 December 1961) Zühlke FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Erich Mende until 17 October 1963; Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm from 5 November 1963 Members: Achenbach Aschoff Atzenroth Bucher Burckardt Busse Dahlgrün Danz Dehler Deneke (from 26 July 1963) Diemer-Nicolaus Döring (until 17 January 1963) Dörinkel Dorn Dürr Effertz Eisenmann Emde Ertl Flitz Funcke Hamm Hammersen Hellige Heuser (from 6 December 1962) Hoven Imle Keller (until 21 July 1963) Kiep-Altenloh Kohut Kreitmeyer Krümmer (from 24 January 1963) Kubitza Kühlmann-Stumm Kühn (until 4 December 1962) Lenz Löbe Logemann Mälzig Margulies (until 27 August 1964) Mauk Mende Menne Mertes Miessner Mischnick Moersch (from 1 September 1964) Mühlen Murr Ollesch Opitz Peters Rademacher Ramms Reichmann Rieger Rutschke Sander Scheel Schmidt Schneider Schultz Soetebier Spitzmüller Starke Supf Wächter Walter Weber Zoglmann OTHERvteIndependent Members: Gontrum List of members of the 4th Bundestag vte Members of the 5th Bundestag (1965–1969)President: Eugen Gerstenmaier (CDU) until 31 January 1969; Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU) from 5 February 1969CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Rainer Barzel CDU: Abelein Adenauer (until 19 April 1967) Adorno Arnold Artzinger Baier Balkenhol Barzel Bauknecht Becker Benda Berberich Berendsen Berger Bewerunge Biechele Birrenbach Blank Blöcker Blohm Blumenfeld Brand Brauksiepe Bremer Brese Brück Budde Bühler Burgbacher Burgemeister Burger Conring Czaja Damm Delden Deringer Dichgans Diebäcker Draeger Eckardt Elbrächter Enk Enseling (from 28 April 1966) Erhard Erhard Ernesti (from 9 July 1967) Erpenbeck Even Exner Falke (from 27 July 1967) Franke Franzen Freiwald Frerichs Frey Frieler Fritz Furler Geißler (until 11 October 1967) Gerstenmaier Gewandt Gibbert (until 30 December 1967) Giulini Glüsing Gottesleben Götz Gradl Griesinger Güde Haase Häfele Hahn Hammans Hanz Härzschel (from 19 October 1967) Hassel Hauser Hauser Häussler Heck Hesberg Hilbert Hofmann Holkenbrink (until 17 July 1967) Holzmeister (from 5 February 1968) Hörnemann Horstmeier Horten Huys Illerhaus Jacobi Jahn Josten Jungmann Kalinke Katzer Kiep Klee Klein Klepsch Kliesing Klinker Knobloch (from 24 July 1967) Kopf Köppler Krammig Krampe (from 11 October 1966) Kraske Krone Kühn Kuntscher Lampersbach Leicht Lemmer Lenz Lenz Lenze Lindenberg (from 29 September 1967) Löhr Lücke Luda Majonica Martin Marx Maucher Maxsein Meis Meister Mengelkamp (until 21 July 1967) Merkatz Mick Missbach Mönikes (from 12 October 1967) Müller Müller Müller Müller-Hermann Müser Nordenskjöld Orgaß Petersen Philipp (until 20 April 1966) Picard Pieser (from 26 June 1968) Pitz-Savelsberg Porten Prassler Preiß Rasner Rawe Reinhard Reinholz (from 24 July 1967) Richarts (until 16 September 1969) Riedel Rinsche Ritgen Ritz Rock Rollmann Rommerskirchen Rösing Rösler (from 24 September 1969) Ruf Russe Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein Schmid-Burgk Schmidt Schmitt Schmücker Schober Schröder Schröder Schroeder Schulhoff Schwarzhaupt Schwörer Seebohm (until 17 September 1967) Serres Siemer Sinn Springorum Stahlberg Stark Stecker Stein Steinmetz Stingl (until 15 June 1968) Stoltenberg Stommel Stooß Storm Struve Süsterhenn Teriete Tobaben Toussaint Varelmann Verbeek (until 13 December 1966) Vittinghoff-Schell Vogel (until 6 October 1966) Vogel (until 17 July 1967) Wahl Weiland (from 14 December 1966) Weimer Wendelborn Wex (from 28 April 1967) Wilhelmi Wilper (until 3 July 1967) Windelen Winkelheide Wolf Wörner Wrangel Wuermeling Wullenhaupt Zink CSU: Aigner Althammer Balke Bauer Besold Brenck Dittrich Dollinger Eckhardt Ehnes Franz Geisendörfer Geisenhofer (from 3 May 1967) Gierenstein Gleissner Guttenberg Höcherl Hösl Hudak Jaeger Kempfler Krug Kuchtner Lemmrich Leukert Lücker Memmel Niederalt Ott Pohle Prinz (until 30 July 1969) Probst (until 1 May 1967) Rainer Röhner Schlager Schlee Schmidhuber Schulze-Vorberg Spies (from 4 August 1969) Stiller Strauss Stücklen Unertl Vogt Wagner Weigl Wieninger Ziegler Zimmermann (until 15 October 1969) CSU (GDP): Becher Prochazka SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Fritz Erler until 22 February 1967; Helmut Schmidt from 14 March 1967 Members: Adams (from 8 December 1966) Albertz Apel Arendt Arndt (from 4 June 1968) Arndt Arndt Auge Bading Bals Baltes (from 15 December 1967) Barche (from 14 April 1967) Bardens Bartsch Bauer Bäuerle Bayerl (from 27 October 1967) Bazille Bechert Behrendt Berger-Heise Bergmann Berkhan Berlin Beuster Biermann Blachstein (until 31 May 1968) Blume Böhm Börner Braun (until 17 July 1966) Brück Brünen Buchstaller Bühling Buschfort Büttner Collet Corterier Cramer Diekmann Dortans (from 30 June 1969) Dröscher Eckerland Eilers Elsner Enders (from 9 May 1967) Eppler Erler (until 22 February 1967) Eschmann Esters (from 15 January 1969) Faller Felder FellerMayer Feuring (from 2 January 1967) Figgen (until 6 December 1966) Flämig Folger Franke Frede (until 23 November 1967) Frehsee Freyh Fritsch Fritz Geiger Gerlach Gertzen Glombig Gscheidle Haage Haar Haase Haehser Hamacher Hansing Hauck Hauffe Hein (until 22 December 1966) Heinemann (until 24 June 1969) Hellenbrock Herberts Herklotz Hermsdorf Herold Hirsch Hofmann Höhmann Höhne Hölzle (from 20 February 1967) Hörauf Hörmann Hubert Hübner (from 6 December 1966 until 14 January 1969) Hufnagel Hussong (until 10 December 1967) Ils Iven Jacobi Jahn Jaksch (until 27 November 1966) Jaschke Josef Junghans Junker Jürgensen Kaffka Kahn-Ackermann Karius (from 18 August 1969) Kern (from 27 February 1967) Killat Kleinert (from 14 December 1967) Koch Koenen Kohlberger Könen Korspeter Krappe Kriedemann Krips (until 31 January 1969) Kübler (until 9 August 1969) Kulawig Kunze Kurlbaum Kurlbaum-Beyer Lange Langebeck Lautenschlager Leber Lemp (from 29 November 1967) Lemper Lenders Liedtke Liehr Löbbert Lohmar Lösche (from 29 July 1966) Lotze Marquardt Marx Matthes Matthöfer Mattick Maybaum Meermann Meinecke Merten (until 12 December 1967) Metzger Michels Möller Mommer Morgenstern (until 14 September 1966) Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müthling Nann (from 17 February 1969) Neemann Nellen Neumann Neumann Paul Peiter (from 19 September 1967) Peters Pöhler Porzner Raffert Rau Ravens Regling Rehs Reischl Reitz Renger Richter Riegel Rinderspacher Rohde Ross (from 21 September 1966) Rudoll Sänger Saxowski Schäfer (until 14 February 1967) Schanzenbach Schellenberg Schiller Schimschok Schlüter (until 7 April 1967) Schmid Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen Schoettle Schonhofen Schulte Schulz Schwabe Seibert Seidel Seifriz Seither Seppi Seuffert (until 18 October 1967) Seume Sieglerschmidt (from 4 June 1969) Spillecke Stammberger Stein (until 14 September 1967) Steinhoff Stephan Strobel Strohmayr Tallert Tamblé Tönjes Urban Vit Wehner Welke Wellmann (until 30 May 1969) Welslau Wendt Wessel (until 13 October 1969) Westphal Wiefel Wienand Wilhelm Wischnewski Wolf Wuwer Zerbe (until 2 May 1967) SPD (GDP): Ahrens Kreutzmann FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Knut von Kühlmann-Stumm until 23 January 1968; Wolfgang Mischnick from 23 January 1968 Members: Achenbach Borm Bucher Busse Dahlgrün Dehler (until 21 July 1967) Diemer-Nicolaus Dorn Effertz (until 4 July 1968) Eisenmann (until 1 June 1967) Emde Ertl Friderichs Funcke Geldner Gemmingen-Hornberg (from 11 October 1967) Genscher Graaff Haas Hamm (until 12 May 1966) Hellige Heuser (from 11 July 1968) Imle (from 2 June 1967) Jung (from 17 May 1966) Kubitza Kühlmann-Stumm Lenz (until 5 October 1967) Logemann Mauk Mende Menne Mertes Miessner Mischnick Moersch Mühlhan Ollesch Opitz Peters Porsch (from 27 July 1967) Ramms Reichmann Rutschke Saam Sander Scheel Schmidt Schultz Spitzmüller Staratzke Starke Wächter Walter Wurbs Zoglmann List of members of the 5th Bundestag vte Members of the 6th Bundestag (1969–1972)President: Kai-Uwe von Hassel (CDU)CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Rainer Barzel CDU: Abelein Adorno (until 21 August 1972) Alber Alten-Nordheim Amrehn Arnold Artzinger Bach Baier Balkenhol Barzel Becker Becker Benda (until 8 December 1971) Berberich Berding Berger (from 26 August 1971) Berger Bewerunge Biechele Birrenbach Bismarck Bittelmann Blank (until 21 April 1972) Blumenfeld Bockelberg Böhme Brandes (until 29 October 1969) Brauksiepe Breidbach Bremer Bremm Brück (from 14 August 1970) Burgbacher Burgemeister (until 23 April 1970) Burger Czaja Damm Delden Dichgans Draeger Eckardt Erhard Erhard Ernesti Erpenbeck Evers Eyrich Fircks Franke Freiwald Frerichs Früh Furler Gatzen Gewandt Giulini Glüsing Gölter Gottesleben Götz Gradl Griesinger (until 6 September 1972) Gruhl Haase Häfele Hallstein Hammans Hanz Hartnack (from 14 September 1972) Härzschel Hassel Hauser Hauser Häussler Heck Hein (from 27 April 1970 until 18 April 1971) Hellige (from 19 April 1971) Helms Henze (until 10 April 1972) Hermesdorf Horstmeier Horten Hubrig Hupka Hussing Huys Jacobi Jahn Jenninger Josten Jungmann Kalinke Katzer Kiep Kiesinger Klee Klepsch Kliesing Klinker Köppler (until 8 August 1970) Köster Kotowski Krammig Krampe Kraske Kunz (from 13 December 1971) Lampersbach Leicht Lemmer (until 18 August 1970) Lensing Lenz Lenze Lenzer Link Löher (from 23 April 1972) Löhr Looft (from 15 October 1971) Lücke Luda Majonica Martin Marx Maucher Meister Mende Mick Mikat Miltner Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Hermann Mursch Nordenskjöld Orgaß Petersen Pfeifer Picard Pieroth Pieser Pinger Pohlmann (from 4 November 1969) Prassler Preiß Rasner (until 15 October 1971) Rawe Reddemann Reinhard Richarts Riedel Rinsche Ritgen Ritz Rock Rollmann Rommerskirchen Rönn (from 17 April 1972) Rösing Ruf Russe Sauter (from 29 August 1972) Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein Schmid-Burgk Schmidt Schmitt Schmitz (from 20 August 1970 until 25 August 1971) Schmücker Schneider Schober Schröder (until 12 September 1972) Schröder Schröder Schroeder Schulhoff Schulte Schulz Schwörer Seiters Seume Siemer Solke Springorum Sprung Stahlberg Stark Starke Stehle (from 7 September 1972) Stein Steiner Stoltenberg (until 3 June 1971) Stommel Storm Struve Susset Thadden Tobaben Tübler Unland Varelmann Vehar Vogel Vogt Volmer Wagner Walz Wawrzik Weber Weizsäcker Wendelborn (from 11 June 1971) Werner Windelen Winkelheide Wissebach Wohlrabe Wolf Wörner Wrangel Wulff Zink Zoglmann CSU: Aigner Althammer Becher Biehle Cantzler (from 7 June 1972) Dasch (until 15 September 1972) Dittrich Dollinger Ehnes (until 19 September 1972) Engelsberger Franz Fuchs Geisendörfer Geisenhofer Gerlach Gierenstein Gleissner Guttenberg (until 6 June 1972) Höcherl Hösl Jaeger Jobst Kempfler Kiechle Kley Kreile Kuchtner Lemmrich Lücker Memmel Menth (from 19 September 1972) Niegel Ott Pohle (until 27 August 1971) Probst Prochazka (from 18 September 1972) Rainer Riedl Röhner Roser Schedl (from 7 January 1971) Schlee Schneider Schulze-Vorberg Spilker Strauss Stücklen Unertl (until 31 December 1970) Wagner Warnke Weigl Wittmann (from 6 September 1971) Ziegler Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner Members: Adams Ahrens Anbuhl (from 3 November 1970) Apel Arendt Arndt Arndt Baack Baeuchle Bals Barche Bardens Bartsch Batz Bauer Bäuerle Bay Bayerl Bechert Becker Beermann Behrendt Bergmann Berkhan Berlin Biermann Böhm Börner Bothmer Brand (until 3 November 1970) Brandt Brandt Bredl Brück Brünen Büchler (from 9 December 1971) Büchner (from 12 October 1971) Buchstaller Bühling Bülow Buschfort Bußmann Collet Corterier Cramer Dohmann (until 20 February 1970) Dohnanyi Dröscher (until 12 October 1971) Dübber (from 16 July 1971) Dürr Eckerland Ehmke Eilers Elsner (until 14 May 1970) Enders Engholm Eppler Esters Faller Farthmann (from 26 June 1971) FellerMayer Fiebig Fischer Flämig Focke Folger Franke Frehsee Freyh Fritsch Geiger Gerlach Gertzen Geßner Glombig Gnädinger Grobecker (from 8 January 1970) Gscheidle (until 7 November 1969) Haack Haage (until 21 December 1970) Haar Haase Haehser Halfmeier Hansen Hansing Hauck Hauff Hein (until 19 January 1971) Henke Herklotz Hermsdorf Herold Heyen Hirsch (until 8 December 1971) Hofmann Höhmann Hörmann Horn Huber Jacobi (until 5 March 1970) Jahn Jaschke Junghans Junker Kaffka Kahn-Ackermann (from 28 December 1970) Kater Kern Killat Koch Koenig Kohlberger Konrad Krappe Kreutzmann Kriedemann Krockert Kulawig Lange Langebeck Lauritzen Lautenschlager Lauterbach Leber Lemp Lemper Lenders Liedtke Liehr (until 16 July 1971) Löbbert Löffler Lohmar Lotze (until 17 October 1971) Marquardt Marx Matthes Matthöfer Mattick Maybaum Meermann Meinecke Meinike Metzger Michels Möhring Möller Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müthling Neemann Neumann Nölling Oetting (from 19 October 1971) Offergeld Orth Ostman Pawelczyk Peiter Pensky Peters Pöhler Porzner Raffert Ravens Reischl Renger Richter Rinderspacher Rohde Rosenthal Ross Säckl (from 10 November 1969) Sander Saxowski Schachtschabel Schäfer Schanzenbach Schellenberg Scheu Schiller Schiller Schimschok Schirmer Schlaga Schlei Schmid Schmidt (until 3 November 1969) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen Schmude Schoettle Schollmeyer Schonhofen Schulte Schwabe Seefeld Seibert Seidel Seifriz (until 6 January 1970) Seppi Sieglerschmidt Simon Slotta Sperling Spillecke Staak (from 21 May 1970) Strobel Strohmayr Suck Tallert Tamblé Timm Tönjes Urbaniak (from 9 March 1970) Vit Walkhoff Weber Wehner Welslau (from 26 February 1970) Wende Wendt Westphal Wichert Wiefel Wienand Wilhelm Wischnewski With Wittmann Wolf Wolfram Wrede Würtz Wüster Wuttke Wuwer Zander (from 3 November 1969) Zebisch FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Achenbach Borm Dahrendorf (until 25 August 1970) Diemer-Nicolaus Dorn Ertl Funcke Gallus (from 10 September 1970) Geldner (from 26 January 1970) Genscher Graaff Grüner Haas (until 20 January 1970) Jung Kienbaum (until 2 May 1972) Kirst Kleinert Krall (from 16 March 1970) Kühlmann-Stumm (until 30 May 1972) Logemann Menne (from 31 May 1972) Mertes Mischnick Moersch Ollesch Opitz (from 2 May 1972) Peters Rutschke (until 7 January 1971) Scheel Schmidt Schultz (until 11 March 1970) Spitzmüller (from 12 January 1971) Wurbs List of members of the 6th Bundestag vte Members of the 7th Bundestag (1972–1976)President: Annemarie Renger (SPD)SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner Members: Adams Ahlers Ahrens Amling Anbuhl Apel Arendt Arndt (until 29 January 1974) Arndt (from 20 May 1974) Augstein Baack Bahr Barche Bardens Batz Bäuerle Bayerl Becker Beermann (until 24 November 1975) Behrendt Berkhan (until 19 March 1975) Biermann Blank Böhme Börner (until 22 October 1976) Bothmer Brandt Brandt Bredl Brück Büchler Büchner Buchstaller Bühling Bülow Buschfort Bußmann Collet Conradi Coppik Corterier Däubler-Gmelin Dohnanyi Dübber Dürr Eckerland Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Eilers Elchlepp (from 4 June 1976) Emmerlich Enders Engholm Eppler (until 3 June 1976) Esters Ewen Farthmann (until 5 June 1975) FellerMayer Fiebig Fischer Flämig Focke Franke Frehsee Friedrich Gansel Geiger Gerlach Gerstl Gertzen Geßner Glombig Glotz Gnädinger Grimming (from 18 June 1975) Grobecker Grunenberg Grützmann (from 2 February 1974) Haack Haar Haase Haase Haehser Haenschke Halfmeier Hansen Hauck Hauff Henke Herbers (from 12 May 1976) Hermsdorf (until 30 May 1974) Herold Heyen (until 5 June 1975) Hofmann Höhmann Holtz Horn Huber Huonker Immer Jahn Jaschke Jaunich Jens Junghans Junker Kaffka Kahn-Ackermann (until 18 September 1974) Kater Kern Koblitz Konrad Kratz Kreutzmann Krockert Kulawig Lambinus Lange Lattmann Lauritzen Lautenschlager Leber Lemp Lenders Lepsius Liedtke Löbbert Löffler Lohmar Lutz Mahne Männing (from 19 June 1975) Marquardt Marschall Martiny-Glotz Matthöfer Mattick Meermann Meinecke Meinike Metzger Möhring Möller Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müntefering (from 10 June 1975) Nagel Neumann Nölling (until 20 May 1974) Oetting Offergeld Orth (until 10 May 1976) Ostman Pawelczyk Peiter Penner Pensky Peter (from 10 June 1974) Polkehn Porzner Rapp Rappe Ravens Rehlen (from 14 November 1974) Reiser Renger Reuschenbach Richter Rohde Röhlig (from 19 March 1975) Rosenthal Sander Saxowski Schachtschabel Schäfer Schäfer Scheffler Schellenberg Scheu Schimschok Schinzel Schirmer Schlaga Schlei Schluckebier Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen Schmude Schöfberger Schonhofen Schreiber Schulte Schwabe Schwedler Schweitzer Schwencke Schwenk (from 3 June 1974) Seefeld Seibert Sieglerschmidt Simon Simpfendörfer Slotta (until 9 June 1974) Sperling Spillecke Staak (until 13 November 1974) Stahl Steinhauer (from 9 December 1974) Suck Sund Tietjen (from 12 September 1974) Timm Tönjes Urbaniak Vahlberg Vit Vogel Vogelsang Voigt (from 28 October 1976) Walkhoff Waltemathe Walther Weber Wehner Wende Wendt Wernitz Westphal Wichert (until 10 September 1974) Wiefel Wienand (until 3 December 1974) Wilhelm Wimmer (from 18 September 1974) Wischnewski With Wittmann Wolf Wolfram Wrede Wurche (until 3 June 1975) Würtz Wüster Wuttke Wuwer Zander Zebisch Zeitler CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Rainer Barzel until 9 May 1973; Karl Carstens from 17 May 1973 CDU: Abelein Alber Alten-Nordheim Amrehn Arnold Artzinger Baier Barzel Becker Benedix Benz Berger Berger Bewerunge Biechele Birrenbach Bismarck Blüm Blumenfeld Bockelberg Böhm Braun Breidbach Bremer Bremm Burgbacher Burger Carstens Carstens Czaja Damm Delden Dregger Dreyer Eigen Eilers Entrup Erhard Erhard Ernesti Evers Ey Eyrich Ferrang (until 31 May 1974) Fircks Franke Freiwald (until 26 October 1974) Frerichs (until 15 January 1975) Früh Geier (from 5 March 1976) Gerster Gewandt Gölter Götz Gradl Graß (from 13 April 1976) Gruhl Haase Häckel (from 28 September 1976) Häfele Hammans Härzschel (until 23 September 1976) Hassel Hauser Hauser Hauser Heck Hornhues Horstmeier Hupka Hürland Hussing (from 16 November 1973) Jäger Jahn Jahn Jenninger Josten Katzer Kiep (until 24 February 1976) Kiesinger Klein Klein Klepsch Kliesing Köhler Köhler Köster Krampe Kraske Kroll-Schlüter Kühlmann-Stumm Kunz Lagershausen Lampersbach Leicht Lenz Lenzer Link Löher Luda Martin (until 12 November 1973) Marx Maucher Mende Mertes Mick Mikat Miltner Milz Möller Müller Müller Müller-Hermann Mursch Narjes Neumeister Nordlohne Oldenstädt Orgaß Pack (from 1 June 1974) Pfeffermann Pfeifer Picard Pieroth Pieser Pohlmann Prassler (until 3 November 1975) Rawe Reddemann Riede Ritgen Ritz Rollmann Rommerskirchen Russe Sauer Sauter Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein Schäuble Schetter (from 3 November 1975) Schmidt (from 17 January 1975) Schmitt Schmitz Schmöle Schröder Schröder Schröder Schroeder Schulte Schulz Schwörer Seiters Sick Solke Spies Springorum Sprung Stahlberg (from 1 November 1974) Stark Stavenhagen Stommel Straßmeir Susset Terra Thürk Tillmann Todenhöfer Tübler Unland Vehar Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Volmer Waffenschmidt Wagner (until 8 April 1976) Wallmann Walz Wawrzik Weber Weizsäcker Werner Wex Will-Feld Windelen Wissebach Wohlrabe Wolf Wörner Wrangel Wulff Zeitel Zeyer Zink CSU: Aigner Althammer Becher Biehle Dollinger Engelsberger Franz Fuchs Geisenhofer Gerlach Gierenstein Handlos Höcherl Hösl Jaeger Jobst Kempfler Kiechle Kreile Kunz Lemmrich Lücker Memmel Müller Niegel Probst Rainer Riedl Röhner Roser Schedl Schenk Schleicher Schmidhuber Schneider Schulze-Vorberg Spilker Spranger Starke Strauss Stücklen Wagner Waigel Warnke Wittmann Ziegler Zimmermann Zoglmann FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Achenbach Augstein (until 24 January 1973) Bangemann Baum Böger (from 25 January 1973) Christ Engelhard Ertl Flach (until 25 August 1973) Funcke Gallus Geldner Genscher Graaff (until 9 December 1975) Groß (until 5 July 1974) Grüner Hirsch (until 5 June 1975) Hoffie Hölscher Hoppe Jung Kirst Kleinert Krall Kreibaum (from 15 December 1975) Laermann (from 28 June 1974) Lambsdorff Logemann Lüdemann (from 4 September 1973) Mayhofer Mertes Mischnick Moersch Möllemann Ollesch Opitz Peters (from 13 June 1975) Ronneburger (until 12 June 1975) Scheel (until 27 June 1974) Schleifenbaum (from 5 June 1975) Schmidt Schoeler Schuchardt Spitzmüller Vohrer Wendig Wolfgramm (from 5 July 1974) Wurbs Zywietz OTHERvteIndependent Members: Emeis (from 8 December 1975) Stienen List of members of the 7th Bundestag vte Members of the 8th Bundestag (1976–1980)President: Karl Carstens (CDU) until 31 May 1979; Richard Stücklen (CSU) from 31 May 1979CDU/CSUvteCDU/CSUSpeaker: Helmut Kohl CDU: Abelein Aerssen Alber Amrehn Arnold Bahner (from 12 September 1979) Barzel Bayha Becker Benedix Benz Berger (from 25 October 1977) Berger Berger Besch (from 3 July 1979) Biechele Biedenkopf Bismarck (until 6 September 1979) Blügel (from 20 July 1979) Blüm Blumenfeld Böhm Braun Breidbach Broll Bühler Burger Carstens (until 29 June 1979) Carstens Conrad Czaja Damm Daweke Dregger Dreyer Erhard (until 5 May 1977) Erhard Ernesti Erpenbeck (from 10 September 1979) Evers Ey Eymer Eyrich (until 16 October 1978) Feinendegen Fischer Francke Franke Friedmann Früh Geier Geldern George Gerstein Gerster (from 13 July 1977) Gölter (until 8 July 1977) Gradl Haase Häfele Hammans Hanz Hasinger Hassel Hauser Hauser Helmrich Hennig Heydt Hoffacker Hoffmann Hornhues Horstmeier Hubrig Hupka Hürland Hüsch Jäger Jahn Jahn Jenninger Jentsch Josten Karwatzki Katzer Kiesinger Kittelmann Klein Klepsch Klinker Kohl Köhler Köhler Kolb (from 10 June 1977) Köster Krampe Kraske Krey Kroll-Schlüter Künstler (from 11 September 1980) Kunz Lagershausen Lampersbach Landré Langguth Langner Laufs Leicht (until 24 October 1977) Lenz Lenzer Link Löher Lorenz (until 23 February 1977) Luda Luster Marx Mende Mertes Metz Meyer Mikat Miltner Milz Möller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Hermann Narjes Neuhaus Neumeister Nordlohne (until 4 September 1979) Nothhelfer (until 6 June 1977) Oldenstädt (from 11 September 1979) Pack Petersen Pfeffermann Pfeifer Pfennig (from 24 February 1977) Picard Pieroth Pieser Pinger Pohlmann Prangenberg Rawe Reddemann Reimers Riede (from 9 May 1977) Riesenhuber Ritz Rühe Russe Sauer Sauter Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein Schartz Schäuble Schetter (from 17 October 1978) Schmidt Schmitz Schmöle Schröder Schröder Schröder Schulte Schwarz Schwarz-Schilling Schwörer Seiters Sick Spies Sprung Stahlberg Stark Stavenhagen Stercken Stommel Straßmeir Stutzer Susset Terra Tillmann Todenhöfer Tübler Unland Verhülsdonk Vogel Vogt Volmer Waffenschmidt Wallmann (until 14 June 1977) Walz Wartenberg Wawrzik Weber Weiskirch Weizsäcker Werner Wex Will-Feld Wilms Wimmer Windelen Wisniewski Wissebach (from 15 June 1977) Wissmann Wohlrabe (until 11 September 1979) Wörner Wrangel Wulff Würzbach Zeitel (until 3 September 1980) Zeyer (until 10 July 1979) Zink CSU: Aigner Althammer Becher Biehle Bötsch Dollinger Engelsberger Fuchs Geisenhofer Gerlach Gierenstein Glos Haberl Handlos Hartmann Höffkes Höpfinger Hösl (until 20 March 1977) Huyn Jaeger Jobst Kiechle Klein Kraus Kreile Krone-Appuhn Kunz Lemmrich Lintner Lücker Männle (from 4 October 1979) Müller Niegel Probst Rainer Regenspurger Reichold (from 4 December 1978 until 2 October 1979) Riedl Röhner Rose (from 24 March 1977) Schedl Schenk Schleicher Schmidhuber (until 6 December 1978) Schneider Spilker Spranger Starke Strauss (until 29 November 1978) Stücklen Voigt (from 8 December 1978) Voss Waigel Warnke Wittmann Ziegler Zimmermann SPDvteSPDSpeaker: Herbert Wehner Members: Adams Ahlers (until 7 March 1980) Ahrens Amling Apel Arendt Augstein Baack Bahr Balser (from 14 August 1979) Bardens Batz Bayerl Becker Biermann Bindig Blank (until 23 May 1978) Böhme Bothmer Brandt Brandt Brück Büchler Büchner Buchstaller Bühling Bülow Buschfort Bußmann Collet Conradi Coppik Corterier Curdt Czempiel (from 22 January 1979) Daubertshäuser Däubler-Gmelin Diederich Dohnanyi Dübber Dürr Egert Ehmke Ehrenberg Eickmeyer (from 23 May 1977) Eilers Emmerlich Enders Engholm Erler Esters Ewen FellerMayer Fiebig Fischer Flämig Focke Franke Friedrich Gansel Gerstl Gertzen Geßner Glombig Glotz (until 16 May 1977) Gobrecht Grobecker Grunenberg Gscheidle Haack Haar Haase Haehser Hansen Hartenstein Hauck Hauff Henke Heyenn Hoffmann Hofmann Höhmann (until 19 January 1979) Holtz Horn Huber Huonker Ibrügger Immer Jahn Jaunich Jens Junghans Jungmann Junker Kaffka Kirschner Klein Koblitz (until 13 October 1979) Konrad Kratz Kretkowski Kreutzmann Krockert Kühbacher Kuhlwein Lambinus (from 20 May 1977) Lange Lattmann Lauritzen (until 5 June 1980) Leber Lemp Lenders Lepsius Leuschner (from 9 June 1980) Liedtke Linde Löffler Lutz Mahne Männing Marquardt Marschall Martiny-Glotz Matthöfer Mattick Meinecke Meinike Meininghaus Menzel Möhring Müller Müller Müller Müller Müller-Emmert Müntefering Nagel Nehm (from 13 September 1978) Neumann (from 20 June 1978) Neumann Nöbel Offergeld Oostergetelo Paterna Pawelczyk Peiter Penner Pensky Peter Polkehn Porzner Rapp Rappe Ravens (until 15 June 1978) Renger Reuschenbach Rohde Rosenthal Roth Sander (from 26 May 1978) Saxowski Schachtschabel Schäfer Schäfer Scheffler Scheu (until 20 December 1978) Schinzel (from 5 May 1980) Schirmer Schlaga Schlei Schluckebier Schmidt (from 9 January 1978) Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmidt Schmitt-Vockenhausen (until 2 August 1979) Schmude Schöfberger Schreiber Schulte Schulze Schwabe (until 4 January 1978) Schweitzer (from 11 March 1980) Schwencke Schwenk Seefeld Sieglerschmidt Sieler Simonis Simpfendörfer Sperling Spillecke (until 5 May 1977) Spöri Stahl Staudt (until 11 September 1978) Steger Steinhauer Stöckl Stockleben Sund (until 17 May 1977) Sybertz Thüsing (from 9 May 1977) Timm Tönjes (until 25 April 1980) Topmann Traupe Ueberhorst Urbaniak Vogel Vogelsang Voigt Vosen (from 18 October 1979) Walkhoff (from 31 December 1978) Waltemathe Walther Weber Wehner Weisskirchen Wendt Wernitz Westphal Wiefel Wilhelm Wimmer Wischnewski With Wittmann Wolfram Wrede Würtz Wüster Wuttke Wuwer Zander Zebisch Zeitler FDPvteFDPSpeaker: Wolfgang Mischnick Members: Angermeyer Bangemann Baum Cronenberg Eimer Engelhard Ertl Friderichs (until 8 November 1977) Funcke (until 23 November 1979) Gallus Gärtner Gattermann Genscher Grüner Hamm-Brücher Haussmann Hoffie Hölscher Hoppe Jung Kleinert Laermann Lambsdorff Ludewig Matthäus-Mayer Mayhofer Merker (from 20 April 1978) Mischnick Möllemann Ollesch (until 16 April 1978) Paintner Peters (until 8 April 1979) Schäfer (from 9 November 1977) Schleifenbaum (from 26 November 1979) Schmidt Schoeler Schuchardt Spitzmüller Vohrer Wendig Wolfgramm Wurbs Zumpfort (from 30 April 1979) Zywietz OTHERvteIndependent Members: Gruhl List of members of the 8th Bundestag Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Latvia Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This biography article about a member of the Christian Democratic Union of 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Bundestag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ernst Müller-Hermann (September 30, 1915 – July 19, 1994) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.[1]","title":"Ernst Müller-Hermann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johannes Degener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Degener"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"}],"text":"He became a member of the CDU as early as 1946. From 1946 to 1948, he was state managing director, and from 1968 to 1974 he was state chairman of the Bremen CDU.From 1946 to 1952, Müller-Hermann was a member of the Bremen State Parliament and from 1950 to 1952 Chairman of the CDU parliamentary group.He was a member of the German Bundestag from January 1, 1952, when he succeeded Johannes Degener, until 1980. He was elected to parliament in all electoral periods via the CDU's Bremen national list. From 1957 to 1965 he was Deputy Chairman of the Bundestag Committee on Transport, Post and Telecommunications, and from 1965 to 1969 of the Transport Committee. From 13 June 1967 to 1969 he was Deputy Chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group in the Bundestag and from 1969 to 1976 Chairman of the Economics and Food Working Group of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group.He was a member of the European Parliament from 27 February 1958 to 21 December 1965 and from 19 January 1977 to 1984.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-11-184511-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-184511-1"}],"text":"Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 [Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.","title":"Literature"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Die Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages - 1.-13. Wahlperiode: Alphabetisches Gesamtverzeichnis; Stand: 28. Februar 1998\" [The members of the German Bundestag - 1st - 13th term of office: Alphabetical complete index] (PDF). webarchiv.bundestag.de (in German). Deutscher Bundestag, Wissenschaftliche Dienste des Bundestages (WD 3/ZI 5). 1998-02-28. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://webarchiv.bundestag.de/cgi/show.php?fileToLoad=627&id=12","url_text":"\"Die Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages - 1.-13. Wahlperiode: Alphabetisches Gesamtverzeichnis; Stand: 28. Februar 1998\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Olivas

John D. Olivas

["1 Personal life","2 NASA career","3 Spaceflight experience","3.1 STS-117","3.2 STS-128","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

American engineer and a former NASA astronaut Danny OlivasBornJohn Daniel Olivas (1966-05-25) May 25, 1966 (age 58)Los Angeles, California, U.S.EducationUniversity of Texas, El Paso (BS)University of Houston (MS)Rice University (PhD)Space careerNASA astronautTime in space27d 17h 5mSelectionNASA Group 17 (1998)MissionsSTS-117STS-128Mission insignia Scientific careerFieldsMaterials scienceThesisSurface Study of Process Contamination of Plasma Spray Metal Deposition Process (1996)Doctoral advisorEnrique Barrera John Daniel "Danny" Olivas (born May 25, 1966 in North Hollywood, California) is an American engineer and a former NASA astronaut. Olivas has flown on two space shuttle missions, STS-117 and STS-128. He performed EVAs on both missions, totaling 34hrs 28min. In 2013, Olivas joined the University of Texas at El Paso as Director of the Center for the Advancement of Space Safety and Mission Assurance Research (CASSMAR) and will oversee space initiatives on campus. Personal life Born in North Hollywood, California, raised in El Paso, Texas, received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at El Paso in 1989, a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Houston in 1993 and a doctorate in mechanical engineering and materials science from Rice University in 1996. In 2013 Olivas joined the University of Texas at El Paso as Director of the Center for the Advancement of Space Safety and Mission Assurance Research (CASSMAR) and will oversee space initiatives on campus. In 2019, he appeared as a contestant on Nickelodeon's revival of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?. NASA career NASA selected Olivas as an astronaut candidate in 1998. His astronaut training included orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training and ground school to prepare for T-38 flight training, as well as learning water and wilderness survival techniques. From 1999 to 2002, he was assigned technical responsibilities within the Robotics Branch as lead for the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator Robot and the Mobile Transporter. From 2002 to 2005 he was assigned to the EVA Branch and supported the research effort focused on developing materials, tools and techniques to perform on-orbit shuttle repair. In July 2002, Olivas served as an aquanaut during the NEEMO 3 mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory. In April 2005, he was a crew member on the NEEMO 8 mission. In 2006, Olivas served as lead of the Hardware Integration Section of the Space Station Branch, responsible for ensuring proper configuration and integration of future station modules and visiting vehicles. Spaceflight experience John D. Olivas checking equipment during crew equipment interface test for STS-117 STS-117 STS-117 Atlantis (June 8–22, 2007) was the 118th Shuttle mission and the 21st mission to visit the International Space Station, delivering the second starboard truss segment, the third set of U.S. solar arrays, batteries and associated equipment. The mission also entailed the first ever on-orbit EVA repair to the Space Shuttle, Atlantis. During two spacewalks, Olivas accumulated 14 hours and 13 mins of EVA experience. The mission also delivered and returned with an ISS expedition crew member. STS-117 returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California, having traveled more than 5.8 million miles in 13 days, 20 hours and 20 minutes. STS-128 Olivas served as a mission specialist on space shuttle Discovery on the STS-128 mission, which launched on August 28, 2009. Discovery carried the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module filled with science and storage racks to the ISS. The mission included three spacewalks to remove and replace a materials processing experiment outside ESA's Columbus module and return an empty ammonia tank assembly. See also List of Hispanic astronauts References  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. ^ Johnson Space Station Center, Lyndon B. "Astronaut Bio: John D. Olivas". Astronaut Bio. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 19 May 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2010. ^ a b UTEP News (August 13, 2013). "Danny Olivas, UTEP Unite to Advance Space Research". UTEP News. University of Texas at El Paso. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-13. ^ Fonce-Olivas, Tammy (2 October 2006). "El Paso astronaut, Burges grad to fly school flags in space". El Paso Times. Gannett. Retrieved 28 April 2021. ^ Boyd, Jake (June 8, 2007). "Olivas takes Rice tradition into orbit aboard Shuttle Atlantis". Rice New: Headlines. Rice University. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved 2007-06-09. ^ NASA (April 21, 2011). "Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment". NASA. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-22. ^ NASA (April 21, 2011). "Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment". NASA. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-22. ^ "JOHN D. OLIVAS (Ph.D., P.E.) "DANNY", NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)" (PDF). NASA. June 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2021. ^ "NASA Assigns Crew for Equipment Delivery Mission to Space Station". 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2010-03-02. External links NASA biography Spacefacts biography of John Olivas Website special section on Olivas with stories, videos, slideshows and more on kfoxtv.com vteNASA Astronaut Group 17, "The Penguins", 1998 NASA Astronaut Group 16 ← NASA Astronaut Group 17 → NASA Astronaut Group 18Pilots Lee Archambault Christopher Ferguson Kenneth Ham Gregory C. Johnson Gregory H. Johnson William Oefelein Alan G. Poindexter George D. Zamka Mission specialists Clayton Anderson Tracy Caldwell Dyson Gregory Chamitoff Timothy Creamer Michael Foreman Michael E. Fossum Stanley G. Love Leland D. Melvin Barbara Morgan John D. Olivas Nicholas Patrick Garrett Reisman Patricia Robertson Steven Swanson Douglas H. Wheelock Sunita Williams Neil Woodward Internationalmission specialists Léopold Eyharts (France) Paolo Nespoli (Italy) Marcos Pontes (Brazil) Hans Schlegel (Germany) Robert Thirsk (Canada) Bjarni Tryggvason (Canada) Roberto Vittori (Italy) vte NASA Astronaut Groups NASA Astronaut Corps Groups 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Related List of astronauts by year of selection Astronaut ranks and positions List of United States Marine Corps astronauts List of United States Space Force astronauts vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Hollywood, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"astronaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronaut"},{"link_name":"STS-117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-117"},{"link_name":"STS-128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-128"},{"link_name":"EVAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JoinsUTEP-2"}],"text":"John Daniel \"Danny\" Olivas (born May 25, 1966 in North Hollywood, California)[1] is an American engineer and a former NASA astronaut. Olivas has flown on two space shuttle missions, STS-117 and STS-128. He performed EVAs on both missions, totaling 34hrs 28min.In 2013, Olivas joined the University of Texas at El Paso as Director of the Center for the Advancement of Space Safety and Mission Assurance Research (CASSMAR) and will oversee space initiatives on campus.[2]","title":"John D. Olivas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elpasotimes2006-3"},{"link_name":"Master of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Houston"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"materials science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RiceNews2007-4"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at El Paso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JoinsUTEP-2"},{"link_name":"Nickelodeon's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon"},{"link_name":"Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Are_You_Smarter_than_a_5th_Grader%3F_(American_game_show)"}],"text":"Born in North Hollywood, California, raised in El Paso, Texas, received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at El Paso in 1989,[3] a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Houston in 1993 and a doctorate in mechanical engineering and materials science from Rice University in 1996.[4] In 2013 Olivas joined the University of Texas at El Paso as Director of the Center for the Advancement of Space Safety and Mission Assurance Research (CASSMAR) and will oversee space initiatives on campus.[2] In 2019, he appeared as a contestant on Nickelodeon's revival of Are You Smarter than a 5th Grader?.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T-38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_T-38_Talon"},{"link_name":"aquanaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquanaut"},{"link_name":"NEEMO 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEEMO#NEEMO_3:_July_15%E2%80%9321,_2002"},{"link_name":"Aquarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarius_(laboratory)"},{"link_name":"underwater laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_habitat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-three-5"},{"link_name":"NEEMO 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEEMO#NEEMO_8:_April_20%E2%80%9322,_2005"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eight-6"}],"text":"NASA selected Olivas as an astronaut candidate in 1998. His astronaut training included orientation briefings and tours, numerous scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training and ground school to prepare for T-38 flight training, as well as learning water and wilderness survival techniques. From 1999 to 2002, he was assigned technical responsibilities within the Robotics Branch as lead for the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator Robot and the Mobile Transporter. From 2002 to 2005 he was assigned to the EVA Branch and supported the research effort focused on developing materials, tools and techniques to perform on-orbit shuttle repair. In July 2002, Olivas served as an aquanaut during the NEEMO 3 mission aboard the Aquarius underwater laboratory.[5] In April 2005, he was a crew member on the NEEMO 8 mission.[6] In 2006, Olivas served as lead of the Hardware Integration Section of the Space Station Branch, responsible for ensuring proper configuration and integration of future station modules and visiting vehicles.","title":"NASA career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Olivas_checking_equipment.jpg"}],"text":"John D. Olivas checking equipment during crew equipment interface test for STS-117","title":"Spaceflight experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"STS-117","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-117"},{"link_name":"Atlantis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Atlantis"},{"link_name":"International Space Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station"},{"link_name":"Edwards Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"STS-117","text":"STS-117 Atlantis (June 8–22, 2007) was the 118th Shuttle mission and the 21st mission to visit the International Space Station, delivering the second starboard truss segment, the third set of U.S. solar arrays, batteries and associated equipment. The mission also entailed the first ever on-orbit EVA repair to the Space Shuttle, Atlantis. During two spacewalks, Olivas accumulated 14 hours and 13 mins of EVA experience. The mission also delivered and returned with an ISS expedition crew member. STS-117 returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California, having traveled more than 5.8 million miles in 13 days, 20 hours and 20 minutes.[7]","title":"Spaceflight experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery"},{"link_name":"STS-128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-128"},{"link_name":"Multi-Purpose Logistics Module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-Purpose_Logistics_Module"},{"link_name":"ESA's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus_(ISS_module)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-STS128-8"}],"sub_title":"STS-128","text":"Olivas served as a mission specialist on space shuttle Discovery on the STS-128 mission, which launched on August 28, 2009. Discovery carried the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module filled with science and storage racks to the ISS. The mission included three spacewalks to remove and replace a materials processing experiment outside ESA's Columbus module and return an empty ammonia tank assembly.[8]","title":"Spaceflight experience"}]

[{"image_text":"John D. Olivas checking equipment during crew equipment interface test for STS-117","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Olivas_checking_equipment.jpg/220px-Olivas_checking_equipment.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of Hispanic astronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_astronauts"}]

[{"reference":"Johnson Space Station Center, Lyndon B. \"Astronaut Bio: John D. Olivas\". Astronaut Bio. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 19 May 2000. Retrieved 1 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000519181041/http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/olivas.html","url_text":"\"Astronaut Bio: John D. Olivas\""},{"url":"http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/olivas.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"UTEP News (August 13, 2013). \"Danny Olivas, UTEP Unite to Advance Space Research\". UTEP News. University of Texas at El Paso. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130813172605/http://newsuc.utep.edu/1106-danny-olivas-utep-unite-to-advance-space-research","url_text":"\"Danny Olivas, UTEP Unite to Advance Space Research\""},{"url":"http://newsuc.utep.edu/1106-danny-olivas-utep-unite-to-advance-space-research","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fonce-Olivas, Tammy (2 October 2006). \"El Paso astronaut, Burges grad to fly school flags in space\". El Paso Times. Gannett. Retrieved 28 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/archives/2019/07/16/astronaut-burges-grad-fly-school-flags-space-utep-bonham-elementary/1746304001/","url_text":"\"El Paso astronaut, Burges grad to fly school flags in space\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_Times","url_text":"El Paso Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gannett","url_text":"Gannett"}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Jake (June 8, 2007). \"Olivas takes Rice tradition into orbit aboard Shuttle Atlantis\". Rice New: Headlines. Rice University. Archived from the original on September 2, 2009. Retrieved 2007-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090902162512/http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=9672&SnID=818263608","url_text":"\"Olivas takes Rice tradition into orbit aboard Shuttle Atlantis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University","url_text":"Rice University"},{"url":"http://www.media.rice.edu/media/NewsBot.asp?MODE=VIEW&ID=9672&SnID=818263608","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NASA (April 21, 2011). \"Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment\". NASA. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111024024749/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=212","url_text":"\"Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment\""},{"url":"http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=212","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"NASA (April 21, 2011). \"Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment\". NASA. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120322172127/http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=244","url_text":"\"Life Sciences Data Archive : Experiment\""},{"url":"http://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.cfm?mis_index=244","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"JOHN D. OLIVAS (Ph.D., P.E.) \"DANNY\", NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\" (PDF). NASA. June 2010. Retrieved April 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/olivas_john.pdf","url_text":"\"JOHN D. OLIVAS (Ph.D., P.E.) \"DANNY\", NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASA Assigns Crew for Equipment Delivery Mission to Space Station\". 2008-07-16. Retrieved 2010-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2008/jul/HQ_08176_STS-128_cew_announcement.html","url_text":"\"NASA Assigns Crew for Equipment Delivery Mission to Space Station\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_European_Affairs

Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs

["1 Organization","2 References","3 External links"]

U.S. State Department division Bureau of European and Eurasian AffairsSeal of the United States Department of StateBureau overviewFormed1983; 41 years ago (1983)Preceding bureauBureau of European AffairsJurisdictionExecutive branch of the United StatesHeadquartersHarry S. Truman Building, Washington, D.C., United StatesEmployees11,906 (as of 2011)Annual budget$604 million (FY 2010)Bureau executiveJames C. O'Brien, Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian AffairsParent departmentU.S. Department of StateWebsiteOfficial website In the United States Government, the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR) is part of the United States Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in Europe and Eurasia (which it defines as being Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, the Caucasus Region, and Russia), as well as advising the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs. It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs. From 1949 to 1983, European affairs were within the purview of the Bureau of European Affairs. Organization The offices of the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues. Organizational chart for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs as of 2014 Front Office Joint Executive Office – Oversees the bureau's human resources; shared with the Bureau of International Organization Affairs Office of the Coordinator for U.S. Assistance to Europe and Eurasia – Coordinates policy regarding the European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Parliament, and the Council of Europe Office of the Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues Office of European Union and Regional Affairs Office of Caucasus Affairs and Regional Conflicts – Responsible for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, and supports the U.S. Co-Chair of the OSCE Minsk Group Office of Central European Affairs – Responsible for Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland Office of Nordic and Baltic Affairs – Responsible for Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden Office of Policy and Global Issues – Responsible for policy formulation and substantive expertise about global issues within the EUR region; strategic planning; and Congressional relations Office of Press and Policy Outreach – Coordinates media engagement and public outreach, and prepares press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs Office of Public Diplomacy – Coordinates public diplomacy strategies at U.S. posts in the EUR region Office of Policy and Regional Affairs – Coordinates policy on nonproliferation and security issues, nuclear and strategic issues, missile defense, arms control, security assistance, sanctions, Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) policy and implementation, and international space cooperation Office of Regional Security and Political Military Affairs – Coordinates policy on U.S. security interests, as well as policy regarding NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and European contributions to multinational military operations Office of Russian Affairs – Responsible for Russia. Formerly the Office of Soviet Union Affairs - Responsible for the Soviet Union Office of South Central European Affairs – Responsible for Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia Office of Southern European Affairs – Responsible for Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey Office of Eastern European Affairs – Responsible for Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine Office of Western European Affairs – Responsible for Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, the Holy See/Vatican City, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain and the United Kingdom References ^ a b "Inspection of the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs" (PDF). Inspector General of the Department of State. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 8, 2016. Retrieved April 2, 2016. ^ "State Department Student Internship Brochure" (PDF). U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Human Resources. September 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2015. ^ "1 FAM 140 Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR)". Foreign Affairs Manual. U.S. Department of State. September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2020. External links Official website vteUnited States Department of State Headquarters: Harry S Truman Building Antony Blinken, Secretary of State Kurt M. Campbell, Deputy Secretary of State Richard R. Verma, Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources John R. Bass, Acting Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs Deputy Secretary of State andDeputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources Office of Foreign Assistance Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization Office of the U.S. Coordinator for the Arctic Region Under Secretary forPolitical Affairs Bureau of African Affairs Bureau of Counterterrorism Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Bureau of International Organization Affairs (United States Mission to the United Nations) Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs Bureau of Energy Resources Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Office of the Chief Economist Office of Global Food Security Office of Global Partnerships Office of the Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation Bureau of Political-Military Affairs International Security Advisory Board Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs Bureau of Global Public Affairs Global Engagement Center International Expositions Unit Office of Global Youth Issues Office of Policy, Planning, and Resources for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy Under Secretary for Management Bureau of Administration Bureau of Budget and Planning Bureau of Consular Affairs Bureau of Diplomatic Security Bureau of Global Talent Management Bureau of Information Resource Management Bureau of Medical Services Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services Foreign Service Institute (Office of the Historian) Office of Foreign Missions Director of Diplomatic Reception Rooms Office of Management Strategy and Solutions Office of White House Liaison Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration Office of Global Criminal Justice Office of International Religious Freedom Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons Bureaus/Offices reporting directly to the Secretary Chief of Staff Office of the Counselor Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy Bureau of Intelligence and Research Bureau of Legislative Affairs Executive Secretariat (Operations Center) Policy Planning Staff (Foreign Affairs Policy Board) Office of Civil Rights Office of Diversity and Inclusion Office of Global Women's Issues Office of Inspector General Office of the Chief of Protocol Office of the Legal Adviser Office of the Ombudsman Office of the Secretary's Special Representative for Syria Engagement Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate Office of the Special Representative for Venezuela Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment Iran Action Group Foreign Service Grievance Board Secretary's Open Forum vte France–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of France, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of France to the United States French ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, Paris Ambassadors of the United States to France Hôtel de Pontalba French Consulate General, Atlanta French Consulate General, Miami French Consulate General, New York City French Consulate General, San Francisco Permanent Mission of France to the United Nations Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Diplomacy Louisiana Purchase Mellon–Berenger Agreement Treaty of Guarantee Conference of Ambassadors Blum–Byrnes agreement Washington Naval Treaty Anglo-French Financial Commission United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Liberty Enlightening the World statue of Liberty Museum Safari Club Guadeloupe Conference Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Conflicts Quasi-War Convention of 1800 Incidents Little v. Barreme Embargo Act of 1807 The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon Blackmer v. United States Valentine v. United States Chicken tax Michael Mastro French Guantanamo Bay detainees Military relations American Revolutionary War France's role Treaty of Alliance (1778) Treaty of Amity and Commerce Franco-American alliance Roderigue Hortalez and Company France and the American Civil War United States Zouave Cadets Supreme War Council Liberation of France Rape during the liberation of France Allied Control Council Four-Power Authorities Four Power Naval Commission Alliance Base CIA activities in France United States Air Force in France Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Bulo Marer hostage rescue attempt Related Anti-French sentiment in the United States Cheese-eating surrender monkeys Freedom fries French language in the United States United States and the Haitian Revolution France–Republic of Texas relations French Legation Texas Legation Alliance Française de Chicago American Committee for Devastated France American Friends Musée d'Orsay April in Paris Ball CFM International Committee of American Students of the School of Beaux-Arts, Paris French-American Foundation La French Touch Conference Friendship Train Merci Train MICEFA Democracy in America 112 Gripes About the French Deauville American Film Festival Sacramento French Film Festival Place des États-Unis Prix Blumenthal Florence Meyer Blumenthal Apollo Cable System Honotua TAT-4 TAT-6 TAT-8 TAT-11 TAT-12/13 Category:France–United States relations vte Russia–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Russia, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Russia to the United States Russian ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, Moscow Ambassadors of the United States to Russia Spaso House Consulate-General of Russia, Houston Consulate-General of Russia, New York City John Henry Hammond House Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco Elmcroft Estate Lothrop Mansion Pioneer Point Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations Killenworth Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Diplomacy Operation Provide Hope 1998 Moscow Summit 2001 Slovenia Summit 2005 Slovakia Summit 5+2 format Russian reset Obama–Medvedev Commission Syrian civil war U.S.–Russia peace proposals Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons 2017 St. Petersburg raid 2018 Helsinki summit 2021 Geneva summit Arctic Council Arctic Ocean Conference Ilulissat Declaration Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission The U.S. Russia Investment Fund U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs Moscow–Washington hotline Shuttle–Mir program Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action Exercise RIMPAC International Space Station Incidents Kildin Island submarine incident Kola Peninsula submarine incident Norwegian rocket incident Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries Pristina airport incident Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees RM Broadcasting Illegals Program Stephen Holmes European Deterrence Initiative Operation Atlantic Resolve Russian interference in United States elections 2016 Links between Trump associates and Russian officials Steele dossier Maria Butina 2018 2020 Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information Havana syndrome Zersetzung Battle of Khasham Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal Arrest of Trevor Reed Russian bounty program Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange Black Sea drone incident Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War 2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks Lady R incident Legislation Jackson–Vanik amendment Russian foreign agent law Magnitsky Act Dima Yakovlev Law Guantanamo List Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 Russian undesirable organizations law Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act Task Force KleptoCapture Executive Order 14071 Treaties START II START III Mutual detargeting Megatons to Megawatts Program Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty New START Related Russian Empire–United States relations Soviet Union–United States relations NATO–Russia relations Anti-American sentiment in Russia Bush legs Center on Global Interests Congress of Russian Americans Anglo-American School of Moscow United States military and prostitution in South Korea Russian Mission School in New York Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. Russian Cultural Center International Launch Services U.S. Russia Foundation U.S.–Russia Business Council Stanford US–Russia Forum Space Flight Europe-America 500 Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition Territorial claims in the Arctic United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine New Great Game Second Cold War Not One Inch Category vte Turkey–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Turkey, Washington D.C. Ambassadors of Turkey to the United States Ambassadors of the United States to Turkey Consulate General of the United States, Istanbul Permanent Mission of Turkey to the United Nations Turkish House Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Diplomacy Chester concession Second Cairo Conference Truman Doctrine Zurich Protocols Incidents Gourgen Yanikian Assassination of Orhan Gündüz TCG Muavenet (DM 357) Hood event 2008 United States consulate in Istanbul attack 2013 United States embassy bombing in Ankara Andrew Brunson Clashes at the Turkish Ambassador's Residence in Washington, D.C. Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi 2023 Turkish drone shootdown FBI investigation into Eric Adams' 2021 mayoral campaign Turkish Guantanamo Bay detainees United States recognition of the Armenian genocide Military relations CIA activities in Turkey Counter-Guerrilla Nomad Shadow Task Force Viking Denizköy VLF transmitter Incirlik Air Base Izmir Air Station Kisecik Radar Station Kürecik Radar Station Pirinçlik Air Base Office of Defense Cooperation Turkey Related Ottoman Empire–United States relations 2010 FIBA World Championship final Turkish lobby in the United States American Hellenic Institute American Turkish Society American-Turkish Council Congressional Caucus on Turkey and Turkish Americans Federation of Turkish American Associations Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research Turkish American Cultural Alliance Turkish Coalition of America Turkish Women's League of America U.S.-Turkey Business Council American Turkish Friendship Association Assembly of Turkish American Associations Hollings Center Robert College Christopher Robert Billy Hayes Midnight Express Category:Turkey–United States relations vte Ukraine–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of Ukraine, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Ukraine to the United States Forrest-Marbury House Embassy of the United States, Kyiv Ambassadors of the United States to Ukraine Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Diplomacy 5+2 format European Deterrence Initiative Operation Atlantic Resolve California–Ukraine National Guard Partnership Hollywood Trident Foundation Congressional Ukrainian Caucus Senate Ukraine Caucus Ukrainian Congress Committee of America 2022 visit by Volodymyr Zelenskyy to the United States 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine Incidents Chicken Kiev speech Trump–Ukraine scandal‎ Conspiracy theories Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump 2022 Spain letter bomb attacks Legislation Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014 Ukraine Support Act United States International Programming to Ukraine and Neighboring Regions Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014 Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022 Related Holodomor Genocide Memorial United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative 2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks Lady R incident Impeachment inquiry into Joe Biden Category vte United Kingdom–United States relations Diplomatic posts Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the United States British Ambassador's residence Embassy of the United States, London Macdonald House, London Ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom Winfield House British Consulate-General, Boston Consulate of the United States, Liverpool Northern Ireland Bureau United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland Texas Legation Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs Diplomacy Treaty of Paris (1783) Jay Treaty Monroe–Pinkney Treaty Treaty of Ghent Rush–Bagot Treaty Treaty of 1818 Webster–Ashburton Treaty Oregon Treaty Clayton–Bulwer Treaty Lyons–Seward Treaty of 1862 Shanghai International Settlement Treaty of Washington (1871) Halifax Fisheries Commission Treaty of Berlin (1889) Bering Sea Arbitration Great Rapprochement Olney–Pauncefote Treaty Tripartite Convention Hay–Pauncefote Treaty Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 Anglo-French Financial Commission Migratory Bird Treaty Balfour Mission Conference of Ambassadors Washington Naval Conference Four-Power Treaty Washington Naval Treaty Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) Destroyers-for-bases deal U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter Arcadia Conference Second Washington Conference Bermuda Conference Washington Conference (1943) First Quebec Conference Quebec Agreement Moscow Declarations Anglo-American Petroleum Agreement Second Quebec Conference Malta Conference (1945) Moscow Conference (1945) Bermuda Agreement Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry Anglo-American loan US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement United Nations Security Council Resolution 135 Nassau Agreement Polaris Sales Agreement Bermuda II Agreement Guadeloupe Conference 1993 United Kingdom–United States Maritime Boundary Treaties UK–US extradition treaty of 2003 Extradition Act 2003 Agreement Concerning the Shipwrecked Vessel RMS Titanic Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action New Atlantic Charter British-American Parliamentary Group Friends of Wales Caucus Conflicts American Revolution United States Declaration of Independence American Revolutionary War War of 1812 Origins Chesapeake–Leopard affair United States declaration of war upon the United Kingdom Aroostook War Pig War (1859) Incidents Embargo Act of 1807 Arbuthnot and Ambrister incident Caroline affair Oregon boundary dispute Hermosa Creole case Paulet affair Mosquito Coast Bombardment of Greytown Passenger Cases Trent Affair Chesapeake Affair Ellen Southard Alabama Claims Murchison letter Venezuelan crisis of 1895 Alaska boundary dispute Hindu–German Conspiracy Impact Pan Am Flight 103 Scottish Court in the Netherlands Trial JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd. British Guantanamo Bay detainees Dixie Chicks controversy 190th Fighter Squadron, Blues and Royals friendly fire incident Detention of U.S. and UK diplomats in Zimbabwe Release of Abdelbaset al-Megrahi Julian Assange Death of Linda Norgrove FTC v. Balls of Kryptonite The United States of America v Nolan Steele dossier Christopher Steele Trump Tower wiretapping allegations Death of Harry Dunn Military relations 2024 missile strikes in Yemen AUKUS British Defence Staff – US CIA activities in the United Kingdom Diego Garcia Expulsion of the Chagossians Five Eyes ECHELON UKUSA Agreement International Maritime Security Construct Iraq War Bush–Blair 2003 Iraq memo Montreal Laboratory Operation Sky Shield Operation Vigilant Warrior Project E Project Emily RAF Ascension Island RNAD Coulport Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Strategic Air Command in the United Kingdom Tizard Mission Trident RNAD Coulport United States Naval Facility, Barbados War Plan Red World War I Supreme War Council World War II European theatre Diplomatic history of World War II United Kingdom–United States relations in World War II Allied technological cooperation during World War II Arnold Scheme British Security Co-ordination Alexander Halpern British contribution to the Manhattan Project British hydrogen bomb programme British nuclear testing in the United States British Purchasing Commission Combined Food Board Combined Munitions Assignments Board Combined Production and Resources Board Combined Raw Materials Board Combined Shipping Adjustment Board Eagle Squadrons Europe first Four-Power Authorities Four Power Naval Commission Operation Bolero Tripartite Naval Commission Related Special Relationship Resolute desk United Kingdom and the American Civil War Cotton diplomacy United States v England (1950 FIFA World Cup) American studies in the United Kingdom Bermuda–United States relations Cayman Islands–United States relations British Invasion Second British Invasion Fountain of Time The Ghost Shirt North Atlantic triangle USA House American Ambulance Great Britain The Atlantic Bridge British-American Project British International School of Boston British War Relief Society Cambridge–MIT Institute Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress) Marshall Aid Commemoration Commission Marshall Scholarship Mont Tremblant Conference Royal Oak Foundation UK Fulbright Commission AC-2 Apollo (cable system) PTAT-1 TAT-3 TAT-7 TAT-8 TAT-11 TAT-12/13 TGN Atlantic Ariel programme Ariel 1 Ariel 2 Yo, Blair Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations 18th-century American piracy of British literature Albion's Seed The Evil Empire: 101 Ways That England Ruined the World Drunk Enough to Say I Love You? Letter from America President Trump – The Piers Morgan Interview Category:United Kingdom–United States relations Authority control databases: National United States

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It is headed by the Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs.From 1949 to 1983, European affairs were within the purview of the Bureau of European Affairs.","title":"Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"consular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consular_assistance"},{"link_name":"public diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brochure-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAM-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EUR_chart.png"},{"link_name":"human resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resources"},{"link_name":"Bureau of International Organization Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_International_Organization_Affairs"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"European Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Council"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"Office of the Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Special_Envoy_on_Holocaust_Issues"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"OSCE Minsk Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Congressional relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Department Spokesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokesperson_for_the_United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Public Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Public_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Cooperative Threat Reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_Threat_Reduction"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Bosnia-Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montenegro"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"The offices of the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs direct, coordinate, and supervise U.S. government activities within the region, including political, economic, consular, public diplomacy, and administrative management issues.[2][3]Organizational chart for the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs as of 2014Front Office\nJoint Executive Office – Oversees the bureau's human resources; shared with the Bureau of International Organization Affairs\nOffice of the Coordinator for U.S. Assistance to Europe and Eurasia – Coordinates policy regarding the European Union, the European Commission, the European Council, the European Parliament, and the Council of Europe\nOffice of the Special Envoy for Holocaust Issues\nOffice of European Union and Regional Affairs\nOffice of Caucasus Affairs and Regional Conflicts – Responsible for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, and supports the U.S. Co-Chair of the OSCE Minsk Group\nOffice of Central European Affairs – Responsible for Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland\nOffice of Nordic and Baltic Affairs – Responsible for Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden\nOffice of Policy and Global Issues – Responsible for policy formulation and substantive expertise about global issues within the EUR region; strategic planning; and Congressional relations\nOffice of Press and Policy Outreach – Coordinates media engagement and public outreach, and prepares press guidance for the Department Spokesperson in the Bureau of Public Affairs\nOffice of Public Diplomacy – Coordinates public diplomacy strategies at U.S. posts in the EUR region\nOffice of Policy and Regional Affairs – Coordinates policy on nonproliferation and security issues, nuclear and strategic issues, missile defense, arms control, security assistance, sanctions, Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) policy and implementation, and international space cooperation\nOffice of Regional Security and Political Military Affairs – Coordinates policy on U.S. security interests, as well as policy regarding NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and European contributions to multinational military operations\nOffice of Russian Affairs – Responsible for Russia. Formerly the Office of Soviet Union Affairs - Responsible for the Soviet Union\nOffice of South Central European Affairs – Responsible for Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia\nOffice of Southern European Affairs – Responsible for Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey\nOffice of Eastern European Affairs – Responsible for Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine\nOffice of Western European Affairs – Responsible for Andorra, Belgium, France, Germany, the Holy See/Vatican City, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Spain and the United Kingdom","title":"Organization"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_(musical)

Jubilee (musical)

["1 History","2 Synopsis","2.1 Act I","2.2 Act II","3 Song list","4 Original production","5 Reception","6 Later productions","7 Recordings","8 References","9 External links"]

1935 musical comedy with a book by Moss Hart and music and lyrics by Cole Porter JubileeOriginal Broadway PosterMusicCole PorterLyricsCole PorterBookMoss HartProductions1935 Broadway 1998 Carnegie Hall concert Jubilee is a musical comedy with a book by Moss Hart and music and lyrics by Cole Porter. It premiered on Broadway in 1935 to rapturous reviews. Inspired by the recent Silver Jubilee of George V of Great Britain, the story is of the royal family of a fictional European country. Several of its songs, especially "Begin the Beguine" and "Just One of Those Things", became independently popular and have become part of the American Songbook. The musical opened on Broadway in October 1935, in the midst of the Great Depression. It had strong reviews and was considered "one of the great theatrical events of the 1930s." It ran for 169 performances. Although the original arrangements were lost after 1948, beginning in 1986 the musical was reconstructed. It has been produced by several companies in New York, London and elsewhere. History Cole Porter and Moss Hart took a four-and-a-half month "around the world" luxury cruise on the Franconia, with their families, friends, and assistants accompanying them. Their intention was to write a new musical on the trip, and songs and scenes were inspired by their ports of call. For example, the song "The Kling-Kling Bird on the Divi-Divi Tree" came about after a trip through a botanical garden in Jamaica. Playing off the recent celebrations in Britain for the Silver Jubilee of George V, they created a plot about a royal family, filled with characters based on their famous friends. For example, the swimmer who becomes an actor is a spoof of Johnny Weissmuller, playwright Noël Coward is portrayed as Eric Dare, and the party hostess Elsa Maxwell is portrayed as Eva Standing. Synopsis Time: 1935 Place: In and Around London, England and Rockwell-On-Sea Act I When the curtain rises a ball is being hosted at the Royal Palace by the Royal Family ("Our Crown"). The King (Henry) and the Queen (Katherine) are sitting in the throne room, ignoring the guests, as the Prime Minister attempts to convince them to come to the Ball. The Queen is reading a movie magazine and suggests that the picture "Mowgli and the White Goddess", which features swimmer Charles Rausmiller as the scantily-clad Mowgli, be shown at the Jubilee. The King then suggests that he could perform his string trick and Prince James and the Princess (Diana) come in with their own requests. Prince James would like to have American Dancer Karen O'Kane come to the Jubilee, and the Princess would like songwriter/actor/playwright Eric Dare to receive Jubilee honors. The Prime Minister denies their requests and the Royal Family is finally summoned to the ball after the guests begin to steal ashtrays, and the tassels off the curtain. Meanwhile, the young Prince Peter and his cousin Prince Rudolph scheme to be able to visit Radio City Music Hall so while the Cabinet is meeting, they throw a rock through the window, with a message attached to it. It reads: "If the Royal Family is not out of the Palace by midnight, we will come and take them out. This is our first and last warning". The Prime Minister alerts the Royal Family that they will be evacuated to the dreary Feathermore Castle, but they decide "to Hell with Feathermore!" and that they will do something they've always wanted to do ("We're off to Feathermore"). The Princess decides to visit Eric Dare ("Why Shouldn't I?") who is currently being greeted by a crowd of admirers ("Entrance of Eric") after returning from exotic travels ("The Kling-Kling Bird on the Top of the Divi-Divi Tree"). The Princess requests an autograph from Eric, who becomes intrigued with Diana after she proves herself more thoughtful than the rest of his crowd of admirers ("When Love Comes Your Way"). Meanwhile in a Municipal Park ("What a Nice Municipal Park"), the King is practicing his string trick, which is seen by socialite and party planner Eva Standing, who drags him off to be an attraction at her next party. The Queen, with the help of a man dressed as an ape, finds the theater where "Mowgli and the White Goddess" is playing ("When Me Mowgli Love") and meets Charles Rausmiller at the stage door, asking him to help her with her breaststroke, to which he agrees ("Gather Ye Autographs While Ye May"). At the Cafe Martinque, ("My Loulou"), Prince James is watching Karen O'Kane perform ("Begin the Beguine"). He meets her and together they win a cash prize for the best-danced Beguine. Meanwhile, the King has been staying at Eva's place preparing his party trick, while Eva attends to her schedule of social appearances ("Good Morning Miss Standing/My Most Intimate Friend"). The prime minister has been searching with all the means at his disposal for the Royal Family, but has had no luck. He just misses the King and Queen at the pool where Mowgli and the Queen have been doing their swimming lessons. The King believes that they are now running a risk of being caught, as he was photographed outside a news office. Meanwhile, Karen and Prince James have been comfortably living with each other for the past few days ("A Picture of Me Without You"). At a grand, Greek-themed party thrown by Eva (Ev'rybod-ee Who's Anybod-ee"), the Royal Family meet again. Two classical dances are performed, one of them featuring Karen ("The Judgment of Paris" and "Aphrodite's Dance"). News breaks out that the Royal Family is missing, and to calm the crowd Eva says that the Royal Family is in this very room and there is no need to worry ("Swing that Swing"). The Prime Minister demands the Royal Family step forward; they do, and they are dragged off to Feathermore, "that very nasty castle in the North" ("Finale Act One"). Act II It is a rainy Sunday morning at Feathermore ("Sunday Morning Breakfast Time"). The Royal Family has invited all of their friends from the past week to the Castle, as they couldn't stand the dull routine practiced at Feathermore. When their friends arrive, they decide to abdicate the throne and run off to Rockwell-on-Sea before going to America ("Mr. and Mrs. Smith"). At Rockwell-on-Sea ("Six Little Wives"), both the Queen and the Princess win "Miss Rockwell 1935." The Prime Minister comes to them, dragging along Prince Peter and Prince Rudolph, revealing that there was no threat; they will return to the Palace for the Jubilee. Everyone bids their friends goodbye ("A Picture of Me Without You" (Reprise)). The King and Queen cheer up by listening to a favorite old song of theirs ("Me and Marie") before being arrested for bathing nude. As the prison burnt down, they are put in lion cages. With James' help, they knock out the zookeeper with a version of the King's string trick and escape. Meanwhile, Eric Dare and the Princess tearfully say goodbye ("When Love Comes Your Way" (Reprise)), and Karen and Prince James share their last dance ("It Was Just One of Those Things"). At the Jubilee, Eric, Karen, Eva, and Charles are awarded Jubilee honors and the two young Princes are allowed to go to Radio City ("Our Crown" (Reprise)). The King attempts to perform his string trick, but resorts to singing "Me and Marie" instead, as the curtain falls on the joyful scene ("Finale Ultimo"). Song list Act I Our Crown - Company We're Off to Feathermore - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana We're Off to Feathermore (Reprise) - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana Why Shouldn't I - Princess Diana Entrance of Eric (Gone Are The Days That Breed Despair) - Eric Dare, Satellites The Kling-Kling Bird on the Divi-Divi Tree - Eric Dare, Satellites The Kling-Kling Bird on the Divi-Divi Tree (Reprise) - Eric Dare, Satellites When Love Comes Your Way - Eric Dare, Princess Diana When Love Comes Your Way (Reprise) - Eric Dare What a Nice Municipal Park - Company "Mowgli and the White Goddess" - Charles Rausmiller When Me, Mowgli, Love - Charles Rausmiller Gather Ye Autographs While Ye May - Satellites My Loulou - Company Begin the Beguine - Karen O'Kane Beguine Dance - Karen O'Kane, Prince James Good Morning, Miss Standing - Eva Standing and Secretaries My Most Intimate Friend - Eva Standing There's Nothing Like Swimming - Queen, Swimmers A Picture of Me Without You - Karen O'Kane, Prince James Ev'rybod-ee Who's Anybod-ee - Company The Judgement of Paris - Ambrosine de Groot Aphrodite's Dance - Karen O'Kane, Dancers Swing That Swing - Eva Standing, Company Finale Act I ("Feathermore" Reprise) - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana, Prime Minister, Company Act II Sunday Morning Breakfast Time - Footmen Mr. and Mrs. Smith - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana, Eva Standing, Eric Dare, Karen O'Kane, Charles Rausmiller Six Little Wives - Six Little Wives A Picture of Me Without You (Reprise) - King, Queen, Eva Standing, Charles Rausmiller Me and Marie - King, Queen, Company When Love Comes Your Way (Reprise) - Princess Diana It Was Just One of Those Things - Karen O'Kane, Prince James Our Crown (Reprise) - Company Finale Ultimo: Me and Marie (Reprise) - Entire Company Original production The musical opened at the Shubert Theatre in Boston on September 21, 1935, for a three-week pre-Broadway tryout period. The Broadway premiere opened at the Imperial Theatre on October 12, 1935, and closed on May 7, 1936, after 169 performances. Changes in the lead lessened its appeal. Produced by Sam H. Harris and Max Gordon, the production was staged by Hassard Short, who also was the lighting designer, with dialog directed by Monty Woolley, choreographed by Albertina Rasch and Tony De Marco, and with set design by Jo Mielziner. The cast included Melville Cooper as the King, Mary Boland as the Queen, Charles Walters as Prince James, Margaret Adams as Princess Diana, May Boley as Eva Standing, Marc Plant as Charles Rausmiller, June Knight as Karen O'Kane, Derek Williams as Eric Dare, and Montgomery Clift as Prince Peter. Reception The New York Times reported on the musical's Boston opening (in September 1935), writing about Hart's book that it combines "satire, sentiment and humor in good proportion." Porter's score and lyrics were said to be "original and tuneful." Special mention was made of Mary Boland: "Miss Boland played the ingeniously sentimental matron with gusto and enthusiasm, wore royal robes or a one-piece bathing suit with equal aplomb, sang a bit, and danced with every sign of enjoyment." It was considered "one of the great theatrical events of the 1930s." Of the Broadway opening (on October 12, 1935), Brooks Atkinson (The New York Times) wrote that the show "is a rapturous masquerade.... Each of the guilds that produce our luxurious musical shows has shared equally in the general excellence of an upper-class song-and-dance arcade.... It is an excellent fable--good humored, slightly romantic and eminently pragmatic.... The music is jaunty, versatile and imaginative.... Mary Boland is the queen of the book and the performance is a carnival of comic delights." Burns Mantle of the NY Daily News declared Jubilee was "the most satisfying musical comedy produced in an American theatre within the length of trustworthy memories." Reviewers admired the book, giving the show a strong plot and solid writing integrated with the music. They quickly picked "Begin the Beguine" and "Just One of Those Things" as favorite songs. Later productions Despite its popular success, the musical was not signed by a theatrical leasing company for stock or amateur performances after its initial run. Performances between 1936 and 1948 were negotiated by the producers Max Gordon and Sam Harris. In 1948, the St. Louis Municipal Opera used the original orchestrations, but they were lost in transit to the Music Box Theatre. Jubilee became a lost show. It was not produced for 40 years afterward. In 1985, The New Amsterdam Theatre Company hired Larry Moore to reconstruct the show. It was performed in 1986 as part of their series of classic musicals presented in concert at The Town Hall in New York. Alyson Reed played Karen, Carole Shelley was Eva, Patrick Quinn was Eric, and Roderick Cook was the Prime Minister. Rebecca Luker was in the cast. Indiana University Opera staged the musical in 1992. 42nd Street Moon in San Francisco presented concert versions of Jubilee in 1993 and 1997 and a staged production in 2009. In 1998, a concert version was staged at Carnegie Hall, New York City, for the benefit of the Gay Men's Health Crisis. Directed by Herbert Ross, with choreography by Danny Daniels, Lynne Taylor-Corbett and Pierre Dulaine, the cast included Bea Arthur as The Queen, Tyne Daly as Eva Standing, Sandy Duncan as Karen O'Kane, Michael Jeter as The King, Alice Ripley as The Princess, Stephen Spinella as Eric Dare, Bob Paris as Mowgli, and Philip Bosco as Prime Minister. New York's "Musicals Tonight!" theatre troupe presented a staged concert in October 2004. The show has been produced twice by Ian Marshall Fisher's "Lost Musicals In Concert" series in London. The second production, using the BBC Concert Orchestra, was performed in 1999 at Her Majesty's Theatre and broadcast by the BBC. The musical played for five weeks in 2012 at the Tabard Theatre in Chiswick, London. Recordings In the pre-cast album era, musicals generally were popularized by recordings of its songs by vocalists or big bands and/or sales of its sheet music. The following were among contemporary releases: "Begin the Beguine/Waltz Down the Aisle" - Xavier Cugat and His Waldorf-Astoria Orchestra with vocal by Don Reid Begin the Beguine/Just One of Those Things/Me and Marie/When Love Comes Your Way/Why Shouldn't I? - Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra "Begin the Beguine/Me and Marie/Why Shouldn't I?" - Joe Haymes and His Orchestra "Just One of Those Things" - Nat Brandywynne and His Orchestra, Ted Fiorito, Richard Himber, Freddie Martin and His Orchestra, Garland Wilson "Me and Marie" - Johnny Green and His Orchestra "Waltz Down the Aisle" - Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra "When Love Comes Your Way/Me and Marie" - Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra "Why Shouldn't I?/A Picture of Me Without You" - Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra with vocals by Bob Eberle/Kay Weber "Why Shouldn't I?/When Love Comes Your Way" - Johnny Green and His Orchestra, with vocal by Marjory Logan "Begin the Beguine" - Artie Shaw and His Orchestra References ^ a b c d e f "Jubilee (1935) – 1993 Staged Concert" Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine, 42ndstmoon.org, accessed December 7, 2014 ^ (No by-line), "A Preface to Jubilee", The New York Times, October 20, 1935, p. X3 ^ a b Dale, Michael."Cole Porter and Moss Hart's Jubilee: Still Smart, Funny and Tuneful", Broadway World, 19 October 2004 ^ Special to the New York Times, "Jubilee Scores in Boston Opening", The New York Times, September 23, 1935, p. 20 ^ Atkinson, Brooks. "Mary Boland in Jubilee", The New York Times, October 14, 1935, p. 20 ^ Holden, Stephen. "Stage: Jubilee", The New York Times, March 4, 1986, p. C17 ^ Holden, Stephen. "Jubilee, Where 'Beguine' Began", The New York Times, February 28, 1986, p. C1 ^ Williams Tobias, Marianne; Calder, George (2010). Opera for all seasons : 60 years of Indiana University Opera Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780253353405. ^ "Season Archive", 42nd Street Moon, accessed December 7, 2014 ^ "Bea Arthur, Tyne Daly, Sandy Duncan & Other Stars To Share Porter's NY Jubilee, Oct. 10" playbill.com, accessed November 8, 2015 ^ "Jubilee listing" sondheimguide.com, accessed August 26, 2009 ^ Jubilee, October 2004 listing" Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine musicalstonight.org, accessed August 26, 2009 ^ "Lost American Musicals Brought to West End" Archived 2012-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, whatsonstage.com, 9 March 1999 ^ "Synopsis of article: "It's a Cole night at Her Majesty's; Patrick O'Connor reports on the return of Cole Porter's royal satire, Jubilee", The Evening Standard (London, England) (highbeam.com), November 19, 1999 ^ Dalglish, Darren. "Jubilee by Music and Lyrics by Cole Porter at Tabard", LondonTheatre, May 14, 2012, accessed December 7, 2014 External links ​Jubilee​ at the Internet Broadway Database vteCole PorterMusicals See America First Hitchy-Koo of 1919 Paris Fifty Million Frenchmen Wake Up and Dream The New Yorkers Gay Divorce Nymph Errant Anything Goes Jubilee Red, Hot and Blue You Never Know Leave It to Me! Du Barry Was a Lady Panama Hattie Let's Face It! Something for the Boys Mexican Hayride Around the World Kiss Me, Kate Out of This World Can-Can Silk Stockings Happy New Year Songs Ace in the Hole After You, Who? All of You All Through the Night Allez-Vous-En Always True to You in My Fashion Another Op'nin', Another Show Anything Goes At Long Last Love Be a Clown Begin the Beguine C'est Magnifique Ca, C'est L'amour The Day Is My Enemy Do I Love You? Don't Fence Me In Down in the Depths Dream Dancing Ev'ry Time We Say Goodbye From This Moment On Get Out of Town Give Him the Ooh-La-La High Society Calypso I Am in Love I Concentrate on You I Get a Kick Out of You I Happen to Like New York I Love Paris I Love You I Love You, Samantha I've Got My Eyes on You I've Got You Under My Skin In the Still of the Night It's All Right with Me It's De-Lovely Just One of Those Things Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love Let's Misbehave Little One Love for Sale Mind If I Make Love to You? Miss Otis Regrets My Heart Belongs to Daddy Night and Day Now You Has Jazz Ridin' High So in Love So Near and yet So Far Tom, Dick or Harry Too Darn Hot True Love Well, Did You Evah! What Is This Thing Called Love? Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Why Can't You Behave? You Do Something to Me You'd Be So Easy to Love You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To You're Sensational You're the Top vteJubilees of British monarchsGeorge IIIGolden Jubilee (1809) King's Statue Jubilee Rock Jubilee Tower (Moel Famau) VictoriaGolden Jubilee (1887) Honours Medal Police Medal Clock Tower, Weymouth Clock Tower, Brighton Jubilee Memorial, Harrogate Bust Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition Jubilee Issue Diamond Jubilee (1897) Honours Medal Jubilee Diamond Cherries jubilee "Recessional" Devonshire House Ball Victoria and Merrie England George VSilver Jubilee (1935) Honours Medal Silver Jubilee (train) Silver Jubilee Railway Bridge Bharuch The King's Stamp Canadian silver dollar Jubilee (musical) Jubilee chicken Elizabeth IISilver Jubilee (1977) Events Medal Honours Jubilee Gardens Jubilee line Jubilee Walkway "God Save the Queen" (Sex Pistols song) Ruby Jubilee (1992) Annus horribilis Elizabeth R: A Year in the Life of the Queen Queen's Anniversary Prize Golden Jubilee (2002) Prom at the Palace Party at the Palace Medal Honours Jubilee Odyssey Great British Trees Golden Jubilee chicken Diamond Jubilee (2012) Pageant Armed Forces Parade and Muster Thames Pageant Gloriana Spirit of Chartwell Concert Gibraltar Flotilla Medal Honours The Coronation Theatre: Portrait of HM Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee chicken Sapphire Jubilee (2017) Sapphire Jubilee Snowflake Brooch Platinum Jubilee (2022) Medal Beacons Platinum Party at the Palace Pageant Platinum Jubilee Celebration: A Gallop Through History 2022 Trooping the Colour National Service of Thanksgiving Act of Loyalty Parade Platinum Pudding The Queen's Green Canopy Civic Honours Elizabeth: The Unseen Queen Statue of Elizabeth II, York Minster The Bahamas Platinum Jubilee Sailing Regatta The Queen's Platinum Jubilee Concert Big Jubilee Read Queen's Platinum Jubilee Gardens Algorithm Queen "Queenhood" Authority control databases National United States Other MusicBrainz work

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theater"},{"link_name":"Moss Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss_Hart"},{"link_name":"Cole Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Silver Jubilee of George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_George_V"},{"link_name":"fictional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Begin the Beguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin_the_Beguine"},{"link_name":"Just One of Those Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_One_of_Those_Things_(song)"},{"link_name":"American Songbook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songbook"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-1"}],"text":"Jubilee is a musical comedy with a book by Moss Hart and music and lyrics by Cole Porter. It premiered on Broadway in 1935 to rapturous reviews. Inspired by the recent Silver Jubilee of George V of Great Britain, the story is of the royal family of a fictional European country. Several of its songs, especially \"Begin the Beguine\" and \"Just One of Those Things\", became independently popular and have become part of the American Songbook.The musical opened on Broadway in October 1935, in the midst of the Great Depression. It had strong reviews and was considered \"one of the great theatrical events of the 1930s.\"[1] It ran for 169 performances. Although the original arrangements were lost after 1948, beginning in 1986 the musical was reconstructed. It has been produced by several companies in New York, London and elsewhere.","title":"Jubilee (musical)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"around the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Silver Jubilee of George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Jubilee_of_George_V"},{"link_name":"Johnny Weissmuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Weissmuller"},{"link_name":"Noël Coward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward"},{"link_name":"Elsa Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bww-3"}],"text":"Cole Porter and Moss Hart took[when?] a four-and-a-half month \"around the world\" luxury cruise on the Franconia, with their families, friends, and assistants accompanying them. Their intention was to write a new musical on the trip, and songs and scenes were inspired by their ports of call. For example, the song \"The Kling-Kling Bird on the Divi-Divi Tree\" came about after a trip through a botanical garden in Jamaica.[2] Playing off the recent celebrations in Britain for the Silver Jubilee of George V, they created a plot about a royal family, filled with characters based on their famous friends. For example, the swimmer who becomes an actor is a spoof of Johnny Weissmuller, playwright Noël Coward is portrayed as Eric Dare, and the party hostess Elsa Maxwell is portrayed as Eva Standing.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Time: 1935Place: In and Around London, England and Rockwell-On-Sea","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mowgli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowgli"},{"link_name":"Radio City Music Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_City_Music_Hall"},{"link_name":"Begin the Beguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin_the_Beguine"}],"sub_title":"Act I","text":"When the curtain rises a ball is being hosted at the Royal Palace by the Royal Family (\"Our Crown\"). The King (Henry) and the Queen (Katherine) are sitting in the throne room, ignoring the guests, as the Prime Minister attempts to convince them to come to the Ball. The Queen is reading a movie magazine and suggests that the picture \"Mowgli and the White Goddess\", which features swimmer Charles Rausmiller as the scantily-clad Mowgli, be shown at the Jubilee. The King then suggests that he could perform his string trick and Prince James and the Princess (Diana) come in with their own requests. Prince James would like to have American Dancer Karen O'Kane come to the Jubilee, and the Princess would like songwriter/actor/playwright Eric Dare to receive Jubilee honors. The Prime Minister denies their requests and the Royal Family is finally summoned to the ball after the guests begin to steal ashtrays, and the tassels off the curtain. Meanwhile, the young Prince Peter and his cousin Prince Rudolph scheme to be able to visit Radio City Music Hall so while the Cabinet is meeting, they throw a rock through the window, with a message attached to it. It reads: \"If the Royal Family is not out of the Palace by midnight, we will come and take them out. This is our first and last warning\". The Prime Minister alerts the Royal Family that they will be evacuated to the dreary Feathermore Castle, but they decide \"to Hell with Feathermore!\" and that they will do something they've always wanted to do (\"We're off to Feathermore\"). The Princess decides to visit Eric Dare (\"Why Shouldn't I?\") who is currently being greeted by a crowd of admirers (\"Entrance of Eric\") after returning from exotic travels (\"The Kling-Kling Bird on the Top of the Divi-Divi Tree\"). The Princess requests an autograph from Eric, who becomes intrigued with Diana after she proves herself more thoughtful than the rest of his crowd of admirers (\"When Love Comes Your Way\"). Meanwhile in a Municipal Park (\"What a Nice Municipal Park\"), the King is practicing his string trick, which is seen by socialite and party planner Eva Standing, who drags him off to be an attraction at her next party. The Queen, with the help of a man dressed as an ape, finds the theater where \"Mowgli and the White Goddess\" is playing (\"When Me Mowgli Love\") and meets Charles Rausmiller at the stage door, asking him to help her with her breaststroke, to which he agrees (\"Gather Ye Autographs While Ye May\"). At the Cafe Martinque, (\"My Loulou\"), Prince James is watching Karen O'Kane perform (\"Begin the Beguine\"). He meets her and together they win a cash prize for the best-danced Beguine. Meanwhile, the King has been staying at Eva's place preparing his party trick, while Eva attends to her schedule of social appearances (\"Good Morning Miss Standing/My Most Intimate Friend\"). The prime minister has been searching with all the means at his disposal for the Royal Family, but has had no luck. He just misses the King and Queen at the pool where Mowgli and the Queen have been doing their swimming lessons. The King believes that they are now running a risk of being caught, as he was photographed outside a news office. Meanwhile, Karen and Prince James have been comfortably living with each other for the past few days (\"A Picture of Me Without You\"). At a grand, Greek-themed party thrown by Eva (Ev'rybod-ee Who's Anybod-ee\"), the Royal Family meet again. Two classical dances are performed, one of them featuring Karen (\"The Judgment of Paris\" and \"Aphrodite's Dance\"). News breaks out that the Royal Family is missing, and to calm the crowd Eva says that the Royal Family is in this very room and there is no need to worry (\"Swing that Swing\"). The Prime Minister demands the Royal Family step forward; they do, and they are dragged off to Feathermore, \"that very nasty castle in the North\" (\"Finale Act One\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"It Was Just One of Those Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_One_of_Those_Things_(song)"}],"sub_title":"Act II","text":"It is a rainy Sunday morning at Feathermore (\"Sunday Morning Breakfast Time\"). The Royal Family has invited all of their friends from the past week to the Castle, as they couldn't stand the dull routine practiced at Feathermore. When their friends arrive, they decide to abdicate the throne and run off to Rockwell-on-Sea before going to America (\"Mr. and Mrs. Smith\"). At Rockwell-on-Sea (\"Six Little Wives\"), both the Queen and the Princess win \"Miss Rockwell 1935.\" The Prime Minister comes to them, dragging along Prince Peter and Prince Rudolph, revealing that there was no threat; they will return to the Palace for the Jubilee. Everyone bids their friends goodbye (\"A Picture of Me Without You\" (Reprise)). The King and Queen cheer up by listening to a favorite old song of theirs (\"Me and Marie\") before being arrested for bathing nude. As the prison burnt down, they are put in lion cages. With James' help, they knock out the zookeeper with a version of the King's string trick and escape. Meanwhile, Eric Dare and the Princess tearfully say goodbye (\"When Love Comes Your Way\" (Reprise)), and Karen and Prince James share their last dance (\"It Was Just One of Those Things\"). At the Jubilee, Eric, Karen, Eva, and Charles are awarded Jubilee honors and the two young Princes are allowed to go to Radio City (\"Our Crown\" (Reprise)). The King attempts to perform his string trick, but resorts to singing \"Me and Marie\" instead, as the curtain falls on the joyful scene (\"Finale Ultimo\").","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Begin the Beguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin_the_Beguine"},{"link_name":"It Was Just One of Those Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_One_of_Those_Things_(song)"}],"text":"Act I\nOur Crown - Company\nWe're Off to Feathermore - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana\nWe're Off to Feathermore (Reprise) - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana\nWhy Shouldn't I - Princess Diana\nEntrance of Eric (Gone Are The Days That Breed Despair) - Eric Dare, Satellites\nThe Kling-Kling Bird on the Divi-Divi Tree - Eric Dare, Satellites\nThe Kling-Kling Bird on the Divi-Divi Tree (Reprise) - Eric Dare, Satellites\nWhen Love Comes Your Way - Eric Dare, Princess Diana\nWhen Love Comes Your Way (Reprise) - Eric Dare\nWhat a Nice Municipal Park - Company\n\"Mowgli and the White Goddess\" - Charles Rausmiller\nWhen Me, Mowgli, Love - Charles Rausmiller\nGather Ye Autographs While Ye May [Lost Song] - Satellites\nMy Loulou - Company\nBegin the Beguine - Karen O'Kane\nBeguine Dance - Karen O'Kane, Prince James\nGood Morning, Miss Standing - Eva Standing and Secretaries\nMy Most Intimate Friend - Eva Standing\nThere's Nothing Like Swimming [Cut prior to Opening, but restored in most modern productions] - Queen, Swimmers\nA Picture of Me Without You - Karen O'Kane, Prince James\nEv'rybod-ee Who's Anybod-ee - Company\nThe Judgement of Paris - Ambrosine de Groot\nAphrodite's Dance - Karen O'Kane, Dancers\nSwing That Swing - Eva Standing, Company\nFinale Act I (\"Feathermore\" Reprise) - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana, Prime Minister, Company\n\n\nAct II\nSunday Morning Breakfast Time - Footmen\nMr. and Mrs. Smith - King, Queen, Prince James, Princess Diana, Eva Standing, Eric Dare, Karen O'Kane, Charles Rausmiller\nSix Little Wives - Six Little Wives\nA Picture of Me Without You (Reprise) - King, Queen, Eva Standing, Charles Rausmiller\nMe and Marie - King, Queen, Company\nWhen Love Comes Your Way (Reprise) - Princess Diana\nIt Was Just One of Those Things - Karen O'Kane, Prince James\nOur Crown (Reprise) - Company\nFinale Ultimo: Me and Marie (Reprise) - Entire Company","title":"Song list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shubert Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citi_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Imperial Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Theatre_(Broadway)"},{"link_name":"Sam H. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_H._Harris"},{"link_name":"Hassard Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassard_Short"},{"link_name":"Monty Woolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Woolley"},{"link_name":"choreographed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographed"},{"link_name":"Albertina Rasch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertina_Rasch"},{"link_name":"Jo Mielziner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Mielziner"},{"link_name":"Melville Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Cooper"},{"link_name":"Mary Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Boland"},{"link_name":"Charles Walters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Walters"},{"link_name":"Margaret Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Adams_(actress)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"May Boley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Boley"},{"link_name":"Marc Plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Platt_(dancer)"},{"link_name":"June Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Knight"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Clift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_Clift"}],"text":"The musical opened at the Shubert Theatre in Boston on September 21, 1935, for a three-week pre-Broadway tryout period. The Broadway premiere opened at the Imperial Theatre on October 12, 1935, and closed on May 7, 1936, after 169 performances. Changes in the lead lessened its appeal. Produced by Sam H. Harris and Max Gordon, the production was staged by Hassard Short, who also was the lighting designer, with dialog directed by Monty Woolley, choreographed by Albertina Rasch and Tony De Marco, and with set design by Jo Mielziner.The cast includedMelville Cooper as the King,\nMary Boland as the Queen,\nCharles Walters as Prince James,\nMargaret Adams as Princess Diana,\nMay Boley as Eva Standing,\nMarc Plant as Charles Rausmiller,\nJune Knight as Karen O'Kane,\nDerek Williams as Eric Dare, and\nMontgomery Clift as Prince Peter.","title":"Original production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-1"},{"link_name":"Brooks Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Burns Mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burns_Mantle"},{"link_name":"NY Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NY_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-1"},{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre#Book_musicals"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-1"},{"link_name":"Begin the Beguine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begin_the_Beguine"},{"link_name":"Just One of Those Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_One_of_Those_Things_(song)"}],"text":"The New York Times reported on the musical's Boston opening (in September 1935), writing about Hart's book that it combines \"satire, sentiment and humor in good proportion.\" Porter's score and lyrics were said to be \"original and tuneful.\" Special mention was made of Mary Boland: \"Miss Boland played the ingeniously sentimental matron with gusto and enthusiasm, wore royal robes or a one-piece bathing suit with equal aplomb, sang a bit, and danced with every sign of enjoyment.\"[4]It was considered \"one of the great theatrical events of the 1930s.\"[1] Of the Broadway opening (on October 12, 1935), Brooks Atkinson (The New York Times) wrote that the show\"is a rapturous masquerade.... Each of the guilds that produce our luxurious musical shows has shared equally in the general excellence of an upper-class song-and-dance arcade.... It is an excellent fable--good humored, slightly romantic and eminently pragmatic.... The music is jaunty, versatile and imaginative.... Mary Boland is the queen of the book and the performance is a carnival of comic delights.\"[5]Burns Mantle of the NY Daily News declared Jubilee was \"the most satisfying musical comedy produced in an American theatre within the length of trustworthy memories.\"[1] Reviewers admired the book, giving the show a strong plot and solid writing integrated with the music.[1] They quickly picked \"Begin the Beguine\" and \"Just One of Those Things\" as favorite songs.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Louis Municipal Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Municipal_Opera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-1"},{"link_name":"The Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Town_Hall_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-moon-1"},{"link_name":"Alyson Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alyson_Reed"},{"link_name":"Carole Shelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Shelley"},{"link_name":"Patrick Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Quinn_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Roderick Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Cook"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Luker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Luker"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"42nd Street Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_Moon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Gay Men's Health Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Men%27s_Health_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Herbert Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Ross"},{"link_name":"Danny Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Lynne Taylor-Corbett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Taylor-Corbett"},{"link_name":"Bea Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea_Arthur"},{"link_name":"Tyne Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne_Daly"},{"link_name":"Sandy Duncan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Duncan"},{"link_name":"Michael Jeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jeter"},{"link_name":"Alice Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Stephen Spinella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Spinella"},{"link_name":"Bob Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Paris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Philip Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Bosco"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bww-3"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Her Majesty's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Despite its popular success, the musical was not signed by a theatrical leasing company for stock or amateur performances after its initial run. Performances between 1936 and 1948 were negotiated by the producers Max Gordon and Sam Harris. In 1948, the St. Louis Municipal Opera used the original orchestrations, but they were lost in transit to the Music Box Theatre. Jubilee became a lost show. It was not produced for 40 years afterward.[1]In 1985, The New Amsterdam Theatre Company hired Larry Moore to reconstruct the show. It was performed in 1986 as part of their series of classic musicals presented in concert at The Town Hall in New York.[1] Alyson Reed played Karen, Carole Shelley was Eva, Patrick Quinn was Eric, and Roderick Cook was the Prime Minister. Rebecca Luker was in the cast.[6][7]Indiana University Opera staged the musical in 1992.[8] 42nd Street Moon in San Francisco presented concert versions of Jubilee in 1993 and 1997 and a staged production in 2009.[9]In 1998, a concert version was staged at Carnegie Hall, New York City, for the benefit of the Gay Men's Health Crisis. Directed by Herbert Ross, with choreography by Danny Daniels, Lynne Taylor-Corbett and Pierre Dulaine, the cast included Bea Arthur as The Queen, Tyne Daly as Eva Standing, Sandy Duncan as Karen O'Kane, Michael Jeter as The King, Alice Ripley as The Princess, Stephen Spinella as Eric Dare, Bob Paris as Mowgli,[10] and Philip Bosco as Prime Minister.[11] New York's \"Musicals Tonight!\" theatre troupe presented a staged concert in October 2004.[3][12]The show has been produced twice by Ian Marshall Fisher's \"Lost Musicals In Concert\" series in London. The second production, using the BBC Concert Orchestra, was performed in 1999 at Her Majesty's Theatre and broadcast by the BBC.[13][14]The musical played for five weeks in 2012 at the Tabard Theatre in Chiswick, London.[15]","title":"Later productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cast album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_album"},{"link_name":"big bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_band"},{"link_name":"Xavier Cugat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavier_Cugat"},{"link_name":"Paul Whiteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Whiteman"},{"link_name":"Joe Haymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Haymes"},{"link_name":"Ted Fiorito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Fiorito"},{"link_name":"Richard Himber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Himber"},{"link_name":"Freddie Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Martin"},{"link_name":"Garland Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Johnny Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Green"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Dorsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Dorsey"},{"link_name":"Johnny Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Green"},{"link_name":"Artie Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Shaw"}],"text":"In the pre-cast album era, musicals generally were popularized by recordings of its songs by vocalists or big bands and/or sales of its sheet music. The following were among contemporary releases:\"Begin the Beguine/Waltz Down the Aisle\" - Xavier Cugat and His Waldorf-Astoria Orchestra with vocal by Don Reid\nBegin the Beguine/Just One of Those Things/Me and Marie/When Love Comes Your Way/Why Shouldn't I? - Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra\n\"Begin the Beguine/Me and Marie/Why Shouldn't I?\" - Joe Haymes and His Orchestra\n\"Just One of Those Things\" - Nat Brandywynne and His Orchestra, Ted Fiorito, Richard Himber, Freddie Martin and His Orchestra, Garland Wilson\n\"Me and Marie\" - Johnny Green and His Orchestra\n\"Waltz Down the Aisle\" - Paul Whiteman and His Orchestra\n\"When Love Comes Your Way/Me and Marie\" - Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra\n\"Why Shouldn't I?/A Picture of Me Without You\" - Jimmy Dorsey and His Orchestra with vocals by Bob Eberle/Kay Weber\n\"Why Shouldn't I?/When Love Comes Your Way\" - Johnny Green and His Orchestra, with vocal by Marjory Logan\n\"Begin the Beguine\" - Artie Shaw and His Orchestra","title":"Recordings"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Williams Tobias, Marianne; Calder, George (2010). Opera for all seasons : 60 years of Indiana University Opera Theater. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 353. ISBN 9780253353405.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253353405","url_text":"9780253353405"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://42ndstmoon.org/jubilee-1993","external_links_name":"\"Jubilee (1935) – 1993 Staged Concert\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141215110222/http://42ndstmoon.org/jubilee-1993","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Cole_Porter_and_Moss_Harts_Jubilee_Still_Smart_Funny_and_Tuneful_20041019","external_links_name":"\"Cole Porter and Moss Hart's Jubilee: Still Smart, Funny and Tuneful\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/28/theater/jubilee-where-beguine-began.html","external_links_name":"\"Jubilee, Where 'Beguine' Began\""},{"Link":"http://www.42ndstmoon.org/season-archive","external_links_name":"\"Season Archive\""},{"Link":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/bea-arthur-tyne-daly-sandy-duncan-other-stars-to-share-porters-ny-jubilee-o-77772","external_links_name":"\"Bea Arthur, Tyne Daly, Sandy Duncan & Other Stars To Share Porter's NY Jubilee, Oct. 10\""},{"Link":"http://www.sondheimguide.com/porter/jubilee.html","external_links_name":"\"Jubilee listing\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicalstonight.org/ARCHjubilee.html","external_links_name":"Jubilee, October 2004 listing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080516082418/http://www.musicalstonight.org/ARCHjubilee.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E0897862070/Lost+American+Musicals+Brought+to+West+End.html","external_links_name":"\"Lost American Musicals Brought to West End\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121015134430/http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E0897862070/Lost+American+Musicals+Brought+to+West+End.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5250222.html","external_links_name":"\"Synopsis of article: \"It's a Cole night at Her Majesty's; Patrick O'Connor reports on the return of Cole Porter's royal satire, Jubilee\""},{"Link":"http://www.londontheatre.co.uk/londontheatre/news/my12/jubilee2011428.htm","external_links_name":"\"Jubilee by Music and Lyrics by Cole Porter at Tabard\""},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/12000","external_links_name":"​Jubilee​"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003085140","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/2c829fb3-d192-4aa1-ba29-b241d8c53452","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_Real_(film)

Get Real (film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

1998 British filmGet RealTheatrical release posterDirected bySimon ShoreScreenplay byPatrick WildeBased onWhat's Wrong with Angry?by Patrick WildeProduced by Stephen Taylor Patricia Carr Helena Spring Anant Singh Starring Ben Silverstone Brad Gorton Charlotte Brittain CinematographyAlan AlmondEdited byBarrie VinceMusic byJohn LunnProductioncompanies Distant Horizon Arts Council of England British Screen Productions Graphite Film Production Distributed byUnited International PicturesRelease dates August 1998 (1998-08) (Edinburgh) 14 May 1999 (1999-05-14) (United Kingdom) Running time110 minutesCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishBudget$1.2 millionBox office$1.1 million Get Real is a 1998 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Simon Shore, based on the play What's Wrong with Angry? by screenwriter Patrick Wilde. The plot centres the coming of age of a gay teen while growing up in rural Britain during the Cool Britannia era of the late 1990s. The film was shot and set in and around Basingstoke, England. Get Real has since become a cult classic among fans of queer cinema. Plot Steven Carter (Ben Silverstone) is a 16-year-old middle-class schoolboy who is intelligent and good-looking, but un-athletic and introverted. Bullied at school and misunderstood at home, his only confidante is his neighbour and best friend, Linda (Charlotte Brittain). Keeping his sexual orientation hidden from everyone else, he cruises in public toilets. He is surprised to find the school jock, John Dixon (Brad Gorton) also cruising, but John denies that he is gay. At a school dance, Steven gains a friend after he comforts Jessica (Stacy Hart), following her argument with her boyfriend, Kevin (Tim Harris), who is also his bully. When Steven returns home, John follows him and confides about his own sexual orientation. They start a relationship. Word around the school spreads about someone being gay, and John fears that Steven has been telling people. In order to maintain his status, John beats up Steven in front of his friends. Steven announces in front of the assembly that he is gay, and looks to John for support, who ignores him. John apologizes for beating him up and says he loves him, but as he is too afraid to come out, Steven breaks up with him, wishing him happiness. Cast Ben Silverstone as Steven Carter Brad Gorton as John Dixon Charlotte Brittain as Linda Jacquetta May as Steven's Mother David Lumsden as Steven's Father Richard Hawley as English Teacher Martin Milman as Headmaster Stacy Hart as Jessica Kate McEnery as Wendy Patrick Nielsen as Mark Tim Harris as Kevin Grainger James D. White as Dave James Perkins as Young Steve Nicholas Hunter as Young Mark Steven Mason as Cruising Man Morgan Jones as Linda's Brother Ian Brimble as John's Father Judy Buxton as John's Mother David Elliot as Glen Charlotte Hanson as Glen's Wife Louise J. Taylor as Christina Lindmann Steven Elder as Bob the Driving Instructor Leonie Thomas as Aunt at Wedding David Paul West as Bridegroom Andy Rashleigh as Policeman Map of the local area around Basingstoke Production Get Real was filmed in and around Basingstoke from the 17th of August 1997, before moving on to the Millennium Studios in Borehamwood on the 22nd of September. (The scenes that were shot in the studio were Steven's bedroom and the inside of the public toilet). The entire movie took six weeks to shoot. Reception The film ranked number 34 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies. The film was well received by many critics, and subsequently nominated for eight awards, and won six. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 47 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's consensus reads: "An authentic portrayal of homosexuality in high school, Get Real is an engaging dramedy that doesn't sermonize its audience nor trivialize its characters." In the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Paula Nechak praised the film for allowing the characters to be themselves rather than change to fit in, and praises the treatment of the 'jock' character, John, as being just as bound by the school popularity game as Steven. Roger Ebert commented, "Certainly this film has deeper values than the mainstream teenage comedies that retail aggressive materialism, soft-core sex and shallow ideas about "popularity." Steven Holden from The New York Times wrote "The movie captures the excruciating paranoia of a situation in which there’s nowhere the lovers can be alone except in each other’s homes on the rare occasions their parents are out." In the Daily Record, Siobhan Synnot criticised the film as being like a "preachy episode of Grange Hill with cardboard cut-out characters" and also criticised the character, John, for being unbelievable, describing him as "simply a bland fantasy hunk. It's hard to see how this dim bulb is bright enough for Oxford, because all the smart lines go to his smart-alec boyfriend." References ^ "Get Real". British Board of Film Classification. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2020. ^ "Filming Locations – Ben Silverstone". Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 13 May 2020. ^ "50 Best High School Movies". Entertainment Weekly. 28 August 2015. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017. ^ "Get Real". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved 15 June 2024. ^ Nechak, Paula (11 June 1999). "Non-judgmental 'Get Real' gracefully allows its diverse characters to 'be'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on 25 January 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2012. ^ a b Ryll, Alexander (2014). "Essential Gay Themed Films To Watch, Get Real". Gay Essential. Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2014. ^ Synnot, Siobhan (14 May 1999). "Gay stereotypes should stay firmly in the closet". Daily Record. Retrieved 22 July 2012. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Get Real. Get Real at IMDb Get Real at AllMovie Get Real at Box Office Mojo

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_film"},{"link_name":"comedy-drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy-drama"},{"link_name":"Simon Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Shore"},{"link_name":"What's Wrong with Angry?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Wrong_with_Angry%3F"},{"link_name":"Patrick Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Cool Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Britannia"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke"}],"text":"1998 British filmGet Real is a 1998 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Simon Shore, based on the play What's Wrong with Angry? by screenwriter Patrick Wilde. The plot centres the coming of age of a gay teen while growing up in rural Britain during the Cool Britannia era of the late 1990s. The film was shot and set in and around Basingstoke, England. Get Real has since become a cult classic among fans of queer cinema.","title":"Get Real (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Silverstone"},{"link_name":"middle-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"sexual orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_orientation"},{"link_name":"cruises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruising_for_sex"},{"link_name":"come out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_out"}],"text":"Steven Carter (Ben Silverstone) is a 16-year-old middle-class schoolboy who is intelligent and good-looking, but un-athletic and introverted. Bullied at school and misunderstood at home, his only confidante is his neighbour and best friend, Linda (Charlotte Brittain). Keeping his sexual orientation hidden from everyone else, he cruises in public toilets. He is surprised to find the school jock, John Dixon (Brad Gorton) also cruising, but John denies that he is gay.At a school dance, Steven gains a friend after he comforts Jessica (Stacy Hart), following her argument with her boyfriend, Kevin (Tim Harris), who is also his bully. When Steven returns home, John follows him and confides about his own sexual orientation. They start a relationship.Word around the school spreads about someone being gay, and John fears that Steven has been telling people. In order to maintain his status, John beats up Steven in front of his friends. Steven announces in front of the assembly that he is gay, and looks to John for support, who ignores him. John apologizes for beating him up and says he loves him, but as he is too afraid to come out, Steven breaks up with him, wishing him happiness.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Silverstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Silverstone"},{"link_name":"Jacquetta May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquetta_May"},{"link_name":"Richard Hawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hawley_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Headmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_teacher"},{"link_name":"Judy Buxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Buxton"},{"link_name":"David Paul West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Paul_West"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LocationsMap.gif"}],"text":"Ben Silverstone as Steven Carter\nBrad Gorton as John Dixon\nCharlotte Brittain as Linda\nJacquetta May as Steven's Mother\nDavid Lumsden as Steven's Father\nRichard Hawley as English Teacher\nMartin Milman as Headmaster\nStacy Hart as Jessica\nKate McEnery as Wendy\nPatrick Nielsen as Mark\nTim Harris as Kevin Grainger\nJames D. White as Dave\nJames Perkins as Young Steve\nNicholas Hunter as Young Mark\nSteven Mason as Cruising Man\nMorgan Jones as Linda's Brother\nIan Brimble as John's Father\nJudy Buxton as John's Mother\nDavid Elliot as Glen\nCharlotte Hanson as Glen's Wife\nLouise J. Taylor as Christina Lindmann\nSteven Elder as Bob the Driving Instructor\nLeonie Thomas as Aunt at Wedding\nDavid Paul West as Bridegroom\nAndy Rashleigh as PolicemanMap of the local area around Basingstoke","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borehamwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehamwood"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Get Real was filmed in and around Basingstoke from the 17th of August 1997, before moving on to the Millennium Studios in Borehamwood on the 22nd of September. (The scenes that were shot in the studio were Steven's bedroom and the inside of the public toilet). The entire movie took six weeks to shoot.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rotten_Tomatoes-4"},{"link_name":"Seattle Post-Intelligencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeattlePI-5"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryll_2014-6"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryll_2014-6"},{"link_name":"Daily Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Grange Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grange_Hill"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DailyRecord-7"}],"text":"The film ranked number 34 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.[3]The film was well received by many critics, and subsequently nominated for eight awards, and won six.On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 47 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's consensus reads: \"An authentic portrayal of homosexuality in high school, Get Real is an engaging dramedy that doesn't sermonize its audience nor trivialize its characters.\"[4]In the Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Paula Nechak praised the film for allowing the characters to be themselves rather than change to fit in, and praises the treatment of the 'jock' character, John, as being just as bound by the school popularity game as Steven.[5]Roger Ebert commented, \"Certainly this film has deeper values than the mainstream teenage comedies that retail aggressive materialism, soft-core sex and shallow ideas about \"popularity.\"[6] Steven Holden from The New York Times wrote \"The movie captures the excruciating paranoia of a situation in which there’s nowhere the lovers can be alone except in each other’s homes on the rare occasions their parents are out.\"[6]In the Daily Record, Siobhan Synnot criticised the film as being like a \"preachy episode of Grange Hill with cardboard cut-out characters\" and also criticised the character, John, for being unbelievable, describing him as \"simply a bland fantasy hunk. It's hard to see how this dim bulb is bright enough for Oxford, because all the smart lines go to his smart-alec boyfriend.\"[7]","title":"Reception"}]

[{"image_text":"Map of the local area around Basingstoke","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LocationsMap.gif/220px-LocationsMap.gif"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrohan_Pass

Petrohan Pass

[]

Petrohan PassElevation1,444 m (4,738 ft)Traversed byRoadLocationBulgariaRangeBalkan MountainsCoordinates43°7′21″N 23°7′31″E / 43.12250°N 23.12528°E / 43.12250; 23.12528 Petrohan Pass (Bulgarian: Петрохански проход, Petrohanski prohod) is a mountain pass in the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina) in Bulgaria. It connects Sofia and Montana. The pass is part of Pan-European Corridor IV. As the pass represents the shortest route between Sofia and north-western Bulgaria (and from there Romania, especially since the opening of the Vidin–Calafat Bridge) the expansion of the narrow road passing through the pass has been suggested, including by the construction of a tunnel. This Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_90:_Parte_II

Anni 90: Parte II

["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]

1992 Italian filmAnni 90: Parte IIDirected byEnrico OldoiniWritten byEnrico OldoiniProduced by Luigi De Laurentiis Aurelio De Laurentiis Starring Massimo Boldi Christian De Sica Nino Frassica Andrea Roncato Carol Alt CinematographyGiuseppe RuzzoliniEdited byRaimondo CrocianiMusic byManuel De SicaRelease date 30 October 1992 (1992-10-30) Running time113 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian Anni 90: Parte II (lit. 'The Nineties: Part II') is a 1993 Italian sketch comedy film directed by Enrico Oldoini. The film is an anthological sequel to the 1992 comedy Anni 90. Cast Massimo Boldi as judge Lorenzo Minghetti / Ambrogio Testa / Bepi / Gino Bramieri Christian De Sica as don Rodolfo Buro / Roberto Torri Nino Frassica as Tano Bedrò / friar / himself Andrea Roncato as Tano's lawyer / Armando / head office / himself Carol Alt as Barbara / Sally Troumphet Francesco Benigno as Nino / Salvatore Laganà Nadia Rinaldi as Graziella Bramieri Anna Falchi as Lola Ciccone Silvio Spaccesi as Bastiano Ciccone Maurizio Prollo as Toni Salvatore Termini as Mimmo Tano Cimarosa as Mimì Cantalamessa Alberto Castagna as himself References ^ "Anni 90 - Parte II". Cinematografo (in Italian). Retrieved 26 October 2020. ^ Louis Bayman; Sergio Rigoletto (2013). Popular Italian Cinema. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9781137305657. External links Anni 90: Parte II at IMDb vteFilms directed by Enrico Oldoini Cuori nella tormenta (1984) Lui è peggio di me (1984) Yuppies 2 (1986) Bellifreschi (1987) Bye Bye Baby (1988) Una botta di vita (1988) Vacanze di Natale '90 (1990) Vacanze di Natale '91 (1991) Anni 90 (1992) Anni 90: Parte II (1993) Miracolo italiano (1994) Un bugiardo in paradiso (1998) 13 at a Table (2004) La fidanzata di papà (2008) I mostri oggi (2009) This article related to an Italian film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sketch comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_comedy"},{"link_name":"Enrico Oldoini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Oldoini"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Anni 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_90"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Anni 90: Parte II (lit. 'The Nineties: Part II') is a 1993 Italian sketch comedy film directed by Enrico Oldoini.[1]The film is an anthological sequel to the 1992 comedy Anni 90.[2]","title":"Anni 90: Parte II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massimo Boldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Boldi"},{"link_name":"Christian De Sica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_De_Sica"},{"link_name":"Nino Frassica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Frassica"},{"link_name":"Andrea Roncato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Roncato"},{"link_name":"Carol Alt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Alt"},{"link_name":"Francesco Benigno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Benigno"},{"link_name":"Anna Falchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Falchi"},{"link_name":"Silvio Spaccesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Spaccesi"},{"link_name":"Salvatore Termini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvatore_Termini"},{"link_name":"Tano Cimarosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano_Cimarosa"},{"link_name":"Alberto Castagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Castagna"}],"text":"Massimo Boldi as judge Lorenzo Minghetti / Ambrogio Testa / Bepi / Gino Bramieri\nChristian De Sica as don Rodolfo Buro / Roberto Torri\nNino Frassica as Tano Bedrò / friar / himself\nAndrea Roncato as Tano's lawyer / Armando / head office / himself\nCarol Alt as Barbara / Sally Troumphet\nFrancesco Benigno as Nino / Salvatore Laganà\nNadia Rinaldi as Graziella Bramieri\nAnna Falchi as Lola Ciccone\nSilvio Spaccesi as Bastiano Ciccone\nMaurizio Prollo as Toni\nSalvatore Termini as Mimmo\nTano Cimarosa as Mimì Cantalamessa\nAlberto Castagna as himself","title":"Cast"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine

["1 Medical uses","1.1 Intensive care unit sedation","1.2 Procedural sedation","1.3 Adjunct in general anesthesia","1.4 Other","2 Side effects","3 Interactions","4 Pharmacology","4.1 Pharmacodynamics","4.2 Pharmacokinetics","5 History","6 Veterinary use","7 References","8 External links"]

Anxiolytic, sedative, and pain medication DexmedetomidineClinical dataTrade namesPrecedex, Dexdor, Igalmi, othersAHFS/Drugs.comMonographLicense data EU EMA: by INN US DailyMed: Dexmedetomidine Pregnancycategory AU: B1 Routes ofadministrationIntravenous, transmucosal, intranasal, sublingualATC codeN05CM18 (WHO) QN05CM18 (WHO)Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) BR: Class C1 (Other controlled substances) US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only In general: ℞ (Prescription only) Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding94% (mostly albumin)MetabolismNear complete hepatic metabolism to inactive metabolitesElimination half-life2–4 hoursExcretionUrineIdentifiers IUPAC name (S)-4--3H-imidazole CAS Number113775-47-6 YPubChem CID68602DrugBankDB00633 YChemSpider4470605 YUNII67VB76HONOKEGGD00514 Yas HCl: D01205 YChEBICHEBI:4466 YChEMBLChEMBL778 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID10873388 ECHA InfoCard100.119.391 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC13H16N2Molar mass200.285 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES Cc2cccc((C)c1ccn1)c2C InChI InChI=1S/C13H16N2/c1-9-5-4-6-12(10(9)2)11(3)13-7-14-8-15-13/h4-8,11H,1-3H3,(H,14,15)/t11-/m0/s1 YKey:CUHVIMMYOGQXCV-NSHDSACASA-N Y   (verify) Dexmedetomidine, sold under the trade name Precedex among others, is a drug used in humans for sedation. Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses. It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I or II disorder. Similar to clonidine, it is a sympatholytic drug that acts as an agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors in certain parts of the brain. It was developed by Orion Pharma. Medical uses Intensive care unit sedation Studies suggest dexmedetomidine for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults may reduce time to extubation and ICU stay. Compared with other sedatives, some studies suggest dexmedetomidine may be associated with less delirium. However, this finding is not consistent across multiple studies. At the very least, when aggregating many study results together, use of dexmedetomidine appears to be associated with less neurocognitive dysfunction compared to other sedatives. Whether this observation has a beneficial psychological impact is unclear. From an economic perspective, dexmedetomidine is associated with lower ICU costs, largely due to a shorter time to extubation. Procedural sedation Dexmedetomidine can also be used for procedural sedation such as during colonoscopy. It can be used as an adjunct with other sedatives like benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to enhance sedation and help maintain hemodynamic stability by decreasing the requirement of other sedatives. Dexmedetomidine is also used for procedural sedation in children. It can be used for sedation required for awake fibreoptic nasal intubation in patients with a difficult airway. Adjunct in general anesthesia It has also been used as an adjunct infusion during general anesthesia. In this application, it has been shown to decrease post-operative delirium, pain, nausea and opioid use. Other Dexmedetomidine may be useful for the treatment of the negative cardiovascular effects of acute amphetamines and cocaine intoxication and overdose. Dexmedetomidine has also been used as an adjunct to neuroaxial anesthesia for lower limb procedures. It has been successfully used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms. In 2022 it was approved by the FDA for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Side effects There are no known contraindication to the use of dexmedetomidine. It has a biphasic effect on blood pressure with lower readings at lower drug concentrations and higher readings at higher concentrations. Common side effects include: hypotension, hypertension, with slight decreases in heart rate, arrhythmias, and hypoxia. Toxic doses may cause first-degree or second-degree atrioventricular block. These adverse events usually occur briefly after administering a loading dose of the drug. Thus, adverse effects may be reduced by omitting a loading dose. Interactions Dexmedetomidine may enhance the effects of other sedatives and anesthetics when co-administered. Similarly, drugs that lower blood pressure and heart rate, such as beta blockers, may also have enhanced effects when co-administered with dexmedetomidine. Pharmacology Pharmacodynamics Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2-adrenergic agonist. It possesses an α2:α1 selectivity ratio of 1620:1, making it eight times more selective for the α2-receptor than clonidine. Unlike opioids and other sedatives such as propofol, dexmedetomidine is able to achieve its effects without causing respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine induces sedation by decreasing activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus in the brain stem, thereby increasing the downstream activity of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. In contrast, other sedatives like propofol and benzodiazepines directly increase activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons. Through action on this endogenous sleep-promoting pathway the sedation produced by dexmedetomidine more closely mirrors natural sleep (specifically stage 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep), as demonstrated by EEG studies. As such, dexmedetomidine provides less amnesia than benzodiazepines. Dexmedetomidine also has analgesic effects at the spinal cord level and other supraspinal sites. Site Ki (nM) Species Ref α1 5 Human α2A 0.0150–2.1 Human α2B ND Human α2C 31 Human Pharmacokinetics Intravenous dexmedetomidine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics with a rapid distribution half-life of approximately 6 minutes in healthy volunteers, and a longer and more variable distribution half-life in ICU patients. The terminal elimination half-life of intravenous dexmedetomidine ranged 2.1 to 3.1 hours in healthy adults and 2.2 to 3.7 hours in ICU patients. Plasma protein binding of dexmedetomidine is about 94% (mostly albumin). Dexmedetomidine is metabolized by the liver, largely by glucuronidation (34%) as well as by oxidation via CYP2A6 and other Cytochrome P450 enzymes. As such, it should be used with caution in people with liver disease. The majority of metabolized dexmedetomidine is excreted in the urine (~95%). It can be absorbed sublingually. History Dexmedetomidine was approved in 1999 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a short-term sedative and analgesic (<24 hours) for critically ill or injured people on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). The rationale for its short-term use was due to concerns over withdrawal side effects such as rebound high blood pressure. These effects have not been consistently observed in research studies, however. Veterinary use Dexmedetomidine, under the trade name Dexdomitor (Orion Corporation), was approved in the European Union in for use in cats and dogs in 2002, for sedation and induction of general anesthesia. The FDA approved dexmedetomidine for use in dogs in 2006 and cats in 2007. In 2015, the European Medicines Agency and the FDA approved an oromucosal gel form of dexmedetomidine marketed as Sileo by pharmaceutical company Zoetis for use in dogs for relief of noise aversion. References ^ "DEXMEDETOMIDINE FRESENIUS (Fresenius Kabi Australia Pty Ltd)". Department of Health and Aged Care. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. ^ Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16. ^ a b c d "Precedex- dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection, solution". DailyMed. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022. ^ a b "Igalmi- dexmedetomidine film". DailyMed. 14 December 2022. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Precedex_FDA_label-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"bipolar I or II disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipolar_disorder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Igalmi_FDA_label-4"},{"link_name":"clonidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonidine"},{"link_name":"sympatholytic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympatholytic"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"α2-adrenergic receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cormack2005-8"},{"link_name":"Orion Pharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Pharma"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, sold under the trade name Precedex among others, is a drug used in humans for sedation.[3] Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses.[6][7] It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I or II disorder.[4]Similar to clonidine, it is a sympatholytic drug that acts as an agonist of α2-adrenergic receptors in certain parts of the brain.[8] It was developed by Orion Pharma.","title":"Dexmedetomidine"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanically ventilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_ventilation"},{"link_name":"extubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extubation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_CD010269-10"},{"link_name":"delirium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLaren_167%E2%80%93175-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chen_CD010269-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacLaren_167%E2%80%93175-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Intensive care unit sedation","text":"Studies suggest dexmedetomidine for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults may reduce time to extubation and ICU stay.[9][10]Compared with other sedatives, some studies suggest dexmedetomidine may be associated with less delirium.[11] However, this finding is not consistent across multiple studies.[10] At the very least, when aggregating many study results together, use of dexmedetomidine appears to be associated with less neurocognitive dysfunction compared to other sedatives.[12] Whether this observation has a beneficial psychological impact is unclear.[11] From an economic perspective, dexmedetomidine is associated with lower ICU costs, largely due to a shorter time to extubation.[13]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"benzodiazepines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzodiazepine"},{"link_name":"opioids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid"},{"link_name":"propofol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propofol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paris2005-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"awake fibreoptic nasal intubation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intubation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Procedural sedation","text":"Dexmedetomidine can also be used for procedural sedation such as during colonoscopy.[14] It can be used as an adjunct with other sedatives like benzodiazepines, opioids, and propofol to enhance sedation and help maintain hemodynamic stability by decreasing the requirement of other sedatives.[15][16] Dexmedetomidine is also used for procedural sedation in children.[17]It can be used for sedation required for awake fibreoptic nasal intubation in patients with a difficult airway.[18]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22546966-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid23524149-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20705788-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid35957999-22"}],"sub_title":"Adjunct in general anesthesia","text":"It has also been used as an adjunct infusion during general anesthesia. In this application, it has been shown to decrease post-operative delirium, pain, nausea and opioid use.[19][20][21][22]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amphetamines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substituted_amphetamine"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"intoxication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication"},{"link_name":"overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overdose"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Menon2007-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richards_2015-24"},{"link_name":"neuroaxial anesthesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_anesthetic_nerve_block"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid22346054-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_2022-27"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Dexmedetomidine may be useful for the treatment of the negative cardiovascular effects of acute amphetamines and cocaine intoxication and overdose.[23][24] Dexmedetomidine has also been used as an adjunct to neuroaxial anesthesia for lower limb procedures.[25] It has been successfully used to treat opioid withdrawal symptoms.[26]In 2022 it was approved by the FDA for the treatment of agitation in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.[27]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gertler_2001-30"},{"link_name":"atrioventricular block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrioventricular_block"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gertler_2001-30"}],"text":"There are no known contraindication to the use of dexmedetomidine. It has a biphasic effect on blood pressure with lower readings at lower drug concentrations and higher readings at higher concentrations.[28] Common side effects include: hypotension, hypertension, with slight decreases in heart rate, arrhythmias, and hypoxia.[29][30] Toxic doses may cause first-degree or second-degree atrioventricular block. These adverse events usually occur briefly after administering a loading dose of the drug. Thus, adverse effects may be reduced by omitting a loading dose.[30]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beta blockers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_blocker"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keating_1119%E2%80%931130-31"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine may enhance the effects of other sedatives and anesthetics when co-administered. Similarly, drugs that lower blood pressure and heart rate, such as beta blockers, may also have enhanced effects when co-administered with dexmedetomidine.[31]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"α2-adrenergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"locus ceruleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locus_coeruleus"},{"link_name":"brain stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brainstem"},{"link_name":"gamma-aminobutyric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid"},{"link_name":"ventrolateral preoptic nucleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventrolateral_preoptic_nucleus"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_2003-33"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"gamma-aminobutyric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panzer_2009-34"},{"link_name":"sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep"},{"link_name":"non-rapid eye movement sleep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson_2003-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panzer_2009-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Panzer_2009-34"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacodynamics","text":"Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective α2-adrenergic agonist. It possesses an α2:α1 selectivity ratio of 1620:1, making it eight times more selective for the α2-receptor than clonidine.[32] Unlike opioids and other sedatives such as propofol, dexmedetomidine is able to achieve its effects without causing respiratory depression. Dexmedetomidine induces sedation by decreasing activity of noradrenergic neurons in the locus ceruleus in the brain stem, thereby increasing the downstream activity of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus.[33] In contrast[clarification needed], other sedatives like propofol and benzodiazepines directly increase activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons.[34] Through action on this endogenous sleep-promoting pathway the sedation produced by dexmedetomidine more closely mirrors natural sleep (specifically stage 2 non-rapid eye movement sleep), as demonstrated by EEG studies.[33][35] As such, dexmedetomidine provides less amnesia than benzodiazepines.[34] Dexmedetomidine also has analgesic effects at the spinal cord level and other supraspinal sites.[34]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"distribution half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_half-life"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"elimination half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_half-life"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weerink_2017-5"},{"link_name":"Plasma protein binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Precedex_FDA_label-3"},{"link_name":"glucuronidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucuronidation"},{"link_name":"CYP2A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP2A6"},{"link_name":"Cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weerink_2017-5"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keating_1119%E2%80%931130-31"},{"link_name":"medical citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FDA_2022-27"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacokinetics","text":"Intravenous dexmedetomidine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics with a rapid distribution half-life of approximately 6 minutes in healthy volunteers, and a longer and more variable distribution half-life in ICU patients.[39] The terminal elimination half-life of intravenous dexmedetomidine ranged 2.1 to 3.1 hours in healthy adults and 2.2 to 3.7 hours in ICU patients.[5] Plasma protein binding of dexmedetomidine is about 94% (mostly albumin).[3]Dexmedetomidine is metabolized by the liver, largely by glucuronidation (34%) as well as by oxidation via CYP2A6 and other Cytochrome P450 enzymes.[5] As such, it should be used with caution in people with liver disease.[31]The majority of metabolized dexmedetomidine is excreted in the urine (~95%).[medical citation needed]It can be absorbed sublingually.[27]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intensive care unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine was approved in 1999 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a short-term sedative and analgesic (<24 hours) for critically ill or injured people on mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit (ICU). The rationale for its short-term use was due to concerns over withdrawal side effects such as rebound high blood pressure. These effects have not been consistently observed in research studies, however.[40]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orion Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Corporation_(pharmaceutical_company)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gozalo-Marcilla_2018-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Zoetis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoetis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Dexmedetomidine, under the trade name Dexdomitor (Orion Corporation), was approved in the European Union in for use in cats and dogs in 2002, for sedation and induction of general anesthesia.[41] The FDA approved dexmedetomidine for use in dogs in 2006 and cats in 2007.[42]In 2015, the European Medicines Agency and the FDA approved an oromucosal gel form of dexmedetomidine marketed as Sileo by pharmaceutical company Zoetis for use in dogs for relief of noise aversion.[43][44]","title":"Veterinary use"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"DEXMEDETOMIDINE FRESENIUS (Fresenius Kabi Australia Pty Ltd)\". Department of Health and Aged Care. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/dexmedetomidine-fresenius-fresenius-kabi-australia-pty-ltd","url_text":"\"DEXMEDETOMIDINE FRESENIUS (Fresenius Kabi Australia Pty Ltd)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Aged_Care","url_text":"Department of Health and Aged Care"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230318045443/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/dexmedetomidine-fresenius-fresenius-kabi-australia-pty-ltd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anvisa (2023-03-31). \"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Health_Regulatory_Agency","url_text":"Anvisa"},{"url":"https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"\"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A1rio_Oficial_da_Uni%C3%A3o","url_text":"Diário Oficial da União"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230803143925/https://www.in.gov.br/en/web/dou/-/resolucao-rdc-n-784-de-31-de-marco-de-2023-474904992","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Precedex- dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection, solution\". DailyMed. 2 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 8 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4419162d-81d4-49bd-96de-1729440bdb74","url_text":"\"Precedex- dexmedetomidine hydrochloride injection, solution\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220408230944/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4419162d-81d4-49bd-96de-1729440bdb74","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Igalmi- dexmedetomidine film\". DailyMed. 14 December 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=99476e8c-2527-4cb0-9d67-9f9cd91343c6","url_text":"\"Igalmi- dexmedetomidine film\""}]},{"reference":"Weerink MA, Struys MM, Hannivoort LN, Barends CR, Absalom AR, Colin P (August 2017). \"Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine\". Clinical Pharmacokinetics. 56 (8): 893–913. doi:10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7. PMC 5511603. PMID 28105598.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511603","url_text":"\"Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40262-017-0507-7","url_text":"10.1007/s40262-017-0507-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5511603","url_text":"5511603"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28105598","url_text":"28105598"}]},{"reference":"Marly-Voquer C, Schwarzwald CC, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R (January 2016). \"The use of dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusion for horses undergoing transvenous electrical cardioversion--A case series\". The Canadian Veterinary Journal. 57 (1): 70–75. PMC 4677613. PMID 26740702.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4677613","url_text":"\"The use of dexmedetomidine continuous rate infusion for horses undergoing transvenous electrical cardioversion--A case series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4677613","url_text":"4677613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26740702","url_text":"26740702"}]},{"reference":"\"Dexdomitor\". Archived from the original on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2013-08-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927122231/http://www.dexdomitor.com/","url_text":"\"Dexdomitor\""},{"url":"http://www.dexdomitor.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cormack JR, Orme RM, Costello TG (May 2005). \"The role of alpha2-agonists in neurosurgery\". Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 12 (4): 375–378. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2004.06.008. PMID 15925765. S2CID 79899746.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jocn.2004.06.008","url_text":"10.1016/j.jocn.2004.06.008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15925765","url_text":"15925765"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79899746","url_text":"79899746"}]},{"reference":"Pasin L, Greco T, Feltracco P, Vittorio A, Neto CN, Cabrini L, et al. (2013-01-01). \"Dexmedetomidine as a sedative agent in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials\". PLOS ONE. 8 (12): e82913. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...882913P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082913. PMC 3877008. PMID 24391726.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877008","url_text":"\"Dexmedetomidine as a sedative agent in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...882913P","url_text":"2013PLoSO...882913P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0082913","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0082913"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3877008","url_text":"3877008"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24391726","url_text":"24391726"}]},{"reference":"Chen K, Lu Z, Xin YC, Cai Y, Chen Y, Pan SM (January 2015). \"Alpha-2 agonists for long-term sedation during mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients\". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD010269. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010269.pub2. PMC 6353054. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM25_CDTE

XM25 CDTE

["1 Design","1.1 Drawbacks","1.2 Specifications","2 History","2.1 Deployment to Afghanistan","2.2 Misfiring","2.3 Funding cut","2.4 Litigation","2.5 Program status","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

For the sniper rifle, see M25 Sniper Weapon System. For the semiconductor material, see Cadmium telluride. Bullpup grenade launcher XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement System TypeBullpup grenade launcherPlace of originUnited States and GermanyService historyIn service2010–2013 (field evaluations)Used byUnited States ArmyWarsWar in AfghanistanProduction historyDesignerHeckler & KochOrbital ATKManufacturerHeckler & KochUnit costUS$30,000–35,000SpecificationsMass6.35 kg (14.0 lb) emptyLength749 mm (29.5 in)Cartridge25×40mm grenadeCaliber25 mmMuzzle velocity690 ft/s (210 m/s)Effective firing range550 yd (500 m) for point targets765 yd (700 m) for area targetsMaximum firing range1,100 yd (1,000 m)Feed system5-round detachable box magazine The XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE) System, also known as the Punisher and Individual Semiautomatic Air Burst System was an airburst grenade launcher with programmable ammunition derived from the XM29 OICW. It was fielded to soldiers serving in the War in Afghanistan in 2010, after which malfunctions and 2013 program budget cuts delayed official entry into service, planned for early 2017. In early 2017, the contract with Orbital ATK was cancelled, calling the future of the entire program into question. The program was officially terminated on 24 July 2018. Design The XM25 CDTE fires 25 mm grenades that are set to explode in mid-air at or near the target. A laser rangefinder in the weapon is used to determine the distance to the target. The user can manually adjust the detonating distance by up to 10 feet (3.0 m) shorter or longer; the XM25 automatically transmits the detonating distance to the grenade in the firing chamber. The grenade tracks the distance it has traveled by the number of spiral rotations after it is fired, then detonates at the proper distance to produce an airburst effect. These features make the XM25 more effective than traditional grenade launchers at the task of hitting targets that are behind cover or dug into the ground. The system was developed by Alliant Techsystems and Heckler & Koch, while the target acquisition/fire control was developed by L-3 IOS Brashear. The M203 grenade launcher has an effective range for point targets of 150 m (160 yd), and a maximum range for area targets of 350 m (380 yd). The XM25 has an effective range for point targets of 600 m (660 yd), and a maximum range for area targets of 700 m (770 yd). Studies indicate that the XM25 with air burst rounds is 300 percent more effective at engaging the enemy than other squad-level grenade launchers. In 2014, the U.S. Army was working on a 40 mm autonomous airburst Small Arms Grenade Munitions (SAGM) round to give 40 mm grenade launchers airburst capabilities as a complementary system to the XM25. Drawbacks A soldier aims an XM25 weapon system at Aberdeen Test Center In March 2013, elements of the 75th Ranger Regiment refused to take the 14 lb (6.4 kg) weapon on a raid because they found it too heavy and cumbersome. They also felt its low basic ammunition load and magazine capacity of 25 mm grenades were not enough to justify the removal of an M4A1 carbine from the mission. Although the XM25 enables infantry units to engage enemies hiding behind cover, the weapon has been met with several points of criticism, specifically that it requires soldiers to exchange their rifle and use it as their primary weapon, making them unable to perform required tasks in many squad battle drills; there is also concern that the operator has a reduced capacity to engage targets at close range and that its basic load of 36 rounds can be depleted too quickly in direct-fire engagements. Furthermore, critics have said that the system is too heavy for an individual soldier to carry. A US soldier equipped with an M4 carbine (the US Armed Forces primary infantry weapon), attachments and ammunition has to carry a 16 lb (7.3 kg) load. With the addition of a M320 grenade launcher and ammunition the total increases to 38 lb (17 kg). An XM25 with 36 rounds of ammunition is a 35 lb (16 kg) weapon load alone. If this was swapped in for the M320 grenade launcher, this means the infantryman needs to carry a larger load of 51 lb (23 kg). Specifications Caliber: Low-velocity 25mm × 40 grenade Thermobaric Flechette Training High-explosive airbursting round (HEAB) Non-lethal Armor Piercing (50 mm (2.0 in) armor penetration) Door breaching High Explosive Air Bursting (HEAB) Firing Modes: Airburst (In front of or over aiming point) Point Detonation Point Detonation Delay Window (Beyond aiming point) Operation: Gas operated semi-automatic System weight: 14 lb (6.4 kg) Target acquisition/fire control (XM104) Weight: 2.54 lb (1.15 kg) 4× thermal sight with zoom 2× direct view optical sight Ballistic computer Digital compass Laser rangefinder Ammunition fuze setter Environmental sensors History The XM25 began as an offshoot of the Objective Individual Combat Weapon program that started in the late 1990s. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory was the technical lead for the Program Manager Soldier Weapons, who worked on the development of the XM25 25 mm individual air burst weapon system. The system was designed to enhance the capability of individual Soldiers to defeat targets in defilade. The XM25 had been utilized in Afghanistan with support from ARL personnel involved in training Soldiers, enabling and evaluating XM25 combat tactical integration, and collecting data for the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase of the contract. The XM25 design included hardware modifications to improve reliability, weight, and fire control lasers optimized to increase range performance against targets out to 2,000 meters away. Additional modifications addressed weapon ergonomics including butt-plate configuration, rear bolt buffer housing and recoil optimization. The XM29 was intended to be an individual combat weapon that combined a rifle and airburst grenade launcher. It weighed 18 lb (8.2 kg), far more than an individual rifle or grenade launcher. Its 20 mm airbursting grenades weighed half as much as 230 g (8.1 oz) 40mm grenades. These lighter grenades were less effective at suppressing the enemy or putting them out of action. In August 2003, the XM29 roles were separated into specific weapons, with the rifle pursued as the XM8, and the OICW Increment 2 standalone airburst component as the XM25. As a standalone launcher, it was intended to be a special applications and support weapon, able to fire larger 270 g (9.5 oz) 25 mm grenade rounds which would generate 50 percent more, and heavier, fragments within a 6 m (20 ft) radius compared to the experimental 20 mm grenades. In 2005, six weapons underwent limited field trials and combat testing. Two years later, they were sent overseas for testing in combat situations. The XM25 was planned to be sent into theater in 2008, but minor suggestions from users and tests revealed design elements that needed to be refined. Deployment to Afghanistan A U.S. soldier wielding an XM-25 decorated in the Universal Camouflage Pattern In the summer of 2010, the United States Army began field testing the XM25 in Afghanistan, with an initial per-unit cost of the early models ranging from US$30,000 to $35,000. Five of the weapons were deployed with the 101st Airborne Division in Afghanistan in October 2010, along with 1,000 hand-made airburst rounds. The soldiers reported that the weapon was extremely effective at killing or neutralizing enemy combatants firing on US troops from covered positions. US troops nicknamed the weapon, "The Punisher." First contact was on 3 December 2010. As of February 2011, the weapon had been fired 55 times in nine engagements by two units in different locations. It had disrupted two insurgent attacks on observation posts, destroyed two PKM machine gun positions, and destroyed four ambush sites. In one engagement, an enemy machine gunner was wounded by, or so frightened of, the XM25 that he dropped his weapon and ran away. The units with the XM25s had no casualties during the nine engagements. The weapon was called "revolutionary" and "a game-changer." One platoon leader commented that engagements that would normally take 15 to 20 minutes were over in just a few minutes. They performed flawlessly with no maintenance problems. Soldiers were so pleased that they carried it as their primary weapon without carrying an M4 carbine as a secondary. There were no complaints about its weight, but improvements to the battery life and a range increase to 1,000 meters were sought. Each round was hand built at a cost of $1,000. The US Army ordered 36 more of the rifles in January 2012. On 12 September 2012, Alliant Techsystems received a $16.8 million engineering and manufacturing development contract modification for the XM25. ATK was to support another Army XM25 forward operational assessment scheduled for 2013 with a 36-gun battalion set of new pre-production prototypes. Misfiring On 2 February 2013, an XM25 exploded during a live-fire training event in Panjwai Afghanistan with Fierce Company 52nd Infantry, 1st Battalion 38th Infantry, 4th Brigade 2nd Infantry Division. The primer and propellant ignited as the result of a double feed, although safety mechanisms prevented the round's warhead from detonating. The gun was inoperable after the explosion and the soldier received superficial injuries. In response, the Army removed the XM25 from service in Afghanistan. ATK noted that there were nearly 5,900 rounds fired between failures. The misfiring caused the Army to delay the decision to move the XM25 into full-rate production, pending changes to the design of the weapon and ammunition, operating procedures, and training techniques. Testing continued at Aberdeen Proving Ground, where developers incorporated 130 design improvements. Despite the incident, Pentagon budget proposals included $69 million for 1,400 XM25 systems. The Army planned on a total of 10,876 units, two per infantry squad and one per special forces team. Funding cut In June 2013, the Senate Armed Services Committee eliminated all funding for the 1,400 XM25 systems the Army wanted to purchase from the 2014 budget. The malfunction in February raised concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the weapon. The "unreliable performance" of the weapon led to funding being cut, as well as the recommendation to review alternative airburst weapon systems. In August 2013, the Army announced that the XM25 may move to low-rate initial production (LRIP) by August 2014. The weapon was in the engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) phase and not yet ready for fielding. By August 2014, it was expected to reach Milestone C, starting LRIP for 1,100 weapons and needed ammunition. Low-rate production would lead to type-classification, resulting in removing the "X" from its designation. Improvements were being made concerning the fire control system, battery life, weight, and magazine size. The XM25 was expected to be combat-ready by the end of 2015, and be fielded with all brigade combat teams, as well as the Army Special Operations Command, special forces detachments, and ranger regiments. Automated production will reduce the price of the system to $35,000 for the weapon and fire control system, and $55 per round. As of October 2015, the weapon was in the second round of contractor validation testing, with a Pre-Production Qualification Test (PPQT) to be conducted in spring 2016, which could lead to a Milestone C decision by August 2016. Since its first deployment, the XM25 has been updated by replacing the boxy 2X Fire Control System (FCS) with a more compact, streamlined FCS that has greater 3X magnification and improved weapon weight, accuracy, and reliability. If requirements are fulfilled and budgets hold, the XM25 could be fielded in early 2017. On 29 August 2016, the Defense Department Inspector General's Office released a report recommending the Army determine whether to proceed with or cancel the XM25 program after reviewing the results of 2016 Governmental testing, scheduled to be completed in fall 2016. Army leaders maintain that the weapon provides revolutionary capabilities to the soldier, and that safety concerns have been addressed through engineering design changes and improvements over 30 additional months of testing. Although one XM25 was planned to be distributed in each deployed squad, fiscal constraints may alter that plan. Litigation In 2017 Orbital ATK filed suit via the U.S. District court in the district of Minnesota against Heckler and Koch for damages of over US$27 million, claiming failure to deliver 20 XM25 prototype units. The filing also requested Transfer of Intellectual Property to allow Orbital ATK to contract another vendor for production of the system. The complaint stated that Heckler and Koch had wished legal clarification regarding potential violations of the Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868, which bans "any projectile of a weight below 400 grams" containing explosives. After consultation Heckler and Koch had stipulated that the US Government issue a special certification regarding use of the weapons system. The US Government did not issue such and negotiations broke down. In April 2017, the Army cancelled its contract with Orbital ATK after they failed to deliver 20 weapons as specified by the terms, putting the operational future of the XM25 in jeopardy. On 24 July 2018, the Army signed a memorandum officially terminating the program, after settling the lawsuit with Orbital ATK that gave the military intellectual property rights to the weapons and ammunition. Program status April 2005 - First prototypes are delivered to the U.S. Army for field-testing. September 2005 - Test firing by regular troops at Grafenwöhr Training Area. November 2010 - Preliminary deployment in Afghanistan. 3 December 2010 - First contact. 12 September 2012 - EMD contract. 2 February 2013 - Misfire during live-fire event, XM25 removed from field in Afghanistan. June 2013 - Funding cut for XM25. August 2016 - Pentagon Inspector General report urges final decision on XM25 fielding or cancellation. April 2017 - Army cancels XM25 contract with Orbital ATK. July 2018 - Army officially terminates XM25. See also List of individual weapons of the U.S. Armed Forces List of bullpup firearms List of grenade launchers Barrett XM109 Mk 47 Striker PAW-20 S&T Daewoo K11 STK SSW (firearm) QTS-11 XM8 rifle XM307 RG-1 "Porshen" References ^ a b Grant, Greg. "Army Sending Precision Grenade Launcher to Afghanistan". Defense Tech. Retrieved 6 May 2010. ^ "Weapons: Being First Is Often The Worst". www.strategypage.com. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Army to Rename XM25 Airburst Weapon - Defensetech.org, 15 August 2013 ^ "XM25, Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE) Systemm". May 2010. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2013. ^ Piper, Raymond. "XM25 feedback demonstrates lethality." Army News Service, 7 October 2011. ^ "Weapons: Being First Is Often The Worst". ^ a b Soldiers Can Set When Grenade Explodes With New Launcher Army Times, 12 October 2015 ^ a b c Army Kills Contract for Shoulder-Fired Airburst Weapon - Military.com, 6 May 2017 ^ a b c Army’s XM25 program officially goes kaput. Stars and Stripes. 10 August 2018. ^ Kleiner, Kurt (6 June 2009). "Radio-controlled bullets leave no place to hide". New Scientist. Retrieved 14 June 2009. ^ XM25 To Become The M25 - Sofrep.com, 20 August 2013 ^ Tilford, Robert (8 September 2014). "New grenade round doubles the lethality of the current 40 mm grenade against defilade targets". groundreport.com. GroundReport. Retrieved 11 September 2014. ^ a b c Investigators to Army: Consider Canceling Troubled Airburst Weapon - Military.com, 1 September 2016 ^ a b c Army Defends New Airburst Weapon Targeted by Pentagon Critics - Military.com, 9 September 2016 ^ a b c Smart Grenades That Work Most Of The Time - Strategypage.com, 19 March 2013 ^ "U.S. Army Research Laboratory Annual Review 2011" (PDF). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2017. ^ Military.com. "Military Daily News - Military.com". ^ Lowe, Christian. "‘Punisher’ Gives Enemy No Place to Hide". Military.com, 3 February 2011, retrieved 7 February 2011. ^ a b Bacon, Lance M. "‘Punisher’ gets its first battlefield tests" Armytimes.com, 14 February 2011. Accessed: 18 February 2011. ^ The Economist, "Magic Bullets", 14 January 2012. ^ a b ATK Awarded Manufacturing Development Contract for XM25 Archived 21 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine - ATK press release, 12 September 2012 ^ a b Army removes XM25 from service after incident Archived 9 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine - Militarytimes.com, 5 March 2013 ^ Special Forces, Army Infantry to Get New XM25 'Punisher' Rifle - USnews.com, 22 April 2013 ^ a b Reed, John (25 June 2013). "The Senate Wants to Kill the Army's "Punisher"". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2013. ^ XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement system may lose 'X' by next August - Army.mil, 9 August 2013 ^ Turnbull, Grant (14 October 2015). "Refined XM25 go for launch". Shephardmedia.com. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ "Army's XM25 Gets More-Powerful, Streamlined Optic". Kitup.Military.com. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2015. ^ "U.S. firm Orbital sues Heckler & Koch over XM25 weapon". Reuters. 2 February 2017. ^ FOX. "Minnesota, German companies fighting over new weapon". Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2017. ^ ATK Delivers First XM25 Prototypes to U.S. Army for Testing and Evaluation Archived 9 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Soldiers test new weapons at Grafenwöhr - EUCOM Archived 19 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Miller, Joshua (28 November 2010). "U.S. Army Unveils 'Revolutionary' XM25 Rifle in Afghanistan". Fox News. Retrieved 30 November 2010. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to XM25. XM25 Airburst Weapon System - ATK XM25 peosoldier.army.mil XM25 grenade launcher - Modern Firearms XM25 Airburst Weapons System - Global Security Green Berets will receive Judge Dredd computer smart-rifle Military.com - A First Look at the XM25 vteCurrent U.S. infantry service weapons and cartridgesHandguns M1911 M9 M11 P229R DAK M17 – M18 MHS MK 23 MK 24 MK 25 MK 26 MK 27 RiflesAssault, battle M16 M4 MK 18 CQBR XM177 GAU-5/A M231 FPW M27 IAR HK416 MK 16 MK 17 MK 14 EBR M14 Designated marksman Mk 14 EBR M39 EMR M14 M21 SWS M25 SWS M38 DMR M110A1 SDMR SDM-R MK 12 SPR SEAL Recon Rifle Sniper, anti-materiel M110 SASS MK 11 M110A1 CSASS MK 20 SSR M107 M40 M2010 ESR M24 SWS MK 21 PSR MK 22 ASR – PSR MK 13 MK 15 Shotguns M870 M590 M26 MASS M1014 Submachine guns MP5 MP7 Colt 9mm SMG MPX SCW Machine guns M2 M249 SAW (MK 46) M27 IAR M240 MK 48 M60 (MK 43) OrdnanceGrenade launchers M203 M320 GLM MK 13 EGLM M79 M32 MGL MK 19 MK 47 Mortars M224 LWCMS M252 M120 Recoilless rifle M3E1 MAAWS M136 AT4 Rockets M72 LAW MK 153 SMAW M141 BDM M202 FLASH Missiles BGM-71 TOW FGM-148 Javelin FIM-92 Stinger Cartridges 12 Gauge 9×19mm NATO .45 ACP 5.56×45mm NATO 6.5mm Creedmoor 7.62×51mm NATO .300 Norma Magnum .300 Winchester Magnum .338 Norma Magnum .50 BMG 40×46mm–40x51mm–40x53mm vteBullpup firearmsRifles A-91 Advanced Individual Combat Weapon Armtech C30R ASh-12.7 ADS amphibious rifle BR18 Bushmaster M17S Desert Tech MDR EM-1 EM-2 EM-4 EMER-K1 FAMAS FB MSBS Grot FN F2000 Grad AR Heckler & Koch G11 HS Produkt VHS IFAR 22 Tavor TAR-21 Tavor X95 IWI Tavor 7 Interdynamics MKR K-3 KAL1 GPIR Kel-Tec RDB Kel-Tec RFB KH-2002 L64/65 L85 L86 LSW L98 LA-1 LA-4 LAPA FA-03 Magpul PDR Malyuk MR-C Model 45A NIVA XM1970 Norinco Type 86S OTs-14 Groza PAPOP Pindad SS2 Bullpup QBZ-95 S&T Daewoo XK8 SA80 SAR 21 Sieg Springfield Hellion Steyr ACR Steyr AUG STG-556 TKB-011 TKB-0146 TKB-022PM TKB-059 TKB-408 Type 11 Valmet M82 VB Berapi LP06 Vektor CR-21 Vepr W+F C42 (Stgw 90 "kurz Version C 2") Walther G22 Carbines AGM-1 L22 Thorneycroft Machine guns Pecheneg Bullpup QBB-95 SAR 21 LMG Steyr AUG HBAR Submachine guns FN P90 Tavor X95 SMG JS 9 mm QCW-05 Steyr AUG Para Steyr AUG A3 Para XS Handguns Boberg XR9-S  Bond Arms BullPup 9 Bushmaster Arm Pistol Remington XP-100 USFA ZiP .22 Sniper rifles Bor Desert Tech SRS Desert Tech HTI SVU DSR-Precision GmbH DSR-1 M89SR OTs-48K QBU-88 VSSK Vykhlop Walther WA 2000 Anti-materiel rifles Arash Barrett M90 Barrett M95 Barrett XM500 Barrett M82A2 DSR-Precision GmbH DSR-50 Falcon Gepárd HK WSG 2000 KSVK Mambi MICOR Leader 50 Panzerbüchse M.SS41  RT-20 Steyr IWS 2000 SV-18 WKW Wilk PDShP Shotguns Crye Six12 EAA MKA 1923 ENARM Pentagun Franchi mod .410 Heckler & Koch HK CAWS High Standard Model 10 IWI Tavor TS12 Kel-Tec KSG Kushnapup KS-23K Mossberg 500/590 Bullpup NeoStead 2000 Pancor Jackhammer Standard Manufacturing DP-12 UTAS UTS-15 Other ADS amphibious rifle Springfield Special Purpose Individual Weapon S&T Daewoo K11 XM25 CDTE XM29 OICW

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M25 Sniper Weapon System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_Sniper_Weapon_System"},{"link_name":"Cadmium telluride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium_telluride"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PEO_Factsheet-5"},{"link_name":"airburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"XM29 OICW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM29_OICW"},{"link_name":"War in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armytimes12oct15-8"},{"link_name":"Orbital ATK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_Innovation_Systems"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military6may17-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stripes10aug18-10"}],"text":"For the sniper rifle, see M25 Sniper Weapon System. For the semiconductor material, see Cadmium telluride.Bullpup grenade launcherThe XM25 Counter Defilade Target Engagement (CDTE) System,[5] also known as the Punisher and Individual Semiautomatic Air Burst System was an airburst grenade launcher with programmable ammunition derived from the XM29 OICW. It was fielded to soldiers serving in the War in Afghanistan in 2010,[6] after which malfunctions and 2013 program budget cuts[7] delayed official entry into service, planned for early 2017.[8] In early 2017, the contract with Orbital ATK was cancelled, calling the future of the entire program into question.[9] The program was officially terminated on 24 July 2018.[10]","title":"XM25 CDTE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"25 mm grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_mm_grenade"},{"link_name":"laser rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewScientist2711-11"},{"link_name":"airburst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"Alliant Techsystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliant_Techsystems"},{"link_name":"Heckler & Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch"},{"link_name":"M203 grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M203_grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The XM25 CDTE fires 25 mm grenades that are set to explode in mid-air at or near the target. A laser rangefinder in the weapon is used to determine the distance to the target. The user can manually adjust the detonating distance by up to 10 feet (3.0 m) shorter or longer; the XM25 automatically transmits the detonating distance to the grenade in the firing chamber. The grenade tracks the distance it has traveled by the number of spiral rotations after it is fired,[11] then detonates at the proper distance to produce an airburst effect. These features make the XM25 more effective than traditional grenade launchers at the task of hitting targets that are behind cover or dug into the ground.The system was developed by Alliant Techsystems and Heckler & Koch, while the target acquisition/fire control was developed by L-3 IOS Brashear.The M203 grenade launcher has an effective range for point targets of 150 m (160 yd), and a maximum range for area targets of 350 m (380 yd). The XM25 has an effective range for point targets of 600 m (660 yd), and a maximum range for area targets of 700 m (770 yd). Studies indicate that the XM25 with air burst rounds is 300 percent more effective at engaging the enemy than other squad-level grenade launchers.[12]In 2014, the U.S. Army was working on a 40 mm autonomous airburst Small Arms Grenade Munitions (SAGM) round to give 40 mm grenade launchers airburst capabilities as a complementary system to the XM25.[13]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_Testing_the_new_XM-25_weapon_system.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Test Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"75th Ranger Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75th_Ranger_Regiment"},{"link_name":"M4A1 carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_carbine#M4A1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defensetech15aug13-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military1sept16-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military9sept16-15"},{"link_name":"M4 carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_carbine"},{"link_name":"M320 grenade launcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M320_grenade_launcher"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military9sept16-15"}],"sub_title":"Drawbacks","text":"A soldier aims an XM25 weapon system at Aberdeen Test CenterIn March 2013, elements of the 75th Ranger Regiment refused to take the 14 lb (6.4 kg) weapon on a raid because they found it too heavy and cumbersome. They also felt its low basic ammunition load and magazine capacity of 25 mm grenades were not enough to justify the removal of an M4A1 carbine from the mission.[4]Although the XM25 enables infantry units to engage enemies hiding behind cover, the weapon has been met with several points of criticism, specifically that it requires soldiers to exchange their rifle and use it as their primary weapon, making them unable to perform required tasks in many squad battle drills; there is also concern that the operator has a reduced capacity to engage targets at close range and that its basic load of 36 rounds can be depleted too quickly in direct-fire engagements.[14]Furthermore, critics have said that the system is too heavy for an individual soldier to carry.[15] A US soldier equipped with an M4 carbine (the US Armed Forces primary infantry weapon), attachments and ammunition has to carry a 16 lb (7.3 kg) load. With the addition of a M320 grenade launcher and ammunition the total increases to 38 lb (17 kg). An XM25 with 36 rounds of ammunition is a 35 lb (16 kg) weapon load alone. If this was swapped in for the M320 grenade launcher, this means the infantryman needs to carry a larger load of 51 lb (23 kg).[15]","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"25mm × 40 grenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_mm_grenade"},{"link_name":"Thermobaric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermobaric_weapon"},{"link_name":"Flechette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flechette"},{"link_name":"High-explosive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive"},{"link_name":"airbursting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_burst"},{"link_name":"round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airburst_round"},{"link_name":"Non-lethal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lethal"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-types-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-types-16"},{"link_name":"Gas operated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_operated"},{"link_name":"semi-automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm"},{"link_name":"thermal sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_sight"},{"link_name":"zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens"},{"link_name":"optical sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_sight"},{"link_name":"compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass"},{"link_name":"Laser rangefinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_rangefinder"},{"link_name":"Ammunition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammunition"},{"link_name":"fuze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuze"},{"link_name":"sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor"}],"sub_title":"Specifications","text":"Caliber: Low-velocity 25mm × 40 grenade\nThermobaric\nFlechette\nTraining\nHigh-explosive airbursting round (HEAB)\nNon-lethal\nArmor Piercing (50 mm (2.0 in) armor penetration)[16]\nDoor breaching\nHigh Explosive Air Bursting (HEAB) Firing Modes:[16]\nAirburst (In front of or over aiming point)\nPoint Detonation\nPoint Detonation Delay\nWindow (Beyond aiming point)\nOperation: Gas operated semi-automatic\nSystem weight: 14 lb (6.4 kg)\nTarget acquisition/fire control (XM104)\nWeight: 2.54 lb (1.15 kg)\n4× thermal sight with zoom\n2× direct view optical sight\nBallistic computer\nDigital compass\nLaser rangefinder\nAmmunition fuze setter\nEnvironmental sensors","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Objective Individual Combat Weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_Individual_Combat_Weapon"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"defilade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defilade"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"XM29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM29"},{"link_name":"40mm grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40mm_grenade"},{"link_name":"XM8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XM8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-types-16"}],"text":"The XM25 began as an offshoot of the Objective Individual Combat Weapon program that started in the late 1990s. The U.S. Army Research Laboratory was the technical lead for the Program Manager Soldier Weapons, who worked on the development of the XM25 25 mm individual air burst weapon system. The system was designed to enhance the capability of individual Soldiers to defeat targets in defilade. The XM25 had been utilized in Afghanistan with support from ARL personnel involved in training Soldiers, enabling and evaluating XM25 combat tactical integration, and collecting data for the Engineering and Manufacturing Development phase of the contract. The XM25 design included hardware modifications to improve reliability, weight, and fire control lasers optimized to increase range performance against targets out to 2,000 meters away. Additional modifications addressed weapon ergonomics including butt-plate configuration, rear bolt buffer housing and recoil optimization.[17]The XM29 was intended to be an individual combat weapon that combined a rifle and airburst grenade launcher. It weighed 18 lb (8.2 kg), far more than an individual rifle or grenade launcher. Its 20 mm airbursting grenades weighed half as much as 230 g (8.1 oz) 40mm grenades. These lighter grenades were less effective at suppressing the enemy or putting them out of action. In August 2003, the XM29 roles were separated into specific weapons, with the rifle pursued as the XM8, and the OICW Increment 2 standalone airburst component as the XM25. As a standalone launcher, it was intended to be a special applications and support weapon, able to fire larger 270 g (9.5 oz) 25 mm grenade rounds which would generate 50 percent more, and heavier, fragments within a 6 m (20 ft) radius compared to the experimental 20 mm grenades. In 2005, six weapons underwent limited field trials and combat testing. Two years later, they were sent overseas for testing in combat situations. The XM25 was planned to be sent into theater in 2008, but minor suggestions from users and tests revealed design elements that needed to be refined.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:XM25-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Universal Camouflage Pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defensetech_20100506-1"},{"link_name":"101st Airborne Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"PKM machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKM_machine_gun"},{"link_name":"platoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platoon_(military_unit)"},{"link_name":"M4 carbine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_carbine"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55bacon-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMD-22"}],"sub_title":"Deployment to Afghanistan","text":"A U.S. soldier wielding an XM-25 decorated in the Universal Camouflage PatternIn the summer of 2010, the United States Army began field testing the XM25 in Afghanistan, with an initial per-unit cost of the early models ranging from US$30,000 to $35,000.[1] Five of the weapons were deployed with the 101st Airborne Division in Afghanistan in October 2010,[18] along with 1,000 hand-made airburst rounds. The soldiers reported that the weapon was extremely effective at killing or neutralizing enemy combatants firing on US troops from covered positions. US troops nicknamed the weapon, \"The Punisher.\"[19] First contact was on 3 December 2010. As of February 2011, the weapon had been fired 55 times in nine engagements by two units in different locations. It had disrupted two insurgent attacks on observation posts, destroyed two PKM machine gun positions, and destroyed four ambush sites. In one engagement, an enemy machine gunner was wounded by, or so frightened of, the XM25 that he dropped his weapon and ran away. The units with the XM25s had no casualties during the nine engagements. The weapon was called \"revolutionary\" and \"a game-changer.\" One platoon leader commented that engagements that would normally take 15 to 20 minutes were over in just a few minutes. They performed flawlessly with no maintenance problems. Soldiers were so pleased that they carried it as their primary weapon without carrying an M4 carbine as a secondary. There were no complaints about its weight, but improvements to the battery life and a range increase to 1,000 meters were sought. Each round was hand built at a cost of $1,000.[20]The US Army ordered 36 more of the rifles in January 2012.[21] On 12 September 2012, Alliant Techsystems received a $16.8 million engineering and manufacturing development contract modification for the XM25. ATK was to support another Army XM25 forward operational assessment scheduled for 2013 with a 36-gun battalion set of new pre-production prototypes.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-misfire-23"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Misfiring","text":"On 2 February 2013, an XM25 exploded during a live-fire training event in Panjwai Afghanistan with Fierce Company 52nd Infantry, 1st Battalion 38th Infantry, 4th Brigade 2nd Infantry Division. The primer and propellant ignited as the result of a double feed, although safety mechanisms prevented the round's warhead from detonating. The gun was inoperable after the explosion and the soldier received superficial injuries. In response, the Army removed the XM25 from service in Afghanistan. ATK noted that there were nearly 5,900 rounds fired between failures.[23] The misfiring caused the Army to delay the decision to move the XM25 into full-rate production, pending changes to the design of the weapon and ammunition, operating procedures, and training techniques. Testing continued at Aberdeen Proving Ground, where developers incorporated 130 design improvements. Despite the incident, Pentagon budget proposals included $69 million for 1,400 XM25 systems. The Army planned on a total of 10,876 units, two per infantry squad and one per special forces team.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senate Armed Services Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Armed_Services_Committee"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cut-25"},{"link_name":"low-rate initial production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_rate_initial_production"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-army9aug13-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-armytimes12oct15-8"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shep-refined-xm25-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kitup-optic-28"},{"link_name":"Defense Department Inspector General's Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military1sept16-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military9sept16-15"}],"sub_title":"Funding cut","text":"In June 2013, the Senate Armed Services Committee eliminated all funding for the 1,400 XM25 systems the Army wanted to purchase from the 2014 budget. The malfunction in February raised concerns about the safety and effectiveness of the weapon. The \"unreliable performance\" of the weapon led to funding being cut, as well as the recommendation to review alternative airburst weapon systems.[25]In August 2013, the Army announced that the XM25 may move to low-rate initial production (LRIP) by August 2014. The weapon was in the engineering and manufacturing development (EMD) phase and not yet ready for fielding. By August 2014, it was expected to reach Milestone C, starting LRIP for 1,100 weapons and needed ammunition. Low-rate production would lead to type-classification, resulting in removing the \"X\" from its designation. Improvements were being made concerning the fire control system, battery life, weight, and magazine size. The XM25 was expected to be combat-ready by the end of 2015, and be fielded with all brigade combat teams, as well as the Army Special Operations Command, special forces detachments, and ranger regiments. Automated production will reduce the price of the system to $35,000 for the weapon and fire control system, and $55 per round.[26]As of October 2015, the weapon was in the second round of contractor validation testing, with a Pre-Production Qualification Test (PPQT) to be conducted in spring 2016, which could lead to a Milestone C decision by August 2016. Since its first deployment, the XM25 has been updated by replacing the boxy 2X Fire Control System (FCS) with a more compact, streamlined FCS that has greater 3X magnification and improved weapon weight, accuracy, and reliability. If requirements are fulfilled and budgets hold, the XM25 could be fielded in early 2017.[8][27][28] On 29 August 2016, the Defense Department Inspector General's Office released a report recommending the Army determine whether to proceed with or cancel the XM25 program after reviewing the results of 2016 Governmental testing, scheduled to be completed in fall 2016.[14] Army leaders maintain that the weapon provides revolutionary capabilities to the soldier, and that safety concerns have been addressed through engineering design changes and improvements over 30 additional months of testing. Although one XM25 was planned to be distributed in each deployed squad, fiscal constraints may alter that plan.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orbital ATK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_ATK"},{"link_name":"Heckler and Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_and_Koch"},{"link_name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property"},{"link_name":"violations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_violation"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Declaration_of_1868"},{"link_name":"US Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Government"},{"link_name":"certification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certification"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military6may17-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stripes10aug18-10"}],"sub_title":"Litigation","text":"In 2017 Orbital ATK filed suit via the U.S. District court in the district of Minnesota against Heckler and Koch for damages of over US$27 million, claiming failure to deliver 20 XM25 prototype units. The filing also requested Transfer of Intellectual Property to allow Orbital ATK to contract another vendor for production of the system. The complaint stated that Heckler and Koch had wished legal clarification regarding potential violations of the Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868, which bans \"any projectile of a weight below 400 grams\" containing explosives. After consultation Heckler and Koch had stipulated that the US Government issue a special certification regarding use of the weapons system. The US Government did not issue such and negotiations broke down.[29][30] In April 2017, the Army cancelled its contract with Orbital ATK after they failed to deliver 20 weapons as specified by the terms, putting the operational future of the XM25 in jeopardy.[9]On 24 July 2018, the Army signed a memorandum officially terminating the program, after settling the lawsuit with Orbital ATK that gave the military intellectual property rights to the weapons and ammunition.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fox20101124-33"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55bacon-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMD-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-misfire-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cut-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military1sept16-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-military6may17-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stripes10aug18-10"}],"sub_title":"Program status","text":"April 2005 - First prototypes are delivered to the U.S. Army for field-testing.[31]\nSeptember 2005 - Test firing by regular troops at Grafenwöhr Training Area.[32]\nNovember 2010 - Preliminary deployment in Afghanistan.[33]\n3 December 2010 - First contact.[20]\n12 September 2012 - EMD contract.[22]\n2 February 2013 - Misfire during live-fire event, XM25 removed from field in Afghanistan.[23]\nJune 2013 - Funding cut for XM25.[25]\nAugust 2016 - Pentagon Inspector General report urges final decision on XM25 fielding or cancellation.[14]\nApril 2017 - Army cancels XM25 contract with Orbital ATK.[9]\nJuly 2018 - Army officially terminates XM25.[10]","title":"History"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie_Woogie_(Indian_TV_series)

Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)

["1 Seasons","1.1 Season 1","1.2 Season 2","1.3 Season 3","1.4 Season 4","1.5 Season 5","1.6 Season 6: 2010","1.7 Season 7: 2013-2014","2 Franchise","3 Winners","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Boogie Woogie" Indian TV series – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Indian TV series or programme Boogie WoogieCreated byNaved JaffreyRavi BehlDirected byNaved JaffreyCountry of originIndiaOriginal languageHindiNo. of seasons7ProductionRunning time30 minutesProduction companyR&N TV ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkSony Entertainment TelevisionRelease1996 (1996) –30 March 2014 (2014-03-30) Boogie Woogie is an Indian dance competition television series created and directed by Naved Jaffrey, Ashu Jain and Ravi Behl for Sony Entertainment Television and Sony Entertainment Television Asia. Debuting in 1996, the show was judged by Indian film actor and Television host Javed Jaffrey, who was the permanent judge, while his brother Naved, also the director and producer of the show, co-hosted the show along with film actor Ravi Behl. The early episodes were shot in Mehta Industrial Estate in Andheri, Mumbai and later, was also shot at other film studios in Mumbai including Natraj, Filmalaya, Filmistaan, Famous, Film City among others. It is the oldest dance reality show on Indian TV, and it has become the longest show in India. In the earlier seasons, the judges assigned various themes to episodes, including Bollywood, Horror, Friendship among others. It was also co-hosted by Kadambari Shantshri Desai in season 1 and 2. The popularity of the dance show has led to the creation of special championship shows, such as Kids' Championships, Teen Championships, Mothers Championships and Celebrity Championships, in which various Indian celebrities, such as Mithun Chakraborty, Juhi Chawla, Esha Deol, Dia Mirza, Govinda, Vivek Oberoi and Ritesh Deshmukh have participated. Boogie Woogie was among the first shows to start special dance championships catering to different age groups. In the first two seasons, these championships would be one to two episode long and the one winner would be decided at the end of every episode. However, the videos of the seasons are currently not fully available. Seasons Season 1 The series' first season premiered in 2000 and ended in 2001. Season 2 After a long gap of 5–6 years, the show was relaunched by Sony Entertainment Television in 2003 for its 2nd season. After the end of season 2, Boogie Woogie was off air for sometime in 2006, before it came back in a new avatar in 2008. During this period, Sony Entertainment Television Asia in London launched the International Boogie Woogie championships. The judging format of this show was created by Samir Bhamra. Season 3 The show held auditions for its new season contestants from 16 to 20 February 2008 in Mumbai. The new season began on Sony Entertainment Television Asia in mid-March. In the end of February or in the beginning of March 2008, the name of series was prefixed with "Videocon" under a sponsorship deal and was titled Boogie Woogie Little Champs. Season 4 After the end of the 3rd season, its 4th season was launched in the last week of November 2008. Season 5 After the end of its 4th season, Sony Entertainment Television again launched the series for its 5th season on 29 May 2009, named Boogie Woogie Mummy's Championship. The series was continuously telecast from February or March 2008 to 3 October 2009, and was replaced by the new dance series Dance Premier League from 9 October 2009. However, the series was said to be return after Dance Premier League ends. Season 6: 2010 And the series really returned from 19 May 2010 as its 6th season. This season was telecast bi-weekly on every Wednesday and Thursday at 9 PM IST. Its Grand Finale was telecast on 13 August 2010. Season 7: 2013-2014 Main article: Boogie Woogie Kids Championship Franchise After completion of seventh season of the show, the show was franchised to Nepal. The rights and necessary requirements was done by AP1 TV of Nepal to import the show. Boogie Woogie Nepal is Nepal's first international franchised dance reality show. Winners Renu Rana (Inaugural season - Mother’s Championship) Sabah Bari (Season 5) Sachi Sharma Utah dance group (season 3) Farhad Shahnawaz David Furtado & Sharon Noronha ( Goa) Priya Adivarekar (Season 1 and 2) Phulwa Khamkar (Season 1) Fictitious Dance Group (Season 1) Jaykumar Nair (Season 3) Mini and Group (Season 1 and 2) Kritika Rohira (Season 2) Yogesh Pathak and company (Season 1 and 2) Jayshree and group (Season 1 and 2) Keshav Rathi (Season 2) pradnya autade (season 7) Vaishnavi Patil (Season 4 and 5) Bodyrock Dance Academy, Baroda Damini Karmerkar Ruju Parekh (Season 1) Neha Marda Reception Throughout the globe, Boogie Woogie Kids Championship received mostly positive critical reception. See also Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa, a celebrity dance show that was aired on Sony Entertainment Television. Now on Colors. Nach Baliye, a reality dance show on Star Plus. References ^ 2 posts tagged "boogie woogie" - Sony Entertainment Television’s Blog on Vox Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Little celebs to contest on Boogie Woogie". Tellychakkar. Retrieved 18 February 2008. ^ "Sony rides on IPL buzz; to replace Boogie Woogie with DPL". Indian Television. Retrieved 15 September 2009. ^ External links Official website Boogie Woogie on SET India Interview with Ravi Behl Boogie Woogie at IMDb vteCurrent broadcasts on Sony Entertainment TelevisionDrama Dabangii – Mulgii Aayi Re Aayi Crime Patrol 48 Hours Kavya – Ek Jazbaa, Ek Junoon Mehndi Wala Ghar Kuch Reet Jagat Ki Aisi Hai Reality/non-scripted series India's Best Dancer (Season 3) India's Got Talent List of former shows

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Debuting in 1996, the show was judged by Indian film actor and Television host Javed Jaffrey, who was the permanent judge, while his brother Naved, also the director and producer of the show, co-hosted the show along with film actor Ravi Behl. The early episodes were shot in Mehta Industrial Estate in Andheri, Mumbai and later, was also shot at other film studios in Mumbai including Natraj, Filmalaya, Filmistaan, Famous, Film City among others. It is the oldest dance reality show on Indian TV, and it has become the longest show in India. In the earlier seasons, the judges assigned various themes to episodes, including Bollywood, Horror, Friendship among others. It was also co-hosted by Kadambari Shantshri Desai in season 1 and 2.The popularity of the dance show has led to the creation of special championship shows, such as Kids' Championships, Teen Championships, Mothers Championships and Celebrity Championships, in which various Indian celebrities, such as Mithun Chakraborty, Juhi Chawla, Esha Deol, Dia Mirza, Govinda, Vivek Oberoi and Ritesh Deshmukh have participated.Boogie Woogie was among the first shows to start special dance championships catering to different age groups. In the first two seasons, these championships would be one to two episode long and the one winner would be decided at the end of every episode. However, the videos of the seasons are currently not fully available.","title":"Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1","text":"The series' first season premiered in 2000 and ended in 2001.","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samir Bhamra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_Bhamra"}],"sub_title":"Season 2","text":"After a long gap of 5–6 years, the show was relaunched by Sony Entertainment Television in 2003 for its 2nd season. After the end of season 2, Boogie Woogie was off air for sometime in 2006, before it came back in a new avatar in 2008.During this period, Sony Entertainment Television Asia in London launched the International Boogie Woogie championships. The judging format of this show was created by Samir Bhamra.","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Videocon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videocon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Season 3","text":"The show held auditions for its new season contestants from 16 to 20 February 2008 in Mumbai. The new season began on Sony Entertainment Television Asia in mid-March.[1] In the end of February or in the beginning of March 2008, the name of series was prefixed with \"Videocon\" under a sponsorship deal and was titled Boogie Woogie Little Champs.[2]","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4","text":"After the end of the 3rd season, its 4th season was launched in the last week of November 2008.","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dance Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Premier_League"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Season 5","text":"After the end of its 4th season, Sony Entertainment Television again launched the series for its 5th season on 29 May 2009, named Boogie Woogie Mummy's Championship. The series was continuously telecast from February or March 2008 to 3 October 2009, and was replaced by the new dance series Dance Premier League from 9 October 2009. However, the series was said to be return after Dance Premier League ends.[3]","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time"}],"sub_title":"Season 6: 2010","text":"And the series really returned from 19 May 2010 as its 6th season. This season was telecast bi-weekly on every Wednesday and Thursday at 9 PM IST. Its Grand Finale was telecast on 13 August 2010.","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 7: 2013-2014","title":"Seasons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AP1 TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1_TV"},{"link_name":"Boogie Woogie Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boogie_Woogie_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"After completion of seventh season of the show, the show was franchised to Nepal. The rights and necessary requirements was done by AP1 TV of Nepal to import the show. Boogie Woogie Nepal is Nepal's first international franchised dance reality show.","title":"Franchise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Farhad Shahnawaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farhad_Shahnawaz"},{"link_name":"Neha Marda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neha_Marda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Renu Rana (Inaugural season - Mother’s Championship)\nSabah Bari (Season 5)\nSachi Sharma Utah dance group (season 3)\nFarhad Shahnawaz\nDavid Furtado & Sharon Noronha ( Goa)\nPriya Adivarekar (Season 1 and 2)\nPhulwa Khamkar (Season 1)\nFictitious Dance Group (Season 1)\nJaykumar Nair (Season 3)\nMini and Group (Season 1 and 2)\nKritika Rohira (Season 2)\nYogesh Pathak and company (Season 1 and 2)\nJayshree and group (Season 1 and 2)\nKeshav Rathi (Season 2)\npradnya autade (season 7)\nVaishnavi Patil (Season 4 and 5)\nBodyrock Dance Academy, Baroda\nDamini Karmerkar\nRuju Parekh (Season 1)\nNeha Marda[4]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Throughout the globe, Boogie Woogie Kids Championship received mostly positive critical reception.","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division

5th SS Panzer Division Wiking

["1 Formation, training and demographics","2 Operational history","2.1 Invasion of the Soviet Union","2.2 Ukraine, 1943/44","2.3 Warsaw","2.4 Hungary","3 War crimes","4 Organisation","4.1 Commanders","4.2 Order of battle","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Bibliography","7 Further reading","8 External links"]

German armored division "ss wiking" redirects here. Not to be confused with SS Viking or SS Wiking 1. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "5th SS Panzer Division Wiking" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking5. SS-Panzerdivision WikingUnit insigniaActive1941–45Country Nazi GermanyBranch Waffen-SSTypeInfantryPanzerRoleArmoured warfareSizeDivisionEngagementsEastern Front Operation Barbarossa Case Blue Third Battle of Kharkov Operation Citadel Operation Spring Awakening Operation Harvest Festival CommandersNotablecommandersFelix SteinerHerbert GilleEduard DeisenhoferJohannes MühlenkampKarl UllrichMilitary unit The 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking (German: 5. SS-Panzerdivision Wiking) or SS Division Wiking was an infantry and later an armoured division among the thirty-eight Waffen-SS divisions of Nazi Germany. During World War II, the division served on the Eastern Front. It surrendered on 9 May 1945 to the American forces in Austria. The division contained small contingents of foreign volunteers from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Iceland, the Netherlands and Belgium. These contingents were elevated in wartime propaganda and postwar mythology, including from the former German officers of the division, to give the Wiking Division the reputation of a pan-European force. In truth, the division was at all times equipped with a vast majority of German personnel. Formation, training and demographics After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, sought to expand the Waffen-SS with foreign military volunteers for the Nazi "crusade against Bolshevism". The enrollment began in April 1940 with the creation of two regiments: the Waffen-SS Regiment Nordland (for Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and a minority of Icelandic volunteers), and the Waffen-SS Regiment Westland (for Dutch and Flemish volunteers). The Nordic formation, originally organised as the Nordische Division (Nr. 5), was to be made up of Nordic volunteers mixed with German Waffen-SS personnel. The SS Infantry Regiment Germania of the SS-Verfügungs-Division, which was formed mostly from Germans, was transferred to help form the nucleus of a new division in late 1940. In December 1940, the new SS motorised formation was to be designated as SS-Division Germania, but after its formative period, the name was changed, to SS Division Wiking in January 1941. The division was formed around three motorised infantry regiments: Germania, Westland, and Nordland; with the addition of an artillery regiment. Command of the newly formed division was given to Felix Steiner, the former commander of the Verfügungstruppe SS Regiment Deutschland. After formation, the division was sent to Heuberg in Germany for training; by April 1941, it was ready for combat. The division was ordered east in mid-May, to take part with Army Group South's advance into Ukraine during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. In June 1941, the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS was formed from volunteers from that country. This unit was attached to the SS Regiment Nordland of the division. About 430 Finns who fought in the Winter War served in the SS Division Wiking from the beginning of Barbarossa. In spring 1943, the Finns' two-year contract ended, and the Finnish battalion was withdrawn. During that same timeframe, Regiment Nordland was transferred to help form the core of the new SS Division Nordland. They were replaced by the Estonian Battalion Narwa. Operational history Invasion of the Soviet Union Troops of the division in the Soviet Union in 1941. The division took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, advancing through Galicia, today's Ukraine. In July and August, Wiking participated in the encirclement battles at Uman and Kiev. Later in August, the division fought for the bridgehead across the Dnieper River at Dnepropetrovsk. Finally, the division took part in the heavy fighting for Rostov-on-Don before retreating to the Mius River line in November, to hold for the winter. In February 1942, the Soviet winter offensive had established breakthroughs on either side of the transportation hub of Izium. A Kampfgruppe was formed around the 1st battalion of the Germania regiment and the division's assault gun battery and sent north to help contain the Soviet thrusts. By the 25th of February, this Kampfgruppe was virtually annihilated in defensive battles near Izium against superior Soviet armored forces. Ultimately the front had been stabilized however, and conditions had been set for the devastating Axis counterattack at the Second Battle of Kharkov a few months later. During the spring of 1942, the division received reinforcements for the coming offensive, including a battalion of Finnish infantry and a battery of StuG III's to replace earlier losses. In early June 1942, Wiking received its panzer battalion, making it among the first SS Divisions to be given its own armored contingent. The panzer battalion had just under sixty tanks, and was made up of two companies of Panzer IIIs and one company of Panzer IVs. The battalion was commanded by veteran SS officer Johannes Mühlenkamp. In the summer of 1942, the unit took part in Army Group South's offensive Case Blue, with orders to capture Rostov and the Maikop oil fields. After capturing both targets, the division came to a halt in the foothills of the Caucasus on 14 August. In late September 1942, Wiking participated in the operation aimed to capture the city of Grozny, alongside the 13th Panzer Division. After much difficulty, the division captured the Malgobek ridge on 6 October, but the objective of seizing Grozny and opening a road to the Caspian Sea was not achieved. The division took part in the attempt to seize Ordzhonikidze. The Soviet Operation Uranus, the encirclement of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, brought any further advances to a halt and later necessitated a retreat from the Caucasus. After Operation Winter Storm, the failed attempt to relieve the 6th Army, Erich von Manstein, the commander of Army Group South, proposed another attempt towards Stalingrad. To that end, Wiking entrained on 24 December; however, by the time it arrived at Zimovniki on 30 December, the Wehrmacht was retreating westwards. The Wiking Division was tasked with covering the retreat of Kleist's First Panzer Army back across the Don. Wiking held Simovniki for seven days, covering the retreat of several large German formations, taking high casualties in the process. The division escaped through the Rostov gap and took up a new defensive position at Stalino on 5 February. Ukraine, 1943/44 In early 1943, the division fell back to Ukraine south of Kharkov, recently abandoned by the II SS Panzer Corps commanded by Paul Hausser. In the remaining weeks of February, the Corps, including Wiking, engaged Mobile Group Popov, the major Soviet armoured force named after Markian Popov during the Third Battle of Kharkov. As the post-Stalingrad Soviet offensive exhausted itself, Manstein was able to stabilize the front. In 1943, Herbert Gille was appointed to command the division. The SS Regiment Nordland, along with its commander Fritz von Scholz, were removed from the division and used as the nucleus for the new SS Division Nordland. The Finnish Volunteer Battalion was also withdrawn and they were replaced by the Estonian Battalion Narwa. In the summer of 1943, the division, along with the 23rd Panzer Division, formed the reserve for Manstein's Army Group in Operation Citadel. Immediately following the German failure in the Battle of Kursk, the Red Army launched two counter-offensives, Operation Kutuzov and Operation Rumyantsev. Wiking, together with the SS Divisions Totenkopf and Das Reich, was sent to the Mius-Bogodukhov sector. The Soviets took Kharkiv on 23 August and began advancing towards the Dnieper. In October the division was pulled out to a quiet sector of the line just as the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive overtook Army Group South. In November 1943 the division participated in Operation Harvest Festival, engaging in the mass murder of thousands of Jews at Majdanek concentration camp. In the aftermath of the fall of Kiev in late December 1943, the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts of the Red Army encircled several German divisions during the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket in January 1944. Over 60,000 soldiers, including the Wiking division, were trapped along the Dnieper River. Roughly half of German forces broke out of the encirclement. Similar to other formations in the pocket, Wiking suffered heavy casualties and lost nearly all of its heavy equipment. In early March 1944, while still refitting after its ordeal in the Cherkassy Pocket, the division was ordered to the town of Kovel to help contain a Soviet breakthrough. Only a portion of the division's strength, equipped only with small arms, and the division commander Gruppenführer Herbert Gille, made it into Kovel before being surrounded by Soviet forces. A breakout was deemed impractical, as there were over 2,000 German wounded in the city. By the end of March 1944, a relief force had been assembled outside of the pocket, led by Obersturmführer Karl Nicolussi-Leck. This force was built around the 8th Company of Wiking's 5th Panzer regiment, which had just received sixteen new Panther tanks. Fighting through determined Soviet resistance and heavy snow, the relief force broke through to the pocket on 30 March. Now able to be resupplied and receive reinforcements, Gille conducted counterattacks throughout April, culminating in the scattering of Soviet forces around Kovel on 24 April. Through May, the division received replacements for earlier losses, including Panzer IVs, Stug IVs, and Panther tanks. In early June the division was ordered west, to new defensive positions at Maciejow. On 6 July, the Soviet armored advance reached Maciejow. Wiking's tanks and AT guns were well dug-in and camouflaged, and were able to destroy over 300 Soviet armored vehicles in three days of fighting. After bringing the Red Army's advance to a standstill in that sector, Wiking was dispatched to Poland on July 13, 1944. Warsaw A German SdKfz 251 armoured fighting vehicle of the Wiking Division captured by the Polish insurgents In late-August 1944, the division was ordered back to Modlin Fortress on the Vistula River line near Warsaw where it joined the newly formed Army Group Vistula. Fighting alongside the Luftwaffe's "Hermann Göring" Panzer Division and SS Division Totenkopf the division participated in the Battle of Radzymin. The German counterattacks brought the Soviet offensive to a halt and the front line stabilized for the rest of the year.Warsaw Uprising insurgents inspect war trophies including an armband with the Wiking nameThe division remained in the Modlin area, grouped with the 3 SS Totenkopf and the IV SS Panzer Corps. Gille was promoted to the command of the new SS Panzer Corps, and after a brief period with Oberführer Eduard Deisenhofer in command, Standartenführer Johannes Mühlenkamp, commander of the SS Panzer Regiment 5 Wiking, took command. Battles around Modlin followed for the rest of the year. In October, Mühlenkamp was replaced by Oberführer Karl Ullrich, who led the division for the rest of the war. Hungary In late-December 1944, the German forces, including IX SS Mountain Corps, were encircled in Budapest. The IV SS Panzer Corps was ordered south to join Hermann Balck's 6th Army for a relief effort codenamed Operation Konrad. As a part of Operation Konrad I, the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking was committed to action on 1 January 1945, fighting alongside the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf. Near Tata, the advance columns of the Wiking attacked the 4th Guards Army. The Soviet forces halted the German advance at Bicske, 28 kilometres from Budapest. After the failure of Konrad I, Wiking was moved south of Esztergom, near the Danube bend. The second relief attempt, Operation Konrad II, got under way on 7 January with Wiking advancing south towards Budapest. By 12 January, the SS Panzergrenadier Regiment Westland had reached Pilisszentkereszt, 20 kilometres from Buda. Despite initial successes, the division was unable to exploit its breakthrough and was ordered to pull back and regroup. A third attempt, Operation Konrad III, in cooperation with the III Panzer Corps, took place 100 kilometres to the south. It started on 20 January and achieved initial tactical success. The quick redeployment of more Red Army troops prevented a German breakthrough, turning the German forces back by 28 January. By the end of January, Wiking and Totenkopf had suffered 8,000 casualties, including 200 officers. On 13 February 1945, the division was ordered west to Lake Balaton, where Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army was preparing Operation Spring Awakening, an offensive at Lake Balaton. Gille's remained as a support to the 6th SS Panzer Army during the beginning of the operation. Dietrich's army made "good progress" at first, but as they drew near the Danube, the combination of the muddy terrain and strong Soviet resistance ground them to a halt. The division performed a holding operation on the left flank of the offensive, in the area between Lake Velence-Székesfehérvár. As the operation progressed, the division was engaged in preventing Soviet efforts to outflank the advancing German forces. On 16 March, the Soviets forces counterattacked in overwhelming strength, causing the Germans to be driven back to their starting positions. On 24 March, another Soviet attack threw the IV SS Panzer Corps back towards Vienna; all contact was lost with the neighbouring I SS Panzer Corps, and any resemblance of an organised line of defence was gone. Wiking withdrew into Czechoslovakia. The division surrendered to the American forces near Fürstenfeld, Austria on 9 May. War crimes Following the killing of Hilmar Wäckerle, one of the division's high ranking field officers, in the city of Lviv, Jews in the area were rounded up by members of the division's logistics units led by Obersturmführer Braunnagel and Untersturmführer Kochalty. A gauntlet was then formed by two rows of soldiers. Most of these soldiers were from the Wiking's logistics units, but some were members of the German 1st Mountain Division. The Jews were then forced to run down this path while being struck by rifle butts and bayonets. At the end of this path stood a number of SS and army officers who shot the Jews as soon as they entered a bomb crater being used as a mass grave. About 50 or 60 Jews were killed in this manner. In addition, historian Eleonore Lappin, from the Institute for the History of Jews in Austria, has documented several cases of war crimes committed by members of Wiking in her work The Death Marches of Hungarian Jews Through Austria in the Spring of 1945. On 28 March 1945, 80 Jews from an evacuation column, although fit for the journey, were shot by three members of Wiking and five military policemen. On 4 April, 20 members of another column that left Graz tried to escape near the town of Eggenfelden, not far from Gratkorn. Troops from the division stationed there apprehended them in the forest near Mt. Eggenfeld, then herded them into a gully, where they were shot. On 7–11 April 1945, members of the division executed another eighteen escaped prisoners. In 2013 the NRK quoted "the first Norwegian that he participated in war crimes and extermination of Jews in Eastern Europe" during World War II, former soldier of the division Olav Tuff, who admitted: "In one instance in Ukraine during the autumn of 1941, civilians were herded like cattle—into a church. Shortly afterwards soldiers from my unit started to pour gasoline onto the church and somewhere between 200 and 300 humans were burned inside . I was assigned as guard, and no one came out." The 2014 Norwegian book Morfar, Hitler og jeg (Grandfather, Hitler and I) quotes the diary of a division soldier from 1941 to 1943: "and then we cleaned a Jew hole". Organisation Commanders No. Portrait Commander Took office Left office Time in office 1 Steiner, FelixSS-ObergruppenführerFelix Steiner(1896–1966)1 December 19401 May 19432 years, 151 days 2 Gille, HerbertSS-GruppenführerHerbert Gille(1897–1966)1 May 19436 August 19441 year, 97 days 3 Deisenhofer, EduardSS-StandartenführerEduard Deisenhofer(1909–1945)6 August 194412 August 19446 days 4 Mühlenkamp, JohannesSS-StandartenführerJohannes-Rudolf Mühlenkamp(1910–1986)12 August 19449 October 194458 days 5 Ullrich, KarlSS-OberführerKarl Ullrich(1910–1996)9 October 19445 May 1945208 days Order of battle The organisation structure of this SS formation was as follows: Designation (English) Designation (German) SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment 9 "Germania" SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment 10 "Westland" SS Panzer Regiment 5 SS Panzer Artillery Regiment 5 SS-Panzergrenadierregiment 9 "Germania" SS-Panzergrenadierregiment 10 "Westland" SS-Panzerregiment 5 SS-Panzerartillerieregiment 5 5th SS Panzer Division Structure (1940): SS Regiment Germania 1. Battalion 2. Battalion 3. Battalion SS Regiment Nordland 1. Battalion 2. Battalion 3. Battalion SS Regiment Westland 1. Battalion 2. Battalion 3. Battalion 5. SS Artillerie 1. Battalion 2. Battalion 3. Battalion 4. Battalion 5. SS Support Battalion 5. SS Engineer Battalion 5. SS Tank-Destroyer Battalion 5. SS Anti-Tank Battalion 1. Sanitary Company 2. Sanitary Company 1. Defense and Works Company 2. Defense and Works Company 3. Defense and Works Company See also List of Waffen-SS divisions SS Panzer Division order of battle Battle of Jaworów – the final battle of SS Germania regiment Per Pedersen Tjøstland Waffen-SS in popular culture References Citations ^ McNab, pp. 167, 178 ^ McNab, p. 167 ^ Stein, pp. 103, 104 ^ Stein, p. 103 ^ McNab, p. 178 ^ "Finnish Volunteers "Very Likely" Participated in the Killing of Jews". The New York Times. 11 February 2019. ^ a b Littlejohn (1987) p. 53. ^ Gilbert pp. 181-182. ^ Gilbert pp. 195-196. ^ Gilbert pp. 202-204. ^ Silberklang 2013, p. 406. ^ Gilbert pp. 278-279. ^ Gilbert pp. 281. ^ a b Stein (1984) p. 238. ^ Dollinger (1967) p. 182. ^ Rhodes, Richard (2003). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust. p. 48, Vintage. ^ a b Lappin ^ a b Olav Tuff (91): Vi brente en kirke med sivilister ^ Ei ny fortid "Bestefaren Per Pedersen Tjøstland var frontkjempar i 5. SS Panzer-divisjon Wiking frå 1941–1943, og skreiv for bladet Germaneren. Hans eigne dagbøker og artiklar er ei hovudkjelde, men Jackson skriv at det er umulig å vite nøyaktig kva han var med på. Kanskje seier det sitt at han bruker uttrykket «så rensket vi et jødehull»" ^ Williamson Gordon. "The SS Hitler´s Instrument of the Power". KAISER, appendix, p. 244, "Schlachtordnung der Waffen-SS/Waffen-SS Order of Battle"; copyright 1994 by Brown Packaging Books Ltd., London. ^ MILITÄRISCHES STUDIENGLOSAR ENGLISCH Teil II/ Teil III, Deutsch – Englisch, Abkürzung Begriff, Bundessprachenamt (Stand Januar 2001). ^ Official designation as to „Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv“ in Freiburg im Breisgau, stores of the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS. ^ Baxter, Ian (2018-05-30). 5th SS Division Wiking at War 1941-1945: History of the Division. Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781526721341. Bibliography Gilbert, Adrian (2019). Waffen-SS: Hitler's Army at War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82466-1. Lifton, Robert Jay (1985). "What made this man Mengele?". The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-29. Dollinger, Hans (1967) . The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. New York: Bonanza. ISBN 978-0-517-01313-7. Lappin, Eleonore. "The death marches of Hungarian Jews through Austria" (PDF). yadvashem. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-28. pp. 25–26 Littlejohn, David (1987). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich Vol. 1 Norway, Denmark, France. Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0912138176. McNab, Chris (2013). Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939-45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782000884. Stein, George H (1984). The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0. Struve, Kai (2015). Deutsche Herrschaft, ukrainischer Nationalismus, antijüdische Gewalt (in German). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 9783110359985. Silberklang, David (2013). Gates of Tears: The Holocaust in the Lublin District. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-965-308-464-3. Further reading Nash, Douglas E.; Spezzano, Remy (2016). Kampfgruppe Mühlenkamp: 5. Ss-Panzer Division "Wiking", Eastern Poland, July 1944. Southbury: RZM Imports. ISBN 9780974838984. Nash, Douglas E.; Spezzano, Remy (2019). Unternehmen Ilse: 5. Ss-Panzer Division "Wiking" Eastern Front 27 April 1944. Southbury: RZM Publishing. ISBN 978-0974838991. Nash, Douglas E. (2019). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume I, IV. SS-Panzerkorps and the battles for Warsaw, July-November 1944. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612006369. Nash, Douglas E. (2020). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume II, IV. SS-Panzerkorps in the Budapest relief efforts, December 1944-February 1945. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612008745. Nash, Douglas E. (2021). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume III, IV. SS-Panzerkorps from Budapest to Vienna, February-May 1945. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612009575. External links 5.SS-Panzer-Division “Wiking” vteWaffen-SS divisionsPanzer 1 Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler 2 Das Reich 3 Totenkopf 5 Wiking 9 Hohenstaufen 10 Frundsberg 12 Hitlerjugend Panzer-grenadier 11 Nordland 16 Reichsführer-SS 17 Götz von Berlichingen 18 Horst Wessel 23 Nederland Mountain 6 Nord 7 Prinz Eugen 13 Handschar (1 Croatian) 21 Skanderbeg (1 Albanian) 23 Kama (2 Croatian) 24 Karstjäger Cavalry 8 Florian Geyer 22 33 (3 Hungarian) 37 Lützow Cossack 1 2 Infantry 14 (1 Galician) 15 (1 Latvian) 19 (2 Latvian) 20 (1 Estonian) 25 Hunyadi (1 Hungarian) 26 (2 Hungarian) 27 Langemarck (1 Flemish) 28 Wallonien 29 RONA (1 Russian) 29 (1 Italian) 30 (2 Russian) 30 (1 Belarusian) 31 32 30 Januar 33 Charlemagne (1 French) 34 Landstorm Nederland 36 38 "Nibelungen" Police 4 (Panzergrenadier) 35 (Grenadier) Deception"Panzer" 26 27 Lists Divisional commanders Divisions Units marked in bold were officially named "volunteer". See also: SS heavy Panzer battalions Category vteGerman Panzer divisions of World War IIArmyNumbered1st – 9th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10th – 19th 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20th – 27th 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 116Named Clausewitz Feldherrnhalle 1 Feldherrnhalle 2 Holstein Jüterbog Kempf Panzer Lehr Müncheberg Tatra Reserve 155 179 233 273 Waffen-SS 1 Leibstandarte 2 Das Reich 3 Totenkopf 5 Wiking 9 Hohenstaufen 10 Frundsberg 12 Hitlerjugend Luftwaffe 1 Hermann Göring See also: Heavy tank battalion, SS Panzer Division order of battle 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking at Wikipedia's sister projects:Media from Commons Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Viking"},{"link_name":"SS Wiking 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Wiking_1"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Eastern Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)"}],"text":"\"ss wiking\" redirects here. Not to be confused with SS Viking or SS Wiking 1.Military unitThe 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking (German: 5. SS-Panzerdivision Wiking) or SS Division Wiking was an infantry and later an armoured division among the thirty-eight Waffen-SS divisions of Nazi Germany. During World War II, the division served on the Eastern Front. It surrendered on 9 May 1945 to the American forces in Austria.The division contained small contingents of foreign volunteers from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Iceland, the Netherlands and Belgium. These contingents were elevated in wartime propaganda and postwar mythology, including from the former German officers of the division, to give the Wiking Division the reputation of a pan-European force. In truth, the division was at all times equipped with a vast majority of German personnel.","title":"5th SS Panzer Division Wiking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Himmler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Felix Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Steiner"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Army Group South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_South"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"SS Division Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Nordland"},{"link_name":"Estonian Battalion Narwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Legion#Battalion_Narva"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Littlejohn_1987_p._53-7"}],"text":"After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, sought to expand the Waffen-SS with foreign military volunteers for the Nazi \"crusade against Bolshevism\". The enrollment began in April 1940 with the creation of two regiments: the Waffen-SS Regiment Nordland (for Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and a minority of Icelandic volunteers), and the Waffen-SS Regiment Westland (for Dutch and Flemish volunteers).[1]The Nordic formation, originally organised as the Nordische Division (Nr. 5), was to be made up of Nordic volunteers mixed with German Waffen-SS personnel. The SS Infantry Regiment Germania of the SS-Verfügungs-Division, which was formed mostly from Germans, was transferred to help form the nucleus of a new division in late 1940.[2] In December 1940, the new SS motorised formation was to be designated as SS-Division Germania, but after its formative period, the name was changed, to SS Division Wiking in January 1941.[3] The division was formed around three motorised infantry regiments: Germania, Westland, and Nordland; with the addition of an artillery regiment. Command of the newly formed division was given to Felix Steiner, the former commander of the Verfügungstruppe SS Regiment Deutschland.[4]After formation, the division was sent to Heuberg in Germany for training; by April 1941, it was ready for combat. The division was ordered east in mid-May, to take part with Army Group South's advance into Ukraine during Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union.[5] In June 1941, the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS was formed from volunteers from that country. This unit was attached to the SS Regiment Nordland of the division. About 430 Finns who fought in the Winter War served in the SS Division Wiking from the beginning of Barbarossa.[6] In spring 1943, the Finns' two-year contract ended, and the Finnish battalion was withdrawn. During that same timeframe, Regiment Nordland was transferred to help form the core of the new SS Division Nordland. They were replaced by the Estonian Battalion Narwa.[7]","title":"Formation, training and demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Hummel-025-22,_Russland,_SS-Division_%22Wiking%22,_Panzersp%C3%A4hwagen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Operation Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Uman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Uman"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)"},{"link_name":"Dnieper River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_River"},{"link_name":"Dnepropetrovsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk"},{"link_name":"Rostov-on-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Mius River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mius_River"},{"link_name":"Izium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izium"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Panzer IIIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_III"},{"link_name":"Panzer IVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV"},{"link_name":"Johannes Mühlenkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BChlenkamp"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Case Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Blau"},{"link_name":"Rostov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov-on-Don"},{"link_name":"Maikop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maykop"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"13th Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_13th_Panzer_Division"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ordzhonikidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Operation Uranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Uranus"},{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Operation Winter Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Winter_Storm"},{"link_name":"Erich von Manstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein"},{"link_name":"Zimovniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimovniki"},{"link_name":"First Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_(river)"},{"link_name":"Stalino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Invasion of the Soviet Union","text":"Troops of the division in the Soviet Union in 1941.The division took part in Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union, advancing through Galicia, today's Ukraine. In July and August, Wiking participated in the encirclement battles at Uman and Kiev. Later in August, the division fought for the bridgehead across the Dnieper River at Dnepropetrovsk. Finally, the division took part in the heavy fighting for Rostov-on-Don before retreating to the Mius River line in November, to hold for the winter.In February 1942, the Soviet winter offensive had established breakthroughs on either side of the transportation hub of Izium. A Kampfgruppe was formed around the 1st battalion of the Germania regiment and the division's assault gun battery and sent north to help contain the Soviet thrusts. By the 25th of February, this Kampfgruppe was virtually annihilated in defensive battles near Izium against superior Soviet armored forces. Ultimately the front had been stabilized however, and conditions had been set for the devastating Axis counterattack at the Second Battle of Kharkov a few months later.[8]During the spring of 1942, the division received reinforcements for the coming offensive, including a battalion of Finnish infantry and a battery of StuG III's to replace earlier losses. In early June 1942, Wiking received its panzer battalion, making it among the first SS Divisions to be given its own armored contingent. The panzer battalion had just under sixty tanks, and was made up of two companies of Panzer IIIs and one company of Panzer IVs. The battalion was commanded by veteran SS officer Johannes Mühlenkamp.[9]In the summer of 1942, the unit took part in Army Group South's offensive Case Blue, with orders to capture Rostov and the Maikop oil fields. After capturing both targets, the division came to a halt in the foothills of the Caucasus on 14 August. In late September 1942, Wiking participated in the operation aimed to capture the city of Grozny, alongside the 13th Panzer Division. After much difficulty, the division captured the Malgobek ridge on 6 October, but the objective of seizing Grozny and opening a road to the Caspian Sea was not achieved. The division took part in the attempt to seize Ordzhonikidze. The Soviet Operation Uranus, the encirclement of the 6th Army at Stalingrad, brought any further advances to a halt and later necessitated a retreat from the Caucasus.After Operation Winter Storm, the failed attempt to relieve the 6th Army, Erich von Manstein, the commander of Army Group South, proposed another attempt towards Stalingrad. To that end, Wiking entrained on 24 December; however, by the time it arrived at Zimovniki on 30 December, the Wehrmacht was retreating westwards. The Wiking Division was tasked with covering the retreat of Kleist's First Panzer Army back across the Don. Wiking held Simovniki for seven days, covering the retreat of several large German formations, taking high casualties in the process. The division escaped through the Rostov gap and took up a new defensive position at Stalino on 5 February.[10]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkov"},{"link_name":"II SS Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_SS_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Paul Hausser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hausser"},{"link_name":"Markian Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markian_Popov"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Kharkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov"},{"link_name":"Herbert Gille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gille"},{"link_name":"Fritz von Scholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_von_Scholz"},{"link_name":"SS Division Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_SS_Volunteer_Panzergrenadier_Division_Nordland"},{"link_name":"Estonian Battalion Narwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Legion#Battalion_Narva"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Littlejohn_1987_p._53-7"},{"link_name":"Operation Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kursk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk"},{"link_name":"Operation Kutuzov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Kutuzov"},{"link_name":"Operation Rumyantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rumyantsev"},{"link_name":"Bogodukhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogodukhov"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Dnieper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper_River"},{"link_name":"Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Operation Harvest Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival"},{"link_name":"Majdanek concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilberklang2013406-11"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket"},{"link_name":"Kovel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovel"},{"link_name":"Herbert Gille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Gille"},{"link_name":"Karl Nicolussi-Leck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Nicolussi-Leck"},{"link_name":"Panther tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_Tank"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Panzer IVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panzer_IV"},{"link_name":"Stug IVs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmgesch%C3%BCtz_IV"},{"link_name":"Panther tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panther_Tank"},{"link_name":"Maciejow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukiv"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Ukraine, 1943/44","text":"In early 1943, the division fell back to Ukraine south of Kharkov, recently abandoned by the II SS Panzer Corps commanded by Paul Hausser. In the remaining weeks of February, the Corps, including Wiking, engaged Mobile Group Popov, the major Soviet armoured force named after Markian Popov during the Third Battle of Kharkov. As the post-Stalingrad Soviet offensive exhausted itself, Manstein was able to stabilize the front.In 1943, Herbert Gille was appointed to command the division. The SS Regiment Nordland, along with its commander Fritz von Scholz, were removed from the division and used as the nucleus for the new SS Division Nordland. The Finnish Volunteer Battalion was also withdrawn and they were replaced by the Estonian Battalion Narwa.[7]In the summer of 1943, the division, along with the 23rd Panzer Division, formed the reserve for Manstein's Army Group in Operation Citadel. Immediately following the German failure in the Battle of Kursk, the Red Army launched two counter-offensives, Operation Kutuzov and Operation Rumyantsev. Wiking, together with the SS Divisions Totenkopf and Das Reich, was sent to the Mius-Bogodukhov sector. The Soviets took Kharkiv on 23 August and began advancing towards the Dnieper. In October the division was pulled out to a quiet sector of the line just as the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive overtook Army Group South.In November 1943 the division participated in Operation Harvest Festival, engaging in the mass murder of thousands of Jews at Majdanek concentration camp.[11]In the aftermath of the fall of Kiev in late December 1943, the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts of the Red Army encircled several German divisions during the Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket in January 1944. Over 60,000 soldiers, including the Wiking division, were trapped along the Dnieper River. Roughly half of German forces broke out of the encirclement. Similar to other formations in the pocket, Wiking suffered heavy casualties and lost nearly all of its heavy equipment.In early March 1944, while still refitting after its ordeal in the Cherkassy Pocket, the division was ordered to the town of Kovel to help contain a Soviet breakthrough. Only a portion of the division's strength, equipped only with small arms, and the division commander Gruppenführer Herbert Gille, made it into Kovel before being surrounded by Soviet forces. A breakout was deemed impractical, as there were over 2,000 German wounded in the city.By the end of March 1944, a relief force had been assembled outside of the pocket, led by Obersturmführer Karl Nicolussi-Leck. This force was built around the 8th Company of Wiking's 5th Panzer regiment, which had just received sixteen new Panther tanks. Fighting through determined Soviet resistance and heavy snow, the relief force broke through to the pocket on 30 March. Now able to be resupplied and receive reinforcements, Gille conducted counterattacks throughout April, culminating in the scattering of Soviet forces around Kovel on 24 April.[12]Through May, the division received replacements for earlier losses, including Panzer IVs, Stug IVs, and Panther tanks. In early June the division was ordered west, to new defensive positions at Maciejow. On 6 July, the Soviet armored advance reached Maciejow. Wiking's tanks and AT guns were well dug-in and camouflaged, and were able to destroy over 300 Soviet armored vehicles in three days of fighting. After bringing the Red Army's advance to a standstill in that sector, Wiking was dispatched to Poland on July 13, 1944.[13]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_(1944).jpg"},{"link_name":"SdKfz 251","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SdKfz_251"},{"link_name":"Modlin Fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modlin_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Vistula River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula_River"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Army Group Vistula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Group_Vistula"},{"link_name":"Luftwaffe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"\"Hermann Göring\" Panzer Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirm-Panzer_Division_1_Hermann_G%C3%B6ring"},{"link_name":"SS Division Totenkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Division_Totenkopf"},{"link_name":"Battle of Radzymin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Radzymin_(1944)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Warsaw_Uprising_-_Cyprian_Odorkiewicz_(1944).jpg"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising"},{"link_name":"IV SS Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_SS_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Eduard Deisenhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Deisenhofer"},{"link_name":"Johannes Mühlenkamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_M%C3%BChlenkamp"},{"link_name":"Karl Ullrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ullrich"}],"sub_title":"Warsaw","text":"A German SdKfz 251 armoured fighting vehicle of the Wiking Division captured by the Polish insurgentsIn late-August 1944, the division was ordered back to Modlin Fortress on the Vistula River line near Warsaw where it joined the newly formed Army Group Vistula. Fighting alongside the Luftwaffe's \"Hermann Göring\" Panzer Division and SS Division Totenkopf the division participated in the Battle of Radzymin. The German counterattacks brought the Soviet offensive to a halt and the front line stabilized for the rest of the year.Warsaw Uprising insurgents inspect war trophies including an armband with the Wiking nameThe division remained in the Modlin area, grouped with the 3 SS Totenkopf and the IV SS Panzer Corps. Gille was promoted to the command of the new SS Panzer Corps, and after a brief period with Oberführer Eduard Deisenhofer in command, Standartenführer Johannes Mühlenkamp, commander of the SS Panzer Regiment 5 Wiking, took command. Battles around Modlin followed for the rest of the year. In October, Mühlenkamp was replaced by Oberführer Karl Ullrich, who led the division for the rest of the war.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IX SS Mountain Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_SS_Mountain_Corps"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hermann Balck's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Balck"},{"link_name":"6th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Army_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"Operation Konrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Konrad"},{"link_name":"Operation Konrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Konrad"},{"link_name":"4th Guards Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Fourth_Guards_Tank_Army"},{"link_name":"Bicske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicske"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Esztergom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esztergom"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Pilisszentkereszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilisszentkereszt"},{"link_name":"III Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_III_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"Lake Balaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Balaton"},{"link_name":"Sepp Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepp_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"6th SS Panzer Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Panzer_Army"},{"link_name":"Operation Spring Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stein_1984_p._238-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stein_1984_p._238-14"},{"link_name":"Lake Velence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Velence"},{"link_name":"Székesfehérvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Fürstenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenfeld"}],"sub_title":"Hungary","text":"In late-December 1944, the German forces, including IX SS Mountain Corps, were encircled in Budapest. The IV SS Panzer Corps was ordered south to join Hermann Balck's 6th Army for a relief effort codenamed Operation Konrad.As a part of Operation Konrad I, the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking was committed to action on 1 January 1945, fighting alongside the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf. Near Tata, the advance columns of the Wiking attacked the 4th Guards Army. The Soviet forces halted the German advance at Bicske, 28 kilometres from Budapest. After the failure of Konrad I, Wiking was moved south of Esztergom, near the Danube bend.The second relief attempt, Operation Konrad II, got under way on 7 January with Wiking advancing south towards Budapest. By 12 January, the SS Panzergrenadier Regiment Westland had reached Pilisszentkereszt, 20 kilometres from Buda. Despite initial successes, the division was unable to exploit its breakthrough and was ordered to pull back and regroup.A third attempt, Operation Konrad III, in cooperation with the III Panzer Corps, took place 100 kilometres to the south. It started on 20 January and achieved initial tactical success. The quick redeployment of more Red Army troops prevented a German breakthrough, turning the German forces back by 28 January. By the end of January, Wiking and Totenkopf had suffered 8,000 casualties, including 200 officers.On 13 February 1945, the division was ordered west to Lake Balaton, where Oberstgruppenführer Sepp Dietrich's 6th SS Panzer Army was preparing Operation Spring Awakening, an offensive at Lake Balaton.[14] Gille's remained as a support to the 6th SS Panzer Army during the beginning of the operation. Dietrich's army made \"good progress\" at first, but as they drew near the Danube, the combination of the muddy terrain and strong Soviet resistance ground them to a halt.[14] The division performed a holding operation on the left flank of the offensive, in the area between Lake Velence-Székesfehérvár. As the operation progressed, the division was engaged in preventing Soviet efforts to outflank the advancing German forces. On 16 March, the Soviets forces counterattacked in overwhelming strength, causing the Germans to be driven back to their starting positions.[15] On 24 March, another Soviet attack threw the IV SS Panzer Corps back towards Vienna; all contact was lost with the neighbouring I SS Panzer Corps, and any resemblance of an organised line of defence was gone. Wiking withdrew into Czechoslovakia. The division surrendered to the American forces near Fürstenfeld, Austria on 9 May.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hilmar Wäckerle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilmar_W%C3%A4ckerle"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"German 1st Mountain Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Mountain_Division_(Wehrmacht)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lappin-17"},{"link_name":"Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graz"},{"link_name":"Eggenfelden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggenfelden"},{"link_name":"Gratkorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratkorn"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lappin-17"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jewhole-19"}],"text":"Following the killing of Hilmar Wäckerle, one of the division's high ranking field officers, in the city of Lviv, Jews in the area were rounded up by members of the division's logistics units led by Obersturmführer Braunnagel and Untersturmführer Kochalty. A gauntlet was then formed by two rows of soldiers. Most of these soldiers were from the Wiking's logistics units, but some were members of the German 1st Mountain Division. The Jews were then forced to run down this path while being struck by rifle butts and bayonets. At the end of this path stood a number of SS and army officers who shot the Jews as soon as they entered a bomb crater being used as a mass grave. About 50 or 60 Jews were killed in this manner.[16]In addition, historian Eleonore Lappin, from the Institute for the History of Jews in Austria, has documented several cases of war crimes committed by members of Wiking in her work The Death Marches of Hungarian Jews Through Austria in the Spring of 1945.[17]\nOn 28 March 1945, 80 Jews from an evacuation column, although fit for the journey, were shot by three members of Wiking and five military policemen. On 4 April, 20 members of another column that left Graz tried to escape near the town of Eggenfelden, not far from Gratkorn. Troops from the division stationed there apprehended them in the forest near Mt. Eggenfeld, then herded them into a gully, where they were shot. On 7–11 April 1945, members of the division executed another eighteen escaped prisoners.[17]In 2013 the NRK quoted \"the first Norwegian [to publicly admit] that he participated in war crimes and extermination of Jews in Eastern Europe\"[18] during World War II, former soldier of the division Olav Tuff, who admitted: \"In one instance in Ukraine during the autumn of 1941, civilians were herded like cattle—into a church. Shortly afterwards soldiers from my unit started to pour gasoline onto the church and somewhere between 200 and 300 humans were burned inside [the church]. I was assigned as guard, and no one came out.\"[18]The 2014 Norwegian book Morfar, Hitler og jeg (Grandfather, Hitler and I) quotes the diary of a division soldier from 1941 to 1943: \"and then we cleaned a Jew hole\".[19]","title":"War crimes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Commanders","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_(military)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"}],"sub_title":"Order of battle","text":"The organisation structure of this SS formation was as follows:[20]5th SS Panzer Division Structure (1940):[23]\nSS Regiment Germania\n1. Battalion\n2. Battalion\n3. Battalion\nSS Regiment Nordland\n1. Battalion\n2. Battalion\n3. Battalion\nSS Regiment Westland\n1. Battalion\n2. Battalion\n3. Battalion\n5. SS Artillerie\n1. Battalion\n2. Battalion\n3. Battalion\n4. Battalion\n5. SS Support Battalion\n5. SS Engineer Battalion\n5. SS Tank-Destroyer Battalion\n5. SS Anti-Tank Battalion\n1. Sanitary Company\n2. Sanitary Company\n1. Defense and Works Company\n2. Defense and Works Company\n3. Defense and Works Company","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780974838984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974838984"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0974838991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0974838991"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781612006369","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612006369"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781612008745","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612008745"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781612009575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612009575"}],"text":"Nash, Douglas E.; Spezzano, Remy (2016). Kampfgruppe Mühlenkamp: 5. Ss-Panzer Division \"Wiking\", Eastern Poland, July 1944. Southbury: RZM Imports. ISBN 9780974838984.\nNash, Douglas E.; Spezzano, Remy (2019). Unternehmen Ilse: 5. Ss-Panzer Division \"Wiking\" Eastern Front 27 April 1944. Southbury: RZM Publishing. ISBN 978-0974838991.\nNash, Douglas E. (2019). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume I, IV. SS-Panzerkorps and the battles for Warsaw, July-November 1944. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612006369.\nNash, Douglas E. (2020). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume II, IV. SS-Panzerkorps in the Budapest relief efforts, December 1944-February 1945. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612008745.\nNash, Douglas E. (2021). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume III, IV. SS-Panzerkorps from Budapest to Vienna, February-May 1945. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612009575.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Troops of the division in the Soviet Union in 1941.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Hummel-025-22%2C_Russland%2C_SS-Division_%22Wiking%22%2C_Panzersp%C3%A4hwagen.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101III-Hummel-025-22%2C_Russland%2C_SS-Division_%22Wiking%22%2C_Panzersp%C3%A4hwagen.jpg"},{"image_text":"A German SdKfz 251 armoured fighting vehicle of the Wiking Division captured by the Polish insurgents","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Captured_SdKfz_251_%281944%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Warsaw Uprising insurgents inspect war trophies including an armband with the Wiking name","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Warsaw_Uprising_-_Cyprian_Odorkiewicz_%281944%29.jpg/220px-Warsaw_Uprising_-_Cyprian_Odorkiewicz_%281944%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of Waffen-SS divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions"},{"title":"SS Panzer Division order of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Panzer_Division_order_of_battle"},{"title":"Battle of Jaworów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jawor%C3%B3w"},{"title":"Per Pedersen Tjøstland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Pedersen_Tj%C3%B8stland"},{"title":"Waffen-SS in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen-SS_in_popular_culture"}]

[{"reference":"\"Finnish Volunteers \"Very Likely\" Participated in the Killing of Jews\". The New York Times. 11 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/10/world/europe/finnish-volunteers-very-likely-participated-in-killing-of-jews-in-wwii.html","url_text":"\"Finnish Volunteers \"Very Likely\" Participated in the Killing of Jews\""}]},{"reference":"Baxter, Ian (2018-05-30). 5th SS Division Wiking at War 1941-1945: History of the Division. Pen & Sword Books Limited. ISBN 9781526721341.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f51vswEACAAJ&q=5th+SS+Division+book","url_text":"5th SS Division Wiking at War 1941-1945: History of the Division"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526721341","url_text":"9781526721341"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Adrian (2019). Waffen-SS: Hitler's Army at War. Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-82466-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-82466-1","url_text":"978-0-306-82466-1"}]},{"reference":"Lifton, Robert Jay (1985). \"What made this man Mengele?\". The New York Times Company. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/100/mengle.htm","url_text":"\"What made this man Mengele?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090418005837/http://www.wellesley.edu/Polisci/wj/100/mengle.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dollinger, Hans (1967) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. New York: Bonanza. ISBN 978-0-517-01313-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/declinefallofnaz0000doll","url_text":"The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-01313-7","url_text":"978-0-517-01313-7"}]},{"reference":"Lappin, Eleonore. \"The death marches of Hungarian Jews through Austria\" (PDF). yadvashem. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/studies/lappin_full.pdf","url_text":"\"The death marches of Hungarian Jews through Austria\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090219123909/http://www1.yadvashem.org/download/about_holocaust/studies/lappin_full.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Littlejohn, David (1987). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich Vol. 1 Norway, Denmark, France. Bender Publishing. ISBN 978-0912138176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912138176","url_text":"978-0912138176"}]},{"reference":"McNab, Chris (2013). Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939-45. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782000884.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IpCHCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782000884","url_text":"978-1782000884"}]},{"reference":"Stein, George H (1984). The Waffen SS: Hitler's Elite Guard at War, 1939–1945. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-9275-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9275-0","url_text":"0-8014-9275-0"}]},{"reference":"Struve, Kai (2015). Deutsche Herrschaft, ukrainischer Nationalismus, antijüdische Gewalt [German Rule, Ukrainian Nationalism, and Anti-Semitic Violence: The Summer of 1941 in Western Ukraine] (in German). Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 9783110359985.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/428721","url_text":"Deutsche Herrschaft, ukrainischer Nationalismus, antijüdische Gewalt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110359985","url_text":"9783110359985"}]},{"reference":"Silberklang, David (2013). Gates of Tears: The Holocaust in the Lublin District. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-965-308-464-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_of_Tears:_the_Holocaust_in_the_Lublin_District","url_text":"Gates of Tears: The Holocaust in the Lublin District"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-308-464-3","url_text":"978-965-308-464-3"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Douglas E.; Spezzano, Remy (2016). Kampfgruppe Mühlenkamp: 5. Ss-Panzer Division \"Wiking\", Eastern Poland, July 1944. Southbury: RZM Imports. ISBN 9780974838984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974838984","url_text":"9780974838984"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Douglas E.; Spezzano, Remy (2019). Unternehmen Ilse: 5. Ss-Panzer Division \"Wiking\" Eastern Front 27 April 1944. Southbury: RZM Publishing. ISBN 978-0974838991.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0974838991","url_text":"978-0974838991"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Douglas E. (2019). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume I, IV. SS-Panzerkorps and the battles for Warsaw, July-November 1944. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612006369.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612006369","url_text":"9781612006369"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Douglas E. (2020). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume II, IV. SS-Panzerkorps in the Budapest relief efforts, December 1944-February 1945. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612008745.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612008745","url_text":"9781612008745"}]},{"reference":"Nash, Douglas E. (2021). From the realm of a dying sun. Volume III, IV. SS-Panzerkorps from Budapest to Vienna, February-May 1945. Philadelphia: Casement. ISBN 9781612009575.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612009575","url_text":"9781612009575"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flying_School

Wright Flying School

["1 History","2 Sites","3 Notable students","4 References","5 External links"]

Facility in Augusta, Georgia circa 1911 The Wright Flying School, also known as the Wright School of Aviation, was operated by the Wright Company from 1910 to 1916 and trained 119 individuals to fly Wright airplanes. History Orville Wright began training students on March 19, 1910 in Montgomery, Alabama at a site that later became Maxwell Air Force Base. With the onset of milder weather that May, the school relocated to Huffman Prairie Flying Field near Dayton, Ohio, where the Wrights developed practical aviation in 1904 and 1905 and where the Wright Company tested its airplanes. They also had a facility in Augusta, Georgia run by Frank Coffyn. Some of the earliest graduates became members of the Wright Exhibition Team. Sites National Park Service marker at the location of the Huffman Prairie Flying Field school Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama Huffman Prairie Flying Field near Dayton, Ohio Augusta, Georgia Notable students 1st Lt. Henry H. Arnold (1886–1950) 1st Lt. Thomas DeWitt Milling (1887–1960) Calbraith Perry Rodgers (1879–1912) started on June 5, 1911. Within a week, his instructor was letting him takeoff, fly, and land the airplane, but when he asked to be allowed a solo flight, the instructor said "no". Rodgers then bought the training airplane, a Wright Flyer Model B, the first to be privately owned. Oscar Brindley (1885–1918) Walter Richard Brookins (1889–1953) Howard W. Gill (1882–1912) Oliver LeBoutillier (1894-1983) Philip Orin Parmelee (1887–1912) Leda Richberg-Hornsby (1886–1939) Marjorie Stinson (1895–1975) Edward Stinson (1893–1932) J. Clifford Turpin (1886–1966) Arthur L. "Al" Welsh (1881–1912) learned to fly and then in the summer of 1910 became an instructor at the Wright Company's flying school. George William Beatty (1887–1955) was taught by Al Welsh, taking his first lesson on June 24, 1911 and soloing on July 23, 1911. That same day he flew as a passenger with Welsh to establish a new American two-man flight altitude record of 1,860 feet (570 m); and on August 5, 1911 Beatty broke his own record, flying to 3,080 feet (940 m) with Percy Reynolds as his passenger. References ^ a b "Aviation School Starts In Augusta. Among Coffyn's First Pupils Are Robert Collier and J. S. Burgess". Atlanta Constitution. January 15, 1911. Retrieved 2010-11-02. ^ "Aviator Parmelee Plunges to Death. Caught by Treacherous Gust of Wind While Giving Exhibition Flight in Washington State". New York Times. June 2, 1912. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Philip Parmelee, the aviator, was killed here today while giving an exhibition flight from the fair grounds. Parmalee was the flying partner of Clifford Turpin, whose airship flew into the grandstand at Seattle Thursday, killing two persons and injuring fifteen. ^ "Parmalee is Killed". Los Angeles Times. June 2, 1912. Retrieved 2009-08-04. Aviation Star Has Fatal Fall. Graduate of Wright School Meets His Death at North Yakima, Wash. Biplane in High Wind Flutters and Dives from Four Hundred Feet. His Fiancee Is Among First to Reach Crushed Body of Fallen Birdman. Gives Life as Toll to Aerial Navigation. ^ "At 23 Woman Who Eloped Joins Navigators of the Air." New York Sun. March 30, 1914. ^ a b "Stinson Field". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2009-09-04. ^ "Lieut. Hazelhurst and Al Welsh, Professional Aviator, Victims of Airship Test". New York Times. June 12, 1912. Retrieved 2009-09-04. Lieut. Leighton W. Hazelhurst, Jr., of the Seventeenth Infantry, one of the most promising of the younger aviators of the army, and Al Welsh, one of the most daring professional aviators in America, were instantly killed in a flight at the Army Aviation School at College Park, Md., at 6:30 o'clock this evening. External links Pioneer Flyers Who Trained At Wright Brothers Field Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine vteWright brothers / Wright Company / Wright AeronauticalWright brothers aircraft(1899–1908)Gliders: Wright Glider Powered aircraft: 1903 Wright Flyer Flyer II Flyer III Wright Company aircraft(1908–1916) Wright Model A Model B Model C Model D Model E Model EX (Vin Fiz Flyer) Model F Model G Model HS Model K Model R Wright Aeronautical aircraft(1919–1929)Racing aircraft: Wright F2W XF3W NW-1 NW-2 Passenger aircraft: Wright-Bellanca WB-1 WB-2 Designers Orville and Wilbur Wright Giuseppe Mario Bellanca History and legacy Wright Cycle Company Wright Flying School Wright Exhibition Team Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park Huffman Prairie Wright Brothers flights of 1909 Wright Brothers National Memorial National Aviation Heritage Area National Aviation Day Pan American Aviation Day Wright Brothers Day Wright Brothers Medal Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy Wilbur Wright Field Wright-Patterson Air Force Base Wright Brothers Field (Martian airfield) Wright Mons (Plutonian mountain) Related Charles Taylor (mechanic) Wright brothers patent war (Matthew Piers Watt Boulton) Milton Wright (father) Susan Catherine Koerner Wright (mother) Katharine Wright (sister) Hawthorn Hill Wright-Martin Wilbur Wright und seine Flugmaschine (1909 film) The Wright Brothers (1971 film) The Winds of Kitty Hawk (1978 film) The Wright Brothers (2015 book) Authority control databases VIAF

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wright Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Company"}],"text":"The Wright Flying School, also known as the Wright School of Aviation, was operated by the Wright Company from 1910 to 1916 and trained 119 individuals to fly Wright airplanes.","title":"Wright Flying School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orville Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orville_Wright"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Huffman Prairie Flying Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_Prairie_Flying_Field"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Frank Coffyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Coffyn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coff-1"},{"link_name":"Wright Exhibition Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Exhibition_Team"}],"text":"Orville Wright began training students on March 19, 1910 in Montgomery, Alabama at a site that later became Maxwell Air Force Base. With the onset of milder weather that May, the school relocated to Huffman Prairie Flying Field near Dayton, Ohio, where the Wrights developed practical aviation in 1904 and 1905 and where the Wright Company tested its airplanes. They also had a facility in Augusta, Georgia run by Frank Coffyn.[1] Some of the earliest graduates became members of the Wright Exhibition Team.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_National_Park_Service_marker_at_Huffman_Prairie_Flying_Field.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Montgomery, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Huffman Prairie Flying Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffman_Prairie_Flying_Field"},{"link_name":"Dayton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Augusta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-coff-1"}],"text":"National Park Service marker at the location of the Huffman Prairie Flying Field schoolMaxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama\nHuffman Prairie Flying Field near Dayton, Ohio\nAugusta, Georgia[1]","title":"Sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry H. Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold"},{"link_name":"Thomas DeWitt Milling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_DeWitt_Milling"},{"link_name":"Calbraith Perry Rodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calbraith_Perry_Rodgers"},{"link_name":"Wright Flyer Model B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer_Model_B"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Oscar Brindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Brindley"},{"link_name":"Walter Richard Brookins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Richard_Brookins"},{"link_name":"Howard W. Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_W._Gill"},{"link_name":"Oliver LeBoutillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_LeBoutillier"},{"link_name":"Philip Orin Parmelee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Orin_Parmelee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leda Richberg-Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leda_Richberg-Hornsby"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Stinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Stinson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-5"},{"link_name":"Edward Stinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stinson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-5"},{"link_name":"J. Clifford Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Clifford_Turpin"},{"link_name":"Arthur L. \"Al\" Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_L._Welsh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George William Beatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_William_Beatty"},{"link_name":"flight altitude record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_altitude_record"},{"link_name":"Percy Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Reynolds&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"1st Lt. Henry H. Arnold (1886–1950)\n1st Lt. Thomas DeWitt Milling (1887–1960)\nCalbraith Perry Rodgers (1879–1912) started on June 5, 1911. Within a week, his instructor was letting him takeoff, fly, and land the airplane, but when he asked to be allowed a solo flight, the instructor said \"no\". Rodgers then bought the training airplane, a Wright Flyer Model B, the first to be privately owned.[citation needed]\nOscar Brindley (1885–1918)\nWalter Richard Brookins (1889–1953)\nHoward W. Gill (1882–1912)\nOliver LeBoutillier (1894-1983)\nPhilip Orin Parmelee (1887–1912)[2][3]\nLeda Richberg-Hornsby (1886–1939)[4]\nMarjorie Stinson (1895–1975)[5]\nEdward Stinson (1893–1932)[5]\nJ. Clifford Turpin (1886–1966)\nArthur L. \"Al\" Welsh (1881–1912) learned to fly and then in the summer of 1910 became an instructor at the Wright Company's flying school.[6]\nGeorge William Beatty (1887–1955) was taught by Al Welsh, taking his first lesson on June 24, 1911 and soloing on July 23, 1911. That same day he flew as a passenger with Welsh to establish a new American two-man flight altitude record of 1,860 feet (570 m); and on August 5, 1911 Beatty broke his own record, flying to 3,080 feet (940 m) with Percy Reynolds as his passenger.","title":"Notable students"}]

[{"image_text":"Facility in Augusta, Georgia circa 1911","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Augusta_2163021291_5a52c8a264_o.jpg/400px-Augusta_2163021291_5a52c8a264_o.jpg"},{"image_text":"National Park Service marker at the location of the Huffman Prairie Flying Field school","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/US_National_Park_Service_marker_at_Huffman_Prairie_Flying_Field.jpg/400px-US_National_Park_Service_marker_at_Huffman_Prairie_Flying_Field.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Aviation School Starts In Augusta. Among Coffyn's First Pupils Are Robert Collier and J. S. Burgess\". Atlanta Constitution. January 15, 1911. Retrieved 2010-11-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/ajc_historic/access/550570682.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+15,+1911&author=&pub=The+Atlanta+Constitution+(1881-2001)&desc=AVIATION+SCHOOL+STARTS+IN+AUGUSTA&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Aviation School Starts In Augusta. Among Coffyn's First Pupils Are Robert Collier and J. S. Burgess\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Constitution","url_text":"Atlanta Constitution"}]},{"reference":"\"Aviator Parmelee Plunges to Death. Caught by Treacherous Gust of Wind While Giving Exhibition Flight in Washington State\". New York Times. June 2, 1912. Retrieved 2007-07-21. Philip Parmelee, the aviator, was killed here today while giving an exhibition flight from the fair grounds. Parmalee was the flying partner of Clifford Turpin, whose airship flew into the grandstand at Seattle Thursday, killing two persons and injuring fifteen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1912/06/02/archives/aviator-parmalee-plunges-to-death-caught-by-treacherous-gust-of.html","url_text":"\"Aviator Parmelee Plunges to Death. Caught by Treacherous Gust of Wind While Giving Exhibition Flight in Washington State\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Turpin&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Clifford Turpin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle","url_text":"Seattle"}]},{"reference":"\"Parmalee is Killed\". Los Angeles Times. June 2, 1912. Retrieved 2009-08-04. Aviation Star Has Fatal Fall. Graduate of Wright School Meets His Death at North Yakima, Wash. Biplane in High Wind Flutters and Dives from Four Hundred Feet. His Fiancee Is Among First to Reach Crushed Body of Fallen Birdman. Gives Life as Toll to Aerial Navigation.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/343590232.html?dids=343590232:343590232&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jun+02%2C+1912&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=PARMALEE+IS+KILLED.&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Parmalee is Killed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Stinson Field\". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2009-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071227013744/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/aviation/sti.htm","url_text":"\"Stinson Field\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/aviation/sti.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lieut. Hazelhurst and Al Welsh, Professional Aviator, Victims of Airship Test\". New York Times. June 12, 1912. Retrieved 2009-09-04. Lieut. Leighton W. Hazelhurst, Jr., of the Seventeenth Infantry, one of the most promising of the younger aviators of the army, and Al Welsh, one of the most daring professional aviators in America, were instantly killed in a flight at the Army Aviation School at College Park, Md., at 6:30 o'clock this evening.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1912/06/12/archives/army-fliers-killed-in-a-30foot-drop-lieut-hazelhurst-and-al-welsh.html","url_text":"\"Lieut. Hazelhurst and Al Welsh, Professional Aviator, Victims of Airship Test\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacaranda_Joe

Jacaranda Joe

["1 Production","2 References"]

American filmJacaranda JoeDirected byGeorge A. RomeroWritten byGeorge A. RomeroRunning time17 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Jacaranda Joe is a 1994 American short film written and directed by George A. Romero. Production Initially conceived in the 1970s as The Footage, the film's was about reality television show in which a famous athlete learns to hunt and accidentally discovers a community of bigfoot. That version of the story would be about the filming of the television show whereas the retooled version that became Jacaranda Joe was a "proto-found footage movie" in documentary style which would feature a leaked clip from a television show similar to the one from The Footage. Filmed at Valencia College in Florida over ten days it had a cast and crew of students, faculty, and local industry professionals. It was the first film that Romero shot entirely outside of Pittsburgh. The short film has never been publicly screened although a VHS copy of the workprint exists as well as six reels of camera negatives. References ^ a b c d e Squires, John (May 20, 2021). "Unseen George Romero Short 'Jacaranda Joe' Being Preserved by the University of Pittsburgh". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ a b c Hart, Adam Charles. "Jacaranda Joe". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ Nguyen, Hanh (March 3, 2017). "'Untold Horror' Trailer: George Romero, John Landis and More Directors Uncover the Films They Never Made in New Documentary Series". IndieWire. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ a b Whitacre, Andrew (November 13, 2020). "Video: Adam Charles Hart, "Beyond the Living Dead: Treasures from the George A. Romero Archive"". MIT Comparative Media Studies (CMS). Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ Armstrong, Vanessa (February 10, 2021). "George A. Romero Archival Collection unearths Nuns from Outer Space, Jacaranda Joe lost footage & more". SyFy. Retrieved June 6, 2021. ^ Hart, Adam Charles. "Jacaranda Joe's 35mm negative". University of Pittsburgh. Retrieved June 6, 2021. vteGeorge A. Romero Filmography Bibliography Unrealized projects Films Night of the Living Dead (1968) There's Always Vanilla (1971) Season of the Witch (1973) The Crazies (1973) The Amusement Park (1975) Martin (1977) Dawn of the Dead (1978) Knightriders (1981) Creepshow (1982) Day of the Dead (1985) Monkey Shines (1988) Two Evil Eyes (1990) The Dark Half (1993) Jacaranda Joe (1994) Bruiser (2000) Land of the Dead (2005) Diary of the Dead (2007) Survival of the Dead (2009) Television O. J. Simpson: Juice on the Loose (1974) Tales from the Darkside The Movie Books The Living Dead (with Daniel Kraus) Related Night of the Living Dead (film series) Creepshow 2 Document of the Dead Dead On: The Life and Cinema of George A. Romero George A. Romero's Resident Evil

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_My_Name

Say My Name

["1 Writing and production","2 Music and lyrics","3 Release","4 Commercial performance","5 Music video","6 Legacy","7 Track listings","8 Credits and personnel","9 Charts","9.1 Weekly charts","9.2 Year-end charts","9.3 Decade-end charts","10 Certifications","11 Release history","12 Cover versions","13 In popular culture","14 See also","15 References","16 Further reading"]

1999 single by Destiny's Child This article is about the song by Destiny's Child. For other uses, see Say My Name (disambiguation). "Say My Name"Single by Destiny's Childfrom the album The Writing's on the Wall B-side"Bills, Bills, Bills"ReleasedOctober 14, 1999 (1999-10-14)StudioPacifique (North Hollywood, California)GenreR&BpopLength4:31 (album version)4:00 (radio edit)LabelColumbiaSongwriter(s)Rodney JerkinsFred Jerkins IIILaShawn DanielsBeyoncé KnowlesLeToya LuckettKelly RowlandLaTavia RobersonProducer(s)Rodney JerkinsDestiny's Child singles chronology "Thug Love" (1999) "Say My Name" (1999) "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (2000) Music video"Say My Name" on YouTube "Say My Name" is a song by American group Destiny's Child from their second studio album, The Writing's on the Wall (1999). It was written by Beyoncé Knowles, LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson, Kelly Rowland, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, and Rodney Jerkins, featuring production by the latter. While the song and single artwork features the group's original line-up consisting of Luckett and Roberson, the music video for the single marked the introduction of the group's second line-up with replacement members Michelle Williams and Farrah Franklin. "Say My Name" was released as the third single from The Writing's on the Wall on October 14, 1999, by Columbia Records. "Say My Name" was the most successful of the four singles from The Writing's on the Wall, becoming Destiny's Child's second number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the top ten in Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Iceland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, and the United Kingdom. Critically acclaimed, the song won two Grammy Awards at the 2001 ceremony for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song, while also being nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. The accompanying music video for "Say My Name" won the 2000 MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video. The song also won a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Group, Band or Duo and a BMI Pop Award for Most Played Song. Billboard ranked the song at number seven on their list of the "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time" and named it the best song of 2000. In 2021, Rolling Stone placed the song at number 285 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time while Pitchfork ranked it at number eight on their 2022 list of "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s". Writing and production "Say My Name" was the group's first collaboration with producer-songwriter Rodney Jerkins, who was one out of several people hired to work with Destiny's Child on their second album. The demo for the track had a different approach and Jerkins said that it was inspired by 2-step garage music he heard while in a club in London. When they wrote the song, however, the lead singer Beyoncé Knowles was initially displeased with the track they were working on. She commented that there was "too much stuff" on the track and it sounded like a "jungle". During the photo shoot for the album, Beyoncé's father-manager Mathew Knowles went to the studio informing her that Jerkins reworked on the track she "hated". He told her to "just have to take a listen to it". When the new mix was played to the group, they liked it. Music and lyrics Lyrically, "Say My Name" has a female protagonist telephoning her lover and suspecting him of cheating. She asks him to "say her name". The young man hesitates, and the narrator believes it is because he does not want the girl he is cheating with to know who she is. Jerkins supported the song's lyrics with a backing track that shifts back and forth in dynamics, steadily bringing different elements, including syncopated, 808 drum programming, synthesized strings and 1970s-style wah-wah guitar licks, in and out of the mix. Knowles sings lead on the verses and bridge and leads the melody of the chorus with Kelly Rowland adding the second part harmony. LeToya Luckett sings the high harmony on the pre-chorus and second chorus. LaTavia Roberson sings second part harmony with LeToya on the pre-chorus and sings the bottom harmony late in the second chorus. Release "Say My Name" was first released in Japan as a maxi-CD on October 14, 1999, containing various mixes of "Bug a Boo" as B-sides. The single was then released in Australia on January 31, 2000, via the same format but with a different track listing that includes the album version of "Bills, Bills, Bills". In the United States, the song began getting radio airplay by select broadcast stations in November 1999. It was later officially sent to urban contemporary radio on January 10, 2000, and was issued physically on February 29, 2000, across four formats: CD, maxi-CD, 12-inch vinyl, and cassette. These "Say My Name" singles have several remixes that were included alongside the original version, including remixes by Timbaland, Maurice Joshua, and Dreem Teem. The Timbaland remix features guest appearances from Static Major and Timbaland himself. Elsewhere, various versions of the single were released in France in March and April 2000, in the United Kingdom on March 27, and in Germany on April 10. Commercial performance "Say My Name" debuted at number 83 on the US Billboard Hot 100. After being released on physical formats, it reached the top of the chart in its 13th week, selling 134,000 copies during its first week of commercial availability. It took longer than any other of Destiny's Child's number-one singles to reach the top. The song spent a total of 32 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 and was one of the top ten best-selling CD singles of 2000 in the United States. It also reached the top of both the Radio Songs and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts for three weeks in 2000. "Say My Name" is the group's third best-selling single in the US after "No, No, No" and "Bills, Bills, Bills", and was also their third single to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In the United Kingdom, it was the group's biggest hit up to that point, peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart and selling over 190,000 copies. The single enabled the group to break into the Asian market, when R&B music was just beginning to receive strong airplay. In the Philippines, it became the longest number-one single by an R&B girl group, topping the charts for seven weeks. In Australia, it was the second single ever by an R&B girl group to reach number one on the ARIA Singles Chart, after TLC's "No Scrubs", and helped propel The Writing's on the Wall to multi-platinum status. Music video The video for "Say My Name" marked the band debut of Michelle Williams (pictured) and Farrah Franklin. Conflict among members of the group arose in December 1999, following allegations that the group's manager and Knowles' father, Mathew Knowles, was withholding group profits from Luckett and Roberson. They then allegedly asked Knowles for more money; they were dismissed from the group in January 2000. That same month, Mathew Knowles recruited Franklin and Williams to replace both without the signed members' consent or knowledge. The video for "Say My Name" was then filmed with little time for the new members to learn the choreography. The video premiered on February 15, 2000, with Franklin and Williams alongside Knowles and Rowland, on MTV and BET simultaneously with the publication of a press release announcing the line-up change. Luckett and Robersons' vocals still appear on the song, despite their absence from the video. Franklin and Williams' vocals are not included on the track. The video, directed by Joseph Kahn, shows the four members along with two females and one male dancer singing and dancing in color-coded sets resembling apartment living rooms. Rowland is in blue clothes to match her equally blue room. Knowles is in an orange room, while Franklin is in a red room and Williams in a white room. After the first verse and the chorus, the girls, along with furniture from their respective color-coded sets, switch rapidly between the other members' sets. Soon after the second verse, all girls gather in a garage-like room complete with cars and Destiny's Child in black PVC-pants and orange tops and all of the dancers, dressed in black, from the video. Legacy In October 2011, NME placed it at number 58 on its list "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years" and Pitchfork Media placed it at number 131 on its "The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s". On VH1's list of the 100 best songs of the 1990s, "Say My Name" was ranked at number 17. In 2021, Rolling Stone placed the song at number 285 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time, while Pitchfork, at number 8 on their 2022 list of "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s". Jody Rosen from The New Yorker credited Beyoncé's slippery rap-style syncopations in the song with creating a new sound that did not exist in the world before her. He further wrote, "If they sound 'normal' now, it's because Beyoncé, and her many followers, have retrained our ears." Track listings US CD and cassette single "Say My Name" (album version) – 4:28 "Say My Name" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01 US maxi-CD single "Say My Name" (album version) – 4:28 "Say My Name" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01 "Say My Name" (Maurice's Last Days of Disco Millennium mix) – 7:35 "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix with rap) – 4:48 "Say My Name" (album version featuring Kobe Bryant) – 4:27 US 12-inch single A1. "Say My Name" (album version featuring Kobe Bryant) – 4:27 A2. "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix with rap) – 4:48 A3. "Say My Name" (Maurice's Last Days of Disco Millennium mix) – 7:35 B1. "Say My Name" (album instrumental) – 4:31 B2. "Say My Name" (Daddy D Remix instrumental) – 4:48 B3. "Say My Name" (Maurice's Old Skool dub mix) – 7:35 UK CD1 "Say My Name" – 4:28 "Say My Name" (Storm Mix by Tariq) – 4:35 "Say My Name" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01 UK CD2 "Say My Name" (Dreem Teem club mix) – 5:45 "Say My Name" (Noodles mix) – 5:17 "Say My Name" (Maurice's Bass 2000 mix) – 4:20 European CD1 "Say My Name" (radio edit) – 3:46 "Say My Name" (Timbaland remix) – 5:02 European CD2 "Say My Name" (album version) – 4:28 "Say My Name" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01 "Say My Name" (album version featuring Kobe Bryant) – 4:27 "Say My Name" (Daddy D remix without rap) – 4:48 Australian and New Zealand CD single "Say My Name" (album version) – 4:31 "Say My Name" (a cappella) – 4:31 "Say My Name" (instrumental) – 4:31 "Bills, Bills, Bills" (album version) – 4:00 Multimedia Japanese CD single "Say My Name" (album version) – 4:31 "Bug a Boo" (Refugee Camp remix featuring Wyclef Jean) "Bug a Boo" (Maurice's Xclusive Bug a Boo club mix) "Bug a Boo" (Maurice's Bug a Dub mix) Credits and personnel Credits are taken from The Writing's on the Wall album booklet. Studio Recorded and mixed at Pacifique Studio (North Hollywood, California) Personnel Rodney Jerkins – writing, all music, production Fred Jerkins III – writing LaShawn Daniels – writing, vocal production, recording Beyoncé Knowles – writing LeToya Luckett – writing Kelly Rowland – writing LaTavia Roberson – writing Brad Gildem – recording Jean-Marie Horvat – mixing Charts Weekly charts Chart (2000) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 1 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 19 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 7 Canada Top Singles (RPM) 4 Canada Dance/Urban (RPM) 4 Canada (Nielsen SoundScan) 9 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 11 France (SNEP) 10 Germany (Official German Charts) 14 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 7 Ireland (IRMA) 15 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 4 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 7 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 4 Norway (VG-lista) 8 Poland (Music & Media) 2 Scotland (OCC) 13 Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) 16 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 20 UK Singles (OCC) 3 UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) 2 US Billboard Hot 100 1 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 39 US Dance Singles Sales (Billboard) 1 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 1 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 3 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 1 Chart (2016) Peakposition South Korea (Gaon) 64 Year-end charts Chart (2000) Position Australia (ARIA) 5 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 95 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 48 Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) 59 France (SNEP) 66 Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) 26 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 41 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 63 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 28 UK Singles (OCC) 71 UK Urban (Music Week) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard) 19 US Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard) 3 US Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard) 6 Decade-end charts Chart (2000–2009) Position Australia (ARIA) 50 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales Australia (ARIA) 2× Platinum 140,000^ Belgium (BEA) Gold 25,000* Brazil (Pro-Música Brasil) Homecoming Live Version Gold 30,000‡ Denmark (IFPI Danmark) Platinum 90,000‡ France (SNEP) Gold 66,666‡ Germany (BVMI) Timbaland remix featuring Static Gold 250,000‡ Portugal (AFP) Gold 20,000‡ Spain (PROMUSICAE) Gold 30,000‡ United Kingdom (BPI) 2× Platinum 1,200,000‡ United States (RIAA) 3× Platinum 3,000,000‡ * Sales figures based on certification alone.^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release dates and formats for "Say My Name" Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. Japan October 14, 1999 Maxi CD SME United States November 1999 Promotional recording Columbia January 10, 2000 Urban contemporary radio Australia January 31, 2000 Maxi CD Sony Music United States February 29, 2000 12-inch vinylcassetteCDmaxi CD Columbia France March 13, 2000 Maxi CD Sony Music United Kingdom March 27, 2000 Cassettetwo maxi CDs Columbia Germany April 10, 2000 Maxi CD Sony Music France April 17, 2000 CD Cover versions In 2021, English rapper ArrDee released his third solo single, "Flowers". The song heavily samples the track of the same name by Sweet Female Attitude and interpolates "Say My Name". It peaked at number 5 on the UK's Official Singles Chart Top 100, spending thirteen weeks in the Top 40, seventeen weeks in the Top 100, with seven of those weeks being in the chart's Top 10. In popular culture In February 2020, the first trailer for the horror film Candyman (2021) was released with a slowed-down version of the song. See also List of number-one singles in Australia in 2000 List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2000 List of number-one R&B singles of 2000 (U.S.) References ^ Patterson, Sylvia (April 24, 2001). "NME Album Reviews – Destiny's Child : Survivor". NME. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2012. ^ "100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks". Billboard. July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017. ^ "The 100 Greatest Songs of 2000: Staff Picks". Billboard. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020. ^ a b "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Rolling Stone. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021. ^ "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s". Pitchfork. September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ Murray, Robin (October 16, 2020). "Destiny's Child's 'Say My Name' Originally Had A UKG Beat". Clash. Retrieved May 13, 2022. ^ a b Anthony, James (August 18, 2006). "Of course you can lose yourself". Guardian Unlimited. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved February 27, 2008. ^ St. Asaph, Katherine. "Destiny's Child: The Writing's on the Wall". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 18, 2022. At least one early mix of 'Say My Name' was tossed out by the group for being too crowded and fussy, a sentiment most reviewers at the time echoed. ^ a b "セイ・マイ・ネーム | デスティニーズ・チャイルド" (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved October 8, 2023. ^ a b Destiny's Child (1999). Say My Name (Japanese CD single liner notes). SME Records. SRCS 2118. ^ a b c "Destiny's Child – Say My Name". ARIA Top 50 Singles. ^ a b Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (Australian & New Zealand CD single liner notes). Columbia Records. 668549 2. ^ a b Taylor, Chuck (January 15, 2000). Reviews & Previews: Singles. Billboard. p. 24. Before its current release to radio, many programmers across the country found this gem... and began banging it before Christmas. ^ a b "AddVance Notice". Radio & Records. January 7, 2000. p. 57. ^ a b Pietroluongo, Silvio (March 11, 2000). "Hot 100 Spotlight" (PDF). Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 11. p. 84. Retrieved October 5, 2020. ^ a b Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (US CD single liner notes). Columbia Records. 38K 79342. ^ a b Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (US maxi-CD single liner notes). Columbia Records. 44K 79346. ^ a b Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (US cassette single sleeve). Columbia Records. 38T 79342. ^ a b "Say my name – Destiny's Child – CD maxi single" (in French). France: Fnac. March 13, 2000. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ a b "Say my name – Destiny's Child – CD single" (in French). France: Fnac. April 17, 2000. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ a b "New Releases – For Week Starting March 27, 2000: Singles" (PDF). Music Week. March 25, 2000. p. 35. Retrieved August 2, 2021. ^ a b c "Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (in German). GfK Entertainment charts. Retrieved March 20, 2019. ^ "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years | NME". NME. October 6, 2011. ^ "Pitchfork: Staff Lists: The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s: 200-101". pitchfork.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2009. ^ Ali, Rahsheeda (May 23, 2013). "The 100 Greatest Songs Of the '90s". VH1. Viacom Media Networks. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2014. ^ "The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s". Pitchfork. September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ Rosen, Jody (February 20, 2013). "Beyonce: Life Is But a Dream, reviewed". The New Yorker. Condé Nast Publications. Retrieved August 24, 2013. ^ Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (US 12-inch single sleeve). Columbia Records. 44 79346. ^ Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (UK CD1 liner notes). Columbia Records. 669188 2. ^ "Destiny's Child CD Singles, Destiny's Child CDs, Buy Rare Destiny's Child CDs". Mattscdsingles.com. Retrieved February 20, 2011. ^ Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (UK CD2 liner notes). Columbia Records. 669188 5. ^ Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (European CD1 liner notes). Columbia Records. COL 668851 1. ^ Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (European CD2 liner notes). Columbia Records. COL 668851 2. ^ Destiny's Child (1999). The Writing's on the Wall (US CD album booklet). Columbia Records. CK 69870. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (in French). Ultratop 50. ^ "Top RPM Singles: Issue 7281." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ "Top RPM Dance/Urban: Issue 7276." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ "Destiny's Child Chart History (Canadian Digital Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ "Euro Chart Hot 100" (PDF). Music & Media. April 15, 2000. p. 7. Retrieved March 11, 2018. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (in French). Les classement single. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 20 (27.3– 4.5 2000)". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). April 28, 2000. p. 14. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – Say My Name". Irish Singles Chart. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ "Nederlandse Top 40 – week 15, 2000" (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name". Top 40 Singles. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name". VG-lista. ^ "Major Market Airplay – Week 22/2000" (PDF). Music & Media. May 27, 2000. p. 27. Retrieved January 28, 2021. ^ "Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name". Singles Top 100. ^ "Destiny's Child – Say My Name". Swiss Singles Chart. ^ "Destiny's Child: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 20, 2019. ^ "Official Hip Hop and R&B Singles Chart Top 40". Official Charts Company. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "Destinys Child Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Destinys Child Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved December 19, 2017. ^ "Destinys Child Chart History (Dance Singles Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved October 21, 2021. ^ "Destinys Child Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Destinys Child Chart History (Pop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Destinys Child Chart History (Rhythmic)". Billboard. ^ "2016년 11주차 Digital Chart - 국외". Gaon Chart. Retrieved April 1, 2022. ^ "ARIA Top 100 Singles for 2000". Australian Recording Industry Association. Retrieved August 9, 2021. ^ "Jaaroverzichten 2000" (in Dutch). Ultratop. Retrieved December 28, 2014. ^ "Rapports Annuels 2000" (in French). Ultratop. Retrieved December 28, 2014. ^ "European Hot 100 Singles 2000" (PDF). Music & Media. December 23, 2000. p. 9. Retrieved November 16, 2019. ^ "Tops de L'année | Top Singles 2000" (in French). SNEP. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ "Íslenski Listinn Topp 1000". Dagblaðið Vísir (in Icelandic). January 5, 2001. p. 10. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ "Top 100–Jaaroverzicht van 2000". Dutch Top 40. Retrieved March 20, 2020. ^ "Jaaroverzichten – Single 2000" (in Dutch). MegaCharts. Retrieved February 8, 2015. ^ "End of Year Charts 2000". Recorded Music NZ. Retrieved July 9, 2020. ^ "Best Sellers of 2000: Singles Top 100". Music Week. January 20, 2001. p. 25. ^ "Top 40 Urban Tracks of 2000" (PDF). Music Week. January 13, 2001. p. 20. Retrieved August 4, 2023. ^ "Billboard Top 100 – 2000". Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved August 31, 2010. ^ "The Year in Music 2000: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 53. December 30, 2000. p. YE-54. ^ "Most Played Mainstream Top 40 Songs of 2000" (PDF). Airplay Monitor. Vol. 8, no. 51. December 22, 2000. p. 54. Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ "The Year in Music 2000: Hot Dance Maxi-Singles Sales". Billboard. Vol. 112, no. 53. December 30, 2000. p. YE-60. ^ "Most Played Rhythmic Top 40 Songs of 2000" (PDF). Airplay Monitor. Vol. 8, no. 51. December 22, 2000. p. 56. Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ "Top 100 singles of the noughties". Adelaide Now. January 7, 2010. Retrieved July 19, 2010. ^ "ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2000 Singles" (PDF). Australian Recording Industry Association. ^ "Ultratop − Goud en Platina – singles 2000". Ultratop. Hung Medien. Retrieved September 28, 2014. ^ "Brazilian single certifications – Beyoncé feat. Kelly Rowland & Michelle Williams – Lose My Breath" (in Portuguese). Pro-Música Brasil. Retrieved April 17, 2024. ^ "Danish single certifications – Destiny's Child – Say My Name". IFPI Danmark. Retrieved February 2, 2022. ^ "French single certifications – Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (in French). Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique. Retrieved March 20, 2018. ^ "Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Destiny's Child fest. Static; 'Say My Name')" (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Retrieved January 21, 2023. ^ "Portuguese single certifications – Destiny's Child – Say My Name" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa. Retrieved May 23, 2022. ^ "Spanish single certifications – Destiny's Child – Say My Name". El portal de Música. Productores de Música de España. ^ "British single certifications – Destiny's Child – Say My Name". British Phonographic Industry. ^ "American single certifications – Destiny's Child – Say My Name". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved July 12, 2020. ^ Dean, Maury (2003). Rock N Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-Cyclopedia. Algora Publishing. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-87586-227-9. ^ Complex https://www.complex.com/music/arrdee-flowers-say-my-name ^ Wilson, Jamal (November 10, 2021). "ARRDEE TAKES US BEHIND THE SCENES OF 'FLOWERS (SAY MY NAME)' IN NEW VIDEO". GRM Daily. Retrieved December 29, 2021. ^ "ArrDee - Flowers (Say My Name)". Official Charts. Retrieved January 5, 2022. ^ "'Candyman' Trailer Reawakens Urban Legend: Watch". Vibe. February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020. Further reading Mancini, Robert (March 24, 2000). "Destiny's Child Sued by Former Members". MTV. Retrieved April 1, 2022. vteDestiny's Child Beyoncé Knowles Kelly Rowland Michelle Williams LaTavia Roberson LeToya Luckett Farrah Franklin Studio albums Destiny's Child The Writing's on the Wall Survivor 8 Days of Christmas Destiny Fulfilled Compilation albums This Is the Remix #1's Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol.1: Love Destiny Playlist: The Very Best of Destiny's Child Love Songs Destiny's Child: The Untold Story Presents Girls Tyme Singles "No, No, No" "With Me" "Get on the Bus" "Bills, Bills, Bills" "Bug a Boo" "Say My Name" "Jumpin', Jumpin'" "Independent Women Part I" "Survivor" "Bootylicious" "Emotion" "Nasty Girl" "8 Days of Christmas" "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" "Lose My Breath" "Soldier" "Girl" "Cater 2 U" "Stand Up for Love" Featured singles "Just Be Straight with Me" "She's Gone" "Thug Love" "What's Going On" "The Girl Is Mine" Live and video releases The Platinum's on the Wall Destiny's Child World Tour Live in Atlanta Video Anthology Concert tours Total Request Live Tour Destiny's Child World Tour Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It Other collaborations "Say Yes" Super Bowl XLVII halftime show Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé The Live Album Related topics Discography Awards and nominations Songs Mathew Knowles Teresa LaBarbera Whites vteMTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video "Free Your Mind" (1993) "Whatta Man" (1994) "Waterfalls" (1995) "Killing Me Softly" (1996) "I'll Be Missing You" (1997) "Gone till November" (1998) "Doo Wop (That Thing)" (1999) "Say My Name" (2000) "Survivor" (2001) "No More Drama" (2002) "Crazy in Love" (2003) "If I Ain't Got You" (2004) "Karma" (2005) "Check on It" (2006) "Waves" (2019) "Blinding Lights" (2020) "Leave the Door Open" (2021) "Out of Time" (2022) "Shirt" (2023) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group MusicBrainz work

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For other uses, see Say My Name (disambiguation).\"Say My Name\" is a song by American group Destiny's Child from their second studio album, The Writing's on the Wall (1999). It was written by Beyoncé Knowles, LeToya Luckett, LaTavia Roberson, Kelly Rowland, LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, and Rodney Jerkins, featuring production by the latter. While the song and single artwork features the group's original line-up consisting of Luckett and Roberson, the music video for the single marked the introduction of the group's second line-up with replacement members Michelle Williams and Farrah Franklin. \"Say My Name\" was released as the third single from The Writing's on the Wall on October 14, 1999, by Columbia Records.\"Say My Name\" was the most successful of the four singles from The Writing's on the Wall, becoming Destiny's Child's second number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reaching the top ten in Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Iceland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, and the United Kingdom. Critically acclaimed, the song won two Grammy Awards at the 2001 ceremony for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals and Best R&B Song, while also being nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year.The accompanying music video for \"Say My Name\" won the 2000 MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video. The song also won a Soul Train Lady of Soul Award for Best R&B/Soul Single, Group, Band or Duo and a BMI Pop Award for Most Played Song. Billboard ranked the song at number seven on their list of the \"100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time\" and named it the best song of 2000.[2][3] In 2021, Rolling Stone placed the song at number 285 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time while Pitchfork ranked it at number eight on their 2022 list of \"The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s\".[4][5]","title":"Say My Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"2-step garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-step_garage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anthony-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mathew Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Knowles"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anthony-7"}],"text":"\"Say My Name\" was the group's first collaboration with producer-songwriter Rodney Jerkins, who was one out of several people hired to work with Destiny's Child on their second album. The demo for the track had a different approach and Jerkins said that it was inspired by 2-step garage music he heard while in a club in London.[6] When they wrote the song, however, the lead singer Beyoncé Knowles was initially displeased with the track they were working on. She commented that there was \"too much stuff\" on the track and it sounded like a \"jungle\".[7][8] During the photo shoot for the album, Beyoncé's father-manager Mathew Knowles went to the studio informing her that Jerkins reworked on the track she \"hated\". He told her to \"just have to take a listen to it\". When the new mix was played to the group, they liked it.[7]","title":"Writing and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"syncopated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncopated"},{"link_name":"drum programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_machine"},{"link_name":"synthesized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_orchestra"},{"link_name":"wah-wah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wah-wah_pedal"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"LeToya Luckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeToya_Luckett"},{"link_name":"LaTavia Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTavia_Roberson"}],"text":"Lyrically, \"Say My Name\" has a female protagonist telephoning her lover and suspecting him of cheating. She asks him to \"say her name\". The young man hesitates, and the narrator believes it is because he does not want the girl he is cheating with to know who she is. Jerkins supported the song's lyrics with a backing track that shifts back and forth in dynamics, steadily bringing different elements, including syncopated, 808 drum programming, synthesized strings and 1970s-style wah-wah guitar licks, in and out of the mix. Knowles sings lead on the verses and bridge and leads the melody of the chorus with Kelly Rowland adding the second part harmony. LeToya Luckett sings the high harmony on the pre-chorus and second chorus. LaTavia Roberson sings second part harmony with LeToya on the pre-chorus and sings the bottom harmony late in the second chorus.","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maxi-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_single"},{"link_name":"Bug a Boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_a_Boo_(song)"},{"link_name":"B-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-side"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpnrel-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpncd-10"},{"link_name":"Bills, Bills, Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills,_Bills,_Bills"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auscd-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nov-13"},{"link_name":"urban contemporary radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary_radio"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usur-14"},{"link_name":"12-inch vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12-inch_vinyl"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usrel-15"},{"link_name":"remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"Maurice Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Joshua"},{"link_name":"Dreem Teem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreem_Teem"},{"link_name":"Static Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_Major"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscd-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmx-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscs-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-framxrel-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fracdrel-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ukrel-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-22"}],"text":"\"Say My Name\" was first released in Japan as a maxi-CD on October 14, 1999, containing various mixes of \"Bug a Boo\" as B-sides.[9][10] The single was then released in Australia on January 31, 2000, via the same format but with a different track listing that includes the album version of \"Bills, Bills, Bills\".[11][12] In the United States, the song began getting radio airplay by select broadcast stations in November 1999.[13] It was later officially sent to urban contemporary radio on January 10, 2000,[14] and was issued physically on February 29, 2000, across four formats: CD, maxi-CD, 12-inch vinyl, and cassette.[15] These \"Say My Name\" singles have several remixes that were included alongside the original version, including remixes by Timbaland, Maurice Joshua, and Dreem Teem. The Timbaland remix features guest appearances from Static Major and Timbaland himself.[16][17][18] Elsewhere, various versions of the single were released in France in March and April 2000,[19][20] in the United Kingdom on March 27,[21] and in Germany on April 10.[22]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Radio Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Songs_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"No, No, No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No,_No,_No_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIAA_certification"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"ARIA Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"TLC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(band)"},{"link_name":"No Scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Scrubs"}],"text":"\"Say My Name\" debuted at number 83 on the US Billboard Hot 100. After being released on physical formats, it reached the top of the chart in its 13th week, selling 134,000 copies during its first week of commercial availability. It took longer than any other of Destiny's Child's number-one singles to reach the top. The song spent a total of 32 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 and was one of the top ten best-selling CD singles of 2000 in the United States. It also reached the top of both the Radio Songs and the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts for three weeks in 2000. \"Say My Name\" is the group's third best-selling single in the US after \"No, No, No\" and \"Bills, Bills, Bills\", and was also their third single to be certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).In the United Kingdom, it was the group's biggest hit up to that point, peaking at number three on the UK Singles Chart and selling over 190,000 copies. The single enabled the group to break into the Asian market, when R&B music was just beginning to receive strong airplay. In the Philippines, it became the longest number-one single by an R&B girl group, topping the charts for seven weeks. In Australia, it was the second single ever by an R&B girl group to reach number one on the ARIA Singles Chart, after TLC's \"No Scrubs\", and helped propel The Writing's on the Wall to multi-platinum status.","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michelle_Williams_-_The_Drama_League_(PNG).png"},{"link_name":"Michelle Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Farrah Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrah_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Mathew Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Knowles"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Entertainment_Television"},{"link_name":"Joseph Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kahn_(director)"}],"text":"The video for \"Say My Name\" marked the band debut of Michelle Williams (pictured) and Farrah Franklin.Conflict among members of the group arose in December 1999, following allegations that the group's manager and Knowles' father, Mathew Knowles, was withholding group profits from Luckett and Roberson. They then allegedly asked Knowles for more money; they were dismissed from the group in January 2000. That same month, Mathew Knowles recruited Franklin and Williams to replace both without the signed members' consent or knowledge. The video for \"Say My Name\" was then filmed with little time for the new members to learn the choreography. The video premiered on February 15, 2000, with Franklin and Williams alongside Knowles and Rowland, on MTV and BET simultaneously with the publication of a press release announcing the line-up change. Luckett and Robersons' vocals still appear on the song, despite their absence from the video. Franklin and Williams' vocals are not included on the track.The video, directed by Joseph Kahn, shows the four members along with two females and one male dancer singing and dancing in color-coded sets resembling apartment living rooms. Rowland is in blue clothes to match her equally blue room. Knowles is in an orange room, while Franklin is in a red room and Williams in a white room. After the first verse and the chorus, the girls, along with furniture from their respective color-coded sets, switch rapidly between the other members' sets. Soon after the second verse, all girls gather in a garage-like room complete with cars and Destiny's Child in black PVC-pants and orange tops and all of the dancers, dressed in black, from the video.","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"500 Greatest Songs of All Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_500_Greatest_Songs_of_All_Time-4"},{"link_name":"Pitchfork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_Media"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Jody Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Rosen"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"In October 2011, NME placed it at number 58 on its list \"150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years\"[23] and Pitchfork Media placed it at number 131 on its \"The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s\".[24] On VH1's list of the 100 best songs of the 1990s, \"Say My Name\" was ranked at number 17.[25] In 2021, Rolling Stone placed the song at number 285 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time,[4] while Pitchfork, at number 8 on their 2022 list of \"The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s\".[26]Jody Rosen from The New Yorker credited Beyoncé's slippery rap-style syncopations in the song with creating a new sound that did not exist in the world before her. He further wrote, \"If they sound 'normal' now, it's because Beyoncé, and her many followers, have retrained our ears.\"[27]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscd-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uscs-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usmx-17"},{"link_name":"Kobe Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobe_Bryant"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dreem Teem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreem_Teem"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auscd-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jpncd-10"},{"link_name":"Wyclef Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"}],"text":"US CD and cassette single[16][18]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (album version) – 4:28\n\"Say My Name\" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01\nUS maxi-CD single[17]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (album version) – 4:28\n\"Say My Name\" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01\n\"Say My Name\" (Maurice's Last Days of Disco Millennium mix) – 7:35\n\"Say My Name\" (Daddy D Remix with rap) – 4:48\n\"Say My Name\" (album version featuring Kobe Bryant) – 4:27\nUS 12-inch single[28]\n\nA1. \"Say My Name\" (album version featuring Kobe Bryant) – 4:27\nA2. \"Say My Name\" (Daddy D Remix with rap) – 4:48\nA3. \"Say My Name\" (Maurice's Last Days of Disco Millennium mix) – 7:35\nB1. \"Say My Name\" (album instrumental) – 4:31\nB2. \"Say My Name\" (Daddy D Remix instrumental) – 4:48\nB3. \"Say My Name\" (Maurice's Old Skool dub mix) – 7:35\nUK CD1[29]\n\n\"Say My Name\" – 4:28\n\"Say My Name\" (Storm Mix by Tariq) – 4:35\n\"Say My Name\" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01\nUK CD2[30][31]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (Dreem Teem club mix) – 5:45\n\"Say My Name\" (Noodles mix) – 5:17\n\"Say My Name\" (Maurice's Bass 2000 mix) – 4:20\n\n\nEuropean CD1[32]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (radio edit) – 3:46\n\"Say My Name\" (Timbaland remix) – 5:02\nEuropean CD2[33]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (album version) – 4:28\n\"Say My Name\" (Timbaland remix) – 5:01\n\"Say My Name\" (album version featuring Kobe Bryant) – 4:27\n\"Say My Name\" (Daddy D remix without rap) – 4:48\nAustralian and New Zealand CD single[12]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (album version) – 4:31\n\"Say My Name\" (a cappella) – 4:31\n\"Say My Name\" (instrumental) – 4:31\n\"Bills, Bills, Bills\" (album version) – 4:00\nMultimedia\nJapanese CD single[10]\n\n\"Say My Name\" (album version) – 4:31\n\"Bug a Boo\" (Refugee Camp remix featuring Wyclef Jean)\n\"Bug a Boo\" (Maurice's Xclusive Bug a Boo club mix)\n\"Bug a Boo\" (Maurice's Bug a Dub mix)","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Writing's on the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writing%27s_on_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"North Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Fred Jerkins III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Jerkins_III"}],"text":"Credits are taken from The Writing's on the Wall album booklet.[34]StudioRecorded and mixed at Pacifique Studio (North Hollywood, California)PersonnelRodney Jerkins – writing, all music, production\nFred Jerkins III – writing\nLaShawn Daniels – writing, vocal production, recording\nBeyoncé Knowles – writing\nLeToya Luckett – writing\nKelly Rowland – writing\nLaTavia Roberson – writing\nBrad Gildem – recording\nJean-Marie Horvat – mixing","title":"Credits and personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_My_Name&action=edit&section=10"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aus-11"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Flanders_Destiny's_Child-35"},{"link_name":"Ultratop 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratop"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Wallonia_Destiny's_Child-36"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadatopsingles_-37"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canadadance_-38"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"European Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Destiny's_Child-41"},{"link_name":"Official German Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ger-22"},{"link_name":"Íslenski Listinn Topp 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dslenski_listinn"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"IRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Ireland2_-43"},{"link_name":"Dutch Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch40_-44"},{"link_name":"Single Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Single_Top_100"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Dutch100_Destiny's_Child-45"},{"link_name":"Recorded Music NZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_New_Zealand_Destiny's_Child-46"},{"link_name":"VG-lista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VG-lista"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Norway_Destiny's_Child-47"},{"link_name":"Music & Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Singles_and_Albums_Charts"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Scotland_-49"},{"link_name":"Sverigetopplistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sverigetopplistan"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Sweden_Destiny's_Child-50"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Switzerland_Destiny's_Child-51"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKsinglesbyname_Destiny's_Child-52"},{"link_name":"UK Hip Hop/R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_R%26B_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UKrandb_-53"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Destinys_Child-54"},{"link_name":"Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddanceclubplay_Destinys_Child-55"},{"link_name":"Dance Singles Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboarddancesales_Destinys_Child-56"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrandbhiphop_Destinys_Child-57"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainstream_Top_40"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardpopsongs_Destinys_Child-58"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_(chart)"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardrhythmic_Destinys_Child-59"},{"link_name":"Gaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Music_Chart"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_My_Name&action=edit&section=11"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AUSendofyear-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frayearendchart2000-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_My_Name&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[11]\n\n1\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[35]\n\n19\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[36]\n\n7\n\n\nCanada Top Singles (RPM)[37]\n\n4\n\n\nCanada Dance/Urban (RPM)[38]\n\n4\n\n\nCanada (Nielsen SoundScan)[39]\n\n9\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[40]\n\n11\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[41]\n\n10\n\n\nGermany (Official German Charts)[22]\n\n14\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[42]\n\n7\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[43]\n\n15\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[44]\n\n4\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[45]\n\n7\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[46]\n\n4\n\n\nNorway (VG-lista)[47]\n\n8\n\n\nPoland (Music & Media)[48]\n\n2\n\n\nScotland (OCC)[49]\n\n13\n\n\nSweden (Sverigetopplistan)[50]\n\n16\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[51]\n\n20\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[52]\n\n3\n\n\nUK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC)[53]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[54]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Dance Club Songs (Billboard)[55]\n\n39\n\n\nUS Dance Singles Sales (Billboard)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[58]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[59]\n\n1\n\n\n\n\nChart (2016)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Gaon)[60]\n\n64\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[61]\n\n5\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)[62]\n\n95\n\n\nBelgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)[63]\n\n48\n\n\nEurope (European Hot 100 Singles)[64]\n\n59\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[65]\n\n66\n\n\nIceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40)[66]\n\n26\n\n\nNetherlands (Dutch Top 40)[67]\n\n41\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Top 100)[68]\n\n63\n\n\nNew Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[69]\n\n28\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[70]\n\n71\n\n\nUK Urban (Music Week)[71]\n\n16\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[72]\n\n6\n\n\nUS Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks (Billboard)[73]\n\n11\n\n\nUS Mainstream Top 40 (Billboard)[74]\n\n19\n\n\nUS Maxi-Singles Sales (Billboard)[75]\n\n3\n\n\nUS Rhythmic Top 40 (Billboard)[76]\n\n6\n\nDecade-end charts[edit]\n\n\n\nChart (2000–2009)\n\nPosition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[77]\n\n50","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ArrDee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArrDee"},{"link_name":"track of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowers_(Sweet_Female_Attitude_song)"},{"link_name":"Sweet Female Attitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Female_Attitude"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"text":"In 2021, English rapper ArrDee released his third solo single, \"Flowers\". The song heavily samples the track of the same name by Sweet Female Attitude and interpolates \"Say My Name\".[89] It peaked at number 5 on the UK's Official Singles Chart Top 100,[90] spending thirteen weeks in the Top 40, seventeen weeks in the Top 100, with seven of those weeks being in the chart's Top 10.[91]","title":"Cover versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candyman_(2021_film)"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"}],"text":"In February 2020, the first trailer for the horror film Candyman (2021) was released with a slowed-down version of the song.[92]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Destiny's Child Sued by Former Members\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mtv.com/news/articles/1428047/03242000/destinys_child.jhtml"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Kelly Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Rowland"},{"link_name":"Michelle Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(singer)"},{"link_name":"LaTavia Roberson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaTavia_Roberson"},{"link_name":"LeToya Luckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeToya_Luckett"},{"link_name":"Farrah Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farrah_Franklin"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child_(album)"},{"link_name":"The Writing's on the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Writing%27s_on_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)"},{"link_name":"8 Days of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Days_of_Christmas"},{"link_name":"Destiny Fulfilled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Fulfilled"},{"link_name":"This Is the Remix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_the_Remix_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)"},{"link_name":"#1's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_1%27s_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)"},{"link_name":"Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol.1: Love Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Knowles_%26_Music_World_Present_Vol.1:_Love_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Playlist: The Very Best of Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playlist:_The_Very_Best_of_Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Love Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Songs_(Destiny%27s_Child_album)"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child: The Untold Story Presents Girls Tyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child:_The_Untold_Story_Presents_Girls_Tyme"},{"link_name":"No, No, No","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No,_No,_No_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"With Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_Me_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"Get on the Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_on_the_Bus_(song)"},{"link_name":"Bills, Bills, Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bills,_Bills,_Bills"},{"link_name":"Bug a Boo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_a_Boo_(song)"},{"link_name":"Say My Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Jumpin', Jumpin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpin%27,_Jumpin%27"},{"link_name":"Independent Women Part I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Women_Part_I"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"Bootylicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootylicious"},{"link_name":"Emotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_(Samantha_Sang_song)#Destiny's_Child_version"},{"link_name":"Nasty Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasty_Girl_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"8 Days of Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_Days_of_Christmas_(song)"},{"link_name":"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(song)"},{"link_name":"Lose My Breath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lose_My_Breath"},{"link_name":"Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"Cater 2 U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cater_2_U"},{"link_name":"Stand Up for Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up_for_Love"},{"link_name":"Just Be Straight with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just_Be_Straight_with_Me"},{"link_name":"She's Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Gone_(Hall_%26_Oates_song)#Other_versions"},{"link_name":"Thug Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thug_Love_(song)"},{"link_name":"What's Going On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%27s_Going_On_(Marvin_Gaye_song)#Artists_Against_AIDS_Worldwide_cover"},{"link_name":"The Girl Is Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Girl_Is_Mine_(99_Souls_song)"},{"link_name":"The Platinum's on the Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platinum%27s_on_the_Wall"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child_World_Tour#Broadcasts_and_recordings"},{"link_name":"Live in Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_in_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Video Anthology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Anthology_(video)"},{"link_name":"Total Request Live Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Request_Live_Tour"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_Fulfilled..._and_Lovin%27_It"},{"link_name":"Say Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Say_Yes_(Michelle_Williams_song)"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl XLVII halftime show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLVII_halftime_show"},{"link_name":"Homecoming: A Film by Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming:_A_Film_by_Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"The Live Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming:_The_Live_Album"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child_discography"},{"link_name":"Awards and nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_recorded_by_Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"Mathew Knowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew_Knowles"},{"link_name":"Teresa LaBarbera Whites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_LaBarbera_Whites"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Video"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Video"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Video"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_R%26B_Video"},{"link_name":"Free Your Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Your_Mind_(song)"},{"link_name":"Whatta Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Man_(song)#Salt-N-Pepa_and_En_Vogue_version"},{"link_name":"Waterfalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls_(TLC_song)"},{"link_name":"Killing Me Softly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Me_Softly_with_His_Song#Fugees_version"},{"link_name":"I'll Be Missing You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ll_Be_Missing_You"},{"link_name":"Gone till November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_till_November"},{"link_name":"Doo Wop (That Thing)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo_Wop_(That_Thing)"},{"link_name":"Say My Name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Survivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivor_(Destiny%27s_Child_song)"},{"link_name":"No More Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_More_Drama_(song)"},{"link_name":"Crazy in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_in_Love"},{"link_name":"If I Ain't Got You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_I_Ain%27t_Got_You"},{"link_name":"Karma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_(Alicia_Keys_song)"},{"link_name":"Check on It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Check_on_It"},{"link_name":"Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waves_(Normani_song)"},{"link_name":"Blinding Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blinding_Lights"},{"link_name":"Leave the Door Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_the_Door_Open"},{"link_name":"Out of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Time_(The_Weeknd_song)"},{"link_name":"Shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt_(song)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q149443#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz release group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/release-group/be556c8e-6a70-3e8a-99fc-bddfcb2597bb"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/work/65292cd4-9ee6-30f9-a689-51e15eb3c790"}],"text":"Mancini, Robert (March 24, 2000). \"Destiny's Child Sued by Former Members\". MTV. Retrieved April 1, 2022.vteDestiny's Child\nBeyoncé Knowles\nKelly Rowland\nMichelle Williams\nLaTavia Roberson\nLeToya Luckett\nFarrah Franklin\nStudio albums\nDestiny's Child\nThe Writing's on the Wall\nSurvivor\n8 Days of Christmas\nDestiny Fulfilled\nCompilation albums\nThis Is the Remix\n#1's\nMathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol.1: Love Destiny\nPlaylist: The Very Best of Destiny's Child\nLove Songs\nDestiny's Child: The Untold Story Presents Girls Tyme\nSingles\n\"No, No, No\"\n\"With Me\"\n\"Get on the Bus\"\n\"Bills, Bills, Bills\"\n\"Bug a Boo\"\n\"Say My Name\"\n\"Jumpin', Jumpin'\"\n\"Independent Women Part I\"\n\"Survivor\"\n\"Bootylicious\"\n\"Emotion\"\n\"Nasty Girl\"\n\"8 Days of Christmas\"\n\"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer\"\n\"Lose My Breath\"\n\"Soldier\"\n\"Girl\"\n\"Cater 2 U\"\n\"Stand Up for Love\"\nFeatured singles\n\"Just Be Straight with Me\"\n\"She's Gone\"\n\"Thug Love\"\n\"What's Going On\"\n\"The Girl Is Mine\"\nLive and video releases\nThe Platinum's on the Wall\nDestiny's Child World Tour\nLive in Atlanta\nVideo Anthology\nConcert tours\nTotal Request Live Tour\nDestiny's Child World Tour\nDestiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It\nOther collaborations\n\"Say Yes\"\nSuper Bowl XLVII halftime show\nHomecoming: A Film by Beyoncé\nThe Live Album\nRelated topics\nDiscography\nAwards and nominations\nSongs\nMathew Knowles\nTeresa LaBarbera WhitesvteMTV Video Music Award for Best R&B Video\n\"Free Your Mind\" (1993)\n\"Whatta Man\" (1994)\n\"Waterfalls\" (1995)\n\"Killing Me Softly\" (1996)\n\"I'll Be Missing You\" (1997)\n\"Gone till November\" (1998)\n\"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" (1999)\n\"Say My Name\" (2000)\n\"Survivor\" (2001)\n\"No More Drama\" (2002)\n\"Crazy in Love\" (2003)\n\"If I Ain't Got You\" (2004)\n\"Karma\" (2005)\n\"Check on It\" (2006)\n\"Waves\" (2019)\n\"Blinding Lights\" (2020)\n\"Leave the Door Open\" (2021)\n\"Out of Time\" (2022)\n\"Shirt\" (2023)Authority control databases \nMusicBrainz release group\nMusicBrainz work","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The video for \"Say My Name\" marked the band debut of Michelle Williams (pictured) and Farrah Franklin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Michelle_Williams_-_The_Drama_League_%28PNG%29.png/180px-Michelle_Williams_-_The_Drama_League_%28PNG%29.png"}]

[{"title":"List of number-one singles in Australia in 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_in_Australia_in_2000"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_number-one_singles_of_2000"},{"title":"List of number-one R&B singles of 2000 (U.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_R%26B_singles_of_2000_(U.S.)"}]

[{"reference":"Patterson, Sylvia (April 24, 2001). \"NME Album Reviews – Destiny's Child : Survivor\". NME. Archived from the original on July 9, 2009. Retrieved June 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090709044922/http://www.nme.com/reviews/destinys-child/4908","url_text":"\"NME Album Reviews – Destiny's Child : Survivor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/destinys-child/4908","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks\". Billboard. July 10, 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7857816/100-greatest-girl-group-songs","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time: Critics' Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Songs of 2000: Staff Picks\". Billboard. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/list/9339652/best-songs-of-2000-top-100","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest Songs of 2000: Staff Picks\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". Rolling Stone. September 15, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-songs-of-all-time-1224767/","url_text":"\"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s\". Pitchfork. September 27, 2022. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/the-best-songs-of-the-1990s/","url_text":"\"The 250 Best Songs of the 1990s\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robin (October 16, 2020). \"Destiny's Child's 'Say My Name' Originally Had A UKG Beat\". Clash. Retrieved May 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/destinys-childs-say-my-name-originally-had-a-ukg-beat","url_text":"\"Destiny's Child's 'Say My Name' Originally Had A UKG Beat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_(magazine)","url_text":"Clash"}]},{"reference":"Anthony, James (August 18, 2006). \"Of course you can lose yourself\". Guardian Unlimited. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved February 27, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://arts.guardian.co.uk/filmandmusic/story/0,,1852025,00.html","url_text":"\"Of course you can lose yourself\""}]},{"reference":"St. Asaph, Katherine. \"Destiny's Child: The Writing's on the Wall\". Pitchfork. Retrieved June 18, 2022. At least one early mix of 'Say My Name' was tossed out by the group for being too crowded and fussy, a sentiment most reviewers at the time echoed.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/destinys-child-the-writings-on-the-wall/","url_text":"\"Destiny's Child: The Writing's on the Wall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(magazine)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"\"セイ・マイ・ネーム | デスティニーズ・チャイルド\" [Say My Name | Destiny's Child] (in Japanese). Oricon. Retrieved October 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/110256/products/232703/1/","url_text":"\"セイ・マイ・ネーム | デスティニーズ・チャイルド\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon","url_text":"Oricon"}]},{"reference":"Destiny's Child (1999). Say My Name (Japanese CD single liner notes). SME Records. SRCS 2118.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child","url_text":"Destiny's Child"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SME_Records","url_text":"SME Records"}]},{"reference":"Destiny's Child (2000). Say My Name (Australian & New Zealand CD single liner notes). Columbia Records. 668549 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records","url_text":"Columbia Records"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Chuck (January 15, 2000). Reviews & Previews: Singles. Billboard. p. 24. Before its current release to radio, many programmers across the country found this gem... and began banging it before Christmas.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oQ0EAAAAMBAJ","url_text":"Reviews & Previews: Singles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...","url_text":"..."}]},{"reference":"\"AddVance Notice\". Radio & Records. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrento_(disambiguation)

Sorrento (disambiguation)

["1 Places","2 Other uses","3 See also"]

Sorrento is a town in Southern Italy. Sorrento may also refer to: Places Duchy of Sorrento, a principality of the Early Middle Ages centred on Sorrento, Italy Sorrento, British Columbia, Canada Sorrento, Florida, United States Sorrento, Hong Kong Sorrento, Louisiana, United States Sorrento, Maine, United States Sorrento, Victoria, a township in Victoria, Australia Sorrento, Western Australia, suburb of Perth, Western Australia Other uses Sorrento Calcio, Italian football club Sorrento FC, a Western Australian semi-professional soccer club Sorrento Stakes, a thoroughbred horse race in Del Mar, California, United States Kia Sorento, a crossover SUV produced by Kia MV Sorrento, a number of ships with this name Paul Sorrento (born 1965), American baseball player The Galbani brand of cheese and the Lactalis American Group, formerly Sorrento and Sorrento Lactalis See also All pages with titles containing Sorrento Sorento (disambiguation) Sorrento Valley, San Diego Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sorrento.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qater_Yuran-e_Olya

Qater Yuran-e Olya

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 39°08′25″N 48°01′48″E / 39.14028°N 48.03000°E / 39.14028; 48.03000Village in Ardabil, IranQater Yuran-e Olya قاطريوران علياvillageQater Yuran-e OlyaCoordinates: 39°08′25″N 48°01′48″E / 39.14028°N 48.03000°E / 39.14028; 48.03000Country IranProvinceArdabilCountyGermiBakhshCentralRural DistrictOjarud-e ShomaliPopulation (2006) • Total53Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Qater Yuran-e Olya (Persian: قاطريوران عليا, also Romanized as Qāţer Yūrān-e ‘Olyā; also known as Yadī Qārdāsh (Persian: يدي قارداش), Qāţer Yūrān-e Bālā, and Sālār Qeshlaqī) is a village in Ojarud-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Germi County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 53, in 9 families. References ^ Qater Yuran-e Olya can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3769879" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Germi CountyCapital Germi DistrictsCentralCities Germi Rural Districts and villagesAni Alilah Alileh Sar Ani-ye Olya Ani-ye Sofla Ani-ye Vosta Biaraq Chalak Dashdibi Ezmareh-ye Olya Ezmareh-ye Sofla Gigal Qanbarlu Qarah Bolagh Qarah Yataq Quzlu Sari Daraq Shavon-e Olya Shavon-e Sofla Tang Tappeh Tazeh Kand-e Qarah Bolagh Ojarud-e Gharbi(West Ojraud) Angurd Armarmshahadlu Azizlu Bashirlui-ye Olya Bashirlui-ye Sofla Beneh Bil Dashi Chungenesh Chunzeh-ye Olya Chunzeh-ye Sofla Daryaman Dash Bolagh Dizaj Ghaffar Kandi Gilarlu Jin Kandi Khan Kandi Laleh Bolaghi Laskeh Daraq Majidlu Mazraeh-ye Ali Goshad Fakri Mazraeh-ye Khanlar Moghvan Oli Kandi Own Bir Beyglu Qarah Quch Qeshlaq Rahimlu Shahrak-e Vali Asr Shur Bolagh Tak Dam Takanlu Tazeh Kand-e Langan Tulir Tulun Ojarud-e Markazi(Central Ojarud) Al Qanab Amrahlu Azhdarlu Hamzah Khanlu Hasan Kandi Ilkhchi-ye Olya Ilkhchi-ye Sofla Khan Bolaghi Ojaq Alazar Qahramanlu Zengir Ojarud-e Shomali(North Ojarud) Angurtlar-e Sofla Aranchi Babi Kandi Beik Baghi Chuneh Khanlu Edalat Qeshlaqi Farzi Kandi Hachakand-e Tazeh Havas Kandi Kachalar Kalleh Sar-e Olya Kalleh Sar-e Sofla Mashhadlu Najaf Qoli Qeshlaqi Naqareh Qater Yuran-e Olya Qater Yuran-e Sofla Qeshlaq-e Mazan-e Olya Qezel Guney Saghirlu Sari Nasirlu Seyyed Kandi Shakar Ab Shekarlui-ye Olya AngutiCities Tazeh Kand-e Angut Rural Districts and villagesAngut-e Gharbi(West Angut) Adam Darrehsi-ye Olya Adam Darrehsi-ye Sofla Agh Tappeh Ali Qapu Allah Yarlu Anjirlu Aqa Mohammad Beyglu Bagheshlu Charuq Dash Chenar Danial Delik Yarqan Dikdash Dumuli Emarat Farkhlu Galin Bolaghi Gechi Qeshlaq Amirlu Gechi Qeshlaq Hajj Mohammadlu Gowdah Kahriz Guni Kand Hajji Abbas Kandi Heybat-e Olya Heybat-e Sofla Hizan Ilkhchi Isti Baghcheh Kadkhodalu Kalantar Kard Kandi Kinu Kohneh Kand Lachin Darrehsi Lakarabad-e Olya Lakarabad-e Sofla Malqeshlaqi Mardan Masjedlu Nowlu Qar Qeshlaqi Qarah Aghaj-e Bala Qarah Aghaj-e Pain Qarah Khan Beyglu Qarahjah Aghle Qelich Khanlu Qeshlaq-e Aqa Baba Qeshlaq-e Barian Qeshlaq-e Dowlama Qeshlaq-e Hajji Abbas Qeshlaq-e Hajji Samid Qeshlaq-e Olya Qeshlaq-e Qarah Qayeh Qeshlaq-e Qareh Seqal Qeshlaq-e Zaviyeh Quri Daraq Qurtlu Qeshlaq Quytul Quzlu Saluk Qeshlaqi Sarvaghaji Seyyed Javadlu Seyyed Lar Seyyed Mohammadlu Shahid Mohammadpur Sheykh Razi Shurestan Tulan Vali Beyglu Yekvan Zaviyeh Sang Ziveh Angut-e Sharqi(East Angut) Abbas Alilu Asghar Khanlu Borun Qeshlaq-e Olya Borun Qeshlaq-e Sofla Chat Qeshlaq-e Bala Chenar Chenar Dargahlu Dash Qapu Garmi Angut Hadilu Jabilu Jahangirlu Jamulu Kandi Jeda Kahel Qeshlaq Khan Mohammadlu Khanali Darrehsi Kuramalu Mansurlu Marallu-ye Jafarqoli Khanlu Mohammad Qoli Beyglu Mohammad Taqi Kandi Mollalu Nariman Oruj Alilu Owch Bolagh Panjeh Ali Kharabehsi Pirlu Qabaleh Kandi Qatar-e Olya Qatar-e Sofla Qeshlaq-e Aba Qeshlaq-e Bakhshali Qeshlaq-e Chortaqlu Qeshlaq-e Jeda Qilulu Qorbanlu Sarilar Sayadabad Seyyedabad Shabanlu Shaerlu Shahbazlu Shur Daraq-e Olya Shur Daraq-e Sofla Tak Bolagh Angut Takahchi Tapalqa Yelsui Zareabad Pain Barzand Ahad Beyglu Ali Mohammadlu Aqdash-e Olya Aqdash-e Sofla Arzanaq Damdabaja Damirchi Darrehsi-ye Olya Damirchi Darrehsi-ye Sofla Darreh Gahlui-ye Barzand Dash Bolagh-e Barzand Ebrahim Kandi Esmaili Kandi Hajj Ahmad Kandi Hoseyn Khanlu Marallui-ye Kalbalu Mikail Darrehsi Nasrollah Beyglu Nurollah Beyglu Qaleh Barzand Qasem Kandi Shahmar Beyglu Sharafeh Tavus Darrehsi Tusanlui-ye Barzand MuranCities none Rural Districts and villagesAzadlu Akbarabad Aqa Hasan Beyglu Azadlu Baqerlu Darin Kabud Darvish-e Gurnamaz Eba Beyglu Hadi Beyglu Kamar Qayah Kord Lar Mehdi Khanlu Orujabad Owrta Qeshlaq Parchin-e Olya Parchin-e Sofla Qarah Qeshlaq Qeshlaq-e Ilkhchi-ye Olya Qeshlaq-e Ilkhchi-ye Sofla Qeshlaq-e Quzlu Rahimlui-ye Muran Salaleh Samadlu Tappeh Bashi Zangebar Ojarud-e Sharqi(East Ojarud) Afsuran Ali Verdilu Burkabad Damirchi-ye Olya Damirchi-ye Sofla Darmanlu Hachakand-e Darmanlu Hameh Shan Ilkhanlar Jangan Kalan Kalansura Karimlu Kulatan Lajayer Meykhvosh Mohreh Owch Aghaj Pileh Daraq Pireh Khalil Pormehr Seyyedlar-e Zahra Shilveh-ye Olya Shilveh-ye Sofla Siah Siavosh Kandi Sineh Sar Tamerdash Tazeh Kand-e Muran Ucheh Umaslan-e Olya Umaslan-e Sofla Van-e Olya Van-e Sofla Vanestanaq Yal Dagarmani Yedi Daraq Zahra Iran portal This Germi County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Information_Network

National Information Network

["1 Deployment","2 Further reading","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Iranian intranet network You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Persian. (November 2020) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Persian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Persian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fa|شبکه ملی اطلاعات}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. National Information Network of IranNative nameشبکه ملی اطلاعاتFormerlyNational internetCompany typeNational intranet, Government projectIndustryComputer networkFounded2016Area servedRepublic of IranKey peopleMohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi, Abolhassan Firouzabadi, Rasoul SaraianOwnerGovernment of the Islamic Republic of IranASNs1288019720744244Traffic Levels18000 Gbit/s Websiterrk.ir/Laws/ShowLaw.aspx?Code=22455 https://web.archive.org/web/20120511174429/http://matma.ir/matma/images/files/INN_Summery_2.pdf The National Information Network (NIN) (Persian: شبکۀ ملی اطلاعات, Shabake-ye Melli-ye Ettelā'āt), also known as National Internet in Iran and the Iranian intranet, is an ongoing project to develop a secure, stable infrastructure network and national intranet in Iran. The Supreme Council of Cyberspace of Iran defines the NIN as "a network based on the Internet Protocol with switches and routers and data centers which allows for data requests to avoid being routed outside of the country and provides secure and private intranet networks." The idea of a national intranet was developed at the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology in 2005, and the project started in 2013. It is based on the Fifth Economic Development Plan of Iran. The Iranian government allocated about $200 million to develop NIN infrastructures alongside NIN e-content. Iranian president Hassan Rouhani signed an engineering program in September 2020. According to the Iranian government, one of the NIN's main objectives is to break the monopoly of the Internet. Cisco Systems routers and switches were deprecated because of the program. It has full independence. Iranian seventh quinquennial development program directed the Ministry of ICT to make it to 99% of the network within 5 five years. Deployment Flickr censorship in 2008 The National Information Network's two main parts are: A public sector for delivering NIN services to public and business users A private sector for delivering NIN services to governmental users. Everyone is identified by their social ID and telephone numbers before being able to access the network or internet through the network. The Iranian government fully implemented the NIN between 15 and 27 November 2019, during the 2019 Internet blackout in Iran. Corporations are required to use only Iranian data centers and register their IP address. NIN can be used similar to the Great Firewall. In 2019, Mohammad Ali Movahedi Kermani in Tehran declared in a Friday prayer that Telegram is haram and requested the NIN to be implemented. Further reading ICT Infrastructure (National Information Network) in capable delivery of content in Iran and exemplary countries See also Communications in Iran#Internet Censorship in Iran Internet censorship in Iran 2019 Internet blackout in Iran National knowledge network References ^ "فاز اول شبکه ملی اطلاعات در ایران افتتاح شد - BBC Persian". 28 August 2016. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "Treasury Targets Human Rights Abuses, Censorship, and Enhanced Monitoring by the Iranian Government | U.S. Department of the Treasury". Archived from the original on 2020-09-17. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "ریاست مرکز". Archived from the original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "انتصاب رسول سراییان به عنوان معاون وزیر ارتباطات و رییس سازمان فناوری اطلاعات | خبرگزاری ایلنا". Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "ظرفیت هسته شبکه ملی اطلاعات به 18 هزار گیگابایت افزایش یافته است". 27 May 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-19. Retrieved 2020-09-19. ^ "1640". www.rrk.ir. Archived from the original on 2017-08-14. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ Jafari, Hamed (2016-08-29). "Iran Initiates the First Phase of the National Information Network". TechRasa. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ Tajdin, Behrang (2013-04-27). "Will Iran's national internet mean no world wide web?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2017-05-24. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ "The National Information Network (National Internet) – Center for Human Rights in Iran". www.iranhumanrights.org. 10 November 2014. Archived from the original on 2017-07-17. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ "Iran launches National Information Network". Mehr News Agency. 2016-08-28. Archived from the original on 2017-06-18. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ "Cuts and Extensions in Iran's ICT 2017/18 Budget". Financial Tribune. 2016-12-13. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-07-08. ^ "طرح کلان و معماری شبکه ملی اطلاعات تصویب شد - ایرنا". Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-16. ^ "national information network". Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. ^ ""سیسکو" با شبکه ملی اطلاعات ایران وداع کرد- اخبار اجتماعی تسنیم - Tasnim". خبرگزاری تسنیم - Tasnim (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "الزامات شبکه ملی اطلاعات". www.majazi.ir. Retrieved 2021-05-20. ^ https://tejaratnews.com/startup/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D9%88-%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-1402 ^ "کاربران ایرانی به زودی احراز هویت می‌شوند". ITIRAN | آی تی ایران (in Persian). 2018-12-14. Archived from the original on 2019-12-18. Retrieved 2020-04-16. ^ "Partial internet disruption registered in Iran". NetBlocks. 2019-12-25. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17. Retrieved 2020-04-27. ^ "The_National_Internet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-05. ^ "وقتی چین با شبکه ملی اطلاعات، جلوی چالش های فضای مجازی را گرفت- اخبار خواندنی - اخبار رسانه ها تسنیم - Tasnim". خبرگزاری تسنیم - Tasnim (in Persian). Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. Retrieved 2020-09-18. ^ "خطیب جمعه تهران: تلگرام حرام است؛ مانند چینی‌ها عمل کنیم". Archived from the original on 2020-10-13. Retrieved 2020-11-09. ^ Abolghasem, Rajabi. "ICT Infrastructure (National Information Network) in capable delivery of content in Iran and exemplary countries". Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of IRAN. Archived from the original on 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2020-09-18. External links http://irnin.ito.gov.ir/ Information Technology Organization https://samandehi.ir/

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program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_seventh_quinquennial_development_program&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The National Information Network (NIN) (Persian: شبکۀ ملی اطلاعات, Shabake-ye Melli-ye Ettelā'āt), also known as National Internet in Iran and the Iranian intranet, is an ongoing project to develop a secure, stable infrastructure network and national intranet in Iran.The Supreme Council of Cyberspace of Iran defines the NIN as \"a network based on the Internet Protocol with switches and routers and data centers which allows for data requests to avoid being routed outside of the country and provides secure and private intranet networks.\"[6]The idea of a national intranet was developed at the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology in 2005, and the project started in 2013.[7][8][9] It is based on the Fifth Economic Development Plan of Iran.[10]The Iranian government allocated about $200 million to develop NIN infrastructures alongside NIN e-content.[11] Iranian president Hassan Rouhani signed an engineering program in September 2020.[relevant?][12] According to the Iranian government, one of the NIN's main objectives is to break the monopoly of the Internet.[13]Cisco Systems routers and switches were deprecated because of the program.[14] It has full independence.[15]Iranian seventh quinquennial development program directed the Ministry of ICT to make it to 99% of the network within 5 five years.[when?][16]","title":"National Information Network"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_blocked_in_Iran.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"2019 Internet blackout in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Internet_blackout_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Great Firewall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Firewall"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Ali Movahedi Kermani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Movahedi_Kermani"},{"link_name":"Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_(software)"},{"link_name":"haram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haram"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Flickr censorship in 2008The National Information Network's two main parts are:A public sector for delivering NIN services to public and business users\nA private sector for delivering NIN services to governmental users.Everyone is identified by their social ID and telephone numbers before being able to access the network or internet through the network.[17] The Iranian government fully implemented the NIN between 15 and 27 November 2019,[18] during the 2019 Internet blackout in Iran.Corporations are required to use only Iranian data centers and register their IP address.[19]NIN can be used similar to the Great Firewall.[20]In 2019, Mohammad Ali Movahedi Kermani in Tehran declared in a Friday prayer that Telegram is haram and requested the NIN to be implemented.[21]","title":"Deployment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"ICT Infrastructure (National Information Network) in capable delivery of content in Iran and exemplary countries[22]","title":"Further reading"}]

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Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0397","url_text":"\"Treasury Targets Human Rights Abuses, Censorship, and Enhanced Monitoring by the Iranian Government | U.S. Department of the Treasury\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917003408/https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0397","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ریاست مرکز\". Archived from the original on 2020-02-28. Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.majazi.ir/general_content/75704-%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C.html?t=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C","url_text":"\"ریاست مرکز\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200228040829/http://www.majazi.ir/general_content/75704-%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C.html?t=%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"انتصاب رسول سراییان به عنوان معاون وزیر ارتباطات و رییس سازمان فناوری اطلاعات | خبرگزاری ایلنا\". Archived from the original on 2020-09-18. 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Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of IRAN. Archived from the original on 2017-02-08. Retrieved 2020-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1008235","url_text":"\"ICT Infrastructure (National Information Network) in capable delivery of content in Iran and exemplary countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170208033353/http://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/show/1008235","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_baronets

Rivers baronets

["1 Rivers, later Rivers-Gay, later Rivers baronets, of Chafford (1621)","2 References"]

Extinct baronetcy in the Baronetage of England The Rivers, later Rivers-Gay, later Rivers Baronetcy, of Chafford in the County of Kent, was a title in the Baronetage of England. It was created on 19 July 1621 for John Rivers. He was a grandson of Sir John Rivers, Lord Mayor of London between 1573 and 1574. The sixth Baronet assumed the additional surname of Gay in circa 1760. This surname was also used by the seventh Baronet but not by any subsequent Baronets. The title became extinct on the death of the eleventh Baronet in 1870. The records of Broxham manor (Westerham) show that Sir John Rivers, 3rd baronet, was dead in 1678. Rivers, later Rivers-Gay, later Rivers baronets, of Chafford (1621) Sir John Rivers, 1st Baronet (c. 1579–c. 1651) Sir Thomas Rivers, 2nd Baronet (died 1657) Sir John Rivers, 3rd Baronet (died c. 1679) Sir George Rivers, 4th Baronet (1665–1734) Sir John Rivers, 5th Baronet (c. 1718–1743) Sir Peter Rivers-Gay, 6th Baronet (c. 1721–1790) Sir Thomas Rivers-Gay, 7th Baronet (c. 1770–1805) Sir James Rivers, 8th Baronet (1772–1805) Sir Henry Rivers, 9th Baronet (c. 1779–1851) Sir James Francis Rivers, 10th Baronet (1822–1869) Sir Henry Chandos Rivers, 11th Baronet (1834–1870) References ^ George Edward Cokayne Complete Baronetage, Volume 1 1900

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangermanism

Pan-Germanism

["1 Etymology","2 Origins (before 1860)","3 The German Question","4 Pan-Germanism in Austria","5 Pan-Germanism in Scandinavia","6 1918 to 1945","7 History since 1945","8 See also","9 References"]

"Großdeutschland" redirects here. For other uses, see Großdeutschland (disambiguation). Pan-nationalist political idea Pan-Germanism (German: Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism, is a pan-nationalist political idea. Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking people – and possibly also non-German Germanic-speaking peoples – in a single nation-state known as the Greater Germanic Reich (German: Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (German: Großgermanisches Reich der Deutschen Nation). A hypothetical union of the German-speaking territories after World War I: the Weimar Republic, German Austria, Switzerland, the Sudetenland, Luxembourg, East Belgium, Liechtenstein and Alsace–Lorraine. 1908 map of the Continental West-Germanic dialect continuum Pan-Germanism was highly influential in German politics in the 19th century during the unification of Germany when the German Empire was proclaimed as a nation-state in 1871 but without Habsburg Austria (Kleindeutsche Lösung/Lesser Germany) and the first half of the 20th century in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire. From the late 19th century, many Pan-Germanist thinkers, since 1891 organized in the Pan-German League, had adopted openly ethnocentric and racist ideologies, and ultimately gave rise to the foreign policy Heim ins Reich pursued by Nazi Germany under Austrian-born Adolf Hitler from 1938, one of the primary factors leading to the outbreak of World War II. As a result of the Second World War, there was a clear backlash against Pan-Germanism and other related ideologies. Today, pan-Germanism is mainly limited to a few nationalist groups, mainly on the political far right in Germany and Austria. Etymology The word pan is a Greek word element meaning "all, every, whole, all-inclusive". The word "German" in this context derives from Latin "Germani" originally used by Julius Caesar referring to tribes or a single tribe in northeastern Gaul. In the Late Middle Ages, it acquired a loose meaning referring to the speakers of Germanic languages (alongside 'Almain' and 'Teuton') most of whom spoke dialects ancestral to modern German. In English, "Pan-German" was first attested in 1892. In German, the Greek pan is known but hardly in this context. A German translation would depend on the meaning: alldeutsch or gesamtdeutsch. Alldeutsch, like in the chauvinist movement "Alldeutsche Bewegung", refers to a political program uniting all German speaking people in one country (maybe even with the inclusion of Dutch speaking people). Origins (before 1860) Further information: 18th-century history of Germany, German Confederation, and Vormärz The German Confederation in 1820. Territories of the Prussian crown are blue, territories of the Austrian crown are yellow, and independent German Confederation states are grey. The red border shows the limits of the Confederation. Both Prussia and Austria controlled non-Confederation lands. The origins of Pan-Germanism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars, with Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Ernst Moritz Arndt being early proponents. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation, when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states following the end of the Thirty Years' War with the Peace of Westphalia. Advocates of the Großdeutschland (Greater Germany) solution sought to unite all the German-speaking people in Europe, under the leadership of the German Austrians from the Austrian Empire. Pan-Germanism was widespread among the revolutionaries of 1848, notably among Richard Wagner and the Brothers Grimm. Writers such as Friedrich List and Paul Anton Lagarde argued for German hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe, where German domination in some areas had begun as early as the 9th century AD with the Ostsiedlung, Germanic expansion into Slavic and Baltic lands. For the Pan-Germanists, this movement was seen as a Drang nach Osten, in which Germans would be naturally inclined to seek Lebensraum by moving eastwards to reunite with the German minorities there. The Deutschlandlied ("Song of Germany"), written in 1841 by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, in its first stanza defines Deutschland as reaching "From the Meuse to the Memel / From the Adige to the Belt", i.e. as including East Prussia and South Tyrol. Reflecting upon the First Schleswig War in 1848, Karl Marx noted in 1853 that "by quarrelling amongst themselves, instead of confederating, Germans and Scandinavians, both of them belonging to the same great race, only prepare the way for their hereditary enemy, the Slav." The German Question Main articles: German Question and Unification of GermanyThis article is part of a series onConservatism in Germany Ideologies Agrarian Christian democracy Liberal Ordo Ritter School Monarchism Nationalist Neue Rechte Völkisch Paternalistic State Socialism Prussianism Cameralistic Socialist Revolutionary Young Romanticism Right-Hegelianism Historical School Principles Christian values Duty Elitism Aristocracy Meritocracy Gemeinschaft Heimat In Treue fest Kultur Medievalism Monarchism Organicism  Patriotism Prussian virtues Sittlichkeit Social hierarchy Social market economy Sonderweg Subsidiarity Traditional authority Volksgeist History 20 July plot Anti-Socialist Laws Erklärung 2018 Freikorps German Reich German Empire German reunification Historikerstreit The Junkers Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918 Oster conspiracy Intellectuals Benn Benedict XVI Blüher Freyer Gadamer von Galen Gehlen von Gerlach Görres Hamann Hegel Heidegger Herder Hoppe Jünger (Ernst) Jünger (Friedrich) Klages Koselleck Löwith Mann (early) Möser Moeller van den Bruck Mohler Müller Nolte Novalis Pieper von Ranke Rauschning Ritter (Gerhard) Ritter (Joachim) Röpke Rüstow von Salomon Sarrazin von Savigny Schlegel Schmitt Sieferle Sloterdijk Spaemann Spengler Stahl Stapel Stoecker Strauss Tönnies von Treitschke Voegelin Wackenroder Literature Addresses to the German Nation (1806) Elements of the Philosophy of Right (1820) Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1837) Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918) The Decline of the West (1918, 1922) Prussianism and Socialism (1919) The Concept of the Political (1932) On the Marble Cliffs (1939) Germany Abolishes Itself (2010) Finis Germania (2017) Politicians Adenauer von Bismarck Dregger Fehrenbach Filbinger von Gerlach  Goerdeler Hugenberg Jung  Kohl Merkel Merz von Papen Rauschning von Schleicher Stresemann vom Stein von Storch Strauss Weidel von Westarp Wilhelm II PartiesActive Alternative for Germany Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christian Social Union in Bavaria Centre Party The Republicans Defunct Bavarian People's Party Conservative Party Free Conservative Party German Conservative Party German National People's Party German People's Party Organisations Forum of German Catholics Gerhard Löwenthal Prize German Burschenschaft Hanns Seidel Foundation Hans Filbinger Foundation Konrad Adenauer Foundation Queen Louise League Studienzentrum Weikersheim Tradition und Leben Media Antaios Bild Cicero Deutsche Rundschau Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Junge Freiheit Kreuzzeitung Süddeutsche Monatshefte Der Türmer Die Welt Related topics Bibliothek des Konservatismus Conservatism in Austria Conservatism in Switzerland German militarism Liberalism in Germany Pan-Germanism Remigration Stahlhelm-Fraktion Überfremdung Conservatism portal Germany portalvte There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit.— The New York Times, 1 July 1866 By the 1860s Prussia and Austria had become the two most powerful states dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire—like the Holy Roman Empire—was a multi-ethnic state, but the German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; its re-shaping into the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities—especially the Hungarians. Under Prussian leadership, Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of the northern German lands. After Bismarck excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany in the German war of 1866 and (following a few other events over the next few years), the unification of Germany, established the Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871 with the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule. After World War I the Pan-Germanist philosophy changed drastically during Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking populations of Europe in a single nation-state known as Großdeutschland (Greater Germany), where "German-speaking" was sometimes taken as synonymous with Germanic-speaking, to the inclusion of the Frisian- and Dutch-speaking populations of the Low Countries, and Scandinavia. Although Bismarck had excluded Austria and the German Austrians from his creation of the Kleindeutschland state in 1871, integrating the German Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of both Austria and Germany. The most radical Austrian pan-German Georg Schönerer (1842–1921) and Karl Hermann Wolf (1862–1941) articulated Pan-Germanist sentiments in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism with the Away from Rome! movement (ca 1900 onwards) calling for German-speakers to identify with Lutheran or Old Catholic churches. The Pan-German Movement gained an institutional format in 1891, when Ernst Hasse, a professor at the University of Leipzig and a member of the Reichstag, organized the Pan-German League, an ultra-nationalist political-interest organization which promoted imperialism, antisemitism, and support for ethnic German minorities in other countries. The organization achieved great support among the educated middle and upper class; it promoted German nationalist consciousness, especially among ethnic Germans outside Germany. In his three-volume work, "Deutsche Politik" (1905–07), Hasse called for German imperialist expansion in Europe. The Munich professor Karl Haushofer, Ewald Banse, and Hans Grimm (author of the novel Volk ohne Raum) preached similar expansionist policies. During the German entry into World War I, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg authorized the Septemberprogramm proposing that the German Empire use the First World War to seek territorial annexations similar to the ones demanded by pan-German nationalists. The West German historian Fritz Fischer argued in his 1962 thesis Germany's Aims in the First World War that this and other documents indicated that Germany was responsible for World War I and intended to fulfill pan-German aims, although other historians have since disputed this conclusion. After Naval Minister Alfred von Tirpitz resigned from the Cabinet under pressure from Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg over Tirpitz's push to introduce unrestricted submarine warfare, Tirpitz united pan-German nationalists under the German Fatherland Party in the Reichstag. Pan-Germanism in Austria Main article: German nationalism in Austria Georg Ritter von Schönerer was the most influential pan-German in Austria during the early 20th century. After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, in which the liberal nationalistic revolutionaries advocated the Greater German solution, the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) with the effect that Austria was now excluded from Germany, and increasing ethnic conflicts in the multinational Habsburg monarchy, a German national movement evolved in Austria. Led by the radical German nationalist and Austrian antisemite Georg Ritter von Schönerer, organisations such as the Pan-German Society demanded the annexation of all German-speaking territories under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy to the German Empire, and fervently rejected Austrian nationalism and a pan-Austrian identity. Schönerer's völkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Adolf Hitler's Nazi ideology. In 1933, Austrian Nazis and the national-liberal Greater German People's Party formed an action group, fighting together against the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity and in accordance said that Austrians were "better Germans." Kurt Schuschnigg adopted a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany and called Austria the "better German state", but he still struggled to keep Austria independent. With "Anschluss" of Austria in 1938, the historic aim of Austria's German nationalists was achieved. After the end of Nazi Germany and the events of World War II in 1945, the ideas of pan-Germanism and an Anschluss fell out of favour due to their association with Nazism and allowed Austrians to develop their own national identity. Nevertheless, such notions were revived with the German national camp in the Federation of Independents and the early Freedom Party of Austria. Pan-Germanism in Scandinavia The idea of including the North Germanic-speaking Scandinavians into a Pan-German state, sometimes referred to as Pan-Germanicism, was promoted alongside mainstream pan-German ideas. Jacob Grimm adopted Munch's anti-Danish Pan-Germanism and argued that the entire peninsula of Jutland had been populated by Germans before the arrival of the Danes and that thus it could justifiably be reclaimed by Germany, whereas the rest of Denmark should be incorporated into Sweden. This line of thinking was countered by Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae, an archaeologist who had excavated parts of Danevirke, who argued that there was no way of knowing the language of the earliest inhabitants of Danish territory. He also pointed out that Germany had more solid historical claims to large parts of France and England, and that Slavs—by the same reasoning—could annex parts of Eastern Germany. Regardless of the strength of Worsaae's arguments, pan-Germanism spurred on the German nationalists of Schleswig and Holstein and led to the First Schleswig War in 1848. In turn, this likely contributed to the fact that Pan-Germanism never caught on in Denmark as much as it did in Norway. Pan-Germanic tendencies were particularly widespread among the Norwegian independence movement. Prominent supporters included Peter Andreas Munch, Christopher Bruun, Knut Hamsun, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson. Bjørnson, who wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem, proclaimed in 1901: I'm a Pan-Germanist, I'm a Teuton, and the greatest dream of my life is for the South Germanic peoples and the North Germanic peoples and their brothers in diaspora to unite in a fellow confederation. In the 20th century the German Nazi Party sought to create a Greater Germanic Reich that would include most of the Germanic peoples of Europe within it under the leadership of Germany, including peoples such as the Danes, the Dutch, the Swedes, the Norwegians, and the Flemish within it. Anti-German Scandinavism surged in Denmark in the 1930s and 1940s in response to the pan-Germanic ambitions of Nazi Germany. Administrative division of Nazi Germany, following the annexing of Austria, Sudetenland and others to form the Greater German Reich as of 1944 Map showing Nazi German plans, given to Sudeten Germans during the Sudeten Crisis as part of an intimidation process. Re-published in the British socialist newspaper Daily Worker on 29 October 1938. Boundaries of the planned "Greater Germanic Reich" based on various, only partially systematised target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and the SS leadership sources 1918 to 1945 Further information: Areas annexed by Nazi Germany, Völkisch movement, Heim ins Reich, and Generalplan Ost World War I became the first attempt to carry out the Pan-German ideology in practice, and the Pan-German movement argued forcefully for expansionist imperialism. Following the defeat in World War I, the influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was substantially reduced in size. Alsace-Lorraine was also influenced by the Francization after it returned to France. Austria-Hungary was split up. A rump Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name "German Austria" (German: Deutschösterreich) in hope for union with Germany. Union with Germany and the name "German Austria" was forbidden by the Treaty of St. Germain and the name had to be changed back to Austria. It was in the Weimar Republic that the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, under the influence of the stab-in-the-back myth, first took up German nationalist ideas in his Mein Kampf. Hitler met Heinrich Class in 1918, and Class provided Hitler with support for the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler and his supporters shared most of the basic pan-German visions with the Pan-German League, but differences in political style led the two groups to open rivalry. The German Workers Party of Bohemia cut its ties to the pan-German movement, which was seen as being too dominated by the upper classes, and joined forces with the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler, which later became the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, NSDAP) that was to be headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921. Nazi propaganda also used the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ("One people, one Reich, one leader"), to enforce pan-German sentiment in Austria for an "Anschluss". The chosen name for the projected empire was a deliberate reference to the Holy Roman Empire (of the German Nation) that existed in the Middle Ages, known as the First Reich in Nazi historiography. Different aspects of the legacy of this medieval empire in German history were both celebrated and derided by the Nazi government. Hitler admired the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne for his "cultural creativity", his powers of organization, and his renunciation of the rights of the individual. He criticized the Holy Roman Emperors however for not pursuing an Ostpolitik (Eastern Policy) resembling his own, while being politically focused exclusively on the south. After the Anschluss, Hitler ordered the old imperial regalia (the Imperial Crown, Imperial Sword, the Holy Lance and other items) residing in Vienna to be transferred to Nuremberg, where they were kept between 1424 and 1796. Nuremberg, in addition to being the former unofficial capital of the Holy Roman Empire, was also the place of the Nuremberg rallies. The transfer of the regalia was thus done to both legitimize Hitler's Germany as the successor of the "Old Reich", but also weaken Vienna, the former imperial residence. After the 1939 German occupation of Bohemia, Hitler declared that the Holy Roman Empire had been "resurrected", although he secretly maintained his own empire to be better than the old "Roman" one. Unlike the "uncomfortably internationalist Catholic empire of Barbarossa", the Germanic Reich of the German Nation would be racist and nationalist. Rather than a return to the values of the Middle Ages, its establishment was to be "a push forward to a new golden age, in which the best aspects of the past would be combined with modern racist and nationalist thinking". The historical borders of the Holy Roman Empire were also used as grounds for territorial revisionism by the NSDAP, laying claim to modern territories and states that were once part of it. Even before the war, Hitler had dreamed of reversing the Peace of Westphalia, which had given the territories of the Empire almost complete sovereignty. On November 17, 1939, Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary that the "total liquidation" of this historic treaty was the "great goal" of the Nazi regime, and that since it had been signed in Münster, it would also be officially repealed in the same city. 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This notion also led the way for an even more expansive state to be envisioned, the Greater Germanic Reich, which Nazi Germany tried to establish. This pan-Germanic empire was expected to assimilate practically all of Germanic Europe into an enormously expanded Greater Germanic Reich. Territorially speaking, this encompassed the already-enlarged Reich itself (consisting of pre-1938 Germany plus the areas annexed into the Großdeutsche Reich), the Netherlands, Belgium, areas in north-eastern France considered to be historically and ethnically Germanic, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, at least the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. The most notable exception was the predominantly Anglo-Saxon United Kingdom, which was not projected as having to be reduced to a German province but to instead become an allied seafaring partner of the Germans. The eastern Reichskommissariats in the vast stretches of Ukraine and Russia were also intended for future integration, with plans for them stretching to the Volga or even beyond the Urals. They were deemed of vital interest for the survival of the German nation, as it was a core tenet of Nazi ideology that it needed "living space" (Lebensraum), creating a "pull towards the East" (Drang nach Osten) where that could be found and colonized, in a model that the Nazis explicitly derived from the American Manifest Destiny in the Far West and its clearing of native inhabitants. As the foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were increasingly of non-Germanic origin, especially after the Battle of Stalingrad, among the organization's leadership (e.g. Felix Steiner) the proposition for a Greater Germanic Empire gave way to a concept of a European union of self-governing states, unified by German hegemony and the common enemy of Bolshevism. The Waffen-SS was to be the eventual nucleus of a common European army where each state would be represented by a national contingent. Himmler himself, however, gave no concession to these views, and held on to his Pan-Germanic vision in a speech given in April 1943 to the officers of the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich and the 3rd SS Division Totenkopf:We do not expect you to renounce your nation. We do not expect you to become German out of opportunism. We do expect you to subordinate your national ideal to a greater racial and historical ideal, to the Germanic Reich. History since 1945 See also: Expulsion of Germans after World War II, Former eastern territories of Germany, and Reunification of Germany The defeat of Germany in World War II brought about the decline of Pan-Germanism, much as World War I had led to the demise of Pan-Slavism. Parts of Germany itself were devastated, and the country was divided, firstly into Soviet, French, American, and British zones and then into West Germany and East Germany. Austria was separated from Germany and the German identity in Austria was also weakened. The end of World War II in Europe brought even larger territorial losses for Germany than the First World War, with vast portions of eastern Germany directly annexed by the Soviet Union and Poland. The scale of the Germans' defeat was unprecedented; Pan-Germanism became taboo because it had been tied to racist concepts of the "master race" and Nordicism by the Nazi party. However, the reunification of Germany in 1990 revived the old debates. See also 18th century and before Germania Germanic peoples Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation Peace of Westphalia 19th century German Empire German nationalism German question (with Großdeutsche Lösung) Irredentism Pan-German League Pan-nationalism Romantic nationalism Scandinavism Völkisch movement 20th century Anschluss Ethnic nationalism Expansionism German nationalism in Austria Greater Germanic Reich Mitteleuropa Nazi Germany Volksgemeinschaft Portals: Austria Belgium Denmark Germany Iceland Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom References Notes ^ a b "Pan-Germanism (German political movement) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia". Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2012. ^ Origins and Political Character of Nazi Ideology Hajo Holborn Political Science Quarterly Vol. 79, No. 4 (Dec. 1964), p.550 ^ a b c d "Slik ble vi germanersvermere – magasinet". Dagbladet.no. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012. ^ a b Mees, Bernard (2008). The Science of the Swastika. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-18-0. ^ Kruse, Wolfgang (27 September 2012). "Nation und Nationalismus". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved 21 April 2023. ^ Toni Cetta; Georg Kreis: "Pangermanismus", in: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz (HLS), Version of 23.09.2010. Online: https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/017464/2010-09-23/, last seen 21.04.2023. ^ Marx, Karl (1994). The Eastern Question. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 90. ISBN 0-7146-1500-5. ^ "The Situation of Germany" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 July 1866. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Nationalism and Globalisation: Conflicting Or Complementary. D. Halikiopoulou. p51. ^ "Das politische System in Österreich (The Political System in Austria)" (PDF) (in German). Vienna: Austrian Federal Press Service. 2000. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014. ^ Eric J. Hobsbawm (1987). The age of empire, 1875–1914. Pantheon Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-394-56319-0. Retrieved 22 March 2011. ^ Drummond, Elizabeth A. (2005). "Pan-German League". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Contemporary world issues. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 528–529. ISBN 9781851094394. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ Epkenhans, Michael (15 March 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). "Tirpitz, Alfred von". 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.15463/ie1418.10860. Retrieved 20 January 2023. ^ Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 28–69. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2. ^ Bauer, Kurt (2008), Nationalsozialismus: Ursprünge, Anfänge, Aufstieg und Fall (in German), Böhlau Verlag, p. 41, ISBN 9783825230760 ^ Wladika, Michael (2005), Hitlers Vätergeneration: Die Ursprünge des Nationalsozialismus in der k.u.k. Monarchie (in German), Böhlau Verlag, p. 157, ISBN 9783205773375 ^ Morgan, Philip (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945. Routledge. p. 72. ISBN 0-415-16942-9. ^ Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998), A history of eastern Europe: Crisis and Change, Routledge, p. 355, ISBN 9780415161121 ^ Pelinka, Anton (2000), "Jörg Haiders "Freiheitliche" – ein nicht nur österreichisches Problem", Liberalismus in Geschichte und Gegenwart (in German), Königshausen & Neumann, p. 233, ISBN 9783826015540 ^ Thomas Pedersen. Germany, France, and the integration of Europe: a realist interpretation. Pinter, 1998. P. 74 ^ Ian Adams. Political Ideology Today. Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press, 1993. P. 95. ^ Rowly-Conwy, Peter (2013). "The concept of prehistory and the invention of the terms 'prehistoric' and 'prehistorian': The Scandinavian origin, 1833–1850" (PDF). European Journal of Archaeology. 9 (1): 103–130. doi:10.1177/1461957107077709. S2CID 163132775. ^ NRK (20 January 2005). "Drømmen om Norge". NRK.no. Retrieved 24 January 2012. ^ Larson, Philip E. (1999). Ibsen in Skien and Grimstad: His education, reading, and early works (PDF). Skien: The Ibsen House and Grimstad Town Museum. p. 143. ^ Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933–1990. Digital version. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007. ^ Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael. Language and Nationalism in Europe. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000. P. 111. ^ "Utopia: The 'Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation'". München – Berlin: Institut für Zeitgeschichte. 1999. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2012. ^ a b World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1 Cyprian Blamires ABC-CLIO, 2006. pp. 499–501 ^ Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1, Richard S. Levy, 529–530, ABC-CLIO 2005 ^ a b c Hattstein 2006, p. 321. ^ Hamann, Brigitte (1999). Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship. Trans. Thomas Thornton. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512537-5. ^ Haman 1999, p. 110 ^ a b c Brockmann 2006, p. 179. ^ a b Sager & Winkler 2007, p. 74. ^ Goebbels, p. 51. ^ Elvert 1999, p. 325. ^ Rich 1974, pp. 401–402. ^ Strobl 2000, pp. 202–208. ^ Stein 1984, p. 148. ^ Zeilinger, Gerhard (16 June 2011). "Straches "neue" Heimat und der Boulevardsozialismus". Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2011. Further reading Chickering, Roger. We Men Who Feel Most German: Cultural Study of the Pan-German League, 1886–1914. Harper Collins Publishers Ltd. 1984. Kleineberg, A.; Marx Chr.; Knobloch E.; Lelgemann D. Germania und die Insel Thule. Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios'"Atlas der Oikumene". WBG 2010. ISBN 978-3-534-23757-9. Jackisch, Barry Andrew. 'Not a Large, but a Strong Right': The Pan-German League, Radical Nationalism, and Rightist Party Politics in Weimar Germany, 1918–1939. Bell and Howell Information and Learning Company: Ann Arbor. 2000. Wertheimer, Mildred. The Pan-German League, 1890–1914. Columbia University Press: New York. 1924. vteUnification of GermanyStates Austrian Empire (later Austria-Hungary) Kingdom of Bavaria Kingdom of Hanover Kingdom of Prussia Kingdom of Saxony Kingdom of Württemberg States of the German Confederation Unions Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Zollverein German Empire (1848–1849) Erfurt Union North German Confederation German Empire Events 1814–1815 Congress of Vienna 1815–1848 Vormärz 1817 Wartburg Festival 1819 Carlsbad Decrees 1832 Hambach Festival 1833 Frankfurter Wachensturm 1848 Revolutions 1848–1849 Frankfurt Parliament 1848 Greater Poland uprising 1850 Punctation of Olmütz 1850-1851 Dresden Conference 1862 "Blood and Iron" speech 1864 Second Schleswig War 1866 Austro-Prussian War / Peace of Prague 1870–1871 Franco-Prussian War 1871 Treaty of Versailles People Baron von Stein Charles I Christian IX Eduard von Simson Franz I Franz Joseph I Frederick William III Frederick William IV Friedrich Daniel Bassermann Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust Heinrich von Gagern Johann Gottlieb Fichte Johann Gustav Droysen Archduke John John, King of Saxony Karl August von Hardenberg Klemens von Metternich Ludwig II Napoleon III Otto von Bismarck Robert Blum Wilhelm von Humboldt Wilhelm I Related Alsace–Lorraine Burschenschaft Das Lied der Deutschen Die Wacht am Rhein Flag of Germany (Lützow Free Corps) Pan-Germanism German question German reunification Greater Austria proposal Schleswig–Holstein question Sonderweg Germany portal vtePan-nationalist conceptsIdeas Pan-Africanism Pan-Americanism Pan-Arabism Pan-Asianism Berberism Pan-Caucasianism Pan-Celticism Czechoslovakism Pan-Finnicism Pan-Germanism Eurasianism Pan-European nationalism Panhispanism Pan-Iberism Pan-Indianism Pan-Iranism Pan-Latinism Mediterraneanism Pan-Mongolism Pan-Oceanianism Scandinavism Pan-Serbism Pan-Slavism Rattachism Pan-Tatarism  Turanism Pan-Turkism Yugoslavism Territorialconcepts Greater Albania Basque Country Greater Bosnia British unionism 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Czech Republic Sudeten Germans Hungary Poland Vistula Olęders Walddeutsche Galicia Slovakia Zipser Switzerland Eastern Europe Belarus Moldova Black Sea Romania Transylvanian Saxons Landlers Danube (including Banat, Highland, and Walser) Satu Mare Bukovina Dobruja Regat Zipser Russia Volga North Caucasus Ukraine Bessarabia Black Sea Russian Mennonite Crimea Galicia Northern Europe Baltic states Denmark North Schleswig Potato Germans Norway Finland Sweden Southern Europe Armenia Azerbaijan Bulgaria Georgia Italy (South Tyrol) Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Serbia Slovenia (Gottscheers) Turkey Bosporus Western Europe Belgium France (Alsatians and Lotharingians) Netherlands United Kingdom Multinational dimension Central and Eastern Americas Argentina Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Hutterites British Columbia Chile Los Ríos Region (including German, Swiss and Austrians) Los Lagos Region (including German, Swiss and Austrians) Colombia Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Haiti Jamaica 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Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Sciri Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini Christianization Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland Category vteEthnic nationalismNationalismsinAfricaNorth Africa Arab Berber Coptic Egyptian Pharaonism Kabyle Sahrawi East Africa Acholi Amhara Somali Tigrayan Nigeria Igbo Ogoni Southern Africa Afrikaner AmericasNorth America Chicano Greenlandic Indigenous Canadian Québécois Caribbean Haitian Puerto Rican South America Argentine Criollo Mapuche Peruvian AsiaMiddle East Arab Assyrian Iranian Iraqi Jewish Diaspora Zionism Jordanian Kurdish Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Turkish in Cyprus Zaza Eastern Asia Cantonese Chinese Han chauvinist Hongkonger Japanese Korean Manchu Okinawan Ryukyu Taiwanese Tibetan Southern Asia Assamese Bengali in Bangladesh Bodo Dravidian Hazara Meitei Naga Punjabi Sindhi Sinhalese Tamil in Sri Lanka Tripuri South-eastern Asia Filipino Khmer Malay Mon Shan Thai Vietnamese Northern & Middle Asia Baloch Mongolian South Mongolia Pan-Turkism Pashtun Siberian Uyghur South Caucasus Armenian Azerbaijani Georgian Laz EuropeSoutheastern Europe Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in North Macedonia Aromanian Bosniak Croatian Greek in Cyprus Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romani (Gypsy) Romanian Serbian Central Europe Austrian Bavarian Czech Frisian German in Austria Völkisch Hungarian Polish Silesian Slovak Slovenian Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Yiddish North Caucasus Balkar and Karachay Circassian Ingush Lezgin Ossetian Volga Region Chuvash Tatar Western Europe Arpitan Breton Flemish French Irish Occitan Walloon United Kingdom British Cornish English Scottish Ulster Welsh Southern Europe Basque Corsican Italy Italian Lombard Padanian Sardinian Sicilian Venetian Spain Spanish Andalusian Aragonese Asturian Basque Canarian Castilian Catalan Galician Navarrese Valencian Northern Europe Estonian Faroese Finnish Icelandic Lithuanian Norwegian Oceania Australian Hawaiian Indigenous Australian Māori Pan-nationalism African Arab Asian Bangladeshi Celtic Chinese Congolese European Finnic Germanic Hispanic Iberian Indian Iranian Iraqi Korean Latin Libyan Mongolian Native American Nigerian Nordic Oceanian Pakistani Russian Scandinavian Slavic South Slavic Tunisian Turanian Turkic Ugandan Movements Alsace independence movement Assam separatist movements Assyrian independence movement Catalan independence movement Champa independence movement East Turkestan independence movement Faroese independence movement Flemish Movement Free Aceh Movement Free Papua Movement Future of Åland Galician independence movement (Spain) Greenlandic independence Guangdong Independence Movement Hawaiian sovereignty movement Inner Mongolian independence movement Kashubian Association Māori protest movement Mapuche separatist movement Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) National Liberation Front of Corsica Patani United Liberation Organisation Ryukyu independence movement Scottish independence Siberian regionalism Silesian Autonomy Movement Székely autonomy movement Taiwan independence movement Tibetan independence movement Vojvodina Autonomist Movement Wallmapuwen Walloon Movement Welsh independence Projects Arakan Assyria Azawad Balawaristan Balochistan Bangsamoro Basque Country (greater region) Catalan Countries Chameria Champa Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Circassia Crimea Hatay State Hazarajat Danzig Donetsk East Turkestan Herzeg-Bosnia Hutu Power Ilirida Karakalpakstan Karelia Katarism Ketuanan Melayu Kurdistan Lezgistan Luhansk Manchukuo Marathi Abhimaangeet Northern Epirus Occitania Ossetia Pashtunistan Republika Srpska Santa Cruz Sápmi Saraikistan Silesia Sindhudesh Székely Land Tamil Eelam Tibet Other Local (China) Racial American Indigenous Black German Indigenous White Note: Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism. Authority control databases National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Großdeutschland (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"pan-nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-nationalism"},{"link_name":"political idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_ideology"},{"link_name":"German-speaking people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Europe"},{"link_name":"Germanic-speaking peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"nation-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state"},{"link_name":"Greater Germanic Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_Germany_by_1936_majorities.svg"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"German Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Austria"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"East Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Community_of_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Alsace–Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace%E2%80%93Lorraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karte_der_deutschen_Mundarten_(Brockhaus).jpg"},{"link_name":"unification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Habsburg Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Pan-German League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-German_League"},{"link_name":"ethnocentric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnocentrism"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"Heim ins Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"primary factors leading to the outbreak of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dagbladet.no-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mees_2008-4"}],"text":"\"Großdeutschland\" redirects here. For other uses, see Großdeutschland (disambiguation).Pan-nationalist political ideaPan-Germanism (German: Pangermanismus or Alldeutsche Bewegung), also occasionally known as Pan-Germanicism, is a pan-nationalist political idea. Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking people – and possibly also non-German Germanic-speaking peoples – in a single nation-state known as the Greater Germanic Reich (German: Großgermanisches Reich), fully styled the Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation (German: Großgermanisches Reich der Deutschen Nation).A hypothetical union of the German-speaking territories after World War I: the Weimar Republic, German Austria, Switzerland, the Sudetenland, Luxembourg, East Belgium, Liechtenstein and Alsace–Lorraine.1908 map of the Continental West-Germanic dialect continuumPan-Germanism was highly influential in German politics in the 19th century during the unification of Germany when the German Empire was proclaimed as a nation-state in 1871 but without Habsburg Austria (Kleindeutsche Lösung/Lesser Germany) and the first half of the 20th century in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the German Empire. From the late 19th century, many Pan-Germanist thinkers, since 1891 organized in the Pan-German League, had adopted openly ethnocentric and racist ideologies, and ultimately gave rise to the foreign policy Heim ins Reich pursued by Nazi Germany under Austrian-born Adolf Hitler from 1938, one of the primary factors leading to the outbreak of World War II.[1][2][3][4]\nAs a result of the Second World War, there was a clear backlash against Pan-Germanism and other related ideologies. Today, pan-Germanism is mainly limited to a few nationalist groups, mainly on the political far right in Germany and Austria.","title":"Pan-Germanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Late Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Germanic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Almain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almain"},{"link_name":"Teuton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuton"},{"link_name":"modern German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The word pan is a Greek word element meaning \"all, every, whole, all-inclusive\". The word \"German\" in this context derives from Latin \"Germani\" originally used by Julius Caesar referring to tribes or a single tribe in northeastern Gaul. In the Late Middle Ages, it acquired a loose meaning referring to the speakers of Germanic languages (alongside 'Almain' and 'Teuton') most of whom spoke dialects ancestral to modern German. In English, \"Pan-German\" was first attested in 1892.In German, the Greek pan is known but hardly in this context. A German translation would depend on the meaning: alldeutsch or gesamtdeutsch. Alldeutsch, like in the chauvinist movement \"Alldeutsche Bewegung\", refers to a political program[5] uniting all German speaking people in one country (maybe even with the inclusion of Dutch speaking people).[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18th-century history of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Vormärz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorm%C3%A4rz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map-GermanConfederation.svg"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Prussian crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Austrian crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"German Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Romantic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ludwig Jahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn"},{"link_name":"Ernst Moritz Arndt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"patchwork of states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleinstaaterei"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Peace of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"German-speaking people in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Europe"},{"link_name":"German Austrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrians"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"revolutionaries of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Brothers Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_Grimm"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dagbladet.no-3"},{"link_name":"Friedrich List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List"},{"link_name":"Paul Anton Lagarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde"},{"link_name":"Ostsiedlung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostsiedlung"},{"link_name":"Drang nach Osten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten"},{"link_name":"Lebensraum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum"},{"link_name":"Deutschlandlied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied"},{"link_name":"Hoffmann von Fallersleben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Heinrich_Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben"},{"link_name":"Meuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meuse_(river)"},{"link_name":"Memel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neman_River"},{"link_name":"Adige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adige"},{"link_name":"Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Belt"},{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"First Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"Karl Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx"},{"link_name":"Slav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Further information: 18th-century history of Germany, German Confederation, and VormärzThe German Confederation in 1820. Territories of the Prussian crown are blue, territories of the Austrian crown are yellow, and independent German Confederation states are grey. The red border shows the limits of the Confederation. Both Prussia and Austria controlled non-Confederation lands.The origins of Pan-Germanism began with the birth of Romantic nationalism during the Napoleonic Wars, with Friedrich Ludwig Jahn and Ernst Moritz Arndt being early proponents. Germans, for the most part, had been a loose and disunited people since the Reformation, when the Holy Roman Empire was shattered into a patchwork of states following the end of the Thirty Years' War with the Peace of Westphalia.Advocates of the Großdeutschland (Greater Germany) solution sought to unite all the German-speaking people in Europe, under the leadership of the German Austrians from the Austrian Empire. Pan-Germanism was widespread among the revolutionaries of 1848, notably among Richard Wagner and the Brothers Grimm.[3] Writers such as Friedrich List and Paul Anton Lagarde argued for German hegemony in Central and Eastern Europe, where German domination in some areas had begun as early as the 9th century AD with the Ostsiedlung, Germanic expansion into Slavic and Baltic lands. For the Pan-Germanists, this movement was seen as a Drang nach Osten, in which Germans would be naturally inclined to seek Lebensraum by moving eastwards to reunite with the German minorities there.The Deutschlandlied (\"Song of Germany\"), written in 1841 by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, in its first stanza defines Deutschland as reaching \"From the Meuse to the Memel / From the Adige to the Belt\", i.e. as including East Prussia and South Tyrol.Reflecting upon the First Schleswig War in 1848, Karl Marx noted in 1853 that \"by quarrelling amongst themselves, instead of confederating, Germans and Scandinavians, both of them belonging to the same great race, only prepare the way for their hereditary enemy, the Slav.\"[7]","title":"Origins (before 1860)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"German-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"multi-ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-ethnic"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"German war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_war"},{"link_name":"unification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I"},{"link_name":"head of a union of German-speaking states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler's rise to power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power"},{"link_name":"German-speaking populations of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Europe"},{"link_name":"nation-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state"},{"link_name":"Germanic-speaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Kleindeutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleindeutschland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DPSO-10"},{"link_name":"Georg Schönerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Sch%C3%B6nerer"},{"link_name":"Karl Hermann Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hermann_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britannica.com-1"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Away from Rome!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Away_from_Rome!"},{"link_name":"Lutheran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheran"},{"link_name":"Old Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mees_2008-4"},{"link_name":"Ernst Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Hasse"},{"link_name":"University of Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Pan-German League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-German_League"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hobsbawm1987-11"},{"link_name":"imperialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialism"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"ethnic German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_German"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy-12"},{"link_name":"middle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Karl Haushofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haushofer"},{"link_name":"Ewald Banse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewald_Banse"},{"link_name":"Hans Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Volk ohne Raum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum"},{"link_name":"expansionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionism"},{"link_name":"German entry into World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg"},{"link_name":"Septemberprogramm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septemberprogramm"},{"link_name":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"West German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"Fritz Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Germany's Aims in the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany%27s_Aims_in_the_First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Alfred von Tirpitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz"},{"link_name":"unrestricted submarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"German Fatherland Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Fatherland_Party"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"There is, in political geography, no Germany proper to speak of. There are Kingdoms and Grand Duchies, and Duchies and Principalities, inhabited by Germans, and each separately ruled by an independent sovereign with all the machinery of State. Yet there is a natural undercurrent tending to a national feeling and toward a union of the Germans into one great nation, ruled by one common head as a national unit.— The New York Times, 1 July 1866[8]By the 1860s Prussia and Austria had become the two most powerful states dominated by German-speaking elites. Both sought to expand their influence and territory. The Austrian Empire—like the Holy Roman Empire—was a multi-ethnic state, but the German-speaking people there did not have an absolute numerical majority; its re-shaping into the Austro-Hungarian Empire was one result of the growing nationalism of other ethnicities—especially the Hungarians. Under Prussian leadership, Otto von Bismarck would ride on the coat-tails of nationalism to unite all of the northern German lands. After Bismarck excluded Austria and the German Austrians from Germany in the German war of 1866 and (following a few other events over the next few years), the unification of Germany, established the Prussian-dominated German Empire in 1871 with the proclamation of Wilhelm I as head of a union of German-speaking states, while disregarding millions of its non-German subjects who desired self-determination from German rule. After World War I the Pan-Germanist philosophy changed drastically during Adolf Hitler's rise to power. Pan-Germanists originally sought to unify all the German-speaking populations of Europe in a single nation-state known as Großdeutschland (Greater Germany), where \"German-speaking\" was sometimes taken as synonymous with Germanic-speaking, to the inclusion of the Frisian- and Dutch-speaking populations of the Low Countries, and Scandinavia.[9]Although Bismarck had excluded Austria and the German Austrians from his creation of the Kleindeutschland state in 1871, integrating the German Austrians nevertheless remained a strong desire for many people of both Austria and Germany.[10] The most radical Austrian pan-German Georg Schönerer (1842–1921) and Karl Hermann Wolf (1862–1941) articulated Pan-Germanist sentiments in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[1] There was also a rejection of Roman Catholicism with the Away from Rome! movement (ca 1900 onwards) calling for German-speakers to identify with Lutheran or Old Catholic churches.[4] The Pan-German Movement gained an institutional format in 1891, when Ernst Hasse, a professor at the University of Leipzig and a member of the Reichstag, organized the Pan-German League, an ultra-nationalist[11] political-interest organization which promoted imperialism, antisemitism, and support for ethnic German minorities in other countries.[12]\nThe organization achieved great support among the educated middle and upper class; it promoted German nationalist consciousness, especially among ethnic Germans outside Germany. In his three-volume work, \"Deutsche Politik\" (1905–07), Hasse called for German imperialist expansion in Europe. The Munich professor Karl Haushofer, Ewald Banse, and Hans Grimm (author of the novel Volk ohne Raum) preached similar expansionist policies.During the German entry into World War I, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg authorized the Septemberprogramm proposing that the German Empire use the First World War to seek territorial annexations similar to the ones demanded by pan-German nationalists. The West German historian Fritz Fischer argued in his 1962 thesis Germany's Aims in the First World War that this and other documents indicated that Germany was responsible for World War I and intended to fulfill pan-German aims, although other historians have since disputed this conclusion. After Naval Minister Alfred von Tirpitz resigned from the Cabinet under pressure from Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg over Tirpitz's push to introduce unrestricted submarine warfare,[13] Tirpitz united pan-German nationalists under the German Fatherland Party in the Reichstag.[14]","title":"The German Question"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_Krziwanek_-_Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer,_um_1893.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Ritter von Schönerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer"},{"link_name":"Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Habsburg_areas"},{"link_name":"liberal nationalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Austro-Prussian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"German nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalist"},{"link_name":"Austrian antisemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Georg Ritter von Schönerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer"},{"link_name":"Austrian nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"völkisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"German nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Nazi ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Austrian Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_National_Socialism"},{"link_name":"Greater German People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"Austrofascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrofascism"},{"link_name":"Federal State of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schuschnigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bideleux-18"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Federation of Independents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Independents"},{"link_name":"Freedom Party of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Georg Ritter von Schönerer was the most influential pan-German in Austria during the early 20th century.After the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas, in which the liberal nationalistic revolutionaries advocated the Greater German solution, the Austrian defeat in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) with the effect that Austria was now excluded from Germany, and increasing ethnic conflicts in the multinational Habsburg monarchy, a German national movement evolved in Austria.[15] Led by the radical German nationalist and Austrian antisemite Georg Ritter von Schönerer, organisations such as the Pan-German Society demanded the annexation of all German-speaking territories under the rule of the Habsburg monarchy to the German Empire, and fervently rejected Austrian nationalism and a pan-Austrian identity. Schönerer's völkisch and racist German nationalism was an inspiration to Adolf Hitler's Nazi ideology.[16]In 1933, Austrian Nazis and the national-liberal Greater German People's Party formed an action group, fighting together against the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria which imposed a distinct Austrian national identity and in accordance said that Austrians were \"better Germans.\" Kurt Schuschnigg adopted a policy of appeasement towards Nazi Germany and called Austria the \"better German state\", but he still struggled to keep Austria independent.[17] With \"Anschluss\" of Austria in 1938, the historic aim of Austria's German nationalists was achieved.[18]After the end of Nazi Germany and the events of World War II in 1945, the ideas of pan-Germanism and an Anschluss fell out of favour due to their association with Nazism and allowed Austrians to develop their own national identity. Nevertheless, such notions were revived with the German national camp in the Federation of Independents and the early Freedom Party of Austria.[19]","title":"Pan-Germanism in Austria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Jacob Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Grimm"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Jacob_Asmussen_Worsaae"},{"link_name":"Danevirke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danevirke"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Eastern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Schleswig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig"},{"link_name":"Holstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein"},{"link_name":"First Schleswig War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Schleswig_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Norwegian independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Peter Andreas Munch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Munch"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bruun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bruun"},{"link_name":"Knut Hamsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Hamsun"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dagbladet.no-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Norwegian national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet"},{"link_name":"Teuton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teutonic_peoples"},{"link_name":"South Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"North Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora"},{"link_name":"confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dagbladet.no-3"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"Greater Germanic Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"},{"link_name":"Swedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes"},{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegians"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemish_people"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Scandinavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png"},{"link_name":"annexing of Austria, Sudetenland and others","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Map_Sudeten.PNG"},{"link_name":"Sudeten Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_Germans"},{"link_name":"Sudeten Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudeten_Crisis"},{"link_name":"Daily Worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)#The_Daily_Worker_(1930%E2%80%931966)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greater_Germanic_Reich.png"},{"link_name":"Greater Germanic Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"link_name":"Generalplan Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"state administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The idea of including the North Germanic-speaking Scandinavians into a Pan-German state, sometimes referred to as Pan-Germanicism,[20] was promoted alongside mainstream pan-German ideas.[21] Jacob Grimm adopted Munch's anti-Danish Pan-Germanism and argued that the entire peninsula of Jutland had been populated by Germans before the arrival of the Danes and that thus it could justifiably be reclaimed by Germany, whereas the rest of Denmark should be incorporated into Sweden. This line of thinking was countered by Jens Jacob Asmussen Worsaae, an archaeologist who had excavated parts of Danevirke, who argued that there was no way of knowing the language of the earliest inhabitants of Danish territory. He also pointed out that Germany had more solid historical claims to large parts of France and England, and that Slavs—by the same reasoning—could annex parts of Eastern Germany. Regardless of the strength of Worsaae's arguments, pan-Germanism spurred on the German nationalists of Schleswig and Holstein and led to the First Schleswig War in 1848. In turn, this likely contributed to the fact that Pan-Germanism never caught on in Denmark as much as it did in Norway.[22] Pan-Germanic tendencies were particularly widespread among the Norwegian independence movement. Prominent supporters included Peter Andreas Munch, Christopher Bruun, Knut Hamsun, Henrik Ibsen and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson.[3][23][24] Bjørnson, who wrote the lyrics for the Norwegian national anthem, proclaimed in 1901:I'm a Pan-Germanist, I'm a Teuton, and the greatest dream of my life is for the South Germanic peoples and the North Germanic peoples and their brothers in diaspora to unite in a fellow confederation.[3]In the 20th century the German Nazi Party sought to create a Greater Germanic Reich that would include most of the Germanic peoples of Europe within it under the leadership of Germany, including peoples such as the Danes, the Dutch, the Swedes, the Norwegians, and the Flemish within it.[25]Anti-German Scandinavism surged in Denmark in the 1930s and 1940s in response to the pan-Germanic ambitions of Nazi Germany.[26]Administrative division of Nazi Germany, following the annexing of Austria, Sudetenland and others to form the Greater German Reich as of 1944Map showing Nazi German plans, given to Sudeten Germans during the Sudeten Crisis as part of an intimidation process. Re-published in the British socialist newspaper Daily Worker on 29 October 1938.Boundaries of the planned \"Greater Germanic Reich\" based on various, only partially systematised target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and the SS leadership sources[27]","title":"Pan-Germanism in Scandinavia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Areas annexed by Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Völkisch movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"link_name":"Heim ins Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich"},{"link_name":"Generalplan Ost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blamires-28"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Central and Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Alsace-Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Francization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francization"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary#Linguistic_distribution"},{"link_name":"German Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Austria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Treaty of St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)"},{"link_name":"Weimar Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"stab-in-the-back myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth"},{"link_name":"Mein Kampf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mein_Kampf"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Blamires-28"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Class"},{"link_name":"Beer Hall Putsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch"},{"link_name":"Pan-German League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-German_League"},{"link_name":"German Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"Anton Drexler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Drexler"},{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Levy2-29"},{"link_name":"Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Volk,_ein_Reich,_ein_F%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hattstein-30"},{"link_name":"Nazi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Frankish Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Empire"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"rights of the individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_liberty"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hattstein-30"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Eastern Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_Nach_Osten"},{"link_name":"the south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hattstein-30"},{"link_name":"imperial regalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Crown_Jewels#The_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Imperial Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Imperial Sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Sword"},{"link_name":"the Holy Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear_of_Destiny#Vienna_Lance_.28Hofburg_spear.29"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg rallies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"1939 German occupation of Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brockmann-33"},{"link_name":"internationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_state"},{"link_name":"Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brockmann-33"},{"link_name":"a push forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(history)"},{"link_name":"golden age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brockmann-33"},{"link_name":"Peace of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-34"},{"link_name":"Reich Minister of Propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda"},{"link_name":"Joseph Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"his diary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goebbels_Diaries"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-winkler-34"},{"link_name":"Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Heim ins Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazis"},{"link_name":"ethnic Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_Germans"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Sudetenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudetenland"},{"link_name":"Greater Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleindeutschland_and_Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland#Later_influence"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elvert1-36"},{"link_name":"assimilate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annexation"},{"link_name":"Germanic Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_languages"},{"link_name":"areas annexed into the Großdeutsche Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"areas in north-eastern France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"German-speaking parts of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German-speaking_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rich401402-37"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_alliance"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Reichskommissariats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskommissariat"},{"link_name":"plans for them","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalplan_Ost"},{"link_name":"Volga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga"},{"link_name":"Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urals"},{"link_name":"Nazi ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Lebensraum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensraum"},{"link_name":"Drang nach Osten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten"},{"link_name":"colonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization"},{"link_name":"Manifest Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny"},{"link_name":"Far West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_frontier"},{"link_name":"Battle of Stalingrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad"},{"link_name":"Felix Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Bolshevism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshevism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_SS_Division_Leibstandarte_SS_Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_SS_Panzer_Division_Das_Reich"},{"link_name":"3rd SS Division Totenkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_SS_Division_Totenkopf"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Further information: Areas annexed by Nazi Germany, Völkisch movement, Heim ins Reich, and Generalplan OstWorld War I became the first attempt to carry out the Pan-German ideology in practice, and the Pan-German movement argued forcefully for expansionist imperialism.[28]Following the defeat in World War I, the influence of German-speaking elites over Central and Eastern Europe was greatly limited. At the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was substantially reduced in size. Alsace-Lorraine was also influenced by the Francization after it returned to France. Austria-Hungary was split up. A rump Austria, which to a certain extent corresponded to the German-speaking areas of Austria-Hungary (a complete split into language groups was impossible due to multi-lingual areas and language-exclaves) adopted the name \"German Austria\" (German: Deutschösterreich) in hope for union with Germany. Union with Germany and the name \"German Austria\" was forbidden by the Treaty of St. Germain and the name had to be changed back to Austria.It was in the Weimar Republic that the Austrian-born Adolf Hitler, under the influence of the stab-in-the-back myth, first took up German nationalist ideas in his Mein Kampf.[28] Hitler met Heinrich Class in 1918, and Class provided Hitler with support for the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler and his supporters shared most of the basic pan-German visions with the Pan-German League, but differences in political style led the two groups to open rivalry. The German Workers Party of Bohemia cut its ties to the pan-German movement, which was seen as being too dominated by the upper classes, and joined forces with the German Workers' Party led by Anton Drexler, which later became the Nazi Party (National Socialist German Workers' Party, NSDAP) that was to be headed by Adolf Hitler from 1921.[29]Nazi propaganda also used the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer (\"One people, one Reich, one leader\"), to enforce pan-German sentiment in Austria for an \"Anschluss\".The chosen name for the projected empire was a deliberate reference to the Holy Roman Empire (of the German Nation) that existed in the Middle Ages, known as the First Reich in Nazi historiography.[30] Different aspects of the legacy of this medieval empire in German history were both celebrated and derided by the Nazi government. Hitler admired the Frankish Emperor Charlemagne for his \"cultural creativity\", his powers of organization, and his renunciation of the rights of the individual.[30] He criticized the Holy Roman Emperors however for not pursuing an Ostpolitik (Eastern Policy) resembling his own, while being politically focused exclusively on the south.[30] After the Anschluss, Hitler ordered the old imperial regalia (the Imperial Crown, Imperial Sword, the Holy Lance and other items) residing in Vienna to be transferred to Nuremberg, where they were kept between 1424 and 1796.[31] Nuremberg, in addition to being the former unofficial capital of the Holy Roman Empire, was also the place of the Nuremberg rallies. The transfer of the regalia was thus done to both legitimize Hitler's Germany as the successor of the \"Old Reich\", but also weaken Vienna, the former imperial residence.[32]After the 1939 German occupation of Bohemia, Hitler declared that the Holy Roman Empire had been \"resurrected\", although he secretly maintained his own empire to be better than the old \"Roman\" one.[33] Unlike the \"uncomfortably internationalist Catholic empire of Barbarossa\", the Germanic Reich of the German Nation would be racist and nationalist.[33] Rather than a return to the values of the Middle Ages, its establishment was to be \"a push forward to a new golden age, in which the best aspects of the past would be combined with modern racist and nationalist thinking\".[33]The historical borders of the Holy Roman Empire were also used as grounds for territorial revisionism by the NSDAP, laying claim to modern territories and states that were once part of it. Even before the war, Hitler had dreamed of reversing the Peace of Westphalia, which had given the territories of the Empire almost complete sovereignty.[34] On November 17, 1939, Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote in his diary that the \"total liquidation\" of this historic treaty was the \"great goal\" of the Nazi regime,[34] and that since it had been signed in Münster, it would also be officially repealed in the same city.[35]The Heim ins Reich (\"Back Home to the Reich\") initiative was a policy pursued by the Nazis which attempted to convince the ethnic Germans living outside of Nazi Germany (such as in Austria and Sudetenland) that they should strive to bring these regions \"home\" into a Greater Germany. This notion also led the way for an even more expansive state to be envisioned, the Greater Germanic Reich, which Nazi Germany tried to establish.[36] This pan-Germanic empire was expected to assimilate practically all of Germanic Europe into an enormously expanded Greater Germanic Reich. Territorially speaking, this encompassed the already-enlarged Reich itself (consisting of pre-1938 Germany plus the areas annexed into the Großdeutsche Reich), the Netherlands, Belgium, areas in north-eastern France considered to be historically and ethnically Germanic, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, at least the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and Liechtenstein.[37] The most notable exception was the predominantly Anglo-Saxon United Kingdom, which was not projected as having to be reduced to a German province but to instead become an allied seafaring partner of the Germans.[38]The eastern Reichskommissariats in the vast stretches of Ukraine and Russia were also intended for future integration, with plans for them stretching to the Volga or even beyond the Urals. They were deemed of vital interest for the survival of the German nation, as it was a core tenet of Nazi ideology that it needed \"living space\" (Lebensraum), creating a \"pull towards the East\" (Drang nach Osten) where that could be found and colonized, in a model that the Nazis explicitly derived from the American Manifest Destiny in the Far West and its clearing of native inhabitants.As the foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were increasingly of non-Germanic origin, especially after the Battle of Stalingrad, among the organization's leadership (e.g. Felix Steiner) the proposition for a Greater Germanic Empire gave way to a concept of a European union of self-governing states, unified by German hegemony and the common enemy of Bolshevism.[citation needed] The Waffen-SS was to be the eventual nucleus of a common European army where each state would be represented by a national contingent.[citation needed] Himmler himself, however, gave no concession to these views, and held on to his Pan-Germanic vision in a speech given in April 1943 to the officers of the 1st SS Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler, the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich and the 3rd SS Division Totenkopf:We do not expect you to renounce your nation. [...] We do not expect you to become German out of opportunism. We do expect you to subordinate your national ideal to a greater racial and historical ideal, to the Germanic Reich.[39]","title":"1918 to 1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Expulsion of Germans after World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Former eastern territories of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Reunification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Pan-Slavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Slavism"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"East Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"German identity in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"portions of eastern Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"master race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race"},{"link_name":"Nordicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordicism"},{"link_name":"Nazi party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_party"},{"link_name":"reunification of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"text":"See also: Expulsion of Germans after World War II, Former eastern territories of Germany, and Reunification of GermanyThe defeat of Germany in World War II brought about the decline of Pan-Germanism, much as World War I had led to the demise of Pan-Slavism.[citation needed] Parts of Germany itself were devastated, and the country was divided, firstly into Soviet, French, American, and British zones and then into West Germany and East Germany. Austria was separated from Germany and the German identity in Austria was also weakened. The end of World War II in Europe brought even larger territorial losses for Germany than the First World War, with vast portions of eastern Germany directly annexed by the Soviet Union and Poland. The scale of the Germans' defeat was unprecedented; Pan-Germanism became taboo because it had been tied to racist concepts of the \"master race\" and Nordicism by the Nazi party. However, the reunification of Germany in 1990 revived the old debates.[40]","title":"History since 1945"}]

[{"image_text":"A hypothetical union of the German-speaking territories after World War I: the Weimar Republic, German Austria, Switzerland, the Sudetenland, Luxembourg, East Belgium, Liechtenstein and Alsace–Lorraine.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Greater_Germany_by_1936_majorities.svg/250px-Greater_Germany_by_1936_majorities.svg.png"},{"image_text":"1908 map of the Continental West-Germanic dialect continuum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Karte_der_deutschen_Mundarten_%28Brockhaus%29.jpg/250px-Karte_der_deutschen_Mundarten_%28Brockhaus%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The German Confederation in 1820. Territories of the Prussian crown are blue, territories of the Austrian crown are yellow, and independent German Confederation states are grey. The red border shows the limits of the Confederation. Both Prussia and Austria controlled non-Confederation lands.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Map-GermanConfederation.svg/360px-Map-GermanConfederation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Administrative division of Nazi Germany, following the annexing of Austria, Sudetenland and others to form the Greater German Reich as of 1944","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png/220px-NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png"},{"image_text":"Map showing Nazi German plans, given to Sudeten Germans during the Sudeten Crisis as part of an intimidation process. Re-published in the British socialist newspaper Daily Worker on 29 October 1938.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/German_Map_Sudeten.PNG/220px-German_Map_Sudeten.PNG"},{"image_text":"Boundaries of the planned \"Greater Germanic Reich\" based on various, only partially systematised target projections (e.g. Generalplan Ost) from state administration and the SS leadership sources[27]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/300px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png"}]

[{"title":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"title":"Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"title":"Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire_of_the_German_Nation"},{"title":"Peace of Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia"},{"title":"German Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire"},{"title":"German nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism"},{"title":"German question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_question"},{"title":"Irredentism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentism"},{"title":"Pan-German League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-German_League"},{"title":"Pan-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-nationalism"},{"title":"Romantic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_nationalism"},{"title":"Scandinavism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism"},{"title":"Völkisch movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement"},{"title":"Anschluss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anschluss"},{"title":"Ethnic nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism"},{"title":"Expansionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansionism"},{"title":"German nationalism in Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria"},{"title":"Greater Germanic Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich"},{"title":"Mitteleuropa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitteleuropa"},{"title":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"title":"Volksgemeinschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Austria"},{"title":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Belgium"},{"title":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Denmark"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Germany"},{"title":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iceland"},{"title":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg"},{"title":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Netherlands"},{"title":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Norway"},{"title":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Sweden"},{"title":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Switzerland"},{"title":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom"}]

[{"reference":"\"Pan-Germanism (German political movement) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia\". Britannica.com. Retrieved 24 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/440618/Pan-Germanism","url_text":"\"Pan-Germanism (German political movement) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slik ble vi germanersvermere – magasinet\". Dagbladet.no. 7 May 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dagbladet.no/2009/05/07/magasinet/litteratur/historie/5961478/","url_text":"\"Slik ble vi germanersvermere – magasinet\""}]},{"reference":"Mees, Bernard (2008). The Science of the Swastika. Central European University Press. ISBN 978-963-9776-18-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hLNUx6YK9RIC&q=%22Los+von+Rom%22&pg=PA21","url_text":"The Science of the Swastika"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9776-18-0","url_text":"978-963-9776-18-0"}]},{"reference":"Kruse, Wolfgang (27 September 2012). \"Nation und Nationalismus\". Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bpb.de/themen/kolonialismus-imperialismus/kaiserreich/138915/nation-und-nationalismus/","url_text":"\"Nation und Nationalismus\""}]},{"reference":"Marx, Karl (1994). The Eastern Question. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 90. ISBN 0-7146-1500-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx","url_text":"Marx, Karl"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5h9SOoU3bsEC","url_text":"The Eastern Question"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-1500-5","url_text":"0-7146-1500-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The Situation of Germany\" (PDF). The New York Times. 1 July 1866. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1866/07/01/79809602.pdf","url_text":"\"The Situation of Germany\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Das politische System in Österreich (The Political System in Austria)\" (PDF) (in German). Vienna: Austrian Federal Press Service. 2000. p. 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140423112116/http://www.politischebildung.at/upload/polsystem.pdf","url_text":"\"Das politische System in Österreich (The Political System in Austria)\""},{"url":"http://www.politischebildung.at/upload/polsystem.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eric J. Hobsbawm (1987). The age of empire, 1875–1914. Pantheon Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-394-56319-0. Retrieved 22 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofempire1875100hobs","url_text":"The age of empire, 1875–1914"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ageofempire1875100hobs/page/152","url_text":"152"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56319-0","url_text":"978-0-394-56319-0"}]},{"reference":"Drummond, Elizabeth A. (2005). \"Pan-German League\". In Levy, Richard S. (ed.). Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Contemporary world issues. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 528–529. ISBN 9781851094394. Retrieved 15 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC","url_text":"\"Pan-German League\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_S._Levy","url_text":"Levy, Richard S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851094394","url_text":"9781851094394"}]},{"reference":"Epkenhans, Michael (15 March 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.). \"Tirpitz, Alfred von\". 1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.15463/ie1418.10860. Retrieved 20 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/tirpitz_alfred_von","url_text":"\"Tirpitz, Alfred von\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.15463%2Fie1418.10860","url_text":"10.15463/ie1418.10860"}]},{"reference":"Robson, Stuart (2007). The First World War. Internet Archive (1 ed.). Harrow, England: Pearson Longman. pp. 28–69. ISBN 978-1-4058-2471-2.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/firstworldwar0000robs_r5x1","url_text":"The First World War"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2471-2","url_text":"978-1-4058-2471-2"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Kurt (2008), Nationalsozialismus: Ursprünge, Anfänge, Aufstieg und Fall (in German), Böhlau Verlag, p. 41, ISBN 9783825230760","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=n9L1GyROMi0C&q=deutschnationalismus+in+%C3%B6sterreich+k%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz&pg=PA41","url_text":"Nationalsozialismus: Ursprünge, Anfänge, Aufstieg und Fall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825230760","url_text":"9783825230760"}]},{"reference":"Wladika, Michael (2005), Hitlers Vätergeneration: Die Ursprünge des Nationalsozialismus in der k.u.k. Monarchie (in German), Böhlau Verlag, p. 157, ISBN 9783205773375","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hAh8RPuxUEUC&q=linzer+programm&pg=PA38","url_text":"Hitlers Vätergeneration: Die Ursprünge des Nationalsozialismus in der k.u.k. Monarchie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783205773375","url_text":"9783205773375"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, Philip (2003). Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945. Routledge. p. 72. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Indian_general_strike

2016 Indian general strike

["1 See also","2 References"]

On 2 September 2016, an estimated 150 million to 180 million Indian public sector workers went on a 24-hour nationwide general strike against Prime Minister Narendra Modi's plans for increasing privatization and other economic policies. A total of ten trade unions participated. Many government-run locations and transportation services were closed. The strikers also protested in favour of social security, universal healthcare, and an increased minimum wage. The strike mainly took place in states where opposition parties were the most influential, such as Karnataka and Kerala. It was the largest strike in human history, until the 2020 Indian general strike. See also List of strikes References ^ "Tens of millions of Indian workers strike in fight for higher wages". The Guardian. 2 September 2016. ^ Banerji, Annie (September 3, 2016). "Tens of millions in India strike for higher wages". The China Post. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ Madan, Karuna (September 2, 2016). "Strike call evokes mixed response in India". Gulf News India. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ "Millions strike in India over reforms". BBC News. September 2, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ Khan, Shehab (September 3, 2016). "Humanity's biggest ever strike is underway". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ "Millions of Indian workers strike for better wages". Aljazeera. September 3, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-04. ^ "General strike: trade unions claim success, normal life unaffected". The Hindu. September 3, 2016. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2016-09-04.   This Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to a strike action or other labor dispute is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralia_Distomou

Paralia Distomou

["1 History","2 Population","3 Persons","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 38°23.3′N 22°39.2′E / 38.3883°N 22.6533°E / 38.3883; 22.6533'Aspra Spitia' redirects here. For the nearby town formerly known by that name, see Antikyra. Settlement in GreeceAspra Spitia Άσπρα ΣπίτιαSettlementBeach at Paralia Distomou in September 2022Aspra SpitiaCoordinates: 38°23.3′N 22°39.2′E / 38.3883°N 22.6533°E / 38.3883; 22.6533CountryGreeceAdministrative regionCentral GreeceRegional unitBoeotiaMunicipalityDistomo-Arachova-AntikyraMunicipal unitDistomoCommunityDistomoElevation35 m (115 ft)Population (2021) • Total1,676Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Aspra Spitia (Greek: Άσπρα Σπίτια), also known as Paralia Distomou, is a town in the municipal unit Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra, in Boeotia, Greece. In 2021, its population was 1,676. History Aspra Spitia was founded in 1960, planned by Doxiadis Associates to house industrial workers for Aluminum of Greece's nearby aluminum plant. Its alternate name is "Paralia Distomou". Aspra Spitia is situated on the north coast of the Corinthian Gulf, 2 km northeast of Antikyra, 10 km southwest of Distomo and 25 km west of Livadeia. The 2010 film Attenberg was shot in Aspra Spitia. Population Year Population 1991 2,156 2001 1,258 2011 1,578 2021 1,676 Persons Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis References ^ a b "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024. External links Constantinos A. Doxiadis: Aspra Spitia. A New "Greek" City Municipality of Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra vteSubdivisions of the municipality of Distomo-Arachova-AntikyraMunicipal unit of Antikyra Antikyra Municipal unit of Arachova Arachova Municipal unit of Distomo Distomo Steiri

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_Records

Proper Records

["1 Roster","2 References","3 External links"]

Proper RecordsFounderMalcolm MillsDistributor(s)Proper Music DistributionGenreVariousCountry of originEnglandLocationLondonOfficial websitewww.proper-records.co.uk Proper Records is an English record label founded by Proper Music Group Chairman - Malcolm Mills and Paul Riley. Commencing with a handful of releases, including the Balham Alligators and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, the label grew in stature and renown through its reissue marque, 'Proper Box'. Featuring jazz, country, and rock and roll artists, these releases now total over 200. The label has become better known for releasing new albums by contemporary artists such as Bonnie Raitt, Joan Baez, Richard Thompson, Nick Lowe, Dr. John, Los Lobos, Willie Nelson & Asleep At The Wheel, The Blind Boys Of Alabama, Loudon Wainwright III and many more. Subsidiary labels include Specific Jazz and Navigator Records. The company was based on an industrial estate in south London but relocated to Surrey Quays in 2017. Sister company Proper Music Distribution has won the Music Week Distributor of the Year Award three times. Roster Aimee Mann Alison Moorer Andy Fairweather Low Andy McKee Angélique Kidjo Art Garfunkel Asleep at the Wheel Baddies Bap Kennedy Ben Glover Bill Kirchen Blancmange Blind Boys of Alabama Bonnie Raitt Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers Cowboy Junkies Dan Penn Dave Rotheray Dave Stewart Dennis Locorriere Diana Jones Don McLean Dr. John Elizabeth Cook Gretchen Peters Hacienda Brothers Huey Lewis & The News The Hot Club of Cowtown Ian McLagan Jackie Brenston Jimmie Vaughan Jimmy Webb Joan Baez Drumbo Krissy Matthews Laurence Jones Little Feat Los Lobos Loudon Wainwright III Malcolm Holcombe Mary Gauthier Matraca Berg Neilson Hubbard Nick Lowe Nicole Atkins Paul Brady Paul Heaton Pete Brown Red Sky July Richard Thompson Robyn Hitchcock Ruthie Foster Sonny Landreth Spooner Oldham Steve Cradock Suzy Bogguss Texas Tornados The Balham Alligators The Features The Waterboys The Webb Sisters Tim O'Brien Tom Russell Willie Nelson Wynonie Harris References ^ "Proper Music Distribution". Properdistribution.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 2 March 2013. ^ "Label: Proper Records". Rate Your Music. Retrieved 2 March 2013. ^ Plummer, Robert (29 April 2010). "How to sell music the Proper way". BBC News. Retrieved 12 June 2011. ^ Paine, Andre (6 December 2017). "Proper Music Group quadruples capacity at new warehouse". Music Week. Retrieved 6 December 2022. ^ Cardew, Ben (9 April 2009). "Blackwell saluted as best of last 50 years". Music Week. Retrieved 12 June 2011. ^ "Music Week Awards winners". Music Week. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2011. External links Official website Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Other MusicBrainz label

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Commencing with a handful of releases, including the Balham Alligators and Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, the label grew in stature and renown through its reissue marque, 'Proper Box'. Featuring jazz, country, and rock and roll artists, these releases now total over 200.[1][2]The label has become better known for releasing new albums by contemporary artists such as Bonnie Raitt, Joan Baez, Richard Thompson, Nick Lowe, Dr. John, Los Lobos, Willie Nelson & Asleep At The Wheel, The Blind Boys Of Alabama, Loudon Wainwright III and many more.Subsidiary labels include Specific Jazz and Navigator Records.The company was based on an industrial estate in south London[3] but relocated to Surrey Quays in 2017.[4] Sister company Proper Music Distribution has won the Music Week Distributor of the Year Award three times.[5][6]","title":"Proper Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aimee Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimee_Mann"},{"link_name":"Alison Moorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Moorer"},{"link_name":"Andy Fairweather Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Fairweather_Low"},{"link_name":"Andy McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_McKee"},{"link_name":"Angélique Kidjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lique_Kidjo"},{"link_name":"Art Garfunkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Garfunkel"},{"link_name":"Asleep at the Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asleep_at_the_Wheel"},{"link_name":"Baddies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baddies_(band)"},{"link_name":"Bap Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bap_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Ben Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Glover"},{"link_name":"Bill Kirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kirchen"},{"link_name":"Blancmange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blancmange_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blind Boys of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Boys_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Raitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt"},{"link_name":"Chilli Willi and the Red Hot 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July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sky_July"},{"link_name":"Richard Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thompson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Robyn Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robyn_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Ruthie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthie_Foster"},{"link_name":"Sonny Landreth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Landreth"},{"link_name":"Spooner Oldham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spooner_Oldham"},{"link_name":"Steve Cradock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Cradock"},{"link_name":"Suzy Bogguss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzy_Bogguss"},{"link_name":"Texas Tornados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Tornados"},{"link_name":"The Balham Alligators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Balham_Alligators"},{"link_name":"The Features","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Features"},{"link_name":"The 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Vaughan\nJimmy Webb\nJoan Baez\nDrumbo\nKrissy Matthews\nLaurence Jones\nLittle Feat\nLos Lobos\nLoudon Wainwright III\nMalcolm Holcombe\nMary Gauthier\nMatraca Berg\nNeilson Hubbard\nNick Lowe\nNicole Atkins\nPaul Brady\nPaul Heaton\nPete Brown\nRed Sky July\nRichard Thompson\nRobyn Hitchcock\nRuthie Foster\nSonny Landreth\nSpooner Oldham\nSteve Cradock\nSuzy Bogguss\nTexas Tornados\nThe Balham Alligators\nThe Features\nThe Waterboys\nThe Webb Sisters\nTim O'Brien\nTom Russell\nWillie Nelson\nWynonie Harris","title":"Roster"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Honan

Park Honan

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Reputation","4 Selected works","5 Notes","6 External links"]

Park Honan Leonard Hobart Park Honan (17 September 1928 – 27 September 2014) was an American academic and author who spent most of his career in the UK. He wrote widely on the lives of authors and poets and published important biographies of such writers as Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold, Jane Austen, William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. Honan began his career specializing in Victorian literature but later broadened his scope, becoming an expert in the Elizabethan period. From 1959, he taught at Connecticut College and then Brown University before relocating permanently to England in 1968, where he taught at the University of Birmingham until becoming Professor of English and American Literature at the University of Leeds in 1984. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Early life and education Honan was born in Utica, New York, the son of William Francis Honan, a thoracic surgeon of Irish descent, and Annette Neudecker Honan, a journalist of English descent. His brother was the journalist William Honan, who became culture editor of The New York Times. His father died in 1935, when Honan was seven years old, leaving his mother to raise their sons alone; she rented a small house in Bronxville, New York, where she felt the public schools were excellent. He earned a scholarship to Deep Springs College, a small school in the California desert. While at school, Honan worked as a butcher and a car mechanic, enjoying horseback riding and fascinated with the local reptiles. Of the butcher job, he said: "My boots used to be awash in four inches of blood in the slaughterhouse. That helped to make me a pacifist." After two years Honan transferred to the University of Chicago, from which he received his BA and, in 1951, his MA. He continued to work in a variety of jobs, including as a publisher in New York. There he met, and in 1952 married, a French Fulbright scholar, Jeannette nee Colin (died 2009), and the couple eventually had three children: Corinna, a writer and editor, and twins Matthew and Natasha. Honan was drafted into the US army at the end of the Korean War, but as a conscientious objector, he refused to fight. He was jailed briefly, but allowed to serve in a non-combat role in France. Upon discharge, under the GI Bill, he qualified for a grant to study anywhere he chose. He moved with his wife and baby daughter to England in 1956 to study at the University of London, gaining the degree of Ph.D, with a thesis on Robert Browning, in 1959 (which was published in 1961 as Browning's Characters), while also writing a novel, two plays, poems, short stories and academic papers. Career Honan produced several "scrupulously researched and often revelatory biographies" of subjects ranging from the Elizabethan period to the 20th century, drawing on previously unseen sources to reveal new facts, addressing his books "as much to the general reader as to the specialist." In addition to extensive work on Browning, numerous essays and contributions to various anthologies and collections, he wrote biographies of Matthew Arnold, Jane Austen, William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. He also edited an anthology of Beat Generation writers. He was later interested in modernist writers and at the time of his death he had begun a biography of T. S. Eliot. He served on the editorial board of journals covering Browning and the Ohio University Press edition of Browning's complete works, as well as the journals Victorian Studies, Victorian Poetry, and Novel: A Forum on Fiction, among many others. According to his obituary in The Telegraph, "Honan passionately believed that a writer's life, family, friends and social background could all shed light on the work." Honan began his teaching career as an assistant professor of English at Connecticut College in 1959, where his wife taught in the French department. He moved to Brown University in 1961. He relocated permanently to England, where he became a Lecturer at the University of Birmingham in 1968, remaining there as a Senior Lecturer, then Reader in English, until 1983. He was appointed Professor of English and American Literature at the University of Leeds in January 1985 and retired in 1993 with the title Emeritus Professor. The biographer John Batchelor described Honan as "a dazzlingly dramatic lecturer". In 1998 Honan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL). He was given a Fellowship by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1962. He died of liver cancer at the age of 86. Reputation Kirk H. Beetz wrote in the Dictionary of Literary Biography that "Honan combines a multitude of previously unpublished facts about the personal lives and careers of his subjects with a narrative style that presents details in a coherent and fluid manner, thus pleasing general as well as scholarly readers". Honan described his intention thus: "One of the main efforts of our time has been to write contextualized biographies attentive to feeling as well as to ideas, objective and yet close, rooted in an 'historical present', alive to childhood, creativity, growth, and above all painstakingly accurate and not self-indulgent. I've tried to contribute to this." David Lodge wrote in The Guardian that Honan's work has "the effect, for the reader, of accompanying the biographical subject as she or he moves through time and space." In writing his "outstanding biographies of classic English writers", Honan had an "inexhaustible patience and a willingness to spend many years – to do anything, read everything and go anywhere". Honan "had a lifelong interest in drama and his work demonstrates a dramatist's skill at bringing personalities to life." Professor Arthur Kincaid wrote that Honan's Browning's Characters is "one of the few books ... which can safely be recommended to undergraduates as sound Browning criticism." Paul Vitello, in The New York Times, noted that Honan's biography of Arnold "recast him as one of the most influential progressive voices of Victorian England". In the Los Angeles Times, Merle Rubin reviewed Honan's Austen biography, commenting that Honan "is able to correct errors of previous biographers and editors. His extensive research, including a close perusal of materials in the hands of Austen family descendants, yields significant details ... about her extended family, her confidantes, friends, and acquaintances. ... Honan fills in the details of wider world." Edward T. Oakes called Honan's Austen biography "Marvelous ... succinct ... shrewd". In The Telegraph, Kathryn Hughes wrote that his Austen biography set "a daunting high-water mark" for future biographers. Shakespeare scholar Stanley Wells thought Honan's Shakespeare book "the best biography in existence." Oakes found the Shakespeare biography "especially skillful in working up a full-bodied portrait of the man from Stratford ... for under Honan's ministrations the evidence proved to be more plentiful than one might initially suspect." Lodge explained that "by widening the focus of his study to take in all kinds of data about the social, historical, familial and topographical context of the playwright's life ... a more rounded portrait than the received one could be inferred." Of Honan's Marlowe biography, Wells wrote in The Guardian: "Honan ... is scrupulous in his re-examination of what is known and ingenious in the connections he makes between apparently disparate facts. ... A strength of Honan's book is his probing examination of the relationships between Marlowe's day-to-day life and his writings. ... t is an elegantly written study which must now stand as the best overall biography of one of our most fascinating writers." Selected works Browning's Characters: A Study in Poetic Technique, Yale University Press, 1961 (with William Irvine) The Book, the Ring, & the Poet: A Biography of Robert Browning, McGraw-Hill, 1974 Matthew Arnold: A Life, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981 Jane Austen: Her Life, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1987 Honan, Park (ed.) The Beats: An Anthology of "Beat" Writing, Dent, 1987 Authors' Lives: On Literary Biography and the Arts of Language (collection of essays), St. Martins Press, 1990 Shakespeare: A Life, Oxford University Press 1998 Christopher Marlowe: Poet & Spy, Oxford University Press 2005 Notes ^ a b c d e Beetz, K. H. "Park Honan", Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 111, Gale Research (1991), pp. 81–91 ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Park Honan – obituary", The Daily Telegraph, 12 October 2014 ^ a b c d e Lodge, David. Park Honan obituary", The Guardian, 19 October 2014 ^ a b c d e Kincaid, Arthur. "A Profile: Two Park Honans?", Studies in Browning and His Circle, Vol. 3, Fall 1975, pp. 144–47 ^ a b c Vitello, Paul. "Park Honan, a Biographer of Authors, Is Dead at 86", The New York Times, 19 October 2014 (print version published 20 October 2014, p. A23) ^ a b "Honan, Park 1928–", Encyclopedia.com, Gale Authors Online, accessed 6 October 2014 ^ a b "Dr. Honan Publishes Extensive Study of Robert Browning", Conn Census, Vol. 46, No. 20, New London, Connecticut, 27 April 1961, p. 1 ^ For example, Honan revealed that Marlowe, "unable to support himself through his writing, had become horribly tangled in obligations to his spymasters, which probably led to his murder aged 29." See "Park Honan – obituary", The Daily Telegraph, 12 October 2014. ^ Emeritus Professor Park Honan, obituary, University of Leeds, 2014, accessed 5 January, 2021 ^ a b "Park Honan: Emeritus Professor of English and American Literature", Faculty of Arts, University of Leeds, accessed 6 October 2014 ^ Batchelor, John. "Park Honan – a true academic and a great family man", Bookbrunch, 24 October 2014 ^ "Current RSL Fellows" Archived October 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Royal Society of Literature, accessed 6 October 2014 ^ "Park Honan" Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, accessed 6 October 2014 ^ "Professor Park Honan, MA, PhD", Obituaries, University of Leeds, 1 October 2014 ^ Rubin, Merle. "Jane Austen as a Woman of the World", Los Angeles Times, 21 February 1988, accessed 6 October 2014 ^ a b Oakes, Edward T. "Jane Austen and Park Honan", Firstthings.com, Institute on Religion and Public Life, 16 August 2006, accessed 6 October 2014 ^ Wells, Stanley. "Dramas and crises", The Observer, The Guardian, 1 October 2005, accessed 6 October 2014 External links Extensive 1999 interview of Honan by The New York Times "The Austen Brothers and Sisters", 1988 essay by Honan Review of Honan's Shakespeare book by The New York Times Review of Honan's Arnold book in the London Review of Books Leeds University Library holds archival material on Honan. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Czech Republic Australia Korea Netherlands Poland Portugal Academics CiNii Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning"},{"link_name":"Matthew Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Christopher Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era"},{"link_name":"Connecticut College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_College"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"}],"text":"Leonard Hobart Park Honan (17 September 1928 – 27 September 2014) was an American academic and author who spent most of his career in the UK. He wrote widely on the lives of authors and poets and published important biographies of such writers as Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold, Jane Austen, William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.Honan began his career specializing in Victorian literature but later broadened his scope, becoming an expert in the Elizabethan period. From 1959, he taught at Connecticut College and then Brown University before relocating permanently to England in 1968, where he taught at the University of Birmingham until becoming Professor of English and American Literature at the University of Leeds in 1984. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.","title":"Park Honan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utica, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utica,_New_York"},{"link_name":"thoracic surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_surgery"},{"link_name":"William Honan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Honan"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLB-1"},{"link_name":"Bronxville, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronxville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"Deep Springs College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Springs_College"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kincaid-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vitello-5"},{"link_name":"Fulbright scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulbright_scholar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kincaid-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyCom-6"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"conscientious objector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector"},{"link_name":"GI Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GI_Bill"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"Ph.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Robert Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Browning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLB-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kincaid-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConnCensus-7"}],"text":"Honan was born in Utica, New York, the son of William Francis Honan, a thoracic surgeon of Irish descent, and Annette Neudecker Honan, a journalist of English descent. His brother was the journalist William Honan, who became culture editor of The New York Times.[1] His father died in 1935, when Honan was seven years old, leaving his mother to raise their sons alone; she rented a small house in Bronxville, New York, where she felt the public schools were excellent.[2] He earned a scholarship to Deep Springs College, a small school in the California desert.[3] While at school, Honan worked as a butcher and a car mechanic,[4] enjoying horseback riding and fascinated with the local reptiles.[2] Of the butcher job, he said: \"My boots used to be awash in four inches of blood in the slaughterhouse. That helped to make me a pacifist.\"[2]After two years Honan transferred to the University of Chicago, from which he received his BA and, in 1951, his MA.[5] He continued to work in a variety of jobs, including as a publisher in New York. There he met, and in 1952 married, a French Fulbright scholar,[3] Jeannette nee Colin (died 2009), and the couple eventually had three children: Corinna, a writer and editor, and twins Matthew and Natasha.[4][6] Honan was drafted into the US army at the end of the Korean War, but as a conscientious objector, he refused to fight. He was jailed briefly, but allowed to serve in a non-combat role in France. Upon discharge, under the GI Bill, he qualified for a grant to study anywhere he chose.[2] He moved with his wife and baby daughter to England in 1956 to study at the University of London, gaining the degree of Ph.D, with a thesis on Robert Browning, in 1959 (which was published in 1961 as Browning's Characters), while also writing a novel, two plays, poems, short stories and academic papers.[1][4][7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"Elizabethan period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_era"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"Matthew Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Jane Austen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Austen"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Christopher Marlowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Beat Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat_Generation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLB-1"},{"link_name":"T. S. Eliot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"Victorian Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Studies"},{"link_name":"Novel: A Forum on Fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel:_A_Forum_on_Fiction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kincaid-4"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"Connecticut College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_College"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConnCensus-7"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"Lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecturer#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Senior Lecturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Lecturer"},{"link_name":"Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EncyCom-6"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Emeritus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeritus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLB-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FacultyProfile-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Literature"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vitello-5"}],"text":"Honan produced several \"scrupulously researched and often revelatory biographies\"[2] of subjects ranging from the Elizabethan period to the 20th century, drawing on previously unseen sources to reveal new facts, addressing his books \"as much to the general reader as to the specialist.\"[2] In addition to extensive work on Browning, numerous essays and contributions to various anthologies and collections, he wrote biographies of Matthew Arnold, Jane Austen, William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe.[8] He also edited an anthology of Beat Generation writers.[1] He was later interested in modernist writers and at the time of his death he had begun a biography of T. S. Eliot.[2] He served on the editorial board of journals covering Browning and the Ohio University Press edition of Browning's complete works, as well as the journals Victorian Studies, Victorian Poetry, and Novel: A Forum on Fiction, among many others.[4] According to his obituary in The Telegraph, \"Honan passionately believed that a writer's life, family, friends and social background could all shed light on the work.\"[2]Honan began his teaching career as an assistant professor of English at Connecticut College in 1959, where his wife taught in the French department.[7] He moved to Brown University in 1961. He relocated permanently to England, where he became a Lecturer at the University of Birmingham in 1968, remaining there as a Senior Lecturer, then Reader in English, until 1983.[6] He was appointed Professor of English and American Literature at the University of Leeds in January 1985[9] and retired in 1993 with the title Emeritus Professor.[1][10] The biographer John Batchelor described Honan as \"a dazzlingly dramatic lecturer\".[11]In 1998 Honan was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL).[12] He was given a Fellowship by the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation in 1962.[13]He died of liver cancer at the age of 86.[14][5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DLB-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FacultyProfile-10"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kincaid-4"},{"link_name":"Paul Vitello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vitello"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vitello-5"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oakes-16"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Hughes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"Stanley Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Wells"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TeleObit-2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oakes-16"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Kirk H. Beetz wrote in the Dictionary of Literary Biography that \"Honan combines a multitude of previously unpublished facts about the personal lives and careers of his subjects with a narrative style that presents details in a coherent and fluid manner, thus pleasing general as well as scholarly readers\".[1] Honan described his intention thus: \"One of the main efforts of our time has been to write contextualized biographies attentive to feeling as well as to ideas, objective and yet close, rooted in an 'historical present', alive to childhood, creativity, growth, and above all painstakingly accurate and not self-indulgent. I've tried to contribute to this.\"[10] David Lodge wrote in The Guardian that Honan's work has \"the effect, for the reader, of accompanying the biographical subject as she or he moves through time and space.\"[3] In writing his \"outstanding biographies of classic English writers\", Honan had an \"inexhaustible patience and a willingness to spend many years – to do anything, read everything and go anywhere\".[3] Honan \"had a lifelong interest in drama and his work demonstrates a dramatist's skill at bringing personalities to life.\"[2]Professor Arthur Kincaid wrote that Honan's Browning's Characters is \"one of the few books ... which can safely be recommended to undergraduates as sound Browning criticism.\"[4] Paul Vitello, in The New York Times, noted that Honan's biography of Arnold \"recast him as one of the most influential progressive voices of Victorian England\".[5] In the Los Angeles Times, Merle Rubin reviewed Honan's Austen biography, commenting that Honan \"is able to correct errors of previous biographers and editors. His extensive research, including a close perusal of materials in the hands of Austen family descendants, yields significant details ... about her extended family, her confidantes, friends, and acquaintances. ... Honan fills in the details of [the] wider world.\"[15] Edward T. Oakes called Honan's Austen biography \"Marvelous ... succinct ... shrewd\".[16] In The Telegraph, Kathryn Hughes wrote that his Austen biography set \"a daunting high-water mark\" for future biographers.[2]Shakespeare scholar Stanley Wells thought Honan's Shakespeare book \"the best biography in existence.\"[2] Oakes found the Shakespeare biography \"especially skillful in working up a full-bodied portrait of the man from Stratford ... for under Honan's ministrations the evidence proved to be more plentiful than one might initially suspect.\"[16] Lodge explained that \"by widening the focus of his study to take in all kinds of data about the social, historical, familial and topographical context of the playwright's life ... a more rounded portrait than the received one could be inferred.\"[3] Of Honan's Marlowe biography, Wells wrote in The Guardian: \"Honan ... is scrupulous in his re-examination of what is known and ingenious in the connections he makes between apparently disparate facts. ... A strength of Honan's book is his probing examination of the relationships between Marlowe's day-to-day life and his writings. ... [I]t is an elegantly written study which must now stand as the best overall biography of one of our most fascinating writers.\"[17]","title":"Reputation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Browning's Characters: A Study in Poetic Technique, Yale University Press, 1961\n(with William Irvine) The Book, the Ring, & the Poet: A Biography of Robert Browning, McGraw-Hill, 1974\nMatthew Arnold: A Life, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981\nJane Austen: Her Life, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1987\nHonan, Park (ed.) The Beats: An Anthology of \"Beat\" Writing, Dent, 1987\nAuthors' Lives: On Literary Biography and the Arts of Language (collection of essays), St. Martins Press, 1990\nShakespeare: A Life, Oxford University Press 1998\nChristopher Marlowe: Poet & Spy, Oxford University Press 2005","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DLB_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DLB_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DLB_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DLB_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DLB_1-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TeleObit_2-10"},{"link_name":"\"Park Honan – obituary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11157035/Park-Honan-obituary.html"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lodge_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lodge_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lodge_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lodge_3-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Lodge_3-4"},{"link_name":"Park Honan obituary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/books/2014/oct/19/park-honan"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kincaid_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kincaid_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kincaid_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kincaid_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Kincaid_4-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vitello_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vitello_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vitello_5-2"},{"link_name":"Vitello, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Vitello"},{"link_name":"\"Park Honan, a Biographer of Authors, Is Dead at 86\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2014/10/20/books/park-honan-a-biographer-of-authors-is-dead-at-86.html?hpw&rref=obituaries&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&version=HpHedThumbWell&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EncyCom_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EncyCom_6-1"},{"link_name":"\"Honan, Park 1928–\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3070800069/honan-park-1928.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ConnCensus_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ConnCensus_7-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dr. Honan Publishes Extensive Study of Robert Browning\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=ccnews_1960_1961"},{"link_name":"New London, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_London,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Park Honan – obituary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11157035/Park-Honan-obituary.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Emeritus Professor Park Honan, obituary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.leeds.ac.uk/secretariat/obituaries/2014/honan_park.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FacultyProfile_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FacultyProfile_10-1"},{"link_name":"\"Park Honan: Emeritus Professor of English and American Literature\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.leeds.ac.uk/arts/people/20040/school_of_english/person/1133/park_honan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Park Honan – a true academic and a great family man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bookbrunch.co.uk/article_free.asp?pid=park_honan_a_true_academic_and_a_great_family_man"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Current RSL Fellows\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.rslit.org/people"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20121002061545/http://www.rslit.org/people"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Park Honan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gf.org/fellows/6796-park-honan"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20141009094134/http://www.gf.org/fellows/6796-park-honan"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Professor Park Honan, MA, PhD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.leeds.ac.uk/forstaff/news/article/4503/Professor_Park_Honan,_MA,_PhD"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"\"Jane Austen as a Woman of the World\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//articles.latimes.com/1988-02-21/books/bk-44003_1_jane-austen"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oakes_16-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Oakes_16-1"},{"link_name":"\"Jane Austen and Park Honan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2006/08/jane-austen-and-park-honan"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Dramas and crises\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/books/2005/oct/02/biography.christophermarlowe"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Beetz, K. H. \"Park Honan\", Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol. 111, Gale Research (1991), pp. 81–91\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k \"Park Honan – obituary\", The Daily Telegraph, 12 October 2014\n\n^ a b c d e Lodge, David. Park Honan obituary\", The Guardian, 19 October 2014\n\n^ a b c d e Kincaid, Arthur. \"A Profile: Two Park Honans?\", Studies in Browning and His Circle, Vol. 3, Fall 1975, pp. 144–47\n\n^ a b c Vitello, Paul. \"Park Honan, a Biographer of Authors, Is Dead at 86\", The New York Times, 19 October 2014 (print version published 20 October 2014, p. A23)\n\n^ a b \"Honan, Park 1928–\", Encyclopedia.com, Gale Authors Online, accessed 6 October 2014\n\n^ a b \"Dr. Honan Publishes Extensive Study of Robert Browning\", Conn Census, Vol. 46, No. 20, New London, Connecticut, 27 April 1961, p. 1\n\n^ For example, Honan revealed that Marlowe, \"unable to support himself through his writing, had become horribly tangled in obligations to his spymasters, which probably led to his murder aged 29.\" See \"Park Honan – obituary\", The Daily Telegraph, 12 October 2014.\n\n^ Emeritus Professor Park Honan, obituary, University of Leeds, 2014, accessed 5 January, 2021\n\n^ a b \"Park Honan: Emeritus Professor of English and American Literature\", Faculty of Arts, University of Leeds, accessed 6 October 2014\n\n^ Batchelor, John. \"Park Honan – a true academic and a great family man\", Bookbrunch, 24 October 2014\n\n^ \"Current RSL Fellows\" Archived October 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Royal Society of Literature, accessed 6 October 2014\n\n^ \"Park Honan\" Archived 2014-10-09 at the Wayback Machine, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, accessed 6 October 2014\n\n^ \"Professor Park Honan, MA, PhD\", Obituaries, University of Leeds, 1 October 2014\n\n^ Rubin, Merle. \"Jane Austen as a Woman of the World\", Los Angeles Times, 21 February 1988, accessed 6 October 2014\n\n^ a b Oakes, Edward T. \"Jane Austen and Park Honan\", Firstthings.com, Institute on Religion and Public Life, 16 August 2006, accessed 6 October 2014\n\n^ Wells, Stanley. \"Dramas and crises\", The Observer, The Guardian, 1 October 2005, accessed 6 October 2014","title":"Notes"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Walsh_(psychologist)

David Walsh (psychologist)

["1 Notable works","2 References","3 External links"]

For other uses, see David Walsh (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (May 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "David Walsh" psychologist – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject. It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia's content policies, particularly neutral point of view. Please discuss further on the talk page. (August 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David WalshBornUnited StatesNationalityAmericanOccupationsPsychologisteducator David Walsh is an American psychologist, educator, and author in family life and the impact of media on children and teens. He was the president and founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family, based in Minneapolis, until it was closed in 2009. Walsh has written ten books, including the best-selling Why Do They Act That Way? A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen and No, Why Kids - of All Ages - Need to Hear It and Ways Parents Can Say It. In 2010, he and his wife, Monica, and daughter, Erin, launched Mind Positive Parenting. Walsh received his Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Minnesota, where he is currently on the faculty. David is also a consultant to the World Health Organization. He has been the recipient of many awards, including the 1999 "Friend of the Family Award" presented by the Minnesota Council on Family Relations. Walsh is a public speaker and does presentations focused on brain development, adolescence, media on children and the factors that influence school performance. Walsh has appeared on such television programs as 60 Minutes, Dateline NBC, The Early Show, NewsHour with Jim Lehrer, Good Morning America, The Today Show, the Jane Pauley Show and National Public Radio's All Things Considered. His work has been covered in major outlets, such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Time, Reader's Digest, and others. He has been featured on PBS. He appeared in Spencer Halpin's Moral Kombat, a documentary on violence in video games. Notable works Smart Parenting, Smarter Kids: The One Brain Book You Need to Help Your Child Grow Brighter, Healthier, and Happier (2012) No, Why Kids - of All Ages - Need to Hear It and Ways Parents Can Say It (2007) Why Do They Act That Way? A Survival Guide to the Adolescent Brain for You and Your Teen (2004) References ^ HuffPost ^ "Dr. David Walsh". Spark & Stitch Institute. Retrieved 2021-03-09. ^ "Books and More". Spark & Stitch Institute. Retrieved 2021-03-09. External links David Walsh at IMDb David Walsh, Ph.D. Interview with David Walsh, Ph.D. about his book Selling Out America's Children, All About Kids! TV Series #185 (1994) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Spain Germany United States Japan Korea Academics CiNii This biography of an American psychologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_Cannes_Film_Festival

1982 Cannes Film Festival

["1 Jury","2 Official selection","2.1 In competition - Feature film","2.2 Un Certain Regard","2.3 Films out of competition","2.4 Short film competition","3 Parallel sections","3.1 International Critics' Week","3.2 Directors' Fortnight","4 Awards","4.1 Official awards","4.2 Independent awards","5 References","6 Media","7 External links"]

1982 Cannes Film FestivalOfficial poster of the 35th Cannes Film Festival, adapted from an original drawing by Italian film director Federico Fellini.Opening filmIntoleranceClosing filmE.T. the Extra-TerrestrialLocationCannes, FranceFounded1946AwardsPalme d'Or (Missing, Yol)No. of films22 (In Competition)16 (Un Certain Regard)8 (Out of Competition)8 (Short Film)Festival date14 May 1982 (1982-05-14) – 26 May 1982 (1982-05-26)Websitefestival-cannes.com/enCannes Film Festival1983 1981 The 35th Cannes Film Festival was held from 14 to 26 May 1982. The Palme d'Or was jointly awarded to Missing by Costa Gavras and Yol by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney. The festival opened with the 1916 film Intolerance, directed by D. W. Griffith and closed with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, directed by Steven Spielberg. Jury The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1982 film competition: Feature films Giorgio Strehler (Italy) Jury President Jean-Jacques Annaud (France) Suso Cecchi d'Amico (Italy) Geraldine Chaplin (USA) Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia) Florian Hopf (West Germany) Sidney Lumet (USA) Mrinal Sen (India) Claude Soule (France) (CST official) René Thévenet (France) Official selection In competition - Feature film The following feature films competed for the Palme d'Or: À toute allure by Robert Kramer Another Way (Egymásra nézve) by Károly Makk Britannia Hospital by Lindsay Anderson Cecilia by Humberto Solás Day of the Idiots (Tag der Idioten) by Werner Schroeter Fitzcarraldo by Werner Herzog Hammett by Wim Wenders Identification of a Woman (Identificazione di una donna) by Michelangelo Antonioni A Ilha dos Amores by Paulo Rocha Invitation au voyage by Peter Del Monte Missing by Costa Gavras Moonlighting by Jerzy Skolimowski The Night of the Shooting Stars (La Notte di San Lorenzo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani Passion by Jean-Luc Godard The Return of the Soldier by Alan Bridges Sandstorm (Vent de sable) by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina Shoot the Moon by Alan Parker Smithereens by Susan Seidelman Sweet Inquest on Violence (Douce enquête sur la violence) by Gérard Guérin That Night in Varennes (La Nuit de Varennes) by Ettore Scola The True Story of Ah Q (Ah Q zheng zhuan) by Fan Cen Yol by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney Un Certain Regard The following films were selected for the competition of Un Certain Regard: Elia Kazan Outsider by Annie Tresgot Elippathayam by Adoor Gopalakrishnan Five and the Skin (Cinq et la peau) by Pierre Rissient Forty Deuce by Paul Morrissey A Girl's Tears (O lacrima de fata) by Iosif Demian Heart and Guts (Das Tripas Coração) by Ana Carolina A Letter to Freddy Buache (Lettre à Freddy Buache) by Jean-Luc Godard Little Wars (Les petites guerres) by Maroun Bagdadi Monkey Grip by Ken Cameron Roza by Hristoforos Hristofis See You in the Next War (Nasvidenje v naslednji vojni) by Živojin Pavlović Tree of Knowledge (Kundskabens træ) by Nils Malmros The Wind (Finye) by Souleymane Cissé Une villa aux environs de New York by Benoît Jacquot Films out of competition The following films were selected to be screened out of competition: Bonjour Mr. Lewis by Robert Benayoun Brel by Frédéric Rossif Chronopolis by Piotr Kamler E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial by Steven Spielberg The Evil Dead by Sam Raimi Intolerance by D. W. Griffith The Mystery of Picasso (Le mystère Picasso) by Henri-Georges Clouzot Parsifal by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg Pink Floyd – The Wall by Alan Parker Short film competition The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or: Bumerang by Zsuzsanna Zsáky The Cooler by Lol Creme and Kevin Godley Elsa by Marja Pensala Meow by Marcos Magalhães Merlin ou le cours de l'or by Arthur Joffé Sans préavis by Michel Gauthier Szarnyaslenyek boltja by Laszlo Halmai Ted Baryluk's Grocery by John Paskievich, Mike Mirus Parallel sections International Critics' Week The following feature films were screened for the 21st International Critics' Week (21e Semaine de la Critique): The Angel by Patrick Bokanowski (France) Czułe miejsca (Des points sensibles) by Piotr Andrejew (Poland) Dhil al ardh (L’Ombre de la terre) by Taieb Louhichi (Tunisia, France) Half a Life (Mourir à trente ans) by Romain Goupil (France) Jom by Ababacar Samb-Makharam (Senegal) The Painter by Güran Du Rees and Christina Olofson (Sweden) Parti sans laisser d'adresse by Jacqueline Veuve (Switzerland) Directors' Fortnight The following films were screened for the 1982 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalizateurs): Arais Min Kassab by Jillali Ferhati At by Ali Ozgentürk Batch '81 by Mike De Leon Bolivar, Sinfonia Tropical by Diego Risquez Daimler-Benz Limousine (Limuzyna Daimler-Benz) by Filip Bajon Dakhal by Goutam Ghose Falensterul by Savel Stiopul La Familia Orozco by Jorge Reyes Heatwave by Philip Noyce India, Daughter of the Sun (India, A Filha do Sol) by Fabio Barreto Kaliyugaya by Lester James Peries Kisapmata by Mike De Leon Les Papiers d’Aspern by Eduardo de Gregorio The Scarecrow by Sam Pillsbury Sekka Tomurai Zashi by Yoichi Takabayashi The Story Of Woo Viet by Ann Hui Time Stands Still (Megáll az idő) by Peter Gothar Too Far to Go by Fielder Cook La vela incantata by Gianfranco Mingozzi Wild Flowers (Les fleurs sauvages) by Jean Pierre Lefebvre Short films Bogus by Ghislain Honoré, Jacques Lizzi Carry On Britannia by Stuart Rumens Coeurs Marins by Carlos Pedro de Andrade Jr Faces by (director not stated) Gratia Plena by (director not stated) Sopa de Pollo de Mama by Carlos Castillo Awards Costa Gavras, co-winner of the 1982 Palme d'Or Official awards The following films and people received the 1982 Official selection awards: Palme d'Or: Missing by Costa Gavras Yol by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney Grand Prix: The Night of the Shooting Stars (La Notte di San Lorenzo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani Best Director: Werner Herzog for Fitzcarraldo Best Screenplay: Jerzy Skolimowski for Moonlighting Best Actress: Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak for Another Way (Egymásra nézve) Best Actor: Jack Lemmon for Missing Best Artistic Contribution: Bruno Nuytten (cinematographer) for Invitation au voyage 35th Anniversary Prize: Identificazione di una donna by Michelangelo Antonioni Golden Camera Caméra d'Or: Half a Life by Romain Goupil Short films Short Film Palme d'Or: Merlin ou le cours de l'or by Arthur Joffé Jury Prize: Meow by Marcos Magalhães Independent awards FIPRESCI Prizes Yol by Şerif Gören and Yilmaz Güney (Unanimously) Another Way by Károly Makk (special award) Wild Flowers (Les fleurs sauvages) by Jean Pierre Lefebvre (Directors' Fortnight) Commission Supérieure Technique Technical Grand Prize: Raoul Coutard (cinematographer) for Passion Ecumenical Jury Prize of the Ecumenical Jury: The Night of the Shooting Stars (La Notte di San Lorenzo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani Ecumenical Jury - Special Mention: Dhil al ardh by Taieb Louhichi & Yol by Şerif Gören and Yilmaz Güney Award of the Youth Foreign Film: Time Stands Still by Péter Gothár French Film: Half a Life by Romain Goupil Other awards Honorary Award: "Hommage à Satyajit Ray" References ^ "Posters 1982". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. ^ a b "Awards 1982: All Awards". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. ^ a b c d e "Official Selection 1982: All the Selection". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. ^ "35ème Festival International du Film - Cannes". cinema-francais.fr (in French). Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ "1982 - Identification d'une Palme (Identification of a Palm)". cannes-fest.com (in French). Retrieved 5 June 2017. ^ Eder, Richard (20 May 1982). "At Cannes, A Search For Excitement". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ "The opening films at Cannes". vodkaster.com. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ "Steven Spielberg to head up Cannes Film Festival jury". BBC News. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (28 February 2013). "Steven Spielberg Will Be Jury President at Cannes Film Festival". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017. ^ "Juries 1982: Feature film". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. ^ "40 Years Before the 'Multiverse of Madness': Read Stephen King's 1982 Review That Saved 'The Evil Dead'". Bloody Disgusting. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022. ^ "21e Selecion de la Semaine de la Critique - 1982". archives.semainedelacritique.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ "Quinzaine 1982". quinzaine-realisateurs.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017. ^ "FIPRESCI Awards 1982". fipresci.org. Retrieved 27 June 2017. ^ "Jury Œcuménique 1982". cannes.juryoecumenique.org. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ a b "Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1982". imdb.com. Retrieved 30 June 2017. ^ "Personal Awards". Satyajit Ray official site. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2017. Media INA: Opening ceremony of the 1982 Festival (commentary in French) External links 1982 Cannes Film Festival (web.archive) Official website Retrospective 1982 Cannes Film Festival Awards for 1982 at Internet Movie Database vteCannes Film FestivalAwards Palme d'Or Grand Prix Jury Prize Best Director Best Actor Best Actress Best Screenplay Un Certain Regard Short Film Palme d'Or Caméra d'Or Cinéfondation Awards given by independent entities Prix de la FIPRESCI François Chalais Prize Trophée Chopard Vulcan Award L'Œil d'or Prize of the Ecumenical Jury Palm Dog Award Queer Palm Cannes Soundtrack Award Pierre Angénieux Excellens in Cinematography Parallel events Directors' Fortnight Critics' Week Marché du Film By year 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 List of jury presidents List of jury members List of records

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Costa Gavras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Gavras"},{"link_name":"Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_(film)"},{"link_name":"Şerif Gören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerif_G%C3%B6ren"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz Güney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cinemafr-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerance_(film)"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The 35th Cannes Film Festival was held from 14 to 26 May 1982. The Palme d'Or was jointly awarded to Missing by Costa Gavras and Yol by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney.[4][5]The festival opened with the 1916 film Intolerance, directed by D. W. Griffith[6][7] and closed with E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, directed by Steven Spielberg.[8][9]","title":"1982 Cannes Film Festival"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Strehler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Strehler"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Annaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Annaud"},{"link_name":"Suso Cecchi d'Amico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suso_Cecchi_d%27Amico"},{"link_name":"Geraldine Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Gabriel García Márquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"},{"link_name":"Mrinal Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrinal_Sen"},{"link_name":"Claude Soule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Soule"},{"link_name":"René Thévenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Th%C3%A9venet"}],"text":"The following people were appointed as the Jury of the 1982 film competition:[10]Feature filmsGiorgio Strehler (Italy) Jury President\nJean-Jacques Annaud (France)\nSuso Cecchi d'Amico (Italy)\nGeraldine Chaplin (USA)\nGabriel García Márquez (Colombia)\nFlorian Hopf (West Germany)\nSidney Lumet (USA)\nMrinal Sen (India)\nClaude Soule (France) (CST official)\nRené Thévenet (France)","title":"Jury"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Official selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selection-3"},{"link_name":"À toute allure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80_toute_allure"},{"link_name":"Robert Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kramer"},{"link_name":"Another Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Way_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Károly Makk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Makk"},{"link_name":"Britannia Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Cecilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Humberto Solás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Sol%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"Day of the Idiots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Idiots"},{"link_name":"Werner Schroeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Schroeter"},{"link_name":"Fitzcarraldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzcarraldo"},{"link_name":"Werner Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Hammett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammett_(film)"},{"link_name":"Wim Wenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Wenders"},{"link_name":"Identification of a Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_of_a_Woman"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo Antonioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni"},{"link_name":"A Ilha dos Amores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Ilha_dos_Amores"},{"link_name":"Paulo Rocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Rocha_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Invitation au voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_au_voyage"},{"link_name":"Peter Del Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Del_Monte"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Costa Gavras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Gavras"},{"link_name":"Moonlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlighting_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Skolimowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Shooting Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Shooting_Stars"},{"link_name":"Paolo and Vittorio Taviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_and_Vittorio_Taviani"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"The Return of the Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Soldier_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alan Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Bridges"},{"link_name":"Sandstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstorm_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Lakhdar-Hamina"},{"link_name":"Shoot the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Alan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parker"},{"link_name":"Smithereens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithereens_(film)"},{"link_name":"Susan Seidelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Seidelman"},{"link_name":"Sweet Inquest on Violence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Inquest_on_Violence"},{"link_name":"Gérard Guérin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Gu%C3%A9rin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"That Night in Varennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Night_in_Varennes"},{"link_name":"Ettore Scola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ettore_Scola"},{"link_name":"The True Story of Ah Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_True_Story_of_Ah_Q_(film)"},{"link_name":"Fan Cen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fan_Cen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_(film)"},{"link_name":"Şerif Gören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerif_G%C3%B6ren"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz Güney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney"}],"sub_title":"In competition - Feature film","text":"The following feature films competed for the Palme d'Or:[3]À toute allure by Robert Kramer\nAnother Way (Egymásra nézve) by Károly Makk\nBritannia Hospital by Lindsay Anderson\nCecilia by Humberto Solás\nDay of the Idiots (Tag der Idioten) by Werner Schroeter\nFitzcarraldo by Werner Herzog\nHammett by Wim Wenders\nIdentification of a Woman (Identificazione di una donna) by Michelangelo Antonioni\nA Ilha dos Amores by Paulo Rocha\nInvitation au voyage by Peter Del Monte\nMissing by Costa Gavras\nMoonlighting by Jerzy Skolimowski\nThe Night of the Shooting Stars (La Notte di San Lorenzo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani\nPassion by Jean-Luc Godard\nThe Return of the Soldier by Alan Bridges\nSandstorm (Vent de sable) by Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina\nShoot the Moon by Alan Parker\nSmithereens by Susan Seidelman\nSweet Inquest on Violence (Douce enquête sur la violence) by Gérard Guérin\nThat Night in Varennes (La Nuit de Varennes) by Ettore Scola\nThe True Story of Ah Q (Ah Q zheng zhuan) by Fan Cen\nYol by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney","title":"Official selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Un Certain Regard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Certain_Regard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selection-3"},{"link_name":"Elia Kazan Outsider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elia_Kazan_Outsider&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Annie Tresgot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Tresgot&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elippathayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elippathayam"},{"link_name":"Adoor Gopalakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoor_Gopalakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Five and the Skin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_and_the_Skin"},{"link_name":"Pierre Rissient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Rissient&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forty Deuce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Deuce"},{"link_name":"Paul Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"A Girl's Tears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Girl%27s_Tears"},{"link_name":"Iosif Demian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Demian"},{"link_name":"Heart and Guts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_and_Guts"},{"link_name":"Ana Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ana_Carolina_(director)"},{"link_name":"A Letter to Freddy Buache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Letter_to_Freddy_Buache"},{"link_name":"Jean-Luc Godard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard"},{"link_name":"Little Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Wars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Maroun Bagdadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroun_Bagdadi"},{"link_name":"Monkey Grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkey_Grip_(film)"},{"link_name":"Ken Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Roza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roza_(1982_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hristoforos Hristofis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hristoforos_Hristofis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"See You in the Next War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_You_in_the_Next_War"},{"link_name":"Živojin Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivojin_Pavlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Tree of Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Knowledge_(film)"},{"link_name":"Nils Malmros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Malmros"},{"link_name":"The Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wind_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Souleymane Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souleymane_Ciss%C3%A9_(film_director)"},{"link_name":"Une villa aux environs de New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Une_villa_aux_environs_de_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Benoît Jacquot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Jacquot"}],"sub_title":"Un Certain Regard","text":"The following films were selected for the competition of Un Certain Regard:[3]Elia Kazan Outsider by Annie Tresgot\nElippathayam by Adoor Gopalakrishnan\nFive and the Skin (Cinq et la peau) by Pierre Rissient\nForty Deuce by Paul Morrissey\nA Girl's Tears (O lacrima de fata) by Iosif Demian\nHeart and Guts (Das Tripas Coração) by Ana Carolina\nA Letter to Freddy Buache (Lettre à Freddy Buache) by Jean-Luc Godard\nLittle Wars (Les petites guerres) by Maroun Bagdadi\nMonkey Grip by Ken Cameron\nRoza by Hristoforos Hristofis\nSee You in the Next War (Nasvidenje v naslednji vojni) by Živojin Pavlović\nTree of Knowledge (Kundskabens træ) by Nils Malmros\nThe Wind (Finye) by Souleymane Cissé\nUne villa aux environs de New York by Benoît Jacquot","title":"Official selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selection-3"},{"link_name":"Bonjour Mr. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonjour_Mr._Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Benayoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benayoun"},{"link_name":"Brel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brel_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Rossif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Rossif"},{"link_name":"Chronopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronopolis_(film)"},{"link_name":"Piotr Kamler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Kamler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial"},{"link_name":"Steven Spielberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Spielberg"},{"link_name":"The Evil Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Evil_Dead"},{"link_name":"Sam Raimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Raimi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Intolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intolerance_(film)"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"The Mystery of Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Picasso"},{"link_name":"Henri-Georges Clouzot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Georges_Clouzot"},{"link_name":"Parsifal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Hans-Jürgen Syberberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Syberberg"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd – The Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd_%E2%80%93_The_Wall"},{"link_name":"Alan Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Parker"}],"sub_title":"Films out of competition","text":"The following films were selected to be screened out of competition:[3]Bonjour Mr. Lewis by Robert Benayoun\nBrel by Frédéric Rossif\nChronopolis by Piotr Kamler\nE.T. the Extra-Terrestrial by Steven Spielberg\nThe Evil Dead by Sam Raimi[11]\nIntolerance by D. W. Griffith\nThe Mystery of Picasso (Le mystère Picasso) by Henri-Georges Clouzot\nParsifal by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg\nPink Floyd – The Wall by Alan Parker","title":"Official selection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Short Film Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Film_Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-selection-3"},{"link_name":"Lol Creme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lol_Creme"},{"link_name":"Kevin Godley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Godley"},{"link_name":"Meow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meow_(short_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcos Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Magalh%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"Merlin ou le cours de l'or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlin_ou_le_cours_de_l%27or&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Joffé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Joff%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ted Baryluk's Grocery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Baryluk%27s_Grocery"},{"link_name":"John Paskievich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paskievich"}],"sub_title":"Short film competition","text":"The following short films competed for the Short Film Palme d'Or:[3]Bumerang by Zsuzsanna Zsáky\nThe Cooler by Lol Creme and Kevin Godley\nElsa by Marja Pensala\nMeow by Marcos Magalhães\nMerlin ou le cours de l'or by Arthur Joffé\nSans préavis by Michel Gauthier\nSzarnyaslenyek boltja by Laszlo Halmai\nTed Baryluk's Grocery by John Paskievich, Mike Mirus","title":"Official selection"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parallel sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Critics' Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Critics%27_Week"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angel_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Patrick Bokanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Bokanowski"},{"link_name":"Czułe miejsca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Czu%C5%82e_miejsca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Piotr Andrejew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Andrejew"},{"link_name":"Dhil al ardh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhil_al_ardh"},{"link_name":"Taieb Louhichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieb_Louhichi"},{"link_name":"Half a Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_a_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"Romain Goupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Goupil"},{"link_name":"Jom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jom_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ababacar Samb-Makharam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ababacar_Samb-Makharam&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Painter_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Güran Du Rees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCran_Du_Rees&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Christina Olofson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Olofson"},{"link_name":"Parti sans laisser d'adresse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parti_sans_laisser_d%27adresse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Veuve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Veuve"}],"sub_title":"International Critics' Week","text":"The following feature films were screened for the 21st International Critics' Week (21e Semaine de la Critique):[12]The Angel by Patrick Bokanowski (France)\nCzułe miejsca (Des points sensibles) by Piotr Andrejew (Poland)\nDhil al ardh (L’Ombre de la terre) by Taieb Louhichi (Tunisia, France)\nHalf a Life (Mourir à trente ans) by Romain Goupil (France)\nJom by Ababacar Samb-Makharam (Senegal)\nThe Painter by Güran Du Rees and Christina Olofson (Sweden)\nParti sans laisser d'adresse by Jacqueline Veuve (Switzerland)","title":"Parallel sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Directors' Fortnight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directors%27_Fortnight"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Arais Min Kassab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arais_Min_Kassab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jillali Ferhati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jillali_Ferhati"},{"link_name":"At","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ali Ozgentürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ali_Ozgent%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Batch '81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_%2781"},{"link_name":"Mike De Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_De_Leon"},{"link_name":"Bolivar, Sinfonia Tropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolivar,_Sinfonia_Tropical&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diego Risquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diego_Risquez&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daimler-Benz Limousine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daimler-Benz_Limousine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Filip Bajon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filip_Bajon"},{"link_name":"Dakhal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhal"},{"link_name":"Goutam Ghose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goutam_Ghose"},{"link_name":"Falensterul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Falensterul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savel Stiopul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Savel_Stiopul&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"La Familia Orozco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Familia_Orozco&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jorge Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Reyes_(Peruvian_filmmaker)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heatwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heatwave_(film)"},{"link_name":"Philip Noyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Noyce"},{"link_name":"India, Daughter of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India,_Daughter_of_the_Sun&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fabio Barreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Barreto"},{"link_name":"Kaliyugaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliyugaya_(film)"},{"link_name":"Lester James Peries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_James_Peries"},{"link_name":"Kisapmata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisapmata"},{"link_name":"Mike De Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_De_Leon"},{"link_name":"Les Papiers d’Aspern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Papiers_d%E2%80%99Aspern&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eduardo de Gregorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_de_Gregorio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Scarecrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scarecrow_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Sam Pillsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Pillsbury"},{"link_name":"Sekka Tomurai Zashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sekka_Tomurai_Zashi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yoichi Takabayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoichi_Takabayashi"},{"link_name":"The Story Of Woo Viet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_Of_Woo_Viet"},{"link_name":"Ann Hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Hui"},{"link_name":"Time Stands Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stands_Still_(film)"},{"link_name":"Peter Gothar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gothar"},{"link_name":"Too Far to Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Too_Far_to_Go_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fielder Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielder_Cook"},{"link_name":"La vela incantata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_vela_incantata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Mingozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Mingozzi"},{"link_name":"Wild Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Flowers_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Jean Pierre Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Lefebvre"}],"sub_title":"Directors' Fortnight","text":"The following films were screened for the 1982 Directors' Fortnight (Quinzaine des Réalizateurs):[13]Arais Min Kassab by Jillali Ferhati\nAt by Ali Ozgentürk\nBatch '81 by Mike De Leon\nBolivar, Sinfonia Tropical by Diego Risquez\nDaimler-Benz Limousine (Limuzyna Daimler-Benz) by Filip Bajon\nDakhal by Goutam Ghose\nFalensterul by Savel Stiopul\nLa Familia Orozco by Jorge Reyes\nHeatwave by Philip Noyce\nIndia, Daughter of the Sun (India, A Filha do Sol) by Fabio Barreto\nKaliyugaya by Lester James Peries\nKisapmata by Mike De Leon\nLes Papiers d’Aspern by Eduardo de Gregorio\nThe Scarecrow by Sam Pillsbury\nSekka Tomurai Zashi by Yoichi Takabayashi\nThe Story Of Woo Viet by Ann Hui\nTime Stands Still (Megáll az idő) by Peter Gothar\nToo Far to Go by Fielder Cook\nLa vela incantata by Gianfranco Mingozzi\nWild Flowers (Les fleurs sauvages) by Jean Pierre LefebvreShort filmsBogus by Ghislain Honoré, Jacques Lizzi\nCarry On Britannia by Stuart Rumens\nCoeurs Marins by Carlos Pedro de Andrade Jr\nFaces by (director not stated)\nGratia Plena by (director not stated)\nSopa de Pollo de Mama by Carlos Castillo","title":"Parallel sections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costa-Gavras.JPG"},{"link_name":"Costa Gavras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Gavras"}],"text":"Costa Gavras, co-winner of the 1982 Palme d'Or","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-2"},{"link_name":"Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Costa Gavras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Gavras"},{"link_name":"Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_(film)"},{"link_name":"Şerif Gören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerif_G%C3%B6ren"},{"link_name":"Yılmaz Güney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1lmaz_G%C3%BCney"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Shooting Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Shooting_Stars"},{"link_name":"Paolo and Vittorio Taviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_and_Vittorio_Taviani"},{"link_name":"Best Director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Director_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Werner Herzog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Herzog"},{"link_name":"Fitzcarraldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzcarraldo"},{"link_name":"Best Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Screenplay_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Skolimowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Skolimowski"},{"link_name":"Moonlighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlighting_(film)"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Actress_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_Jankowska-Cie%C5%9Blak"},{"link_name":"Another Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Way_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Actor_Award_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"Jack Lemmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lemmon"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Bruno Nuytten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Nuytten"},{"link_name":"Invitation au voyage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invitation_au_voyage"},{"link_name":"Identificazione di una donna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identification_of_a_Woman"},{"link_name":"Michelangelo Antonioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni"},{"link_name":"Caméra d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam%C3%A9ra_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Half a Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_a_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"Romain Goupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Goupil"},{"link_name":"Short Film Palme d'Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Film_Palme_d%27Or"},{"link_name":"Merlin ou le cours de l'or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merlin_ou_le_cours_de_l%27or&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arthur Joffé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Joff%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Meow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meow_(short_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcos Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcos_Magalh%C3%A3es"}],"sub_title":"Official awards","text":"The following films and people received the 1982 Official selection awards:[2]Palme d'Or:\nMissing by Costa Gavras\nYol by Şerif Gören and Yılmaz Güney\nGrand Prix: The Night of the Shooting Stars (La Notte di San Lorenzo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani\nBest Director: Werner Herzog for Fitzcarraldo\nBest Screenplay: Jerzy Skolimowski for Moonlighting\nBest Actress: Jadwiga Jankowska-Cieślak for Another Way (Egymásra nézve)\nBest Actor: Jack Lemmon for Missing\nBest Artistic Contribution: Bruno Nuytten (cinematographer) for Invitation au voyage\n35th Anniversary Prize: Identificazione di una donna by Michelangelo AntonioniGolden CameraCaméra d'Or: Half a Life by Romain GoupilShort filmsShort Film Palme d'Or: Merlin ou le cours de l'or by Arthur Joffé\nJury Prize: Meow by Marcos Magalhães","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIPRESCI Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_(film)"},{"link_name":"Şerif Gören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerif_G%C3%B6ren"},{"link_name":"Yilmaz Güney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilmaz_G%C3%BCney"},{"link_name":"Another Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Way_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Károly Makk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Makk"},{"link_name":"Wild Flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Flowers_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"Jean Pierre Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Lefebvre"},{"link_name":"Technical Grand Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Award"},{"link_name":"Raoul Coutard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Coutard"},{"link_name":"Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(1982_film)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Prize of the Ecumenical Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_the_Ecumenical_Jury"},{"link_name":"The Night of the Shooting Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_of_the_Shooting_Stars"},{"link_name":"Paolo and Vittorio Taviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_and_Vittorio_Taviani"},{"link_name":"Dhil al ardh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhil_al_ardh"},{"link_name":"Taieb Louhichi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taieb_Louhichi"},{"link_name":"Yol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yol_(film)"},{"link_name":"Şerif Gören","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eerif_G%C3%B6ren"},{"link_name":"Yilmaz Güney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yilmaz_G%C3%BCney"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMDb-16"},{"link_name":"Time Stands Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stands_Still_(film)"},{"link_name":"Péter Gothár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Goth%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Half a Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_a_Life_(film)"},{"link_name":"Romain Goupil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Goupil"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Independent awards","text":"FIPRESCI Prizes[14]Yol by Şerif Gören and Yilmaz Güney (Unanimously)\nAnother Way by Károly Makk (special award)\nWild Flowers (Les fleurs sauvages) by Jean Pierre Lefebvre (Directors' Fortnight)Commission Supérieure TechniqueTechnical Grand Prize: Raoul Coutard (cinematographer) for PassionEcumenical Jury[15]Prize of the Ecumenical Jury: The Night of the Shooting Stars (La Notte di San Lorenzo) by Paolo and Vittorio Taviani\nEcumenical Jury - Special Mention: Dhil al ardh by Taieb Louhichi & Yol by Şerif Gören and Yilmaz Güney[16]Award of the Youth[16]Foreign Film: Time Stands Still by Péter Gothár\nFrench Film: Half a Life by Romain GoupilOther awardsHonorary Award: \"Hommage à Satyajit Ray\"[17]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"INA: Opening ceremony of the 1982 Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fresques.ina.fr/festival-de-cannes-en/fiche-media/Cannes00346/opening-ceremony-of-the-1982-festival.html"}],"text":"INA: Opening ceremony of the 1982 Festival (commentary in French)","title":"Media"}]

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[{"reference":"\"Posters 1982\". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216222137/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1982/posters.html","url_text":"\"Posters 1982\""},{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1982/posters.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards 1982: All Awards\". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131216214854/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1982/allAward.html","url_text":"\"Awards 1982: All Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1982/allAward.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Selection 1982: All the Selection\". festival-cannes.fr. 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Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/20/movies/at-cannes-a-search-for-excitement.html","url_text":"\"At Cannes, A Search For Excitement\""}]},{"reference":"\"The opening films at Cannes\". vodkaster.com. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vodkaster.com/listes-de-films/cannes-les-films-d-ouverture/937413","url_text":"\"The opening films at Cannes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Steven Spielberg to head up Cannes Film Festival jury\". BBC News. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-21612509","url_text":"\"Steven Spielberg to head up Cannes Film Festival jury\""}]},{"reference":"Itzkoff, Dave (28 February 2013). \"Steven Spielberg Will Be Jury President at Cannes Film Festival\". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/02/28/steven-spielberg-will-be-jury-president-at-cannes-film-festival/?_r=0","url_text":"\"Steven Spielberg Will Be Jury President at Cannes Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Juries 1982: Feature film\". festival-cannes.fr. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160415032737/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1982/juryLongFilm.html","url_text":"\"Juries 1982: Feature film\""},{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1982/juryLongFilm.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"40 Years Before the 'Multiverse of Madness': Read Stephen King's 1982 Review That Saved 'The Evil Dead'\". Bloody Disgusting. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3443522/read-stephen-kings-1982-review-saved-evil-dead/","url_text":"\"40 Years Before the 'Multiverse of Madness': Read Stephen King's 1982 Review That Saved 'The Evil Dead'\""}]},{"reference":"\"21e Selecion de la Semaine de la Critique - 1982\". archives.semainedelacritique.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.semainedelacritique.com/films/1982/1982_selection.php","url_text":"\"21e Selecion de la Semaine de la Critique - 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quinzaine 1982\". quinzaine-realisateurs.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.quinzaine-cineastes.fr/fr/edition/1982","url_text":"\"Quinzaine 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIPRESCI Awards 1982\". fipresci.org. Retrieved 27 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fipresci.org/awards/1982","url_text":"\"FIPRESCI Awards 1982\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jury Œcuménique 1982\". cannes.juryoecumenique.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%B8gg-class_missile_torpedo_boat

Snøgg-class missile torpedo boat

["1 Vessels","2 Sources"]

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Class overview Operators Royal Norwegian Navy Built1970–1971 In commission1970–1995 Completed6 General characteristics TypePatrol boat Displacement138 long tons (140 t) Length36.5 m (119 ft 9 in) Beam6 m (19 ft 8 in) Propulsion2 × Maybach diesel engines, 7,200 hp (5,369 kW) total Speed30 knots (35 mph; 56 km/h) Range880 km (550 mi) Complement19 Armament 4 × Penguin anti-ship missiles 4 × Wire-guided torpedoes 1 × 40 mm (1.6 in) AA gun The Snøgg class was a Royal Norwegian Navy class of fast patrol boats (FPB). It might also be classified as a torpedo boat or a missile boat. In Norway this type of vessel is called a missile torpedo boat (MTB). The class was named after its lead vessel, Snøgg, which is a Norwegian word meaning "fast". All of the subsequent names are synonyms of "fast". Six vessels were built during 1970 and 1971 to replace the ageing Rapp class. Designed by Lieutenant-commander (later Captain) Harald Henriksen as a development of the Storm class. None of the vessels are left in Norwegian service today, they have been succeeded by the Hauk and Skjold classes. Vessels Listed here in order of delivery with their pennant numbers in RNoN service: HNoMS Snøgg (P980) (1970-1994) HNoMS Rapp (P981) HNoMS Snar (P982) HNoMS Rask (P983) HNoMS Kvikk (P984) (1970-1995) HNoMS Kjapp (P985) Note: The Norwegian prefix for RNoN vessels is KNM. Sources Information folder from Forsvarets rekrutterings- og mediesenter (Norwegian defence recruitment and media centre) 1991/92 (in Norwegian) Royal Norwegian Navy history web page (in Norwegian) vteRoyal Norwegian Navy patrol boat classes HNoMS RapS Rapp Tjeld Storm Snøgg Hauk Skjold S Single ship of class This naval article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_bin_Mohammed_Al_Maktoum

Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum

["1 Early life and education","2 Roles and positions","3 Personal interests","4 Personal life","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]

Crown Prince of Dubai (born 1982) In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Maktoum. Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoumحمدان بن محمد آل مكتومSheikhSheikh Hamdan in 2009Crown Prince of DubaiAppointed1 February 2008 - presentMonarchMohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumPredecessorRashid bin Mohammed Al MaktoumDeputy Ruler of Dubai In office4 January 2006 – 1 February 2008Serving with Hamdan bin Rashid Al MaktoumMonarchMohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumPreceded byMaktoum bin Rashid Al MaktoumSucceeded byMaktoum bin Mohammed Al Maktoum BornHamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (1982-11-14) 14 November 1982 (age 41)Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSpouseSheikha Shaikha bint Saeed bin Thani Al MaktoumIssueRashid bin Hamdan Al MaktoumShaikha bint Hamdan Al MaktoumMohammed bin Hamdan Al MaktoumHouseAl MaktoumFatherMohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumMotherHind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum EducationRoyal Military Academy SandhurstLondon School of Economics Sports career Medal record Representing  United Arab Emirates Equestrian World Equestrian Games 2010 Kentucky Team endurance 2014 Normandy Individual endurance 2010 Kentucky Individual endurance Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (Arabic: حمدان بن محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم, romanized: Ḥamdān bin Muḥammad bin Rāšid Āl Maktūm; born 14 November 1982) is an Emirati royal and politician who has been the Crown Prince of Dubai since 2008. He previously served as deputy ruler of Dubai from 2006 to 2008. He is popularly known as Fazza (Arabic: فزاع), the name under which he publishes his poetry, which means "the one who helps" in Arabic. As an equestrian, Maktoum is a multiple world champion at the World Equestrian Games. Early life and education Hamdan bin Mohammed is the son of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum, the senior wife of Mohammed. He is the second son of their twelve children and the fourth of his father's children; he is the third son of his father. Hamdan's elder full brother was Sheikh Rashid bin Mohammed. Hamdan bin Mohammed was educated in Dubai at the Rashid School For Boys and then at the Dubai School of Government. He continued his studies in the United Kingdom, where he graduated from Sandhurst in 2001; he later attended the London School of Economics. In his interview with Vision he described how Sandhurst taught him the importance of self-discipline, commitment, virtue, responsibility, endurance, understanding, teamwork, friendship and the benefits of hard work. Roles and positions Hamdan bin Mohammed was appointed as the Chairman of the Dubai executive council in September 2006. On 1 February 2008, he was appointed Crown Prince of Dubai, while his brother Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed Al Maktoum acceded to Deputy Ruler of Dubai. As the new hereditary prince, Maktoum appointed new key personnel and financial advisors such as economist John Calverly and hedge fund personality James T. Naeem, while Maktoum himself became head of HN Capital LLP. He is the head of the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Establishment for young entrepreneurs; he sits on the Dubai sports council and the Dubai autism centre. He was part of the Dubai World Expo 2020 delegation when the emirate was awarded the right to host the event. He went to the top floor of the Burj Khalifa to wave the UAE flag a few days after the World Expo 2020 win. He is the founder of the Hamdan International Photography Award, which was launched in 2011. In June 2022, Sheikh Hamdan launched the "Dubai Global" initiative, which was meant to establish 50 commercial representative offices for Dubai in five continents across the world. The initiative was to support Dubai-based firms and to strengthen the city's position as a business hub. Personal interests The Crown Prince's Instagram account has more than 15 million followers, as of November 2022. He posts pictures that showcase his hobbies, which include animals, poetry, sports, photography, and adventures. Hamdan Al Maktoum is a licensed equestrian, skydiver, and scuba diver. He dives in Fujairah. He is known for his romantic and patriotic poems in Arabic. He publishes his poems under the pen name of Fazza (فزاع). He rides for Godolphin Stables and has attended the Royal Ascot. Sheikh Hamdan won a gold medal at the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014 in Normandy (FRA), team gold in 2012, and a bronze medal in 2010. He led a team of five UAE riders at Championships in Samorín on 17 September 2016. Personal life On 15 May 2019, Hamdan married Sheikha Shaikha bint Saeed bin Thani Al Maktoum. On the same day, his brothers, Maktoum and Ahmad, also got married. On 6 June 2019, he and his brothers celebrated the royal weddings together at the Dubai World Trade Centre. On 21 May 2021, it was announced that Sheikh Hamdan had welcomed twins, a son named Rashid and a daughter named Shaikha. On 25 February 2023, Sheikh Hamdan and his wife Sheikha Shaikha welcomed a son, named Mohammed bin Hamdan Al Maktoum. Honours Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Kingdom of Spain, 23 May 2008) References ^ "13 facts about Sheikh Hamdan to celebrate 13 years as Crown Prince of Dubai". The National. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021. ^ "Sheikh Hamdan takes father's Endurance World Championship crown". Yahoo! News. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2021. ^ "Sheikh Hamdan crowned champion of FEI World Equestrian Games". Buro247. 30 August 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2021. ^ Christopher M. Davidson (29 November 2009). "A tale of two desert dynasties". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2013. ^ "Crown Prince Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum". royalista.com. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015. ^ "HH Sheikh Hamdan Bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum". LinkedIn. Retrieved 4 May 2017. ^ a b c "Profile: Shaikh Hamdan bin Mohammad Al Maktoum". Gulf News. 1 February 2008. Archived from the original on 9 February 2008. Retrieved 9 January 2008. ^ a b "Shaikh Hamdan appointed Dubai's Crown Prince". Gulf News. 1 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 9 February 2008. ^ "A very modern prince". Archived from the original on 31 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Sheikh Mohammed: A timeline of achievements". Gulf News. 5 January 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2021. ^ "Maktoum Bin Mohammad: Following in his father's footsteps". Gulf News. 5 June 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2021. ^ "Fan Page information source". Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Expo 2020: Dubai celebrates in style". Archived from the original on 23 December 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Shaikh Hamdan waves UAE flag from top of Burj Khalifa". Khaleej Times. 28 November 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2016. ^ "Hamdan International Photography Award". artdubai.ae. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2015. ^ "Hamdan bin Mohammed launches 'Dubai Global' initiative". Emirates News Agency. 28 June 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2022. ^ Iyer, Anita (3 January 2018). "Do you know who Sheikh Hamdan follows on Instagram?". Khaleej Times. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2018. ^ "Mohammed, Hamdan at the second day of Royal Ascot". Emirates 24/7. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2017. ^ "Longines FEI World Endurance Championships 2016 - Slovakia Welcomes Record 46 Nations". Fédération Équestre Internationale. 15 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016. ^ "Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed gets ready to retain World Equestrian Games title". The National. 17 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 9 September 2022. ^ "Everything that went down at the Dubai Royal Wedding this weekend". Emirates Woman. 16 June 2019. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. ^ "Sheikh Hamdan married: Dubai Crown Prince and brothers celebrate their weddings". The National. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan just got married". Esquireme. 16 May 2019. ^ "Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan, brothers get married". Zawya. 16 May 2019. ^ "UAE celebrates Hamdan, Maktoum, Ahmad weddings". Gulf News. 6 June 2019. ^ "The Sons of HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum are Married! Here's Everything You Need to Know". Vogue. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ "HH Sheikh Hamdan and His Brothers' Wedding Reception Date Has Been Revealed and It's Closer Than You Think". Vogue. 27 May 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ "Blog: An inside look at Al Maktoum royal wedding". Khaleej Times. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ "Video, pictures: UAE celebrates royal wedding reception in Dubai". Gulf Business. 6 June 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2021. ^ "Sheikh Hamdan welcomes twins Rashid and Sheikha into the world". The National. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Photos: Dubai's Sheikh Hamdan becomes a father, welcomes twins". Khaleej Times. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ Abdulla, Nasreen (25 February 2023). "Dubai: Sheikh Hamdan announces birth of third child". Khaleej Times. Retrieved 25 February 2023. ^ "REAL DECRETO 893/2008" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado. 27 May 2008. Retrieved 5 March 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum. Official Website - Arabic Official Website - English Official Website - English Portals: Biography United Arab Emirates

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince of Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Dubai"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"World Equestrian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Equestrian_Games"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In this Arabic name, the surname is Al Maktoum.Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (Arabic: حمدان بن محمد بن راشد آل مكتوم, romanized: Ḥamdān bin Muḥammad bin Rāšid Āl Maktūm; born 14 November 1982) is an Emirati royal and politician who has been the Crown Prince of Dubai since 2008. He previously served as deputy ruler of Dubai from 2006 to 2008. He is popularly known as Fazza (Arabic: فزاع), the name under which he publishes his poetry, which means \"the one who helps\" in Arabic.[1] As an equestrian, Maktoum is a multiple world champion at the World Equestrian Games.[2][3]","title":"Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_bint_Maktoum_bin_Juma_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Sheikh Rashid bin Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_bin_Mohammed_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-david29nov-4"},{"link_name":"Rashid School For Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid_School_For_Boys"},{"link_name":"Dubai School of Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_School_of_Government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sandhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GN-8"},{"link_name":"Vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Hamdan bin Mohammed is the son of Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Sheikha Hind bint Maktoum bin Juma Al Maktoum, the senior wife of Mohammed. He is the second son of their twelve children and the fourth of his father's children; he is the third son of his father. Hamdan's elder full brother was Sheikh Rashid bin Mohammed.[4]Hamdan bin Mohammed was educated in Dubai at the Rashid School For Boys and then at the Dubai School of Government.[5] He continued his studies in the United Kingdom, where he graduated from Sandhurst in 2001;[6] he later attended the London School of Economics.[7][8] In his interview with Vision he described how Sandhurst taught him the importance of self-discipline, commitment, virtue, responsibility, endurance, understanding, teamwork, friendship and the benefits of hard work.[9]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GN-8"},{"link_name":"Crown Prince of Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"Maktoum bin Mohammed Al Maktoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktoum_bin_Mohammed_Al_Maktoum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"hedge fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedge_fund"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-7"},{"link_name":"World Expo 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_2020"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Burj Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hamdan International Photography Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdan_International_Photography_Award"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Hamdan bin Mohammed was appointed as the Chairman of the Dubai executive council in September 2006.[8] On 1 February 2008, he was appointed Crown Prince of Dubai, while his brother Sheikh Maktoum bin Mohammed Al Maktoum acceded to Deputy Ruler of Dubai.[10][11] As the new hereditary prince, Maktoum appointed new key personnel and financial advisors such as economist John Calverly and hedge fund personality James T. Naeem, while Maktoum himself became head of HN Capital LLP.[12] He is the head of the Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Establishment for young entrepreneurs; he sits on the Dubai sports council and the Dubai autism centre.[7]He was part of the Dubai World Expo 2020 delegation when the emirate was awarded the right to host the event.[13] He went to the top floor of the Burj Khalifa to wave the UAE flag a few days after the World Expo 2020 win.[14] He is the founder of the Hamdan International Photography Award, which was launched in 2011.[15]In June 2022, Sheikh Hamdan launched the \"Dubai Global\" initiative, which was meant to establish 50 commercial representative offices for Dubai in five continents across the world. The initiative was to support Dubai-based firms and to strengthen the city's position as a business hub.[16]","title":"Roles and positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"skydiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parachuting"},{"link_name":"scuba diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuba_diving"},{"link_name":"Fujairah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujairah"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-7"},{"link_name":"Godolphin Stables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godolphin_Stables"},{"link_name":"Royal Ascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ascot"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"FEI World Equestrian Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FEI_World_Equestrian_Games"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Crown Prince's Instagram account has more than 15 million followers, as of November 2022. He posts pictures that showcase his hobbies, which include animals, poetry, sports, photography, and adventures.[17]Hamdan Al Maktoum is a licensed equestrian, skydiver, and scuba diver. He dives in Fujairah.[7] He is known for his romantic and patriotic poems in Arabic. He publishes his poems under the pen name of Fazza (فزاع). He rides for Godolphin Stables and has attended the Royal Ascot.[18]Sheikh Hamdan won a gold medal at the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games™ 2014 in Normandy (FRA), team gold in 2012, and a bronze medal in 2010. He led a team of five UAE riders at Championships in Samorín on 17 September 2016.[19][20]","title":"Personal interests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Dubai World Trade Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_World_Trade_Centre"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"On 15 May 2019, Hamdan married Sheikha Shaikha bint Saeed bin Thani Al Maktoum.[21][22][23][24][25] On the same day, his brothers, Maktoum and Ahmad, also got married.[26] On 6 June 2019, he and his brothers celebrated the royal weddings together at the Dubai World Trade Centre.[27][28][29]On 21 May 2021, it was announced that Sheikh Hamdan had welcomed twins, a son named Rashid and a daughter named Shaikha.[30][31] On 25 February 2023, Sheikh Hamdan and his wife Sheikha Shaikha welcomed a son, named Mohammed bin Hamdan Al Maktoum.[32]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Order_of_Civil_Merit_(Spain)_GC.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Civil Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Kingdom of Spain, 23 May 2008)[33]","title":"Honours"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"13 facts about Sheikh Hamdan to celebrate 13 years as Crown Prince of Dubai\". The National. 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/13-facts-about-sheikh-hamdan-to-celebrate-13-years-as-crown-prince-of-dubai-1.1157787","url_text":"\"13 facts about Sheikh Hamdan to celebrate 13 years as Crown Prince of Dubai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheikh Hamdan takes father's Endurance World Championship crown\". Yahoo! News. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ph.news.yahoo.com/sheikh-hamdan-takes-fathers-endurance-171500617.html","url_text":"\"Sheikh Hamdan takes father's Endurance World Championship crown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_News","url_text":"Yahoo! News"}]},{"reference":"\"Sheikh Hamdan crowned champion of FEI World Equestrian Games\". Buro247. 30 August 2014. 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Esquireme. 16 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esquireme.com/dubai-crown-prince-sheikh-hamdan-gets-married-private-ceremony","url_text":"\"Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan just got married\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan, brothers get married\". Zawya. 16 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/economy/story/Dubai_Crown_Prince_Sheikh_Hamdan_brothers_get_married-ZAWYA20190516093451","url_text":"\"Dubai Crown Prince Sheikh Hamdan, brothers get married\""}]},{"reference":"\"UAE celebrates Hamdan, Maktoum, Ahmad weddings\". Gulf News. 6 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-celebrates-hamdan-maktoum-ahmad-weddings-1.64367858","url_text":"\"UAE celebrates Hamdan, Maktoum, Ahmad weddings\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_News","url_text":"Gulf News"}]},{"reference":"\"The Sons of HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum are Married! Here's Everything You Need to Know\". Vogue. 16 May 2019. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivor_Atkins

Ivor Atkins

["1 References","2 External links"]

British musician (1869–1953) Sir Ivor Atkins Sir Ivor Algernon Atkins (29 November 1869 – 26 November 1953) was the choirmaster and organist at Worcester Cathedral from 1897 to 1950, as well as a composer of songs, church music, service settings and anthems. He is best known for editing Allegri's Miserere with the famous top-C part for the treble. He is also well known for "The Three Kings", an arrangement of a song by Peter Cornelius as a choral work for Epiphany. Born into a Welsh musical family at Llandaff, Atkins graduated with a bachelor of music degree from The Queen's College, Oxford in 1892, and subsequently obtained a Doctorate in Music (Oxford). He was assistant organist of Hereford Cathedral (1890-1893) and organist of St Laurence Church, Ludlow from 1893 to 1897. He directed the triennial Three Choirs Festival from his appointment at Worcester in 1897 through until 1948 (acting as conductor for 12 of them), and he succeeded in the difficult task of reviving the Festival in 1920 after a suspension of six years. With his friend Edward Elgar he prepared what quickly became the standard edition of Bach's St. Matthew Passion. In 1904 Elgar dedicated the third of his Pomp and Circumstance Marches to him. Atkins also collaborated with Elgar on the cantata Hymn of Faith, which Atkins composed for the 1905 Three Choirs Festival in Worcester. Elgar prepared the text for him from the scriptures and took a great interest in its composition. It was revived in October 1995 at Worcester Cathedral and played by the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and the Worcester Festival Choral Society, conducted by Donald Hunt. A BBC recording exists. And it was Atkins who later suggested that Elgar's Severn Suite—produced in 1930 as a brass band competition piece, and arranged for orchestra in 1932—should be transcribed for organ; Elgar suggested that Atkins do the arrangement himself. The resulting work—on which Elgar and Atkins worked together—was completed in 1932 and published as Elgar's 'Second Organ Sonata'. Other compositions included a Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in G (which has been recorded by the Choir of Worcester Cathedral), the anthem If Ye then be Risen with Christ (published Novello, 1904), the Chorale Prelude on the tune 'Worcester' (published 1924) and songs such as The Shepherdess, The Years at the Spring, and Elleen, in Victorian ballad style. He was knighted in 1921 for services to music and was President of the Royal College of Organists from 1935 to 1936. Atkins married Katherine Butler in 1899. Katherine became Mayor of Worcester in 1937. She died in 1954. Their ashes were interred in Worcester Cathedral. Their son, Edward Wulstan Ivor Atkins (1904-2003) was an engineer and writer. He was Elgar's godson and wrote The Elgar/Atkins Friendship in 1984. Ivor Atkins’ students included composer Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer and the blind pianist and composer Alec Templeton. References ^ Watkins Shaw, Harold. 'Atkins, Sir Ivor' in Grove Music Online ^ a b Northrop Moore, Jerrold. 'Atkins, Sir Ivor Algenon' in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ^ Hussey, Dyneley. Obituary, Musical Times, January 1954, p 38-9 ^ 'Honour to Sir Ivor Atkins', Musical Times, November 1947, p 361 ^ Radio Times, issue 3748, 16 November 1995 p 126 ^ Performance by Andrew Dewar, 3 August 2011 ^ Priory Records PRCD630 (2010) ^ Score at IMSLP ^ Score at IMSLP ^ Scowcroft, Philip. Garland of British Light Music Composers (2001) ^ Oxford Companion to Music ed. Percy Scholes, Oxford University Press, 1955 ^ Edward Atkins obituary, The Independent, 19 May 2003 ^ Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International Encyclopedia of Women Composers. Books & Music (USA). ISBN 978-0-9617485-1-7. ^ 'Personalities in the World of the Blind: Alex Templeton, L.R.A.M', in The Beacon, Vol. XIIL, No 145, January 1929 External links Media related to Ivor Atkins at Wikimedia Commons National Portrait Gallery Worcester Chorale Prelude, performed by Peter Dyke, Lammas Records (2007) Free scores by Ivor Atkins at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP) Cultural offices Preceded byHugh Blair Organist and Master of the Choristers of Worcester Cathedral 1897-1950 Succeeded byDavid Willcocks Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Latvia Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC

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He is best known for editing Allegri's Miserere with the famous top-C part for the treble. He is also well known for \"The Three Kings\", an arrangement of a song by Peter Cornelius as a choral work for Epiphany.[1]Born into a Welsh musical family at Llandaff, Atkins graduated with a bachelor of music degree from The Queen's College, Oxford in 1892, and subsequently obtained a Doctorate in Music (Oxford). He was assistant organist of Hereford Cathedral (1890-1893) and organist of St Laurence Church, Ludlow from 1893 to 1897.[2] He directed the triennial Three Choirs Festival from his appointment at Worcester in 1897 through until 1948 (acting as conductor for 12 of them), and he succeeded in the difficult task of reviving the Festival in 1920 after a suspension of six years.[3][4]With his friend Edward Elgar he prepared what quickly became the standard edition of Bach's St. Matthew Passion. In 1904 Elgar dedicated the third of his Pomp and Circumstance Marches to him. Atkins also collaborated with Elgar on the cantata Hymn of Faith, which Atkins composed for the 1905 Three Choirs Festival in Worcester. Elgar prepared the text for him from the scriptures and took a great interest in its composition. It was revived in October 1995 at Worcester Cathedral and played by the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and the Worcester Festival Choral Society, conducted by Donald Hunt. A BBC recording exists.[5] And it was Atkins who later suggested that Elgar's Severn Suite—produced in 1930 as a brass band competition piece, and arranged for orchestra in 1932—should be transcribed for organ; Elgar suggested that Atkins do the arrangement himself. The resulting work—on which Elgar and Atkins worked together—was completed in 1932 and published as Elgar's 'Second Organ Sonata'.[6]Other compositions included a Magnificat and Nunc dimittis in G (which has been recorded by the Choir of Worcester Cathedral),[7] the anthem If Ye then be Risen with Christ (published Novello, 1904),[8] the Chorale Prelude on the tune 'Worcester' (published 1924)[9] and songs such as The Shepherdess, The Years at the Spring, and Elleen, in Victorian ballad style.[10] He was knighted in 1921 for services to music and was President of the Royal College of Organists from 1935 to 1936.[11]Atkins married Katherine Butler in 1899. Katherine became Mayor of Worcester in 1937. She died in 1954. Their ashes were interred in Worcester Cathedral.[2] Their son, Edward Wulstan Ivor Atkins (1904-2003) was an engineer and writer. He was Elgar's godson and wrote The Elgar/Atkins Friendship in 1984.[12] Ivor Atkins’ students included composer Florence Margaret Spencer Palmer and the blind pianist and composer Alec Templeton.[13][14]","title":"Ivor Atkins"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University_Law_School

Seton Hall University School of Law

["1 History","2 JD programs","3 Other degree offerings","4 Admissions","5 Ranking","6 Bar examination passage","7 Employment","8 Costs","9 Publications","10 Campus","11 Staff","12 Notable alumni","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"]

Coordinates: 40°44′11″N 74°09′59″W / 40.736520°N 74.166410°W / 40.736520; -74.166410Private law school in Newark, New Jersey, US This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Seton Hall University School of Law" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Seton Hall University School of LawParent schoolSeton Hall UniversityReligious affiliationRoman CatholicEstablished1951 (1951)School typePrivateDeanRonald WeichLocationNewark, New Jersey40°44′11″N 74°09′59″W / 40.736520°N 74.166410°W / 40.736520; -74.166410Enrollment811Faculty57 (full-time) 109 (part-time)USNWR ranking61st (tie) (2024)Bar pass rate82.23% (2023 first-time takers)WebsiteSeton Hall Law SchoolABA profilehttps://law.shu.edu/admissions/upload/shls-standard-509-report.pdf Seton Hall University School of Law is the law school of Seton Hall University, and is located in downtown Newark, New Jersey. Seton Hall Law is the only private law school in New Jersey. The school confers three law degrees: Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, and Master of General Legal Studies. Founded in 1951, it is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), and is also a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS). History On February 5, 1951, Seton Hall University School of Law opened on the old John Marshall site, 40 Journal Square, Jersey City with an entering class of 72 students. The school was also fully accredited by the American Bar Association in the same year of its opening. Kathleen M. Boozang became Dean in 2015 succeeding Patrick E. Hobbs. Boozang stepped down from her position as dean effective January 1, 2023, at which time Kip Cornwell was named interim dean. Seton Hall Law is the law school of Seton Hall University, which is located in South Orange, NJ. Seton Hall Law is located in Downtown Newark, NJ. JD programs The J.D. degree program of 88 credits can be pursued as a full-time or a weekend student. Full-time students can complete the program in three years; weekend students can complete in four years or fewer if they accelerate their studies. Weekend students spend alternating weekends on campus each semester and engage in asynchronous online coursework while off-campus. Other degree offerings Seton Hall Law offers a Masters in Legal Studies (M.L.S.) with concentrations in Corporate Compliance, Health and Hospital Law, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Law and Compliance, Gaming Regulation and Compliance, Privacy Law & Cyber Security, Sports Law and Compliance, or General Legal Studies. The Master's Degree in Legal Studies was named a Best Online Master of Studies in Law Program for 2024 by the Princeton Review. An Online Master of Laws (LL.M.) is also offered only for those who already hold a J.D. (or its foreign equivalent) with concentrations in Financial Services Compliance, Health Law, and Intellectual Property Law. Seton Hall Law also offers the LL.M. in American Law - an in-person, 24-credit, one year program for foreign-educated lawyers seeking to practice law in the United States. The school also offers several joint degree programs with other faculties of the University. For example, there is a combined J.D./M.A. (or MADIR) program with the University's Whitehead School of Diplomacy. Admissions For 2023, the school admitted 45.58% of applicants with 27.98% of accepted applicants enrolling. The entering class had a median LSAT score of 160 and median undergraduate GPA of 3.66. No LSAT or GRE is required for the non-J.D. programs. Ranking Seton Hall University School of Law placed tied at 61 in the nation in the 2024 U.S. News & World Report rankings. The Law School’s Part-Time program was ranked #12 in the nation and the Health Law program at #10 by U.S. News & World Report. Bar examination passage Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate for 2023 first-time test takers was 82.23%. Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate for New Jersey Bar exam first-time test takers was 81.18% (all ABA schools average pass rate was 65.77%). Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate for New York Bar exam first-time test takers was 90.91% (all ABA schools average pass rate was 82.96%). For remaining jurisdictions, Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate was 64.71% (all ABA schools average pass rate was 72.86%). The Ultimate Bar Pass Rate, which the ABA defines as the passage rate for graduates who sat for bar examinations within two years of graduating, was 89.95% for the class of 2021. Employment Total employment rate for the Class of 2022 J.D. program was 94.42%. Bar passage required employment (i.e., as attorneys) totaled 82.74% and J.D. Advantage employment totaled 5.08%. Of graduates, 41.62% held positions in state, local, or territorial judicial clerkships, two students (1.02%) held federal clerkships, 31.47% were employed in law firms of various sizes, 10.66% were employed in business or industry, 5.58% employed by government, 2.03% in public interest, 1.02% in education, and 5.58% were unemployed. Costs The tuition and fees for Seton Hall University School of Law are $54,848 for incoming full-time students and $41,136 for incoming part-time students for the 2019–20 academic year. However, 81% of incoming students in 2018 received scholarship funding, and 75%-85% of funded students typically renew scholarships after the first year. The median grant amount was $25,000 for full-time students and $19,400 for weekend students, bringing net-tuition (tuition less scholarship and grants) for those receiving the median grant amount to $27,206 for full-time students and $19,754 for weekend students. Publications The school produces two journals: Seton Hall Law Review and the Seton Hall Journal of Legislation and Public Policy. Campus One Newark CenterGeneral informationTypeeducational/officeLocation1109 Raymond BoulevardNewark, New JerseyCoordinates40°44′11″N 74°09′59″W / 40.736520°N 74.166410°W / 40.736520; -74.166410Completed1992HeightRoof99 m (325 ft)Technical detailsFloor count22Floor area633,000 sq ft (58,800 m2)Design and constructionArchitect(s)Grad AssociatesReferences At One Newark Center, the Law School is housed in a 22-story building in Downtown Newark completed in 1991. The Newark Campus building provides 210,000 square feet (20,000 m2) including 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of library, named for Congressman Peter W. Rodino, Jr.. It is at the corner of Raymond Boulevard and McCarter Highway, two blocks west of Penn Station Newark, where numerous connections can be made to New Jersey Transit and PATH (an approximate 20 minute ride to Manhattan). While many students commute from around the New York metropolitan area, other students choose to reside at Eleven 80, the Union Building, and Renaissance Towers. One Newark Center is one of the tallest buildings in the city and also contains commercial offices. Nearby attractions include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Museum, Prudential Center and Red Bull Arena. Staff The interim dean is John Kip Cornwell. On November 9, 2022, the Office of the Provost announced that former dean Kathleen Boozang would be "stepping down as dean effective January 1, 2023 and returning to the faculty". Notable alumni See also: Category:Seton Hall University School of Law alumni Madeline Cox Arleo (J.D. 1989), federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Antonio Arocho (J.D. 1984), former executive director of the Hispanic National Bar Association Christopher Bateman (J.D. 1987), New Jersey Senator representing the 16th District. John O. Bennett (J.D., 1974), former New Jersey Senator and acting Governor. Craig Carpenito (J.D., 2000), former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey. Dennis M. Cavanaugh (J.D., 1972), federal judge (retired) for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Michael Chagares (J.D., 1987), federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit Chris Christie (J.D., 1987), former Governor of New Jersey, former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey Clay Constantinou (J.D., 1981), former US Ambassador to Luxembourg from 1994 to 1999. Michellene Davis (J.D., 1997), former New Jersey State Treasurer from 2007 to 2008 and the first African American to hold this office. Patrick J. Diegnan, (J.D. 1973), New Jersey Senator representing the 18th District Donald DiFrancesco (J.D., 1969), former Governor of New Jersey Michael J. Doherty (J.D. 1993), New Jersey Senator representing the 23rd District. Vicky Flynn (J.D. 1999), New Jersey Assemblywoman representing the 13th District Thomas W. Greelish (J.D., 1971), United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1985 to 1987 Reed Gusciora (J.D., 1988), Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey and former New Jersey Assemblyman from 1996 to 2018. Katharine Sweeney Hayden (J.D., 1975), Federal judge for the United States District of New Jersey. Jerramiah Healy (J.D.), former Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey Noel Lawrence Hillman (J.D., 1985), federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. Sean T. Kean (J.D. 1995), New Jersey Senator representing the 11th District. Paul Matey (J.D., 2001), federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit John F. McKeon (J.D., 1983), New Jersey Senator and former mayor of West Orange, New Jersey. Mark McNulty (politician) (J.D., 1973), former Delaware Secretary of Transportation, who served in cabinet of Governor Dale E. Wolf Raj Mukherji (J.D., 2013), New Jersey Senator representing the 32nd District and former Majority Whip and Deputy Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly. Bart Oates (J.D. 1990), three-time Super Bowl Champion and President of the New Jersey Hall of Fame Joel A. Pisano (J.D., 1974), retired federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2000-2015) Anthony Principi (J.D., 1975), 4th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs Stuart Risch (J.D., 1987), lieutenant general and 41st Judge Advocate General of the United States Army Richie Roberts (J.D., 1970), former detective and attorney responsible for the arrest and prosecution of Frank Lucas, portrayed by Russell Crowe in the film American Gangster Peter G. Sheridan (J.D., 1977), U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Michael A. Shipp (J.D., 1994), U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey Bob Smith (J.D. 1981), New Jersey Senator representing the 17th District. Mark Sokolich (J.D. 1988), Mayor of Fort Lee, New Jersey Walter F. Timpone (J.D. 1979), former Associate Justice for the Supreme Court of New Jersey Shirley Tolentino (J.D., 1971), the first black woman to serve on New Jersey Superior Court and the first black woman appointed to the Jersey City Municipal Court and to serve as its presiding judge. See also Lists of law schools Post-secondary education in New Jersey Rutgers School of Law-Newark Rutgers School of Law–Camden References ^ a b "Seton Hall University - 2023 Standard 509 Information Report". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved April 17, 2024. ^ "Seton Hall University". ^ a b "Seton Hall University | Bar Passage". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved April 17, 2024. ^ a b "History of Seton Hall Law School". ^ Seton Hall University, New Jersey ^ "ABA 509 Report 2023." ABA. Retrieved on May 2, 2024. ^ ^ "Seton Hall University Employment Summary 2022 Graduates". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved April 17, 2024. ^ "Prospective Students". ^ "Standard 509 Reports". www.abarequireddisclosures.org. Retrieved April 27, 2016. ^ "Seton Hall Law Review | Seton Hall Law | Seton Hall University". scholarship.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "ABOUT". Shorepointarch.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2010. ^ "One Newark Center". Emporis.com. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ "One Newark Center". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved July 5, 2009. ^ Class A Office Space, Property Management, and Building Development in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Maryland, and Massachusetts Archived 2007-10-07 at archive.today ^ BCDC Newark: One Newark Center ^ a b Seton Hall Law Virtual Tour ^ "Campus Life". law.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "Graduate List with Honors". law.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "Madeline Cox Arleo | District of New Jersey | United States District Court". www.njd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ a b c "Alphabetical List of Members". www.njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ National Governors Association Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center". ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2005.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Board of Visitors". law.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ Council of American Ambassadors > Members > Clay Constantinou Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine ^ "An Interview with Michellene Davis" (PDF). Rutgers University Institute for Women's Leadership. November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2023. ^ "Donald DiFrancesco". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010. ^ "Thomas Greelish, 51, Former U.S. Attorney". The New York Times. June 25, 1991. ^ "Office of the Mayor". www.trentonnj.org. Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ The Sedona Conference Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center". ^ "Matey, Paul Brian". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "njvoterinfo.org | Home". www.njvoterinfo.org. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ "Assemblyman Raj Mukherji". Senator Raj Mukherji. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ Bart Oates ^ "Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center". ^ "Anthony Principi, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, 2001-2005". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ Charlie Rose – Richie Roberts Archived 2010-02-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center". ^ "Bob Smith (D)". www.njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ Sarnoff, David (December 18, 2011). "A Conversation with Fort Lee Mayor Mark Sokolich". Fort Lee Patch. Retrieved January 9, 2014. ^ NJ.com, Matt Arco | NJ Advance Media for (June 3, 2016). "Christie praises new Supreme Court Justice Timpone". nj. Retrieved September 21, 2021. ^ Speiser, Matthew. "Jersey City honors trail blazing judge with post office dedication", The Jersey Journal, December 9, 2014. Accessed February 27, 2018. "Shirley A. Tolentino was a woman of many firsts.In 1976, she was the first female African-American Jersey City Municipal Court judge. In 1981, she became the first black female presiding judge of the Jersey City Municipal Court. And in 1984, she became the first female African-American Superior Court judge in the state.... She received her Juris Doctorate from Seton Hall Law School in 1971 as the only female African-American student in her class." External links Seton Hall University School of Law Seton Hall Law Campus Virtual Tour https://law.shu.edu/online/graduate-degrees/MSJ/general-legal-studies vteSeton Hall UniversitySouth Orange, New JerseyAcademics College of Arts & Sciences Stillman School of Business College of Education and Human Services School of Health and Medical Sciences Whitehead School of Diplomacy School of Law Immaculate Conception School of Theology College of Nursing Athletics Walsh Gymnasium Prudential Center The Pirates Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Men's soccer Fight song History Boland Hall fire Seal People Alumni and faculty Media and publications The Setonian The Stillman Exchange Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations The Liberty Bell The Whitehead Envoy WSOU vteLaw schools of the Mid-Atlantic statesDelaware Widener University School of Law (Wilmington) Maryland University of Baltimore School of Law University of Maryland School of Law New Jersey Rutgers Law School Seton Hall University School of Law New York Albany Law School (Union Univ.) Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law (Yeshiva Univ.) Brooklyn Law School University at Buffalo Law School (SUNY) City University of New York School of Law Columbia Law School Cornell Law School Fordham University School of Law Maurice A. Deane School of Law (Hofstra University) Jacob D. Fuchsberg Law Center (Touro College) New York Law School New York University School of Law Elisabeth Haub School of Law at Pace University St. John's University School of Law Syracuse University College of Law Pennsylvania Beasley School of Law (Temple Univ.) Thomas R. Kline School of Law (Drexel Univ.) Duquesne University School of Law Penn State Dickinson Law Penn State Law University of Pennsylvania Law School University of Pittsburgh School of Law Villanova University School of Law Widener University School of Law (Harrisburg) Virginia Appalachian School of Law Antonin Scalia Law School (George Mason) The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School Liberty University School of Law Regent University School of Law University of Richmond School of Law University of Virginia School of Law Washington and Lee University School of Law William & Mary Law School Washington, D.C. Columbus School of Law (Catholic Univ.) David A. Clarke School of Law (Univ. of D.C.) George Washington University Law School Georgetown University Law Center Howard University School of Law Washington College of Law (American Univ.) West Virginia West Virginia University College of Law Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Catalonia Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seton Hall University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University"},{"link_name":"Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Association of American Law Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law.shu.edu-4"}],"text":"Private law school in Newark, New Jersey, USSeton Hall University School of Law is the law school of Seton Hall University, and is located in downtown Newark, New Jersey. Seton Hall Law is the only private law school in New Jersey. The school confers three law degrees: Juris Doctor, Master of Laws, and Master of General Legal Studies. Founded in 1951, it is accredited by the American Bar Association (ABA), and is also a member of the Association of American Law Schools (AALS).[4]","title":"Seton Hall University School of Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-law.shu.edu-4"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Kathleen M. Boozang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_M._Boozang"},{"link_name":"Seton Hall University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seton_Hall_University"},{"link_name":"South Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Orange"},{"link_name":"NJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NJ"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On February 5, 1951, Seton Hall University School of Law opened on the old John Marshall site, 40 Journal Square, Jersey City with an entering class of 72 students.[4] The school was also fully accredited by the American Bar Association in the same year of its opening. Kathleen M. Boozang became Dean in 2015 succeeding Patrick E. Hobbs. Boozang stepped down from her position as dean effective January 1, 2023, at which time Kip Cornwell was named interim dean.Seton Hall Law is the law school of Seton Hall University, which is located in South Orange, NJ.[5] Seton Hall Law is located in Downtown Newark, NJ.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_doctor"}],"text":"The J.D. degree program of 88 credits can be pursued as a full-time or a weekend student. Full-time students can complete the program in three years; weekend students can complete in four years or fewer if they accelerate their studies. Weekend students spend alternating weekends on campus each semester and engage in asynchronous online coursework while off-campus.","title":"JD programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Masters in Legal Studies (M.L.S.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//law.shu.edu/online/graduate-degrees/MSJ/index.html"},{"link_name":"Princeton Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Princeton_Review"},{"link_name":"Online Master of Laws (LL.M.)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//law.shu.edu/online/graduate-degrees/LLM/program-information.html"},{"link_name":"LL.M. in American Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//law.shu.edu/LLM/american-law/index.html"},{"link_name":"Whitehead School of Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Whitehead_School_of_Diplomacy_and_International_Relations"}],"text":"Seton Hall Law offers a Masters in Legal Studies (M.L.S.) with concentrations in Corporate Compliance, Health and Hospital Law, Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Law and Compliance, Gaming Regulation and Compliance, Privacy Law & Cyber Security, Sports Law and Compliance, or General Legal Studies. The Master's Degree in Legal Studies was named a Best Online Master of Studies in Law Program for 2024 by the Princeton Review.An Online Master of Laws (LL.M.) is also offered only for those who already hold a J.D. (or its foreign equivalent) with concentrations in Financial Services Compliance, Health Law, and Intellectual Property Law. Seton Hall Law also offers the LL.M. in American Law - an in-person, 24-credit, one year program for foreign-educated lawyers seeking to practice law in the United States.The school also offers several joint degree programs with other faculties of the University. For example, there is a combined J.D./M.A. (or MADIR) program with the University's Whitehead School of Diplomacy.","title":"Other degree offerings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test"},{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_in_education#grade_point_average"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For 2023, the school admitted 45.58% of applicants with 27.98% of accepted applicants enrolling. The entering class had a median LSAT score of 160 and median undergraduate GPA of 3.66.[6] No LSAT or GRE is required for the non-J.D. programs.","title":"Admissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Seton Hall University School of Law placed tied at 61 in the nation in the 2024 U.S. News & World Report rankings. The Law School’s Part-Time program was ranked #12 in the nation and the Health Law program at #10 by U.S. News & World Report.[7]","title":"Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barpass-3"}],"text":"Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate for 2023 first-time test takers was 82.23%. Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate for New Jersey Bar exam first-time test takers was 81.18% (all ABA schools average pass rate was 65.77%). Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate for New York Bar exam first-time test takers was 90.91% (all ABA schools average pass rate was 82.96%). For remaining jurisdictions, Seton Hall Law's overall bar passage rate was 64.71% (all ABA schools average pass rate was 72.86%). The Ultimate Bar Pass Rate, which the ABA defines as the passage rate for graduates who sat for bar examinations within two years of graduating, was 89.95% for the class of 2021.[3]","title":"Bar examination passage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Total employment rate for the Class of 2022 J.D. program was 94.42%. Bar passage required employment (i.e., as attorneys) totaled 82.74% and J.D. Advantage employment totaled 5.08%. Of graduates, 41.62% held positions in state, local, or territorial judicial clerkships, two students (1.02%) held federal clerkships, 31.47% were employed in law firms of various sizes, 10.66% were employed in business or industry, 5.58% employed by government, 2.03% in public interest, 1.02% in education, and 5.58% were unemployed.[8]","title":"Employment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"The tuition and fees for Seton Hall University School of Law are $54,848 for incoming full-time students and $41,136 for incoming part-time students for the 2019–20 academic year. However, 81% of incoming students in 2018 received scholarship funding, and 75%-85% of funded students typically renew scholarships after the first year.[9]The median grant amount was $25,000 for full-time students and $19,400 for weekend students, bringing net-tuition (tuition less scholarship and grants) for those receiving the median grant amount to $27,206 for full-time students and $19,754 for weekend students.[10]","title":"Costs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The school produces two journals: Seton Hall Law Review[11] and the Seton Hall Journal of Legislation and Public Policy.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Downtown Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Newark"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seton_Hall_Law_Virtual_Tour-17"},{"link_name":"Peter W. Rodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino"},{"link_name":"Raymond Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"McCarter Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarter_Highway"},{"link_name":"Penn Station Newark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(Newark)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit_rail_operations"},{"link_name":"PATH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Trans_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New York metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Eleven 80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleven_80"},{"link_name":"tallest buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Newark"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Performing Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Performing_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Newark Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Museum"},{"link_name":"Prudential Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prudential_Center"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Arena_(Harrison)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"At One Newark Center, the Law School is housed in a 22-story building in Downtown Newark completed in 1991.[17] The Newark Campus building provides 210,000 square feet (20,000 m2) including 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of library, named for Congressman Peter W. Rodino, Jr.. It is at the corner of Raymond Boulevard and McCarter Highway, two blocks west of Penn Station Newark, where numerous connections can be made to New Jersey Transit and PATH (an approximate 20 minute ride to Manhattan).[18] While many students commute from around the New York metropolitan area, other students choose to reside at Eleven 80, the Union Building, and Renaissance Towers. One Newark Center is one of the tallest buildings in the city and also contains commercial offices. Nearby attractions include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Museum, Prudential Center and Red Bull Arena.[19]","title":"Campus"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The interim dean is John Kip Cornwell. On November 9, 2022, the Office of the Provost announced that former dean Kathleen Boozang would be \"stepping down as dean effective January 1, 2023 and returning to the faculty\".","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Seton Hall University School of Law alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Seton_Hall_University_School_of_Law_alumni"},{"link_name":"Madeline Cox Arleo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Cox_Arleo"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Antonio Arocho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Arocho"},{"link_name":"executive director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_director"},{"link_name":"Hispanic National Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_National_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"Christopher Bateman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Bateman"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"16th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislative_Districts,_2001_redistricting#District_16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njleg.state.nj.us-21"},{"link_name":"John O. Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O._Bennett"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Craig Carpenito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Carpenito"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Dennis M. Cavanaugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_M._Cavanaugh"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Michael Chagares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Chagares"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Chris Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Christie"},{"link_name":"Governor of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Clay Constantinou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Constantinou"},{"link_name":"US Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Michellene Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michellene_Davis"},{"link_name":"New Jersey State Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Patrick J. Diegnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_J._Diegnan"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"Donald DiFrancesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_DiFrancesco"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Michael J. Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_J._Doherty"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"23rd District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislative_Districts,_2001_redistricting#District_23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njleg.state.nj.us-21"},{"link_name":"Vicky Flynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicky_Flynn"},{"link_name":"13th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey%27s_13th_legislative_district"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//newjerseymonitor.com/2022/01/18/new-monmouth-assemblywoman-sets-sights-on-pandemic-recovery/"},{"link_name":"Thomas W. Greelish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Greelish"},{"link_name":"United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Reed Gusciora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Gusciora"},{"link_name":"Trenton, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Katharine Sweeney Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine_Sweeney_Hayden"},{"link_name":"Federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Jerramiah Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerramiah_Healy"},{"link_name":"Jersey City, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Noel Lawrence Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Lawrence_Hillman"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Sean T. Kean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_T._Kean"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"11th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislative_Districts,_2001_redistricting#District_11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-njleg.state.nj.us-21"},{"link_name":"Paul Matey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matey"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"John F. McKeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._McKeon"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"West Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Orange,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mark McNulty (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_McNulty_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"Dale E. Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_E._Wolf"},{"link_name":"Raj Mukherji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Mukherji"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"New Jersey General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electraj.com-35"},{"link_name":"Bart Oates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Oates"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Joel A. Pisano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_A._Pisano"},{"link_name":"federal judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Anthony Principi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Principi"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Stuart Risch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Risch"},{"link_name":"Judge Advocate General of the United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Richie Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Frank Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lucas_(drug_dealer)"},{"link_name":"Russell Crowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Crowe"},{"link_name":"American Gangster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Gangster_(film)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Peter G. Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_G._Sheridan"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._District_Judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Michael A. Shipp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_A._Shipp"},{"link_name":"U.S. District Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._District_Judge"},{"link_name":"United States District Court for the District of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bob Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Jersey_State_Senator)"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Senate"},{"link_name":"17th District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Legislative_Districts,_2001_redistricting#District_17"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Mark Sokolich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Sokolich"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"Fort Lee, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Walter F. Timpone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_F._Timpone"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Shirley Tolentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Tolentino"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Superior_Court"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"See also: Category:Seton Hall University School of Law alumniMadeline Cox Arleo (J.D. 1989), federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey[20]\nAntonio Arocho (J.D. 1984), former executive director of the Hispanic National Bar Association\nChristopher Bateman (J.D. 1987), New Jersey Senator representing the 16th District.[21]\nJohn O. Bennett (J.D., 1974), former New Jersey Senator and acting Governor.[22]\nCraig Carpenito (J.D., 2000), former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey.\nDennis M. Cavanaugh (J.D., 1972), federal judge (retired) for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey[23]\nMichael Chagares (J.D., 1987), federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit[24]\nChris Christie (J.D., 1987), former Governor of New Jersey, former United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey\nClay Constantinou (J.D., 1981), former US Ambassador to Luxembourg from 1994 to 1999.[25][26]\nMichellene Davis (J.D., 1997), former New Jersey State Treasurer from 2007 to 2008 and the first African American to hold this office.[27]\nPatrick J. Diegnan, (J.D. 1973), New Jersey Senator representing the 18th District\nDonald DiFrancesco (J.D., 1969), former Governor of New Jersey[28]\nMichael J. Doherty (J.D. 1993), New Jersey Senator representing the 23rd District.[21]\nVicky Flynn (J.D. 1999), New Jersey Assemblywoman representing the 13th District[2]\nThomas W. Greelish (J.D., 1971), United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey from 1985 to 1987[29]\nReed Gusciora (J.D., 1988), Mayor of Trenton, New Jersey and former New Jersey Assemblyman from 1996 to 2018.[30]\nKatharine Sweeney Hayden (J.D., 1975), Federal judge for the United States District of New Jersey.[31]\nJerramiah Healy (J.D.), former Mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey\nNoel Lawrence Hillman (J.D., 1985), federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey.[32]\nSean T. Kean (J.D. 1995), New Jersey Senator representing the 11th District.[21]\nPaul Matey (J.D., 2001), federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit[33]\nJohn F. McKeon (J.D., 1983), New Jersey Senator and former mayor of West Orange, New Jersey.[34]\nMark McNulty (politician) (J.D., 1973), former Delaware Secretary of Transportation, who served in cabinet of Governor Dale E. Wolf\nRaj Mukherji (J.D., 2013), New Jersey Senator representing the 32nd District and former Majority Whip and Deputy Speaker of the New Jersey General Assembly.[35]\nBart Oates (J.D. 1990), three-time Super Bowl Champion and President of the New Jersey Hall of Fame[36]\nJoel A. Pisano (J.D., 1974), retired federal judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey (2000-2015)[37]\nAnthony Principi (J.D., 1975), 4th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs[38]\nStuart Risch (J.D., 1987), lieutenant general and 41st Judge Advocate General of the United States Army\nRichie Roberts (J.D., 1970), former detective and attorney responsible for the arrest and prosecution of Frank Lucas, portrayed by Russell Crowe in the film American Gangster[39]\nPeter G. Sheridan (J.D., 1977), U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey[40]\nMichael A. Shipp (J.D., 1994), U.S. District Judge for the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey\nBob Smith (J.D. 1981), New Jersey Senator representing the 17th District.[41]\nMark Sokolich (J.D. 1988), Mayor of Fort Lee, New Jersey[42]\nWalter F. Timpone (J.D. 1979), former Associate Justice for the Supreme Court of New Jersey[43]\nShirley Tolentino (J.D., 1971), the first black woman to serve on New Jersey Superior Court and the first black woman appointed to the Jersey City Municipal Court and to serve as its presiding judge.[44]","title":"Notable alumni"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"\"Seton Hall University - 2023 Standard 509 Information Report\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx","url_text":"\"Seton Hall University - 2023 Standard 509 Information Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association","url_text":"American Bar Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Seton Hall University\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/seton-hall-university-03099","url_text":"\"Seton Hall University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seton Hall University | Bar Passage\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/BarPassageOutcomes.aspx","url_text":"\"Seton Hall University | Bar Passage\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Seton Hall Law School\".","urls":[{"url":"https://law.shu.edu/about/history.cfm","url_text":"\"History of Seton Hall Law School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seton Hall University Employment Summary 2022 Graduates\". abarequireddisclosures.org. American Bar Association. Retrieved April 17, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/employmentoutcomes.aspx","url_text":"\"Seton Hall University Employment Summary 2022 Graduates\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association","url_text":"American Bar Association"}]},{"reference":"\"Prospective Students\".","urls":[{"url":"https://law.shu.edu/prospectivestudents/class-profile.cfm","url_text":"\"Prospective Students\""}]},{"reference":"\"Standard 509 Reports\". www.abarequireddisclosures.org. Retrieved April 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/","url_text":"\"Standard 509 Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seton Hall Law Review | Seton Hall Law | Seton Hall University\". scholarship.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarship.shu.edu/shlr/","url_text":"\"Seton Hall Law Review | Seton Hall Law | Seton Hall University\""}]},{"reference":"\"ABOUT\". Shorepointarch.com. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110716062649/http://www.shorepointarch.com/About%20SPA.htm","url_text":"\"ABOUT\""},{"url":"http://www.shorepointarch.com/About%20SPA.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"One Newark Center\". Emporis.com. Retrieved July 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=121278","url_text":"\"One Newark Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"One Newark Center\". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved July 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=17116","url_text":"\"One Newark Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campus Life\". law.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.shu.edu/admissions/campus-life.cfm","url_text":"\"Campus Life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Graduate List with Honors\". law.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.shu.edu/students/graduation/guests.cfm","url_text":"\"Graduate List with Honors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Madeline Cox Arleo | District of New Jersey | United States District Court\". www.njd.uscourts.gov. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njd.uscourts.gov/content/madeline-cox-arleo","url_text":"\"Madeline Cox Arleo | District of New Jersey | United States District Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alphabetical List of Members\". www.njleg.state.nj.us. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njleg.state.nj.us/members/abcroster.asp","url_text":"\"Alphabetical List of Members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=2880&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2005. Retrieved May 30, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050510152333/http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/judgelist/coa-jdgs.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/judgelist/coa-jdgs.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Visitors\". law.shu.edu. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.shu.edu/Alumni/board-visitors.cfm","url_text":"\"Board of Visitors\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Interview with Michellene Davis\" (PDF). Rutgers University Institute for Women's Leadership. November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iwl.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Michellene-Davis-Edited-Interview.pdf","url_text":"\"An Interview with Michellene Davis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Donald DiFrancesco\". Daily News. New York. Archived from the original on September 8, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100908160025/http://www.nydailynews.com/topics/Donald+DiFrancesco","url_text":"\"Donald DiFrancesco\""},{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/topics/Donald+DiFrancesco","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Greelish, 51, Former U.S. Attorney\". The New York Times. June 25, 1991.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/25/obituaries/thomas-greelish-51-former-us-attorney.html?pagewanted=1","url_text":"\"Thomas Greelish, 51, Former U.S. Attorney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Office of the Mayor\". www.trentonnj.org. Trenton, New Jersey. Archived from the original on June 8, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trentonnj.org/478/Office-of-the-Mayor","url_text":"\"Office of the Mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey","url_text":"Trenton, New Jersey"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230608044451/https://www.trentonnj.org/478/Office-of-the-Mayor","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=3118&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matey, Paul Brian\". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/matey-paul-brian","url_text":"\"Matey, Paul Brian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center","url_text":"Federal Judicial Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230510111303/https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/matey-paul-brian","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"njvoterinfo.org | Home\". www.njvoterinfo.org. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.njvoterinfo.org/","url_text":"\"njvoterinfo.org | Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Assemblyman Raj Mukherji\". Senator Raj Mukherji. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.electraj.com/","url_text":"\"Assemblyman Raj Mukherji\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetInfo?jid=2851&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na","url_text":"\"Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present | Federal Judicial Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anthony Principi, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, 2001-2005\". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 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Retrieved January 9, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://fortlee.patch.com/groups/david-sarnoffs-blog/p/bp--a-conversation-with-fort-lee-mayor-mark-sokolich","url_text":"\"A Conversation with Fort Lee Mayor Mark Sokolich\""}]},{"reference":"NJ.com, Matt Arco | NJ Advance Media for (June 3, 2016). \"Christie praises new Supreme Court Justice Timpone\". nj. Retrieved September 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nj.com/politics/2016/06/christie_attends_walter_timpone_swearing-in_ceremo.html","url_text":"\"Christie praises new Supreme Court Justice Timpone\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabalian_language

Kabalian language

["1 Vocabulary","2 Interrogatives","3 Phrases and vocabulary","4 Comparison between Cabalianon, Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Waray","5 References"]

Language spoken in San Juan, Philippines KinabalianCabalianon, Kinabalianon, Binisaja nga KabalianonKinabalianNative toPhilippinesRegionSan Juan, Southern LeyteNative speakers14,000 (2009)Language familyAustronesian Malayo-PolynesianPhilippineGreater Central PhilippineCentral PhilippineBisayanCentral BisayanKinabalianLanguage codesISO 639-3cbwGlottologkina1252 The Kabalian (Cabalian) language, Kinabalian, is spoken in the municipality of San Juan in the province of Southern Leyte in the Philippines. It is closely related to Waray-Waray. Native speakers refer to the language as Cabalianon or Kinabalianon. This language shares certain characteristics with Cebuano, Boholano, and Surigaonon mainly because of the seafaring livelihood of pre-Hispanic inhabitants of Cabalian, documented by Spanish explorers. Waray did not make inroads into the southern portion of Leyte because of the mountains separating the north and south portions of the island. This is coherent under the principle of mountains divide; seas unite in the spread of Philippine languages. The heaviest influence on Cabalianon is Surigaonon, owing to the contact between Cabalian and Surigao in the early Spanish period. Cabalianons, as well as the natives of Sogod, regularly travelled to Surigao and Butuan to obtain gold, a fact recorded by the Augustinian Friar Agustín María de Castro in the Osario venerable. Kabalian (la) is spoken in six villages in San Juan (Cabalian) town, Southern Leyte Province. These barangays are located in the eastern portion of the town. The predominance of Cabalianon in this side of the town is due to the fact that migrants from Cebu and Bohol settled in the western portion of the town, particularly Pong-oy, as well as in Himatagon, the business hub of Saint Bernard, formerly a part of Cabalian, resulting in the gradual disappearance of the language in these parts. Although Kabalian is a Warayan language, it has mixed elements of Boholano, Cebuano and Surigaonon, a similar pattern which is also found in Baybayanon. However, Kabalian is not mutually intelligible with either Waray-Waray, Boholano, Cebuano or Surigaonon. Kabalian speakers do not ethnically or linguistically identify themselves with speakers of either of these languages. Vocabulary English Tagalog Cebuano Southern Leyteño Waray Kabalian dog aso irô irô ido, ayam idò cat pusà iríng iríng uding idíng house bahay baláy ba:ay balay bayáy fire apóy kaláyo kajo kalayo kayajo man lalaki laláki laki lalaki layaki woman babae babáye baji babaye babaji say sabi ingón ingon siring laong this ito kirí/kiní kiri/kari ini ini that iyan kanâ/kadtó kara iton iton/jaon hungry gutom gútom gutom gutom gusla like this/that ganito/ganyan ingon ani/ana ingon ani/ana hini/hiton sama sini/sama jaon; sama siton; samahon to borrow hiram hulam huwam huram huyam cooked rice kanin kan-on kan-on kan-on lutó Interrogatives Sin-o? Who? Kanin-o? To whom? Uno? What? Giuno? How? (past) Unhon/unohon? How? (future) Haman? Where? (for person or object) Ngain? Where? (for place) Diin? Where? (for directions or origin) Kanus-a? When? Ngaman? Why? Amo baja? Really? Tagpila? How much? Haman, ngain, and diin mean 'where'. They have distinct uses in Kabalianon. Haman is used when asking about a person or object. Haman si Papa? (Where is Papa?) Haman gibutang an gunting? (Where was the scissor put?) Ngain is used when asking about a place. Ngain man (ki)ta mularga? (Where are we going to?) Ngain man kaw pasingud? (Where are you going?) Diin is used when asking about directions or origin. Diin man ini dapita? (Where is this place?) Taga Diin man kaw? (Where are you from?) Diin man kaw gikan? (Where were you?) Phrases and vocabulary Kumusta! (Hello) Maajong buntag (Good morning) Maajong udto (Good noon) Maajong hapon (Good afternoon) Maajong gabii (Good evening or good night) Maajong adlaw (Good day) Ajoajo (Goodbye) Pag-amping (Take care) Salamat (Thank you) Ajaw (Don't) Waya (Nothing) Dili (No) Oo (Yes) Baga(n) (Maybe) Bayu (I don't know) Comparison between Cabalianon, Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Waray English Cebuano Waray Surigaonon Cabalianon What is your name? Unsa ang imong ngalan? Ano it imo ngaran? Omay imo ngayan? Uno may (=Umay) imo ngayan? Sin-o may (=Simay) imo ngayan? My name is Juan. Ang ngalan nako (kay) Juan. An akon ngaran Juan. An ako ngayan Juan. An ako ngayan Juan. How are you? Kumusta ka? Kumusta ka? Kumusta kaw? Kumusta kaw? I am fine, too. Maayo da/ra usab. Maupay la gihap. Marajaw da/ra i-/sab ako. Maajo da/ra i-/sab/-sad. Where is Pedro? Hain/asa man (=Haman) si Pedro? Hain hi Pedro? Haman si Pedro? Hai/-n man (=Haman) si Pedro? He is at home. Tua siya sa balay. Adto hiya ha balay. Jadto sija sa bayay. Adto sija sa bayay. Thank you Salamat Salamat Salamat Salamat I am staying at _____. / I live at ______. Nagpuyo ko sa _____. Naukoy ako ha ______. Naghuya aku sa _____. Nagpujo/Naghunong ko sa ______. I am here at the house. Dia ko sa balay. Adi ako ha balay. Jari ako sa bayay. Ari a-/ko sa bayay. I am hungry. Gigutom ko. Nagugutom ak/-o. Taggutom ako. Gigutom a-/ko. More commonly: Gigusla ko. He is there, at school. Tua siya sa iskwelahan. Adto hiya ha iskwelahan. Jadto sija sa iskuylahan. Adto sija sa iskuylahan. Now Karon Yana Kuman Kuman Later Unya Niyan Ngaj-an Ngaj-an What day is today? Unsa nga adlaw karon? Ano nga adlaw yana? Oman na adlaw kuman? Uno man (=Uman) adlawa kuman? What day will you leave? Unsa nga adlaw ka molarga? Ano nga adlaw ka malarga? Unu na adlaw kaw mularga? Or: Kun-o kaw mularga? Uno man (=Uman) adlawa kaw molarga? My walk last Saturday. Ang lakaw nako kaniadtong sabado. An akon lakat hadton sabado. An ako panaw adton sabado. An ako panaw sadton sabado. When did they eat? Kanus-a sila mikaon? Kakan-o hira kumaon? Kagan-o sila nangaon Kanus-a sila nangaon? When did you arrive? Kanus-a ka miabot? Kakan-o ka umabot? Kagan-o man kaw nin-abot? Kanus-a man kaw noabot When are you going to school? Kanus-a ka moadto sa iskwelahan? San-o ka makadto ha iskwelahan? Kun-o man kaw mukadto sa iskuylahan? Kanus-a man kaw mokadto sa iskuylahan? Where are you going? Asa ka paingon/padulong? Makain ka? Haman kaw pasingud? Or: Haman kaw mukadto? Hai/n man (=Haman) kaw pasingod? Or: Ngain kaw singod? Who is that person? Kinsa na nga tawo? Hin-o iton hiya? Siman jaon? Or: Siman jaon sija? Sin-o man (=Siman) ton tawhana? Or: Sin-o man (=Siman) jaon? Who own this shirt? Kang kinsa (=Kansa) kini nga sinina? Kan kanay ini nga bado? Kanin-o ini baro? Kanin-o man (=Kaman) ini sininaa? Where is mother? Asa/Hain si nanay? Hain hi nanay? Haman si nanay? Hai/-n man (=Haman) si nanay? When were you born? Kanus-a ka gipanganak/natawo? Kakan-o ka gin-anak/natawo? Kagan-o man kaw tag-anak/natawo? Kanus-a man kaw gipanganak/natawo? Why are you crying? Ngano nga nagahilak ka? Kay ano nga nagtatangis/nagtutu-ok ka? Oman nagtuwaw man kaw? Ngano man (=Ngaman) nagtuwaw man kaw? How do you sleep? Unsaon man nimo pagkatulog? Aanhon man nimo pagkaturog? Unhon man nimo pagkatuyog? Unhon man nimo pagkatuyog? References ^ Kinabalian at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) vteBisayan languagesAsi Asi Cebuan Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano Central Romblomanon Warayan Baybayanon Kinabalian Waray South Sorsogon (Gubat) Peripheral Ati Bantayanon Capiznon Hiligaynon Porohanon Masbateño North Sorsogon (Masbate) West Aklanon Caluyanon Kinaray-a Onhan Kuyan Cuyonon Ratagnon South Surigaonon Butuan-Tausug Butuanon Tausug (unclassified) Karolanos Magahat See also: Visayan peoples vtePhilippine languagesBatanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Bantayanon Asi Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide ReconstructedProto-Philippine †† indicates extinct status? indicates classification dispute vteAustronesian languagesFormosan languagesRukaic Rukai Tsouic Tsou Kanakanavu Saaroa NorthernAtayalic Atayal Seediq NorthwestFormosan Saisiyat Pazeh † Kulon † Thao Babuza Favorlang † Papora-Hoanya † EastKavalanic Basay † Kavalan Luilang † Ami Amis Sakizaya Siraiyac Siraya † Taivoan † Southern ? Puyuma Paiwan Bunun Malayo–PolynesianWestern branches of Malayo–PolynesianPhilippine(linkage) ?Batanic (Bashiic) Itbayat Ivatan Yami Northern Luzon Arta Dicamay Agta † Ilocano Cagayan Valley Atta Cagayan Agta Ga'dang Gaddang Ibanag Isnag Itawis Yogad Meso-Cordilleran Northern Alta Southern Alta Central Cordilleran Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali Southern Cordilleran Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan Central Luzon Kapampangan Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Sambalic Abellen Ambala Mag-antsi Bolinao Botolan Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal Northern Mindoro Alangan Iraya Tadyawan Greater CentralPhilippineSouthern Mindoro Buhid Hanunoo Tawbuid Central PhilippineTagalogic Filipino Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Bikol Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bisayan Akeanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray Mansakan Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka (unclassified) Ata † Palawanic Aborlan Tagbanwa Batak Central Tagbanwa Palawano Taaw't Bato Subanen Western Subanon Danao Iranun Maguindanao Maranao Manobo Agusan Ata Manobo Binukid Cotabato Manobo Higaonon Ilianen Kagayanen Kamigin Matigsalug Obo Sarangani Tagabawa Western Bukidnon Gorontalo–Mongondow Bintauna Bolango Buol Gorontalo Kaidipang Lolak Mongondow Ponosakan Suwawa Kalamian Agutaynen Calamian Tagbanwa Bilic Blaan Tboli Teduray Sangiric Bantik Ratahan Sangirese Talaud Minahasan Tombulu Tondano Tonsawang Tonsea Tontemboan Other branches Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget Manide–Alabat Inagta Alabat Manide Greater Barito *Barito Malagasy Bushi Deyah Malang Witu Balangan Ma'anyan Paku Lawangan Kohin Dohoi Siang Bakumpai Ngaju Ampanang Tunjung Sama–Bajaw Abaknon Bajaw Mapun Pangutaran Sama Sama West Coast Bajaw Yakan Basap *GreaterNorth Borneo *North Borneo *Northeast Sabah * Ida'an Bonggi Molbog ? Southwest Sabah *GreaterDusunic *Bisaya–Lotud Brunei Bisaya Lotud Dusunic Kadazandusun Central Dusun Coastal Kadazan Kuijau Eastern Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Rungus / Momogun Klias River Kadazan Paitanic Tombonuwo Kinabatangan Abai Sungai Serudung GreaterMurutic * Tatana ? Papar Murutic Tagol Timugon Keningau Selungai Sembakung Baukan Okolod Paluan Ganaʼ Kalabakan Nonukan Tidong Sesayap Tidong North Sarawak * Kenyah / Bakung Sebob Tutoh Umaʼ Lasan Wahau Kenyah Penan ? Kelabit Lengilu Lundayeh Sa'ban Tring Berawan Belait Kiput Narom Tutong Bintulu Central Sarawak Kajaman Lahanan Sekapan Daro-Matu Kanowit–Tanjong Melanau Bukitan Punan Batu Sian Ukit Burusu Bah-Biau Punan Sajau Punan Merap Bukat Seru † Lelak † Kayanic Kayan Bahau Modang Segai Hovongan Aoheng Aput Punan Krio Dayak Murik Land Dayak Bakatiʼ Sara Laraʼ Bukar–Sadong Biatah Tringgus Jagoi Jangkang Kembayan Semandang Ribun Benyaduʼ Sanggau Malayo–Chamic *Aceh–Chamic Acehnese Cham dialects Chru Haroi Jarai Rade Roglai Tsat Iban–MalayanIbanic Iban Keninjal ? Mualang Remun Seberuang Malay Malaysian Indonesian Minangkabau Brunei/Kedayan Malay Bamayo Banjar Berau Malay Bangka Malay Bengkulu Col Duanoʼ Haji Jambi Malay Jakun Kedah Malay Kendayan / Selako ? Kutai Malay Kaur Kerinci Kelantan-Pattani Malay Kubu Orang Laut Lubu Musi Negeri Sembilan Malay Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Pekal Perak Malay Pontianak Malay Reman Malay Sarawak Malay Temuan Terengganu Malay Urak Lawoi' Sundanese Sundanese Old Sundanese † Baduy Bantenese Cirebonese Rejang ? Rejang Moklenic ? Moken Moklen Sumatran *Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Enggano ? Gayo Mentawai Nias Sikule Simeulue Batak Alas Angkola Dairi Karo Simalungun Toba Mandailing Nasal ? Lampungic Lampung Lampung Nyo Lampung Api Komering Javanese Javanese Kawi / Old Javanese † Banyumasan Osing Tenggerese Madurese Madurese Kangean Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa Balinese Sasak Sumbawa CelebicBungku–Tolaki Bahonsuai Bungku Kodeoha Kulisusu Moronene Mori Bawah Mori Atas Padoe Rahambuu Tolaki Tomadino Waru Wawonii Muna–Buton Bonerate Busoa Cia-Cia Kaimbulawa Kumbewaha Lasalimu Liabuku Muna Pancana Tukang Besi Saluan–Banggai Andio Balantak Banggai Batui Bobongko Saluan Tomini–Tolitoli * Balaesang Boano ? Dampelas Dondo Lauje Pendau Taje Tajio Tomini Totoli ? Kaili–Wolio *Kaili–Pamona Kaili Mbelala Moma Pamona Rampi Sarudu Sedoa Topoiyo Uma Wotu–Wolio Kalao Kamaru Laiyolo Ledo Kaili * Wolio Wotu South SulawesiBugis Buginese Campalagian Embaloh Taman Makassar Makassarese Bentong Coastal Konjo Highland Konjo Selayar Seko–Badaic *Seko Budong-Budong Panasuan Seko Padang Seko Tengah Badaic Bada Behoa Napu Northern Mamuju Mandar Massenrempulu Duri Enrekang Maiwa Malimpung Pitu Ulunna Salu Aralle-Tabulahan Bambam Dakka Pannei Ulumandaʼ Toraja Kalumpang Mamasa Pattae' Lawa Talondoʼ ? Toraja-Saʼdan Lemolang Isolates Chamorro Palauan Central Malayo-Polynesian languagesBima Bima Sumba–FloresSumba–HawuSavu Hawu Dhao Sumba Kambera Mamboru Anakalangu Wanukaka Pondok Baliledo Wejewa Lamboya Kodi Gaura Western Flores Komodo Manggarai Riung Rembong Rajong Kepoʼ Wae Rana Palu'e Ende Lio Nagé-Kéo Ngadha Rongga Soʼa Flores–Lembata Sika Kedang Lamaholot Lamaholot Alorese Lamatuka Lewo Eleng Levuka South Lembata Lamalera Lewotobi Adonara Ile Ape Mingar Selaru Selaru Seluwasan Kei–Tanimbar ? Kei Fordata Yamdena Onin Sekar Uruangnirin Aru Barakai Batuley Dobel Karey Koba Kola Lola Lorang Manombai Mariri Tarangan Ujir Timoric * Helong Tetum Idalaka Central Timor * Kemak Tukudede Mambai Bekais Wetar–Galoli ? Wetar Galoli Atauran Kawaimina Kairui Waimoa Midiki Naueti ? Habun ? Luangic–Kisaric ? Romang Kisar Leti Luang Makuva Rote–Meto Bilba Dengka Lole Ringgou Dela-Oenale Termanu Tii Uab Meto Amarasi Babar West Damar Dawera-Daweloor North Babar Dai Masela Serili Southeast Babar Emplawas Imroing Telaʼa Southwest Maluku East Damar Teun Nila Serua Kowiai ? Kowiai Central Maluku * Teor-Kur West Ambelau Buru Lisela Hukumina † Moksela † Sula Mangole Taliabo East Banda Bati Geser Watubela Bobot Masiwang Hoti † Benggoi Salas Liana Nunusaku Kayeli † Nuaulu Huaulu Manusela Wemale Yalahatan Piru Bay ? Asilulu Luhu Manipa Wakasihu Boano Sepa-Teluti Paulohi Kaibobo Hitu Tulehu Laha Seit-Kaitetu Kamarian † Haruku Amahai Nusa Laut Saparua Latu Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languagesSHWNG Tandia † Mor Waropen Warembori ? Yoke ? Halmahera SeaAmbel–Biga Ambel Biga Maya–Matbat Ma'ya Matbat Maden Maden Fiawat As As South Halmahera Gane Taba Buli Maba Patani Sawai Gebe CenderawasihBiakic Biak Dusner † Meoswar Roon Yapen Ambai Ansus Marau Wamesa Wooi Munggui Papuma Pom Serui-Laut Kurudu Wabo Southwest Yaur Yerisiam Umar OceanicAdmiralty Yapese ? Eastern Manus Baluan-Pam Lenkau Lou Nauna Penchal Western Northern Kaniet † Southern Kaniet † Seimat Wuvulu Aua Saint Matthias Mussau-Emira Tenis TemotuUtupua Amba Asumboa Tanimbili Vanikoro Teanu Lovono Tanema Reefs–Santa Cruz Äiwoo Engdewu / Nanggu Natügu / Santa Cruz Nalögo Noipx SoutheastSolomonicGela–Guadalcanal Bugotu Gela Lengo Birao Ghari Malango Talise Malaita–San Cristobal Longgu Sa'a Arosi Fagani Bauro Kahua Owa Marau Wawa ? † Toʼabaita Baelelea Baeggu Fataleka Lau Kwara'ae Wala Gula'alaa Kwaio Dori'o ꞋAreꞌare Oroha WesternOceanicMeso–MelanesianWillaumez Bola Bulu Meramera Nakanai Bali-Vitu Bali Vitu New Ireland–NorthwestSolomonicTungag–Nalik Kara Laxudumau Nalik Tiang Tigak Tungag Tabar Lihir Madara Notsi Madak Barok Lavatbura–Lamusong Madak St. George Bilur Fanamaket Guramalum † Kandas Konomala Label Lungalunga Niwer Mil Patpatar Ramoaaina Siar Sursurunga Tangga Tolai NorthwestSolomonic Babatana Bannoni Blablanga Cheke Holo Gao Ghanongga Hahon Hakö Halia Hoava Kazukuru † Kokota Kusaghe Laghu † Lungga Marovo Mono-Alu Nduke Nehan Papapana Petats Piva Ririo Roviana Saposa Simbo Solos Teop Tinputz Torau Ughele Uruava † Vaghua Vangunu Varisi Zabana Zazao Tomoip NorthNew GuineaSarmi–Jayapura ? Anus Bonggo Kayupulau Liki Masimasi Ormu Podena Kaptiau Sobei Tarpia Tobati Wakde Yamna Schouten Arop-Sissano Sera Sissano Ulau-Suain Tumleo Yakamul Kaiep Kairiru Terebu Biem Kis Manam Medebur Sepa Wogeo Huon Gulf Bukawa Kela Yabem Aribwatsa † Aribwaung Adzera Dangal Duwet Labu Maralango Mari Musom Nafi Silisili Wampar Wampur Hote Iwal Kapin Kumalu Mangga Buang Mapos Buang Mumeng Piu Vehes Yamap Numbami Ngero–Vitiaz Bariai Gitua Kove Lusi Malalamai Mutu Awad Bing Bilibil Gedaged Marik Matukar Mindiri Takia Wab Lamogai Mouk-Aria Aigon Karore Kaulong † Miu Sengseng Aiklep Akolet Apalik Avau Bebeli Gimi Lesing-Gelimi Mangseng Solong Lote Mamusi Mengen Arop-Lukep Karnai Malasanga Mur Pano Mato Ronji Amara Maleu Mbula Sio Tami Papuan TipNuclear ʼAuhelawa Buhutu Bwanabwana Oya'oya Saliba Suau Unubahe Wagawaga Bwaidoka Diodio Iamalele Iduna Koluwawa Maiadomu Bunama Boselewa Dobu Duau Galeya Molima Mwatebu Sewa Bay Dawawa Kakabai Are Arifama-Miniafia Doga Gapapaiwa Ghayavi Kaninuwa Ubir Gweda Haigwai Maiwala Minaveha Taupota Tawala Yakaikeke Anuki Gumawana Kilivila–Misima Budibud Kilivila Misima Muyuw Nimoa–Sudest Nimoa Sudest SouthernOceanicNorthVanuatuTorres–Banks Dorig Hiw Koro Lakon Lehali Lemerig Lo-Toga Löyöp Mota Mwerlap Mwesen Mwotlap Nume Olrat Vera’a Volow Vurës Maewo–Ambae–North Pentecost Baetora Duidui Northeast Ambae Raga Sun̄wadaga Sun̄wadia South Pentecost Apma Sa Ske Sowa † Espiritu Santo Akei Aore † Araki Cape Cumberland Nokuku Kiai M̈av̈ea Merei-Tiale Mores Sakao Shark Bay Tamambo Tangoa Tasiriki Tolomako Tutuba Wusi NuclearSouthernOceanicCentral Vanuatu North Efate Nafsan Efatese Eton Lelepa Makura Daakaka Dalkalaen Lonwolwol Paamese Port Vato Southeast Ambrym Epi Baki Bierebo Bieria Lamen Lewo Maii Malakula Aulua Avava Aveteian Axamb Big Nambas Botovro Burmbar Bwenelang Larëvat Lendamboi Litzlitz Malfaxal Malua Bay Maskelynes Nahavaq Nasarian Nasvang Nāti Navwien Nese Neve'ei Neverver Ninde Nisvai Nitita Port Sandwich Rerep Sörsörian Tape Tirax Unua Northeast Malakula Vao Vivti Rutan Alovas Najit Njav South VanuatuErromango Erromanga / Sie Sorung † Ura Utaha / Ifo † Tanna Kwamera / South Tanna Lenakel / West Tanna North Tanna Southwest Tanna Whitesands / East Tanna Aneityum Loyalties–New CaledoniaLoyalty Islands Drehu Iaai Nengone New CaledonianSouthern Ajië Arhâ Arhö Ndrumbea Neku Numèè Orowe Tîrî Xârâcùù Xârâgurè Zire † Northern Bwatoo Caac Cèmuhî Fwâi Haeke Haveke Hmwaveke Jawe Kumak Nemi Nyâlayu Paicî Pije Pwaamei Pwapwâ Vamale Waamwang † Yuanga Micronesian Nauruan NuclearMicronesian Gilbertese Kosraean Marshallese Chuukic–PohnpeicChuukic Carolinian Chuukese Mapia † Mortlockese Namonuito Pááfang Puluwatese Satawalese Sonsorol Tanapag Tobian Ulithian Woleaian Pohnpeic Mokilese Ngatikese Pingelapese Pohnpeian CentralPacificWest Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua Rotuman Western Fijian East Fijian Gone Dau Lauan Lomaiviti PolynesianNuclearPolynesian Kapingamarangi Nuguria Nukumanu Nukuoro Ontong Java Sikaiana Takuu Tuvaluan Samoic Niuatoputapu † Samoan Tokelauan Eastern Austral Cook Islands Māori Hawaiian Mangareva Māori Moriori † Marquesan Penrhyn Rakahanga-Manihiki Rapa Rapa Nui Tahitian Tuamotuan Futunic Anuta Emae Futuna-Aniwa / West Futunan Futunan / East Futunan Mele-Fila Pukapukan Rennellese Tikopia Wallisian / East Uvean West Uvean Tongic Niuafoʻou ? Niuean Tongan * indicates proposed status ? indicates classification dispute† indicates extinct status vteLanguages of the PhilippinesOfficial languages Filipino English Regional languages Bikol Cebuano Chavacano Hiligaynon Ibanag Ilocano Kapampangan Karay-a Maguindanao Maranao Pangasinan Tagalog Waray Indigenous languages(by region)Bangsamoro Iranun Pangutaran Sama Sama Tausug Yakan Bicol Region Albay Bikol Inagta Partido Manide Masbateño Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Northern Sorsogon Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bikol Southern Catanduanes Bikol Southern Sorsogon Cagayan Valley Arta Atta Bugkalot Central Cagayan Agta Dinapigue Agta Dupaningan Agta Gaddang Isinai Itawis Itbayat Ivatan Kalanguya Karao Malaweg Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Paranan Yogad Calabarzon Inagta Alabat Manide Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget Caraga Agusan Ata Manobo Butuanon Higaonon Kamayo Mamanwa Surigaonon Central Luzon Abellen Ambala Antsi Botolan Casiguran Dumagat Agta Indi Kasiguranin Mariveleño Northern Alta Sambal Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget Central Visayas Bantayanon Eskayan Karolanos Magahat Porohanon Cordillera Atta Balangao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ifugao Isnag Itawis Itneg Iwaak Kalanguya Kalinga Kankanaey Malaweg Tuwali Davao Region Blaan Davaoeño Kalagan Klata Mandaya Mansaka Obo Sangirese Sarangani Tagabawa Eastern Visayas Abaknon Baybay Kabalian Ilocos Region Bolinao Metro Manila Taglish Mimaropa Agutaynen Alangan Asi Batak Buhid Calamian Tagbanwa Central Tagbanwa Cuyonon Hanunoo Iraya Kagayanen Molbog Onhan Palawano Ratagnon Romblomanon Tadyawan Tawbuid Northern Mindanao Bukid Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kamigin Matigsalug Subanen Western Bukidnon Soccsksargen Blaan Cotabato Manobo Ilianen Iranun Obo Tboli Tiruray Western Visayas Aklanon Ata Ati Caluyanon Capiznon Sulod Zamboanga Peninsula Subanen Immigrant languages Arabic Basque Chinese Hokkien Mandarin French German Japanese Korean Malay Indonesian Malaysian Sindhi Spanish status Sign languages Filipino Sign Language Historical languages Proto-Philippine Old Tagalog Old Cebuano

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Southern_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Southern Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Waray-Waray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waray-Waray_language"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"Boholano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boholano_language"},{"link_name":"Surigaonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigaonon_language"},{"link_name":"la","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabalian#Sermo"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Southern_Leyte"},{"link_name":"Southern Leyte Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Leyte_Province"},{"link_name":"barangays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barangay"},{"link_name":"Boholano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boholano_language"},{"link_name":"Cebuano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language"},{"link_name":"Surigaonon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surigaonon_language"},{"link_name":"Baybayanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_language"}],"text":"The Kabalian (Cabalian) language, Kinabalian, is spoken in the municipality of San Juan in the province of Southern Leyte in the Philippines. It is closely related to Waray-Waray.Native speakers refer to the language as Cabalianon or Kinabalianon. This language shares certain characteristics with Cebuano, Boholano, and Surigaonon mainly because of the seafaring livelihood of pre-Hispanic inhabitants of Cabalian, documented by Spanish explorers. Waray did not make inroads into the southern portion of Leyte because of the mountains separating the north and south portions of the island. This is coherent under the principle of mountains divide; seas unite in the spread of Philippine languages.The heaviest influence on Cabalianon is Surigaonon, owing to the contact between Cabalian and Surigao in the early Spanish period. Cabalianons, as well as the natives of Sogod, regularly travelled to Surigao and Butuan to obtain gold, a fact recorded by the Augustinian Friar Agustín María de Castro in the Osario venerable.Kabalian (la) is spoken in six villages in San Juan (Cabalian) town, Southern Leyte Province. These barangays are located in the eastern portion of the town. The predominance of Cabalianon in this side of the town is due to the fact that migrants from Cebu and Bohol settled in the western portion of the town, particularly Pong-oy, as well as in Himatagon, the business hub of Saint Bernard, formerly a part of Cabalian, resulting in the gradual disappearance of the language in these parts.Although Kabalian is a Warayan language, it has mixed elements of Boholano, Cebuano and Surigaonon, a similar pattern which is also found in Baybayanon. However, Kabalian is not mutually intelligible with either Waray-Waray, Boholano, Cebuano or Surigaonon. Kabalian speakers do not ethnically or linguistically identify themselves with speakers of either of these languages.","title":"Kabalian language"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sin-o? Who?\nKanin-o? To whom?\nUno? What?\nGiuno? How? (past)\nUnhon/unohon? How? (future)\nHaman? Where? (for person or object)\nNgain? Where? (for place)\nDiin? Where? (for directions or origin)\nKanus-a? When?\nNgaman? Why?\nAmo baja? Really?\nTagpila? How much?Haman, ngain, and diin mean 'where'. They have distinct uses in Kabalianon.Haman is used when asking about a person or object.Haman si Papa? (Where is Papa?)\nHaman gibutang an gunting? (Where was the scissor put?)Ngain is used when asking about a place.Ngain man (ki)ta mularga? (Where are we going to?)\nNgain man kaw pasingud? (Where are you going?)Diin is used when asking about directions or origin.Diin man ini dapita? (Where is this place?)\nTaga Diin man kaw? (Where are you from?)\nDiin man kaw gikan? (Where were you?)","title":"Interrogatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Kumusta! (Hello)\nMaajong buntag (Good morning)\nMaajong udto (Good noon)\nMaajong hapon (Good afternoon)\nMaajong gabii (Good evening or good night)\nMaajong adlaw (Good day)\nAjoajo (Goodbye)\nPag-amping (Take care)\nSalamat (Thank you)\nAjaw (Don't)\nWaya (Nothing)\nDili (No)\nOo (Yes)\nBaga(n) (Maybe)\nBayu (I don't know)","title":"Phrases and vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Comparison between Cabalianon, Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Waray"}]

[]

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[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kina1252","external_links_name":"kina1252"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cbw/","external_links_name":"Kinabalian"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EVA_(benchmark)

EVA (benchmark)

["1 References","2 External links"]

EVA was a continuously running benchmark project for assessing the quality and value of protein structure prediction and secondary structure prediction methods. Methods for predicting both secondary structure and tertiary structure - including homology modeling, protein threading, and contact order prediction - were compared to results from each week's newly solved protein structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The project aimed to determine the prediction accuracy that would be expected for non-expert users of common, publicly available prediction webservers; this is similar to the related LiveBench project and stands in contrast to the bi-yearly benchmark CASP, which aims to identify the maximum accuracy achievable by prediction experts. References Rost B, Eyrich VA. (2001). EVA: large-scale analysis of secondary structure prediction. Proteins Suppl 5:192-9. PMID 11835497 Eyrich VA, Marti-Renom MA, Przybylski D, Madhusudhan MS, Fiser A, Pazos F, Valencia A, Sali A, Rost B. (2001). EVA: continuous automatic evaluation of protein structure prediction servers. Bioinformatics 17(12):1242-3. PMID 11751240 Koh IY, Eyrich VA, Marti-Renom MA, Przybylski D, Madhusudhan MS, Eswar N, Grana O, Pazos F, Valencia A, Sali A, Rost B. (2003). EVA: Evaluation of protein structure prediction servers. Nucleic Acids Res 31(13):3311-5. PMID 12824315 External links EVA main site This bioinformatics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EVA (benchmark)"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_Island_(Nunavut)

Lock Island (Nunavut)

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 73°16′N 96°08′W / 73.267°N 96.133°W / 73.267; -96.133 (Lock Island)Island in Nunavut, Canada For the island in the River Thames, see Lock Island. Lock IslandLock IslandShow map of NunavutLock IslandShow map of CanadaGeographyLocationPeel SoundCoordinates73°16′N 96°08′W / 73.267°N 96.133°W / 73.267; -96.133 (Lock Island)ArchipelagoArctic ArchipelagoAdministrationCanadaNunavutNunavutRegionQikiqtaalukDemographicsPopulationUninhabited Lock Island is a member of the Arctic Archipelago in the territory of Nunavut. It lies in Peel Sound across the mouth of Browne Bay, between northeastern Prince of Wales Island and northwestern Somerset Island. Vivian Island lies to the southeast, and Binstead Island to the northeast. References ^ "CANADA :: Nunavut :: Lock Island". worldcitydb.com. Retrieved 2008-07-06. External links Lock Island (Nunavut) in the Atlas of Canada - Toporama; Natural Resources Canada vteIslands of the Qikiqtaaluk Region  Adams Akpatok Alfred Allen Arvalik Aulattivik Aulitivik Aulitiving Baffin Barth Beacon (Ungava Bay) Bergesen Bjarnason Bylot Davids Dexterity Diana Edgeworth Eider Elder Fraser Gyrfalcon Hamilton Imiliit Imiqqutailaqtuuq Kaigosuiyat Kilian Lady Franklin Landslip Lock Low Marvin Mumiksaa Nakoaiyet Nova Zembla Old Squaw Otrick Pandora Payne Peter Richards Pilattuaq Pisiktarfik Plover Prescott Prince Leopold Prince of Wales Qikiqta Qikiqtaaluk Qimivvik Round Russell Saglaarjuk Saglirjuaq Salikuit Saneruarsuk Simialuk Somerset Spicer Stephens Trinity Vesey Hamilton Vivian Wollaston Yeoman Young Belcher Islands Bradbury Broomfield Bun Cake Camsell Dove Fair Flaherty Innetalling Karlay La Duke Loaf Mata Mavor Moore Nero Ney O'Leary Range Renouf Snape Split Tukarak Twin Cairns Walton Wiegand Islands of Cumberland Sound Akulagok Anarnittuq Aupaluktok Aupaluktut Blacklead Clear Passage Drum Ekallulik Iglunga Imigen Ivisa Kaigosuit Kangigutsak Kekertelung Kekerten Kekertukdjuak Kudjak Maktaktujanak Miliakdjuin Moodie Nimigen Nunatak Nuvujen Opingivik Sanigut Saunik Shakshukowshee Shakshukuk Tesseralik Tuapait Upajjana Utaqqiurviarjuruluk Utsusivik Wareham Islands of Davis Strait Aggijjat Akuglek Alikdjuak Angijak Broughton Idjuniving Kekertaluk Kekertuk Kekerturnak Manitung Monumental Nedlukseak Nudlung Nunatsiaq Nuvuktik Paallavvik Pilektuak Qaqulluit Rock Satigsun Islands of Foxe Basin Air Force Bird Bray Foley Igloolik Kapuiviit Koch Nirlirnaqtuuq North Tweedsmuir Prince Charles Qikiqtaarjuk Rowley Siuraq South Tweedsmuir White Winter Islands of Frobisher Bay Algerine Alligator Anchorage Aubrey Augustus Bear Beveridge Bishop Brigus Brook Bruce Cairn Camp Carter Chase Coffin Crimmins Crowell Culbertson Daniel Dog Eden Emerick Falk Faris Field Fletcher Frobisher's Farthest Gabriel Gardiner Gay Gross Halford Hantzsch Harper Hill Jenvey Kodlunarn Kudlago Kungo Lefferts Leopold Loks Land Long Low Luella Mair Mark Mary McAllister McBride McLaren McLean Metela Mitchell Monument Nest Nouyarn Ogden Pan Peak Pichit Pike Pink Lady Pope Potter Precipice Ptarmigan Pugh Qarsau Quadrifid Redan Resor Sale Scalene Sliver Smith Sybil Thompson Whiskukun Islands of the Gulf of Boothia Crown Prince Frederik Glen Honeyman Lavoie Sabine Wales Islands of Hudson Bay Awrey Big Booth Bronson Commodore Cox Digges Eddy Elsie Fraley Frazier Gilmour Harrison J. Gordon Johnnys Kugong Long Mansel Marcopeet McCormack Moore Nuvuk Ottawa Pattee Perley Smith Islands of Hudson Strait Anguttuaq Aulatsiviit Avingasittuit Siqinirsipangat Beacon (Hudson Strait) Black Bluff Bush Button Charles Clark Dolphin Dorset Edgell Erhardt Goodwin Gudmusson Hector Holdridge Ijjuriktuq Ivvitsa Kaavvijjuaq King Kinngarjuaq Lacy Lavoie Lawson Leading Lower Savage MacColl Mallik Middle Savage Mill Naniruaq Niels Nottingham Nunarijjait Nuvuktiqpaaraaluk Nuvursiit Observation Point Poodlatee Qaqqannalik Qaiqsuarjuk Qikiqtaalujjuaq Qikiqtarjuaq Qikiqtarjuarusiq Resolution Saarru Salisbury Saqajaa Sheer Strathcona Takijualuk Ukaliqtuuq Ungirlauttat Upirngiviaaluk Islands of James Bay Akimiski Bear Big Cape Hope Carey Charlton Grey Goose Gull Jacob Moore North Twin Paint Hills Solomons Temple South Twin Spencer Stag Strutton Sunday Trodely Twin Walter Weston Islands of the Labrador Sea Brevoort Cape Chidley Christopher Hall Hozier Hudson Ilikok Jackson Killiniq Knight Leybourne Little Hall Muingmak Rogers Queen Elizabeth IslandsEllesmere Island Ellesmere Ward Hunt Parry Islands Alexander Baillie-Hamilton Bathurst Beechey Berkeley Borden Brock Browne Buckingham Byam Martin Cameron Cheyne Coburg Cocked Hat Cornwall Cornwallis Crescent Des Voeux Devon Dundas Edmund Walker Eglinton Ekins Emerald Exmouth Fairholme Findlay Group Garrett Graham Griffith Grosvenor Hans (with Greenland) Helena Houston Stewart Hoved Hyde Parker John Barrow Little Cornwallis Lougheed Lowther Mackenzie King Moore Marc Margaret Massey Melville Nookap Norman Lockyer North Kent Patterson Philpots Pim Pioneer Prince Patrick Princess Royal Seymour Skraeling Spit Stupart Table Thor Truro Vanier Sverdrup Islands Amund Ringnes Axel Heiberg Ellef Ringnes Fay Gretha Haig-Thomas Hat King Christian Meighen Stor Ulvingen Islands in italics are inhabited. See also Islands of the Kitikmeot Region, Islands of the Kivalliq RegionSee also Islands of the Kitikmeot Region, Islands of the Kivalliq Region. This Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrill_D._Peterson

Merrill D. Peterson

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Works","4 Legacy and honors","5 References","6 External links"]

American historian Merrill Daniel Peterson (31 March 1921 – 23 September 2009) was an American historian and professor at the University of Virginia. He was the editor of the Library of America edition of the selected writings of Thomas Jefferson. Peterson wrote several books on Jefferson, including The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (Oxford University Press, 1960; reprinted with new foreword, University Press of Virginia, 1998), and Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (Oxford University Press, 1970). Other works include Lincoln in American Memory (Oxford University Press, 1994), John Brown: The Legend Revisited (2002), and most recently Starving Armenians: America and the Armenian Genocide, 1915-1930 and After (Univ. of Virginia Press). Early life and education Merrill D. Peterson was born in Manhattan, Kansas, his father a Baptist minister. His parents divorced when he was in the third grade and his mother began running a boarding house. After spending two years at Kansas State University, Peterson earned his B.A. at the University of Kansas and then took his Ph.D. in the history of American civilization at Harvard University. Career After teaching at Brandeis and Princeton, Peterson was hired to teach at the University of Virginia, which remained his academic home for the rest of his life. He succeeded the great Jefferson biographer Dumas Malone there and ultimately became Thomas Jefferson Foundation Professor of History. Works Peterson adapted his dissertation as his first book, The Jefferson Image in the American Mind (Oxford University Press, 1960), which won the 1961 Bancroft Prize for History. It is still hailed as a pioneering exploration of the history of American memory, which has become an increasingly important topic for historians. Peterson undertook the work to assess what history had made of Thomas Jefferson. At the end of a decade, he published a lengthy one-volume biography, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (Oxford University Press, 1970), which he considered his most important book. His 1994 Lincoln in American Memory, was written from a similar stance as his first book on Jefferson. It was a finalist for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for biography. External videos Booknotes interview with Peterson on Lincoln in American Memory, August 14, 1994, C-SPAN Presentation by Peterson on John Brown: The Legend Revisited, November 2, 2002, C-SPAN Peterson's shorter studies include works on John Brown, President Woodrow Wilson, and Wilson's biographer, Ray Stannard Baker. Peterson edited several anthologies of Jefferson's writings. In 1988, Peterson published another landmark work, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (Oxford University Press), a joint biography of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun. Part of a generation that was admonished in its youth to "remember the starving Armenians," Peterson traveled to Armenia in 1997 as a Peace Corps volunteer and was moved by the country's troubled history. After research, he edited a collection of essays published by the University of Virginia Press under the title "Starving Armenians": America and the Armenian Genocide 1915-1930 and After (2004), which explores the American response to the violence against and dispersion of the Armenian people during and after World War I, when more than 1.5 million of the country's minority population died. He begins with the initial reports to President Woodrow Wilson from Henry Morgenthau, Sr., his ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Peterson also covers the contemporary period and the continuing campaign by ethnic Armenians and others to convince the U.S. government to officially recognize the actions as genocide, which Turkey has denied. Legacy and honors 2005, the Library of Virginia gave Peterson its Literary Lifetime Achievement Award. 1997, the First Freedom Council's National First Freedom Award 1994, the Virginia Foundation for Humanities 20th Anniversary Award 1994, the University of Virginia Phi Beta Kappa Book Award, and 1960, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Gold Medal. Peterson died at Charlottesville, Virginia, on September 23, 2009. References ^ "Merrill D. Peterson, Jefferson Scholar, Dies at 88", The New York Times, 2 October 2009 ^ Ashley Edmonds, "A life of achievements: Merrill Peterson remains an avid writer and reader in retirement" Archived 2007-03-08 at the Wayback Machine, University of Virginia External links Brief biography Appearances on C-SPAN Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other SNAC IdRef

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Peterson undertook the work to assess what history had made of Thomas Jefferson. At the end of a decade, he published a lengthy one-volume biography, Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation (Oxford University Press, 1970), which he considered his most important book. His 1994 Lincoln in American Memory, was written from a similar stance as his first book on Jefferson. It was a finalist for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for biography.Peterson's shorter studies include works on John Brown, President Woodrow Wilson, and Wilson's biographer, Ray Stannard Baker. Peterson edited several anthologies of Jefferson's writings.In 1988, Peterson published another landmark work, The Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun (Oxford University Press), a joint biography of Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun.Part of a generation that was admonished in its youth to \"remember the starving Armenians,\" Peterson traveled to Armenia in 1997 as a Peace Corps volunteer and was moved by the country's troubled history. After research, he edited a collection of essays published by the University of Virginia Press under the title \"Starving Armenians\": America and the Armenian Genocide 1915-1930 and After (2004), which explores the American response to the violence against and dispersion of the Armenian people during and after World War I, when more than 1.5 million of the country's minority population died. He begins with the initial reports to President Woodrow Wilson from Henry Morgenthau, Sr., his ambassador to the Ottoman Empire. Peterson also covers the contemporary period and the continuing campaign by ethnic Armenians and others to convince the U.S. government to officially recognize the actions as genocide, which Turkey has denied.","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia"}],"text":"2005, the Library of Virginia gave Peterson its Literary Lifetime Achievement Award.[2]\n1997, the First Freedom Council's National First Freedom Award\n1994, the Virginia Foundation for Humanities 20th Anniversary Award\n1994, the University of Virginia Phi Beta Kappa Book Award, and\n1960, the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation Gold Medal.Peterson died at Charlottesville, Virginia, on September 23, 2009.","title":"Legacy and honors"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopkins_statistic

Hopkins statistic

["1 Preliminaries","2 Definition","3 Notes and references","4 External links"]

The Hopkins statistic (introduced by Brian Hopkins and John Gordon Skellam) is a way of measuring the cluster tendency of a data set. It belongs to the family of sparse sampling tests. It acts as a statistical hypothesis test where the null hypothesis is that the data is generated by a Poisson point process and are thus uniformly randomly distributed. If individuals are aggregated, then its value approaches 0, and if they are randomly distributed, the value tends to 0.5. Preliminaries A typical formulation of the Hopkins statistic follows. Let X {\displaystyle X} be the set of n {\displaystyle n} data points. Generate a random sample X ∼ {\displaystyle {\overset {\sim }{X}}} of m ≪ n {\displaystyle m\ll n} data points sampled without replacement from X {\displaystyle X} . Generate a set Y {\displaystyle Y} of m {\displaystyle m} uniformly randomly distributed data points. Define two distance measures, u i , {\displaystyle u_{i},} the minimum distance (given some suitable metric) of y i ∈ Y {\displaystyle y_{i}\in Y} to its nearest neighbour in X {\displaystyle X} , and w i , {\displaystyle w_{i},} the minimum distance of x ∼ i ∈ X ∼ ⊆ X {\displaystyle {\overset {\sim }{x}}_{i}\in {\overset {\sim }{X}}\subseteq X} to its nearest neighbour x j ∈ X , x i ∼ ≠ x j . {\displaystyle x_{j}\in X,\,{\overset {\sim }{x_{i}}}\neq x_{j}.} Definition With the above notation, if the data is d {\displaystyle d} dimensional, then the Hopkins statistic is defined as: H = ∑ i = 1 m u i d ∑ i = 1 m u i d + ∑ i = 1 m w i d {\displaystyle H={\frac {\sum _{i=1}^{m}{u_{i}^{d}}}{\sum _{i=1}^{m}{u_{i}^{d}}+\sum _{i=1}^{m}{w_{i}^{d}}}}\,} Under the null hypotheses, this statistic has a Beta(m,m) distribution. Notes and references ^ Hopkins, Brian; Skellam, John Gordon (1954). "A new method for determining the type of distribution of plant individuals". Annals of Botany. 18 (2). Annals Botany Co: 213–227. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083391. ^ a b Banerjee, A. (2004). "Validating clusters using the Hopkins statistic". 2004 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37542). Vol. 1. pp. 149–153. doi:10.1109/FUZZY.2004.1375706. ISBN 0-7803-8353-2. S2CID 36701919. ^ Aggarwal, Charu C. (2015). Data Mining. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 158. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14142-8. ISBN 978-3-319-14141-1. S2CID 13595565. ^ Cross, G.R.; Jain, A.K. (1982). "Measurement of clustering tendency". Theory and Application of Digital Control: 315-320. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-027618-2.50054-1. External links http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/assessing-clustering-tendency-a-vital-issue-unsupervised-machine-learning vteMachine learning evaluation metricsRegression MSE MAE sMAPE MAPE MASE MSPE RMS RMSE/RMSD R2 MDA MAD Classification F-score P4 Accuracy Precision Recall Kappa MCC AUC ROC Sensitivity and specificity Logarithmic Loss Clustering Silhouette Calinski-Harabasz index Davies-Bouldin Dunn index Hopkins statistic Jaccard index Rand index Similarity measure SMC SimHash Ranking MRR NDCG AP Computer Vision PSNR SSIM IoU NLP Perplexity BLEU Deep Learning Related Metrics Inception score FID Recommender system Coverage Intra-list Similarity Similarity Cosine similarity Euclidean distance Pearson correlation coefficient Confusion matrix

[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hopkins statistic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-banerjee04-2"}],"text":"A typical formulation of the Hopkins statistic follows.[2]Let \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n be the set of \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n data points.\nGenerate a random sample \n \n \n \n \n \n X\n ∼\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overset {\\sim }{X}}}\n \n of \n \n \n \n m\n ≪\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m\\ll n}\n \n data points sampled without replacement from \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n.\nGenerate a set \n \n \n \n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Y}\n \n of \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n uniformly randomly distributed data points.\nDefine two distance measures,\n\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u_{i},}\n \n the minimum distance (given some suitable metric) of \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n Y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{i}\\in Y}\n \n to its nearest neighbour in \n \n \n \n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle X}\n \n, and\n\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n i\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w_{i},}\n \n the minimum distance of \n \n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ∼\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n ∈\n \n \n X\n ∼\n \n \n ⊆\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\overset {\\sim }{x}}_{i}\\in {\\overset {\\sim }{X}}\\subseteq X}\n \n to its nearest neighbour \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n ∈\n X\n ,\n \n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n ∼\n \n \n ≠\n \n x\n \n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{j}\\in X,\\,{\\overset {\\sim }{x_{i}}}\\neq x_{j}.}","title":"Preliminaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"With the above notation, if the data is \n \n \n \n d\n \n \n {\\displaystyle d}\n \n dimensional, then the Hopkins statistic is defined as:[4]H\n =\n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n u\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n +\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n m\n \n \n \n \n w\n \n i\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H={\\frac {\\sum _{i=1}^{m}{u_{i}^{d}}}{\\sum _{i=1}^{m}{u_{i}^{d}}+\\sum _{i=1}^{m}{w_{i}^{d}}}}\\,}Under the null hypotheses, this statistic has a Beta(m,m) distribution.","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.aob.a083391"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-banerjee04_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-banerjee04_2-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/FUZZY.2004.1375706","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2FFUZZY.2004.1375706"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7803-8353-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-8353-2"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"36701919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36701919"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Data Mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-14142-8"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-319-14142-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-14142-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-319-14141-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-14141-1"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"13595565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13595565"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/B978-0-08-027618-2.50054-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-08-027618-2.50054-1"}],"text":"^ Hopkins, Brian; Skellam, John Gordon (1954). \"A new method for determining the type of distribution of plant individuals\". Annals of Botany. 18 (2). Annals Botany Co: 213–227. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083391.\n\n^ a b Banerjee, A. (2004). \"Validating clusters using the Hopkins statistic\". 2004 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37542). Vol. 1. pp. 149–153. doi:10.1109/FUZZY.2004.1375706. ISBN 0-7803-8353-2. S2CID 36701919.\n\n^ Aggarwal, Charu C. (2015). Data Mining. Cham: Springer International Publishing. p. 158. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14142-8. ISBN 978-3-319-14141-1. S2CID 13595565.\n\n^ Cross, G.R.; Jain, A.K. (1982). \"Measurement of clustering tendency\". Theory and Application of Digital Control: 315-320. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-027618-2.50054-1.","title":"Notes and references"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsman_(rank)

Landsman (rank)

["1 United Kingdom","2 United States","3 References","4 Further reading"]

Military rank for naval recruits Landsman or landman (the latter being an older term) was a military rank given to naval recruits. United Kingdom In the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century (c. 1757), the term "landsman" referred to a seaman with less than a year's experience at sea. After a year, a landsman was usually rated as an ordinary seaman. Most were acquired by impressment (a common method of recruitment from c. 1700–1815). Landsmen were usually between the ages of 16 and 35, while seasoned sailors (who started as ordinary seamen) could be impressed up to the ages of 50 to 55 depending on need. In 1853, with the abolition of impressment after the passing of the Continuous Service Act, the rank's title was changed to "apprentice seaman". The term "landsman" evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman assigned to unskilled manual labour. Landsmen's unfamiliarity with shipboard life routinely made them unpopular with the more experienced members of their vessel's crew. Throughout the eighteenth century, problems with unsanitary conduct, brawling and poor self-discipline among landsmen sometimes necessitated the stationing of Royal Marine guards below decks in order to prevent attacks by their shipmates. United States "Landsman" was the lowest rate of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries; it was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea. Landsmen performed menial, unskilled work aboard ship. A landsman who gained three years of experience or re-enlisted could be promoted to ordinary seaman. The rate existed from 1838 to 1921. References ^ Oxford English Dictionary ^ Rodger, N. A. M. (1986). The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 0870219871. ^ Williams, Glenn F. (April 2002). "Uncle Sam's Webfeet: The Union Navy in the Civil War" (PDF). International Journal of Naval History. 1 (1). Retrieved 27 August 2012. ^ Malin, Charles A. (19 May 1999). "Compilation of Enlisted Ratings and Apprenticeships, U.S. Navy, 1775 to 1969". Naval Historical Center. Archived from the original on 16 September 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2008. Further reading N.A.M. Roger. The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy. W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.   This article related to the history of the United Kingdom or its predecessor states is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This United States Navy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Parliament_Annex

Finnish Parliament Annex

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

Coordinates: 60°10′17″N 024°56′02″E / 60.17139°N 24.93389°E / 60.17139; 24.93389This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Finnish Parliament Annex" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) Governmental in Helsinki, FinlandFinnish Parliament AnnexEduskunnan lisärakennus Pikkuparlamentti Lilla parlamentetGeneral informationTypeGovernmentalLocationHelsinki, FinlandCoordinates60°10′17″N 024°56′02″E / 60.17139°N 24.93389°E / 60.17139; 24.93389Completed2004Design and constructionArchitect(s)Pekka Helin The Finnish Parliament Annex (Finnish: Pikkuparlamentti, Swedish: Lilla parlamentet; lit. 'Little Parliament') is a building in the centre of Helsinki, Finland. It houses offices for about one hundred members of the Parliament of Finland. The building was built in 2004 and the design comes from the winning entry of a design competition held from 1998 to 2000. The building was designed by the architect Pekka Helin and his team. As well as the offices, the building has a "Kansalaisinfo" information office open to the public, the EU secretariat of the Parliament, the office of the Parliamentary Ombudsman, and the offices of the Grand Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee of the Parliament. Materials used to build the Pikkuparlamentti building include many different kinds of wood and stone, for example birch, maple and pine, and granite gathered from various places in Finland. The name "Pikkuparlamentti" comes from a restaurant which originally stood at the same site. See also Eduskuntatalo References ^ a b "Pikkuparlamentti" (in Finnish). Eduskunta. Archived from the original (htx) on 10 July 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2023. External links Media related to Finnish Parliament Annex at Wikimedia Commons Finnish Parliament Annex brochure (PDF) Article about usability problems of the building doors, in MP Jyrki Kasvi's blog, in Finnish This article about a Finnish building or structure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_table_(furniture)

Round table (furniture)

["1 See also"]

Meeting where everyone is equal This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Round table" furniture – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (April 2022) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,897 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Runder Tisch}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. (Learn how and when to remove this message) People around a round table A round table is a table which has no "head" and no "sides", and therefore no one person sitting at it is given a privileged position and all are treated as equals. The idea stems from the Arthurian legend about the Knights of the Round Table in Camelot. Today, round tables are often used at conferences involving many parties. The most famous modern round table was the one used for talks between the Communist government and Solidarity in Poland in 1989; see: Polish Round Table Agreement. Hence, the term "round table" is also used figuratively to refer to a peaceful way of achieving a compromise solution. See also Lazy Susan Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This article about furniture or furnishing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(TV_series)

Family Matters

["1 History","1.1 Network change","2 Cast","3 Episodes","4 Production notes","5 Syndication","6 International airings","7 Home media","8 Urkel Saves Santa: The Movie!","9 A Family Matters Christmas","10 Accolades","11 Notes","12 References","13 External links"]

American television sitcom (1989–1998) This article is about the American sitcom. For other uses, see Family Matters (disambiguation). Family MattersGenreFamily sitcomCreated by William Bickley Michael Warren Developed by Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett Starring Reginald VelJohnson Jaleel White Jo Marie Payton Telma Hopkins Darius McCrary Kellie Shanygne Williams Jaimee Foxworth Rosetta LeNoire Shawn Harrison Valerie Jones Joseph and Julius Wright Bryton McClure Michelle Thomas Orlando Brown Judyann Elder Theme music composerJesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay & Scott Roeme(first five episodes only: Bob Thiele, George David Weiss & George Douglas)Opening theme"As Days Go By,"performed by Jesse Frederick(originally in first five episodes only: "What a Wonderful World" by Louis Armstrong)Ending themeInstrumental theme,composed by Jesse Frederick & Bennett Salvay (seasons 1–4)Gary Boren (seasons 5–9)ComposersJesse Frederick &Bennett Salvay (both; seasons 1 and 2)Gary Boren (seasons 3–5, 8 and 9)Steven Chesne (seasons 4–7 and 9)Country of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons9No. of episodes215 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett William Bickley Michael Warren (seasons 2–9) David W. Duclon (seasons 3–9) Producers Kelly Sandefur Fred Fox Jr. Jim Geoghan Gary Menteer Stephen Langford Sara V. Finney Vida Spears Rebecca Falk Robert Blair Paula A. Roth James O'Keefe Production locations Lorimar StudiosCulver City, California (1989–1991) Sony Pictures StudiosCulver City, California (1991–1993) Warner Bros. StudiosBurbank, California (1993–1998) Camera setupFilm; Multi-cameraRunning time24 minutesProduction companies Miller-Boyett Productions Bickley-Warren Productions(1991–1998)(seasons 3–9) Lorimar Television(1989–1993)(seasons 1–4) Warner Bros. Television(1993–1998)(seasons 5–9) Original releaseNetworkABCReleaseSeptember 22, 1989 (1989-09-22) –May 9, 1997 (1997-05-09)NetworkCBSReleaseSeptember 19, 1997 (1997-09-19) –July 17, 1998 (1998-07-17)Related Perfect Strangers (1986-1993) Family Matters is an American television sitcom that originally aired on ABC for eight seasons from September 22, 1989, to May 9, 1997, then moved to CBS for its ninth and final season from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998. A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren, and revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois. Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character. However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast. Running for 215 episodes over nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U.S. sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind The Jeffersons with 11 seasons and 253 episodes. Both have since been exceeded by Tyler Perry's House of Payne with 355 episodes as of 2023. Family Matters is the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasts longer in continuous production is The Simpsons. History The series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called "TGIF". Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked. Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer. ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed). In the pilot episode, "The Mama Who Came to Dinner", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as "Mother Winslow". Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband. The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced early in the first season, given a significant role midway through the season in the episode "Laura’s First Date", and quickly became the focus of the show. The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season. Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros. Television (1993–1998). As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is similar to Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel. Network change In early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC. ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1.5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters. However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc.). Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney. Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step. CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party. The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated. Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior. She agreed to stay to keep continuity but left midseason shortly after nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices. The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two. Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season. While Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish. Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks. After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot. Family Matters was pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step. The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say the Darndest Things was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer. Cast Clockwise from bottom-left: Jaleel White as Steve Urkel, Kellie Shanygne Williams as Laura, Michelle Thomas as Myra, Darius McCrary as Eddie, Jo Marie Payton as Harriette and Reginald VelJohnson as Carl Main article: List of Family Matters characters Character Portrayed by Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Carl Otis Winslow Reginald VelJohnson Main Harriette Baines Winslow Jo Marie Payton Main Judyann Elder Does not appear M Estelle "Mother" Winslow Rosetta LeNoire Main G Edward "Eddie" Winslow Darius McCrary Main Laura Lee Winslow Kellie Shanygne Williams Main Judith "Judy" Winslow Valerie Jones M Does not appear Jaimee Foxworth Main Does not appear Richard "Richie" Crawford Joseph & Julius Wright M Does not appear Bryton McClure Does not appear Main R Rachel Baines Crawford Telma Hopkins Main Does not appear R Does not appear G Steven "Steve" Quincy Urkel Jaleel White R Main Waldo Geraldo Faldo Shawn Harrison Does not appear R Main Does not appear Myra Monkhouse Michelle Thomas Does not appear R Main Jerry Jamal "3J" Jameson Orlando Brown Does not appear R Main Episodes Main article: List of Family Matters episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingViewers(millions)First airedLast airedNetwork122September 22, 1989 (1989-09-22)April 27, 1990 (1990-04-27)ABC3913.722.2225September 21, 1990 (1990-09-21)May 3, 1991 (1991-05-03)1515.826.4325September 20, 1991 (1991-09-20)May 8, 1992 (1992-05-08)2713.521.6424September 18, 1992 (1992-09-18)May 14, 1993 (1993-05-14)3212.620.8524September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24)May 20, 1994 (1994-05-20)3012.620.7625September 23, 1994 (1994-09-23)May 19, 1995 (1995-05-19)3411.618.4724September 22, 1995 (1995-09-22)May 17, 1996 (1996-05-17)4210.517.0824September 20, 1996 (1996-09-20)May 9, 1997 (1997-05-09)508.814.02922September 19, 1997 (1997-09-19)July 17, 1998 (1998-07-17)CBS995.98.17 Production notes This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Family Matters house in Chicago (depicted as the Winslow family home) in 2010. In 2017, the house was demolished and replaced with condos. Family Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series. The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros. Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner). Starting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions. The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros.-produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in nearby Burbank. The show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's "What a Wonderful World"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one ("Straight A's"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns. The second theme, "As Days Go By", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995. The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes "Talk's Cheap" and "Fa La La La Laagghh", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings). A longer version of "As Days Go By" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons). Family Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party. Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers. Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989. Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego. Syndication In September 1993, Warner Bros. Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006. In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003. TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999. From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings. The series returned to TBS in 2020. From 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America. In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008. From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years. BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023. MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013. The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008, to December 31, 2012. ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits. The series also aired on TV One from 2019 to 2023. In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel. On September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu. In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One. Reruns of the series aired on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block in 2021. TruTV began airing reruns in 2023 as part of their "Comfort Food" block. On October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform. International airings In France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995, and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000). In Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic. In Croatia, the show aired as Pod istim krovom (Under The Same Roof) starting in September 2005 on RTL, and later on it's sister channels RTL 2 and RTL Kockica. Home media Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1 while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection. On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters. Warner Bros. responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014. All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode "Number One With a Bullet", disc 1, episode 6. The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon.com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD. A Complete Series DVD boxset was released on September 26, 2023 DVD Name Ep # Release Date Ref(s) The Complete 1st Season 22 June 8, 2010 The Complete 2nd Season 25 February 14, 2012 The Complete 3rd Season 25 February 12, 2013 The Complete 4th Season 24 February 4, 2014 The Complete 5th Season 24 February 16, 2016 The Complete 6th Season 25 April 12, 2016 The Complete 7th Season 24 July 26, 2016 The Complete 8th Season 24 September 20, 2016 The Complete 9th Season 22 November 8, 2016 The Complete Series 215 September 26, 2023 Urkel Saves Santa: The Movie! On September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Urkel Saves Santa: The Movie! (originally Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story) was planned to air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022. It was set to be released on HBO Max. However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and would be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros. Discovery merger. Warner Bros. Discovery instead released the film on digital on November 21, 2023. A Family Matters Christmas In 2022, a Christmas-themed movie titled A Family Matters Christmas was made and released direct-to-video on November 8, 2022. The plot focuses on blended family in which the children switch bodies and learn about the others, and must work together to switch back. Jo Marie Payton and Kellie Shanygne Williams appear briefly. However, they play entirely new characters and the movie has no connection to the actual Family Matters show. Accolades Association Year Category Nominee(s) / Work Result Ref(s) Broadcast Music, Inc (BMI) Film & TV Awards 1991 BMI TV Music Award Bennett Salvay Won 1992 BMI TV Music Award Bennett Salvay Won NAACP Image Awards 1994 Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress Jaleel White Won 1995 Outstanding Youth Actor/Actress Jaleel White Won 1996 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Jaleel White Nominated 1997 Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Jaleel White Won Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards 1996 Favorite Television Show Family Matters Nominated Favorite Television Actor Jaleel White Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards 1996 Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects Kelly Sandefur(For episode "Send in the Clone") Nominated TV Land Icon Awards 2008 Favorite Character(s) Who "Went Missing" Jaimee Foxworth Nominated Young Artist Awards 1990 Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Darius McCrary Nominated Best New Television Series Family Matters Nominated Best Young Actor Guest Starring in a Television Series Randy Josselyn Won 1991 Best Young Actress Supporting or Re-Occurring Role For a TV Series Jaimee Foxworth Nominated Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series Kellie Shanygne Williams Nominated Best Young Actor Starring in a Television Series Darius McCrary Nominated Outstanding Young Comedian in a Television Series Jaleel White Won 1992 Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series Kellie Shanygne Williams Nominated 1993 Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series Kellie Shanygne Williams Nominated Outstanding Young Comedian in a Television Series Darius McCrary Nominated Best Young Actress Recurring in a Television Series Cherie Johnson Nominated Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Patrick J. Dancy Nominated Best Young Actor Co-starring in a Television Series Shawn Harrison Nominated Best Young Actor Recurring in a Television Series Bumper Robinson(Tied with Aeryk Egan for Brooklyn Bridge) Won Notes ^ Some non-scripted shows from the 1980s such as America's Funniest Home Videos also lasted longer, while other scripted comedy/drama series such as Roseanne were revived much later after significant stoppages in production. Seinfeld debuted in the same season as Family Matters but aired its final episode two months earlier. ^ In the first season, Valerie Jones was credited as a series regular in only the first episode. ^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible. References ^ "Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV : Broadcasting: A popular belief is that Desi Arnaz created the technique for 'I Love Lucy' in 1951, but evidence of the system dates to 1947". Los Angeles Times. July 29, 1991. Retrieved November 16, 2021. ^ Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2006). Historical Dictionary of African-American Television. Vol. 7. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 135. ISBN 0-8108-5335-3. ^ Fisherkeller, JoEllen (2002). Growing Up With Television: Everyday Learning Among Young Adolescents. Temple University Press. pp. 178. ISBN 1-56639-953-X. ^ Haithman, Diane (January 4, 1991). "Is Uncool Urkel the '90s Answer to the Fonz?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 18, 2012. ^ Bellafante, Ginia (December 9, 1996). "Revenge of The Nerd". Time. Time.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2012. ^ Boedeker, Hal (July 18, 1997). "He's A Goober But CBS Has A Lot Riding On Urkel TV". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 18, 2012. ^ a b "Family Matters: Why Did JoMarie Payton Leave the TV Show? ". Tvseriesfinale.com. July 27, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2021. ^ "'Family Matters' Star JoMarie Payton Says Jaleel White Once Threatened to Fight Her on Set (Exclusive) | Entertainment Tonight". www.etonline.com. May 3, 2022. Retrieved June 18, 2022. ^ "'Family Matters' House Will be Demolished, Replaced with Condos". Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2021. ^ Hatchett, Keisha (September 29, 2017). "This Is Not a Drill: Boy Meets World Is Now On Hulu". TVGuide.com. Retrieved October 28, 2017. ^ "Family Matters - trutv.com". Retrieved November 5, 2023. ^ ""Dune," "The Many Saints Of Newark," The Third Season Of "Succession," And The Final Season Of "Insecure" Arrive On HBO Max This October". WarnerMedia Pressroom. September 23, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021. ^ "Humoristična serija 'Pod istim krovom' od večeras na Kockici!" . rtl.hr (in Croatian). RTL. October 7, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2024. ^ a b "Family Matters DVD news:Announcement for Family Matters – The Complete First Season". Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ a b "Family Matters DVD news:Announcement for Family Matters – The Complete Second Season". Archived from the original on March 17, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ a b "Family Matters DVD news:Announcement for Family Matters – The Complete Third Season". Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013. ^ a b "Family Matters: The complete Fourth Season Season". Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. ^ a b "Family Matters – EXCLSUVE! Release Date for 'The Complete 5th Season DVD". Archived from the original on December 27, 2015. Retrieved December 27, 2015. ^ "Family Matters – Warner Archive Gives Us the CORRECT Word About 'The Complete 6th Season' DVDs". Archived from the original on March 17, 2016. Retrieved April 15, 2015. ^ "Family Matters DVD news: Announcement for the Complete 7th Season | TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved June 29, 2016. ^ http://videoeta.com/movie/187908/family-matters-the-complete-eighth-season/ ^ "Family Matters, Season 1". Utunes.apple.com. September 21, 1989. Retrieved November 16, 2021. ^ "Family Matters DVD news: Announcement for the Complete 9th Season | TVShowsOnDVD.com". Archived from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2016. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (September 1, 2021). "WarnerMedia Kids & Family Launching 'ACME Night' Block Sept. 19". Animationmagazine.net. Retrieved November 16, 2021. ^ @cartoonnetwork (December 2, 2021). "It's December and that means a BRAND NEW ACME Night Lineup! 🍿 🎥 Grab the fam for your fav blockbusters and magical…" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "'Batman: Caped Crusader' Series Not Moving Forward at HBO Max". August 23, 2022. ^ "'Batman: Caped Crusader': Apple TV+, Netflix and Hulu Are Interested in Acquiring Cancelled HBO Max Series". Collider. August 26, 2022. ^ Milligan, Mercedes (November 15, 2023). "'Urkel Saves Santa' Xmas Special Rescued from the Naughty List for Digital Release". Animationmagazine.net. Retrieved November 15, 2023. ^ "'Family Matters' Stars to Reunite for Upcoming Holiday Film". October 6, 2022. ^ "Television Academy–Awards & Nominations". emmys.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021. External links Chicago portalIllinois portalUnited States portalTelevision portalComedy portal1990s portal Family Matters at IMDb Family Matters at epguides.com Family Matters Archived February 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine at Nick at Nite vteFamily MattersCharacters Steve Urkel Episodes Season 1 "The Mama Who Came to Dinner" Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 vteTGIF1980s Perfect Strangers (1989–93) Full House (1989–91) Just the Ten of Us (1989–90) Family Matters (1989–97) T G I f 1990s New Attitude (1990) Going Places (1990–91) Baby Talk (1991–92) Dinosaurs (1991–93) Hi Honey, I'm Home! (1991) Step By Step (1991–97) Billy (1992) Camp Wilder (1992–93) Getting By (1993) Where I Live (1993) Home Free (1993) Hangin' with Mr. Cooper (1993–97) Boy Meets World (1993–2000) Sister, Sister (1994–95) On Our Own (1994–95) Muppets Tonight (1996) Aliens in the Family (1996) Clueless (1996–97) Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996–2000) You Wish (1997–98) Teen Angel (1997–98) Two of a Kind (1998–99) Brother's Keeper (1998–99) The Hughleys (1999–2000) Odd Man Out (1999–2000) 2000s George Lopez (2003–04) Life with Bonnie (2003–04) Hope & Faith (2003–05) Married to the Kellys (2003–04) The Big House (2004) 8 Simple Rules (2004–05) Less than Perfect (2004–05) Complete Savages (2004–05) 2010s Fresh Off the Boat (2018-19) Speechless (2018-19) Child Support (2018) vteMiller-Boyett ProductionsTV series Happy Days (1974–84) Petrocelli (1974–76) Laverne & Shirley (1976–83) Blansky's Beauties (1977) Mork & Mindy (1978–82) $weepstake$ (1979) Makin' It (1979) Angie (1979–80) Out of the Blue (1979) Goodtime Girls (1980) Bosom Buddies (1980–82) Foul Play (1981) Joanie Loves Chachi (1982–83) The Hogan Family (1986–91) Perfect Strangers (1986–93) Full House (1987–95) Family Matters (1989–98) The Family Man (1990–91) Going Places (1990–91) Step by Step (1991–98) Getting By (1993–94) On Our Own (1994–95) Meego (1997) Two of a Kind (1998–99) Fuller House (2016–20) Films The Heist (1972) The Weekend Nun (1972) Silver Streak (1976) Walkin' Walter (1977) Foul Play (1978) The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas (1982)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family Matters (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Matters_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"sitcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitcom"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"spin-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-off_(media)"},{"link_name":"Perfect Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"African-American middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_middle_class"},{"link_name":"Chicago, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Steve Urkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Urkel"},{"link_name":"Jaleel White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaleel_White"},{"link_name":"breakout character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breakout_characters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Jeffersons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeffersons"},{"link_name":"Tyler Perry's House of Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the American sitcom. For other uses, see Family Matters (disambiguation).Family Matters is an American television sitcom that originally aired on ABC for eight seasons from September 22, 1989, to May 9, 1997, then moved to CBS for its ninth and final season from September 19, 1997, to July 17, 1998. A spin-off of Perfect Strangers, the series was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren, and revolves around the Winslow family, an African-American middle class family living in Chicago, Illinois.[2] Midway through the first season, the show introduced the Winslows' nerdy neighbor Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), who was originally scripted to appear as a one-time character. However, he quickly became the show's breakout character (and eventually the main character), joining the main cast.[3]Running for 215 episodes over nine seasons, Family Matters became the second-longest-running live action U.S. sitcom with a predominantly African-American cast, behind The Jeffersons with 11 seasons and 253 episodes. Both have since been exceeded by Tyler Perry's House of Payne with 355 episodes as of 2023. Family Matters is the last live-action scripted primetime show that debuted in the 1980s to leave the air; the only scripted show that started in the 1980s and lasts longer in continuous production is The Simpsons.[a]","title":"Family Matters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perfect Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"\"TGIF\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGIF_(TV_programming_block)"},{"link_name":"Jo Marie Payton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Marie_Payton"},{"link_name":"Larry Appleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Appleton"},{"link_name":"Balki Bartokomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balki_Bartokomous"},{"link_name":"Reginald VelJohnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_VelJohnson"},{"link_name":"Die Hard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Hard"},{"link_name":"retconned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retconned"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pilot episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_pilot"},{"link_name":"The Mama Who Came to Dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mama_Who_Came_to_Dinner"},{"link_name":"Rosetta LeNoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_LeNoire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time-6"},{"link_name":"CBS Block Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Block_Party"},{"link_name":"Miller-Boyett Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Boyett_Productions"},{"link_name":"Lorimar Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorimar_Television"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television"},{"link_name":"Jaleel White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaleel_White"}],"text":"The series was a spinoff from the ABC sitcom Perfect Strangers; both shows aired Friday nights on ABC's primetime slot called \"TGIF\". Jo Marie Payton played Harriette Winslow, the elevator operator at a newspaper where Larry Appleton and Balki Bartokomous also worked. Reginald VelJohnson, who was coming off of growing fame from his role in Die Hard, made an appearance on the show as Harriette's husband Carl Winslow, a Chicago police officer. ABC and the producers loved the character Harriette for her great morale and quick-witted humor and decided to create a show that would focus on her and her family, husband Carl, son Eddie, elder daughter Laura, and younger daughter Judy (who appeared until the character was retconned after season four as having not existed).[4]In the pilot episode, \"The Mama Who Came to Dinner\", the family had also opened their home to Carl's street-wise mother, Estelle (Rosetta LeNoire), usually known as \"Mother Winslow\". Prior to the start of the series, Harriette's sister, Rachel Crawford and her infant son, Richie, had moved into the Winslow household after the death of Rachel's husband. The Winslows' nerdy teenage next-door neighbor, Steve Urkel (Jaleel White), was introduced early in the first season, given a significant role midway through the season in the episode \"Laura’s First Date\", and quickly became the focus of the show.[5]The popular sitcom was a mainstay of ABC's TGIF lineup from 1989 until 1997, at which point it became part of the CBS Block Party lineup for its final season. Family Matters was produced by Bickley-Warren Productions (1991–1998) and Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television (1989–1993) and later Warner Bros. Television (1993–1998). As the show progressed, episodes began to center increasingly on Steve Urkel, and other original characters also played by White, including Steve's suave alter-ego, Stefan Urquelle (who is similar to Jaleel White's real-life self), and his female cousin, Myrtle Urkel.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Step by Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_by_Step_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Capital Cities/ABC Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Cities/ABC_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvseriesfinale.com-8"},{"link_name":"Meego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meego_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"CBS Block Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Block_Party"},{"link_name":"jumped the shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumped_the_shark"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvseriesfinale.com-8"},{"link_name":"Broadcast Standards and Practices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Standards_and_Practices"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Judyann Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judyann_Elder"},{"link_name":"You Wish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Wish_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Kids Say the Darndest Things","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_Say_the_Darndest_Things"},{"link_name":"burned off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_off"}],"sub_title":"Network change","text":"In early 1997, CBS picked up Family Matters and Step by Step in a $40 million deal to acquire the rights to the programs from ABC.[6] ABC then promised to pay Miller-Boyett Productions $1.5 million per episode for a ninth and tenth season of Family Matters. However, tensions had risen between Miller-Boyett Productions and ABC's corporate parent, The Walt Disney Company (which had bought the network in 1996 as part of its merger with ABC's then-parent Capital Cities/ABC Inc.). Miller-Boyett thought that it would not be a big player on ABC after the network's recent purchase by Disney.[7]Miller-Boyett Productions agreed to a $40 million offer from CBS for a 22-episode season for both Family Matters and Step By Step. CBS scheduled Family Matters along with Meego and Step By Step as a part of its new Friday lineup, branded as the CBS Block Party. The network scheduled the family-oriented block against ABC's TGIF lineup, where the two series originated. Jo Marie Payton's contract had just expired and she was reluctant to continue, feeling the show had jumped the shark years prior. She agreed to stay to keep continuity[7] but left midseason shortly after nearly getting into a physical altercation with White in what would be her last regular episode; in that episode, White (playing a gangster instead of his usual Urkel) was attempting to insert material that violated Broadcast Standards and Practices. The resulting dispute between White and Payton escalated to the point where Darius McCrary had to separate the two.[8] Payton would appear in only one more episode after that—a Christmas episode that also brought back several former characters from the ABC run who had been written out on CBS—before Judyann Elder took over as Harriette for the remainder of the season.While Family Matters continued to lose viewership compared to previous years, it was initially a modest success on CBS, beating the show that replaced it, You Wish. Meego, however, was a ratings failure and was canceled after six weeks. After the holiday special season, CBS replaced Meego with Kids Say the Darndest Things, and with that show's child-centered focus, it was placed in Family Matters' 8/7c time slot. Family Matters was pushed an hour later and paired with Step by Step. The ratings for Family Matters fell even further in this later slot, and the entire block except for Kids Say the Darndest Things was canceled in spring 1998, with the remaining episodes burned off in the summer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cast-of-family-matters-2.jpg"}],"text":"Clockwise from bottom-left: Jaleel White as Steve Urkel, Kellie Shanygne Williams as Laura, Michelle Thomas as Myra, Darius McCrary as Eddie, Jo Marie Payton as Harriette and Reginald VelJohnson as Carl","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_1_(1989%E2%80%9390)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_2_(1990%E2%80%9391)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_3_(1991%E2%80%9392)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_4_(1992%E2%80%9393)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_5_(1993%E2%80%9394)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_6_(1994%E2%80%9395)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_7_(1995%E2%80%9396)"},{"link_name":"8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_8_(1996%E2%80%9397)"},{"link_name":"9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Family_Matters_episodes#Season_9_(1997%E2%80%9398)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedRankRatingViewers(millions)First airedLast airedNetwork122September 22, 1989 (1989-09-22)April 27, 1990 (1990-04-27)ABC3913.722.2225September 21, 1990 (1990-09-21)May 3, 1991 (1991-05-03)1515.826.4325September 20, 1991 (1991-09-20)May 8, 1992 (1992-05-08)2713.521.6424September 18, 1992 (1992-09-18)May 14, 1993 (1993-05-14)3212.620.8524September 24, 1993 (1993-09-24)May 20, 1994 (1994-05-20)3012.620.7625September 23, 1994 (1994-09-23)May 19, 1995 (1995-05-19)3411.618.4724September 22, 1995 (1995-09-22)May 17, 1996 (1996-05-17)4210.517.0824September 20, 1996 (1996-09-20)May 9, 1997 (1997-05-09)508.814.02922September 19, 1997 (1997-09-19)July 17, 1998 (1998-07-17)CBS995.98.17","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_Matters_house_in_Chicago,_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Perfect Strangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Strangers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miller-Boyett_Productions"},{"link_name":"Lorimar Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorimar_Television"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television"},{"link_name":"Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Warner"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Studios"},{"link_name":"Culver City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culver_City,_California"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Burbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Louis Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"What a Wonderful World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_a_Wonderful_World"},{"link_name":"Jesse Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Frederick"},{"link_name":"ABC Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"fictional universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe"},{"link_name":"TV shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_show"},{"link_name":"TGIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGIF_(TV_programming_block)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"Block Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Block_Party"},{"link_name":"Full House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_House"},{"link_name":"Boy Meets World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Meets_World"},{"link_name":"Step by Step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Step_by_Step_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Meego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meego_(TV_series)"}],"text":"The Family Matters house in Chicago (depicted as the Winslow family home) in 2010. In 2017, the house was demolished and replaced with condos.[9]Family Matters was created by William Bickley and Michael Warren (who also wrote for, and were producers of, parent series Perfect Strangers) and developed by Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett (who also served as executive producers on Perfect Strangers); all four also served as executive producers of the series. The series was produced by Miller-Boyett Productions, in association with Lorimar Television who co-produced the show until 1993, when Warner Bros. Television absorbed Lorimar (a sister company under the co-ownership of Time Warner).Starting with season three, the series was also produced by Bickley-Warren Productions. The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience; the Lorimar-produced episodes were shot at Lorimar Studios (later Sony Pictures Studios) in Culver City, California, while the Warner Bros.-produced episodes were filmed at Warner Bros. Studios in nearby Burbank.The show's original theme was Louis Armstrong's \"What a Wonderful World\"; it was scrapped after the fifth episode of season one (\"Straight A's\"), though it was heard only in the pilot episode in syndicated reruns. The second theme, \"As Days Go By\", written by Jesse Frederick, Bennett Salvay and Scott Roeme and performed by Frederick, was the theme for the majority of the series until 1995. The sixth season's opening credits was last used in the season seven episodes \"Talk's Cheap\" and \"Fa La La La Laagghh\", the only two episodes during the final three seasons to feature the theme song (this was heard in season one episodes in ABC Family and syndicated airings). A longer version of \"As Days Go By\" was used during the first three seasons, though in syndicated reruns the short version is heard (in ABC Family airings, the long theme was used for all of the episodes during the first three seasons).Family Matters is set in the same fictional universe as several other TV shows related to ABC's TGIF or CBS's Block Party. Before Family Matters, Harriette Winslow was originally the elevator operator at the Chicago Chronicle newspaper office in the third and fourth seasons of Perfect Strangers. Family Matters was a spin-off series given to this character in 1989. Characters from Family Matters appeared on other shows, including Full House, Boy Meets World, Step by Step and Meego.","title":"Production notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Television Distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Television_Studios#Warner_Bros._Domestic_Television_Distribution"},{"link_name":"WTOG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTOG"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"WPIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPIX"},{"link_name":"TBS Superstation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBS_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"WGN America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGN_America"},{"link_name":"ABC Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeform_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"UPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPN"},{"link_name":"BET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET"},{"link_name":"MTV2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV2"},{"link_name":"Nick at Nite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_at_Nite"},{"link_name":"TV One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_One_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"CBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Family Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Channel_(Canadian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sky One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_One"},{"link_name":"BBC One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_One"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO_Max"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In September 1993, Warner Bros. Television Distribution began distributing Family Matters for broadcast in off-network syndication; most television stations stopped carrying the show by around 2002, though some stations in larger markets such as WTOG in Tampa, Florida continued to air Family Matters until as recently as 2005 and New York's WPIX as 2006. In 1995, reruns of the series began airing on TBS Superstation, where it ran until 2003. TBS would air two episodes of Family Matters each weekday afternoon from October 1995 to September 1999. From 1999 to 2003, TBS only aired the series once per weekday typically playing in the early mornings. The series returned to TBS in 2020.From 1997 to 2003, reruns of the series aired on WGN America. In 2003, ABC Family picked up the series and aired it for five years until February 29, 2008. From 2004 to 2006, UPN aired the show for 2 years. BET aired reruns briefly in December 2009 and began airing the series on a regular basis on March 1, 2013; the series returned to BET in mid-February 2023. MTV2 also began airing reruns on September 7, 2013. The show aired on Nick at Nite from June 29, 2008, to December 31, 2012. ABC Family and Nick at Nite airings cut the tag scenes at the end of all episodes, despite the fact that many episodes during the series have tag scenes during the closing credits. The series also aired on TV One from 2019 to 2023. In Canada, the series also aired on CTV, CBC and currently airs on Family Channel.On September 29, 2017, Family Matters became available for streaming on Hulu.[10] In the UK it aired on Sky One whilst Perfect Strangers aired on BBC One.Reruns of the series aired on Cartoon Network's ACME Night block in 2021.TruTV began airing reruns in 2023 as part of their \"Comfort Food\" block.[11]On October 1, 2021, Family Matters began streaming on HBO Max after its streaming rights expired from Hulu, but has since returned to the Hulu platform.[12]","title":"Syndication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Vie de famille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_vie_de_famille"},{"link_name":"Club Dorothée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Doroth%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"RTL9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL9"},{"link_name":"France 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_2"},{"link_name":"M6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Otto sotto un tetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_sotto_un_tetto"},{"link_name":"Canale 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_5"},{"link_name":"Italia 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_1"},{"link_name":"Fox Retro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Retro"},{"link_name":"Sky Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Atlantic_(Italian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Pod istim krovom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pod_istim_krovom"},{"link_name":"RTL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_(Croatian_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"RTL 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_2_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"RTL Kockica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTL_Kockica"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RTL-15"}],"text":"In France, it aired as La Vie de famille (Family Life) as part of the show Club Dorothée on January 1, 1995, and on RTL9 (from August 28, 1995), France 2 & M6 (from June 1, 2000).In Italy, it aired as Otto sotto un tetto (Eight under one roof) on Canale 5, Italia 1 in 1992, with subsequent airings on Fox Retro & Sky Atlantic.In Croatia, the show aired as Pod istim krovom (Under The Same Roof) starting in September 2005 on RTL, and later on it's sister channels RTL 2 and RTL Kockica.[13]","title":"International airings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Home Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Home_Video"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season1-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season2-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season3-18"},{"link_name":"Warner Archive Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Archive_Collection"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season4-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season5-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Season6-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons of Family Matters on DVD in Region 1[14][15][16] while the remaining five seasons were released by the Warner Archive Collection.[17][18][19][20][21] On February 4, 2014, Warner Home Video released season 4 on DVD, but consumers complained when it was found that the season 4 set contained syndication edits rather than the original broadcast masters. Warner Bros. responded to the complaints, offered a replacement program to receive corrected discs and reissuing the set with corrected broadcast copies on April 4, 2014. All episodes are the original broadcast form, except for the episode \"Number One With a Bullet\", disc 1, episode 6. The entire series is also available for digital download on Amazon.com and the iTunes Store, all but season 6 remastered in both SD and HD.[22]A Complete Series DVD boxset was released on September 26, 2023","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"HBO Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros. Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"On September 1, 2021, it was announced an animated Christmas film Urkel Saves Santa: The Movie! (originally Did I Do That to the Holidays? A Steve Urkel Story) was planned to air on Cartoon Network as part of the block ACME Night in 2022.[24][25] It was set to be released on HBO Max. However, on August 22, 2022, it was announced the film will not be moving forward on HBO Max and would be shopped elsewhere due to the Warner Bros. Discovery merger.[26][27] Warner Bros. Discovery instead released the film on digital on November 21, 2023.[28]","title":"Urkel Saves Santa: The Movie!"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blended family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blended_family"},{"link_name":"switch bodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_swap"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"In 2022, a Christmas-themed movie titled A Family Matters Christmas was made and released direct-to-video on November 8, 2022. The plot focuses on blended family in which the children switch bodies and learn about the others, and must work together to switch back. Jo Marie Payton and Kellie Shanygne Williams appear[29] briefly. However, they play entirely new characters and the movie has no connection to the actual Family Matters show.","title":"A Family Matters Christmas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"}],"text":"^ Some non-scripted shows from the 1980s such as America's Funniest Home Videos also lasted longer, while other scripted comedy/drama series such as Roseanne were revived much later after significant stoppages in production. Seinfeld debuted in the same season as Family Matters but aired its final episode two months earlier.\n\n^ In the first season, Valerie Jones was credited as a series regular in only the first episode.\n\n^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Clockwise from bottom-left: Jaleel White as Steve Urkel, Kellie Shanygne Williams as Laura, Michelle Thomas as Myra, Darius McCrary as Eddie, Jo Marie Payton as Harriette and Reginald VelJohnson as Carl","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a8/Cast-of-family-matters-2.jpg/220px-Cast-of-family-matters-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Family Matters house in Chicago (depicted as the Winslow family home) in 2010. In 2017, the house was demolished and replaced with condos.[9]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Family_Matters_house_in_Chicago%2C_2010.jpg/220px-Family_Matters_house_in_Chicago%2C_2010.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV : Broadcasting: A popular belief is that Desi Arnaz created the technique for 'I Love Lucy' in 1951, but evidence of the system dates to 1947\". Los Angeles Times. July 29, 1991. Retrieved November 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-07-29-ca-176-story.html","url_text":"\"Myths and Mysteries Surround Pioneering of 3-Camera TV : Broadcasting: A popular belief is that Desi Arnaz created the technique for 'I Love Lucy' in 1951, but evidence of the system dates to 1947\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (2006). Historical Dictionary of African-American Television. Vol. 7. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 135. ISBN 0-8108-5335-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fear/page/135","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of African-American Television"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000fear/page/135","url_text":"135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5335-3","url_text":"0-8108-5335-3"}]},{"reference":"Fisherkeller, JoEllen (2002). Growing Up With Television: Everyday Learning Among Young Adolescents. Temple University Press. pp. 178. ISBN 1-56639-953-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/growingupwithtel0000fish","url_text":"Growing Up With Television: Everyday Learning Among Young Adolescents"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/growingupwithtel0000fish/page/178","url_text":"178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-953-X","url_text":"1-56639-953-X"}]},{"reference":"Haithman, Diane (January 4, 1991). \"Is Uncool Urkel the '90s Answer to the Fonz?\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1991-01-04/entertainment/ca-7948_1_family-matters","url_text":"\"Is Uncool Urkel the '90s Answer to the Fonz?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Bellafante, Ginia (December 9, 1996). \"Revenge of The Nerd\". Time. Time.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved October 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919072148/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985673,00.html","url_text":"\"Revenge of The Nerd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985673,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boedeker, Hal (July 18, 1997). \"He's A Goober But CBS Has A Lot Riding On Urkel TV\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved October 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1997-07-18/lifestyle/9707170555_1_family-matters-cbs-urkel","url_text":"\"He's A Goober But CBS Has A Lot Riding On Urkel TV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"\"Family Matters: Why Did JoMarie Payton Leave the TV Show? [Interview, part one]\". Tvseriesfinale.com. July 27, 2010. 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August 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/08/batman-caped-crusader-series-not-moving-forward-at-hbo-max-1235097947/","url_text":"\"'Batman: Caped Crusader' Series Not Moving Forward at HBO Max\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Batman: Caped Crusader': Apple TV+, Netflix and Hulu Are Interested in Acquiring Cancelled HBO Max Series\". Collider. August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://collider.com/batman-caped-crusader-netflix-apple-tv-hulu-trying-to-acquire/","url_text":"\"'Batman: Caped Crusader': Apple TV+, Netflix and Hulu Are Interested in Acquiring Cancelled HBO Max Series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collider_(website)","url_text":"Collider"}]},{"reference":"Milligan, Mercedes (November 15, 2023). \"'Urkel Saves Santa' Xmas Special Rescued from the Naughty List for Digital Release\". Animationmagazine.net. Retrieved November 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animationmagazine.net/2023/11/urkel-saves-santa-xmas-special-rescued-from-the-naughty-list-for-digital-release/","url_text":"\"'Urkel Saves Santa' Xmas Special Rescued from the Naughty List for Digital Release\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Family Matters' Stars to Reunite for Upcoming Holiday Film\". October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vibe.com/news/movies-tv/family-matters-christmas-reunion-1234699420/","url_text":"\"'Family Matters' Stars to Reunite for Upcoming Holiday Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Television Academy–Awards & Nominations\". emmys.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525065152/https://www.emmys.com/shows/family-matters","url_text":"\"Television Academy–Awards & Nominations\""},{"url":"https://www.emmys.com/shows/family-matters","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum

Magnis (Carvoran)

["1 Name","2 Roman fort","3 Vicus","4 Archaeology","5 Roman Army Museum","6 Further reading","7 References","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 54°59′06″N 2°31′28″W / 54.9849°N 2.5244°W / 54.9849; -2.5244Roman fort in Northumberland, England MagnisCarvoran (Magna) Roman Fort - north boundary; and Corvoran Roman Army MuseumLocation in NorthumberlandLocationCoordinates54°59′06″N 2°31′28″W / 54.9849°N 2.5244°W / 54.9849; -2.5244Place nameCarvoranCountyNorthumberlandCountryEnglandReferenceUK-OSNG referenceNY665656 Magna plan from OS 1964 Map Magna lidar scan Magnis or Magna was a Roman fort near Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain. Its ruins are now known as Carvoran Roman Fort and are located near Carvoran, Northumberland, in northern England. It was built on the Stanegate frontier and Roman road, linking Coria (Corbridge) in the east to Luguvalium (Carlisle) in the west, before the building of Hadrian's Wall. The fort is now the site of the Roman Army Museum. Name The fort at Carvoran is generally identified with the 'Magnis' which appears both in the Ravenna Cosmography and the Notitia Dignitatum. Further evidence for the name comes from a fragmentary inscription (RIB 1825) apparently seen by the antiquary William Hutchinson in 1766 but which is now lost, which referred to "numerus Magne<c>e(n)s(ium)" ("of the unit of Magn ...."). The name could be a Latin nominative form Magni, or Magna, and the fort is today sometimes referred to under the name "Magna". The name is rather inappropriate for a relatively small fort, and one suggestion is that it could ultimately derive from the Celtic word maen meaning "stone" or "rock". Roman fort The site was occupied by several earlier timber-built camps as revealed by aerial photography, and a large enclosure of just under 8 acres (c. 3.2ha) below the later walls. The earliest dateable evidence is from the end of Domitian's reign (1st century). Magnis was built on the Stanegate frontier in about 80 AD to guard the junction of the Maiden Way Roman road (running north to south) with the Stanegate (running west to east). As such the fort predates Hadrian's Wall. The Maiden Way ran south from Magnis to Bravoniacum (Kirkby Thore near Penrith). An intermediate fort halfway between the two on the Maiden Way was Whitley Castle or Epiacum, just north of Alston, Cumbria. Five hundred Hamian archers, known as Cohors Prima Hamiorum Sagittaria, the only regiment of archers known in Britain, were stationed at Magnis starting from 120 AD. Hadrian's wall was built from 122 only a few hundred yards north of the fort and its Vallum ditch was dug to the north of the fort, separating it from the Wall and the frontier zone. The vallum was also diverted much further north of the fort than needed with no apparent reason. The fort was rebuilt in stone in 136-7 when the Antonine Wall was built. Further rebuilding was done at the end of the reign of Antoninus Pius (c. 161) and after the withdrawal from the Antonine wall, the same garrison that had occupied it in Hadrianic times fort returned. Vicus A large vicus (civilian settlement) was located on at least three sides of the fort as revealed by geophysical survey. It was identified by visitors to the remains including Horsley in 1732 and is also testified by many dedications to the god Vitiris. Archaeology Artifacts recovered at Magnis include a 2-foot-long (0.61 m) iron spearhead, found at a depth of 36 feet (11 m) in a well, and the well-known modius, a bronze grain-measure. The site is under the care of the Vindolanda Trust and has the same preservation layers of organic remains. Supported by a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, a five-year excavation began in 2023. Roman Army Museum Magnis is the location of the Roman Army Museum run by the Vindolanda Trust. Like the museum at Vindolanda, the Roman Army Museum was modernised and reopened in 2011. The museum illustrates frontier life on the northern edge of the Roman Empire. The museum displays genuine Roman artifacts including weapons and tools; life-size replicas; a 3D film showing Hadrian's Wall past and present, and a large timeline of Hadrian's Wall. There is a gallery devoted to the emperor Hadrian himself. A large gallery describes daily life in the Roman army as seen through the eyes of a team of eight auxiliary soldiers, complete with a film showing their activities. Notable exhibits include a rare surviving helmet crest. Further reading Birley, Robin (1998). The Fort at the Rock: On Hadrian's Wall: Magna and Carvoran. Vindolanda Trust. ISBN 978-1-873136-56-0. References ^ Frere, S. S. (1987). Tabvla Imperii Romani: Britannia Septentrionalis. Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-19-726059-3. ^ a b Taylor, David (2000). The Forts on Hadrian's Wall: A Comparative Analysis of the Form and Construction of Some Buildings. Archeopress. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-84171-076-1. ^ De la Bédoyère, Guy (1999). Companion to Roman Britain. Archeopress. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7524-1457-7. ^ Bevan, James Oliver (1917). The towns of Roman Britain. Chapman & Hall. ^ Historic England. "Carvoran Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall and vallum (1010991)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 March 2015. ^ McClure, Edmund (1910). British place-names in their historical setting. E.S. Gorham. p. 331. ^ Wilson, Roger John Anthony (2002). A guide to the Roman remains in Britain. Constable. ISBN 978-0-09-468680-9. ^ "Carvoran (Magnis / Magna) Roman Fort". Roman Britain. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ "Carvoran Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall and vallum between the unclassified road to Old Shield and the field boundary west of the fort in wall miles 45 and 46, Greenhead - 1010991 | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ "The Hamians". romanarmy.net. ^ "Magna Roman Fort". The Vindolanda Trust. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ "Carvoran (Magnis / Magna) Roman Fort". Roman Britain. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ a b "Magna Excavations". Roman Army Museum. Retrieved 13 March 2024. ^ John Collingwood Bruce, The Roman wall, 1853 ^ Birley, R. (2012). Vindolanda Guide: the home of Britain's finest treasures. Roman Army Museum Publications. pp. 2 and 43. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magna Roman Fort (Carvoran). "Magnis Carvetiorum" at Roman Britain Online "Hadrian's Wall: Carovoran Fort (Magna)" at North of the Tyne vteRoman visitor sites in the UKVillas Bignor Brading Chedworth Crofton Dover Painted House Fishbourne Great Witcombe Littlecote Lullingstone Newport North Leigh Piddington Rockbourne Sparsholt Wroxeter Forts & military Ambleside Roman Fort Arbeia Banks East Turret Binchester Birdoswald Burgh Castle Caerleon Chesters Derventio Dover Castle Eboracum Hardknott Roman Fort Housesteads Lancaster Lunt Carvoran Roman Army Museum Over Burrow (Lancaster) Pevensey Castle Portchester Castle Ribchester Richborough Segedunum Venta Icenorum Vindolanda Towns Aldborough Roman Site Chichester Colchester Corbridge Silchester Venta Icenorum St Albans Wroxeter Museums Canterbury Roman Museum Carvoran Roman Army Museum Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths Colchester Castle Museum Corinium Museum Jewry Wall Museum National Roman Legion Museum Ribchester Senhouse Roman Museum Trimontium Trust (Melrose) Verulamium Museum Other sites Bath Roman Baths Benwell Roman temple Caerleon Roman Baths Chester Roman Amphitheatre Jewry Wall, Leicester Welwyn Roman Baths York Roman Baths vteForts and structures of Hadrian's WallWall Forts (East to West) Segedunum Pons Aelius Condercum Vindobala Onnum Cilurnum Procolita Vercovicium Aesica Magnis Banna Camboglanna Uxelodunum Aballava Coggabata Maia Outpost Forts Habitancum Fanum Cocidi Castra Exploratorum Blatobulgium Stanegate Forts Corstopitum Newbrough Vindolanda Haltwhistle Burn Magnis Throp Nether Denton Castle Hill Boothby Brampton Old Church Luguvalium Supply Forts Alauna Arbeia Coria Vindomora Cumbrian Coast Forts (North to South) Bibra Alauna Burrow Walls Gabrosentum Milecastles 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 50TW 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Milefortlets MF 1 MF 2 MF 3 MF 4 MF 5 MF 9 MF 10 MF 11 MF 12 MF 13 MF 14 MF 15 MF 16 MF 17 MF 18 MF 19 MF 20 MF 21 MF 22 MF 23 MF 24 MF 25 Other structures on Hadrian's Wall Portgate Planetrees (Hadrian's Wall section) Chesters Bridge Limestone Corner Knag Burn Gateway Peel Gap Tower Willowford Bridge Pike Hill Signal Tower Regular and linear features Vallum Military Way Hadrian's Wall Path Turrets Authority control databases: Geographic Pleiades

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magna_plan.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magna_lidar.jpg"},{"link_name":"lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Stanegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanegate"},{"link_name":"Coria (Corbridge)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)"},{"link_name":"Luguvalium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luguvalium"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Roman Army Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Army_Museum"}],"text":"Roman fort in Northumberland, EnglandMagna plan from OS 1964 MapMagna lidar scanMagnis or Magna was a Roman fort near Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain. Its ruins are now known as Carvoran Roman Fort and are located near Carvoran, Northumberland, in northern England. It was built on the Stanegate frontier and Roman road, linking Coria (Corbridge) in the east to Luguvalium (Carlisle) in the west, before the building of Hadrian's Wall.The fort is now the site of the Roman Army Museum.","title":"Magnis (Carvoran)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ravenna Cosmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography"},{"link_name":"Notitia Dignitatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"RIB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Inscriptions_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"William Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(topographer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"nominative form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taylor-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhle1-5"},{"link_name":"Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The fort at Carvoran is generally identified with the 'Magnis' which appears both in the Ravenna Cosmography and the Notitia Dignitatum.[1] Further evidence for the name comes from a fragmentary inscription (RIB 1825) apparently seen by the antiquary William Hutchinson in 1766 but which is now lost, which referred to \"numerus Magne<c>e(n)s(ium)\" (\"of the unit of Magn[...] ....\").[2][3] The name could be a Latin nominative form Magni, or Magna,[4] and the fort is today sometimes referred to under the name \"Magna\".[2] The name is rather inappropriate for a relatively small fort,[5] and one suggestion is that it could ultimately derive from the Celtic word maen meaning \"stone\" or \"rock\".[6][7]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Domitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Stanegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanegate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Maiden Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Way"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Maiden Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_Way"},{"link_name":"Bravoniacum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Thore#History"},{"link_name":"Kirkby Thore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Thore"},{"link_name":"Penrith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrith,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Whitley Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitley_Castle"},{"link_name":"Alston, Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alston,_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"Hamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"Cohors Prima Hamiorum Sagittaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohors_I_Hamiorum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vallum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallum_(Hadrian%27s_Wall)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Antonine Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonine_Wall"},{"link_name":"Antoninus Pius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoninus_Pius"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The site was occupied by several earlier timber-built camps as revealed by aerial photography, and a large enclosure of just under 8 acres (c. 3.2ha) below the later walls. The earliest dateable evidence is from the end of Domitian's reign (1st century).[8]Magnis was built on the Stanegate frontier in about 80 AD[9] to guard the junction of the Maiden Way Roman road (running north to south) with the Stanegate (running west to east). As such the fort predates Hadrian's Wall.The Maiden Way ran south from Magnis to Bravoniacum (Kirkby Thore near Penrith). An intermediate fort halfway between the two on the Maiden Way was Whitley Castle or Epiacum, just north of Alston, Cumbria.Five hundred Hamian archers, known as Cohors Prima Hamiorum Sagittaria, the only regiment of archers known in Britain, were stationed at Magnis starting from 120 AD.[10]Hadrian's wall was built from 122 only a few hundred yards north of the fort and its Vallum ditch was dug to the north of the fort, separating it from the Wall and the frontier zone. The vallum was also diverted much further north of the fort than needed with no apparent reason.[11] The fort was rebuilt in stone in 136-7 when the Antonine Wall was built. Further rebuilding was done at the end of the reign of Antoninus Pius (c. 161) and after the withdrawal from the Antonine wall, the same garrison that had occupied it in Hadrianic times fort returned.[12]","title":"Roman fort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"text":"A large vicus (civilian settlement) was located on at least three sides of the fort as revealed by geophysical survey.[13] It was identified by visitors to the remains including Horsley in 1732 and is also testified by many dedications to the god Vitiris.","title":"Vicus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Dry_measure"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"}],"text":"Artifacts recovered at Magnis include a 2-foot-long (0.61 m) iron spearhead, found at a depth of 36 feet (11 m) in a well, and the well-known modius, a bronze grain-measure.[14]The site is under the care of the Vindolanda Trust and has the same preservation layers of organic remains. Supported by a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, a five-year excavation began in 2023.[13]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vindolanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda"},{"link_name":"Vindolanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindolanda"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"Hadrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Magnis is the location of the Roman Army Museum run by the Vindolanda Trust. Like the museum at Vindolanda, the Roman Army Museum was modernised and reopened in 2011. The museum illustrates frontier life on the northern edge of the Roman Empire. The museum displays genuine Roman artifacts including weapons and tools; life-size replicas; a 3D film showing Hadrian's Wall past and present, and a large timeline of Hadrian's Wall. There is a gallery devoted to the emperor Hadrian himself. A large gallery describes daily life in the Roman army as seen through the eyes of a team of eight auxiliary soldiers, complete with a film showing their activities. Notable exhibits include a rare surviving helmet crest.[15]","title":"Roman Army Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-873136-56-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873136-56-0"}],"text":"Birley, Robin (1998). The Fort at the Rock: On Hadrian's Wall: Magna and Carvoran. Vindolanda Trust. ISBN 978-1-873136-56-0.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Magna plan from OS 1964 Map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Magna_plan.png/320px-Magna_plan.png"},{"image_text":"Magna lidar scan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Magna_lidar.jpg/320px-Magna_lidar.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Britain_1.png/100px-Britain_1.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg/100px-Milecastle_42%2C_Cawfields%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_57718.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Birley, Robin (1998). The Fort at the Rock: On Hadrian's Wall: Magna and Carvoran. Vindolanda Trust. ISBN 978-1-873136-56-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873136-56-0","url_text":"978-1-873136-56-0"}]},{"reference":"Frere, S. S. (1987). Tabvla Imperii Romani: Britannia Septentrionalis. Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-19-726059-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726059-3","url_text":"978-0-19-726059-3"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, David (2000). The Forts on Hadrian's Wall: A Comparative Analysis of the Form and Construction of Some Buildings. Archeopress. p. 118. ISBN 978-1-84171-076-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84171-076-1","url_text":"978-1-84171-076-1"}]},{"reference":"De la Bédoyère, Guy (1999). Companion to Roman Britain. Archeopress. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-7524-1457-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-1457-7","url_text":"978-0-7524-1457-7"}]},{"reference":"Bevan, James Oliver (1917). The towns of Roman Britain. Chapman & Hall.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cu31924027948573","url_text":"The towns of Roman Britain"}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"Carvoran Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall and vallum (1010991)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 17 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1010991","url_text":"\"Carvoran Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall and vallum (1010991)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"McClure, Edmund (1910). British place-names in their historical setting. E.S. Gorham. p. 331.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishplacename00mcclrich","url_text":"British place-names in their historical setting"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/britishplacename00mcclrich/page/331","url_text":"331"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Roger John Anthony (2002). A guide to the Roman remains in Britain. Constable. ISBN 978-0-09-468680-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-468680-9","url_text":"978-0-09-468680-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Carvoran (Magnis / Magna) Roman Fort\". Roman Britain. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/magnis_carvetiorum/","url_text":"\"Carvoran (Magnis / Magna) Roman Fort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carvoran Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall and vallum between the unclassified road to Old Shield and the field boundary west of the fort in wall miles 45 and 46, Greenhead - 1010991 | Historic England\". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1010991","url_text":"\"Carvoran Roman fort and Hadrian's Wall and vallum between the unclassified road to Old Shield and the field boundary west of the fort in wall miles 45 and 46, Greenhead - 1010991 | Historic England\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hamians\". romanarmy.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.romanarmy.net/images/Pages/Military/hamians.htm","url_text":"\"The Hamians\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magna Roman Fort\". The Vindolanda Trust. 2 February 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vindolanda.com/blog/magna-roman-fort","url_text":"\"Magna Roman Fort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carvoran (Magnis / Magna) Roman Fort\". Roman Britain. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/magnis_carvetiorum/","url_text":"\"Carvoran (Magnis / Magna) Roman Fort\""}]},{"reference":"\"Magna Excavations\". Roman Army Museum. Retrieved 13 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://romanarmymuseum.com/story/magna-roman-excavations/","url_text":"\"Magna Excavations\""}]},{"reference":"Birley, R. (2012). Vindolanda Guide: the home of Britain's finest treasures. Roman Army Museum Publications. pp. 2 and 43.","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_nana

Erica nana

["1 Description","2 References"]

Species of flowering plant Erica nana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Erica Species: E. nana Binomial name Erica nanaSalisb. Erica nana is a species of Erica heath native to the fynbos region of South Africa. Description Erica nana is a typical Cape heath, with small, fine needle-like leaves, a shrubby growth habit, and waxy yellow tubular flowers. It grows to about 1 metre (3+1⁄2 feet) in diameter and half that in height. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erica nana. ^ "Erica nana". South African National Biodiversity Institute. Taxon identifiersErica nana Wikidata: Q5387949 Wikispecies: Erica nana ARKive: erica-nana CoL: 6GM95 GBIF: 5683918 GRIN: 15479 iNaturalist: 515588 IPNI: 329174-1 NCBI: 1830045 Plant List: kew-2793901 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:329174-1 SANBI: 1820-601 WFO: wfo-0000672688 This Ericaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_News

Channel One News

["1 History","2 Business model","3 OneVote","4 Controversy","5 Former anchors","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Daily news program for U.S. schools This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Channel One News" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Television channel Channel One NewsCountryUnited StatesOwnershipOwnerWhittle Communications (1989-1994)PRIMEDIA (1994-2007)Alloy Media+Marketing (2007-2012)ZelnickMedia (2012-May 13, 2014)Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (May 13, 2014-May 2018)HistoryLaunchedMarch 6, 1989 (pilot program debut)1990 (national debut)ClosedMay 2018 Channel One News was an American news content provider. The daily news program was accompanied by commercial advertising for marketing in schools, with supplementary educational resources. The Peabody award-winning Channel One News program was broadcast mainly to minors, advertising a way for young teens to understand happenings worldwide. Susan Winston (former executive producer of Good Morning America) and Daniel Funk were brought in to design the broadcast and produce the six weeks of test shows. On May 13, 2014, it was sold for an undisclosed price to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. On June 28, 2018, HMH announced that Channel One's last broadcast occurred in May and that they would be "winding down ongoing operations". History Channel One was founded in 1989. It began with a pilot program in four high schools before its national rollout in 1990, with original anchors and reporters Ken Rogers, Lynne Blades, and Brian Tochi. Christopher Whittle founded it along with co-founder Ed Winter, advertising and marketing executives based in Knoxville, Tennessee. Primedia purchased Channel One for approximately $250 million from Whittle in 1994, with Ed Winter remaining as chairman for several more years. The program's first executive producer, Cynthia Samuels, came to Channel One from 9 years on Today. While at Channel One, she created Student Producer Week (in which students produced, reported, directed, and designed an entire week of programming), Channel One's one-hour specials (including one in Moscow and Ohio, one in Tokyo and Texas, one in Los Angeles after the Rodney King riots hosted by Arsenio Hall) and OneVote (an "election night" for students to vote for president and watch the returns come in live from their classrooms). After Cynthia Samuels came Douglas Greenlaw, former president of MTV, followed by David Neuman, former vice president of comedy at NBC. From 1997 until 2000, Andy Hill was president of programming for Channel One News, where he produced award-winning news programming for an audience of eight million American teens. In December 2007, Channel One's parent company, Primedia, classified its Education Segment, which includes Channel One Network, as a "discontinued operation" and announced that it was "exploring strategic alternatives for" the businesses in that segment. In 2007, Primedia sold Channel One to Alloy Media. In July 2007, NBC News announced that it would be partnering with Alloy under an arrangement in which NBC would work with Channel One News to produce original content for Channel One's in-school broadcasts, providing Channel One with access to global news gathering resources. In 2009, CBS News entered into a partnership with Channel One. Alloy was bought by ZelnickMedia in 2010. On May 13, 2014, Channel One was acquired by the educational publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; the company stated that the purchase would foster the "continued development of high-quality digital content for students, teachers, and parents across multiple modalities, and will bring significant video and cross-media production capabilities in-house." Business model The original model for Channel One had it providing schools and school districts with televisions, headend units, and satellite receivers. Schools would record the broadcast and transmit it into classrooms. Ads were displayed during the broadcast to cover the costs of the equipment. Starting in 1989, schools began to accept two minutes of advertisement. In 2011, the network began offering a subscription fee to receive an ad-free version of its transmissions. OneVote Channel One held mock presidential elections called OneVote shortly before the general elections in 1992, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016. With the exception of the 2016 election, the popular vote winner in each OneVote election accurately predicted the electoral college winner of the respective real presidential election. 1992: The initial vote in 1992 had 3,400,000 participants. Bill Clinton won the 1992 OneVote, garnering 43% of the vote. George H. W. Bush got 27%, with independent H. Ross Perot getting 24% of the vote. 2000: When OneVote returned in 2000, 877,497 students participated, choosing Texas Governor George W. Bush in a mock election with nearly 59% of the vote. Vice-president Al Gore was voted second with 36% of the vote. 2004: The 2004 OneVote gave George W. Bush 55% of the vote. John Kerry finished second with 40% of the vote, while all third-party candidates as a group (voters could only vote for them as a group) got 5%. The vote consisted of 1,400,000 students. 2008: The 2008 OneVote gave Barack Obama 51.5 percent of the vote. John McCain finished second with 48.5 percent. 2012: The 2012 OneVote gave Barack Obama 50 percent of the vote. Mitt Romney finished second with 44 percent. 2016: The 2016 OneVote gave Hillary Clinton 47 percent of the vote. Donald Trump finished second with 41 percent. Controversy Channel One was controversial largely because of the commercial content of the show. Critics claimed that it was a problem in classrooms because it forced children to watch ads and wasted class time and tax dollars. Supporters argued that the ads were necessary to help keep the program running and lease TVs, VCRs, and satellite dishes to schools, as well as commercial-free educational video through Channel One Connection. In 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics reported that research indicated that children who watched Channel One remembered the commercials more than they remembered the news. Another criticism, noted by Media Education Foundation's documentary Captive Audience, was that very little time was dedicated to actual news and that the majority of the programming was corporate marketing and PR tie-ins to promote products and services, arguing that it further corrupted the school setting with consumerism. Former anchors Channel One News had seven anchors/correspondents on its roster. Here are some of those who rotated between 1993 and 2018. Serena Altschul (correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning) Tony Anderson Errol Barnett (anchor and correspondent for CBS News and its streaming channel) Chris Browne Mark Carter Azia Celestino Janet Choi Gotham Chopra Anderson Cooper (anchor on CNN and talk show host) Adriana Diaz Seth Doane (correspondent on CBS News) Julian Dujarric Scott Evans (reporter/anchor at Access Hollywood) Steven Fabian (correspondent on Inside Edition) Justin Finch (reporter/anchor at NBC Washington) Jared Friesen Tom Hanson Chris Haslage Arielle Hixson Shelby Holliday Cassie Hudson Craig Jackson (host of VH1's I Love Money) Brian Kilmeade (co-host on Fox News Channel and host on Fox News Radio) Keith Kocinski Kathy Kroenenberger Jessica Kumari Hicks Neal Ron Mervine Demetrius Pipkin Emily Reppert Maggie Rulli Sofia Lidskog Lisa Ling (host of Our America on OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network and This is Life with Lisa Ling on CNN) Laura Ling (Director of Development for Discovery Digital Networks) Alex Marquardt (correspondent on CNN) Tonoccus McClain Maria Menounos (host on E! News) Alexandra Montoya Meka Nichols Monica Novotny (anchor on MSNBC) Kris Osborn (correspondent for Entertainment Tonight) Michele Ruiz Alex Sanz (U.S. News leadership team at Associated Press) Derrick Shore (host of Houston Life on KPRC-TV) Tracy Smith (correspondent on CBS News Sunday Morning) Brian Tochi Rawley Valverde Justin Gunn See also BusRadio Cable in the Classroom References ^ Miller, Lia (2007-07-09). "NBC News to Provide Content for Channel One". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-05-14. ^ "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Acquires Channel One News to Expand Digital Content Offering, Production Capabilities". Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Channel One Going Dark". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 2022-02-08. ^ "Remembering Coach John Wooden". California State University, Long Beach. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. ^ "MarketWatch - Stock Market Quotes, Business News, Financial News". Retrieved 8 October 2014. ^ "Kicked Out of Class: Primedia Sheds In-School Net Channel One". Ad Age. Retrieved 2018-11-03. ^ Miller, Lia (July 9, 2007). "NBC News to Provide Content for Channel One". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-09. ^ "ZelnickMedia Acquires Alloy". Adweek. Retrieved 2018-11-03. ^ "Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Acquires Channel One News". Edweek Market Brief. 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2018-11-03. ^ Anne, Ackley, Katherine (2016-10-05). Perspectives on contemporary issues : readings across the disciplines (Eighth ed.). Boston. ISBN 9781305969377. OCLC 967940184.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ About.com. "Student Voters Pick Bush - Results of Project OneVote". Archived from the original on 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2011-02-11. ^ Critic's Notebook; TV News in the Schools: Which Channel, if Any? ^ "Nonprofit urges schools to ban Channel One newscast over onslaught of commercials". Fox News. 26 March 2015. Retrieved 8 February 2022. ^ NBC News to Provide Content for Channel One at The New York Times ^ "Captive Audience". Retrieved 8 October 2006. ^ Name. "Reporters". Channelone.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02. ^ Meisler, Andy (January 8, 1995). "The World According to Channel One". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ "JustinGunn.com Resume" (PDF). External links Channel One at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"content provider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_provider"},{"link_name":"commercial advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_advertising"},{"link_name":"marketing in schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_in_schools"},{"link_name":"Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Television channelChannel One News was an American news content provider. The daily news program was accompanied by commercial advertising for marketing in schools, with supplementary educational resources. The Peabody award-winning Channel One News program was broadcast mainly to minors, advertising a way for young teens to understand happenings worldwide. Susan Winston (former executive producer of Good Morning America) and Daniel Funk were brought in to design the broadcast and produce the six weeks of test shows. On May 13, 2014, it was sold for an undisclosed price to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.[2] On June 28, 2018, HMH announced that Channel One's last broadcast occurred in May and that they would be \"winding down ongoing operations\".[3]","title":"Channel One News"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Tochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tochi"},{"link_name":"Christopher Whittle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Whittle"},{"link_name":"Knoxville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Primedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primedia"},{"link_name":"executive producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer"},{"link_name":"Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today_(U.S._TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Rodney King riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_King_riots"},{"link_name":"Arsenio Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenio_Hall"},{"link_name":"Andy Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Hill_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-remembering-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alloy Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy_Media"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"NBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_New_York_Times-7"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ZelnickMedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZelnickMedia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Channel One was founded in 1989. It began with a pilot program in four high schools before its national rollout in 1990, with original anchors and reporters Ken Rogers, Lynne Blades, and Brian Tochi. Christopher Whittle founded it along with co-founder Ed Winter, advertising and marketing executives based in Knoxville, Tennessee. Primedia purchased Channel One for approximately $250 million from Whittle in 1994, with Ed Winter remaining as chairman for several more years.The program's first executive producer, Cynthia Samuels, came to Channel One from 9 years on Today. While at Channel One, she created Student Producer Week (in which students produced, reported, directed, and designed an entire week of programming), Channel One's one-hour specials (including one in Moscow and Ohio, one in Tokyo and Texas, one in Los Angeles after the Rodney King riots hosted by Arsenio Hall) and OneVote (an \"election night\" for students to vote for president and watch the returns come in live from their classrooms). After Cynthia Samuels came Douglas Greenlaw, former president of MTV, followed by David Neuman, former vice president of comedy at NBC.From 1997 until 2000, Andy Hill was president of programming for Channel One News, where he produced award-winning news programming for an audience of eight million American teens.[4]In December 2007, Channel One's parent company, Primedia, classified its Education Segment, which includes Channel One Network, as a \"discontinued operation\" and announced that it was \"exploring strategic alternatives for\" the businesses in that segment.[5] In 2007, Primedia sold Channel One to Alloy Media.[6]In July 2007, NBC News announced that it would be partnering with Alloy under an arrangement in which NBC would work with Channel One News to produce original content for Channel One's in-school broadcasts, providing Channel One with access to global news gathering resources.[7] In 2009, CBS News entered into a partnership with Channel One.[citation needed]Alloy was bought by ZelnickMedia in 2010.[8] On May 13, 2014, Channel One was acquired by the educational publisher Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; the company stated that the purchase would foster the \"continued development of high-quality digital content for students, teachers, and parents across multiple modalities, and will bring significant video and cross-media production capabilities in-house.\"[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"televisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"headend units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_television_headend"},{"link_name":"satellite receivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_receiver"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The original model for Channel One had it providing schools and school districts with televisions, headend units, and satellite receivers. Schools would record the broadcast and transmit it into classrooms. Ads were displayed during the broadcast to cover the costs of the equipment. Starting in 1989, schools began to accept two minutes of advertisement.[10] In 2011, the network began offering a subscription fee to receive an ad-free version of its transmissions.","title":"Business model"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"H. Ross Perot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Ross_Perot"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"John Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerry"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John McCain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCain"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"}],"text":"Channel One held mock presidential elections called OneVote shortly before the general elections in 1992, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016. With the exception of the 2016 election, the popular vote winner in each OneVote election accurately predicted the electoral college winner of the respective real presidential election.1992: The initial vote in 1992 had 3,400,000 participants. Bill Clinton won the 1992 OneVote, garnering 43% of the vote. George H. W. Bush got 27%, with independent H. Ross Perot getting 24% of the vote.2000: When OneVote returned in 2000, 877,497 students participated, choosing Texas Governor George W. Bush in a mock election with nearly 59% of the vote. Vice-president Al Gore was voted second with 36% of the vote.[11]2004: The 2004 OneVote gave George W. Bush 55% of the vote. John Kerry finished second with 40% of the vote, while all third-party candidates as a group (voters could only vote for them as a group) got 5%. The vote consisted of 1,400,000 students.[citation needed]2008: The 2008 OneVote gave Barack Obama 51.5 percent of the vote. John McCain finished second with 48.5 percent.[citation needed]2012: The 2012 OneVote gave Barack Obama 50 percent of the vote. Mitt Romney finished second with 44 percent.[citation needed]2016: The 2016 OneVote gave Hillary Clinton 47 percent of the vote. Donald Trump finished second with 41 percent.","title":"OneVote"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing"},{"link_name":"PR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Relations"},{"link_name":"consumerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumerism"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Channel One was controversial[12] largely because of the commercial content of the show. Critics claimed that it was a problem in classrooms because it forced children to watch ads and wasted class time and tax dollars.[13] Supporters argued that the ads were necessary to help keep the program running and lease TVs, VCRs, and satellite dishes to schools, as well as commercial-free educational video through Channel One Connection. In 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics reported that research indicated that children who watched Channel One remembered the commercials more than they remembered the news.[14]Another criticism, noted by Media Education Foundation's documentary Captive Audience, was that very little time was dedicated to actual news and that the majority of the programming was corporate marketing and PR tie-ins to promote products and services, arguing that it further corrupted the school setting with consumerism.\n[15]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anchors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_anchor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Serena Altschul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Altschul"},{"link_name":"CBS News Sunday Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning"},{"link_name":"Errol Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errol_Barnett"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"its streaming channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"Janet Choi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janet_Choi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gotham Chopra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Chopra"},{"link_name":"Anderson Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Cooper"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Adriana Diaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriana_Diaz_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Seth Doane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seth_Doane"},{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"Access Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Inside Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inside_Edition"},{"link_name":"NBC Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Washington"},{"link_name":"Shelby Holliday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Holliday"},{"link_name":"Craig Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Jackson_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"VH1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VH1"},{"link_name":"I Love Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Love_Money"},{"link_name":"Brian Kilmeade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kilmeade"},{"link_name":"Fox News Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Channel"},{"link_name":"Fox News Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_News_Radio"},{"link_name":"Lisa Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Ling"},{"link_name":"Our America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_America_with_Lisa_Ling"},{"link_name":"OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey_Network_(U.S._TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"This is Life with Lisa Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_is_Life_with_Lisa_Ling"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Laura Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Ling"},{"link_name":"Discovery Digital Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Digital_Networks"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Maria Menounos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Menounos"},{"link_name":"E! News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E!_News"},{"link_name":"Monica Novotny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Novotny"},{"link_name":"MSNBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSNBC"},{"link_name":"Kris Osborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_Osborn"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Tonight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Tonight"},{"link_name":"Michele Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michele_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"KPRC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPRC-TV"},{"link_name":"Tracy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Smith_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"CBS News Sunday Morning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News_Sunday_Morning"},{"link_name":"Brian Tochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Tochi"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Channel One News had seven anchors/correspondents on its roster.[16] Here are some of those who rotated between 1993 and 2018.Serena Altschul (correspondent for CBS News Sunday Morning)\nTony Anderson\nErrol Barnett (anchor and correspondent for CBS News and its streaming channel)\nChris Browne\nMark Carter\nAzia Celestino\nJanet Choi\nGotham Chopra\nAnderson Cooper (anchor on CNN and talk show host)\nAdriana Diaz\nSeth Doane (correspondent on CBS News)\nJulian Dujarric\nScott Evans (reporter/anchor at Access Hollywood)\nSteven Fabian (correspondent on Inside Edition)\nJustin Finch (reporter/anchor at NBC Washington)\nJared Friesen\nTom Hanson\nChris Haslage\nArielle Hixson\nShelby Holliday\nCassie Hudson\nCraig Jackson (host of VH1's I Love Money)\nBrian Kilmeade (co-host on Fox News Channel and host on Fox News Radio)\nKeith Kocinski\nKathy Kroenenberger\nJessica Kumari\nHicks Neal\nRon Mervine\nDemetrius Pipkin\nEmily Reppert\nMaggie Rulli\nSofia Lidskog\nLisa Ling (host of Our America on OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network and This is Life with Lisa Ling on CNN)\nLaura Ling (Director of Development for Discovery Digital Networks)\nAlex Marquardt (correspondent on CNN)\nTonoccus McClain\nMaria Menounos (host on E! News)\nAlexandra Montoya\nMeka Nichols\nMonica Novotny (anchor on MSNBC)\nKris Osborn (correspondent for Entertainment Tonight)\nMichele Ruiz\nAlex Sanz (U.S. News leadership team at Associated Press)\nDerrick Shore (host of Houston Life on KPRC-TV)\nTracy Smith (correspondent on CBS News Sunday Morning)\nBrian Tochi\nRawley Valverde[17]\nJustin Gunn [18]","title":"Former anchors"}]

[]

[{"title":"BusRadio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusRadio"},{"title":"Cable in the Classroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_in_the_Classroom"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_cars

List of fictional cars

["1 Literature","2 Film","3 Television and radio","4 Graphic novels, comics, animation and cartoons","5 Games","6 Music","7 See also","8 References"]

This list of fictional cars contains either cars that are the subject of a notable work of fiction, or else cars that are important elements of a work of fiction. For the purpose of this list, a car is a self-propelled artificial vehicle that runs in contact with the ground and that can be steered. This would include passenger cars, trucks and buses. This list includes vehicles that the characters of the story would regard as being the products of technological development, as opposed to supernatural or magical forces. Cars in fiction may closely resemble real-life counterparts with only minor or unintentional deviations from a real-life namesake; such vehicles may still play an important role in a story. Or, the limitations of real cars may be completely ignored for story purposes; in extreme cases, describing the car is the main point of the story. Literature Chitty Chitty Bang Bang - the sometimes-flying car, star of the book/film/musical of the same name Christine - a 1958 Plymouth Fury from Stephen King's novel of the same name Gumdrop - an Austin Clifton "Heavy" 12/4, the eponymous star of a series of children's books by Val Biro The Haunted Car The Hirondel - a car that was used often by Simon Templar, otherwise known as the Saint Melmoth - a car driven by Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita Mrs. Merdle - a series of Daimler cars owned by Lord Peter Wimsey, named for the character in Little Dorrit "because of her aversion to 'row'" Dick Turpin - a car in Good Omens, named for the highwayman Dick Turpin because he "holds up traffic" Film Cars in animated films do not belong in this section. Truckster - station wagon in the 1983 comedy National Lampoon's Vacation. Cyclops - an extremely large, nuclear-powered bus in the 1976 comedy The Big Bus Bluesmobile - The Blues Brothers, 1980 Landmaster - Damnation Alley, 1977 EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle - Stripes, 1981 Hannibal Twin-8 (built by fictional Prof. Fate) - The Great Race, 1965 Leslie Special (built by fictional Webber Motor Company) - The Great Race, 1965 Light Cycle - Tron, 1982 Pursuit Special - Mad Max, 1979 The Hearse Herbie - The Love Bug, 1969 DeLorean time machine - Back to the Future, 1985 The Gnome-Mobile "Eleanor" - Gone in 60 Seconds, 1974 The Betsy 1978, based on book by Harold Robbins Cars in Death Race 2000 (1975) include The Bull, The Buzzbomb, The Lion, The Alligator and The Turbo Cars in Death Race Cars in The Fast and Furious The Black Beauty - The Green Hornet Ecto-1 - Ghostbusters, 1984 The Mirthmobile - Wayne's World 1992 2015 Tartan Prancer - Vacation The Flying Wombat - The Young in Heart Alta Pazolli - Love Potion No. 9 1992 Television and radio Baby - a 1967 Chevrolet Impala - Supernatural Battle Shell - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Bessie - the Third Doctor's yellow roadster in Doctor Who Brum Cowabunga Carl Party Van - TMNT Foot pedaled cars in The Flintstones DRAG-U-LA - Grandpa Munster FAB1 - Lady Penelope's Rolls-Royce from Thunderbirds Fiat Cinquecento "Hawaii" - Simon Cooper's oft-ridiculed car from The Inbetweeners General Lee - The Dukes of Hazzard Hruck Bubgear - The Middleman KITT and KARR, its evil twin - Knight Rider KITT - Knight Rider 2008 Munster Koach - The Munsters Maximum Security Vehicle - Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons Spectrum Saloon Car (SSC) - Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle - Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons Mannix's automobiles The PO-01 Pointer - Ultraseven, car type: a Second Gen. Imperial Party Wagon - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Rhino - New Captain Scarlet Shellraiser - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Turtle Hauler - TMNT: Back to the Sewer Turtle Taxi - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Turtle Van - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures Viper The Man from U.N.C.L.E. car: custom plastic body "cyolac" Graphic novels, comics, animation and cartoons Batcycle - Several vehicles in Batman (also in TV and film) Batmobile - The primary transportation of the DC Comics superhero Batman. Note: The Batmobile has taken on many different forms from the 1930s to today and has evolved along with the character in TV, films, and comics. Benny the Cab - Who Framed Roger Rabbit Lightning McQueen and multiple other characters - Cars The Mystery Machine - Scooby-Doo Arrowcar - Green Arrow's vehicle Mach Five - Speed Racer Spider-Mobile - vehicle briefly used by Spider-Man Susie - from the Disney animated short film Susie the Little Blue Coupe The Testarosetta - Sally Forth Thunder Machine Gadgetmobile - Inspector Gadget Jokermobile - Joker's vehicle Larrymobile - Larryboy's vehicle (first debuted in VeggieTales in 1997) Games A-51 II APC, Armored Personnel Carrier armed with full-auto variant of the 48 Dredge GPMG ( x4 ) in Call of Duty: Black Ops III Driver: Parallel Lines Numerous car brands from the Grand Theft Auto series. M12 Force Application Vehicle series, commonly known as the Warthog are a series of jeep-like vehicles in the Halo (series). They can be configured with a .50 Caliber anti-aircraft turret, anti material rocket pods, a troop carrier or a Gauss cannon Putt-Putt, a car from the game series by Humongous Entertainment Red Bull X2010 Uncle Jalapeño's car from LittleBigPlanet Vision Gran Turismo, a series of cars designed by leading manufacturers for use in the Gran Turismo series The Marek and RWD Le Mans prototypes and SMS formula racing cars in the Project CARS series Falcogini, a luxury car brand from Payday 2 Quartz Regalia 723, a luxury sedan from Final Fantasy XV Music Ford Timelord, musician, 1968 Ford Galaxie, WGU 18G. See also List of fictional vehicles Vaillante, a fictional automobile manufacturer Grand Theft Auto video game References ^ Note: in the photoplay adaptation of that novel, a hardtop coupe was used because in the 1958 model-year, a four-door sedan version of the Plymouth Fury did not yet exist (and would not until 1959); this was an error in the novel. ^ PLATT, THELMA (1984). "MRS Merdle and Other Motor Cars". Sidelights on Sayers. 9: 22–30. ISSN 0969-188X. JSTOR 45305431. ^ "Dick Turpin | The Good Omens Lexicon". goodomenslexicon.org. Retrieved 2021-08-09. vteFictional transportationGround transportation Buses Cars Metro/rapid transit stations Railway stations Air transportation Aircraft Flying cars Water transportation Ships Royal Navy ships Submarine aircraft carriers Other transportation Vehicles Marvel comics Spacecraft Space stations

[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Cars in fiction may closely resemble real-life counterparts with only minor or unintentional deviations from a real-life namesake; such vehicles may still play an important role in a story. Or, the limitations of real cars may be completely ignored for story purposes; in extreme cases, describing the car is the main point of the story.","title":"List of fictional cars"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitty_Chitty_Bang_Bang_(car)"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_(King_novel)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gumdrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumdrop_(fictional_car)"},{"link_name":"Austin Clifton \"Heavy\" 12/4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_12_hp"},{"link_name":"Val Biro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Val_Biro"},{"link_name":"The Haunted Car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Haunted_Car"},{"link_name":"Hirondel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirondel"},{"link_name":"Simon Templar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Templar"},{"link_name":"Lolita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita"},{"link_name":"Daimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_Company"},{"link_name":"Lord Peter Wimsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Peter_Wimsey"},{"link_name":"Little Dorrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Dorrit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Good Omens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Omens"},{"link_name":"Dick Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Turpin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chitty Chitty Bang Bang - the sometimes-flying car, star of the book/film/musical of the same name\nChristine - a 1958 Plymouth Fury from Stephen King's novel of the same name[1]\nGumdrop - an Austin Clifton \"Heavy\" 12/4, the eponymous star of a series of children's books by Val Biro\nThe Haunted Car\nThe Hirondel - a car that was used often by Simon Templar, otherwise known as the Saint\nMelmoth - a car driven by Humbert Humbert in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita\nMrs. Merdle - a series of Daimler cars owned by Lord Peter Wimsey, named for the character in Little Dorrit \"because of her aversion to 'row'\"[2]\nDick Turpin - a car in Good Omens, named for the highwayman Dick Turpin because he \"holds up traffic\"[3]","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Truckster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagon_Queen_Family_Truckster"},{"link_name":"National Lampoon's Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Vacation"},{"link_name":"The Big Bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Bus"},{"link_name":"Bluesmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluesmobile"},{"link_name":"The Blues Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)"},{"link_name":"Landmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmaster"},{"link_name":"Damnation Alley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation_Alley_(film)"},{"link_name":"EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EM-50_Urban_Assault_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Stripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripes_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Twin-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannibal_Twin-8&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Great Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Race"},{"link_name":"Leslie Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leslie_Special&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Great Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Race"},{"link_name":"Light Cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Cycle"},{"link_name":"Tron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tron_(film)"},{"link_name":"Pursuit Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pursuit_Special"},{"link_name":"Mad Max","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mad_Max_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hearse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hearse"},{"link_name":"Herbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie"},{"link_name":"The Love Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Bug"},{"link_name":"DeLorean time machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLorean_time_machine"},{"link_name":"Back to the Future","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_to_the_Future_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Gnome-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gnome-Mobile"},{"link_name":"Eleanor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Gone in 60 Seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_in_60_Seconds_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"The Betsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Betsy"},{"link_name":"Harold Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Death Race 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Race_2000"},{"link_name":"Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull"},{"link_name":"Buzzbomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzbomb"},{"link_name":"Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion"},{"link_name":"Alligator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alligator"},{"link_name":"Turbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbo"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Death Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Race_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"The Fast and Furious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_%26_Furious"},{"link_name":"The Green Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Green_Hornet_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Ecto-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecto-1"},{"link_name":"Ghostbusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostbusters_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Mirthmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mirthmobile"},{"link_name":"Wayne's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%27s_World_(film)"},{"link_name":"2015 Tartan Prancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Tartan_Prancer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vacation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacation_(2015_film)"},{"link_name":"The Young in Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_in_Heart"},{"link_name":"Love Potion No. 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Potion_No._9_(film)"}],"text":"Cars in animated films do not belong in this section.Truckster - station wagon in the 1983 comedy National Lampoon's Vacation.\nCyclops - an extremely large, nuclear-powered bus in the 1976 comedy The Big Bus\nBluesmobile - The Blues Brothers, 1980\nLandmaster - Damnation Alley, 1977\nEM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle - Stripes, 1981\nHannibal Twin-8 (built by fictional Prof. Fate) - The Great Race, 1965\nLeslie Special (built by fictional Webber Motor Company) - The Great Race, 1965\nLight Cycle - Tron, 1982\nPursuit Special - Mad Max, 1979\nThe Hearse\nHerbie - The Love Bug, 1969\nDeLorean time machine - Back to the Future, 1985\nThe Gnome-Mobile\n\"Eleanor\" - Gone in 60 Seconds, 1974\nThe Betsy 1978, based on book by Harold Robbins\nCars in Death Race 2000 (1975) include The Bull, The Buzzbomb, The Lion, The Alligator and The Turbo\nCars[clarification needed] in Death Race\nCars in The Fast and Furious\nThe Black Beauty - The Green Hornet\nEcto-1 - Ghostbusters, 1984\nThe Mirthmobile - Wayne's World 1992\n2015 Tartan Prancer - Vacation\nThe Flying Wombat - The Young in Heart\nAlta Pazolli - Love Potion No. 9 1992","title":"Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chevrolet Impala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevrolet_Impala"},{"link_name":"Supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Battle Shell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Shell"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Third Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Doctor"},{"link_name":"Doctor Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Who"},{"link_name":"Brum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brum_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Cowabunga Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowabunga_Carl"},{"link_name":"TMNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Flintstones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flintstones"},{"link_name":"DRAG-U-LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRAG-U-LA"},{"link_name":"Grandpa Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_(The_Munsters)"},{"link_name":"FAB1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAB1"},{"link_name":"Lady Penelope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Penelope_Creighton-Ward"},{"link_name":"Rolls-Royce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolls-Royce_(car)"},{"link_name":"Thunderbirds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Fiat Cinquecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Cinquecento"},{"link_name":"Simon Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cooper_(The_Inbetweeners_character)"},{"link_name":"The Inbetweeners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inbetweeners"},{"link_name":"General Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Lee_(car)"},{"link_name":"The Dukes of Hazzard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard"},{"link_name":"Hruck Bubgear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hruck_Bubgear&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Middleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Middleman"},{"link_name":"KITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITT"},{"link_name":"KARR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KARR_(Knight_Rider)"},{"link_name":"Knight Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Rider_(1982_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"KITT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KITT"},{"link_name":"Knight Rider 2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Rider_(2008_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Munster Koach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munster_Koach"},{"link_name":"The Munsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Munsters"},{"link_name":"Maximum Security Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maximum_Security_Vehicle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Scarlet_and_the_Mysterons"},{"link_name":"Spectrum Saloon Car (SSC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Saloon_Car_(SSC)"},{"link_name":"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Scarlet_and_the_Mysterons"},{"link_name":"Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Pursuit_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Scarlet_and_the_Mysterons"},{"link_name":"Mannix's automobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannix#Mannix's_automobiles"},{"link_name":"Imperial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New Captain Scarlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Captain_Scarlet"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2012_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"TMNT: Back to the Sewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMNT:_Back_to_the_Sewer"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(2003_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Turtle Van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Van"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(1987_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_Adventures"},{"link_name":"Viper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viper_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E."}],"text":"Baby - a 1967 Chevrolet Impala - Supernatural\nBattle Shell - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\nBessie - the Third Doctor's yellow roadster in Doctor Who\nBrum\nCowabunga Carl Party Van - TMNT\nFoot pedaled cars in The Flintstones\nDRAG-U-LA - Grandpa Munster\nFAB1 - Lady Penelope's Rolls-Royce from Thunderbirds\nFiat Cinquecento \"Hawaii\" - Simon Cooper's oft-ridiculed car from The Inbetweeners\nGeneral Lee - The Dukes of Hazzard\nHruck Bubgear - The Middleman\nKITT and KARR, its evil twin - Knight Rider\nKITT - Knight Rider 2008\nMunster Koach - The Munsters\nMaximum Security Vehicle - Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\nSpectrum Saloon Car (SSC) - Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\nSpectrum Pursuit Vehicle - Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons\nMannix's automobiles\nThe PO-01 Pointer - Ultraseven, car type: a Second Gen. Imperial\nParty Wagon - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\nRhino - New Captain Scarlet\nShellraiser - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\nTurtle Hauler - TMNT: Back to the Sewer\nTurtle Taxi - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\nTurtle Van - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures\nViper\nThe Man from U.N.C.L.E. car: custom plastic body \"cyolac\"","title":"Television and radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batcycle"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Batmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batmobile"},{"link_name":"Benny the Cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_the_Cab"},{"link_name":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Framed_Roger_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"Lightning McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_McQueen"},{"link_name":"multiple other characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Cars_characters"},{"link_name":"Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cars_(film)"},{"link_name":"Mystery Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Machine"},{"link_name":"Scooby-Doo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo"},{"link_name":"Arrowcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowcar"},{"link_name":"Green Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Mach Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_Five"},{"link_name":"Speed Racer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_Racer"},{"link_name":"Spider-Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Mobile"},{"link_name":"Spider-Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man"},{"link_name":"Susie the Little Blue Coupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_the_Little_Blue_Coupe"},{"link_name":"Sally Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Forth_(Greg_Howard_comic_strip)"},{"link_name":"Thunder Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Machine"},{"link_name":"Gadgetmobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadgetmobile"},{"link_name":"Inspector Gadget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Gadget_(1983_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jokermobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokermobile"},{"link_name":"Joker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joker_(character)"},{"link_name":"Larrymobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larrymobile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Larryboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LarryBoy_(character)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Batcycle - Several vehicles in Batman (also in TV and film)\nBatmobile - The primary transportation of the DC Comics superhero Batman. Note: The Batmobile has taken on many different forms from the 1930s to today and has evolved along with the character in TV, films, and comics.\nBenny the Cab - Who Framed Roger Rabbit\nLightning McQueen and multiple other characters - Cars\nThe Mystery Machine - Scooby-Doo\nArrowcar - Green Arrow's vehicle\nMach Five - Speed Racer\nSpider-Mobile - vehicle briefly used by Spider-Man\nSusie - from the Disney animated short film Susie the Little Blue Coupe\nThe Testarosetta - Sally Forth\nThunder Machine\nGadgetmobile - Inspector Gadget\nJokermobile - Joker's vehicle\nLarrymobile - Larryboy's vehicle (first debuted in VeggieTales in 1997)","title":"Graphic novels, comics, animation and cartoons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armored Personnel Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_Personnel_Carrier"},{"link_name":"Call of Duty: Black Ops III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops_III"},{"link_name":"Driver: Parallel Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driver:_Parallel_Lines"},{"link_name":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"},{"link_name":"M12 Force Application Vehicle series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=M12_Force_Application_Vehicle_series&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Warthog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warthog"},{"link_name":"Halo (series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_(series)"},{"link_name":".50 Caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.50_Caliber"},{"link_name":"game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putt-Putt_(series)"},{"link_name":"Red Bull X2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_X2010"},{"link_name":"LittleBigPlanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LittleBigPlanet_(PS3)"},{"link_name":"Gran Turismo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Turismo_(series)"},{"link_name":"Le Mans prototypes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans_prototype"},{"link_name":"formula racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_racing"},{"link_name":"Project CARS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_CARS"},{"link_name":"Payday 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payday_2"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy XV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_XV"}],"text":"A-51 II APC, Armored Personnel Carrier armed with full-auto variant of the 48 Dredge GPMG ( x4 ) in Call of Duty: Black Ops III\nDriver: Parallel Lines\nNumerous car brands from the Grand Theft Auto series.\nM12 Force Application Vehicle series, commonly known as the Warthog are a series of jeep-like vehicles in the Halo (series). They can be configured with a .50 Caliber anti-aircraft turret, anti material rocket pods, a troop carrier or a Gauss cannon\nPutt-Putt, a car from the game series by Humongous Entertainment\nRed Bull X2010\nUncle Jalapeño's car from LittleBigPlanet\nVision Gran Turismo, a series of cars designed by leading manufacturers for use in the Gran Turismo series\nThe Marek and RWD Le Mans prototypes and SMS formula racing cars in the Project CARS series\nFalcogini, a luxury car brand from Payday 2\nQuartz Regalia 723, a luxury sedan from Final Fantasy XV","title":"Games"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ford Timelord, musician, 1968 Ford Galaxie, WGU 18G.","title":"Music"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of fictional vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_vehicles"},{"title":"Vaillante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaillante"},{"title":"Grand Theft Auto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto"}]

[{"reference":"PLATT, THELMA (1984). \"MRS Merdle and Other Motor Cars\". Sidelights on Sayers. 9: 22–30. ISSN 0969-188X. JSTOR 45305431.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305431","url_text":"\"MRS Merdle and Other Motor Cars\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0969-188X","url_text":"0969-188X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305431","url_text":"45305431"}]},{"reference":"\"Dick Turpin | The Good Omens Lexicon\". goodomenslexicon.org. Retrieved 2021-08-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://goodomenslexicon.org/articles/dick-turpin/","url_text":"\"Dick Turpin | The Good Omens Lexicon\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305431","external_links_name":"\"MRS Merdle and Other Motor Cars\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0969-188X","external_links_name":"0969-188X"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/45305431","external_links_name":"45305431"},{"Link":"https://goodomenslexicon.org/articles/dick-turpin/","external_links_name":"\"Dick Turpin | The Good Omens Lexicon\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennate_diatom

Pennales

["1 See also","2 References"]

An order of bilaterally symmetrical diatoms Diatoms Marine diatoms Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota (unranked): SAR Superphylum: Heterokonta Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Pennales The order Pennales is a traditional subdivision of the heterokont algae known as diatoms. The order is named for the shape of the cell walls (or valves or frustules) of pennate diatoms, which are elongated in valve view. The valves may be linear or oval in shape, and usually bear bilaterally symmetrical ornamental patterns. These patterns are composed of a series of transverse lines (known as striae) that can appear as rows of dots when viewed with an optical microscope. Some pennate diatoms also exhibit a fissure along their longitudinal axis. This is known as a raphe, and is involved in gliding movements made by diatom cells; motile diatoms always possess a raphe. In terms of cell cycle, vegetative cells are diploid and undergo mitosis during normal cell division. Periodically, meiosis produces morphologically identical haploid gametes (isogametes), which fuse to produce a (sometimes binucleate) zygote that develops into an auxospore (from which full-sized vegetative cells are produced). In some taxonomic schemes, the pennate diatoms are divided into two groups: pennate diatoms without a raphe (a seam or ridge), known as araphids (order Fragilariophyceae), and pennate diatoms with a raphe, known as raphids (order Bacillariophyceae). Pennate diatom without a raphe (Fragilariopsis kerguelensis) Pennate diatom with a raphe (Lyrella hennedy) See also Centrales Clepsydra References ^ Hoek, C. van den; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae : An introduction to phycology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521316873. ^ a b Round, F.E.; Crawford, R.M.; Mann, D.G. (1990). Diatoms: Biology and Morphology of the Genera. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36318-1. vtePlanktonAbout plankton Algal bloom CLAW hypothesis High lipid content microalgae Holoplankton Marine microorganisms Meroplankton Mycoplankton Milky seas effect Paradox of the plankton Planktivore Planktology Red tide Spring bloom Thin layers More... By size Eukaryotic picoplankton Heterotrophic picoplankton Marine microplankton Microphyte (microalgae) Nanophytoplankton Photosynthetic picoplankton Picobiliphyte Picoeukaryote Picoplankton Bacterioplankton Aeromonas salmonicida Cyanobacteria Cyanobiont Cyanotoxin Enteric redmouth disease Flavobacterium Flavobacterium columnare Pelagibacter ubique Marine bacteriophage SAR11 clade Streptococcus iniae Phytoplankton Auxospore Axodine Bacteriastrum Chaetoceros Chaetocerotaceae Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi Eustigmatophyte Frustule Stramenopile Nannochloropsis Navicula Prasinophyceae Raphidophyte Thalassiosira pseudonana Diatom orders Centrales Pennales Classes: Coscinodiscophyceae Fragilariophyceae Bacillariophyceae Flagellates Brevetoxin Choanoflagellates Dinoflagellates Flagellum Pfiesteria piscicida Saxitoxin Symbiodinium Velvet (fish disease) Zooplankton Chaetognatha Ciguatera Ctenophora Gelatinous zooplankton Hunting copepods Ichthyoplankton Jellyfish Marine larvae Crustacean larvae Salmon louse Sea louse Copepod orders Calanoida Cyclopoida Harpacticoida Monstrilloida Poecilostomatoida Siphonostomatoida More... Related topics Aeroplankton Algaculture Algal mat Algal nutrient solutions Artificial seawater Autotrophs Biological pump Diel vertical migration Dimethylsulfoniopropionate f-ratio Fish diseases and parasites Heterotroph HNLC Macroalgae Manta trawl Marine mucilage Microbial mat Ocean acidification Marine microorganisms Marine primary production Pseudoplankton Stromatolite Tychoplankton Zoid C-MORE CPR AusCPR MOCNESS SCAR Taxon identifiersPennales Wikidata: Q628915 iNaturalist: 318459 IRMNG: 10477 ITIS: 2930 NZOR: 339d95f5-e819-4e84-a0eb-d4478ab90de3 Open Tree of Life: 5602843 Paleobiology Database: 69589 WoRMS: 1304629 Authority control databases: National Israel

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennie_Baines

Sarah Jane Baines

["1 Early life","2 Campaigning for women's suffrage","3 Later life in Australia","4 Death and legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

British-Australian social reformer Sarah Jane BainesPostcard portrait of Jennie Baines, 1907–1912Born30 November 1866Birmingham, EnglandDied20 February 1951Port Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaNationalityBritishOther namesJennie BainesKnown forSuffragette and social reformerPolitical partyIndependent Labour Party Sarah Jane Baines (30 November 1866 – 20 February 1951) was a British-Australian feminist, suffragette and social reformer. She was the first suffragette to be tried by jury, and one of the first hunger strikers. She was known as 'Jennie Baines' in the suffragist movement. Early life Sarah Jane Baines was born in Birmingham, England, in 1866 to Sarah Ann (née Hunt) and James Edward Hunt, a gun maker. She began work at Joseph Chamberlain's ordnance factory at the age of eleven. At age fourteen, Baines joined her parents in working with the Salvation Army. Upon attaining the rank of lieutenant at age twenty, she was sent to work as an evangelist in an independent working men's mission in Bolton. In this role, she was also called upon to act as a police court missionary caring for women who had been arrested. Emmeline Pethick Lawrence receiving a bouquet of flowers from Jennie Baines, Flora Drummond and Frederick Pethick Lawrence watching. On 26 September 1888 in Bolton she married George Baines, a boot and shoemaker, and the couple had five children between 1888 and 1899 three of whom survived childhood. Between motherhood and her work as a sewing machinist, there was little time for public activities. Yet Baines' commitment never wavered, her youngest surviving child was six years old when she was imprisoned for the third time. Annie Kenney called her 'one of the most kind-hearted woman one could meet, a born revolutionary'. Baines also joined the Independent Labour Party, the feeding of school children committee and the unemployed committee. Campaigning for women's suffrage In October 1905, Baines read about the arrest of suffragists Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst for assault and this motivated her to join the Women's Social and Political Union. Initially this was as a voluntary basis but in February 1908, Baines was made a paid organiser on a wage of £2 a week, organising open-air rallies, disrupting meetings and establishing new branches of the WSPU in the North of England and the Midlands. Later this same year, in November 1908, Baines was to be tried of unlawful assembly at the Coliseum in Leeds, the first ever member of the WSPU to be tried by jury. Refusing to be bound over, she was convicted to six weeks imprisonment in Armley Goal, Leeds because "she did ‘not recognise the laws of this Court administered by men". One of the first to advocate militant methods, Baines was imprisoned some fifteen times for her part in protests. In July 1909 with twelve others, including Mary Leigh, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul, Emily Davison and Mabel Capper and another in her wheelchair she was jailed for obstruction for trying to stop Lloyd George's public budget meeting in Limehouse. The protest was witnessed by Annie Barnes who was inspired to join the East London Federation and influenced by Sylvia Pankhurst. On the way to Holloway prison the women arrested had shouted and sung protests and demanded to be treated in 'first division' in their own clothes as 'political' prisoners rather than criminals, this was not granted and the women broke 150 panes of glass at the prison and refused to give their names, prison officers had to use 'force necessary' to get the women into prison clothes. In Liverpool, in 1910, Baines was making speeches with Ada Flatman and Patricia Woodlock, when she was interrupted by Constance Lytton disguised as 'Jane Wharton' a seamstress asking 'the men and women of Liverpool to be the first to wipe out the stain ' and a crowd followed them to the prison Governor John Dillon's house, chased by police. In July 1912, Baines was part of an attempt, under the name 'Lizzie Baker' along with Gladys Evans and Mary Leigh and Mabel Capper, to burn down the Theatre Royal in Dublin the night before a scheduled visit from then Prime Minister, H.H. Asquith, to speak on Home Rule. For this Baines was sentenced to seven months hard labour and Central Bridewell prison, Dublin. Joining her fellow suffragette prisoners on hunger strike, she was released after five days. Jennie Baines, a prisoner The next year, on 8 July 1913, with her husband George and son Wilfred, Baines was accused of attempting to bomb first-class railway carriages at a Lancashire and Yorkshire railway siding, and leaving suffragist material, near where they lived in Manchester. A bomb, loaded revolver, masks and cutting tools and two catapults were found at their premises. As a result, her husband and son were charged with malicious damage and not imprisoned, but Baines was re-arrested under the 'Cat and Mouse act' and imprisoned at Holloway Prison. She again went on hunger strike, refusing food and water, and was released in a 'very serious condition'. Baines suffered from chorea ("St Vitus' Dance") causing spasms brought on by emotional stress, making it almost impossible to force-feed her. Baines had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour'. In May 1913 another arrest for obstruction during a meeting in Hyde Park, and a month sentence led WSPU leaders to determine that her health could not endure another stint in prison, so Baines and her family were smuggled into Wales as the 'Evans' family and set sail aboard The Ballarat, bound for Australia, before their trial (as a family) was due in November 1913. The trial went ahead and acquitted George and Wilfred Baines. WSPU saw this migration as a reward for all Baines had done, as Australia had achieved the female federal vote in 1902. Later life in Australia After being smuggled out of England, Baines arrived in Melbourne, Australia in December 1913. She was forty-seven years old. Adele Pankhurst would later arrive in 1914. Upon settling in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy, the Baines family joined the Victorian Socialist Party and the Labour Party while Sarah busied herself working with the Women's Political Association as early as January 1914 and co-founded the Women's Peace Army. With Adele Pankhurst, Baines campaigned against World War I conscription in 1916-1917 and against the spiralling cost of living, as profiteering. Both were sentenced to nine months imprisonment but both were freed on appeal on a legal technicality. Baines was again jailed in March 1919 for flying the prohibited red flag on the Yarra Bank and became the first prisoner in Australia to undergo hunger strike. A special Federal Cabinet meeting was held and her release after four days starving was secured on the advice of the Attorney-General. In 1920, Baines helped establish the Communist Party in Victoria. Five years later, she would be expelled and this saw her rejoin the Labour Party. In 1926, the family relocated to Port Melbourne and Baines was appointed special magistrate to the Children's Court there from 1928 to 1948. Death and legacy Although her post Second World War activities were curtailed by her failing sight, Sarah Jane Baines continued her "fiery eloquence on the hustings" until her death from cancer, only giving up public speaking a few months before she died on 20 February 1951 in Port Melbourne. Survived by her husband and her three children, Baines's legacy could perhaps be summed up in her own words: 'To fight for that which is better and nobler in this world is to live in the highest sense, but to submit and tolerate the evils which exist is to merely vegetate in the sewers of iniquity'. Jennie Baines quoted in The Socialist, 11 April 1919. See also Adele Pankhurst Women's Social and Political Union Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Smart, Judith (2004). "Sarah Jane Baines, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/56217. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) ^ a b c d e f g h McLeavy, Lyn (8 March 2016). "Jennie Baines – Suffragette". www.pmhps.org.au. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Diane, Atkinson (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 159–160, 192, 339, 372, 428, 525. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Smart, Judith. "Baines, Sarah Jane (Jennie) (1866–1951)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ^ a b Melbourne, National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of. "Baines, Sarah Jane (Jennie) - Woman - The Australian Women's Register". www.womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ a b c "Sarah Jane Baines - oi". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Atkinson, Diane (2018). Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408844045. OCLC 1016848621. External links Media related to Sarah Jane Baines at Wikimedia Commons 'Surveillance Photograph of Militant Suffragettes' - Image of Jennie Baines at the National Portrait Gallery. 'Jennie Baines' by Criminal Record Office - Image of Jennie Baines at the National Portrait Gallery. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Australia Australian Women's Register Trove

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-wave_feminism"},{"link_name":"suffragette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"tried by jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_trial"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"hunger strikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"}],"text":"Sarah Jane Baines (30 November 1866 – 20 February 1951) was a British-Australian feminist, suffragette and social reformer.[1] She was the first suffragette to be tried by jury,[2] and one of the first hunger strikers. She was known as 'Jennie Baines' in the suffragist movement.[3]","title":"Sarah Jane Baines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Joseph Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emmeline_Pethick_Lawrence,_Jennie_Baines,_Flora_Drummond_and_Frederick_Pethick_Lawrence,_c._1906-1910._(22545429328).jpg"},{"link_name":"Emmeline Pethick Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmeline_Pethick-Lawrence,_Baroness_Pethick-Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Flora Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Frederick Pethick Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Annie Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Kenney"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Independent Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Sarah Jane Baines was born in Birmingham, England, in 1866 to Sarah Ann (née Hunt) and James Edward Hunt, a gun maker.[1]She began work at Joseph Chamberlain's ordnance factory[4] at the age of eleven.At age fourteen, Baines joined her parents in working with the Salvation Army. Upon attaining the rank of lieutenant at age twenty, she was sent to work as an evangelist in an independent working men's mission in Bolton.[1] In this role, she was also called upon to act as a police court missionary caring for women who had been arrested.[4]Emmeline Pethick Lawrence receiving a bouquet of flowers from Jennie Baines, Flora Drummond and Frederick Pethick Lawrence watching.On 26 September 1888 in Bolton she married George Baines, a boot and shoemaker,[2] and the couple had five children between 1888 and 1899[4][5] three of whom survived childhood.[1]Between motherhood and her work as a sewing machinist, there was little time for public activities. Yet Baines' commitment never wavered, her youngest surviving child was six years old when she was imprisoned for the third time. Annie Kenney called her 'one of the most kind-hearted woman one could meet, a born revolutionary'.[3] Baines also joined the Independent Labour Party,[6] the feeding of school children committee and the unemployed committee.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annie Kenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Kenney"},{"link_name":"Christabel Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"Women's Social and Political Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"bound over","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_over"},{"link_name":"Armley Goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Leeds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Mary Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Lucy Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Burns"},{"link_name":"Alice Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Paul"},{"link_name":"Emily Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Davison"},{"link_name":"Mabel Capper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Limehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limehouse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Annie Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Barnes_(suffragist)"},{"link_name":"East London Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workers%27_Socialist_Federation"},{"link_name":"Sylvia Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Holloway prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Ada Flatman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Flatman"},{"link_name":"Patricia Woodlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Woodlock"},{"link_name":"Constance Lytton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Constance_Bulwer-Lytton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Mary Leigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Leigh"},{"link_name":"Mabel Capper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabel_Capper"},{"link_name":"Theatre Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"H.H. Asquith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Asquith"},{"link_name":"Home Rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_rule"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jennie_Baines_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lancashire and Yorkshire railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_and_Yorkshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Cat and Mouse act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_and_mouse_act"},{"link_name":"Holloway Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Prison_Holloway"},{"link_name":"hunger strike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_strike"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"chorea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Hunger Strike Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"In October 1905, Baines read about the arrest of suffragists Annie Kenney and Christabel Pankhurst for assault and this motivated her to join the Women's Social and Political Union.[1][5] Initially this was as a voluntary basis but in February 1908, Baines was made a paid organiser on a wage of £2 a week,[4] organising open-air rallies, disrupting meetings and establishing new branches of the WSPU in the North of England and the Midlands.[1]Later this same year, in November 1908, Baines was to be tried of unlawful assembly at the Coliseum in Leeds,[1] the first ever member of the WSPU to be tried by jury. Refusing to be bound over, she was convicted to six weeks imprisonment in Armley Goal, Leeds because \"she did ‘not recognise the laws of this Court administered by men\".[1]One of the first to advocate militant methods, Baines was imprisoned some fifteen times for her part in protests.[4] In July 1909 with twelve others, including Mary Leigh, Lucy Burns, Alice Paul, Emily Davison and Mabel Capper[7] and another in her wheelchair [May Billinghurst perhaps][3] she was jailed for obstruction for trying to stop Lloyd George's public budget meeting in Limehouse.[3] The protest was witnessed by Annie Barnes who was inspired to join the East London Federation and influenced by Sylvia Pankhurst.[3] On the way to Holloway prison the women arrested had shouted and sung protests and demanded to be treated in 'first division' in their own clothes as 'political' prisoners rather than criminals, this was not granted and the women broke 150 panes of glass at the prison and refused to give their names, prison officers had to use 'force necessary' to get the women into prison clothes.[3] In Liverpool, in 1910, Baines was making speeches with Ada Flatman and Patricia Woodlock, when she was interrupted by Constance Lytton disguised as 'Jane Wharton' a seamstress asking 'the men and women of Liverpool to be the first to wipe out the stain [of force-feeding]' and a crowd followed them to the prison Governor John Dillon's house, chased by police.[3]In July 1912, Baines was part of an attempt, under the name 'Lizzie Baker' along with Gladys Evans and Mary Leigh and Mabel Capper, to burn down the Theatre Royal in Dublin the night before a scheduled visit from then Prime Minister, H.H. Asquith, to speak on Home Rule.[1] For this Baines was sentenced to seven months hard labour [1] and Central Bridewell prison, Dublin.[3] Joining her fellow suffragette prisoners on hunger strike, she was released after five days.[1]Jennie Baines, a prisonerThe next year, on 8 July 1913, with her husband George and son Wilfred, Baines was accused of attempting to bomb first-class railway carriages at a Lancashire and Yorkshire railway siding, and leaving suffragist material, near where they lived in Manchester.[1][3] A bomb, loaded revolver, masks and cutting tools and two catapults were found at their premises.[3] As a result, her husband and son were charged with malicious damage and not imprisoned,[3] but Baines was re-arrested under the 'Cat and Mouse act' and imprisoned at Holloway Prison. She again went on hunger strike, refusing food and water, and was released in a 'very serious condition'.[1]Baines suffered from chorea (\"St Vitus' Dance\") causing spasms brought on by emotional stress,[2] making it almost impossible to force-feed her.[3] Baines had been given a Hunger Strike Medal 'for Valour'.[citation needed]In May 1913 another arrest for obstruction during a meeting in Hyde Park, and a month sentence led WSPU leaders to determine that her health could not endure another stint in prison,[3] so Baines and her family were smuggled into Wales as the 'Evans' family and set sail aboard The Ballarat, bound for Australia,[4] before their trial (as a family) was due in November 1913. The trial went ahead and acquitted George and Wilfred Baines.[3] WSPU saw this migration as a reward for all Baines had done, as Australia had achieved the female federal vote in 1902.[2]","title":"Campaigning for women's suffrage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"Adele Pankhurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Victorian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Women's Political Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_Political_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Women's Peace Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Peace_Army"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"World War I conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"red flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"Attorney-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney-General_for_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Port Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Melbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-2"}],"text":"After being smuggled out of England, Baines arrived in Melbourne, Australia in December 1913.[2] She was forty-seven years old.Adele Pankhurst would later arrive in 1914.[2]Upon settling in the Melbourne suburb of Fitzroy,[4] the Baines family joined the Victorian Socialist Party and the Labour Party while Sarah busied herself working with the Women's Political Association as early as January 1914[4] and co-founded the Women's Peace Army.[6] With Adele Pankhurst, Baines campaigned against World War I conscription in 1916-1917 and against the spiralling cost of living,[2] as profiteering.[3] Both were sentenced to nine months imprisonment but both were freed on appeal on a legal technicality.[1][4]Baines was again jailed in March 1919 for flying the prohibited red flag on the Yarra Bank[4] and became the first prisoner in Australia to undergo hunger strike. A special Federal Cabinet meeting was held[6] and her release after four days starving [3] was secured on the advice of the Attorney-General.[1]In 1920, Baines helped establish the Communist Party in Victoria. Five years later, she would be expelled and this saw her rejoin the Labour Party.In 1926, the family relocated to Port Melbourne and Baines was appointed special magistrate to the Children's Court there from 1928[3] to 1948.[2]","title":"Later life in Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Port Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Melbourne,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"The Socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Socialist_(SLP_newspaper)"}],"text":"Although her post Second World War activities were curtailed by her failing sight,[4] Sarah Jane Baines continued her \"fiery eloquence on the hustings\" until her death from cancer, only giving up public speaking a few months before she died on 20 February 1951 in Port Melbourne.[1]Survived by her husband and her three children,[1] Baines's legacy could perhaps be summed up in her own words:'To fight for that which is better and nobler in this world is to live in the highest sense, but to submit and tolerate the evils which exist is to merely vegetate in the sewers of iniquity'. Jennie Baines quoted in The Socialist, 11 April 1919.","title":"Death and legacy"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floodlines

Floodlines

["1 Background","2 Production","3 Reception","3.1 Awards","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

2020 podcast about Hurricane Katrina PodcastFloodlinesPresentationHosted byVann R. Newkirk IIGenre Environmental disaster Climate change Political podcast History of the United States Racism Audio documentary Written by Katy Reckdahl Scott Stossel William Brennan Creative Director Paul Spella Ellie Budzinski Erik Winkowski LanguageAmerican EnglishLength30–45 minutesProductionDirection Ana Carano Melissa Depuydt Frankie Dintino Tolulope Edionwe Erica Irving Gerald Rich John Thiel Production Katherine Wells Alvin Melathe Kevin Townsend Emily Gottschalk-Marconi Kaila Philo Myles Poydras Composed by Christian Scott Atunde Adjuah Anthony Braxton David Herman No. of seasons1No. of episodes8PublicationOriginal releaseMarch 11 –March 11, 2020ProviderThe AtlanticRelatedWebsitewww.theatlantic.com/podcasts/floodlines/ Floodlines is an eight-part podcast miniseries about Hurricane Katrina hosted by Vann R. Newkirk II and produced by The Atlantic. Background The podcast explores how the New Orleans Police Department, the Federal government of the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the news media in the United States were all responsible for exacerbating the crisis. The first episode focuses on the story of Le-Ann Williams who was a fourteen-year-old girl living in the Sixth Ward of New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. In one of the episodes Newkirk interviews Michael Brown from the Federal Emergency Management Agency. Comparisons were made by Time magazine between how the George W. Bush administration handled the hurricane to how the Donald Trump administration handled the COVID-19 pandemic. Production Vann R. Newkirk II, Katherine Wells, and Alvin Melathe spent a year researching, writing, and producing the eight-part miniseries. The podcast is the first long-form narrative podcast produced by The Atlantic. The whole miniseries was released on March 11, 2020. Each episode is between 22 and 53 minutes long. The podcast used a mix of interviews and archival content. Reception During an interview on Fresh Air, Nicholas Quah—a writer for Vulture and the creator of The Verge's podcast newsletter Hot Pods—commented on the show saying that "It's fantastically written, tightly composed and it sounds like a million bucks." Wesley Morris of The New York Times commented on Newkirk's role in the audio documentary stating that he "narrates and interviews with a warm inquisitiveness and sly skepticism. People seem incapable of being anything less than honest with him." Vince Mancini—the senior film and culture writer for Uproxx—also commented on Newkirk's role, stating that he "does a wonderful job of not just telling stories from in and around Hurricane Katrina ... synthesize them into a fuller understanding of what actually happened". Awards Award Year Category Result Ref. British Podcast Awards 2021 The International Award Nominated Discover Pods Awards 2020 True Crime Podcast Finalist Peabody Awards 2020 Podcast / Radio Won See also List of environmental podcasts References ^ Serrano, Jody (October 17, 2020). "Here Are the Top 10 Climate Change Podcasts Out Right Now: There Hasn't Been a Better Time to Learn About Climate Change Through the Wonderful Medium of Podcasting". Gizmodo. G/O Media. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ Brooke, Zach (July 6, 2020). "The Best Podcasts of 2020 So Far: Most Significant Correction to the Record". The A.V. Club. G/O Media. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Lohr, Nikki (April 13, 2020). "Floodlines Is a Superb, Visceral History of Hurricane Katrina". Podcast Review. Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ a b Morris, Wesley (December 21, 2020). "The Best New Podcasts of 2020: Some of This Tumultuous Year's Most Absorbing Programming — Whether Escapist or Heartbreaking — Could Be Found in These Shows". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Dockterman, Eliana (November 22, 2020). "The 10 Best Podcasts of 2020". Time. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Greene, Steve (March 26, 2020). "'Floodlines': The Podcast With the Lessons From Katrina We Can Heed Right Now—Writer for the Atlantic and Podcast Host Vann R. Newkirk II Shares What His Year of Research and Interviews Taught Him About Bridging 2005 and Today". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ Sturges, Fiona (April 26, 2020). "Floodlines Revisits Hurricane Katrina in a Timely Podcast About Crisis Response: The Expansive and Powerful Series Reflects on Failures of Leadership and Misinformation". Financial Times. Nikkei, Inc. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ Quah, Nicholas (April 13, 2020). "Floodlines is the Right Podcast for This Moment". Vulture. New York Media, LLC. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ Price, Neroli (August 30, 2020). "Podcast Review: Racism and Environmental Disaster Collide in 'Floodlines'—As Hurricane Laura Makes Landfall in the US, We Turn to a Story About Another Storm. the Podcast Series 'Floodlines' Revisits Hurricane Katrina and Its Devastating Aftermath". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ Sawyer, Miranda (May 2, 2020). "The Week in Radio and Podcasts: True Spies; Floodlines; Iain Lee; Slow Radio – Review. A Real-Life Mossad Operation to Rescue Ethiopian Jews is Gripping, While a Series on Hurricane Katrina Gets to the Heart of the Tragedy". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Gross, Terry; Quah, Nicholas (December 24, 2020). "'Floodlines,' the Story of Hurricane Katrina, Tops the List of 2020's Best Podcasts". Fresh Air. NPR. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022. ^ Mancini, Vince (December 29, 2020). "The Best Non-Fiction Podcasts of 2020". Uproxx. Warner Music Group. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ "British Podcast Awards Nominations List: Nominations 2021". British Podcast Awards. 2021. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ Goldberg, Kevin (October 23, 2020). "Vote for the 2020 Discover Pods Awards Finalists". Discover Pods Awards. Elite Cafe Media. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022. ^ "Award Profile: Floodlines from The Atlantic". The Peabody Awards. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022. External links Official website

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurricane Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina"},{"link_name":"Vann R. Newkirk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vann_R._Newkirk_II"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"}],"text":"PodcastFloodlines is an eight-part podcast miniseries about Hurricane Katrina hosted by Vann R. Newkirk II and produced by The Atlantic.","title":"Floodlines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Federal government of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"United States Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"news media in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_media_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sixth Ward of New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Ward_of_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Federal Emergency Management Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The podcast explores how the New Orleans Police Department, the Federal government of the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and the news media in the United States were all responsible for exacerbating the crisis.[2] The first episode focuses on the story of Le-Ann Williams who was a fourteen-year-old girl living in the Sixth Ward of New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina.[3] In one of the episodes Newkirk interviews Michael Brown from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.[4] Comparisons were made by Time magazine between how the George W. Bush administration handled the hurricane to how the Donald Trump administration handled the COVID-19 pandemic.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vann R. Newkirk II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vann_R._Newkirk_II"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Vann R. Newkirk II, Katherine Wells, and Alvin Melathe spent a year researching, writing, and producing the eight-part miniseries.[6] The podcast is the first long-form narrative podcast produced by The Atlantic.[7] The whole miniseries was released on March 11, 2020.[8] Each episode is between 22 and 53 minutes long.[9] The podcast used a mix of interviews and archival content.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fresh Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Air"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Quah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Quah"},{"link_name":"Vulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)"},{"link_name":"The Verge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verge"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wesley Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Morris"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"During an interview on Fresh Air, Nicholas Quah—a writer for Vulture and the creator of The Verge's podcast newsletter Hot Pods—commented on the show saying that \"It's fantastically written, tightly composed and it sounds like a million bucks.\"[11]Wesley Morris of The New York Times commented on Newkirk's role in the audio documentary stating that he \"narrates and interviews with a warm inquisitiveness and sly skepticism. People seem incapable of being anything less than honest with him.\"[4] Vince Mancini—the senior film and culture writer for Uproxx—also commented on Newkirk's role, stating that he \"does a wonderful job of not just telling stories from in and around Hurricane Katrina ... [but] synthesize[s] them into a fuller understanding of what actually happened\".[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards","title":"Reception"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of environmental podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_podcasts"}]

[{"reference":"Serrano, Jody (October 17, 2020). \"Here Are the Top 10 Climate Change Podcasts Out Right Now: There Hasn't Been a Better Time to Learn About Climate Change Through the Wonderful Medium of Podcasting\". Gizmodo. G/O Media. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://gizmodo.com/here-are-10-of-the-best-climate-change-podcasts-out-rig-1845397380/slides/9","url_text":"\"Here Are the Top 10 Climate Change Podcasts Out Right Now: There Hasn't Been a Better Time to Learn About Climate Change Through the Wonderful Medium of Podcasting\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmodo","url_text":"Gizmodo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G/O_Media","url_text":"G/O Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171956/https://gizmodo.com/here-are-10-of-the-best-climate-change-podcasts-out-rig-1845397380/slides/9","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brooke, Zach (July 6, 2020). \"The Best Podcasts of 2020 So Far: Most Significant Correction to the Record\". The A.V. Club. G/O Media. Archived from the original on October 30, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/the-best-podcasts-of-2020-so-far-1844231518","url_text":"\"The Best Podcasts of 2020 So Far: Most Significant Correction to the Record\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G/O_Media","url_text":"G/O Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211030045713/https://www.avclub.com/the-best-podcasts-of-2020-so-far-1844231518","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lohr, Nikki (April 13, 2020). \"Floodlines Is a Superb, Visceral History of Hurricane Katrina\". Podcast Review. Los Angeles Review of Books. Archived from the original on November 28, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcastreview.org/review/floodlines/","url_text":"\"Floodlines Is a Superb, Visceral History of Hurricane Katrina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Review_of_Books","url_text":"Los Angeles Review of Books"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211128013141/https://podcastreview.org/review/floodlines/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Wesley (December 21, 2020). \"The Best New Podcasts of 2020: Some of This Tumultuous Year's Most Absorbing Programming — Whether Escapist or Heartbreaking — Could Be Found in These Shows\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Morris","url_text":"Morris, Wesley"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/arts/best-podcasts-2020.html","url_text":"\"The Best New Podcasts of 2020: Some of This Tumultuous Year's Most Absorbing Programming — Whether Escapist or Heartbreaking — Could Be Found in These Shows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220107125547/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/21/arts/best-podcasts-2020.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dockterman, Eliana (November 22, 2020). \"The 10 Best Podcasts of 2020\". Time. Archived from the original on February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://time.com/5907401/best-podcasts-2020/","url_text":"\"The 10 Best Podcasts of 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220209120626/https://time.com/5907401/best-podcasts-2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Steve (March 26, 2020). \"'Floodlines': The Podcast With the Lessons From Katrina We Can Heed Right Now—Writer for the Atlantic and Podcast Host Vann R. Newkirk II Shares What His Year of Research and Interviews Taught Him About Bridging 2005 and Today\". IndieWire. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiewire.com/2020/03/floodlines-podcast-host-vann-newkirk-hurricane-katrina-1202220318/","url_text":"\"'Floodlines': The Podcast With the Lessons From Katrina We Can Heed Right Now—Writer for the Atlantic and Podcast Host Vann R. 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Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/f8aa54ba-8608-11ea-b6e9-a94cffd1d9bf","url_text":"\"Floodlines Revisits Hurricane Katrina in a Timely Podcast About Crisis Response: The Expansive and Powerful Series Reflects on Failures of Leadership and Misinformation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikkei,_Inc.","url_text":"Nikkei, Inc."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220327010605/https://www.ft.com/content/f8aa54ba-8608-11ea-b6e9-a94cffd1d9bf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quah, Nicholas (April 13, 2020). \"Floodlines is the Right Podcast for This Moment\". Vulture. New York Media, LLC. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Quah","url_text":"Quah, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2020/04/the-atlantic-floodlines-podcast-review.html","url_text":"\"Floodlines is the Right Podcast for This Moment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Media,_LLC","url_text":"New York Media, LLC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220327010605/https://www.vulture.com/2020/04/the-atlantic-floodlines-podcast-review.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Price, Neroli (August 30, 2020). \"Podcast Review: Racism and Environmental Disaster Collide in 'Floodlines'—As Hurricane Laura Makes Landfall in the US, We Turn to a Story About Another Storm. the Podcast Series 'Floodlines' Revisits Hurricane Katrina and Its Devastating Aftermath\". Daily Maverick. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-08-30-racism-and-environmental-disaster-collide-in-floodlines/","url_text":"\"Podcast Review: Racism and Environmental Disaster Collide in 'Floodlines'—As Hurricane Laura Makes Landfall in the US, We Turn to a Story About Another Storm. the Podcast Series 'Floodlines' Revisits Hurricane Katrina and Its Devastating Aftermath\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Maverick","url_text":"Daily Maverick"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220327010605/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-08-30-racism-and-environmental-disaster-collide-in-floodlines/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sawyer, Miranda (May 2, 2020). \"The Week in Radio and Podcasts: True Spies; Floodlines; Iain Lee; Slow Radio – Review. A Real-Life Mossad Operation to Rescue Ethiopian Jews is Gripping, While a Series on Hurricane Katrina Gets to the Heart of the Tragedy\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 1, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Sawyer","url_text":"Sawyer, Miranda"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/may/02/the-week-in-radio-and-podcasts-true-spies-floodlines-iain-lee-slow-radio-review","url_text":"\"The Week in Radio and Podcasts: True Spies; Floodlines; Iain Lee; Slow Radio – Review. A Real-Life Mossad Operation to Rescue Ethiopian Jews is Gripping, While a Series on Hurricane Katrina Gets to the Heart of the Tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220401073645/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/may/02/the-week-in-radio-and-podcasts-true-spies-floodlines-iain-lee-slow-radio-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Terry; Quah, Nicholas (December 24, 2020). \"'Floodlines,' the Story of Hurricane Katrina, Tops the List of 2020's Best Podcasts\". Fresh Air. NPR. Archived from the original on March 27, 2022. Retrieved March 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Gross","url_text":"Gross, Terry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Quah","url_text":"Quah, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2020/12/24/949846368/floodlines-the-story-of-hurricane-katrina-tops-the-list-of-2020s-best-podcasts","url_text":"\"'Floodlines,' the Story of Hurricane Katrina, Tops the List of 2020's Best Podcasts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_Air","url_text":"Fresh Air"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220327010605/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/24/949846368/floodlines-the-story-of-hurricane-katrina-tops-the-list-of-2020s-best-podcasts","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mancini, Vince (December 29, 2020). \"The Best Non-Fiction Podcasts of 2020\". Uproxx. Warner Music Group. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/entertainment/best-podcasts-2020/","url_text":"\"The Best Non-Fiction Podcasts of 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group","url_text":"Warner Music Group"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210711050432/https://uproxx.com/entertainment/best-podcasts-2020/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"British Podcast Awards Nominations List: Nominations 2021\". British Podcast Awards. 2021. Archived from the original on July 15, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishpodcastawards.com/2021/nominations-list","url_text":"\"British Podcast Awards Nominations List: Nominations 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Podcast_Awards","url_text":"British Podcast Awards"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210715042618/https://www.britishpodcastawards.com/2021/nominations-list","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Kevin (October 23, 2020). \"Vote for the 2020 Discover Pods Awards Finalists\". Discover Pods Awards. Elite Cafe Media. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://awards.discoverpods.com/vote-for-the-2020-discover-pods-awards-finalists/","url_text":"\"Vote for the 2020 Discover Pods Awards Finalists\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211217155640/https://awards.discoverpods.com/vote-for-the-2020-discover-pods-awards-finalists/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Award Profile: Floodlines from The Atlantic\". The Peabody Awards. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/floodlines/","url_text":"\"Award Profile: Floodlines from The Atlantic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Peabody_Awards","url_text":"The Peabody Awards"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220314051549/https://peabodyawards.com/award-profile/floodlines/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliko

Aliko

["1 Population","2 History","3 References"]

Coordinates: 39°52′N 20°5′E / 39.867°N 20.083°E / 39.867; 20.083For people with the given name, see Aliko (given name). Municipal unit in Vlorë, AlbaniaAliko ΑλύκοMunicipal unitAlikoCoordinates: 39°52′N 20°5′E / 39.867°N 20.083°E / 39.867; 20.083Country AlbaniaCountyVlorëMunicipalityFiniqPopulation (2011) • Total3,849Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal Code9710 Aliko (Albanian definite form: Alikoi; Greek: Αλύκο) is a village and a former commune in Vlorë County, southern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Finiq. Besides the village Aliko from which it takes its name and which functions as well as an administrative center, the administrative unit consists of 9 other villages: Çaush; Dritas; Halo; Jermë; Neohor; Pllakë; Rahullë; Tremul; and Vurgu i Ri, which are inhabited solely by Greeks. Population The population according to the 2011 census was 3,849; according to the civil offices, which count all citizens including those who live abroad, it was 8,818, The latest official census in Albania (2011), has been widely disputed due to irregularities in the procedure, and its results affected by boycott by part of the Greek minority. History On December 11, 1990 four young local Greeks were shot dead in their effort to reach Greece by soldiers of the People's Republic of Albania. The killings provoked mass demonstrations by the Greek communities in the region against the regime authorities. Today a monument is erected at the central square of Aliko and commemorative events are being held annually in memory of the victims. References ^ "Kodi Postar, Sarandë" (PDF). Posta Shqiptare. 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-22. ^ a b "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6376. Retrieved 25 February 2022. ^ Kallivretakis, Leonidas (1995). "Η ελληνική κοινότητα της Αλβανίας υπό το πρίσμα της ιστορικής γεωγραφίας και δημογραφίας . University of Athens. p. 52.; p. 51. "ΑΧ Αλβανοί Ορθόδοξοι Χριστιανοί, ΤΣ Τσάμηδες"; p.52. "SOPIK ΣΟΠΙΚΙ 889 ΑΧ, PANDALEJMON ΠΑΝΤΕΛΕΗΜΩΝ 395 ΤΣ". ^ "2011 Census of Population and Housing - Vlorë County" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-03-03. ^ "Vlora's communes". Retrieved 13 January 2016. ^ "Final census findings lead to concerns over accuracy". Tirana Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. ^ Likmeta, Besar. "Albania Moves Ahead With Disputed Census". Balkaninsight. Retrieved 26 May 2014. ^ "Three Albanian journalists awarded with "World at 7 Billion Prize"". United Nations (Albania). Archived from the original on 28 May 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014. ...the controversial CENSUS data ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2014: Albania" (PDF). www.state.gov/. United States, Department of State. p. 5. Retrieved 20 October 2015. Ethnic Greek minority groups had encouraged their members to boycott the census, affecting measurements of the Greek ethnic minority and membership in the Greek Orthodox Church. ^ Tzimas, Stavros. "Elusive tribute to Albania's ethnic Greeks | eKathimerini.com". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Το ιστορικό της δολοφονίας τεσσάρων Ελλήνων ομογενών της Αλβανίας από το καθεστώς Χότζα". www.kathimerini.gr. Retrieved 15 April 2023. ^ "Εκδήλωση τιμής και μνήμης στο Αλύκο εις την μνήμην των τεσσάρων μαρτύρων της κομμουνιστικής δικτατορίας | Finiq". Retrieved 15 April 2023. vteSubdivisions of Vlorë CountyCounty Seat: VlorëMunicipality of Delvinë Delvinë Vergo Municipality of Finiq Aliko Dhivër Finiq Livadhe Mesopotam Municipality of Himarë Himarë Horë-Vranisht Lukovë Municipality of Konispol Konispol Markat Xarrë Municipality of Sarandë Ksamil Sarandë Municipality of Selenicë Armen Brataj Kotë Selenicë Sevaster Vllahinë Municipality of Vlorë Novoselë Orikum Qendër Vlorë Shushicë Vlorë vteSubdivisions of Finiq MunicipalityMunicipal Seat: FiniqAdministrative Unit of Aliko Aliko Çaush Dritas Halo Jermë Neohor Pllakë Rahullë Tremul Vurgu i Ri Administrative Unit of Dhivër Cerkovicë Dermish Dhivër Janicat Leshnicë e Poshtme Leshnicë e Sipërme Llupsat Maliçan Memoraq Navaricë Rumanxë Shëndre Administrative Unit of Finiq Bregas Buronjë Çlirim Finiq Karahaxhë Vrion Administrative Unit of Livadhe Gravë Grazhdan Kalcat Karroq Kodër Komat Kulluricë Lefter Talo Livadhe Llazat Pandalejmon Qesarat Sopik Vagalat Zminec Administrative Unit of Mesopotam Ardhasovë Bistricë Brajlat Dhrovjan Fitore Kardhikaq Kostar Kranë Krongj Livinë Mesopotam Muzinë Pecë Sirakat Velahovë This article about a specific location in Vlorë County, Albania, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tevot

Tevot

["1 Composition","1.1 Background","1.2 Instrumentation","2 Reception","3 Recording","4 See also","5 References"]

Musical work composed by Thomas Adès Tevot is a one-movement symphony for orchestra by the British composer Thomas Adès. The work was commissioned by the Berlin Philharmonic and Carnegie Hall. The world premiere was given by the Berlin Philharmonic under the direction of Simon Rattle at the Berliner Philharmonie on February 21, 2007. The United States premiere was given by the same ensemble at Carnegie Hall on November 14, 2007. Composition Tevot has is composed in one continuous movement and has a duration of roughly 22 minutes. Background The title of the piece comes from the Hebrew word for "bars of music." In the score program note, Adès added, "Also, in the Bible, (tey-VA) is the ark of Noah, and the cradle in which the baby Moses is carried on the river." The composer further described the meaning in an interview with Tom Service of The Guardian, remarking, "I liked the idea that the bars of the music were carrying the notes as a sort of family through the piece. And they do, because without bars, you'd have musical chaos. But I was thinking about the ark, the vessel, in the piece as the earth. The earth would be a spaceship, a ship that carries us – and several other species! – through the chaos of space in safety. It sounds a bit colossal, but it's the idea of the ship of the world." He continued, "I thought of the piece as one huge journey, but in order to make that journey truthful, to give it movement, there had to be many quite sudden and instant changes of landscape." Adès also recalled a sense of urgency writing the piece, saying, "I couldn't sleep at night. I would feel that I would absolutely die if I didn't succeed in bringing the piece to harbour. It would have been a frightening feeling not to do that. It's more than a need – it feels essential. It's like transporting a person through the air, and you have to make sure they land in one piece." Instrumentation The work is scored for a large orchestra comprising five flutes (3rd, 4th, & 5th doubling piccolos; 3rd doubling bass flute), five oboes (4th doubling English horn; 5th doubling bass oboe), five clarinets (2nd doubling E-flat clarinet; 4th doubling E-flat & A clarinets, plus optional basset clarinet; 5th doubling contrabass clarinet), four bassoons, contrabassoon, eight horns, five trumpets, three trombones, two tubas, 2 timpani players, six percussionists, harp, piano (doubling celesta), and strings. Reception Tevot has been praised by music critics. Tom Service wrote, "Of any piece of new music I've heard at its premiere, this is one of the most immediately, richly powerful." Reviewing the United States premiere, Anthony Tommasini of The New York Times opined, "In this arresting performance Tevot announced itself as an instantly essential new work." Tommasini further wrote:It begins with eerily skittish high figurations in the strings that sound at once ominous and angelic. Moaning swells emerge from the lower orchestra, and the music builds in intensity and complexity until, in an attempt to break free, a volley of 12-tone-like riffs wildly erupts, clearing away the angst. The piece segues into its most rhythmically agitated and harmonically gnashing episode. Then a passage of consoling music with sighing lyrical fragments begins, and you are sure the calming coda to the piece has arrived. Not so. Mr. Adès prolongs this episode for roughly half of the work's nearly 25-minute length. He keeps coming up with new variants of layered harmony, instrumental sonorities and supple rhythmic figures that keep you hooked. Richard Whitehouse of Gramophone called Tevot "an eventful 22 minutes" and wrote, "From a shimmering opening that erupts in energetic exchanges, it builds a momentum underpinned by the antagonism between tuned anvils and an oboe-led chorale. Reaching an expressive plateau, the piece recalls its start via a descent that gives the stratospheric violin-writing a definite harmonic context, before the climactic final section attempts more overt tonal closure." Mark Swed of the Los Angeles Times observed, "Like America, this journey begins with another weird swirl – this one, though, more music of the spheres. After a section of vigorous, brash dance music, Tevot settles down into long, calming, Mahlerian peace seeking, awed slow music of haunting beauty." He added, "Ades doesn't hold back in his music. When it's raw, it's raw. When it's cooked, it gets four stars." Conversely, Ivan Hewett of The Daily Telegraph was critical of the work, writing, "I was staggered and appalled at the piece's unstoppable energy, as pitiless as a lava flow, and waited for the high, still chorale on violins at the piece's core, hoping this time I would be moved by it. But it seemed ice-cold as ever, and the grandeur of the ending a mite Hollywood-ish. This is a piece that's either hot or cold, but never warm." Recording A recording of Tevot performed by Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic was released through EMI Classics on March 23, 2010. The disk also features Adès's Violin Concerto, among other of the composer's works. See also List of compositions by Thomas Adès References ^ a b c Adès, Thomas (2007). Tevot: Program Note. Retrieved May 27, 2016. ^ Huizenga, Tom (13 November 2007). "Berlin Philharmonic, in Concert at Carnegie Hall". NPR. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Johnson, Lawrence A. (20 November 2008). "15 illegal minutes with Thomas Ades". South Florida Classical Review. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ a b c Service, Tom (25 February 2007). "An empire ablaze". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Tommasini, Anthony (16 November 2007). "Simon Rattle's Berliners Bring Mahler and More". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ a b Whitehouse, Richard (April 2010). "Ades Tevot; Violin Concerto". Gramophone. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Swed, Mark (17 November 2008). "Ades, for mature audiences only". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 May 2016. ^ Hewett, Ivan (22 June 2014). "London Sinfonietta/CBSO, Aldeburgh Festival, review". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 27 May 2016. vteThomas AdèsList of compositionsOpera Powder Her Face (1995) The Tempest (2004) The Exterminating Angel (2016) Orchestra Asyla (1997) America: A Prophecy (1999) Violin Concerto, Concentric Paths (2005) Tevot (2007) In Seven Days (2008) Polaris (2010) Totentanz (2013) Piano Concerto (2018) Other compositions Arcadiana (1994) Living Toys (1994) Traced Overhead (1996) Category Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Germany United States Other BRAHMS

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Tom Service wrote, \"Of any piece of new music I've heard at its premiere, this is one of the most immediately, richly powerful.\"[4] Reviewing the United States premiere, Anthony Tommasini of The New York Times opined, \"In this arresting performance Tevot announced itself as an instantly essential new work.\" Tommasini further wrote:It begins with eerily skittish high figurations in the strings that sound at once ominous and angelic. Moaning swells emerge from the lower orchestra, and the music builds in intensity and complexity until, in an attempt to break free, a volley of 12-tone-like riffs wildly erupts, clearing away the angst. The piece segues into its most rhythmically agitated and harmonically gnashing episode.\nThen a passage of consoling music with sighing lyrical fragments begins, and you are sure the calming coda to the piece has arrived. Not so. Mr. Adès prolongs this episode for roughly half of the work's nearly 25-minute length. He keeps coming up with new variants of layered harmony, instrumental sonorities and supple rhythmic figures that keep you hooked.[5]Richard Whitehouse of Gramophone called Tevot \"an eventful 22 minutes\" and wrote, \"From a shimmering opening that erupts in energetic exchanges, it builds a momentum underpinned by the antagonism between tuned anvils and an oboe-led chorale. Reaching an expressive plateau, the piece recalls its start via a descent that gives the stratospheric violin-writing a definite harmonic context, before the climactic final section attempts more overt tonal closure.\"[6] Mark Swed of the Los Angeles Times observed, \"Like America, this journey begins with another weird swirl – this one, though, more music of the spheres. After a section of vigorous, brash dance music, Tevot settles down into long, calming, Mahlerian peace seeking, awed slow music of haunting beauty.\" He added, \"Ades doesn't hold back in his music. When it's raw, it's raw. When it's cooked, it gets four stars.\"[7]Conversely, Ivan Hewett of The Daily Telegraph was critical of the work, writing, \"I was staggered and appalled at the piece's unstoppable energy, as pitiless as a lava flow, and waited for the high, still chorale on violins at the piece's core, hoping this time I would be moved by it. But it seemed ice-cold as ever, and the grandeur of the ending a mite Hollywood-ish. This is a piece that's either hot or cold, but never warm.\"[8]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EMI Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Classics"},{"link_name":"Violin Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Ad%C3%A8s)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gramophone-6"}],"text":"A recording of Tevot performed by Rattle and the Berlin Philharmonic was released through EMI Classics on March 23, 2010. The disk also features Adès's Violin Concerto, among other of the composer's works.[6]","title":"Recording"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of compositions by Thomas Adès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Thomas_Ad%C3%A8s"}]

[{"reference":"Huizenga, Tom (13 November 2007). \"Berlin Philharmonic, in Concert at Carnegie Hall\". NPR. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=16227797","url_text":"\"Berlin Philharmonic, in Concert at Carnegie Hall\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Lawrence A. (20 November 2008). \"15 illegal minutes with Thomas Ades\". South Florida Classical Review. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://southfloridaclassicalreview.com/2008/11/15-illegal-minutes-with-thomas-ades/","url_text":"\"15 illegal minutes with Thomas Ades\""}]},{"reference":"Service, Tom (25 February 2007). \"An empire ablaze\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/feb/26/classicalmusicandopera.tomservice","url_text":"\"An empire ablaze\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Tommasini, Anthony (16 November 2007). \"Simon Rattle's Berliners Bring Mahler and More\". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini","url_text":"Tommasini, Anthony"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/16/arts/music/16ratt.html","url_text":"\"Simon Rattle's Berliners Bring Mahler and More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Whitehouse, Richard (April 2010). \"Ades Tevot; Violin Concerto\". Gramophone. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/ades-tevot-violin-concerto","url_text":"\"Ades Tevot; Violin Concerto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_(magazine)","url_text":"Gramophone"}]},{"reference":"Swed, Mark (17 November 2008). \"Ades, for mature audiences only\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/nov/17/entertainment/et-phil17","url_text":"\"Ades, for mature audiences only\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Hewett, Ivan (22 June 2014). \"London Sinfonietta/CBSO, Aldeburgh Festival, review\". The Daily Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 27 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/classicalconcertreviews/10917712/City-of-Birmingham-Symphony-Orchestra-Aldeburgh-Festival-review.html","url_text":"\"London Sinfonietta/CBSO, Aldeburgh Festival, review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group","url_text":"Telegraph Media Group"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skagerak_Arena

Skagerak Arena

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 59°12′40″N 009°35′23″E / 59.21111°N 9.58972°E / 59.21111; 9.58972Football stadium in Skien, Norway This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Skagerak Arena" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Skagerak ArenaFalkumUEFA Former namesOdd StadionLocationSkien, NorwayOwnerOddOperatorOddCapacity11 767SurfaceArtificial turfConstructionOpened17 May 1923Expanded2006–08TenantsOdd The Skagerak Arena is a football stadium located in Skien, Norway. It was formerly called Odd Stadion, and was built in 1923 as the home ground of Eliteserien club Odd. The stadium is often referred to as Falkum, being situated in that area of Skien. The stadium has been undergoing an extensive redevelopment process, begun in November 2006, which produced a modern all-seater venue by April 2008. Part of the finance Odd needed for the project was obtained through the lease of the stadium's naming rights to the club's main sponsor since 1995, the Norwegian power company Skagerak Energi. The stadium will therefore be known as Skagerak Arena until at least 2017. The pitch has been rotated 90 degrees in order to free up space. As is increasingly common in Norway, the new surface is artificial. The old main stand is now an end stand, incorporated into the new structure as the only surviving feature of the old stadium. Three new two-tiered stands was completed between 2007 and 2008. The east and west stands has a capacity of 4,300 while the south end seats around 3,000. Construction of the west stand had progressed far enough by April 2007 to allow spectators on the lower tier for the first home match of the season, on 15 April. Total capacity was at first 6,000 And increased gradually throughout 2007. The old stadium had a capacity of about 8,600, of which 5,600 were seated. The venue has hosted Norway national under-21 football team matches three times, playing 0–0 against Portugal on 9 May 1979, 2–1 against Romania on 18 August 1998 and 3–1 against Scotland on 19 August 2003. In a 2012 survey carried out by the Norwegian Players' Association among away-team captains, Skagerak Arena was ranked tenth amongst league stadiums, with a score of 3.07 on a scale from one to five. References ^ "NIFS - Norsk & Internasjonal Fotballstatistikk". ^ "Norge Menn U21" (in Norwegian). Football Association of Norway. Archived from the original on 12 May 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2011. ^ "Lerkendal nest beste fotballbane" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 November 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Skagerak Arena. Skagerak Arena video and photos - Nordic Stadiums vteOdds BallklubbClub Skagerak Arena Players Managers Seasons 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteEliteserien venuesCurrent (2024) Aker Stadion Alfheim Stadion Åråsen Stadion Aspmyra Stadion Brann Stadion Briskeby Arena Fredrikstad Stadion Haugesund Stadion KFUM Arena Kristiansund Stadion Lerkendal Stadion Marienlyst Stadion Sandefjord Arena Sarpsborg Stadion Skagerak Arena Viking Stadion Former Aka Arena Aurland Stadion Bislett Stadium Bryne Stadion Color Line Stadion Consto Arena EXTRA Arena Fosshaugane Campus Gjemselund Stadion Gjøvik Stadion Grue Stadion Guldbergaunet Stadion Høddvoll Stadion Intility Arena Kristiansand Stadion Krohnsminde Levermyr Stadion Melløs Stadion Molde Idrettspark Nadderud Stadion Nordlandshallen Pors Stadion Sandnes Stadion Sør Arena Stavanger Stadion Storstadion Strømmen Stadion Telenor Arena Tønsberg Gressbane Tromsdalen Stadion Ullevaal Stadion Varden Amfi Voldsløkka Stadion Demolished Old Fredrikstad Stadion Kråmyra Stadion Portals: Association football Norway 59°12′40″N 009°35′23″E / 59.21111°N 9.58972°E / 59.21111; 9.58972

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_synthesis

Analog synthesizer

["1 History","1.1 1900–1920","1.2 1920s–1950s","1.3 1960s–1970s","1.4 1980s–present","2 Use in modern music","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Synthesizer that uses analog circuits This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Analog synthesizer" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Minimoog is one of the most popular analog synthesizers ever built An analog synthesizer (British English: analogue synthesiser) is a synthesizer that uses analog circuits and analog signals to generate sound electronically. The earliest analog synthesizers in the 1920s and 1930s, such as the Trautonium, were built with a variety of vacuum-tube (thermionic valve) and electro-mechanical technologies. After the 1960s, analog synthesizers were built using operational amplifier (op-amp) integrated circuits, and used potentiometers (pots, or variable resistors) to adjust the sound parameters. Analog synthesizers also use low-pass filters and high-pass filters to modify the sound. While 1960s-era analog synthesizers such as the Moog used a number of independent electronic modules connected by patch cables, later analog synthesizers such as the Minimoog integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems. History 1900–1920 The earliest mention of a "synthetic harmoniser" using electricity appears to be in 1906, created by the Scottish physicist James Robert Milne FRSE (d.1961). 1920s–1950s Trautonium, 1928 The earliest synthesizers used a variety of thermionic-valve (vacuum tube) and electro-mechanical technologies. While some electric instruments were produced in bulk, such as Georges Jenny's Ondioline, the Hammond organ, and the Trautonium, many of these would not be considered synthesizers by the standards of later instruments. However, some individual studios and instruments achieved a high level of sophistication, such as the Trautonium of Oskar Sala, the Electronium of Raymond Scott, and the ANS synthesizer of Evgeny Murzin. Another notable early instrument is the Hammond Novachord, first produced in 1938, which had many of the same features as later analog synthesizers. 1960s–1970s Early analog synthesizers used technology from electronic analog computers and laboratory test equipment. They were generally "modular" synthesizers, consisting of a number of independent electronic modules connected by patch cables into a patchbay that resembled the jackfields used by 1940s-era telephone operators. Synthesizer modules in early analog synthesizers included voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), voltage-controlled filters (VCFs), and voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs). The control voltage varied frequency in VCOs and VCFs, and attenuation (gain) in VCAs. Additionally, they used envelope generators, low-frequency oscillators, and ring modulators. Some synthesizers also had effects devices, such as reverb units, or tools such as sequencers or sound mixers. Because many of these modules took input sound signals and processed them, an analog synthesizer could be used both as a sound-generating and sound-processing system. Famous modular synthesizer manufacturers included Moog Music, ARP Instruments, Inc., Serge Modular Music Systems, and Electronic Music Studios. Moog established standards recognized worldwide for control interfacing on analog synthesizers, using an exponential 1-volt-per-octave pitch control and a separate pulse triggering signal. These control signals were routed using the same types of connectors and cables that were used for routing the synthesized sound signals. A specialized form of analog synthesizer is the analog vocoder, based on equipment developed for speech synthesis. Vocoders are often used to make a sound that resembles a musical instrument talking or singing. The ARP 2500 with expansion cabinets. Patch cords could be damaged by use (creating hard-to-find intermittent faults) and made complex patches difficult and time-consuming to recreate. Thus, later analog synthesizers used the same building blocks, but integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems. The most popular of these was the Minimoog. In 1970, Moog designed an innovative synthesizer with a built-in keyboard and without modular design—the analog circuits were retained, but made interconnectable with switches in a simplified arrangement called "normalization". Though less flexible than a modular design, normalization made the instrument more portable and easier to use. This first pre-patched synthesizer, the Minimoog, became highly popular, with over 12,000 units sold. The Minimoog also influenced the design of nearly all subsequent synthesizers, with integrated keyboard, pitch wheel and modulation wheel, and a VCO->VCF->VCA signal flow. In the 1970s, miniaturized solid-state components let manufacturers produce self-contained, portable instruments, which musicians soon began to use in live performances. Electronic synthesizers quickly become a standard part of the popular-music repertoire. The first movie to use music made with a (Moog) synthesizer was the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service in 1969. After the release of the film, composers produced a large number of movie soundtracks that featured synthesizers. The Minimoog was one of the most popular synthesizers ever built Notable makers of all-in-one analog synthesizers included Moog, ARP, Roland, Korg and Yamaha. Because of the complexity of generating even a single note using analog synthesis, most synthesizers remained monophonic. Polyphonic analog synthesizers featured limited polyphony, typically supporting four voices. Oberheim was a notable manufacturer of analog polyphonic synthesizers. The Polymoog was an attempt to create a truly polyphonic analog synthesizer, with sound generation circuitry for every key on the keyboard. However, its architecture resembled an electronic organ more than a traditional analog synthesizer, and the Polymoog was not widely imitated. The Buchla Music Easel included a number of fader-style controls, switches, patch cord-connected modules, and a keyboard. In 1978, the first microprocessor-controlled analog synthesizers were created by Sequential Circuits. These used microprocessors for system control and control voltage generation, including envelope trigger generation, but the main sound generating path remained analog. The MIDI interface standard was developed for these systems. This generation of synthesizers often featured six or eight voice polyphony. Also during this period, a number of analog/digital hybrid synthesizers were introduced, which replaced certain sound-producing functions with digital equivalents, for example the digital oscillators in synthesizers like the Korg DW-8000 (which played back PCM samples of various waveforms) and the Kawai K5 (waveforms constructed via additive synthesis). With the falling cost of microprocessors, this architecture became the standard architecture for high-end analog synthesizers. 1980s–present During the middle to late 1980s, digital synthesizers and samplers largely replaced analog synthesizers. By the early 1990s, however, musicians from the techno, rave and DJ scenes who wanted to produce electronic music but lacked the budget for large digital systems created a market for the then cheap second hand analog equipment. This increased demand for analog synthesizers towards the mid-1990s, as larger numbers of musicians gradually rediscovered the analog qualities. As a result, sounds associated with analog synths became popular again. Over time, this increased demand for used units (such as the 1980 Roland TR-808 drum machine and Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer). Late 1970s-era drum machines used tuned resonance voice circuits for pitched drum sounds and shaped white noise for others. The TR-808 improves on these designs, by using detuned square wave oscillators (for the cow bell and cymbal sounds) and analogue reverberation (for the handclap sound). The demand for the analog synth sound led to development of a variety of analog modeling synthesizers—which emulate analog VCOs and VCFs using samples, software, or specialized digital circuitry, and the construction of new analog keyboard synths such as the Alesis Andromeda, Prophet '08, and Moog's Little Phatty, as well as semi-modular and modular units. Use in modern music The lapse of patents in recent years, such as for the Moog synthesizer transistor ladder filter, has spurred a return of DIY and kit synthesizer modules, as well as an increase in the number of commercial companies selling analog modules. Reverse engineering has also revealed the secrets of some synthesizer components, such as those from ARP Instruments, Inc. In addition, despite the widespread availability during the 2000s of relatively inexpensive digital synthesizers that offered complex synthesis algorithms and envelopes, some musicians are attracted to the sounds of monophonic and polyphonic analog synths. While some musicians embrace analog synthesizers as preferable, others counter that analog and digital synthesis simply represent different sonic generation processes that both reproduce characteristics the other misses. Another factor considered to have increased use of analog synths since the 1990s is weariness with the complex screen-based navigation systems of digital synths, with the "hands-on", practical controls of analog synths – potentiometer knobs, faders, and other features – offering a strong appeal. See also SSM and CEM ICs References ^ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1906 ^ 1957 Evgeny Murzin ANS synthesizer, Kom. Musik, September 6, 2006, retrieved 15 February 2006 ^ 1970 Robert Moog Moog Music Minimoog Synthesizer, Mix Magazine, September 1, 2006, archived from the original on 28 March 2008, retrieved 10 April 2008 ^ Kirn, Peter (2013-07-29). "Video Explains Why Difference Between Analog, Digital Isn't What Most People Think". Create Digital Media, GmbH. Retrieved 2015-05-24. External links ARP synthesizer patents Modular Analog Synthesizers Return! – a discussion of modern modular equipment with links to major manufacturers. Authority control databases MusicBrainz instrument

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minimoog.JPG"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"British English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English_language"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"},{"link_name":"analog circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics"},{"link_name":"analog signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal"},{"link_name":"Trautonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautonium"},{"link_name":"vacuum-tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"operational amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier"},{"link_name":"integrated circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit"},{"link_name":"potentiometers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiometer"},{"link_name":"resistors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistor"},{"link_name":"low-pass filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-pass_filter"},{"link_name":"high-pass filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-pass_filter"},{"link_name":"Moog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"patch cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_cable"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"}],"text":"The Minimoog is one of the most popular analog synthesizers ever builtAn analog synthesizer (British English: analogue synthesiser) is a synthesizer that uses analog circuits and analog signals to generate sound electronically.The earliest analog synthesizers in the 1920s and 1930s, such as the Trautonium, were built with a variety of vacuum-tube (thermionic valve) and electro-mechanical technologies. After the 1960s, analog synthesizers were built using operational amplifier (op-amp) integrated circuits, and used potentiometers (pots, or variable resistors) to adjust the sound parameters. Analog synthesizers also use low-pass filters and high-pass filters to modify the sound. While 1960s-era analog synthesizers such as the Moog used a number of independent electronic modules connected by patch cables, later analog synthesizers such as the Minimoog integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems.","title":"Analog synthesizer"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Robert Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Robert_Milne"},{"link_name":"FRSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FRSE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"1900–1920","text":"The earliest mention of a \"synthetic harmoniser\" using electricity appears to be in 1906, created by the Scottish physicist James Robert Milne FRSE (d.1961).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mixtur_Trautonium.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trautonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautonium"},{"link_name":"vacuum tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube"},{"link_name":"Georges Jenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Jenny"},{"link_name":"Ondioline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondioline"},{"link_name":"Hammond organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"},{"link_name":"Trautonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautonium"},{"link_name":"Trautonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trautonium"},{"link_name":"Oskar Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Sala"},{"link_name":"Electronium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronium"},{"link_name":"Raymond Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Scott"},{"link_name":"ANS synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANS_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Evgeny Murzin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evgeny_Murzin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hammond Novachord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novachord"}],"sub_title":"1920s–1950s","text":"Trautonium, 1928The earliest synthesizers used a variety of thermionic-valve (vacuum tube) and electro-mechanical technologies. While some electric instruments were produced in bulk, such as Georges Jenny's Ondioline, the Hammond organ, and the Trautonium, many of these would not be considered synthesizers by the standards of later instruments. However, some individual studios and instruments achieved a high level of sophistication, such as the Trautonium of Oskar Sala, the Electronium of Raymond Scott, and the ANS synthesizer of Evgeny Murzin.[2] Another notable early instrument is the Hammond Novachord, first produced in 1938, which had many of the same features as later analog synthesizers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patchbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patchbay"},{"link_name":"voltage-controlled oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator"},{"link_name":"voltage-controlled filters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter"},{"link_name":"voltage-controlled amplifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_amplifier"},{"link_name":"envelope generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_generator"},{"link_name":"low-frequency oscillators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-frequency_oscillator"},{"link_name":"ring modulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_modulator"},{"link_name":"reverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverb"},{"link_name":"sequencers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_sequencer"},{"link_name":"mixers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"},{"link_name":"modular synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"Moog Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_Music"},{"link_name":"ARP Instruments, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Instruments,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Serge Modular Music Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Modular_Music_Systems"},{"link_name":"Electronic Music Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Music_Studios_(London)_Ltd"},{"link_name":"vocoder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocoder"},{"link_name":"Vocoders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cours.polytech.unice.fr/ssii/z.Supplements/vocoder/synthsec.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ARP_2500.jpg"},{"link_name":"ARP 2500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_2500"},{"link_name":"Patch cords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_cords"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"VCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator"},{"link_name":"VCF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter"},{"link_name":"VCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_amplifier"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"On Her Majesty's Secret Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Her_Majesty%27s_Secret_Service_(film)"},{"link_name":"composers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minimoog.JPG"},{"link_name":"Minimoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimoog"},{"link_name":"Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_corporation"},{"link_name":"Korg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation"},{"link_name":"monophonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophonic_(synthesizers)"},{"link_name":"Oberheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberheim"},{"link_name":"Polymoog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymoog"},{"link_name":"electronic organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buchla_Music_Easel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buchla Music Easel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buchla_Music_Easel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"microprocessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor"},{"link_name":"Sequential Circuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequential_Circuits"},{"link_name":"MIDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIDI"},{"link_name":"Korg DW-8000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korg_DW-8000"},{"link_name":"Kawai K5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawai_K5&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"1960s–1970s","text":"Early analog synthesizers used technology from electronic analog computers and laboratory test equipment. They were generally \"modular\" synthesizers, consisting of a number of independent electronic modules connected by patch cables into a patchbay that resembled the jackfields used by 1940s-era telephone operators. Synthesizer modules in early analog synthesizers included voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), voltage-controlled filters (VCFs), and voltage-controlled amplifiers (VCAs). The control voltage varied frequency in VCOs and VCFs, and attenuation (gain) in VCAs. Additionally, they used envelope generators, low-frequency oscillators, and ring modulators.\nSome synthesizers also had effects devices, such as reverb units, or tools such as sequencers or sound mixers. Because many of these modules took input sound signals and processed them, an analog synthesizer could be used both as a sound-generating and sound-processing system.Famous modular synthesizer manufacturers included Moog Music, ARP Instruments, Inc., Serge Modular Music Systems, and Electronic Music Studios. Moog established standards recognized worldwide for control interfacing on analog synthesizers, using an exponential 1-volt-per-octave pitch control and a separate pulse triggering signal. These control signals were routed using the same types of connectors and cables that were used for routing the synthesized sound signals. A specialized form of analog synthesizer is the analog vocoder, based on equipment developed for speech synthesis. Vocoders are often used to make a sound that resembles a musical instrument talking or singing.The ARP 2500 with expansion cabinets.Patch cords could be damaged by use (creating hard-to-find intermittent faults) and made complex patches difficult and time-consuming to recreate. Thus, later analog synthesizers used the same building blocks, but integrated them into single units, eliminating patch cords in favour of integrated signal routing systems. The most popular of these was the Minimoog. In 1970, Moog designed an innovative synthesizer with a built-in keyboard and without modular design—the analog circuits were retained, but made interconnectable with switches in a simplified arrangement called \"normalization\". Though less flexible than a modular design, normalization made the instrument more portable and easier to use. This first pre-patched synthesizer, the Minimoog, became highly popular, with over 12,000 units sold.[3] The Minimoog also influenced the design of nearly all subsequent synthesizers, with integrated keyboard, pitch wheel and modulation wheel, and a VCO->VCF->VCA signal flow. In the 1970s, miniaturized solid-state components let manufacturers produce self-contained, portable instruments, which musicians soon began to use in live performances. Electronic synthesizers quickly become a standard part of the popular-music repertoire. The first movie to use music made with a (Moog) synthesizer was the James Bond film On Her Majesty's Secret Service in 1969. After the release of the film, composers produced a large number of movie soundtracks that featured synthesizers.The Minimoog was one of the most popular synthesizers ever builtNotable makers of all-in-one analog synthesizers included Moog, ARP, Roland, Korg and Yamaha. Because of the complexity of generating even a single note using analog synthesis, most synthesizers remained monophonic. Polyphonic analog synthesizers featured limited polyphony, typically supporting four voices. Oberheim was a notable manufacturer of analog polyphonic synthesizers. The Polymoog was an attempt to create a truly polyphonic analog synthesizer, with sound generation circuitry for every key on the keyboard. However, its architecture resembled an electronic organ more than a traditional analog synthesizer, and the Polymoog was not widely imitated.The Buchla Music Easel included a number of fader-style controls, switches, patch cord-connected modules, and a keyboard.In 1978, the first microprocessor-controlled analog synthesizers were created by Sequential Circuits. These used microprocessors for system control and control voltage generation, including envelope trigger generation, but the main sound generating path remained analog. The MIDI interface standard was developed for these systems. This generation of synthesizers often featured six or eight voice polyphony. Also during this period, a number of analog/digital hybrid synthesizers were introduced, which replaced certain sound-producing functions with digital equivalents, for example the digital oscillators in synthesizers like the Korg DW-8000 (which played back PCM samples of various waveforms) and the Kawai K5 (waveforms constructed via additive synthesis). With the falling cost of microprocessors, this architecture became the standard architecture for high-end analog synthesizers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"digital synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"samplers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)"},{"link_name":"techno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ"},{"link_name":"Roland TR-808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_TR-808"},{"link_name":"Roland TB-303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_TB-303"},{"link_name":"tuned resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuned_resonance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"white noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_noise"},{"link_name":"square wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_wave"},{"link_name":"reverberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberation"},{"link_name":"analog modeling synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_modeling_synthesizers"},{"link_name":"VCOs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_oscillator"},{"link_name":"VCFs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-controlled_filter"},{"link_name":"Alesis Andromeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alesis_Andromeda"},{"link_name":"Prophet '08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet_%2708"},{"link_name":"Little Phatty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Phatty"}],"sub_title":"1980s–present","text":"During the middle to late 1980s, digital synthesizers and samplers largely replaced analog synthesizers. By the early 1990s, however, musicians from the techno, rave and DJ scenes who wanted to produce electronic music but lacked the budget for large digital systems created a market for the then cheap second hand analog equipment. This increased demand for analog synthesizers towards the mid-1990s, as larger numbers of musicians gradually rediscovered the analog qualities. As a result, sounds associated with analog synths became popular again.Over time, this increased demand for used units (such as the 1980 Roland TR-808 drum machine and Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer). Late 1970s-era drum machines used tuned resonance voice circuits for pitched drum sounds and shaped white noise for others. The TR-808 improves on these designs, by using detuned square wave oscillators (for the cow bell and cymbal sounds) and analogue reverberation (for the handclap sound). The demand for the analog synth sound led to development of a variety of analog modeling synthesizers—which emulate analog VCOs and VCFs using samples, software, or specialized digital circuitry, and the construction of new analog keyboard synths such as the Alesis Andromeda, Prophet '08, and Moog's Little Phatty, as well as semi-modular and modular units.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moog synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moog_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"DIY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIY"},{"link_name":"ARP Instruments, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARP_Instruments,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The lapse of patents in recent years, such as for the Moog synthesizer transistor ladder filter, has spurred a return of DIY and kit synthesizer modules, as well as an increase in the number of commercial companies selling analog modules. Reverse engineering has also revealed the secrets of some synthesizer components, such as those from ARP Instruments, Inc. In addition, despite the widespread availability during the 2000s of relatively inexpensive digital synthesizers that offered complex synthesis algorithms and envelopes, some musicians are attracted to the sounds of monophonic and polyphonic analog synths. While some musicians embrace analog synthesizers as preferable, others counter that analog and digital synthesis simply represent different sonic generation processes that both reproduce characteristics the other misses.[4] Another factor considered to have increased use of analog synths since the 1990s is weariness with the complex screen-based navigation systems of digital synths, with the \"hands-on\", practical controls of analog synths – potentiometer knobs, faders, and other features – offering a strong appeal.[citation needed]","title":"Use in modern music"}]

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[{"title":"SSM and CEM ICs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SSM_and_CEM_ICs&action=edit&redlink=1"}]

[{"reference":"1957 Evgeny Murzin ANS synthesizer, Kom. Musik, September 6, 2006, retrieved 15 February 2006","urls":[{"url":"http://corpuscul.net/muz-oborudovanie/sintezatory/pervye-sintezatory/sintezator-ans-1938-1957/","url_text":"1957 Evgeny Murzin ANS synthesizer"}]},{"reference":"1970 Robert Moog Moog Music Minimoog Synthesizer, Mix Magazine, September 1, 2006, archived from the original on 28 March 2008, retrieved 10 April 2008","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080328012446/http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/moog-music-minimoog-090106/","url_text":"1970 Robert Moog Moog Music Minimoog Synthesizer"},{"url":"http://mixonline.com/TECnology-Hall-of-Fame/moog-music-minimoog-090106/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kirn, Peter (2013-07-29). \"Video Explains Why Difference Between Analog, Digital Isn't What Most People Think\". Create Digital Media, GmbH. Retrieved 2015-05-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://createdigitalmusic.com/2013/07/video-explains-why-difference-between-analog-digital-isnt-what-most-people-think/","url_text":"\"Video Explains Why Difference Between Analog, Digital Isn't What Most People Think\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclamine

PCPr

["1 References"]

Chemical compound PCPrClinical dataATC codenoneLegal statusLegal status CA: Schedule III DE: Anlage I (Authorized scientific use only) UK: Class B Identifiers IUPAC name 1-phenyl-N-propylcyclohexanamine CAS Number18949-81-0ChemSpider521518 YUNII6H9B5S0I6SCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID20172359 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC15H23NMolar mass217.356 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES N(CCC)C2(c1ccccc1)CCCCC2 InChI InChI=1S/C15H23N/c1-2-13-16-15(11-7-4-8-12-15)14-9-5-3-6-10-14/h3,5-6,9-10,16H,2,4,7-8,11-13H2,1H3 YKey:KHXNTQRMMGXPQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y   (verify) PCPr is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same potency as phencyclidine, although slightly less potent than the ethyl homologue eticyclidine, and has reportedly been sold as a designer drug in Germany and other European countries since the late 1990s. Several other related derivatives have also been encountered, with the n-propyl group of PCPr replaced by a 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl or 3-methoxypropyl group to form PCMEA, PCEEA and PCMPA respectively. PCMEA, PCEEA and PCMPA References ^ MADDOX VH, GODEFROI EF, PARCELL RF (March 1965). "The Synthesis of Phencyclidine and Other 1-Arylcyclohexylamines". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 8 (2): 230–5. doi:10.1021/jm00326a019. PMID 14332667. ^ Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (April 2008). "Metabolism and toxicological detection of a new designer drug, N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)propanamine, in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 1186 (1–2): 380–90. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.002. PMID 18035363. ^ Christoph Sauer. Phencyclidine Derivatives – A new Class of Designer Drugs. Studies on the Metabolism and Toxicological Analysis. Universität des Saarlandes, 2008 ^ Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (March 2008). "New designer drugs N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine (PCEEA) and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine (PCMEA): Studies on their metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 43 (3): 305–16. Bibcode:2008JMSp...43..305S. doi:10.1002/jms.1312. PMID 17968862. ^ Sauer C, Peters FT, Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH (February 2009). "Investigations on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of the designer drugs N-(1-phenyl cyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine". Biochemical Pharmacology. 77 (3): 444–50. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.024. PMID 19022226. ^ Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (October 2008). "Metabolism and toxicological detection of the designer drug N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methoxypropanamine (PCMPA) in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry". Forensic Science International. 181 (1–3): 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.09.001. PMID 18922655. vteHallucinogensPsychedelics(5-HT2Aagonists)Benzofurans 2C-B-FLY 2CBFly-NBOMe 5-MeO-BFE 5-MeO-DiBF Bromo-DragonFLY F-2 F-22 TFMFly Lyserg‐amides 1B-LSD 1cP-LSD 1P-ETH-LAD 1P-LSD 1cP-AL-LAD 1cP-MiPLA 1V-LSD 2-Butyllysergamide 3-Pentyllysergamide AL-LAD ALD-52 BU-LAD Diallyllysergamide Dimethyllysergamide ECPLA Ergometrine ETH-LAD IP-LAD LAE-32 LAMPA LPD-824 LSA LSD LSD-Pip LSH LSM-775 LSZ Methylergometrine MIPLA Methysergide MLD-41 PARGY-LAD PRO-LAD Phenethyl‐amines2C-x 2C-B 2C-B-AN 2C-Bn 2C-Bu 2C-C 2C-CN 2C-CP 2C-D 2C-E 2C-EF 2C-F 2C-G 2C-G-1 2C-G-2 2C-G-3 2C-G-4 2C-G-5 2C-G-6 2C-G-N 2C-H 2C-I 2C-iP 2C-N 2C-NH2 2C-O 2C-O-4 2C-P 2C-Ph 2C-SE 2C-T 2C-T-2 2C-T-3 2C-T-4 2C-T-5 2C-T-6 2C-T-7 2C-T-8 2C-T-9 2C-T-10 2C-T-11 2C-T-12 2C-T-13 2C-T-14 2C-T-15 2C-T-16 2C-T-17 2C-T-18 2C-T-19 2C-T-20 2C-T-21 2C-T-22 2C-T-22.5 2C-T-23 2C-T-24 2C-T-25 2C-T-27 2C-T-28 2C-T-30 2C-T-31 2C-T-32 2C-T-33 2C-TFE 2C-TFM 2C-YN 2C-V 25x-NBx25x-NB 25B-NB 25C-NB 25x-NB3OMe 25B-NB3OMe 25C-NB3OMe 25D-NB3OMe 25E-NB3OMe 25H-NB3OMe 25I-NB3OMe 25N-NB3OMe 25P-NB3OMe 25T2-NB3OMe 25T4-NB3OMe 25T7-NB3OMe 25TFM-NB3OMe 25x-NB4OMe 25B-NB4OMe 25C-NB4OMe 25D-NB4OMe 25E-NB4OMe 25H-NB4OMe 25I-NB4OMe 25N-NB4OMe 25P-NB4OMe 25T2-NB4OMe 25T4-NB4OMe 25T7-NB4OMe 25TFM-NB4OMe 25x-NBF 25B-NBF 25C-NBF 25D-NBF 25E-NBF 25H-NBF 25I-NBF 25P-NBF 25T2-NBF 25T7-NBF 25TFM-NBF 25x-NBMD 25B-NBMD 25C-NBMD 25D-NBMD 25E-NBMD 25F-NBMD 25H-NBMD 25I-NBMD 25P-NBMD 25T2-NBMD 25T7-NBMD 25TFM-NBMD 25x-NBOH 25B-NBOH 25C-NBOH 25CN-NBOH 25D-NBOH 25E-NBOH 25F-NBOH 25H-NBOH 25I-NBOH 25P-NBOH 25T2-NBOH 25T7-NBOH 25TFM-NBOH 25x-NBOMe 25B-NBOMe 25C-NBOMe 25CN-NBOMe 25D-NBOMe 25E-NBOMe 25F-NBOMe 25G-NBOMe 25H-NBOMe 25I-NBOMe 25iP-NBOMe 25N-NBOMe 25P-NBOMe 25T-NBOMe 25T2-NBOMe 25T4-NBOMe 25T7-NBOMe 25TFM-NBOMe Atypical structures 25B-N1POMe 25B-NAcPip 25B-NB23DM 25B-NB25DM 25C-NBCl 25C-NBOEt 25C-NBOiPr 25I-N2Nap1OH 25I-N3MT2M 25I-N4MT3M 25I-NB34MD 25I-NBAm 25I-NBBr 25I-NBMeOH 25I-NBTFM 2CBCB-NBOMe 2CBFly-NBOMe 4-EA-NBOMe 5-APB-NBOMe 5MT-NBOMe C30-NBOMe DOB-NBOMe DOI-NBOMe FECIMBI-36 MDPEA-NBOMe N-Ethyl-2C-B NBOMe-escaline NBOMe-mescaline ZDCM-04 25x-NMx 25B-NMe7BF 25B-NMe7BT 25B-NMe7Bim 25B-NMe7Box 25B-NMe7DHBF 25B-NMe7Ind 25B-NMe7Indz 25B-NMePyr 25I-NMe7DHBF 25I-NMeFur 25I-NMeTHF 25I-NMeTh N-(2C)-fentanyl N-(2C-B) fentanyl N-(2C-C) fentanyl N-(2C-D) fentanyl N-(2C-E) fentanyl N-(2C-G) fentanyl N-(2C-H) fentanyl N-(2C-I) fentanyl N-(2C-IP) fentanyl N-(2C-N) fentanyl N-(2C-P) fentanyl N-(2C-T) fentanyl N-(2C-T-2) fentanyl N-(2C-T-4) fentanyl N-(2C-T-7) fentanyl N-(2C-TFM) fentanyl 3C-x 3C-AL 3C-BZ 3C-DFE 3C-E 3C-MAL 3C-P 4C-x 4C-B 4C-C 4C-D 4C-E 4C-I 4C-N 4C-P 4C-T-2 DOx DOT DOB DOC DOEF DOET DOF DOI DOiPR DOM DON DOPR DOTFM MEM HOT-x HOT-2 HOT-7 HOT-17 MDxx DMMDA DMMDA-2 Lophophine MDA MDAI MDBZ MDMA MMDA MMDA-2 MMDA-3a MMDMA Mescaline (subst.) 2-Bromomescaline 3-TE 4-TE 3-TM 4-TM Allylescaline Asymbescaline Buscaline Cyclopropylmescaline Difluoromescaline Difluoroescaline Escaline Fluoroproscaline Isobuscaline Isoproscaline Jimscaline Mescaline Metaescaline Methallylescaline Proscaline Thioproscaline Trifluoroescaline Trifluoromescaline TMAs TMA TMA-2 TMA-3 TMA-4 TMA-5 TMA-6 Others 2C-B-BUTTERFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY 2C-B-DragonFLY-NBOH 2C-B-FLY-NB2EtO5Cl 2CB-5-hemifly 2CB-Ind 2CD-5EtO 2-TOET 5-TOET 2-TOM 5-TOM BOB BOD βk-2C-B βk-2C-I DESOXY DMCPA DMBMPP DOB-FLY Fenfluramine Ganesha Macromerine MMA TCB-2 TOMSO Piperazines 2C-B-PP BZP pFPP Tryptaminesalpha-alkyltryptamines 4,5-DHP-α-MT 5-MeO-α-ET 5-MeO-α-MT α-ET α-MT x-DALT (Daltocin) 4-HO-DALT (Daltacetin) 4-AcO-DALT 5-MeO-DALT DALT x-DET (Ethacetin) 4-AcO-DET (Ethocin) 4-HO-DET 5-MeO-DET (T-9) DET (Ethocybin) 4-PO-DET x-DiPT (Ipracetin) 4-AcO-DiPT (Iprocin) 4-HO-DiPT 5-MeO-DiPT DiPT x-DMT 4,5-DHP-DMT 2,N,N-TMT 4-AcO-DMT 4-HO-5-MeO-DMT 4,N,N-TMT 4-Propionyloxy-DMT 5,6-diBr-DMT 5-AcO-DMT 5-Bromo-DMT 5-MeO-2,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-4,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-α,N,N-TMT 5-MeO-DMT 5-N,N-TMT 7,N,N-TMT α,N,N-TMT (Bufotenin) 5-HO-DMT DMT Norbaeocystin (Psilocin) 4-HO-DMT (Psilocybin) 4-PO-DMT x-DPT (Depracetin) 4-AcO-DPT (Deprocin) 4-HO-DPT 5-MeO-DPT (The Light) DPT Ibogaine-related 18-MAC 18-MC Coronaridine Ibogaine Ibogamine ME-18-MC Noribogaine Tabernanthine Voacangine x-MET (Metocin) 4-HO-MET (Metocetin) 4-AcO-MET 5-MeO-MET MET x-MiPT (Mipracetin) 4-AcO-MiPT (Miprocin) 4-HO-MiPT 5-Me-MiPT (Moxy) 5-MeO-MiPT MiPT Others 4-HO-DBT 4-HO-EPT 4-HO-McPT (Lucigenol) 4-HO-MPMI (Meprocin) 4-HO-MPT 5-MeO-EiPT 5-MeO-MALT 5-MeO-MPMI Aeruginascin Baeocystin DBT DCPT EiPT EPT MPT PiPT Others AL-38022A ALPHA Dimemebfe Efavirenz Glaucine Lorcaserin M-ALPHA RH-34Also empathogens in general (e. g.: 5-APB, 5-MAPB, 6-APB and other substituted benzofurans). Dissociatives(NMDARantagonists)Arylcyclo‐hexylaminesKetamine-related 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine Arketamine ((R)-ketamine) Deschloroketamine Ethketamine (N-Ethylnorketamine) Esketamine ((S)-ketamine) Ketamine Methoxetamine Methoxmetamine Methoxyketamine MXiPr Norketamine Tiletamine PCP-related 2'-Oxo-PCE 3-HO-PCE 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 3-MeO-PCPr 3-MeO-PCPy 4-MeO-PCP BDPC Dieticyclidine (PCDE) Eticyclidine (PCE) PCPr Phencyclidine (PCP) Rolicyclidine (PCPy) Tenocyclidine (TCP) Others BTCP Gacyclidine PRE-084 Adamantanes Amantadine Memantine Rimantadine Diarylethylamines Diphenidine Ephenidine Fluorolintane Methoxphenidine Morphinans Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Others 2-EMSB 2-MDP 8A-PDHQ Aptiganel Budipine Delucemine Dexoxadrol Dizocilpine Etoxadrol Herkinorin Ibogaine Midafotel NEFA Neramexane Nitrous oxide Noribogaine Perzinfotel RB-64 Remacemide Selfotel Xenon Deliriants(mAChRantagonists) Atropine Benactyzine Benzatropine Benzydamine Biperiden BRN-1484501 Brompheniramine BZ CAR-226,086 CAR-301,060 CAR-302,196 CAR-302,282 CAR-302,368 CAR-302,537 CAR-302,668 Chloropyramine Chlorphenamine Clemastine CS-27349 Cyclizine Cyproheptadine Dicycloverine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Ditran Doxylamine EA-3167 EA-3443 EA-3580 EA-3834 Flavoxate Hyoscyamine JB-318 JB-336 Meclozine Mepyramine Orphenadrine Oxybutynin Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Procyclidine Promethazine Scopolamine Tolterodine Trihexyphenidyl Tripelennamine Triprolidine WIN-2299 OthersCannabinoids(CB1 agonists)Natural Salvinorin A THC (Dronabinol) THCV SyntheticAM-x AM-087 AM-251 AM-279 AM-281 AM-356 AM-374 AM-381 AM-404 AM-411 AM-630 AM-661 AM-678 AM-679 AM-694 AM-735 AM-855 AM-881 AM-883 AM-905 AM-906 AM-919 AM-926 AM-938 AM-1116 AM-1172 AM-1220 AM-1221 AM-1235 AM-1241 AM-1248 AM-1710 AM-1714 AM-1902 AM-2201 AM-2212 AM-2213 AM-2232 AM-2233 AM-2389 AM-3102 AM-4030 AM-4054 AM-4056 AM-4113 AM-6545 CP x CP 47,497 CP 55,244 CP 55,940 (±)-CP 55,940 (+)-CP 55,940 (-)-CP 55,940 HU-x HU-210 HU-211 HU-239 HU-243 HU-308 HU-320 HU-331 HU-336 HU-345 JWH-x JWH-007 JWH-015 JWH-018 JWH-019 JWH-030 JWH-047 JWH-048 JWH-051 JWH-057 JWH-073 JWH-081 JWH-098 JWH-116 JWH-120 JWH-122 JWH-133 JWH-139 JWH-147 JWH-148 JWH-149 JWH-149 JWH-161 JWH-164 JWH-166 JWH-167 JWH-171 JWH-175 JWH-176 JWH-181 JWH-182 JWH-184 JWH-185 JWH-192 JWH-193 JWH-194 JWH-195 JWH-196 JWH-197 JWH-198 JWH-199 JWH-200 JWH-203 JWH-205 JWH-210 JWH-210 JWH-213 JWH-220 JWH-229 JWH-234 JWH-249 JWH-250 JWH-251 JWH-253 JWH-258 JWH-300 JWH-302 JWH-307 JWH-336 JWH-350 JWH-359 JWH-387 JWH-398 JWH-424 Misc. designer cannabinoids 4-HTMPIPO 5F-AB-FUPPYCA 5F-AB-PINACA 5F-ADB 5F-ADB-PINACA 5F-ADBICA 5F-AMB 5F-APINACA 5F-CUMYL-PINACA 5F-NNE1 5F-PB-22 5F-SDB-006 A-796,260 A-836,339 AB-001 AB-005 AB-CHFUPYCA AB-CHMINACA AB-FUBINACA AB-PINACA ADAMANTYL-THPINACA ADB-CHMINACA ADB-FUBINACA ADB-PINACA ADBICA ADSB-FUB-187 AMB-FUBINACA APICA APINACA APP-FUBINACA CB-13 CUMYL-PICA CUMYL-PINACA CUMYL-THPINACA DMHP EAM-2201 FAB-144 FDU-PB-22 FUB-144 FUB-APINACA FUB-JWH-018 FUB-PB-22 FUBIMINA JTE 7-31 JTE-907 Levonantradol MDMB-CHMICA MDMB-CHMINACA MDMB-FUBINACA MEPIRAPIM MAM-2201 MDA-19 MN-18 MN-25 NESS-0327 NESS-040C5 Nabilone Nabitan NM-2201 NNE1 Org 28611 Parahexyl PTI-1 PTI-2 PX-1 PX-2 PX-3 QUCHIC QUPIC RCS-4 RCS-8 SDB-005 SDB-006 STS-135 THC-O-acetate THC-O-phosphate THJ-018 THJ-2201 UR-144 WIN 55,212-2 XLR-11 D2 agonists Apomorphine Aporphine Bromocriptine Cabergoline Lisuride LSD Memantine Nuciferine Pergolide Phenethylamine Piribedil Pramipexole Ropinirole Rotigotine Salvinorin AAlso indirect D2 agonists, such as dopamine reuptake inhibitors (cocaine, methylphenidate), releasing agents (amphetamine, methamphetamine), and precursors (levodopa). GABAAenhancers CI-966 Eszopiclone Ibotenic acid Muscimol (Amanita muscaria) Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Inhalants(Mixed MOA) Aliphatic hydrocarbons Butane Gasoline Kerosene Propane Aromatic hydrocarbons Toluene Ethers Diethyl ether Enflurane Haloalkanes Chlorofluorocarbons Chloroform κOR agonists 2-EMSB Alazocine Bremazocine Butorphan Butorphanol Cyclazocine Cyclorphan Cyprenorphine Diprenorphine Enadoline Herkinorin Heroin HZ-2 Ibogaine Ketazocine Levallorphan Levomethorphan Levorphanol LPK-26 Metazocine Morphine Nalbuphine Nalmefene Nalorphine Noribogaine Oxilorphan Pentazocine Phenazocine Proxorphan Racemethorphan Racemorphan Salvinorin A Spiradoline Tifluadom U-50488 U-69,593 Xorphanol Oneirogens Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis Galantamine Others Glaucine Isoaminile Noscapine Prenoxdiazine Pukateine vteIonotropic glutamate receptor modulatorsAMPARTooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Fluorowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA BOAA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Proline Quisqualic acid Willardiine; Positive allosteric modulators: Aniracetam Cyclothiazide CX-516 CX-546 CX-614 Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448) CX-717 CX-1739 CX-1942 Diazoxide Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) IDRA-21 LY-392098 LY-395153 LY-404187 LY-451646 LY-503430 Mibampator (LY-451395) Nooglutyl ORG-26576 Oxiracetam PEPA Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242) Piracetam Pramiracetam S-18986 Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632) Antagonists: ACEA-1011 ATPO Becampanel Caroverine CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX Fanapanel (MPQX) GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Kynurenine Licostinel (ACEA-1021) NBQX PNQX Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate YM90K Zonampanel; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Cyclopropane Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue GYKI-52466 GYKI-53655 Halothane Irampanel Isoflurane Perampanel Pregnenolone sulfate Sevoflurane Talampanel; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: Minocycline KARTooltip Kainate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: 5-Bromowillardiine 5-Iodowillardiine Acromelic acid (acromelate) AMPA ATPA Domoic acid Glutamate Ibotenic acid Kainic acid LY-339434 Proline Quisqualic acid SYM-2081; Positive allosteric modulators: Cyclothiazide Diazoxide Enflurane Halothane Isoflurane Antagonists: ACEA-1011 CNQX Dasolampanel DNQX GAMS Kaitocephalin Kynurenic acid Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LY-382884 NBQX NS102 Selurampanel Tezampanel Theanine Topiramate UBP-302; Negative allosteric modulators: Barbiturates (e.g., pentobarbital, sodium thiopental) Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Evans blue NS-3763 Pregnenolone sulfate NMDARTooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor Agonists: Main site agonists: AMAA Aspartate Glutamate Homocysteic acid (L-HCA) Homoquinolinic acid Ibotenic acid NMDA Proline Quinolinic acid Tetrazolylglycine Theanine; Glycine site agonists: β-Fluoro-D-alanine ACBD ACC (ACPC) ACPD AK-51 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) B6B21 CCG D-Alanine D-Cycloserine D-Serine DHPG Dimethylglycine Glycine HA-966 L-687414 L-Alanine L-Serine Milacemide Neboglamine (nebostinel) Rapastinel (GLYX-13) Sarcosine; Polyamine site agonists: Neomycin Spermidine Spermine; Other positive allosteric modulators: 24S-Hydroxycholesterol DHEATooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone (prasterone) DHEA sulfate (prasterone sulfate) Epipregnanolone sulfate Plazinemdor Pregnenolone sulfate SAGE-201 SAGE-301 SAGE-718 Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: AP5 (APV) AP7 CGP-37849 CGP-39551 CGP-39653 CGP-40116 CGS-19755 CPP Kaitocephalin LY-233053 LY-235959 LY-274614 MDL-100453 Midafotel (d-CPPene) NPC-12626 NPC-17742 PBPD PEAQX Perzinfotel PPDA SDZ-220581 Selfotel; Glycine site antagonists: 4-Cl-KYN (AV-101) 5,7-DCKA 7-CKA ACC ACEA-1011 ACEA-1328 Apimostinel (NRX-1074) AV-101 Carisoprodol CGP-39653 CNQX D-Cycloserine DNQX Felbamate Gavestinel GV-196771 Harkoseride Kynurenic acid Kynurenine L-689560 L-701324 Licostinel (ACEA-1021) LU-73068 MDL-105519 Meprobamate MRZ 2/576 PNQX Rapastinel (GLYX-13) ZD-9379; Polyamine site antagonists: Arcaine Co 101676 Diaminopropane Diethylenetriamine Huperzine A Putrescine; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): 2-MDP 3-HO-PCP 3-MeO-PCE 3-MeO-PCMo 3-MeO-PCP 4-MeO-PCP 8A-PDHQ 18-MC α-Endopsychosin Alaproclate Alazocine (SKF-10047) Amantadine Aptiganel Argiotoxin-636 Arketamine ARL-12495 ARL-15896-AR ARL-16247 Budipine Coronaridine Delucemine (NPS-1506) Dexoxadrol Dextrallorphan Dextromethadone Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Dieticyclidine Diphenidine Dizocilpine Ephenidine Esketamine Etoxadrol Eticyclidine Fluorolintane Gacyclidine Ibogaine Ibogamine Indantadol Ketamine Ketobemidone Lanicemine Levomethadone Levomethorphan Levomilnacipran Levorphanol Loperamide Memantine Methadone Methorphan Methoxetamine Methoxphenidine Milnacipran Morphanol NEFA Neramexane Nitromemantine Noribogaine Norketamine Orphenadrine PCPr PD-137889 Pethidine (meperidine) Phencyclamine Phencyclidine Propoxyphene Remacemide Rhynchophylline Rimantadine Rolicyclidine Sabeluzole Tabernanthine Tenocyclidine Tiletamine Tramadol; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists: Besonprodil Buphenine (nylidrin) CO-101244 (PD-174494) Eliprodil Haloperidol Isoxsuprine Radiprodil (RGH-896) Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657) Ro 8-4304 Ro 25-6981 Safaprodil Traxoprodil (CP-101606); NR2A-selective antagonists: MPX-004 MPX-007 TCN-201 TCN-213; Cations: Hydrogen Magnesium Zinc; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: Benzene Butane Chloroform Cyclopropane Desflurane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethanol (alcohol) Halothane Hexanol Isoflurane Methoxyflurane Nitrous oxide Octanol Sevoflurane Toluene Trichloroethane Trichloroethanol Trichloroethylene Urethane Xenon Xylene; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: ARR-15896 Bumetanide Caroverine Conantokin D-αAA Dexanabinol Flufenamic acid Flupirtine FPL-12495 FR-115427 Furosemide Hodgkinsine Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976) MDL-27266 Metaphit Minocycline MPEP Niflumic acid Pentamidine Pentamidine isethionate Piretanide Psychotridine Transcrocetin (saffron) Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: AGN-241751 See also: Receptor/signaling modulators Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators This hallucinogen-related article is a stub. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arylcyclohexylamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylcyclohexylamine"},{"link_name":"dissociative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative_drug"},{"link_name":"anesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia"},{"link_name":"hallucinogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen"},{"link_name":"stimulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant"},{"link_name":"phencyclidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phencyclidine"},{"link_name":"eticyclidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eticyclidine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid14332667-1"},{"link_name":"designer drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_drug"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18035363-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"n-propyl group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propyl_group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17968862-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19022226-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18922655-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PCalkoxyalkyl.png"}],"text":"PCPr is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same potency as phencyclidine, although slightly less potent than the ethyl homologue eticyclidine,[1] and has reportedly been sold as a designer drug in Germany and other European countries since the late 1990s.[2][3]Several other related derivatives have also been encountered, with the n-propyl group of PCPr replaced by a 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl or 3-methoxypropyl group to form PCMEA, PCEEA and PCMPA respectively.[4][5][6]PCMEA, PCEEA and PCMPA","title":"PCPr"}]

[{"image_text":"PCMEA, PCEEA and PCMPA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PCalkoxyalkyl.png/450px-PCalkoxyalkyl.png"}]

[{"reference":"MADDOX VH, GODEFROI EF, PARCELL RF (March 1965). \"The Synthesis of Phencyclidine and Other 1-Arylcyclohexylamines\". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 8 (2): 230–5. doi:10.1021/jm00326a019. PMID 14332667.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjm00326a019","url_text":"10.1021/jm00326a019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14332667","url_text":"14332667"}]},{"reference":"Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (April 2008). \"Metabolism and toxicological detection of a new designer drug, N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)propanamine, in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry\". Journal of Chromatography A. 1186 (1–2): 380–90. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.002. PMID 18035363.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2007.11.002","url_text":"10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18035363","url_text":"18035363"}]},{"reference":"Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (March 2008). \"New designer drugs N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine (PCEEA) and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine (PCMEA): Studies on their metabolism and toxicological detection in rat urine using gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques\". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 43 (3): 305–16. Bibcode:2008JMSp...43..305S. doi:10.1002/jms.1312. PMID 17968862.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JMSp...43..305S","url_text":"2008JMSp...43..305S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjms.1312","url_text":"10.1002/jms.1312"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17968862","url_text":"17968862"}]},{"reference":"Sauer C, Peters FT, Schwaninger AE, Meyer MR, Maurer HH (February 2009). \"Investigations on the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoenzymes involved in the metabolism of the designer drugs N-(1-phenyl cyclohexyl)-2-ethoxyethanamine and N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-2-methoxyethanamine\". Biochemical Pharmacology. 77 (3): 444–50. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.024. PMID 19022226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Pharmacology_(journal)","url_text":"Biochemical Pharmacology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bcp.2008.10.024","url_text":"10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.024"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022226","url_text":"19022226"}]},{"reference":"Sauer C, Peters FT, Staack RF, Fritschi G, Maurer HH (October 2008). \"Metabolism and toxicological detection of the designer drug N-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-3-methoxypropanamine (PCMPA) in rat urine using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry\". Forensic Science International. 181 (1–3): 47–51. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.09.001. PMID 18922655.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.forsciint.2008.09.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.09.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18922655","url_text":"18922655"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronna_Reeves

Ronna Reeves

["1 Discography","1.1 Albums","1.2 Compilation albums","1.3 Singles","1.4 Music videos","2 Awards and nominations","3 References"]

American singer-songwriter This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Ronna Reeves" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ronna ReevesBirth nameRonna Renee ReevesBorn (1966-09-21) September 21, 1966 (age 57)OriginBig Spring, Texas, United StatesGenresCountryOccupation(s)singerInstrument(s)VocalsYears active1990–1999, 2016-presentLabelsMercury NashvilleRiver NorthEnterprise MusicMusical artist Ronna Renee Reeves (born September 21, 1966, in Big Spring, Texas) is an American country music singer. Between 1990 and 1998, she released five studio albums, including three on Mercury Records; she has also charted five singles on the Hot Country Songs charts. She was also nominated for Top New Female Vocalist at the Academy of Country Music Awards in 1992. Her highest-charting single was "The More I Learn (The Less I Understand About Love)", which reached No. 49 in 1992. In 1993, she was named one of the New Faces of Country Music by the Country Radio Seminar. After leaving Mercury in 1994, Reeves signed to River North Records and released two more albums. The second album she recorded for River North Records, Day 14, was more pop-oriented and she simply went by Ronna. She recorded a duet "There's Love on the Line" with Sammy Kershaw on her album The More I Learn as well a duet with Peter Cetera, on a cover of ABBA's "SOS", on his album One Clear Voice. She is perhaps best remembered as a regular on The Statler Brothers Show during the mid-1990s, as well as opening act on many of their tours. Since 2010, Reeves has owned Showbiz-Ro Music, an independent Songplugging & Writer Management Service, in Nashville, Tennessee, alongside Liz Morin. Discography Albums Title Album details Peak positions US Country Only the Heart Release date: July 9, 1991 Label: PolyGram/Mercury Formats: CD, Cassette — The More I Learn Release date: March 17, 1992 Label: PolyGram/Mercury Formats: CD, Cassette 72 What Comes Naturally Release date: September 27, 1993 Label: PolyGram/Mercury Formats: CD, Cassette — After the Dance Release date: November 7, 1995 Label: River North Nashville Formats: CD, Cassette — Day 14 Release date: May 19, 1998 Label: River North Nashville Formats: CD, Cassette — Compilation albums Title Album details Ten Best Release date: March 14, 2016 Label: Enterprise Music Formats: Music download Singles Year Single Peak chartpositions Album US Country CAN Country 1990 "Sadly Mistaken" — — Only the Heart "The Letter" — — 1991 "That's More About Love (Than I Wanted to Know)" — — "Ain't No Future in the Past" — — 1992 "The More I Learn (The Less I Understand About Love)" 49 89 The More I Learn "What If You're Wrong" 70 75 "We Can Hold Our Own" 71 86 1993 "Never Let Him See Me Cry" 73 85 What Comes Naturally "He's My Weakness" 74 — 1996 "My Heart Wasn't in It" — — After the Dance "Collect from Wichita" — — "Rodeo Man" — — 1998 "Sweet Pretender" — — Day 14 "—" denotes releases that did not chart Music videos Year Video Director 1992 "The More I Learn (The Less I Understand About Love)" Peter Lippman "What If You're Wrong" Thom Ferrell "We Can Hold Our Own" Steve McWilliams 1993 "Never Let Him See Me Cry" Alan Chebot "He's My Weakness" Sara Nichols 1996 "My Heart Wasn't in It" Sara Nichols "Rodeo Man" Steven R. Monroe 1998 "Sweet Pretender" Awards and nominations Year Organization Award Nominee/Work Result 1992 Academy of Country Music Awards Top New Female Vocalist Ronna Reeves Nominated References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. p. 346. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ "New Faces of Country Music". Country Radio Seminar. ^ Loftus, Johnny. "Ronna Reeves biography". AllMusic. Retrieved May 23, 2011. ^ "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. April 21, 1990. ^ "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. October 13, 1990. ^ "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. January 26, 1991. ^ "Single Reviews" (PDF). Cashbox. March 23, 1996. ^ "Single Reviews" (PDF). Billboard. August 10, 1996. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz This article about an American country singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University_College_of_Engineering

Oregon State University College of Engineering

["1 History","1.1 Oppenheimer lectures","2 Schools","3 Size","4 Research","5 Expansion","6 Notable alumni","7 Notable faculty","8 References","9 External links"]

Coordinates: 44°34′02″N 123°16′29″W / 44.5672°N 123.2748°W / 44.5672; -123.2748 Oregon State UniversityCollege of EngineeringTypePublic engineering schoolEstablished1889Parent institutionOregon State UniversityAccreditationABETDeanScott AshfordUndergraduates+8,500LocationCorvallis, Oregon, U.S.44°34′02″N 123°16′29″W / 44.5672°N 123.2748°W / 44.5672; -123.2748ColorsOrange and black   Websiteengineering.oregonstate.edu Oregon State University's College of Engineering is the engineering college of Oregon State University, a public research university in Corvallis, Oregon. U.S. News & World Report ranks OSU's engineering college 69th in the nation for 2024. The ranking makes the college one of the top two in the Northwest, while the college's nuclear engineering school ranks 12th nationally. In 2022, the college set a new enrollment record. Over 9,800 engineering students were enrolled (+8,500 undergraduates). The college is now the largest on campus and the seventh-largest engineering college in the nation (2023). Oregon State University College of Engineering students built a bipedal robot they named Cassie. The robot has since set a world record for the 100-meter dash. (Photo: Oregon State University) History The college's first professorship, exclusively in engineering, was awarded to Grant Adelbert Covell in 1889. That same year, Covell founded the department of mechanical engineering at OSU and the first engineering building, Mechanical Hall, was erected. The college established instructional departments in electrical (1897), mining (1904), and civil (1905). Only 10 years after its construction, Mechanical Hall burned down. A few years later, in 1900, the school's building was rebuilt and later renamed Apperson Hall (1920). In 1908, the name of the college was changed to the "school of engineering". Covell served as the school's first dean. Oregon State University became the only public university in the state to offer fully accredited degrees in all of the major engineering fields. OSU was designated Oregon's engineering university by the State Board of Higher Education in 1914, with the goal of providing the university a distinct curriculum among Oregon universities. Chemical engineering was incorporated into the college as a formal department in 1932, followed by industrial engineering in 1943, nuclear engineering in 1968 and computer science in 1974. Oppenheimer lectures In 1955 J. Robert Oppenheimer visited the college to give two historic lectures in nuclear physics on the "Constitution of Matter". The visit to the college was not without controversy. The University of Washington canceled his planned lecture at their campus due to J. Edgar Hoover's accusations Oppenheimer participated in pro-communist activities. Recordings of his two lectures at the college are now stored in Washington D.C. at the Library of Congress. In 2008, Apperson Hall received a major remodel and was renamed Kearney Hall. The College of Engineering claims over 35,000 graduates since its founding in 1889. Schools Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering Civil and Construction Engineering Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering Nuclear Science and Engineering Size As of Fall 2022, there were over 9,800 students enrolled in the college of engineering at the Corvallis campus. The college of engineering's faculty is made up of approximately 122 members whose time is split between teaching and research. The college's operational budget for the 2022–2023 school year was $128.2 million with $64.6 million from research grants and $19.4 million from private donors. Computer science (CS) students set a new record in 2022. CS students were awarded more CS degrees than any other engineering college in the nation. Research Inside the E2 Center's SMR plant simulator at OSU (photo by NuScale Power) A team of scientists from OSU's Nuclear Science and Engineering school is credited with inventing the first Small Modular Reactor (SMR) in 2007. OSU's SMR was used by NuScale Power as the prototype for the NuScale Power Module and is used within their VOYGR power plants. As of 2023, the NuScale Power Module is the only SMR approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for operation in the US. SMR's are designed to power individual commercial operations, rather than entire cities. The latest SMR OSU and NuScale Power developed delivers up to 50 megawatts of energy (MWe). Up to six NuScale Power Modules can be used in a single VOYGR power plant, producing up to 300 MWe. OSU and NuScale Power are working with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to increase the output per module to 77 MWe and allow up to 12 modules in a single VOYGR powerplant for a maximum output of 924 MWe. Expansion OSU engineering continues to expand its campus footprint to accommodate higher enrollments and the addition of new programs. A new 153,000-square-foot building was added to the campus in 2006. The Kelley Engineering Center is home to the school of electrical engineering and computer science. A major remodel was also completed to Kearney Hall in 2008. The recent renovation now serves as home to the school of civil and construction management engineering. Jen-Hsun Huang College of engineering alum and nVIDIA founder and CEO, Jen-Hsun “Jensen” Huang, is helping to build a $200 million research and education center planned for campus. The center will be named after the alum and his wife, Lori Huang, who are donating $50 million to the project. The Jen-Hsun and Lori Huang Collaborative Innovation Complex (CIC) will feature a massive AI supercomputer powered by nVIDIA hardware. The campus recently celebrated the opening of Johnson Hall. The Hall is the new home for the school of chemical, biological, and environmental engineering. Peter Johnson and his wife, Rosalie, both alumni of the school, sponsored the new addition with a $7 million dollar gift for its construction in 2016. The 58,000 square-foot building features an entryway plaza, modern offices, laboratory classrooms and open spaces for the school's faculty and students. Johnson invented a device and process used to manufacture longer-lasting lead-acid car batteries in 1980. He went on to found Tekmax Inc. in 1981. Notable alumni Linus Pauling Thomas J. Autzen, electrical engineer, co-inventor of plywood manufacturing glue-spreader. Richard D. Braatz, acclaimed researcher in control theory and its applications, current Edwin R. Gilliland professor in chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. George Bruns, an American composer of music for film and television, four Academy Award nominations, and three Grammy Award nominations. Randy Conrads, Classmates.com founder. Marion Eugene Carl, American military officer, World War II fighter ace, record-setting test pilot, and naval aviator. Holly Cornell, co-founder of international environmental engineering company CH2M. Douglas Engelbart, inventor of the computer mouse, 2000 National Medal of Technology. Paul Hugh Emmett, Chemical engineer who pioneered in catalysis, co-namesake of BET theory and member of the Manhattan Project. Dick Fosbury, best known for inventing the Fosbury flop, gold medalist in 1968 Olympics, co-owner of Galena Engineering, Inc. in Ketchum, Idaho. Peter Gassner, co-founder of Veeva Systems. Elmer E. Hall, US Marine Corps. commander of 8th Marine Regiment during the Battle of Tarawa. Milton Harris, founder of Harris Research Laboratories (known as Gillette today). Thomas Burke Hayes, co-founder of international environmental engineering company CH2M. James Howland, co-founder of international environmental engineering company CH2M. Jen-Hsun Huang, CEO/co-founder of nVIDIA Corp., National Academy of Engineering member. Glenn Jackson, former Oregon Transportation Commission chair, namesake Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge. Timothy S. Leatherman of Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. Conde McCullough, known for designing many of Oregon's historic coastal bridges on U.S. Route 101. Roger Nichols, eight-time Grammy Award-winning recording engineer for many major musical artists of the 1970s-80s. William Oefelein, NASA Astronaut. Glenn Odekirk, Hughes Aircraft Aerospace Engineer, helped design the H-4 Hercules, portrayed in the 2004 movie The Aviator as "Odie". Hüsnü Özyeğin, founder of Finansbank in 1987, one of Turkey's most successful bankers. Linus Pauling, 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry & 1962 Nobel Peace Prize recipient; the only person ever to win two unshared Nobel Prizes. Donald Pettit, NASA astronaut. Stephen O. Rice, pioneer in the related fields of information theory, communications theory, and telecommunications. Ada-Rhodes Short, mechatronic design engineer and transgender rights activist. Bert Sperling, acclaimed author and researcher of cities, owner of BestPlaces.net. Frederick Steiwer, Oregon state senator. district attorney and 1936 Republican presidential candidate. William Tebeau, first African-American male graduate, chemical engineering, 1948, namesake of William Tebeau Residence Hall. Lee Arden Thomas, acclaimed early Oregon architect, known for designing landmark downtown buildings. Earl A. Thompson, American engineer and inventor, credited with the invention of the synchromesh manual transmission in 1918. James K. Weatherford, Oregon attorney, judge, and state politician John A. Young, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard. Peter C. Zimmerman, Oregon state senator and advocate of independently owned farms. Notable faculty Octave Levenspiel, emeritus professor of chemical engineering at Oregon State University, author of five books, and member of the National Academy of Engineering Jose Reyes, team lead of OSU nuclear scientists credited with the invention of the commercial Small Modular Reactor (SMR). References ^ "Colors | Oregon State University Relations and Marketing". July 8, 2019. ^ "U.S. News & World Report". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 21, 2023. ^ "Oregon State University - Nuclear Engineering Ranking". U.S. News & World Report & World Report. Retrieved October 25, 2022. ^ "College of Engineering Fact Sheet" (PDF). engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ Lundeberg, Steve. "Bipedal robot developed at Oregon State achieves Guinness World Record in 100 meters". OSU. Retrieved November 21, 2023. ^ "More than a century of history…more than a century of excellence". oregonstate.edu. OSU. Retrieved May 12, 2024. ^ Groshong, James W. "The Making of a University – Oregon State University". oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 11, 2022. ^ ""Condon lecture at Oregon State College". researchworks.oclc.org". researchworks.oclc.org. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress. Retrieved February 23, 2024. ^ "The constitution of matter". University of Chicago. Retrieved February 24, 2024. ^ Oppenheimer, J. Robert. "The Constitution of Matter - Transcript of OSU Lecture". uchicago.edu/. Oregon State System of Higher Education. Retrieved April 6, 2024. ^ "More than a century of history…more than a century of excellence". oregonstate.edu. OSU. Retrieved May 12, 2024. ^ "Fact Sheet". oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved March 3, 2022. ^ "College of Engineering Fact Sheet". engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "College of Engineering Fact Sheet". engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "College of Engineering Fact Sheet". engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "College of Engineering Fact Sheet" (PDF). engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "Oregon Company Tied to OSU Invents Small Nuclear Reactor". oregon.arcsfoundation.org. ARC Foundation. Retrieved December 18, 2023. ^ Burnell, Scott. "NRC to Begin Reviewing Portions of NuScale's Small Modular Reactor Standard Design Approval Application" (PDF). nrc.gov. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved December 18, 2023. ^ Peckham, Oliver (October 17, 2022). "Oregon State University to Launch Nvidia-Powered Supercomputer Center". hpcwire.com. Tabor Communications. Retrieved November 24, 2022. ^ Hautula, Keith. "n Memoriam: Peter Johnson". alumnimag.engineering.oregonstate.edu. OSU. Retrieved March 5, 2023. ^ "Creating a Campus Hub". srgpartnership.com. SRG Partnership Inc. Retrieved March 5, 2023. External links Official website vteOregon State UniversityLocated in: Corvallis, OregonSchools College of Agricultural Sciences College of Business College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences College of Education College of Engineering College of Forestry College of Liberal Arts College of Pharmacy College of Public Health and Human Sciences College of Science College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School Honors College Athletics Oregon State Beavers Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Wrestling Football Men's soccer Softball Women's gymnastics Benny Beaver Oregon rivalry Buildingsand facilities Austin Hall Cascades Campus Community Hall Dixon Recreation Center Dryden Hall Gill Coliseum Goss Stadium at Coleman Field Hatfield Marine Science Center Linus Pauling Institute Merryfield Hall Memorial Union Oregon State University Press OSU Softball Complex Owen Hall Peavy Arboretum Peavy Hall Pharmacy Building Radiation Center Reser Stadium The LaSells Stewart Center The Valley Library Waldo Hall Culture Alumni Athletes Faculty and staff "Hail to Old OSU" KBVR (FM) The Daily Barometer History KBVR TV Sculpture Joy Selig Martin Kukučín Ode to a Tree The Family The Quest Other Biscuit Fire publication controversy Moon tree Founded: 1868 Students: 33,193 Endowment: 819.6 million Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"engineering college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_education"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"research university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_university"},{"link_name":"Corvallis, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Engineering_School_Ranking-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cassie_the_robot_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Oregon State University's College of Engineering is the engineering college of Oregon State University, a public research university in Corvallis, Oregon. U.S. News & World Report ranks OSU's engineering college 69th in the nation for 2024.[2] The ranking makes the college one of the top two in the Northwest, while the college's nuclear engineering school ranks 12th nationally.[3]In 2022, the college set a new enrollment record. Over 9,800 engineering students were enrolled (+8,500 undergraduates). The college is now the largest on campus and the seventh-largest engineering college in the nation (2023).[4]Oregon State University College of Engineering students built a bipedal robot they named Cassie. The robot has since set a world record for the 100-meter dash.[5] (Photo: Oregon State University)","title":"Oregon State University College of Engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The college's first professorship, exclusively in engineering, was awarded to Grant Adelbert Covell in 1889. That same year, Covell founded the department of mechanical engineering at OSU and the first engineering building, Mechanical Hall, was erected. The college established instructional departments in electrical (1897), mining (1904), and civil (1905). Only 10 years after its construction, Mechanical Hall burned down. A few years later, in 1900, the school's building was rebuilt and later renamed Apperson Hall (1920). In 1908, the name of the college was changed to the \"school of engineering\". Covell served as the school's first dean.[6]Oregon State University became the only public university in the state to offer fully accredited degrees in all of the major engineering fields. OSU was designated Oregon's engineering university by the State Board of Higher Education in 1914, with the goal of providing the university a distinct curriculum among Oregon universities.[7] Chemical engineering was incorporated into the college as a formal department in 1932, followed by industrial engineering in 1943, nuclear engineering in 1968 and computer science in 1974.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. Robert Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"J. Edgar Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Oppenheimer lectures","text":"In 1955 J. Robert Oppenheimer visited the college to give two historic lectures in nuclear physics on the \"Constitution of Matter\".[8] The visit to the college was not without controversy. The University of Washington canceled his planned lecture at their campus due to J. Edgar Hoover's accusations Oppenheimer participated in pro-communist activities. Recordings of his two lectures at the college are now stored in Washington D.C. at the Library of Congress.[9][10]In 2008, Apperson Hall received a major remodel and was renamed Kearney Hall.[11]The College of Engineering claims over 35,000 graduates since its founding in 1889.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Industrial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Manufacturing Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Civil and Construction Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Computer Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering_and_computing"},{"link_name":"Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Science and Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering"}],"text":"Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering\nCivil and Construction Engineering\nElectrical Engineering and Computer Science\nChemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering\nNuclear Science and Engineering","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"As of Fall 2022, there were over 9,800 students enrolled in the college of engineering at the Corvallis campus.[13] The college of engineering's faculty is made up of approximately 122 members whose time is split between teaching and research.[14] The college's operational budget for the 2022–2023 school year was $128.2 million with $64.6 million from research grants and $19.4 million from private donors.[15]Computer science (CS) students set a new record in 2022. CS students were awarded more CS degrees than any other engineering college in the nation.[16]","title":"Size"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E2_Center_at_Oregon_State_University.jpg"},{"link_name":"Small Modular Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_modular_reactor"},{"link_name":"NuScale Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuScale_Power"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"NuScale Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuScale_Power"},{"link_name":"NuScale Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuScale_Power"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Inside the E2 Center's SMR plant simulator at OSU (photo by NuScale Power)A team of scientists from OSU's Nuclear Science and Engineering school is credited with inventing the first Small Modular Reactor (SMR) in 2007. OSU's SMR was used by NuScale Power as the prototype for the NuScale Power Module and is used within their VOYGR power plants. As of 2023, the NuScale Power Module is the only SMR approved by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for operation in the US.[17] SMR's are designed to power individual commercial operations, rather than entire cities. The latest SMR OSU and NuScale Power developed delivers up to 50 megawatts of energy (MWe). Up to six NuScale Power Modules can be used in a single VOYGR power plant, producing up to 300 MWe. OSU and NuScale Power are working with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to increase the output per module to 77 MWe and allow up to 12 modules in a single VOYGR powerplant for a maximum output of 924 MWe.[18]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kelley Engineering Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kelley_Engineering_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kearney Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kearney_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jensen_Huang_at_Computex_Taipei_20160531b.jpg"},{"link_name":"nVIDIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nvidia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Peter Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Johnson_(Inventor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tekmax Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tekmax_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"OSU engineering continues to expand its campus footprint to accommodate higher enrollments and the addition of new programs. A new 153,000-square-foot building was added to the campus in 2006. The Kelley Engineering Center is home to the school of electrical engineering and computer science. A major remodel was also completed to Kearney Hall in 2008. The recent renovation now serves as home to the school of civil and construction management engineering.Jen-Hsun HuangCollege of engineering alum and nVIDIA founder and CEO, Jen-Hsun “Jensen” Huang, is helping to build a $200 million research and education center planned for campus. The center will be named after the alum and his wife, Lori Huang, who are donating $50 million to the project. The Jen-Hsun and Lori Huang Collaborative Innovation Complex (CIC) will feature a massive AI supercomputer powered by nVIDIA hardware.[19]The campus recently celebrated the opening of Johnson Hall. The Hall is the new home for the school of chemical, biological, and environmental engineering. Peter Johnson and his wife, Rosalie, both alumni of the school, sponsored the new addition with a $7 million dollar gift for its construction in 2016. The 58,000 square-foot building features an entryway plaza, modern offices, laboratory classrooms and open spaces for the school's faculty and students. Johnson invented a device and process used to manufacture longer-lasting lead-acid car batteries in 1980. He went on to found Tekmax Inc. in 1981.[20][21]","title":"Expansion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Autzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Autzen"},{"link_name":"Richard D. Braatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_D._Braatz"},{"link_name":"control theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_theory"},{"link_name":"Edwin R. Gilliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_R._Gilliland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"George Bruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bruns"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award"},{"link_name":"Randy Conrads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classmates.com"},{"link_name":"Classmates.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classmates.com"},{"link_name":"Marion Eugene Carl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Eugene_Carl"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"test pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_pilot"},{"link_name":"Holly Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH2M"},{"link_name":"CH2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH2M"},{"link_name":"Douglas Engelbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Paul Hugh Emmett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hugh_Emmett"},{"link_name":"BET theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BET_theory"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"Dick Fosbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Fosbury"},{"link_name":"Fosbury flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosbury_flop"},{"link_name":"Peter Gassner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gassner"},{"link_name":"Veeva Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeva_Systems"},{"link_name":"Elmer E. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_E._Hall"},{"link_name":"8th Marine Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_Marine_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tarawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa"},{"link_name":"Milton Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Harris_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Gillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillette"},{"link_name":"Thomas Burke Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH2M"},{"link_name":"CH2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH2M"},{"link_name":"James Howland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH2M"},{"link_name":"CH2M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CH2M"},{"link_name":"Jen-Hsun Huang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen-Hsun_Huang"},{"link_name":"nVIDIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVIDIA"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Glenn Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_L._Jackson_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Timothy S. Leatherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_S._Leatherman"},{"link_name":"Leatherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherman"},{"link_name":"Conde McCullough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conde_McCullough"},{"link_name":"Roger Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(recording_engineer)"},{"link_name":"William Oefelein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Oefelein"},{"link_name":"Glenn Odekirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Odekirk"},{"link_name":"Hughes Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"H-4 Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules"},{"link_name":"The Aviator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Hüsnü Özyeğin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_%C3%96zye%C4%9Fin"},{"link_name":"Finansbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finansbank"},{"link_name":"Linus Pauling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Nobel Peace Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"Donald Pettit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Pettit"},{"link_name":"Stephen O. Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_O._Rice"},{"link_name":"information theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_theory"},{"link_name":"communications theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_theory"},{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"Ada-Rhodes Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada-Rhodes_Short"},{"link_name":"Bert Sperling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Sperling"},{"link_name":"Frederick Steiwer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Steiwer"},{"link_name":"William Tebeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tebeau"},{"link_name":"Lee Arden Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Arden_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Earl A. Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_A._Thompson"},{"link_name":"synchromesh manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromesh"},{"link_name":"James K. Weatherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Weatherford"},{"link_name":"John A. Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Young"},{"link_name":"Peter C. Zimmerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_C._Zimmerman"}],"text":"Linus PaulingThomas J. Autzen, electrical engineer, co-inventor of plywood manufacturing glue-spreader.\nRichard D. Braatz, acclaimed researcher in control theory and its applications, current Edwin R. Gilliland professor in chemical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\nGeorge Bruns, an American composer of music for film and television, four Academy Award nominations, and three Grammy Award nominations.\nRandy Conrads, Classmates.com founder.\nMarion Eugene Carl, American military officer, World War II fighter ace, record-setting test pilot, and naval aviator.\nHolly Cornell, co-founder of international environmental engineering company CH2M.\nDouglas Engelbart, inventor of the computer mouse, 2000 National Medal of Technology.\nPaul Hugh Emmett, Chemical engineer who pioneered in catalysis, co-namesake of BET theory and member of the Manhattan Project.\nDick Fosbury, best known for inventing the Fosbury flop, gold medalist in 1968 Olympics, co-owner of Galena Engineering, Inc. in Ketchum, Idaho.\nPeter Gassner, co-founder of Veeva Systems.\nElmer E. Hall, US Marine Corps. commander of 8th Marine Regiment during the Battle of Tarawa.\nMilton Harris, founder of Harris Research Laboratories (known as Gillette today).\nThomas Burke Hayes, co-founder of international environmental engineering company CH2M.\nJames Howland, co-founder of international environmental engineering company CH2M.\nJen-Hsun Huang, CEO/co-founder of nVIDIA Corp., National Academy of Engineering member.\nGlenn Jackson, former Oregon Transportation Commission chair, namesake Glenn L. Jackson Memorial Bridge.\nTimothy S. Leatherman of Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.\nConde McCullough, known for designing many of Oregon's historic coastal bridges on U.S. Route 101.\nRoger Nichols, eight-time Grammy Award-winning recording engineer for many major musical artists of the 1970s-80s.\nWilliam Oefelein, NASA Astronaut.\nGlenn Odekirk, Hughes Aircraft Aerospace Engineer, helped design the H-4 Hercules, portrayed in the 2004 movie The Aviator as \"Odie\".\nHüsnü Özyeğin, founder of Finansbank in 1987, one of Turkey's most successful bankers.\nLinus Pauling, 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry & 1962 Nobel Peace Prize recipient; the only person ever to win two unshared Nobel Prizes.\nDonald Pettit, NASA astronaut.\nStephen O. Rice, pioneer in the related fields of information theory, communications theory, and telecommunications.\nAda-Rhodes Short, mechatronic design engineer and transgender rights activist.\nBert Sperling, acclaimed author and researcher of cities, owner of BestPlaces.net.\nFrederick Steiwer, Oregon state senator. district attorney and 1936 Republican presidential candidate.\nWilliam Tebeau, first African-American male graduate, chemical engineering, 1948, namesake of William Tebeau Residence Hall.\nLee Arden Thomas, acclaimed early Oregon architect, known for designing landmark downtown buildings.\nEarl A. Thompson, American engineer and inventor, credited with the invention of the synchromesh manual transmission in 1918.\nJames K. Weatherford, Oregon attorney, judge, and state politician\nJohn A. Young, former CEO of Hewlett-Packard.\nPeter C. Zimmerman, Oregon state senator and advocate of independently owned farms.","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octave Levenspiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Levenspiel"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Jose Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jose_Reyes_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Small Modular Reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_modular_reactor"}],"text":"Octave Levenspiel, emeritus professor of chemical engineering at Oregon State University, author of five books, and member of the National Academy of Engineering\nJose Reyes, team lead of OSU nuclear scientists credited with the invention of the commercial Small Modular Reactor (SMR).","title":"Notable faculty"}]

[{"image_text":"Oregon State University College of Engineering students built a bipedal robot they named Cassie. The robot has since set a world record for the 100-meter dash.[5] (Photo: Oregon State University)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cassie_the_robot_01.jpg/220px-Cassie_the_robot_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Inside the E2 Center's SMR plant simulator at OSU (photo by NuScale Power)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/E2_Center_at_Oregon_State_University.jpg/220px-E2_Center_at_Oregon_State_University.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jen-Hsun Huang","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Jensen_Huang_at_Computex_Taipei_20160531b.jpg/220px-Jensen_Huang_at_Computex_Taipei_20160531b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Linus Pauling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg/200px-Linus_Pauling_1962.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Colors | Oregon State University Relations and Marketing\". July 8, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://communications.oregonstate.edu/brand-guide/visual-identity/colors","url_text":"\"Colors | Oregon State University Relations and Marketing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. News & World Report\". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/oregon-state-university-02150","url_text":"\"U.S. News & World Report\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon State University - Nuclear Engineering Ranking\". U.S. News & World Report & World Report. Retrieved October 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-engineering-schools/nuclear-engineering-rankings","url_text":"\"Oregon State University - Nuclear Engineering Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\" (PDF). engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/sites/engineering.oregonstate.edu/files/2023-03/2023_03_09_COE_FactSheet_FINAL_NB.pdf","url_text":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"Lundeberg, Steve. \"Bipedal robot developed at Oregon State achieves Guinness World Record in 100 meters\". OSU. Retrieved November 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://today.oregonstate.edu/news/bipedal-robot-developed-oregon-state-achieves-guinness-world-record-100-meters","url_text":"\"Bipedal robot developed at Oregon State achieves Guinness World Record in 100 meters\""}]},{"reference":"\"More than a century of history…more than a century of excellence\". oregonstate.edu. OSU. Retrieved May 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/about/history","url_text":"\"More than a century of history…more than a century of excellence\""}]},{"reference":"Groshong, James W. \"The Making of a University – Oregon State University\". oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/ff365b151?locale=en","url_text":"\"The Making of a University – Oregon State University\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Condon lecture at Oregon State College\". researchworks.oclc.org\". researchworks.oclc.org. Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress. Retrieved February 23, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchworks.oclc.org/archivegrid/collection/data/55124841","url_text":"\"\"Condon lecture at Oregon State College\". researchworks.oclc.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"The constitution of matter\". University of Chicago. Retrieved February 24, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/661860","url_text":"\"The constitution of matter\""}]},{"reference":"Oppenheimer, J. Robert. \"The Constitution of Matter - Transcript of OSU Lecture\". uchicago.edu/. Oregon State System of Higher Education. Retrieved April 6, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4062789&seq=9","url_text":"\"The Constitution of Matter - Transcript of OSU Lecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"More than a century of history…more than a century of excellence\". oregonstate.edu. OSU. Retrieved May 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/about/history","url_text":"\"More than a century of history…more than a century of excellence\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fact Sheet\". oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved March 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/about/fact-sheet","url_text":"\"Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\". engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/about/fact-sheet","url_text":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\". engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/about/fact-sheet","url_text":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\". engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/about/fact-sheet","url_text":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\" (PDF). engineering.oregonstate.edu. Oregon State University. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://engineering.oregonstate.edu/sites/engineering.oregonstate.edu/files/pdf/2021_22_coe_factsheet_07.pdf","url_text":"\"College of Engineering Fact Sheet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon Company Tied to OSU Invents Small Nuclear Reactor\". oregon.arcsfoundation.org. ARC Foundation. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://oregon.arcsfoundation.org/news/oregon-company-tied-osu-invents-small-nuclear-reactor","url_text":"\"Oregon Company Tied to OSU Invents Small Nuclear Reactor\""}]},{"reference":"Burnell, Scott. \"NRC to Begin Reviewing Portions of NuScale's Small Modular Reactor Standard Design Approval Application\" (PDF). nrc.gov. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved December 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrc.gov/cdn/doc-collection-news/2023/23-025.pdf","url_text":"\"NRC to Begin Reviewing Portions of NuScale's Small Modular Reactor Standard Design Approval Application\""}]},{"reference":"Peckham, Oliver (October 17, 2022). \"Oregon State University to Launch Nvidia-Powered Supercomputer Center\". hpcwire.com. Tabor Communications. Retrieved November 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hpcwire.com/2022/10/17/oregon-state-university-to-launch-nvidia-powered-supercomputer-center/","url_text":"\"Oregon State University to Launch Nvidia-Powered Supercomputer Center\""}]},{"reference":"Hautula, Keith. \"n Memoriam: Peter Johnson\". alumnimag.engineering.oregonstate.edu. OSU. Retrieved March 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://alumnimag.engineering.oregonstate.edu/2020/09/in-memoriam-peter-johnson/","url_text":"\"n Memoriam: Peter Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Creating a Campus Hub\". srgpartnership.com. SRG Partnership Inc. Retrieved March 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.srgpartnership.com/project/johnson-hall/","url_text":"\"Creating a Campus Hub\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Tonight_Live

Sports Tonight Live

["1 References","2 External links"]

British Television Show Television channel Sports TonightCountryUnited KingdomBroadcast areaUnited KingdomProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishHistoryLaunched29 August 2011LinksWebsitewww.sportstonightlive.comAvailabilityTerrestrialFreeviewFreeviewHD 244Streaming mediaSportsTonightLive.comWatch live Sports Tonight Live, branded simply as Sports Tonight, was a British television show and channel, owned by VISION247 based in Central London. It was launched online on 29 August 2011. On 15 October 2011, Sports Tonight Live began to broadcast on Freeview, where it is listed as Sports. The channel requires an internet connected Freeview HD set-top box or television, although the service may not be compatible with early Freeview HD equipment. Sports Tonight Live was the first English language channel to use VisionIPTV's studio production and internet broadcast playout services. It was also the first over-the-top delivered channel on the Freeview platform. Sports Tonight Live has also previously broadcast free-to-air on BEN Television and free-to-view on Primetime. Every show is broadcast live for four hours every week night and during the afternoon at the weekend. At other times, the latest programme is shown on a loop and branded as Sports Tonight Replay. From 17 August 2012, Sports Tonight Live began to air live Polish football from the Ekstraklasa three times a week. In October 2014, Vision247 moved Sportstonightlive to FreeviewHD244 & currently broadcasts live five nights a week. BetRacingNation part of SportstonightLive also broadcasts live on SKY 212 every Saturday morning from 10am. References ^ "Tonight, the..." Facebook. 29 August 2011. ^ "Boxing incentive to connect Freeview set-tops". Broadband TV News. 14 October 2011. ^ "Sports". Ofcom. Retrieved 30 December 2011. ^ a b "Info". Sports Tonight Live. Retrieved 30 December 2011. ^ "MacKenzie signs Sports Tonight Live to VisionIPTV". SourceWire. 28 September 2011. ^ "Sports Tonight Live claims Freeview OTT first". Digital TV Europe. 30 September 2011. ^ "A reminder that we are liv ..." Twitter. 12 February 2012. ^ "Great excitement in the of". Twitter. 1 June 2012. ^ "Polish Football is Coming to Sports Tonight". YouTube. Retrieved 20 July 2011. External links Official website This article on a United Kingdom television channel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_sauna

Finnish sauna

["1 History","2 Customs","3 Types","3.1 Smoke sauna","3.2 Wood stove sauna","3.3 Electric sauna","3.4 Mobile saunas","4 References","5 External links"]

Type of bathhouse For other sauna variants from around the world, see Sauna. Sauna culture in FinlandFinnish: saunakulttuuri SuomessaSwedish: bastukultur i FinlandNorthern Sami: sávdnjekultuvra SuomasUNESCO Intangible Cultural HeritageA smoke sauna (savusauna) in Enonkoski, South SavoniaCountryFinlandCriteriaSocial practicesReference01596RegionEurope and North AmericaInscription historyInscription2020 (15th session)ListRepresentative A typical modern Finnish sauna The Finnish sauna (Finnish pronunciation: , Swedish: bastu) is a substantial part of Finnish and Estonian culture. It was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists at the 17 December 2020 meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. As authorized by the state, the Finnish Heritage Agency commits, together with Finnish sauna communities and promoters of the sauna culture, to safeguard the vitality of the sauna tradition and to highlight its importance as part of customs and wellbeing. In the case of Estonia UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists smoke sauna tradition since 2014. The word sauna itself is of Finnish origin. In the Estonian language it is saun. History The sauna in Finland is an old phenomenon and its roots are difficult to trace, but its earliest versions are believed to be from 7000 BC. Bath houses were recorded in Europe during the same time period, but Finnish bathing habits were poorly documented for most of history. During the Reformation in Scandinavia the popularity of saunas expanded to other countries because the European bath houses were being destroyed. One reason the sauna culture has always flourished in Finland has been because of the versatility of the sauna. When people were moving, the first thing they did was to build a sauna. Finns have used the sauna to live in, eat, address matters of hygiene, and, most importantly, give birth in an almost sterile environment. Unlike many other, more densely populated places in Europe, the availability of wood needed to build and warm the sauna has never been an issue. Another reason for its popularity is that in such a cold climate, the sauna allows people warmth for at least a short period of time. However, it is just as popular in the summer as in the winter. Customs Sauna ladle and bucket Finnish vihta (vasta in Eastern Finland), made of birch. It is used in traditional sauna-bathing for massage and stimulation of the skin. Women using vihtas Saunas are an integral part of the way of life in Finland. They are found on the shores of Finland's numerous lakes, in private apartments, corporate headquarters, at the Parliament House and even at the depth of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in Pyhäsalmi Mine. The sauna is an important part of the national identity and those who have the opportunity usually take a sauna at least once a week. The traditional sauna day is Saturday. The sauna tradition is so strong that whenever Finns go abroad, they relish the chance to have a good sauna: even the Finnish Church in Rotherhithe, London, has its own sauna. Finnish soldiers on peacekeeping missions are famous for their saunas; even on the UNMEE mission in Eritrea, a sauna was one of the first buildings to be erected. A Second World War-era Finnish military field manual states that a break of eight hours is all that is required for a battalion to build saunas, warm them and bathe in them. Saunas, even in the military, are strictly egalitarian places: no titles or hierarchies are used in the sauna. Taking a sauna begins with having a wash (usually a shower), followed by a sit in the sauna room, the room being typically warmed to 80–110 °C (176–230 °F). Water is thrown on the hot stones topping the kiuas, a special stove used to warm up the sauna. This produces great amounts of steam, known as löyly, increasing the moisture and the apparent temperature within the sauna. Only the word löyly is used for this particular type of steam; the Finnish word höyry ('steam, vapour') is never used for it except in a scientific sense. Equivalents for löyly can be found in the Finnic languages such as the Karelian löyly, the Estonian leil, the Votic leülü, the Veps l'öl' and the Livonian löul. Its original sense signified 'spirit, breath, soul' and this is still seen in the Uralic languages--for example, the Udmurt lul, the Komi lol, the Mansi läl ('life'), the Khanty lil and the Hungarian lélek. Sausages and beer are traditional refreshments after having a sauna. Occasionally one uses a bunch of leafy, fragrant silver birch called a vasta (vihta in Western Finland) to gently beat oneself. This supposedly has a relaxing effect on the muscles and also helps to soothe the irritation from mosquito bites. When the heat begins to feel uncomfortable it is customary to jump into a lake, sea, or a swimming pool, or to have a shower. In the winter, rolling in the snow or even swimming in a hole cut in lake ice, an avanto, is sometimes used as a substitute. Often after the sauna it is a custom to sit down in the dressing room or on the porch of the sauna to enjoy a sausage, along with beer or soft drinks. After cooling down from the first bath, one goes back into the hot room and begins the cycle again. The number and duration of hot room-cooling down cycles varies from person to person based on personal preference. Usually one takes at least two or three cycles, lasting between 30 minutes to two hours. In Finland's numerous summer cottages bathing might go on well into the night. This is especially true in the summer when there's virtually no darkness at night. The sauna session itself is finished off with a thorough wash. For someone brought up in Finland, the rules are instinctive but they are difficult to put into words. Depending on the size, composition, relationships, and the age structure of the group three basic patterns can emerge: Everyone can go to the sauna at the same time, men and women may take a sauna separately, or each family can go to sauna separately. Mixed saunas with non-family members are most common with younger adults, and are quite rare for older people or on more formal occasions. It is common for teenagers to stop going to sauna with their parents at some point. In the sauna it is a faux pas to wear clothing in the hot room, although it is acceptable to sit on a small towel or pefletti, a disposable tissue designed to endure heat and humidity (it can be mandatory in a public sauna, such as at a public swimming pool). While cooling off it is common to wrap a towel around the body. For a typical Finn the sauna is, with few exceptions, a strictly non-sexual place; nudity in the sauna is a very normal state of affairs among Finns without any connection with sexual intercourse. In Finland, a "sauna" means only a sauna, not a brothel, sex club, or such. In public saunas, swimsuits are banned from the hot room for health reasons: in many indoor swimming pools, chlorine is added to the water for hygiene reasons; if swimwear used in such water is brought to the hot room, the chlorine will vaporize and cause breathing problems for people with asthma or allergies. In private homes or summer residences, the sauna is usually warmed to honor the guest and refusal may be more difficult. However, Finns will not typically be very offended if their guest declines. This is particularly common if going to sauna would require a lot of effort from the guest (such as re-applying complex make-up afterwards), socially inconvenient (feeling uncomfortable about nudity and/or a mixed-sex sauna), or otherwise inconvenient (should the guest not have a change of clothes or if the sauna would take place late at night, et cetera). Types Interior of a smoke sauna in Utsjoki, Finland Wood sauna stove Many different types of sauna can be found in Finland and Estonia. They can be classified either by the sauna building itself or by what kind of stove it uses. The main division of saunas is between once warmed and continuously warmed stoves. All smoke saunas are once warmed, but there are also other type of ovens that are once warmed. Once warmed stoves have larger amount of stones that are warmed up before the bathing. This can be done by burning wood, with or without a chimney, oil, wood pellets, or natural gas. Continuously warmed stoves have lower amount of stones that are heated during the bathing. The warming can be done burning wood, oil or natural gas, or electrically. The temperature in Finnish saunas is 80 to 110 °C (176 to 230 °F), usually 80–90 °C (176–194 °F), and is kept clearly above the dewpoint despite the vaporization of löyly water, so that visible condensation of steam does not occur as in a Turkish sauna. Smoke sauna A smoke sauna in Vehmersalmi, Kuopio, North Savonia The savusauna (smoke sauna) does not have a chimney and thus as wood is burned smoke fills the room. After the sauna reaches the appropriate temperature, the fire is extinguished and the room is ventilated. Given the construction of the room, the sauna retains sufficient heat for the duration of use. Although smoke saunas are considered a more traditional type, there has been a significant increase in construction in recent years. However, due to the amount of effort and time required to operate them -- heating can take most of a day -- they are not likely to replace most regular saunas. Smoke saunas are still extant not only in Finland but also in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. They are considered to be cheap, simple to build, and durable (if measures of fire prevention are taken while building the sauna). The longevity is warranted by disinfectant features of smoke. One specific and rarely seen curiosity is use of a wood pellet burner to heat a smoke sauna stove (savukiuas), typically the actual burner installed into a room adjacent to the actual sauna room and the kiuas. A wood pellet burner, quite similar to an oil burner, is then used to heat a smoke sauna stove - practically a big pile of rocks. As the burning process is much cleaner than with a conventional smoke stove the smoke aroma is much less pungent and sooty, while the moisture produced by the burning the pellets makes the air more pleasant than with continuously warmed stoves. Wood stove sauna An authentic Finnish old-fashioned stove with a water heating boiler The wood stove sauna is more common in rural areas, whereas the electric sauna is more common in urban areas. The metal stove with stones on top (kiuas) is heated with birch wood fire, and this heats the sauna room to the required temperature. If birch wood is not available any other wood will do, but well dried birch wood is preferred because of its good quality and smell, and long lasting burn. The important thing is to have a good löyly, that is when the stones are hot enough to evaporate the water thrown on them into steam that rises to the bathers. The bather in every type of sauna sits on a high bench near the ceiling where the hot steam reaches them quickly. Electric sauna Electric sauna stove In city apartments, and in most public saunas, an electric sauna stove (sähkökiuas) is used, as it does not require open fire and offers additional features like time delay settings, thermostat and temperature limiter. Electric saunas usually do have kiuas stones piled over or around the heating element to allow löyly thrown onto them; either as an open, air circulating set-up or as a closed and insulated heat-storing one. Electric saunas often allow the property manager to control the sauna independently from occupants and can limit the sauna's electricity use. The controls can be wireless and can offer additional settings for sauna lighting, ventilation and steam generating devices. An apartment buildings' sauna is typically offered a few times a week to occupants with dedicated hours for communal men's and women's sauna, and special hours for those who have requested apartment specific hours. People might prefer the more atmospheric wood stove sauna over an electric sauna, but for those living in urban apartment blocks that is rarely an option, and electric stoves are easier to use, more fire-safe, and do not produce wood litter. Mobile saunas Scouts and various other youth organizations often have portable tent saunas. Saunas have been built into cars, buses, car trailers, tractor trailers or even bicycles and boats. In Finland, there are companies that rent mobile saunas, and an annual mobile sauna event in Teuva. Inside a mobile sauna built into a trailer A mobile sauna built into a trailer References ^ a b c d Terho, Sampo (25 March 2019). "Nomination file No. 01596 for inscription in 2020 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity" (docx). UNESCO. Retrieved 31 December 2020. ^ a b Dobbs, Michael (2 March 1992). "Sweating to Break the 'Sauna Barrier'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2023. As Finnish women seek to break into areas of life long reserved for men, there have been mutterings about a "sauna barrier," which the women believe is preventing them from realizing their full potential. Since most Finns would never dream of sharing their sauna with a member of the opposite sex, the only solution is to take decision-making out of the sauna and put it back in the conference room. ^ a b Price, Gemma Z. (26 October 2017). "Helsinki's Best Public Saunas: A Guide". T: The New York Times Style Magazine. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Finnish culture revolves around the sauna. Historically, saunas were where Finns brewed their beer, washed their laundry and cured their hams; where babies were born, the sick were healed and the dead were prepared for burial. ^ a b c Bryant, Miranda (6 December 2023). "The sauna secret: why Finland is the happiest country in the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Steamy, spiritual and stress-busting, there are more than 3m saunas in Finland. Not only are they skin tingling, they help people explore what it is to be human ^ Lisa & Kristen Dobbin. "Lessons in Estonian culture for beginners 3: hot steam, cold water and the naked truth" estonianworld.com, 20.09.2013 ^ "Saunaperinne Suomesta valittiin Unescon aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön luetteloon" (in Finnish). Museovirasto. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020. ^ "Sauna culture in Finland". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "Finnish sauna culture steams up UNESCO Heritage List". YLE. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ "Smoke sauna tradition in Võrumaa added to UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List" ERR, 27.11.2014 ^ "Sauna". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 December 2020. ^ a b Ragaini, Robert (5 June 1994). "Go Jump in a Lake: The Finnish Sauna Ritual". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2023. ^ Valtakari, P.: Finnish Sauna Culture - Not Just a Cliché. The Finnish Sauna Society. ^ Korhonen, N.: The sauna - a sacred place. Universitas Helsingiensis, 4/1998, Helsinki University, Helsinki. ^ Aurén, V.: Barettiyhdistyksiltä Eritrean Sacristin kirjat (Finnish) Archived 13 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Finnish Peacekeepers. ^ a b Holt, Kermit (15 November 1970). "Good Clean Fun: Finland's Steamy Saunas". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Retrieved 22 February 2023. ^ Häkkinen, Kaisa (2005) . Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja (in Finnish). WSOY. p. 657. ISBN 951-0-27108-X. ^ Radcliffe, Robert C. (14 October 1973). "Sauna Baths Are Becoming Popular In United States". The Brownsville Herald. National Geographic News Service. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Finnish sauna bathers sometimes whip each other with water-soaked whisks of birch branches to stir up skin circulation and perfume the air with woodsy fragrance. ^ "Quick guide to Finnish sauna etiquette". My Helsinki. Retrieved 15 November 2022. ^ "Development of the Finnish sauna". secretsaunas.com. 2 December 2023. ^ a b Liikkanen, Lassi A. (2021). The Secrets of Finnish Sauna Design. Culicidae Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1683150268. ^ "Sauna in Finland today". Suomen Saunaseura ry. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ "Smoke sauna". Suomen Saunaseura ry. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010. ^ "Sauna heater". Finnish Sauna Society. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ "Sauna controls". Harvia. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2022. ^ "Puusauna vs. sähkösauna: Kumman valitset?". Sauna maailmalla.com (in Finnish). Wood stove or an electric one? Which you prefer?. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) ^ "Tässä ovat Kaunein kesäsauna -kilpailun finalistit - äänestä suosikkiasi! | Minun kotini". Iltalehti.fi. Retrieved 17 November 2016. ^ "Saunabussi - Juhlabussi - Liikkuva juhlapaikka - ElämysLahjat.fi". Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2013. ^ "Teuvan sauna-ajot - Etusivu". Sauna-ajot.com. Retrieved 17 November 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saunas in Finland. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"[ˈsɑu̯nɑ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO1992SaunaBarrier-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimesStyle2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2023-4"},{"link_name":"Estonian culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Intergovernmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization"},{"link_name":"for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_for_the_Safeguarding_of_the_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2023-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museo-6"},{"link_name":"Finnish Heritage Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Heritage_Agency"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Estonian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"}],"text":"Type of bathhouseFor other sauna variants from around the world, see Sauna.The Finnish sauna (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈsɑu̯nɑ], Swedish: bastu) is a substantial part of Finnish[2][3][4] and Estonian culture.[5]It was inscribed on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists at the 17 December 2020 meeting of the UNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage.[4][6] As authorized by the state, the Finnish Heritage Agency commits, together with Finnish sauna communities and promoters of the sauna culture, to safeguard the vitality of the sauna tradition and to highlight its importance as part of customs and wellbeing.[7][8] In the case of Estonia UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists smoke sauna tradition since 2014.[9]The word sauna itself is of Finnish origin.[10] In the Estonian language it is saun.","title":"Finnish sauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Reformation in Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia#Reformation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTimesStyle2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian2023-4"}],"text":"The sauna in Finland is an old phenomenon and its roots are difficult to trace, but its earliest versions are believed to be from 7000 BC.[citation needed] Bath houses were recorded in Europe during the same time period, but Finnish bathing habits were poorly documented for most of history.During the Reformation in Scandinavia the popularity of saunas expanded to other countries because the European bath houses were being destroyed.One reason the sauna culture has always flourished in Finland has been because of the versatility of the sauna. When people were moving, the first thing they did was to build a sauna. Finns have used the sauna to live in, eat, address matters of hygiene, and, most importantly, give birth in an almost sterile environment.[3][4] Unlike many other, more densely populated places in Europe, the availability of wood needed to build and warm the sauna has never been an issue. Another reason for its popularity is that in such a cold climate, the sauna allows people warmth for at least a short period of time. However, it is just as popular in the summer as in the winter.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sauna_ladle_and_bucket_2016_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_Vasta_(Vihta).jpg"},{"link_name":"birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken,_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg"},{"link_name":"vihtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_broom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO1994-11"},{"link_name":"Parliament House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_House,_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Pyhäsalmi Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4salmi_Mine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO1992SaunaBarrier-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAPO1994-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"UNMEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNMEE"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"apparent temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_temperature"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune1970-15"},{"link_name":"Finnic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_languages"},{"link_name":"Karelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"Votic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votic"},{"link_name":"Veps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veps_language"},{"link_name":"Livonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language"},{"link_name":"Uralic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages"},{"link_name":"Udmurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language"},{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language"},{"link_name":"Mansi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_language"},{"link_name":"Khanty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_language"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sausage,_beer_and_cake_at_Uusi_Sauna.jpg"},{"link_name":"silver birch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_birch"},{"link_name":"vasta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauna_whisk"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NationalGeographic1973-17"},{"link_name":"avanto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_swimming"},{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drink"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune1970-15"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"faux pas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/faux_pas"},{"link_name":"pefletti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pefletti"},{"link_name":"nudity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nudity"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"asthma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma"},{"link_name":"allergies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Sauna ladle and bucketFinnish vihta (vasta in Eastern Finland), made of birch. It is used in traditional sauna-bathing for massage and stimulation of the skin.Women using vihtasSaunas are an integral part of the way of life in Finland.[11] They are found on the shores of Finland's numerous lakes, in private apartments, corporate headquarters, at the Parliament House and even at the depth of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) in Pyhäsalmi Mine. The sauna is an important part of the national identity[2][11][12] and those who have the opportunity usually take a sauna at least once a week. The traditional sauna day is Saturday.[13]The sauna tradition is so strong that whenever Finns go abroad, they relish the chance to have a good sauna: even the Finnish Church in Rotherhithe, London, has its own sauna. Finnish soldiers on peacekeeping missions are famous for their saunas; even on the UNMEE mission in Eritrea, a sauna was one of the first buildings to be erected.[14] A Second World War-era Finnish military field manual states that a break of eight hours is all that is required for a battalion to build saunas, warm them and bathe in them.[citation needed] Saunas, even in the military, are strictly egalitarian places: no titles or hierarchies are used in the sauna.Taking a sauna begins with having a wash (usually a shower), followed by a sit in the sauna room, the room being typically warmed to 80–110 °C (176–230 °F). Water is thrown on the hot stones topping the kiuas, a special stove used to warm up the sauna. This produces great amounts of steam, known as löyly, increasing the moisture and the apparent temperature within the sauna.[15] Only the word löyly is used for this particular type of steam; the Finnish word höyry ('steam, vapour') is never used for it except in a scientific sense. Equivalents for löyly can be found in the Finnic languages such as the Karelian löyly, the Estonian leil, the Votic leülü, the Veps l'öl' and the Livonian löul. Its original sense signified 'spirit, breath, soul' and this is still seen in the Uralic languages--for example, the Udmurt lul, the Komi lol, the Mansi läl ('life'), the Khanty lil and the Hungarian lélek.[16]Sausages and beer are traditional refreshments after having a sauna.Occasionally one uses a bunch of leafy, fragrant silver birch called a vasta (vihta in Western Finland) to gently beat oneself.[17] This supposedly has a relaxing effect on the muscles and also helps to soothe the irritation from mosquito bites. When the heat begins to feel uncomfortable it is customary to jump into a lake, sea, or a swimming pool, or to have a shower. In the winter, rolling in the snow or even swimming in a hole cut in lake ice, an avanto, is sometimes used as a substitute. Often after the sauna it is a custom to sit down in the dressing room or on the porch of the sauna to enjoy a sausage, along with beer or soft drinks.After cooling down from the first bath, one goes back into the hot room and begins the cycle again.[15] The number and duration of hot room-cooling down cycles varies from person to person based on personal preference. Usually one takes at least two or three cycles, lasting between 30 minutes to two hours. In Finland's numerous summer cottages bathing might go on well into the night. This is especially true in the summer when there's virtually no darkness at night. The sauna session itself is finished off with a thorough wash.For someone brought up in Finland, the rules are instinctive but they are difficult to put into words. Depending on the size, composition, relationships, and the age structure of the group three basic patterns can emerge: Everyone can go to the sauna at the same time, men and women may take a sauna separately, or each family can go to sauna separately. Mixed saunas with non-family members are most common with younger adults, and are quite rare for older people or on more formal occasions. It is common for teenagers to stop going to sauna with their parents at some point.[citation needed]In the sauna it is a faux pas to wear clothing in the hot room, although it is acceptable to sit on a small towel or pefletti, a disposable tissue designed to endure heat and humidity (it can be mandatory in a public sauna, such as at a public swimming pool). While cooling off it is common to wrap a towel around the body. For a typical Finn the sauna is, with few exceptions, a strictly non-sexual place; nudity in the sauna is a very normal state of affairs among Finns without any connection with sexual intercourse.[18] In Finland, a \"sauna\" means only a sauna, not a brothel, sex club, or such. In public saunas, swimsuits are banned from the hot room for health reasons: in many indoor swimming pools, chlorine is added to the water for hygiene reasons; if swimwear used in such water is brought to the hot room, the chlorine will vaporize and cause breathing problems for people with asthma or allergies.[citation needed]In private homes or summer residences, the sauna is usually warmed to honor the guest and refusal may be more difficult. However, Finns will not typically be very offended if their guest declines. This is particularly common if going to sauna would require a lot of effort from the guest (such as re-applying complex make-up afterwards), socially inconvenient (feeling uncomfortable about nudity and/or a mixed-sex sauna), or otherwise inconvenient (should the guest not have a change of clothes or if the sauna would take place late at night, et cetera).","title":"Customs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG"},{"link_name":"Utsjoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utsjoki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sauna_stove_narvi_001.JPG"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"dewpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewpoint"},{"link_name":"Turkish sauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_bath"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Interior of a smoke sauna in Utsjoki, FinlandWood sauna stoveMany different types of sauna can be found in Finland and Estonia. They can be classified either by the sauna building itself or by what kind of stove it uses.[19]The main division of saunas is between once warmed and continuously warmed stoves. All smoke saunas are once warmed, but there are also other type of ovens that are once warmed.Once warmed stoves have larger amount of stones that are warmed up before the bathing. This can be done by burning wood, with or without a chimney, oil, wood pellets, or natural gas. Continuously warmed stoves have lower amount of stones that are heated during the bathing. The warming can be done burning wood, oil or natural gas, or electrically.The temperature in Finnish saunas is 80 to 110 °C (176 to 230 °F), usually 80–90 °C (176–194 °F), and is kept clearly above the dewpoint despite the vaporization of löyly water, so that visible condensation of steam does not occur as in a Turkish sauna.[citation needed]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Finnish_Smoke_sauna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vehmersalmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehmersalmi"},{"link_name":"Kuopio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuopio"},{"link_name":"North Savonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Savonia"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecretsBook-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SecretsBook-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"}],"sub_title":"Smoke sauna","text":"A smoke sauna in Vehmersalmi, Kuopio, North SavoniaThe savusauna (smoke sauna) does not have a chimney and thus as wood is burned smoke fills the room.[20] After the sauna reaches the appropriate temperature, the fire is extinguished and the room is ventilated.[20] Given the construction of the room, the sauna retains sufficient heat for the duration of use. Although smoke saunas are considered a more traditional type, there has been a significant increase in construction in recent years.[21] However, due to the amount of effort and time required to operate them -- heating can take most of a day -- they are not likely to replace most regular saunas.[22]Smoke saunas are still extant not only in Finland but also in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. They are considered to be cheap, simple to build, and durable (if measures of fire prevention are taken while building the sauna). The longevity is warranted by disinfectant features of smoke.One specific and rarely seen curiosity is use of a wood pellet burner to heat a smoke sauna stove (savukiuas), typically the actual burner installed into a room adjacent to the actual sauna room and the kiuas. A wood pellet burner, quite similar to an oil burner, is then used to heat a smoke sauna stove - practically a big pile of rocks. As the burning process is much cleaner than with a conventional smoke stove the smoke aroma is much less pungent and sooty, while the moisture produced by the burning the pellets makes the air more pleasant than with continuously warmed stoves.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aitokiuas.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Wood stove sauna","text":"An authentic Finnish old-fashioned stove with a water heating boilerThe wood stove sauna is more common in rural areas, whereas the electric sauna is more common in urban areas. The metal stove with stones on top (kiuas) is heated with birch wood fire, and this heats the sauna room to the required temperature. If birch wood is not available any other wood will do, but well dried birch wood is preferred because of its good quality and smell, and long lasting burn. The important thing is to have a good löyly, that is when the stones are hot enough to evaporate the water thrown on them into steam that rises to the bathers. The bather in every type of sauna sits on a high bench near the ceiling where the hot steam reaches them quickly.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kylpyhuonesauna.jpg"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Electric sauna","text":"Electric sauna stoveIn city apartments, and in most public saunas, an electric sauna stove (sähkökiuas) is used, as it does not require open fire and offers additional features like time delay settings, thermostat and temperature limiter. Electric saunas usually do have kiuas stones piled over or around the heating element to allow löyly thrown onto them; either as an open, air circulating set-up or as a closed and insulated heat-storing one.[23] Electric saunas often allow the property manager to control the sauna independently from occupants and can limit the sauna's electricity use. The controls can be wireless and can offer additional settings for sauna lighting, ventilation and steam generating devices.[24] An apartment buildings' sauna is typically offered a few times a week to occupants with dedicated hours for communal men's and women's sauna, and special hours for those who have requested apartment specific hours. People might prefer the more atmospheric wood stove sauna over an electric sauna, but for those living in urban apartment blocks that is rarely an option, and electric stoves are easier to use, more fire-safe, and do not produce wood litter.[25]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Teuva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuva"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inside_a_sauna_trailer_in_Haukilahti.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_sauna_at_Mellsten_beach.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Mobile saunas","text":"Scouts and various other youth organizations often have portable tent saunas. Saunas have been built into cars, buses, car trailers, tractor trailers or even bicycles and boats.[26] In Finland, there are companies that rent mobile saunas,[27] and an annual mobile sauna event in Teuva.[28]Inside a mobile sauna built into a trailer\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA mobile sauna built into a trailer","title":"Types"}]

[{"image_text":"Sauna ladle and bucket","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sauna_ladle_and_bucket_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Sauna_ladle_and_bucket_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Finnish vihta (vasta in Eastern Finland), made of birch. It is used in traditional sauna-bathing for massage and stimulation of the skin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Finnish_Vasta_%28Vihta%29.jpg/170px-Finnish_Vasta_%28Vihta%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Women using vihtas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg/220px-In_de_sauna._Slaan_met_berkentakken%2C_Bestanddeelnr_920-4683.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sausages and beer are traditional refreshments after having a sauna.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Sausage%2C_beer_and_cake_at_Uusi_Sauna.jpg/220px-Sausage%2C_beer_and_cake_at_Uusi_Sauna.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of a smoke sauna in Utsjoki, Finland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG/220px-Smoke_sauna_stove_Utsjoki.JPG"},{"image_text":"Wood sauna stove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sauna_stove_narvi_001.JPG/220px-Sauna_stove_narvi_001.JPG"},{"image_text":"A smoke sauna in Vehmersalmi, Kuopio, North Savonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Finnish_Smoke_sauna.jpg/220px-Finnish_Smoke_sauna.jpg"},{"image_text":"An authentic Finnish old-fashioned stove with a water heating boiler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Aitokiuas.JPG/150px-Aitokiuas.JPG"},{"image_text":"Electric sauna stove","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Kylpyhuonesauna.jpg/220px-Kylpyhuonesauna.jpg"},{}]

[{"reference":"Terho, Sampo (25 March 2019). \"Nomination file No. 01596 for inscription in 2020 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\" (docx). UNESCO. Retrieved 31 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampo_Terho","url_text":"Terho, Sampo"},{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/43809-EN.docx","url_text":"\"Nomination file No. 01596 for inscription in 2020 on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"Dobbs, Michael (2 March 1992). \"Sweating to Break the 'Sauna Barrier'\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2023. As Finnish women seek to break into areas of life long reserved for men, there have been mutterings about a \"sauna barrier,\" which the women believe is preventing them from realizing their full potential. Since most Finns would never dream of sharing their sauna with a member of the opposite sex, the only solution is to take decision-making out of the sauna and put it back in the conference room.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1992/03/02/sweating-to-break-the-sauna-barrier/f4416d50-6feb-417d-b10a-1decdba88858/","url_text":"\"Sweating to Break the 'Sauna Barrier'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Price, Gemma Z. (26 October 2017). \"Helsinki's Best Public Saunas: A Guide\". T: The New York Times Style Magazine. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Finnish culture revolves around the sauna. Historically, saunas were where Finns brewed their beer, washed their laundry and cured their hams; where babies were born, the sick were healed and the dead were prepared for burial.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/t-magazine/travel/helsinki-best-public-saunas.html","url_text":"\"Helsinki's Best Public Saunas: A Guide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T:_The_New_York_Times_Style_Magazine","url_text":"T: The New York Times Style Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Bryant, Miranda (6 December 2023). \"The sauna secret: why Finland is the happiest country in the world\". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 December 2023. Steamy, spiritual and stress-busting, there are more than 3m saunas in Finland. Not only are they skin tingling, they help people explore what it is to be human","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/dec/06/the-sauna-secret-why-finland-is-the-happiest-country-in-the-world","url_text":"\"The sauna secret: why Finland is the happiest country in the world\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Saunaperinne Suomesta valittiin Unescon aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön luetteloon\" (in Finnish). Museovirasto. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museovirasto.fi/fi/ajankohtaista/saunaperinne-unescon-aineettoman-kulttuuriperinnon-luetteloon","url_text":"\"Saunaperinne Suomesta valittiin Unescon aineettoman kulttuuriperinnön luetteloon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sauna culture in Finland\". UNESCO. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/sauna-culture-in-finland-01596","url_text":"\"Sauna culture in Finland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finnish sauna culture steams up UNESCO Heritage List\". YLE. 17 December 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/finnish_sauna_culture_steams_up_unesco_heritage_list/11703917","url_text":"\"Finnish sauna culture steams up UNESCO Heritage List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YLE","url_text":"YLE"}]},{"reference":"\"Sauna\". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 18 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sauna","url_text":"\"Sauna\""}]},{"reference":"Ragaini, Robert (5 June 1994). \"Go Jump in a Lake: The Finnish Sauna Ritual\". The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/travel/1994/06/05/go-jump-in-a-lake-the-finnish-sauna-ritual/97bebb9a-8dfa-47cc-b44a-89bf3babc02b/","url_text":"\"Go Jump in a Lake: The Finnish Sauna Ritual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Kermit (15 November 1970). \"Good Clean Fun: Finland's Steamy Saunas\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/119441826/good-clean-fun-finlands-steamy-saunas/","url_text":"\"Good Clean Fun: Finland's Steamy Saunas\""}]},{"reference":"Häkkinen, Kaisa (2005) [2004]. Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja (in Finnish). WSOY. p. 657. ISBN 951-0-27108-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-27108-X","url_text":"951-0-27108-X"}]},{"reference":"Radcliffe, Robert C. (14 October 1973). \"Sauna Baths Are Becoming Popular In United States\". The Brownsville Herald. National Geographic News Service. Retrieved 16 December 2023. Finnish sauna bathers sometimes whip each other with water-soaked whisks of birch branches to stir up skin circulation and perfume the air with woodsy fragrance.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brownsville-herald-sauna-baths-are-b/136918646/","url_text":"\"Sauna Baths Are Becoming Popular In United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quick guide to Finnish sauna etiquette\". My Helsinki. Retrieved 15 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myhelsinki.fi/en/see-and-do/activities/quick-guide-to-finnish-sauna-etiquette","url_text":"\"Quick guide to Finnish sauna etiquette\""}]},{"reference":"\"Development of the Finnish sauna\". secretsaunas.com. 2 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.secretsaunas.com/blogs/guides/the-ancient-origins-and-evolution-of-the-finnish-sauna","url_text":"\"Development of the Finnish sauna\""}]},{"reference":"Liikkanen, Lassi A. (2021). The Secrets of Finnish Sauna Design. Culicidae Architectural Press. ISBN 978-1683150268.","urls":[{"url":"https://culicidaearchitecturalpress.com/liikkanen-secrets-of-finnish-sauna-design/","url_text":"The Secrets of Finnish Sauna Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1683150268","url_text":"978-1683150268"}]},{"reference":"\"Sauna in Finland today\". Suomen Saunaseura ry. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sauna.fi/in-english/sauna-information/sauna-in-finland/sauna-in-finland-today/","url_text":"\"Sauna in Finland today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Smoke sauna\". Suomen Saunaseura ry. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031142953/http://www.sauna.fi/58.html","url_text":"\"Smoke sauna\""},{"url":"http://www.sauna.fi/58.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sauna heater\". Finnish Sauna Society. Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sauna.fi/en/sauna-knowledge/sauna-heater/","url_text":"\"Sauna heater\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sauna controls\". Harvia. 4 May 2021. Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harvia.com/en/sauna/heaters/sauna-controls/","url_text":"\"Sauna controls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Puusauna vs. sähkösauna: Kumman valitset?\". Sauna maailmalla.com (in Finnish). Wood stove or an electric one? Which you prefer?. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://saunamaailmalla.com/puusauna-vs-sahkosauna-kumman-valitset/","url_text":"\"Puusauna vs. sähkösauna: Kumman valitset?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tässä ovat Kaunein kesäsauna -kilpailun finalistit - äänestä suosikkiasi! | Minun kotini\". Iltalehti.fi. Retrieved 17 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iltalehti.fi/minunkotini/a/201209040125410","url_text":"\"Tässä ovat Kaunein kesäsauna -kilpailun finalistit - äänestä suosikkiasi! | Minun kotini\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saunabussi - Juhlabussi - Liikkuva juhlapaikka - ElämysLahjat.fi\". Archived from the original on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111219022037/http://www.elamyslahjat.fi/lahjat/sauna-bussi-juhlapaikka-12lle","url_text":"\"Saunabussi - Juhlabussi - Liikkuva juhlapaikka - ElämysLahjat.fi\""},{"url":"http://www.elamyslahjat.fi/lahjat/sauna-bussi-juhlapaikka-12lle","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Teuvan sauna-ajot - Etusivu\". Sauna-ajot.com. Retrieved 17 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sauna-ajot.com/","url_text":"\"Teuvan sauna-ajot - Etusivu\""}]}]

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| Minun kotini\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111219022037/http://www.elamyslahjat.fi/lahjat/sauna-bussi-juhlapaikka-12lle","external_links_name":"\"Saunabussi - Juhlabussi - Liikkuva juhlapaikka - ElämysLahjat.fi\""},{"Link":"http://www.elamyslahjat.fi/lahjat/sauna-bussi-juhlapaikka-12lle","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sauna-ajot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Teuvan sauna-ajot - Etusivu\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/finlandtravelclub/sauna","external_links_name":"The Finnish Sauna - facts by Finland Travel Club"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060806080904/http://cankar.org/sauna/","external_links_name":"The Finnish Sauna"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120618234603/http://www.sauna.fi/in-english/the-finnish-sauna-society/welcome/","external_links_name":"The Finnish Sauna society"},{"Link":"https://hiheatsaunas.com/how-to-build-a-sauna-room-and-how-much-the-cost/","external_links_name":"How to Build A Sauna Room And How Much the Cost"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Fringe_Festival

St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival

["1 References"]

Fringe festival in Quebec St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe FestivalGenreConcert danceDrag queenFringe theatreRecitalRepertory theatreDate(s)JuneFrequencyAnnualLocation(s)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaInaugurated1990Attendance60000+Patron(s)McAuslan BrewingWebsitehttp://montrealfringe.ca/ The St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival is a festival that hosts fringe theatre, repertory, dance, music, and drag-queen performances in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The festival is held annually and lasts for 20 days in June. The festival was previously run by Jeremy Hechtman and Patrick Goddard, but Hechtman stepped down in 2010 after being in the position for 15 years. The festival has been run since 2011 by choreographer Amy Blackmore. McAuslan Brewing sponsors the St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival and several other festivals in Montreal, including Pop Montreal, the Montreal World Film Festival, and the Fantasia Festival. The 2007 festival featured a mass fake marriage for theatre-goers at the beginning of the festival and then a corresponding mass fake divorce at the end symbolised by the eating of timbits. References ^ Regis St Louis (2009). Montréal & Québec City Encounter. Lonely Planet. p. 26. ISBN 978-1741790559. ^ Regis St. Louis; Simona Rabinovitch (2010). Montréal & Québec City City Guide. Lonely Planet. p. 14. ISBN 978-1741791709. ^ "This year's action: 700 performances". The Gazette (Montreal). June 9, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2012. ^ Richard Burnett (August 31, 2012). "Festival directors: Would you like a beer with that?". Hour Magazine. Archived from the original on 2014-08-08. ^ Bill Brownstein (June 11, 2011). "Director is mesmorized by tricks of the trade". The Montreal Gazette.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) ^ Jamie O'Meara (November 18, 2010). "Centre St-Ambroise's Dave Cool: Kings of beer, patrons of arts". Hour Community. Retrieved August 31, 2012. ^ Laura Roberts (October 25, 2007). "V for Vixen: How to make a fake marriage work". Hour Community. Retrieved August 31, 2012. vteFringe theatre festivals in North AmericaCanadaWest Coast Vancouver Fringe Festival Prairies Calgary Fringe Festival Edmonton International Fringe Festival Saskatoon Fringe Theatre Festival Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival Central London Fringe Theatre Festival Ottawa Fringe Festival St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival Toronto Fringe Festival Atlantic Halifax Fringe Festival Island Fringe Festival UnitedStatesWest Hollywood Fringe Festival San Diego International Fringe Festival San Francisco Fringe Festival Midwest Chicago Fringe Festival Cincinnati Fringe Festival Indianapolis Theatre Fringe Festival Minnesota Fringe Festival (list) Mid-Atlantic Capital Fringe Festival FRIGID New York Fringe Festival New York International Fringe Festival Rochester Fringe Festival South Atlanta Fringe Festival Orlando International Fringe Theater Festival Canadian Association of Fringe Festivals

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gay_Deceivers

The Gay Deceivers

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Home media","5 References","6 External links"]

1969 American comedy film For the 1926 film starring Lew Cody and Carmel Myers, see The Gay Deceiver. For other uses, see Gay deceiver. The Gay DeceiversOriginal release posterDirected byBruce KesslerWritten byJerome WishStory byGil LaskyAbe PolskyProduced byJoe SolomonStarringKevin CoughlinBrooke BundyLawrence P. CaseyJo Ann HarrisMichael GreerCinematographyRichard C. GlounerEdited byReg BrowneRenn ReynoldsMusic byStu PhillipsDistributed byFanfare Films Inc.Release date July 2, 1969 (1969-07-02) Running time97 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Gay Deceivers is a 1969 American comedy film written by Jerome Wish and directed by Bruce Kessler. The film focuses on Danny Devlin (Kevin Coughlin) and Elliot Crane (Lawrence P. Casey), two straight men who attempt to evade the draft by pretending to be gay men. According to gay film historian Vito Russo in his book The Celluloid Closet, co-star Michael Greer, who played the flamboyantly gay Malcolm and who was himself gay, tried to work with the screenwriter and director to minimize the negativity of the characterization and present Malcolm in a positive light. Plot Danny and Elliot are two friends who try to get out of the draft by pretending to be gay. They are placed under surveillance by the Army and have to keep up the pretense. They move into a gay apartment building and try to blend in with the residents, all the while trying to maintain their romantic relationships with women and not get caught by the Army. At the apartment building they meet their landlord Malcolm and his husband Craig. Throughout the story, Malcolm and Craig attempt to give advice to Danny and Elliot as they remember when they were a young couple. At first Danny and Elliot dismiss Malcolm and Craig as "two fruits" and try to play along to keep up their ruse. But they begin to see Malcolm and Craig as good people and begin to question what they were taught about homosexuals. Although not explored fully and only hinted at, Elliot might be closeted and questioning his sexuality as he becomes more comfortable assuming a gay lifestyle which leads to some tension between him and Danny. He is unable to maintain any relationships with women and they end up disastrous. After having a fight with Danny, Elliot knowingly enters a gay bar since he now feels more comfortable there and allows a man to buy him drinks and flirt with him. After the man attempts to get sexual, Elliot punches the man and then leaves in a confused rage, not sure what he is feeling. Later at a gay party hosted by Malcolm and Craig, he attempts to sleep with a drag queen before being discovered by the Army investigator who was following him. Even after the pair are caught, they are not inducted into the military: the Army investigators assigned to watch them are themselves gay and are trying to keep straight people out of the Army. Cast Kevin Coughlin - Danny Devlin Brooke Bundy - Karen Larry Casey - Elliot Crane Jo Ann Harris - Leslie Devlin Michael Greer - Malcolm Sebastian Brook - Craig Jack Starrett - Colonel Dixon Richard Webb - Mr. Devlin Eloise Hardt - Mrs. Devlin Jeanne Baird - Mrs. Conway Michael Kopcha - Psychiatrist Joe Tornatore - Sergeant Kravits Robert Reese - Real Estate Agent Christopher Riordan - Duane Douglas Hume - Corporal David Osterhout - Stern Marilyn Wirt - Sybil Ron Gans - Freddie Rachel Romen - Dorothy Tom Grubbs - Paul Louise Williams - Bunny Randee Lynne Jensen - Sheryl Meridith Williams - Phil Harry Sodoni - Georgette Leonore Stevens - Laverne Trigg Kelly - Jacki Tony Epper - Vince Anthony De Longis - (uncredited) Jonathan Kramer - Gay neighbor dating army officer (uncredited) Candice Rialson - Girl in bikini (uncredited) Production It was the film debut of Candice Rialson. Release The film opened in Atlanta and San Francisco on July 2, 1969. Home media The Gay Deceivers was released on Region 1 DVD on May 2, 2000. References ^ a b The Gay Deceivers at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films ^ Russo, Vito. The Celluloid Closet. Harper & Row, ISBN 0060908718, pg. 186 ^ Vagg, Stephen (November 26, 2019). "The Cinema of Exploitation Goddess Candice Rialson". Diabolique Magazine. ^ "'Deceivers' Dual Preem". Variety. July 2, 1969. p. 5. External links The Gay Deceivers at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films The Gay Deceivers at IMDb This film article about a 1960s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a film with a lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender theme is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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Casey), two straight men who attempt to evade the draft by pretending to be gay men.According to gay film historian Vito Russo in his book The Celluloid Closet, co-star Michael Greer, who played the flamboyantly gay Malcolm and who was himself gay, tried to work with the screenwriter and director to minimize the negativity of the characterization and present Malcolm in a positive light.[2]","title":"The Gay Deceivers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_Service_System"},{"link_name":"Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"closeted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closeted"},{"link_name":"drag queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag_queen"},{"link_name":"straight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterosexuality"}],"text":"Danny and Elliot are two friends who try to get out of the draft by pretending to be gay. They are placed under surveillance by the Army and have to keep up the pretense. They move into a gay apartment building and try to blend in with the residents, all the while trying to maintain their romantic relationships with women and not get caught by the Army.At the apartment building they meet their landlord Malcolm and his husband Craig. Throughout the story, Malcolm and Craig attempt to give advice to Danny and Elliot as they remember when they were a young couple. At first Danny and Elliot dismiss Malcolm and Craig as \"two fruits\" and try to play along to keep up their ruse. But they begin to see Malcolm and Craig as good people and begin to question what they were taught about homosexuals.Although not explored fully and only hinted at, Elliot might be closeted and questioning his sexuality as he becomes more comfortable assuming a gay lifestyle which leads to some tension between him and Danny. He is unable to maintain any relationships with women and they end up disastrous. After having a fight with Danny, Elliot knowingly enters a gay bar since he now feels more comfortable there and allows a man to buy him drinks and flirt with him. After the man attempts to get sexual, Elliot punches the man and then leaves in a confused rage, not sure what he is feeling. Later at a gay party hosted by Malcolm and Craig, he attempts to sleep with a drag queen before being discovered by the Army investigator who was following him.Even after the pair are caught, they are not inducted into the military: the Army investigators assigned to watch them are themselves gay and are trying to keep straight people out of the Army.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Coughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Coughlin_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brooke Bundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke_Bundy"},{"link_name":"Larry Casey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_P._Casey"},{"link_name":"Jo Ann Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ann_Harris"},{"link_name":"Michael Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Greer"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Brook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebastian_Brook&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jack Starrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Starrett"},{"link_name":"Richard Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Webb_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Eloise Hardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eloise_Hardt"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Baird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Baird"},{"link_name":"Ron Gans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Gans"},{"link_name":"Randee Lynne Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randee_Lynne_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Tony Epper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Epper"},{"link_name":"Anthony De Longis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_De_Longis"},{"link_name":"Candice Rialson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Rialson"}],"text":"Kevin Coughlin - Danny Devlin\nBrooke Bundy - Karen\nLarry Casey - Elliot Crane\nJo Ann Harris - Leslie Devlin\nMichael Greer - Malcolm\nSebastian Brook - Craig\nJack Starrett - Colonel Dixon\nRichard Webb - Mr. Devlin\nEloise Hardt - Mrs. Devlin\nJeanne Baird - Mrs. Conway\nMichael Kopcha - Psychiatrist\nJoe Tornatore - Sergeant Kravits\nRobert Reese - Real Estate Agent\nChristopher Riordan - Duane\nDouglas Hume - Corporal\nDavid Osterhout - Stern\nMarilyn Wirt - Sybil\nRon Gans - Freddie\nRachel Romen - Dorothy\nTom Grubbs - Paul\nLouise Williams - Bunny\nRandee Lynne Jensen - Sheryl\nMeridith Williams - Phil\nHarry Sodoni - Georgette\nLeonore Stevens - Laverne\nTrigg Kelly - Jacki\nTony Epper - Vince\nAnthony De Longis - (uncredited)\nJonathan Kramer - Gay neighbor dating army officer (uncredited)\nCandice Rialson - Girl in bikini (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Candice Rialson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candice_Rialson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vagg-3"}],"text":"It was the film debut of Candice Rialson.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFI-1"}],"text":"The film opened in Atlanta and San Francisco on July 2, 1969.[4][1]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"}],"sub_title":"Home media","text":"The Gay Deceivers was released on Region 1 DVD on May 2, 2000.","title":"Release"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Blackburn_(law_firm)

Maurice Blackburn (law firm)

["1 Major cases","2 Former staff","3 References","4 External links"]

Maurice BlackburnHeadquartersMelbourne, AustraliaNo. of offices30No. of employees1,000+Key peopleSteve Bracks (Chairman) Jacob Varghese (CEO)Date founded1919FounderMaurice BlackburnCompany typeLimited liability partnershipWebsitehttp://www.mauriceblackburn.com.auMaurice Blackburn Lawyers, (formerly Maurice Blackburn & Co and Maurice Blackburn Cashman), was founded in 1919 by Maurice Blackburn. The firm is an Australian plaintiff law firm, having represented clients in a number of high-profile cases since its establishment. Major cases Since its establishment Maurice Blackburn Lawyers have acted in a number of cases, including: The 40-Hour Working Week Case - in conjunction with the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) Maurice Blackburn fought for shorter working hours; MUA Waterfront Dispute Case - represented maritime workers against the Commonwealth Government during the waterfront dispute in 1998; The GIO Class Action - the first shareholder class action win in Australian legal history; Centro Class Action - the biggest shareholder class action settlement in Australian legal history; Black Saturday bushfires Class Actions - collectively the largest class action settlement in Australian history at $794 million ($494 million in the Kinglake class action and $300 million in the Marysville class action); Mohammed Haneef Case - defended Dr. Haneef against false charges of terrorism in 2010 and later acted on his behalf in a defamation matter; The Gene Patent BRCA1 Case - a ruling that saw the High Court rule that a mutated gene that causes cancer cannot be subject to a patent under Australian law. Former staff Maurice McRae Blackburn, Firm Founder, Former Labor MP and Former Independent Labor MP Bill Shorten, Opposition Leader and Federal Labor MP Nicola Roxon, Former Commonwealth Attorney-General and Federal Labor MP Terri Butler, Federal Labor MP Anika Wells, Federal Labor MP Peter Cashman, Barrister and Academic at the University of Sydney Eugene Arocca Bill Slater, Australian politician and founder of the law firm Slater and Gordon Lawyers. Murray Watt, Australian Labor Senator and Former Queensland Labor MP Justice Bernard Murphy, Justice of the Federal Court of Australia John Button, Former Labor Senator for Victoria John Cain, Former Victorian Government Solicitor Andrew Watson, Justice of the Supreme Court of Victoria References ^ a b "About Maurice Blackburn Lawyers". mauriceblackburn.com.au. Retrieved 15 April 2018. ^ "Steve Bracks | Chairperson, Maurice Blackburn". ^ "Court approves Centro's $200m class-action settlement". The Sydney Morning Herald. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ "Mohammed Haneef sues ex-immigration minister Kevin Andrews for defamation". NewsComAu. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ "Landmark High Court ruling on BRCA1 gene patent as pensioner wins legal case". The Sydney Morning Herald. 7 October 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2016. ^ "Transcript of Proceedings: Federal Court of Australia Ceremonial Sitting of the Full Court for the Swearing in and Welcome of the Honourable Justice Murphy". fedcourt.gov.au. Federal Court of Australia. Retrieved 15 April 2018. ^ "Former Labor minister John Button dies". The Age. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ "Former rival is new Herbert Geer MP". Lawyers Weekly. 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2016. External links Maurice Blackburn: Official website

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Abloh

Virgil Abloh

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 2009–2013: Rise to prominence","2.2 2013–2017: Off-White and mainstream success","2.3 2013–2018: Off-White and collaborations","2.4 2018–2021: Louis Vuitton","2.5 Art","2.6 Music","3 Controversies","4 Philanthropy","5 Awards and honors","6 Personal life and death","7 Books","8 References","9 External links"]

American fashion designer and entrepreneur (1980–2021) "Abloh" redirects here. For the social networking service, see Ablo. Virgil AblohAbloh in 2019Born(1980-09-30)September 30, 1980Rockford, Illinois, U.S.DiedNovember 28, 2021(2021-11-28) (aged 41)Chicago, Illinois, U.S.EducationUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison (BS)Illinois Institute of Technology (MArch)Occupations Designer entrepreneur disc jockey Years active2009–2021TitleFounder and CEO of Off-WhiteArtistic Director of menswear at Louis VuittonCreative Director of DondaSpouse Shannon Sundberg ​(m. 2009)​Children2 Virgil Abloh (/ˈæbloʊ/; September 30, 1980 – November 28, 2021) was an American fashion designer and entrepreneur. He began his own line of luxury streetwear clothing, Pyrex Vision, in 2012, and became the chief executive officer of the Milan-based label Off-White, a fashion house he founded in 2013. Abloh was also the artistic director of Louis Vuitton's menswear collection beginning in 2018, and was given increased creative responsibilities across the LVMH brand in early 2021. A trained architect, Abloh, who also worked in Chicago street fashion, entered the world of international fashion with an internship at Fendi in 2009, alongside American rapper Kanye West. Abloh assumed the role of Creative Director at Donda, West's creative agency in 2010. The first African-American to be artistic director at a French luxury fashion house when he joined LVMH in 2018, Abloh was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world that year. Abloh's design aesthetic which bridged streetwear and luxury clothing was described as transformative by The New York Times. According to The Wall Street Journal, he reached a level of global fame unusual for a designer, and as an inspirational figure, according to the BBC. Early life and education Virgil Abloh was born on September 30, 1980, in Rockford, Illinois, to parents from Ghana. His mother was a seamstress and his father managed a paint company. From his mother, he learned how to sew. Abloh was raised in Rockford, where he attended Boylan Catholic High School, graduating in 1998. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2002 with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering. He received his Master of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 2006. When Abloh was attending IIT, there was a building on campus under construction designed by the architect Rem Koolhaas (who had also worked on runway collections for Prada). Koolhaas's building helped spark his interest in fashion. Abloh was further inspired by Crown Hall, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Abloh's master's thesis project involved a design for a Chicago skyscraper, which curved in the direction of Lake Michigan. While studying architecture, he also designed T-shirts and wrote on fashion and design for a blog, The Brilliance. Abloh first met musician Kanye West while working on his designs at a Chicago print shop. Career 2009–2013: Rise to prominence After getting his architecture degree Abloh interned at Fendi in the same class as rapper Kanye West in 2009. Placed in the company's Rome, Italy office, the two began a collaborative relationship. During his work with the rapper and designer, Abloh caught the eye of the Louis Vuitton CEO, Michael Burke. Later that year, Abloh and West's artistic partner, Don C, launched a retail store, called the RSVP Gallery, located in Chicago. The store became known for carrying a mixture of fashion apparel, and for its reflection of Abloh's style on his design for the store interior. A year later, West appointed Abloh the creative director of his creative agency, Donda. In 2011, West asked him to serve as the artistic director for the 2011 Jay-Z/West album Watch the Throne, earning the designer a Grammy nomination. In 2012, Abloh designed the cover art for WZRD's self-titled debut. In 2012, Abloh launched his first company, Pyrex Vision. He purchased deadstock clothing from Ralph Lauren for $40, screen-printed designs on them and sold them for prices upward of $550. He closed the company down a year later as he did not intend it to be a commercial enterprise, but an artistic experiment. 2013–2017: Off-White and mainstream success In a large part streetwear is seen as cheap. What my goal has been is to add an intellectual layer to it and make it credible —Abloh on the inspiration behind founding high-end streetwear label, Off-White. Abloh founded his first fashion house and second business overall in 2013 with the high-end streetwear brand Off-White, designing a logo inspired by Ben Kelly. Based in Milan, Italy, the company was described by Abloh as "the gray area between black and white as the color off-white" to investors and fashion critics. During the launch of his brand, he received help from the New Guards Group, who also assisted many other designers and brands, such as Palm Angels, Heron Preston, and Marcelo Burlon. Abloh said his first Off-White collection was inspired by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's floating glass home, Farnsworth House, and presented it with references to the Baroque artist Caravaggio and the early 20th century German design studio The Bauhaus. The brand lead generated widespread attention for his apparel beginning in Paris, then expanding to China, Japan, and the United States. The clothing line can be identified through its use of quotation marks, zip-ties, capital letters, and barricade tape. He launched the company's women's wear line in 2014 and showed the collections at Paris Fashion Week. His line was selected as a finalist for the LVMH Prize, an industry award, but lost to Marques'Almeida and Jacquemus. Abloh launched his first concept store for Off-White in Hong Kong in 2014. He opened his second store in Tokyo, Japan, where he started the company's furniture arm, Grey Area, followed by stores in Singapore and New York. Through Abloh's re-designing he exercised his self-made rule of only editing the shoes 3% of the way because he was intrigued by still maintaining the original design of the shoe. 2013–2018: Off-White and collaborations By the end of 2018, an index of sales and consumer sentiment ranked Off-White as the hottest label in the world, surpassing Gucci. Virgil also partnered up with the Swedish furniture company IKEA to design furniture for apartments and houses as well as easy to carry tote bags with the word sculpture imprinted in the middle. The collection was named Markerad, which is a Swedish word meaning "clear-cut; crisp; pronounced", and was released in 2019. Virgil envisioned that the collection would include practical furniture featuring contemporary designs. In 2017, he was asked to design a new collection in conjunction with Nike entitled "The Ten" and he re-designed a variety of the company's best-selling shoes. Abloh worked towards fulfilling his vision for the IKEA collection by sketching out drafts of generic pieces of furniture, while adding his own aesthetics to the designs by using a doorstop to level out furniture items. Abloh worked on designs for chairs, coffee tables, beds, storage cabinets, mirrors, and carpets as part of his collaboration with IKEA. Abloh used quotation marks to convey detachment from society and social norms. During the rise in neo-nationalism in 2017 Abloh worked with conceptual artist Jenny Holzer to create a line emphasizing the positive aspects of immigration, cultural integration, and globalization. In December 2017, he worked with Holzer again to design T-shirts for Planned Parenthood in response to the Women's March on Washington. 2018–2021: Louis Vuitton Abloh incorporated the LV logo in his debut menswear collection for the brand. On March 25, 2018, Abloh was named artistic director of Louis Vuitton's menswear ready-to-wear line, making him the first person of African descent to lead the brand's menswear line, as well as one of the few black designers at the helm of a major French fashion house. Upon his acceptance of the position, he stated, "It is an honor for me to accept this position. I find the heritage and creative integrity of the house are key inspirations and will look to reference them both while drawing parallels to modern times". Abloh showed his first collection for Louis Vuitton at the 2018 Men's Fashion Week at the Palais-Royal gardens in Paris. Rihanna was the first well known person to wear Abloh prior to this watershed show. Playboi Carti, Steve Lacy, A$AP Nast, Dev Hynes, and Kid Cudi walked the runway for Abloh's debut Vuitton show. Abloh was in high demand thereafter for his designs, creating an original outfit designed for Serena Williams to wear throughout the 2018 US Open, a collaboration with Nike. On June 5, 2018, Abloh released a special collaboration with the luggage manufacturer Rimowa, a transparent suitcase in a limited edition. In March 2019, Abloh collaborated with IKEA to start making furniture for millennials, ranging from cabinets, rugs, coffee tables, and chairs. Abloh incorporated different elements of style, such as his quotation marks around certain words and putting it on different articles of clothing, and in this case different types of furniture. For example, Abloh created a "Door Stop Interruption" on a chair by adding a doorstop on one of the chair legs to make it elevated. One of Abloh's most popular items is the Frakta Bag. It is beige with the text "SCULPTURE" imprinted on the side. In March 2019 Abloh teamed up with SSENSE to release a workout collection. This collection contained a variety of workout clothes ranging from; matching leggings and sports bras, athletic sweaters, and crop tops. The collection incorporated some of Abloh's signature designs by including the Off-White yellow sign wrapping around the waist of the pants and bottom of the sports bras. Abloh also included a three-dimensional addition of his four-way arrows, creating a cross, on the front of the tops and pants. "I now have a platform to change the industry . . . We’re designers, so we can start a trend, we can highlight issues, we can make a lot of people focus on something or we can cause a lot of people to focus on ourselves. . . I’m not interested in (the latter). I’m interested in using my platform as one of a very small group of African-American males to design a house, to sort of show people in a poetic way. -- Virgil Abloh (2018) Abloh was featured in conversation with his friend and frequent collaborator Takashi Murakami on the cover of the fall 2018 issue of Cultured magazine. In 2019, Abloh was appointed to the board of directors of The Council of Fashion Designers of America. The council seeks to promote the American fashion industry. Abloh created a custom Off-White gown and veil for Hailey Bieber's wedding day. On the veil, he included his famous quotation marks design around the words "till death do us part". In July 2021, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton announced it would be taking a 60% stake in Off-White, with founder Abloh, then the creative director of menswear for Louis Vuitton, retaining the remaining 40%. At the same time, Abloh was given greater creative control across the LVMH brand. Art Abloh worked frequently with Japanese artist Takashi Murakami. Abloh was given a solo art show in Murakami's Kaikai Kiki art gallery in Tokyo, Japan. Pieces of their artwork were showcased together at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago and Murakami's shop Oz Zingaro in Tokyo. In 2018, Abloh and Murakami collaborated on a series of exhibitions at Gagosian Gallery's outposts in London, Paris, and Beverly Hills. In 2019, Abloh introduced the MCA speech campaign for the CTA's Red Line train wrap. Abloh showcased an installation and billboard commission at the Spazio Maiocchi in Milan, Italy where he gave a speech on streetwear becoming "...the next global art movement”. Abloh's first solo art exhibition occurred at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago in 2019. This show featured a large scale sculpture of Kanye West's Yeezus cover art and repeated photographs of Chief Keef wearing a Supreme t-shirt designed by Abloh. After Chicago, Virgil Abloh: Figures of Speech traveled to the High Museum of Art, the Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston, and Qatar Museums, as part of the Qatar-USA 2021 Year of Culture. The exhibition was intended to offer a mid-career retrospective of Abloh's endeavors in art, design and music. The Brooklyn Museum displayed Figures of Speech from July 1, 2022 – January 29, 2023. Brooklyn's edition of the exhibition spanned the two decades of the artist’s practice, including collaborations with artist Takashi Murakami, musician Kanye West, and architect Rem Koolhaas, among others; material from his fashion label Off-White; and items from Louis Vuitton, where he served as the first Black menswear artistic director. The installation also offered a space for gathering and performances, designed to counter the historical lack of space afforded to Black artists and Black people in cultural institutions. Music Abloh's interest in music led him to DJing beginning in his teens. He DJ'd at house parties throughout high school and college. His influences included DJ's A-Trak, Benji B, and Gilles Peterson. Over the years, Abloh gained recognition as a DJ and started playing shows internationally. He played at Hi Ibiza and was also booked for the 2019 edition of the Tomorrowland festival. Abloh released his first single "Orvnge" with German DJ/producer Boys Noize in January 2018. In June 2019, Abloh was named to a DJ residency at Wynn Las Vegas's XS Nightclub, with Wynn also agreeing to open an Off-White store. In May 2019 Pioneer, maker of DJ consoles, announced its collaboration with Abloh in design of its transparent CDJ-2000NXS2 and DJM-900NXS2 models. The consoles were displayed at Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art in the Figures of Speech Exhibition. In June 2020, Abloh designed the original cover for Pop Smoke album, Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon. The original cover came under heavy criticism from fans. On July 2, a new cover, designed by Ryder Ripps, was revealed along with the album's release. Abloh also worked on album art for artists ASAP Rocky, Lil Uzi Vert's Luv Is Rage 2, Kanye West's Yeezus, Kid Cudi, and Westside Gunn. In 2021, he launched a new monthly two-hour internet radio show on Worldwide FM, "Imaginary Radio" c/o Virgil Abloh. The show featured DJ sets and interviews with musicians and other creatives; early guests included artists like electronic artist Omar-S and Alex Sowinski of BadBadNotGood. He previously had a show on Apple Music 1 called "TELEVISED RADIO". Five episodes were released between 2018 and 2020. In 2021, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) published "You Can Do It Too": Songs for, by, and with Virgil Abloh. Controversies Abloh noted that one of his principles is that a new design can be created by changing an original by only three percent. He described his approach as being "ironic detachment" and that Duchamp's precedent "gives him the grounds to copy and paste, to take and to re-apply". This philosophy caused Abloh to be accused of plagiarism and appropriation. The originality of Off-White's logo design with its alternating parallel diagonal lines has been contested by a number of parties, including Ben Kelly, who popularized this graphic in the early 1980s. Fashion blog Diet Prada has compared several of Abloh's designs, from chairs to apparel, with existing designs. Abloh's fall/winter 2019 collection was based on his "ultimate muse", Michael Jackson. The launch occurred one week prior to the release of Leaving Neverland at the Sundance Film Festival. In response, Louis Vuitton announced they would not produce any items that directly featured Michael Jackson elements. Abloh also received criticism in early 2019 when images of his Off-White team suggested a lack of cultural diversity at his head office. In 2019, LVMH recorded a 20% growth in sales that were in part attributed to his appointment. However, in December 2019 Abloh predicted that streetwear would die in 2020 as people moved to vintage clothing. On the March 2020 launch of his collaboration with Japanese streetwear designer Nigo, Abloh retracted his earlier comments clarifying that he was only riffing, describing himself as a novice. During the George Floyd protests in mid-2020, Abloh attracted criticism after posting on social media a screenshot showing that he had made a $50 donation to Miami-based art collective (F)empower to go towards protesters' legal costs, adding that he was "crazy inspired". He later said on Instagram that "I can understand your frustration if you think my contributions were limited to $50... purely false when it comes to the total. I have donated $20,500 to bail funds and other causes related to this movement," and continued, "I will continue to donate more and will continue to use my voice to urge my peers to do the same." Abloh also subsequently stated that the looting of businesses during the George Floyd protests was an example of why streetwear "is dead". Philanthropy In 2020, he established the Virgil Abloh "Post-Modern" Scholarship Fund. Abloh raised $1 million for the scholarships which will be managed by the Fashion Scholarship Fund to assist Black students. In July 2020, Abloh's brand Off-White launched a fundraising program called "I Support Young Black Businesses" that sold Hoodies and T-Shirts with “I Support Young Black Businesses” written on them. All of those proceeds went to an organization called Chicago CRED, aimed to diminish gun violence. Also that year, with Nike he finished the redesign and renovations of the Boys and Girls Club facility in East Garfield Park, Chicago. Abloh spent significant amounts of his time to mentor and provide mentoring resources to young designers. Awards and honors Abloh received his first major award in 2011 when his work designing the cover art for American rappers Jay-Z and Kanye West's collaborative album Watch the Throne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package. In 2015, Abloh (for Off-White) was one of the finalists for the LVMH Prize. Abloh was the only American designer to be nominated for the award that year. Abloh's Charlie Hebdo-inspired "War is Not Over!" tees as well as his toppers from his fall 2015 women's collection gained him the most traction. He received the Urban Luxe award at the 2017 British Fashion Awards. He also won International designer of the Year at the GQ Men of the Year awards in 2017. Abloh's Off-White Air Jordan "the Ten" collaboration won 2017's Shoe of the Year and he received the nod for Accessory Designer of the Year. Abloh was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2018, one of two designers named that year. In the Time issue, Japanese artist Takashi Murakami wrote that Abloh's impressive achievements led to his listing. In December 2018, Abloh was honored as a leading innovator by Ebony Power 100. Abloh was also nominated for 2019 Menswear Designer of the Year. Personal life and death Abloh met his wife, Shannon Sundberg in high school, where they began dating. After 10 years of dating, Abloh and Sundberg married in Chicago in 2009. Abloh lived in Chicago with his wife and their two children. In 2019, Abloh was diagnosed with cardiac angiosarcoma, a rare type of cancer, though he kept the diagnosis private. He died on November 28, 2021, at the age of 41, in Chicago. With the family's permission, LVMH paid tribute to Abloh at their planned November 30 spin-out fashion show in Miami, with a theme of "Virgil was here". Kanye West, Kim Kardashian, Rihanna, ASAP Rocky, Bella Hadid, Pharrell Williams, Tahar Rahim, Venus Williams, Joe Jonas, Ricky Martin, Jeremy Pope, 21 Savage, Joan Smalls, and Bernard Arnault attended the tribute. Louis Vuitton dedicated its window displays worldwide, also using the dedication "Virgil was here". Kanye West later led a tribute to Abloh at his Sunday Service event with the song Easy On Me by Adele on November 28, 2021. Abloh's funeral service took place on December 6, 2021, in Chicago, with Drake, Rihanna, West, Kardashian, Kid Cudi, Tyler, the Creator, ASAP Rocky, Frank Ocean, Vic Mensa, Lauryn Hill, Don C, and Jerry Lorenzo in attendance amongst his family and other close friends. Books Insert Complicated Title Here (2018) Virgil Abloh. Nike. ICONS (2020) Abloh-isms (2021) Virgil Abloh: Figures of Speech (2022) References ^ a b c Friedman, Vanessa (July 20, 2021). "Virgil Abloh Gets a Seat at the Power Table". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 30, 2021. ^ Hyman, Dan (May 23, 2019). "Virgil Abloh Has Designs on High Culture". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 13, 2019. ^ a b c d Grobe, Max (March 28, 2018). "How Virgil Abloh Went From DJing to the World's Biggest Luxury House: a Timeline". Highsnobiety. Retrieved April 1, 2019. ^ a b Friedman, Vanessa (November 28, 2021). "Virgil Abloh, Bold Designer of Men's Wear, Dies at 41". The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2021. ^ Gallagher, Jacob (November 29, 2021). "Virgil Abloh Left an Outsize Impact on Global Fashion and Culture". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 29, 2021. ^ "Virgil Abloh: How he 'helped black people dream in fashion'". BBC News. November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Yotka, Steff (March 28, 2018). "A Brief History of Virgil Abloh's Meteoric Rise". Vogue. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ a b c Friedman, Vanessa; Paton, Elizabeth (March 26, 2018). "Louis Vuitton Names Virgil Abloh as Its New Men's Wear Designer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ "5 things you need to know about Virgil Abloh". Trace.tv (in French). March 30, 2018. Archived from the original on March 24, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2018. ^ Rock, Michael (February 6, 2017). "Virgil Abloh – Columbia GSAPP". archcolumbia.edu. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ a b Connor, Andrew (December 16, 2021). "Remembering Alumnus Virgil Abloh, a Pioneering Designer Inspired by Architecture". Illinois Institute of Technology. Retrieved May 31, 2022. ^ "The Brilliance!". thebrilliance.com. Retrieved December 17, 2019. ^ a b Johnson, Steve (June 5, 2019). "Virgil Abloh's journey – from T-shirts to Kanye West to Louis Vuitton – now stops at the MCA for an exhibit devoted to the Rockford artist". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 13, 2019. ^ "A Timeline of RSVP Gallery, Chicago's Flyest Boutique Shop". Complex. Retrieved October 28, 2022. ^ "A History of Virgil Abloh's Album Covers". Complex Networks. ^ Morency, Christopher (September 29, 2016). "The Unlikely Success of Virgil Abloh". The Business of Fashion. Retrieved April 23, 2018. ^ Obrist, Hans-Ulrich (November 30, 2017). "What is Virgil Abloh ?". BURO. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020. ^ a b St. Felix, Doreen (March 11, 2019). "Virgil Abloh, Menswear's Biggest Star". The New Yorker. ^ a b c d Agostinho Zinga (October 28, 2017), Virgil Abloh's Lecture at Harvard's Graduate School of Design, retrieved April 1, 2019 ^ "Virgil Abloh teases a rug from Ikea and Off-White collaboration". Curbed. Retrieved April 8, 2018. ^ "Virgil Abloh Gives a Master Class on His IKEA Collaboration Design Process | Architectural Digest". Architectural Digest. Retrieved April 8, 2018. ^ Leach, Alec (August 30, 2017). "Why Does Virgil Abloh Put Everything in "QUOTES?"". Highsnobiety. Retrieved May 4, 2018. ^ Madsen, Susanne (June 16, 2017). "Virgil Abloh on getting political with Jenny Holzer". Dazed. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ Mak, Hunter (December 1, 2017). "Virgil Abloh & Jenny Holzer Create T-Shirt for Planned Parenthood". HYPEBEAST. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ "Louis Vuitton Appoints Virgil Abloh As Its New Menswear Designer". Harper's BAZAAR. March 26, 2018. Retrieved April 25, 2018. ^ Virgil Abloh Debuts First-Ever Louis Vuitton Men's Collection At Fashion Week in Paris Omari White, newsweek.com 6/21/18 ^ V is for Virgil: Abloh makes debut for Louis Vuitton in Paris Scarlett Conlon, theguardian.com June 21, 2018 ^ Virgil Abloh Writes New Chapter at Louis Vuitton Joelle Diderich, Women's Wear Daily, June 20, 2018. ^ "Of Course Rihanna Is the First to Wear Virgil Abloh's Louis Vuitton". Vogue. Retrieved June 26, 2018. ^ Hahn, Rachel (June 21, 2018). "Playboi Carti, Steve Lacy, and More Musicians Who Walked Virgil Abloh's First Louis Vuitton Show". Vogue. Retrieved December 6, 2022. ^ Hargrove, Channing (August 22, 2018). "Serena Williams Talks Wearing Nike X Off-White To The U.S. Open". Refinery29. Retrieved October 9, 2018. ^ "Rimowa Has Made a $1,000 See-Through Suitcase". Bloomberg. June 5, 2018. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ^ McGarrigle, Lia. "Here Is the Full Virgil Abloh x IKEA Collection With Pricing Details". HIGHSNOBIETY. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ Gibson, Eleanor (May 2018). "IKEA offers first look at furniture designed for millennials by Virgil Abloh". Dezeen. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ Hopkins, Mayzie (March 28, 2019). "Off-White's first fitness collection is here". VMagazine. Retrieved April 11, 2019. ^ "SSENSE : Off-White "WORKOUT" Capsule". YouTube. March 29, 2019. Retrieved April 11, 2019. ^ Yasharoff, Hannah. "Virgil Abloh, trailblazing Louis Vuitton director, dies after private cancer battle at 41". Retrieved November 30, 2021. ^ Roffino, Sara (September 2018). "Virgil Abloh and Takashi Murakami are Changing the Conversation One Collaboration at a Time". Cultured magazine. Retrieved February 17, 2019. ^ Karimzedah, Marc (September 3, 2019). "Meet the New CFDA Board Members". cfda.com. Retrieved September 4, 2019. ^ Newbold, Alice (July 9, 2019). "Everything We Know About Justin Bieber And Hailey Baldwin's Wedding". British Vogue. Retrieved November 3, 2019. ^ Dalton, Matthew (July 20, 2021). "Virgil Abloh Sells Off-White to LVMH, Deepening Ties With Luxury Conglomerate". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ Dalton, Matthew (March 26, 2018). "Louis Vuitton Appoints Virgil Abloh as New Creative Director". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 20, 2021. ^ Cowen, Trace William. "Virgil Abloh's First Solo Art Show Debuts at Takashi Murakami's Tokyo Gallery This Month". Complex. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ Murakami & Abloh: future history, February 21 – April 7, 2018 Gagosian Gallery. ^ Foreman, Katya (June 23, 2018). "Virgil Abloh and Takashi Murakami Talk Making Art Via WhatsApp". WWD. Retrieved April 12, 2019. ^ Therrien, Allison (September 13, 2018). "Murakami & Abloh "America Too"". Gagosian. Retrieved April 8, 2019. ^ The train station in Chicago on the account Instagram of @virgilabloh ^ MCA Checks In: Virgil Abloh ^ @claire_voon (June 7, 2019). "looks like chicago is, uh, getting some Virgil Abloh CTA art" (Tweet). Retrieved December 29, 2021 – via Twitter. ^ a b Figures of Speech ^ Thin Red Line Documentation ^ "KALEIDOSCOPE Issue 33 Takeover — Spazio Maiocchi". www.spaziomaiocchi.com. October 20, 2018. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ "Kaleidoscope Presents". Slam Jam. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ "Virgil Abloh presenting new art installation in Milan". nss magazine. Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ a b "New Supreme Box Logo Worn by Chief Keef at Virgil Abloh Exhibit". Hypebeast. June 7, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ Sheppard, Carrie (June 11, 2019). "Designer Virgil Abloh's Artistic Touch On Display In New Exhibit In Chicago". All Things Considered - National Public Radio. Retrieved June 12, 2019. ^ "MCA - Virgil Abloh: "Figures of Speech" | Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago". mcachicago.org. Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ "Brooklyn Museum: Virgil Abloh: "Figures of Speech"". www.brooklynmuseum.org. Retrieved October 28, 2022. ^ "Virgil Abloh: "Figures of Speech"". High Museum of Art. Retrieved November 20, 2022. ^ "Virgil Abloh's "Figures of Speech" Will Open in Qatar Next Month". HYPEBEAST. October 7, 2021. Retrieved November 30, 2021. ^ Sheckells, Melinda (June 10, 2019). "Inside the New Chicago Exhibit Dedicated to Fashion Designer Virgil Abloh". Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved June 21, 2019. ^ "Brooklyn Museum: Virgil Abloh: "Figures of Speech"". ^ "Virgil Abloh Speaks on His Origins as a DJ". HYPEBEAST. July 20, 2016. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Bakare, Lanre (July 12, 2016). "Virgil Abloh on DJing and streetwear: 'Fashion is about to take a left turn'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Torà, Pol (April 24, 2019). "Tomorrowland announces new wave of artists". We Rave You. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ "Fashion Star Virgil Abloh Drops First Single 'Orvnge' With Boys Noize: Listen". Billboard. January 26, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Bien, Kat (June 20, 2019). "Virgil Abloh Announces DJ Residency & Off-White Store at Wynn Las Vegas". Billboard. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ "New collaboration: Pioneer DJ c/o Virgil Abloh - News - Pioneer DJ News". Pioneer DJ. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Thüne, Phil (May 23, 2019). "PIONEER DJ unveil brand-new transparent DJ equipment". We Rave You. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Hussey, Allison (July 3, 2020). "Pop Smoke's Posthumous New Album Shoot for the Stars Aim for the Moon Released". Pitchfork. Retrieved July 16, 2020. ^ "Virgil Abloh Explains How He Made The Album Art For Lil Uzi Vert's Luv Is Rage 2". The FADER. August 24, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2023. ^ "Who Does the 'Yeezus' Artwork Really Belong To?". Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ "A History of Virgil Abloh's Album Covers". Complex. Retrieved February 17, 2022. ^ Imaginary Radio Care of Virgil Abloh (Audio). Worldwide FM. May 13, 2021. 2:38–4:40 minutes in. ^ "Virgil Abloh™ with Omar S and Alex from BadBadNotGood | WorldwideFM". worldwidefm.net. Retrieved June 11, 2021. ^ ""TELEVISED RADIO" on Apple Music". Apple Music. Retrieved June 11, 2021. ^ "Virgil Abloh Returns With Episode "4" of "TELEVISED RADIO"". HYPEBEAST. December 8, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2021. ^ Yotka, Steff (June 15, 2018). "Exclusive: Virgil Abloh Is Launching His Own Beats 1 Radio Show on Apple Music". Vogue. Retrieved June 11, 2021. ^ Hernandez, Arlette (December 6, 2021). ""You Can Do It Too": Songs for, by, and with Virgil Abloh | Magazine | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved November 20, 2022. ^ Thorpe, Harriet (June 18, 2018). "Virgil Abloh, The Incidents Book". Wallpaper Magazine. ^ Delistraty, Cody (January 21, 2018). "The Endless Appropriations of Virgil Abloh". Garage Magazine. ^ Marcus, Ezra. "Belgian Designer Accuses Virgil Abloh of Copying. Again". New York Times. ^ "Off-White and Paige have put their multi-faceted fight over Stripes to Bed". The Fashion Law. October 29, 2018. ^ Stanley, Jack (October 17, 2018). "Ben Kelly on the Hacienda's Legacy & Working with Virgil Abloh". Hypebeast. ^ St. Felix, Doreen (March 11, 2019). "Virgil Abloh, Menswear's Biggest Star". The New Yorker. ^ Mondalek, Alexandra (March 14, 2019). "Louis Vuitton has a Michael Jackson Problem". Business of Fashion. ^ "Louis Vuitton addresses Michael Jackson Controversy". WWD. March 14, 2019. ^ Penrose, Nerisha (May 3, 2019). "Virgil Abloh responds to Off-White's Lack of Diversity Criticism". ELLE Magazine. ^ Williams, Robert (July 24, 2019). "LVMH Gains to Record as Louis Vuitton, Dior Fuel Growth". Bloomberg. ^ Hope Allwood, Emma (December 17, 2019). "Virgil Abloh: Streetwear? It's definitely gonna die". Dazed Magazine. ^ Phelps, Nicole (March 9, 2020). "Virgil Abloh Shares Pics of His LV² Collaboration With Nigo and Clarifies That "Streetwear Is Dead" Comment". Vogue Magazine. ^ "Louis Vuitton designer apologises for comments on U.S. protests". Reuters. June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Elan, Priya (June 1, 2020). "Virgil Abloh criticised for response to looting during George Floyd protests". The Guardian. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ a b Friedman, Vanessa; Paton, Elizabeth (June 1, 2020). "The Virgil Abloh Backlash". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2020. ^ Lustig, Hanna (June 1, 2020). 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"Virgil Abloh's deep roots in Chicago". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved November 30, 2021. ^ Kambhampaty, Anna P. (December 2, 2021). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. {{cite book}}: |newspaper= ignored (help) ^ "This Just In: Meet the LVMH Prize Finalists". March 17, 2015. ^ "Qui sont les lauréats des Fashion Awards 2017 à Londres ?". Vogue France. Retrieved March 19, 2024. ^ "Virgil Abloh and Asap Rocky at The 2017 GQ Australian Men of the Year Awards". PAUSE. November 23, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019. ^ Carballo, Charlie (March 20, 2019). "Virgil Abloh and Tabitha Simmons Are Among the CFDA Awards Nominees". Footwear News. Retrieved April 1, 2019. ^ Wolf, Cam (April 19, 2018). "Virgil Abloh Is One of Time's 100 Most Influential People in the World". GQ. Retrieved April 21, 2018. ^ Murakami, Takashi. "Virgil Abloh". Time. Retrieved April 1, 2019. ^ "Ebony Power 100 2018: The List". Ebony. Retrieved December 1, 2021. ^ Carballo, Charlie (March 19, 2019). 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Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ "Kanye West, Drake, Tyler, the Creator, and More Attend Virgil Abloh's Funeral in Chicago". Complex. Retrieved December 7, 2021. ^ "Virgil Abloh Funeral: Kanye West, Drake, and More Attend". BET. Retrieved October 9, 2022. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virgil Abloh. Caramanica, Jon (August 24, 2019). "Can Virgil Abloh Fit in a Museum?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 4, 2019. Darling, Michael (2019). Virgil Abloh: Figures of Speech Special Edition. DelMonico Books·Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-5900-7. Yotka, Steff (August 30, 2019). "Before Vogue's Forces of Fashion Event, Hear Virgil Abloh in his Own Words". Vogue. Condé Nast. Retrieved September 8, 2019. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Japan Netherlands Academics CiNii Artists Grammy Awards MusicBrainz Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablo"},{"link_name":"/ˈæbloʊ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"fashion designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design"},{"link_name":"chief executive officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_executive_officer"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Off-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-White_(company)"},{"link_name":"artistic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_director"},{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton"},{"link_name":"LVMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vfreidman-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"street fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_fashion"},{"link_name":"Fendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fendi"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vfreidman-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hyman-2"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"100 most influential people in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"streetwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetwear"},{"link_name":"luxury clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designer_clothing"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-4"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"\"Abloh\" redirects here. For the social networking service, see Ablo.Virgil Abloh (/ˈæbloʊ/; September 30, 1980 – November 28, 2021) was an American fashion designer and entrepreneur. He began his own line of luxury streetwear clothing, Pyrex Vision, in 2012, and became the chief executive officer of the Milan-based label Off-White, a fashion house he founded in 2013. Abloh was also the artistic director of Louis Vuitton's menswear collection beginning in 2018, and was given increased creative responsibilities across the LVMH brand in early 2021.[1]A trained architect, Abloh, who also worked in Chicago street fashion, entered the world of international fashion with an internship at Fendi in 2009, alongside American rapper Kanye West. Abloh assumed the role of Creative Director at Donda, West's creative agency in 2010.The first African-American to be artistic director at a French luxury fashion house when he joined LVMH in 2018,[1][2] Abloh was named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world that year.[3] Abloh's design aesthetic which bridged streetwear and luxury clothing was described as transformative by The New York Times.[4] According to The Wall Street Journal, he reached a level of global fame unusual for a designer,[5] and as an inspirational figure, according to the BBC.[6]","title":"Virgil Abloh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rockford, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"seamstress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressmaker"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Boylan Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boylan_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Master of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Illinois Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Rem Koolhaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas"},{"link_name":"Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prada"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Crown Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Hall"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connor-11"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Lake Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Connor-11"},{"link_name":"blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-13"}],"text":"Virgil Abloh was born on September 30, 1980, in Rockford, Illinois, to parents from Ghana.[7] His mother was a seamstress[8] and his father managed a paint company.[9] From his mother, he learned how to sew. Abloh was raised in Rockford, where he attended Boylan Catholic High School, graduating in 1998.[7] He graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 2002 with a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering.[7] He received his Master of Architecture at the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) in 2006.[10] When Abloh was attending IIT, there was a building on campus under construction designed by the architect Rem Koolhaas (who had also worked on runway collections for Prada). Koolhaas's building helped spark his interest in fashion.[7] Abloh was further inspired by Crown Hall, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[11] Abloh's master's thesis project involved a design for a Chicago skyscraper, which curved in the direction of Lake Michigan.[11] While studying architecture, he also designed T-shirts and wrote on fashion and design for a blog, The Brilliance.[12][13] Abloh first met musician Kanye West while working on his designs at a Chicago print shop.[13]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"interned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern"},{"link_name":"Fendi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fendi"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"CEO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Don C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_C"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"creative director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_director"},{"link_name":"creative agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_agency"},{"link_name":"Donda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donda_(company)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"artistic director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Watch the Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_the_Throne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"WZRD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZRD_(band)"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZRD_(album)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"deadstock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_clothing#Deadstock"},{"link_name":"Ralph Lauren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_Ralph_Lauren"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"}],"sub_title":"2009–2013: Rise to prominence","text":"After getting his architecture degree Abloh interned at Fendi in the same class as rapper Kanye West in 2009.[7] Placed in the company's Rome, Italy office, the two began a collaborative relationship.[7] During his work with the rapper and designer, Abloh caught the eye of the Louis Vuitton CEO, Michael Burke.[7] Later that year, Abloh and West's artistic partner, Don C, launched a retail store, called the RSVP Gallery,[14] located in Chicago.[7] The store became known for carrying a mixture of fashion apparel, and for its reflection of Abloh's style on his design for the store interior.[7] A year later, West appointed Abloh the creative director of his creative agency, Donda.[7]In 2011, West asked him to serve as the artistic director for the 2011 Jay-Z/West album Watch the Throne, earning the designer a Grammy nomination.[7] In 2012, Abloh designed the cover art for WZRD's self-titled debut.[15] In 2012, Abloh launched his first company, Pyrex Vision.[7] He purchased deadstock clothing from Ralph Lauren for $40, screen-printed designs on them and sold them for prices upward of $550.[7] He closed the company down a year later as he did not intend it to be a commercial enterprise, but an artistic experiment.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"streetwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetwear"},{"link_name":"high-end","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"Off-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-White_(company)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"streetwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetwear"},{"link_name":"Off-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-White_(company)"},{"link_name":"Ben Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kelly_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"gray area between black and white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grayscale"},{"link_name":"off-white","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shades_of_white"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"New Guards Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guards_Group"},{"link_name":"Heron Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron_Preston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Mies van der Rohe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe"},{"link_name":"Farnsworth House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnsworth_House"},{"link_name":"Caravaggio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravaggio"},{"link_name":"Bauhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StFeilx-18"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"quotation marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_mark"},{"link_name":"barricade tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barricade_tape"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Paris Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"LVMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH"},{"link_name":"Marques'Almeida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marques%27Almeida"},{"link_name":"Jacquemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Porte_Jacquemus"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"}],"sub_title":"2013–2017: Off-White and mainstream success","text":"In a large part streetwear is seen as cheap. What my goal has been is to add an intellectual layer to it and make it credible\n\n\n—Abloh on the inspiration behind founding high-end streetwear label, Off-White.[16]Abloh founded his first fashion house and second business overall in 2013 with the high-end streetwear brand Off-White, designing a logo inspired by Ben Kelly.[17][7] Based in Milan, Italy, the company was described by Abloh as \"the gray area between black and white as the color off-white\" to investors and fashion critics.[7] During the launch of his brand, he received help from the New Guards Group, who also assisted many other designers and brands, such as Palm Angels, Heron Preston, and Marcelo Burlon.[3] Abloh said his first Off-White collection was inspired by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's floating glass home, Farnsworth House, and presented it with references to the Baroque artist Caravaggio and the early 20th century German design studio The Bauhaus.[18] The brand lead generated widespread attention for his apparel beginning in Paris, then expanding to China, Japan, and the United States.[3] The clothing line can be identified through its use of quotation marks, zip-ties, capital letters, and barricade tape.[3] He launched the company's women's wear line in 2014 and showed the collections at Paris Fashion Week.[7] His line was selected as a finalist for the LVMH Prize, an industry award, but lost to Marques'Almeida and Jacquemus.[7] Abloh launched his first concept store for Off-White in Hong Kong in 2014. He opened his second store in Tokyo, Japan, where he started the company's furniture arm, Grey Area,[7] followed by stores in Singapore and New York. Through Abloh's re-designing he exercised his self-made rule of only editing the shoes 3% of the way because he was intrigued by still maintaining the original design of the shoe.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StFeilx-18"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"the company's best-selling shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc.#Products"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"sketching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"quotation marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotation_marks"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"neo-nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-nationalism"},{"link_name":"conceptual artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Jenny Holzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Holzer"},{"link_name":"immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"cultural integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Planned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood"},{"link_name":"Women's March on Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"2013–2018: Off-White and collaborations","text":"By the end of 2018, an index of sales and consumer sentiment ranked Off-White as the hottest label in the world, surpassing Gucci.[18] Virgil also partnered up with the Swedish furniture company IKEA to design furniture for apartments and houses as well as easy to carry tote bags with the word sculpture imprinted in the middle.[20] The collection was named Markerad, which is a Swedish word meaning \"clear-cut; crisp; pronounced\", and was released in 2019.[21] Virgil envisioned that the collection would include practical furniture featuring contemporary designs.[19] In 2017, he was asked to design a new collection in conjunction with Nike entitled \"The Ten\" and he re-designed a variety of the company's best-selling shoes.[7] Abloh worked towards fulfilling his vision for the IKEA collection by sketching out drafts of generic pieces of furniture, while adding his own aesthetics to the designs by using a doorstop to level out furniture items.[19] Abloh worked on designs for chairs, coffee tables, beds, storage cabinets, mirrors, and carpets as part of his collaboration with IKEA.[19] Abloh used quotation marks to convey detachment from society and social norms.[22]\nDuring the rise in neo-nationalism in 2017 Abloh worked with conceptual artist Jenny Holzer to create a line emphasizing the positive aspects of immigration, cultural integration, and globalization.[23] In December 2017, he worked with Holzer again to design T-shirts for Planned Parenthood in response to the Women's March on Washington.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis_Vuitton_or_shortened_to_LV,_is_a_French_fashion_house_founded_in_1854_by_Louis_Vuitton_Photography_by_david_adam_kess,_madrid_2016.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton"},{"link_name":"major French fashion house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_grand_couturiers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton"},{"link_name":"Men's Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men%27s_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Palais-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais-Royal"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Playboi Carti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playboi_Carti"},{"link_name":"Steve Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lacy_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"A$AP Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A$AP_Nast"},{"link_name":"Dev Hynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_Hynes"},{"link_name":"Kid Cudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Serena Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serena_Williams"},{"link_name":"2018 US Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_US_Open_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Rimowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimowa"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"millennials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"doorstop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doorstop"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"SSENSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSENSE"},{"link_name":"crop tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_top"},{"link_name":"Off-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-White_(company)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Takashi Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Murakami"},{"link_name":"Cultured magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cultured_magazine-38"},{"link_name":"Council of Fashion Designers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Fashion_Designers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Hailey Bieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailey_Bieber"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH"},{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vfreidman-1"}],"sub_title":"2018–2021: Louis Vuitton","text":"Abloh incorporated the LV logo in his debut menswear collection for the brand.On March 25, 2018, Abloh was named artistic director of Louis Vuitton's menswear ready-to-wear line, making him the first person of African descent to lead the brand's menswear line, as well as one of the few black designers at the helm of a major French fashion house.[8] Upon his acceptance of the position, he stated, \"It is an honor for me to accept this position. I find the heritage and creative integrity of the house are key inspirations and will look to reference them both while drawing parallels to modern times\".[7] Abloh showed his first collection for Louis Vuitton at the 2018 Men's Fashion Week at the Palais-Royal gardens in Paris.[25][26][27][28] Rihanna was the first well known person to wear Abloh prior to this watershed show.[29] Playboi Carti, Steve Lacy, A$AP Nast, Dev Hynes, and Kid Cudi walked the runway for Abloh's debut Vuitton show.[30] Abloh was in high demand thereafter for his designs, creating an original outfit designed for Serena Williams to wear throughout the 2018 US Open, a collaboration with Nike.[31] On June 5, 2018, Abloh released a special collaboration with the luggage manufacturer Rimowa, a transparent suitcase in a limited edition.[32] In March 2019, Abloh collaborated with IKEA to start making furniture for millennials, ranging from cabinets, rugs, coffee tables, and chairs. Abloh incorporated different elements of style, such as his quotation marks around certain words and putting it on different articles of clothing, and in this case different types of furniture.[33] For example, Abloh created a \"Door Stop Interruption\" on a chair by adding a doorstop on one of the chair legs to make it elevated. One of Abloh's most popular items is the Frakta Bag. It is beige with the text \"SCULPTURE\" imprinted on the side.[34] In March 2019 Abloh teamed up with SSENSE to release a workout collection. This collection contained a variety of workout clothes ranging from; matching leggings and sports bras, athletic sweaters, and crop tops. The collection incorporated some of Abloh's signature designs by including the Off-White yellow sign wrapping around the waist of the pants and bottom of the sports bras.[35] Abloh also included a three-dimensional addition of his four-way arrows, creating a cross, on the front of the tops and pants.[36]\"I now have a platform to change the industry . . . We’re designers, so we can start a trend, we can highlight issues, we can make a lot of people focus on something or we can cause a lot of people to focus on ourselves. . . I’m not interested in (the latter). I’m interested in using my platform as one of a very small group of African-American males to design a house, to sort of show people in a poetic way. \n\n\n-- Virgil Abloh (2018)[37]Abloh was featured in conversation with his friend and frequent collaborator Takashi Murakami on the cover of the fall 2018 issue of Cultured magazine.[38]In 2019, Abloh was appointed to the board of directors of The Council of Fashion Designers of America. The council seeks to promote the American fashion industry.[39]Abloh created a custom Off-White gown and veil for Hailey Bieber's wedding day. On the veil, he included his famous quotation marks design around the words \"till death do us part\".[40]In July 2021, LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton announced it would be taking a 60% stake in Off-White, with founder Abloh, then the creative director of menswear for Louis Vuitton, retaining the remaining 40%.[41][42] At the same time, Abloh was given greater creative control across the LVMH brand.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Takashi Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Murakami"},{"link_name":"Tokyo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Gagosian Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Beverly Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Hills"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"CTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(CTA)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypebeast.com-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Yeezus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeezus"},{"link_name":"Chief Keef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Keef"},{"link_name":"Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hypebeast.com-55"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-50"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"High Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Contemporary_Art,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Qatar Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Museums"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"The Brooklyn Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum"},{"link_name":"Rem Koolhaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rem_Koolhaas"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Art","text":"Abloh worked frequently with Japanese artist Takashi Murakami. Abloh was given a solo art show in Murakami's Kaikai Kiki art gallery in Tokyo, Japan. Pieces of their artwork were showcased together at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago and Murakami's shop Oz Zingaro in Tokyo.[43] In 2018, Abloh and Murakami collaborated on a series of exhibitions at Gagosian Gallery's outposts in London,[44] Paris,[45] and Beverly Hills.[46] In 2019, Abloh introduced the MCA speech campaign for the CTA's Red Line train wrap.[47][48][49][50][51]Abloh showcased an installation and billboard commission at the Spazio Maiocchi in Milan, Italy where he gave a speech on streetwear becoming \"...the next global art movement”.[52][53][54] Abloh's first solo art exhibition occurred at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago in 2019.[55][56] This show featured a large scale sculpture of Kanye West's Yeezus cover art and repeated photographs of Chief Keef wearing a Supreme t-shirt designed by Abloh.[57][55][50] After Chicago, Virgil Abloh: Figures of Speech[58] traveled to the High Museum of Art,[59] the Institute of Contemporary Art/Boston, and Qatar Museums, as part of the Qatar-USA 2021 Year of Culture.[60] The exhibition was intended to offer a mid-career retrospective of Abloh's endeavors in art, design and music.[61] The Brooklyn Museum displayed Figures of Speech from July 1, 2022 – January 29, 2023. Brooklyn's edition of the exhibition spanned the two decades of the artist’s practice, including collaborations with artist Takashi Murakami, musician Kanye West, and architect Rem Koolhaas, among others; material from his fashion label Off-White; and items from Louis Vuitton, where he served as the first Black menswear artistic director. The installation also offered a space for gathering and performances, designed to counter the historical lack of space afforded to Black artists and Black people in cultural institutions.[62]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DJing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"A-Trak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-Trak"},{"link_name":"Benji B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benji_B"},{"link_name":"Gilles Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Peterson"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Hi Ibiza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AF_Ibiza"},{"link_name":"Tomorrowland festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomorrowland_(festival)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Wynn Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynn_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_DJ"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Museum of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Pop Smoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Smoke"},{"link_name":"Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_for_the_Stars,_Aim_for_the_Moon"},{"link_name":"Ryder Ripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryder_Ripps"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"ASAP Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Rocky"},{"link_name":"Lil Uzi Vert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lil_Uzi_Vert"},{"link_name":"Luv Is Rage 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luv_Is_Rage_2"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Yeezus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeezus"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Kid Cudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi"},{"link_name":"Westside Gunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westside_Gunn"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"internet radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_radio"},{"link_name":"Worldwide FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldwide_FM"},{"link_name":"Omar-S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar-S"},{"link_name":"Alex Sowinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sowinski"},{"link_name":"BadBadNotGood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BadBadNotGood"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"Apple Music 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Music_1"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"Abloh's interest in music led him to DJing beginning in his teens. He DJ'd at house parties throughout high school and college.[63] His influences included DJ's A-Trak, Benji B, and Gilles Peterson.[64] Over the years, Abloh gained recognition as a DJ and started playing shows internationally. He played at Hi Ibiza and was also booked for the 2019 edition of the Tomorrowland festival.[65] Abloh released his first single \"Orvnge\" with German DJ/producer Boys Noize in January 2018.[66] In June 2019, Abloh was named to a DJ residency at Wynn Las Vegas's XS Nightclub, with Wynn also agreeing to open an Off-White store.[67]In May 2019 Pioneer, maker of DJ consoles, announced its collaboration with Abloh in design of its transparent CDJ-2000NXS2 and DJM-900NXS2 models.[68] The consoles were displayed at Chicago's Museum of Contemporary Art in the Figures of Speech Exhibition.[69]In June 2020, Abloh designed the original cover for Pop Smoke album, Shoot for the Stars, Aim for the Moon. The original cover came under heavy criticism from fans. On July 2, a new cover, designed by Ryder Ripps, was revealed along with the album's release.[70] Abloh also worked on album art for artists ASAP Rocky, Lil Uzi Vert's Luv Is Rage 2,[71] Kanye West's Yeezus,[72] Kid Cudi, and Westside Gunn.[73]In 2021, he launched a new monthly two-hour internet radio show on Worldwide FM, \"Imaginary Radio\" c/o Virgil Abloh. The show featured DJ sets and interviews with musicians and other creatives; early guests included artists like electronic artist Omar-S and Alex Sowinski of BadBadNotGood.[74][75] He previously had a show on Apple Music 1 called \"TELEVISED RADIO\". Five episodes were released between 2018 and 2020.[76][77][78]In 2021, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) published \"You Can Do It Too\": Songs for, by, and with Virgil Abloh.[79]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Duchamp's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ready_mades"},{"link_name":"plagiarism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plagiarism"},{"link_name":"appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Ben Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kelly_(designer)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"Fashion blog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_blog"},{"link_name":"Diet Prada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_Prada"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Leaving Neverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Neverland"},{"link_name":"Sundance Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"head office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"streetwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetwear"},{"link_name":"vintage clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_clothing"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Nigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigo"},{"link_name":"novice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"screenshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenshot"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reuters-designer-apologises-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-elan-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-friedman-paton-06-01-2020-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insider-lustig-95"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vulture-kiefer-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insta-CA6ObECpnvH-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-root-stidhum-98"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-friedman-paton-06-01-2020-94"}],"text":"Abloh noted that one of his principles is that a new design can be created by changing an original by only three percent.[80] He described his approach as being \"ironic detachment\" and that Duchamp's precedent \"gives him the grounds to copy and paste, to take and to re-apply\". This philosophy caused Abloh to be accused of plagiarism and appropriation.[81][82]The originality of Off-White's logo design with its alternating parallel diagonal lines has been contested by a number of parties, including Ben Kelly, who popularized this graphic in the early 1980s.[83][84] Fashion blog Diet Prada has compared several of Abloh's designs, from chairs to apparel, with existing designs.[85]Abloh's fall/winter 2019 collection was based on his \"ultimate muse\", Michael Jackson. The launch occurred one week prior to the release of Leaving Neverland at the Sundance Film Festival.[86] In response, Louis Vuitton announced they would not produce any items that directly featured Michael Jackson elements.[87] Abloh also received criticism in early 2019 when images of his Off-White team suggested a lack of cultural diversity at his head office.[88]In 2019, LVMH recorded a 20% growth in sales that were in part attributed to his appointment.[89] However, in December 2019 Abloh predicted that streetwear would die in 2020 as people moved to vintage clothing.[90] On the March 2020 launch of his collaboration with Japanese streetwear designer Nigo, Abloh retracted his earlier comments clarifying that he was only riffing, describing himself as a novice.[91]During the George Floyd protests in mid-2020, Abloh attracted criticism after posting on social media a screenshot showing that he had made a $50 donation to Miami-based art collective (F)empower to go towards protesters' legal costs,[92][93] adding that he was \"crazy inspired\".[94][95] He later said on Instagram[96] that \"I can understand your frustration if you think my contributions were limited to $50... [that is] purely false when it comes to the total. I have donated $20,500 to bail funds and other causes related to this movement,\"[97] and continued, \"I will continue to donate more and will continue to use my voice to urge my peers to do the same.\"[98] Abloh also subsequently stated that the looting of businesses during the George Floyd protests was an example of why streetwear \"is dead\".[94]","title":"Controversies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fashion_Scholarship_Fund-99"},{"link_name":"Off-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-White_(company)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Chicago CRED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_CRED"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Boys and Girls Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boys_%26_Girls_Clubs_of_America"},{"link_name":"East Garfield Park, Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Garfield_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"text":"In 2020, he established the Virgil Abloh \"Post-Modern\" Scholarship Fund. Abloh raised $1 million for the scholarships which will be managed by the Fashion Scholarship Fund to assist Black students.[99] In July 2020, Abloh's brand Off-White launched a fundraising program called \"I Support Young Black Businesses\" that sold Hoodies and T-Shirts with “I Support Young Black Businesses” written on them.[100] All of those proceeds went to an organization called Chicago CRED, aimed to diminish gun violence.[101] Also that year, with Nike he finished the redesign and renovations of the Boys and Girls Club facility in East Garfield Park, Chicago.[102] Abloh spent significant amounts of his time to mentor and provide mentoring resources to young designers.[103]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Watch the Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_the_Throne"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Recording Package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Recording_Package"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"Off-White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-White_(company)"},{"link_name":"LVMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH"},{"link_name":"Charlie Hebdo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"British Fashion Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fashion_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-8"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"Air Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"100 most influential people in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gq-108"},{"link_name":"Takashi Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takashi_Murakami"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Ebony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"}],"text":"Abloh received his first major award in 2011 when his work designing the cover art for American rappers Jay-Z and Kanye West's collaborative album Watch the Throne was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Recording Package.[7] In 2015, Abloh (for Off-White) was one of the finalists for the LVMH Prize. Abloh was the only American designer to be nominated for the award that year. Abloh's Charlie Hebdo-inspired \"War is Not Over!\" tees as well as his toppers from his fall 2015 women's collection gained him the most traction.[104] He received the Urban Luxe award at the 2017 British Fashion Awards.[8][105] He also won International designer of the Year at the GQ Men of the Year awards in 2017.[106] Abloh's Off-White Air Jordan \"the Ten\" collaboration won 2017's Shoe of the Year and he received the nod for Accessory Designer of the Year.[107] Abloh was listed as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people in the world in 2018, one of two designers named that year.[108] In the Time issue, Japanese artist Takashi Murakami wrote that Abloh's impressive achievements led to his listing.[109] In December 2018, Abloh was honored as a leading innovator by Ebony Power 100.[110] Abloh was also nominated for 2019 Menswear Designer of the Year.[111]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wmagazine-113"},{"link_name":"cardiac angiosarcoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosarcoma"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYTObit-4"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"LVMH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LVMH"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Kim Kardashian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Kardashian"},{"link_name":"Rihanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihanna"},{"link_name":"ASAP Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASAP_Rocky"},{"link_name":"Bella Hadid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Hadid"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Tahar Rahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahar_Rahim"},{"link_name":"Venus Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Williams"},{"link_name":"Joe Jonas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Jonas"},{"link_name":"Ricky Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Martin"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Pope_(actor)"},{"link_name":"21 Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Savage"},{"link_name":"Joan Smalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Smalls"},{"link_name":"Bernard Arnault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Arnault"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Easy On Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_on_Me"},{"link_name":"Adele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drake_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kid Cudi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Cudi"},{"link_name":"Tyler, the Creator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler,_the_Creator"},{"link_name":"Frank Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Vic Mensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Mensa"},{"link_name":"Lauryn Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauryn_Hill"},{"link_name":"Don C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_C"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lorenzo"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"text":"Abloh met his wife, Shannon Sundberg in high school, where they began dating. After 10 years of dating, Abloh and Sundberg married in Chicago in 2009.[112] Abloh lived in Chicago with his wife and their two children.[113]In 2019, Abloh was diagnosed with cardiac angiosarcoma, a rare type of cancer, though he kept the diagnosis private. He died on November 28, 2021, at the age of 41, in Chicago.[4][114][115] With the family's permission, LVMH paid tribute to Abloh at their planned November 30 spin-out fashion show in Miami, with a theme of \"Virgil was here\". Kanye West, Kim Kardashian, Rihanna, ASAP Rocky, Bella Hadid, Pharrell Williams, Tahar Rahim, Venus Williams, Joe Jonas, Ricky Martin, Jeremy Pope, 21 Savage, Joan Smalls, and Bernard Arnault attended the tribute. Louis Vuitton dedicated its window displays worldwide, also using the dedication \"Virgil was here\".[116]Kanye West later led a tribute to Abloh at his Sunday Service event with the song Easy On Me by Adele on November 28, 2021.[117]Abloh's funeral service took place on December 6, 2021, in Chicago, with Drake, Rihanna, West, Kardashian, Kid Cudi, Tyler, the Creator, ASAP Rocky, Frank Ocean, Vic Mensa, Lauryn Hill, Don C, and Jerry Lorenzo in attendance amongst his family and other close friends.[118][119]","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Insert Complicated Title Here (2018)\nVirgil Abloh. Nike. ICONS (2020)\nAbloh-isms (2021)\nVirgil Abloh: Figures of Speech (2022)","title":"Books"}]

[{"image_text":"Abloh incorporated the LV logo in his debut menswear collection for the brand.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Louis_Vuitton_or_shortened_to_LV%2C_is_a_French_fashion_house_founded_in_1854_by_Louis_Vuitton_Photography_by_david_adam_kess%2C_madrid_2016.jpg/150px-Louis_Vuitton_or_shortened_to_LV%2C_is_a_French_fashion_house_founded_in_1854_by_Louis_Vuitton_Photography_by_david_adam_kess%2C_madrid_2016.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog_fish

Lophius

["1 Taxonomy","2 Etymology","3 Species","4 Description","5 Reproduction","6 Habitat","7 Commercial use","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Genus of fishes "Fishing-frog", "Frog fish", and "Monkfish" redirect here. For the frog found in West Africa, see Fishing frog. For other uses, see Frogfish (disambiguation) and Monkfish (disambiguation). MonkfishTemporal range: 48.6–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Lutetian to present Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Lophiiformes Suborder: Lophioidei Family: Lophiidae Genus: LophiusLinnaeus, 1758 Type species Lophius piscatoriusLinnaeus, 1758 Species See text Synonyms Discolophius Fowler, 1943 Lophidius Rafinesque, 1815 Lophiopsis Guichenot, 1867 Members of the genus Lophius, also sometimes called monkfish, fishing-frogs, frog-fish, and sea-devils, are various species of lophiid anglerfishes found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Lophius is known as the "monk" or "monkfish" to the North Sea and North Atlantic fishermen, a name which also belongs to Squatina squatina, the angelshark, a type of shark. The North European species is Lophius piscatorius, and the Mediterranean species is Lophius budegassa. Taxonomy Lophius was first proposed as a genus by Carl Linnaeus when he described Lophius piscatorius in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae given as "in Oceano Europæo", meaning the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Seas with localities mentioned including Bordeaux, Marseille and Montpellier in France; Genoa, Rome, Naples and Venice in Italy; Lesbos in Greece; and Syria. The genus Lophius is one of 4 extant genera in the family Lophiidae which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies in the monotypic suborder Lophioidei within the order Lophiiformes. Within the Lophiidae Lophius is most closely related to Lophiomus with Lophiodes'' being the sister taxon to these and with Sladenia as the most basal sister group to the other three genera. Etymology Lophius means "mane" and is presumably a reference to the first three spines of the first dorsal fin which are tentacle like, with three smaller spines behind them. Species The seven recognized extant species in this genus are: Image Scientific Name Common Name Distribution Lophius americanus Valenciennes, 1837 American angler western Atlantic from Newfoundland and Quebec south to northern Florida Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807 blackbellied angler Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic Lophius gastrophysus A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1915 blackfin goosefish coasts of northern South America, Central America, Aruba, Cuba, and Costa Rica Lophius litulon D. S. Jordan, 1902 yellow goosefish Japan, Korea, and the Yellow and East China seas. Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus, 1758 angler, European angler or common monkfish northeast Atlantic, from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea Lophius vaillanti Regan, 1903 shortspine African angler Eastern Atlantic Lophius vomerinus Valenciennes, 1837 devil anglerfish Durban, South Africa as well as northern Namibia where it is found in Indian and Atlantic Oceans Description Lophius monkfishes are characterised by having highly compressed heads and bodies. The frontal ridges have a covering of low, blunt knobs or cross ridges. There is a large spine on the parietal bone and there are spines on the lower quadrate bone. The soft-rayed portion of the dorsal fin has between 9 and 12 rays and the anal fin has between 8 and 10 rays. The gill opening reaches below and to the rear of the base of the pectoral fin. There are 6 dorsal spines, those on the head are well developed but those behind the head are very small. There are two well-developed spines on the sphenotic bone and one on the epiotic bone. There is a single spine on the joint at the front of the jaw joint and a single interopercular spine. The humeral spine is also well-developed and has 2 or 3 smaller spines on it. The largest species in the genus is the angler (L. piscatorius), with a maximum published standard length of 200 cm (79 in), while the smallest is the blackfin goosefish (L. gastrophysus) with a maximum published total length of 67 cm (26 in). Reproduction The spawn of this genus consists of a thin sheet of transparent gelatinous material 60–100 cm (25–40 in) wide and 8–10 m (26–33 ft) in length. The eggs in this sheet are in a single layer, each in its own little cavity. The spawn is free in the sea. The larvae are free-swimming and have pelvic fins with elongated filaments. Habitat The East Atlantic species is found along the coasts of Europe but becomes scarce beyond 60°N latitude; it also occurs on the coasts of the Cape of Good Hope. The species caught on the North American side of the Atlantic is usually Lophius americanus. A third species (Lophius budegassa), inhabits the Mediterranean, and a fourth (L. setigerus) the coasts of Korea, China and Japan. The black (L. budegassa) and white (L. piscatorius) anglerfish both live in shallow, inshore waters from 800 metres (2,600 ft) to deeper waters (greater than 1,000 metres or 3,300 feet). These two species are very similar, with only a few distinctions between them. These include the colour of the peritoneum (black for L. budegassa and white for L. piscatorius) and the number of rays in the second dorsal fin (L. budegassa, 9–10 and L. piscatorius, 11–12). Also, minor differences in their distribution occur. Black anglerfish tend to have a more southern distribution (Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal). In contrast, the white anglerfish are distributed further north (Mediterranean, Black Sea and eastern North Atlantic from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar). Despite these differences, the overall distribution of the black and white anglerfish tend to overlap greatly. A map of the distribution of anglerfish in the waters surrounding Europe and North Africa can be found in the external links section. The movements of both species of anglerfish indicate mixing of both northern and southern species could have strong implications for the geographical boundaries of the stocks from a management perspective. Commercial use Ankimo, a Japanese delicacy made of monkfish liver Two species, Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa, found in north-western Europe are referred to as monkfish, with L. piscatorius by far the most common species around the British Isles and of major fishery interest. Under UK Labelling Regulations, the phrase "monkfish" is only permitted for Lophiodes caulinaris, Lophius americanus, Lophius budegassa and Lophius piscatorius. Both species of Lophius are important because they are commercially valuable species usually caught by trawl and gillnetting fleets. Concern is expressed over the sustainability of monkfish fishing. The method most commonly used to catch monkfish, beam trawling, has been described as damaging to seafloor habitats. In February 2007, the British supermarket chain Asda banned monkfish from their stores. References ^ Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-08. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lophiidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Lophius". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 508–518. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M. ^ Masaki Miya; Theodore W Pietsch; James W Orr; et al. (2010). "Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (58): 58. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10...58M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-58. PMC 2836326. ^ Christopher Scharpf (14 November 2022). "Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 6 March 2024. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Lophius in FishBase. April 2012 version. ^ Theodore W Pietsch (2022). "Order Lophiiformes". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 2. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 281–307. ISBN 978-1-990951-29-9. ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2024). Species of Lophius in FishBase. February 2024 version. ^ a b c Landa, J; Quincoces, I.; Duarte, R.; Farina, A.C.; Dupouy, H. (2008). "Movements of black and white anglerfish (Lophius budegassa and L. piscatorius) in the northeast Atlantic". Fisheries Research. 94 (1): 12. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.04.006. ^ a b c Duarte, Rafael; Azevedo, Manuela; Landa, Jorge; Pereda, Pilar (2001). "Reproduction of anglerfish (Lophius budegassa Spinola and Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus) from the Atlantic Iberian coast". Fisheries Research. 51 (1–3): 12. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00259-4. ^ "The Fish Labelling (England) Regulations 2010 No. 420". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 January 2024. ^ Stevens, Melissa M. (2010). Seafood Watch: Monkfish Report (PDF). Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16. ^ "Monkfish taken off menu at Asda". BBC News Online. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2010-05-11. Further reading Payne, J. F.., White, Dave., Coady, Jamie. Potential Effects of Seismic Airgun Discharges on Monkfish Eggs (Lophius Americanus) and Larvae. Canada: Environmental Studies Research Funds, 2009. Monkfish Fishery Regulations, Northeast Multispecies Fishery, Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Amendment 9, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Off the New England and Mid-Atlantic Coast: Environmental Impact Statement. United States: n.p., 1999.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Angler". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 15. External links Media related to Lophius at Wikimedia Commons Monkfish facts, Maryland Department of Natural Resources NOAA Monkfish Research Program Map of Anglerfish distribution Taxon identifiersLophius Wikidata: Q643135 Wikispecies: Lophius BioLib: 126774 BOLD: 2634 CoL: 5GHW EoL: 46566104 EPPO: 1LPHIG GBIF: 2350830 iNaturalist: 89607 IRMNG: 1410102 ITIS: 164498 NBN: NBNSYS0000183685 NCBI: 8072 Open Tree of Life: 583647 Paleobiology Database: 35696 Plazi: B85FA90C-618A-C2FC-78AE-39571681CB14 uBio: 116489 WoRMS: 125802 ZooBank: FDDA094A-D113-4F1A-A50B-482310300967 Authority control databases: National Israel

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fishing frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_frog"},{"link_name":"Frogfish (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frogfish_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Monkfish (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkfish_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"lophiid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophiidae"},{"link_name":"anglerfishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"Squatina squatina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatina_squatina"},{"link_name":"angelshark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelshark"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"Lophius piscatorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_piscatorius"},{"link_name":"Lophius budegassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_budegassa"}],"text":"\"Fishing-frog\", \"Frog fish\", and \"Monkfish\" redirect here. For the frog found in West Africa, see Fishing frog. For other uses, see Frogfish (disambiguation) and Monkfish (disambiguation).Members of the genus Lophius, also sometimes called monkfish, fishing-frogs, frog-fish, and sea-devils, are various species of lophiid anglerfishes found in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Lophius is known as the \"monk\" or \"monkfish\" to the North Sea and North Atlantic fishermen, a name which also belongs to Squatina squatina, the \nangelshark, a type of shark. The North European species is Lophius piscatorius, and the Mediterranean species is Lophius budegassa.","title":"Lophius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"10th edition of Systema Naturae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Lesbos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesbos"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CofF-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CofF2-3"},{"link_name":"Fishes of the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishes_of_the_World"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"suborder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suborder"},{"link_name":"Lophioidei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophioidei"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson5-4"},{"link_name":"Lophiomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophiomus"},{"link_name":"Lophiodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophiodes"},{"link_name":"sister taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_taxon"},{"link_name":"Sladenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sladenia_(fish)"},{"link_name":"basal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Misaki-5"}],"text":"Lophius was first proposed as a genus by Carl Linnaeus when he described Lophius piscatorius in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae given as \"in Oceano Europæo\", meaning the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and Black Seas with localities mentioned including Bordeaux, Marseille and Montpellier in France; Genoa, Rome, Naples and Venice in Italy; Lesbos in Greece; and Syria.[2][3] The genus Lophius is one of 4 extant genera in the family Lophiidae which the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies in the monotypic suborder Lophioidei within the order Lophiiformes.[4] Within the Lophiidae Lophius is most closely related to Lophiomus with Lophiodes'' being the sister taxon to these and with Sladenia as the most basal sister group to the other three genera.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-6"}],"text":"Lophius means \"mane\" and is presumably a reference to the first three spines of the first dorsal fin which are tentacle like, with three smaller spines behind them.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The seven recognized extant species in this genus are:[7]","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parietal bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parietal_bone"},{"link_name":"quadrate bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrate_bone"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"anal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"pectoral fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_fin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIOF-8"},{"link_name":"L. piscatorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_piscatorius"},{"link_name":"standard length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_length"},{"link_name":"L. gastrophysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lophius_gastrophysus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"total length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_length"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fishbase-9"}],"text":"Lophius monkfishes are characterised by having highly compressed heads and bodies. The frontal ridges have a covering of low, blunt knobs or cross ridges. There is a large spine on the parietal bone and there are spines on the lower quadrate bone. The soft-rayed portion of the dorsal fin has between 9 and 12 rays and the anal fin has between 8 and 10 rays. The gill opening reaches below and to the rear of the base of the pectoral fin. There are 6 dorsal spines, those on the head are well developed but those behind the head are very small. There are two well-developed spines on the sphenotic bone and one on the epiotic bone. There is a single spine on the joint at the front of the jaw joint and a single interopercular spine. The humeral spine is also well-developed and has 2 or 3 smaller spines on it.[8] The largest species in the genus is the angler (L. piscatorius), with a maximum published standard length of 200 cm (79 in), while the smallest is the blackfin goosefish (L. gastrophysus) with a maximum published total length of 67 cm (26 in).[9]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The spawn of this genus consists of a thin sheet of transparent gelatinous material 60–100 cm (25–40 in) wide and 8–10 m (26–33 ft) in length. The eggs in this sheet are in a single layer, each in its own little cavity. The spawn is free in the sea. The larvae are free-swimming and have pelvic fins with elongated filaments.","title":"Reproduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"North American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Lophius americanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_americanus"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"L. piscatorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_piscatorius"},{"link_name":"anglerfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglerfish"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landa_et_al_2008-10"},{"link_name":"peritoneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritoneum"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duarte_et_al_2001-11"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Barents Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barents_Sea"},{"link_name":"Strait of Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duarte_et_al_2001-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Duarte_et_al_2001-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landa_et_al_2008-10"}],"text":"The East Atlantic species is found along the coasts of Europe but becomes scarce beyond 60°N latitude; it also occurs on the coasts of the Cape of Good Hope.[clarification needed] The species caught on the North American side of the Atlantic is usually Lophius americanus. A third species (Lophius budegassa), inhabits the Mediterranean, and a fourth (L. setigerus) the coasts of Korea, China and Japan.[citation needed]The black (L. budegassa) and white (L. piscatorius) anglerfish both live in shallow, inshore waters from 800 metres (2,600 ft) to deeper waters (greater than 1,000 metres or 3,300 feet).[10] These two species are very similar, with only a few distinctions between them. These include the colour of the peritoneum (black for L. budegassa and white for L. piscatorius) and the number of rays in the second dorsal fin (L. budegassa, 9–10 and L. piscatorius, 11–12).[11] Also, minor differences in their distribution occur. Black anglerfish tend to have a more southern distribution (Mediterranean and eastern North Atlantic from the British Isles to Senegal). In contrast, the white anglerfish are distributed further north (Mediterranean, Black Sea and eastern North Atlantic from the Barents Sea to the Strait of Gibraltar).[11] Despite these differences, the overall distribution of the black and white anglerfish tend to overlap greatly.[11] A map of the distribution of anglerfish in the waters surrounding Europe and North Africa can be found in the external links section. The movements of both species of anglerfish indicate mixing of both northern and southern species could have strong implications for the geographical boundaries of the stocks from a management perspective.[10]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankimo2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ankimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankimo"},{"link_name":"Lophius piscatorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_piscatorius"},{"link_name":"Lophius budegassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_budegassa"},{"link_name":"Lophiodes caulinaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lophiodes_caulinaris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lophius americanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_americanus"},{"link_name":"Lophius budegassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_budegassa"},{"link_name":"Lophius piscatorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophius_piscatorius"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"gillnetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnetting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Landa_et_al_2008-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-seafoodwatch-13"},{"link_name":"beam trawling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom_trawling"},{"link_name":"Asda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Ankimo, a Japanese delicacy made of monkfish liverTwo species, Lophius piscatorius and Lophius budegassa, found in north-western Europe are referred to as monkfish, with L. piscatorius by far the most common species around the British Isles and of major fishery interest. Under UK Labelling Regulations, the phrase \"monkfish\" is only permitted for Lophiodes caulinaris, Lophius americanus, Lophius budegassa and Lophius piscatorius.[12]Both species of Lophius are important because they are commercially valuable species usually caught by trawl and gillnetting fleets.[10]Concern is expressed over the sustainability of monkfish fishing.[13] The method most commonly used to catch monkfish, beam trawling, has been described as damaging to seafloor habitats. In February 2007, the British supermarket chain Asda banned monkfish from their stores.[14]","title":"Commercial use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Angler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Angler"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Payne, J. F.., White, Dave., Coady, Jamie. Potential Effects of Seismic Airgun Discharges on Monkfish Eggs (Lophius Americanus) and Larvae. Canada: Environmental Studies Research Funds, 2009.\nMonkfish Fishery Regulations, Northeast Multispecies Fishery, Fishery Management Plan (FMP) Amendment 9, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Off the New England and Mid-Atlantic Coast: Environmental Impact Statement. United States: n.p., 1999.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Angler\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 15.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Ankimo, a Japanese delicacy made of monkfish liver","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ankimo2.jpg/220px-Ankimo2.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Sepkoski, Jack (2002). \"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Archived from the original on 2009-02-20. Retrieved 2008-01-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090220223520/http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class","url_text":"\"A compendium of fossil marine animal genera\""},{"url":"http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Genera in the family Lophiidae\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 6 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Lophiidae","url_text":"\"Genera in the family Lophiidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Species in the genus Lophius\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 6 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Lophius","url_text":"\"Species in the genus Lophius\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 508–518. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_S._Nelson","url_text":"Nelson, J.S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons","url_text":"John Wiley & Sons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119174844","url_text":"10.1002/9781119174844"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-34233-6","url_text":"978-1-118-34233-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2015037522","url_text":"2015037522"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951899884","url_text":"951899884"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25909650M","url_text":"25909650M"}]},{"reference":"Masaki Miya; Theodore W Pietsch; James W Orr; et al. (2010). \"Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective\". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (58): 58. Bibcode:2010BMCEE..10...58M. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-58. PMC 2836326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Wells_Pietsch_III","url_text":"Theodore W Pietsch"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836326","url_text":"\"Evolutionary history of anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes): a mitogenomic perspective\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010BMCEE..10...58M","url_text":"2010BMCEE..10...58M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2148-10-58","url_text":"10.1186/1471-2148-10-58"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836326","url_text":"2836326"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf (14 November 2022). \"Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. Retrieved 6 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://etyfish.org/lophiiformes1/","url_text":"\"Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 1): Families LOPHIIDAE, ANTENNARIIDAE, TETRABRACHIIDAE, LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE\""}]},{"reference":"Theodore W Pietsch (2022). \"Order Lophiiformes\". In Phillip C Heemstra; Elaine Heemstra; David A Ebert; Wouter Holleman; John E Randall (eds.). Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean (PDF). Vol. 2. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. pp. 281–307. ISBN 978-1-990951-29-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Wells_Pietsch_III","url_text":"Theodore W Pietsch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Heemstra","url_text":"Phillip C Heemstra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ernest_Randall","url_text":"John E Randall"},{"url":"https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf","url_text":"Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-990951-29-9","url_text":"978-1-990951-29-9"}]},{"reference":"Landa, J; Quincoces, I.; Duarte, R.; Farina, A.C.; Dupouy, H. (2008). \"Movements of black and white anglerfish (Lophius budegassa and L. piscatorius) in the northeast Atlantic\". Fisheries Research. 94 (1): 12. doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2008.04.006.","urls":[{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/896393","url_text":"\"Movements of black and white anglerfish (Lophius budegassa and L. piscatorius) in the northeast Atlantic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2008.04.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.fishres.2008.04.006"}]},{"reference":"Duarte, Rafael; Azevedo, Manuela; Landa, Jorge; Pereda, Pilar (2001). \"Reproduction of anglerfish (Lophius budegassa Spinola and Lophius piscatorius Linnaeus) from the Atlantic Iberian coast\". Fisheries Research. 51 (1–3): 12. doi:10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00259-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-7836%2801%2900259-4","url_text":"10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00259-4"}]},{"reference":"\"The Fish Labelling (England) Regulations 2010 No. 420\". legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 27 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/420/schedule/paragraph/3/made","url_text":"\"The Fish Labelling (England) Regulations 2010 No. 420\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Melissa M. (2010). Seafood Watch: Monkfish Report (PDF). Monterey Bay Aquarium. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120916234936/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_MonkfishReport.pdf","url_text":"Seafood Watch: Monkfish Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium","url_text":"Monterey Bay Aquarium"},{"url":"http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_MonkfishReport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monkfish taken off menu at Asda\". BBC News Online. 2007-02-01. Retrieved 2010-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6318925.stm","url_text":"\"Monkfish taken off menu at Asda\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]}]

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LOPHICHTHYIDAE, BRACHIONICHTHYIDAE, CHAUNACIDAE and OGCOCEPHALIDAE\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Lophius","external_links_name":"Species of Lophius"},{"Link":"https://saiab.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/1._wiof_volume_3_text.pdf","external_links_name":"Coastal Fishes of the Western Indian Ocean"},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Lophius","external_links_name":"Species of Lophius"},{"Link":"https://zenodo.org/record/896393","external_links_name":"\"Movements of black and white anglerfish (Lophius budegassa and L. piscatorius) in the northeast Atlantic\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fishres.2008.04.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.fishres.2008.04.006"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0165-7836%2801%2900259-4","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00259-4"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/420/schedule/paragraph/3/made","external_links_name":"\"The Fish Labelling 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hammersley

Ben Hammersley

["1 Education","2 Technology and strategic forecasting","3 Multimedia reporting and broadcasting","4 Podcast","5 Fellowships and associations","6 Personal life","7 Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"]

Ben HammersleyFRSA, FRGSBorn (1976-04-03) 3 April 1976 (age 48)Leicester, EnglandOccupationTechnologist, Futurist, Strategic Forecasting Consultant, JournalistNationalityBritishNotable awardsFellow of the Royal Society of ArtsFellow of the Royal Geographical SocietySpouseAleks KrotoskiChildrenOneWebsitewww.benhammersley.com Ben Hammersley FRSA FRGS (born 3 April 1976) is a British consultant, broadcaster, and systems developer. Hammersley is known for coining the term "podcast". Education Hammersley is the eldest of three children and was educated at Loughborough Grammar School, and the School of Oriental and African Studies, from which he dropped out after a year. Technology and strategic forecasting Ben Hammersley has given keynote presentations to corporates and large events internationally. Until 2013, he was the UK Prime Minister's Ambassador to East London Tech City. Multimedia reporting and broadcasting In 2015, Hammersley presented a six-part BBC World News series on cybercrimes. He has twice presented on BBC Radio 4's documentary strand Analysis, covering Facebook in November 2007, and personal genetic testing in December 2008. He also presented the five-part BBC series Futureproof Yourself. Hammersley previously worked as an internet reporter for The Times. He was Associate Editor and Editor-at-Large at the launch of the UK edition of Conde Nast's Wired UK magazine. In 2006, he pioneered multi-platform journalism for The Guardian covering conflict in Afghanistan, and in 2007 also for the BBC covering the election in Turkey. He later used the systems he developed to build The Guardian's pioneering range of blogs, including the award-winning Comment is Free. Podcast Hammersley is known for coining the term "podcast" in an article he wrote for The Guardian in 2004. It was declared "Word of the Year" by the New Oxford American Dictionary in 2005. Hammersley has said that he made the word up to pad out an article he was writing that was a little too short. Fellowships and associations Hammersley is a member of the Transatlantic Network 2020, and a trustee of the London chapter of the Awesome Foundation. In August 2011 he was made a fellow of the UNAOC. He is a judge of the Lovie Awards. In 2013, Hammersley became a fellow of the Robert Schuman School for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute, Innovator-in-Residence at the Centre for Creative and Social Technologies at Goldsmiths, University of London, a member of the European Commission High Level Expert Group on Media Freedom, and a non-resident fellow of the Brookings Institution. Personal life Hammersley is married to Aleks Krotoski, with whom he has a daughter. Hammersley is a pilot, a licensed Emergency medical technician and Wilderness Medic, a triathlete and ultra-runner, a diver, photographer, and disaster response volunteer. Bibliography Hammersley has authored or co-authored several books on technology and journalism. References ^ "Ben Hammersley - Keynote Speaker". VBQ Speakers. ^ "Tech City gets UK-made smartphone app". TechRadar. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ "BBC World News commissions major new Cybercrime series". BBC. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014. ^ "Programmes | Analysis | With Friends Like These". BBC News. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ "Programmes | Analysis | Me and My DNA". BBC News. 11 December 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ "BBC World Service - the Compass, Futureproof Yourself - Available now". ^ Parsons, Michael (24 April 2009). "Video: Marc Newson's Lockheed Lounge". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012. ^ Hammersley, Ben (31 July 2006). "As we begin our descent" – via www.theguardian.com. ^ "BBC - the Editors: Turkey experiment". ^ "Why online radio is booming". The Guardian. 12 February 2004. ^ "Wordsmiths hail podcast success". 7 December 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "The man who accidentally invented the word 'podcast', Radio 4 in Four - BBC Radio 4". BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2016. ^ "About Our Participants – Getting Involved – British Council – TN2020". British Council. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Fellowship News: Announcing 24 new fellows for the Fall 2011 UNAOC Fellowship Programme!". UNAOC. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ "Archived copy". www.lovieawards.eu. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Ben Hammersley - Global Governance Programme". Retrieved 25 September 2016. ^ "European Commission – Press release Digital Agenda: high-level group to discuss freedom and pluralism of the media across the EU". 11 October 2011. Retrieved 16 October 2011. ^ "Ben Hammersley | Brookings Institution". Brookings.edu. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ "Ben Hammersley Tweets about his marriage to Aleks Krotoski". Twitter. 15 April 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014. ^ "Ben Hammersley on Twitter: "Holy shit, I just married @aleksk #obviouslyiwillwakeuptomorrowandallthiswillbeadream #bestdreamever"". Twitter. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015. ^ "Ben Hammersley Tweets about his child". Twitter. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 30 September 2015. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Japan Netherlands Academics CiNii ORCID Other IdRef

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He was Associate Editor and Editor-at-Large at the launch of the UK edition of Conde Nast's Wired UK magazine.[7]In 2006, he pioneered multi-platform journalism for The Guardian[8] covering conflict in Afghanistan, and in 2007 also for the BBC[9] covering the election in Turkey. He later used the systems he developed to build The Guardian's pioneering range of blogs, including the award-winning Comment is Free.","title":"Multimedia reporting and broadcasting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"New Oxford American Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Oxford_American_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Hammersley is known for coining the term \"podcast\" in an article he wrote for The Guardian in 2004.[10] It was declared \"Word of the Year\" by the New Oxford American Dictionary in 2005.[11] Hammersley has said that he made the word up to pad out an article he was writing that was a little too short.[12]","title":"Podcast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Transatlantic Network 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transatlantic_Network_2020&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Awesome Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awesome_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Robert Schuman School for Advanced Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Schuman_School_for_Advanced_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"European University Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Institute"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Goldsmiths, University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Brookings Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookings_Institution"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Hammersley is a member of the Transatlantic Network 2020,[13] and a trustee of the London chapter of the Awesome Foundation.[14] In August 2011 he was made a fellow of the UNAOC.[15] He is a judge of the Lovie Awards.[16]In 2013, Hammersley became a fellow of the Robert Schuman School for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute,[17] Innovator-in-Residence at the Centre for Creative and Social Technologies at Goldsmiths, University of London, a member of the European Commission High Level Expert Group on Media Freedom,[18] and a non-resident fellow of the Brookings Institution.[19]","title":"Fellowships and associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleks Krotoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleks_Krotoski"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Emergency medical technician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_medical_technician"}],"text":"Hammersley is married to Aleks Krotoski,[20][21] with whom he has a daughter.[22]\nHammersley is a pilot, a licensed Emergency medical technician and Wilderness Medic, a triathlete and ultra-runner, a diver, photographer, and disaster response volunteer.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Hammersley has authored or co-authored several books on technology and journalism.[citation needed]","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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Archived from the original on 3 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120403035323/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2009-04/24/video-lockhead-lounge","url_text":"\"Video: Marc Newson's Lockheed Lounge\""},{"url":"https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2009-04/24/video-lockhead-lounge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hammersley, Ben (31 July 2006). \"As we begin our descent\" – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/news/blog/2006/jul/31/aswebeingour","url_text":"\"As we begin our descent\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - the Editors: Turkey experiment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/theeditors/2007/06/turkey_experiment_1.html","url_text":"\"BBC - the Editors: Turkey experiment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Why online radio is booming\". The Guardian. 12 February 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2004/feb/12/broadcasting.digitalmedia","url_text":"\"Why online radio is booming\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wordsmiths hail podcast success\". 7 December 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4504256.stm","url_text":"\"Wordsmiths hail podcast success\""}]},{"reference":"\"The man who accidentally invented the word 'podcast', Radio 4 in Four - BBC Radio 4\". BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p038m811?ns_mchannel=social&ns_campaign=bbc_radio_4&ns_source=twitter&ns_linkname=radio_and_music","url_text":"\"The man who accidentally invented the word 'podcast', Radio 4 in Four - BBC Radio 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"About Our Participants – Getting Involved – British Council – TN2020\". British Council. Archived from the original on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100416140142/http://www.britishcouncil.org/tn2020-getting-involved-about-our-participants.htm","url_text":"\"About Our Participants – Getting Involved – British Council – TN2020\""},{"url":"http://www.britishcouncil.org/tn2020-getting-involved-about-our-participants.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fellowship News: Announcing 24 new fellows for the Fall 2011 UNAOC Fellowship Programme!\". UNAOC. 17 August 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unaoc.org/2011/08/fellowship-news-announcing-24-new-fellows-for-the-fall-2011-unaoc-fellowship-programme/","url_text":"\"Fellowship News: Announcing 24 new fellows for the Fall 2011 UNAOC Fellowship Programme!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". www.lovieawards.eu. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715010125/http://www.lovieawards.eu/judges/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.lovieawards.eu/judges/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ben Hammersley - Global Governance Programme\". Retrieved 25 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://globalgovernanceprogramme.eui.eu/research-community/distinguished-scholars/ben-hammersley/","url_text":"\"Ben Hammersley - Global Governance Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"European Commission – Press release Digital Agenda: high-level group to discuss freedom and pluralism of the media across the EU\". 11 October 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hudson_(literary_historian)

Anne Hudson (literary historian)

["1 Early life and education","2 Academic career","3 Honours","4 Later life","5 Selected works","6 References"]

British literary historian and academic (1938–2021) Anne HudsonFBA FRHistSBornAnne Mary Hudson(1938-08-28)28 August 1938Died8 December 2021(2021-12-08) (aged 83)NationalityBritishAcademic backgroundEducationDartford Grammar School for GirlsAlma materSt Hugh's College, OxfordAcademic workDisciplineEnglish LiteratureSub-disciplineLiterary historyMedieval EnglishJohn WycliffeLollardismInstitutionsLady Margaret Hall, Oxford University of Oxford Anne Mary Hudson, FBA, FRHistS (28 August 1938 – 8 December 2021) was a British literary historian and academic. She was a Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford from 1963 to 2003, and Professor of Medieval English at the University of Oxford from 1989 to 2003. Early life and education Hudson was born on 28 August 1938. She was educated at Dartford Grammar School for Girls, an all-girls state grammar school in Dartford, Kent. From 1957 to 1960, she studied English at St Hugh's College, Oxford, graduating with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree; as per tradition, her BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. She also undertook postgraduate research at Oxford in relation to Robert of Gloucester's English chronicle, and completed her Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1964. Academic career From 1961 to 1963 Hudson was a college lecturer in Medieval English at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. In 1963, she was elected a Fellow of LMH and appointed a Tutor in English. She also held positions in the Faculty of English Language and Literature of University of Oxford: she was a CUF lecturer from 1963 to 1981, a special lecturer from 1981 to 1983, held a British Academy Readership in the Humanities from 1983 to 1986, was a lecturer in Medieval English from 1986 to 1989, before being appointed Professor of Medieval English in 1989. She retired from full-time academia in 2003, and was made an honorary fellow of Lady Margaret Hall. In addition to her university posts she held a number of senior appointments at the Early English Text Society: she served as its executive secretary from 1969 to 1982 and as its director from 2006 to 2013, and she was a member of its council since 1982. Hudson's research interests included John Wycliffe, Wycliffite writing and the Lollards. Honours In 1976 Hudson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS). She has twice been awarded the Sir Israel Gollancz Prize by the British Academy; in 1985 and in 1991. In 1988 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences. A Festschrift was published in her honour in 2005: Text and Controversy from Wyclif to Bale: Essays in Honour of Anne Hudson, edited by Helen Barr and Ann M. Hutchison. Later life Hudson died on 8 December 2021, aged 83. Selected works Hudson, Anne, ed. (1978). Selections from English Wycliffite Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521282581. Hudson, Anne (1988). The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822762-5. Hudson, Anne, ed. (1993). Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor 1406, the Testimony of William Thorpe 1407. Oxford: Early English Text Society. ISBN 978-0-19-722303-1. Biller, Peter; Hudson, Anne, eds. (1996). Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57576-8. Hudson, Anne (2003). Lollards and their Books. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-907628-60-6. Hudson, Anne (2008). Studies in the Transmission of Wyclif's Writings. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5964-8. Hudson, Anne (2015). Doctors in English: A Study of the Wycliffite Gospel Commentaries. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78138-131-1. References ^ a b c d e f g 'HUDSON, Prof. Anne Mary', Who's Who 2017, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2017; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2016; online edn, Nov 2016 accessed 22 Nov 2017 ^ a b c "Professor Anne Hudson FBA". The British Academy. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021. ^ "Honorary and Emeritus Fellows". Lady Margaret Hall. University of Oxford. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ a b "Professor Anne Hudson". Faculty of English. University of Oxford. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021. ^ "Fellows – H" (PDF). Royal Historical Society. May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "SIR ISRAEL GOLLANCZ MEMORIAL PRIZE" (PDF). British Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ "Professor Anne Hudson". British Academy. Retrieved 22 November 2017. ^ Barr, Helen; Hutchison, Ann M., eds. (2005). Text and Controversy from Wyclif to Bale: Essays in Honour of Anne Hudson. Turnhout: Brepols. ISBN 978-2503522098. ^ Michael Fraser (9 December 2021). "In memory of Professor Anne Hudson FBA (1938-2021), Honorary Fellow @lmhoxford, who very sadly died on 8 Dec 2021. A remarkable scholar & wonderful friend; even a year ago was still active as co-investigator with @e_solopova on Wycliffite Bible research" (Tweet). Retrieved 18 December 2021 – via Twitter. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 WorldCat National Norway 2 Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef

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She was a Fellow of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford from 1963 to 2003, and Professor of Medieval English at the University of Oxford from 1989 to 2003.","title":"Anne Hudson (literary historian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dartford Grammar School for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford_Grammar_School_for_Girls"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_school"},{"link_name":"Dartford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartford"},{"link_name":"St Hugh's College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Hugh%27s_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"first class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#First_Class_Honours"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA_21-2"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Robert of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Gloucester_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA_21-2"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"}],"text":"Hudson was born on 28 August 1938. She was educated at Dartford Grammar School for Girls, an all-girls state grammar school in Dartford, Kent. From 1957 to 1960, she studied English at St Hugh's College, Oxford, graduating with a first class Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree;[1][2] as per tradition, her BA was promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Oxon) degree. She also undertook postgraduate research at Oxford in relation to Robert of Gloucester's English chronicle,[2] and completed her Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil) degree in 1964.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Medieval English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_English"},{"link_name":"Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_(Oxbridge)"},{"link_name":"Tutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutorial_system"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"Readership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_(highest_academic_rank)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"},{"link_name":"honorary fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_fellow"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Early English Text Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_English_Text_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"},{"link_name":"John Wycliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe"},{"link_name":"Lollards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lollards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_Faculty-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA_21-2"}],"text":"From 1961 to 1963 Hudson was a college lecturer in Medieval English at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. In 1963, she was elected a Fellow of LMH and appointed a Tutor in English. She also held positions in the Faculty of English Language and Literature of University of Oxford: she was a CUF lecturer from 1963 to 1981, a special lecturer from 1981 to 1983, held a British Academy Readership in the Humanities from 1983 to 1986, was a lecturer in Medieval English from 1986 to 1989, before being appointed Professor of Medieval English in 1989.[1] She retired from full-time academia in 2003, and was made an honorary fellow of Lady Margaret Hall.[1][3]In addition to her university posts she held a number of senior appointments at the Early English Text Society: she served as its executive secretary from 1969 to 1982 and as its director from 2006 to 2013, and she was a member of its council since 1982.[1]Hudson's research interests included John Wycliffe, Wycliffite writing and the Lollards.[4][2]","title":"Academic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Royal Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sir Israel Gollancz Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Israel_Gollancz_Prize"},{"link_name":"British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fellow of the British Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy"},{"link_name":"national academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WW_2017-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBA-7"},{"link_name":"Festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift"},{"link_name":"Helen Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Barr"},{"link_name":"Ann M. Hutchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ann_M._Hutchison&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1976 Hudson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS).[1][5] She has twice been awarded the Sir Israel Gollancz Prize by the British Academy; in 1985 and in 1991.[6] In 1988 she was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and the social sciences.[1][7]A Festschrift was published in her honour in 2005: Text and Controversy from Wyclif to Bale: Essays in Honour of Anne Hudson, edited by Helen Barr and Ann M. Hutchison.[8]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit_Faculty-4"}],"text":"Hudson died on 8 December 2021, aged 83.[9][4]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Selections from English Wycliffite Writings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xgY4AAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521282581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521282581"},{"link_name":"The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xJdzQgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-822762-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822762-5"},{"link_name":"Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor 1406, the Testimony of William Thorpe 1407","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RfB5kgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-722303-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-722303-1"},{"link_name":"Biller, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Biller"},{"link_name":"Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8eNrrZcsfZsC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-57576-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57576-8"},{"link_name":"Lollards and their Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=19B8QgAACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-907628-60-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907628-60-6"},{"link_name":"Studies in the Transmission of Wyclif's Writings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pWcmAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7546-5964-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5964-8"},{"link_name":"Doctors in English: A Study of the Wycliffite Gospel Commentaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2PfqoAEACAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78138-131-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78138-131-1"}],"text":"Hudson, Anne, ed. (1978). Selections from English Wycliffite Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521282581.\nHudson, Anne (1988). The Premature Reformation: Wycliffite Texts and Lollard History. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822762-5.\nHudson, Anne, ed. (1993). Two Wycliffite Texts: The Sermon of William Taylor 1406, the Testimony of William Thorpe 1407. Oxford: Early English Text Society. ISBN 978-0-19-722303-1.\nBiller, Peter; Hudson, Anne, eds. (1996). Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57576-8.\nHudson, Anne (2003). Lollards and their Books. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-907628-60-6.\nHudson, Anne (2008). Studies in the Transmission of Wyclif's Writings. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-5964-8.\nHudson, Anne (2015). Doctors in English: A Study of the Wycliffite Gospel Commentaries. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-78138-131-1.","title":"Selected works"}]

[]

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Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127080512/https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/anne-hudson-FBA/","url_text":"\"Professor Anne Hudson FBA\""},{"url":"https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/fellows/anne-hudson-FBA/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary and Emeritus Fellows\". Lady Margaret Hall. University of Oxford. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/our-academics/honorary-and-emeritus-fellows","url_text":"\"Honorary and Emeritus Fellows\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Anne Hudson\". Faculty of English. University of Oxford. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 December 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211218150523/https://www.english.ox.ac.uk/article/professor-anne-hudson","url_text":"\"Professor Anne Hudson\""},{"url":"https://www.english.ox.ac.uk/article/professor-anne-hudson","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fellows – H\" (PDF). Royal Historical Society. May 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034035/http://5hm1h4aktue2uejbs1hsqt31.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RHS-Fellows-H.pdf","url_text":"\"Fellows – H\""},{"url":"http://5hm1h4aktue2uejbs1hsqt31.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/RHS-Fellows-H.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SIR ISRAEL GOLLANCZ MEMORIAL PRIZE\" (PDF). British Academy. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar

Edgar

["1 People with the given name","2 Fictional characters with the given name","3 People with the surname","4 Fictional characters with the surname","5 See also","6 References"]

Male given name and family name This article is about the name Edgar. For other uses, see Edgar (disambiguation). King Edgar seated between St. Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, and St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. From an eleventh-century manuscript of the Regularis Concordia. British Library MS Cotton Tiberius A iii. Edgar is a commonly used English given name, from an Anglo-Saxon name Edgar (composed of ead "rich, prosperous" and gar "spear"). Like most Anglo-Saxon names, it fell out of use by the later medieval period; it was, however, revived in the 18th century, and was popularised by its use for a character in Sir Walter Scott's The Bride of Lammermoor (1819). The name was more common in the United States than elsewhere in the Anglosphere during the 1800s. It has been a particularly fashionable name in Latin American countries since the 20th century. People with the given name Edgar the Peaceful (942–975), king of England Edgar the Ætheling (c. 1051 – c. 1126), last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house of England Edgar of Scotland (1074–1107), king of Scotland Edgar Alaffita (born 1996), Mexican footballer Edgar Angara (1934–2018), Filipino lawyer Edgar Bacon (disambiguation), multiple people Edgar Barrier (1907–1964), American actor Edgar Baumann (born 1970), Paraguayan javelin thrower Edgar Bergen (1903–1978), American actor, radio performer, ventriloquist Edgar Berlanga (born 1997), American boxer Edgar Bogardus (1927–1958), American poet Edgar Bronfman Sr. (1929–2013), American-Canadian businessman Edgar H. Brown (1926–2021), American mathematician Edgar Buchanan (1903–1979), American actor Edgar Rice Burroughs (1875–1950), American author, creator of Tarzan Edgar Cantero (born 1981), Spanish author in Catalan, Spanish, and English languages, author of The Supernatural Enhancements Edgar Cayce (1877–1945), American psychic and healer Edgar Chadwick (1869–1942), English footballer and manager Edgar Cheung, Hong Kong foil fencer and Olympic champion Edgar F. Codd, British computer scientist Edgar Contreras (disambiguation), several people Edgar Davids, Dutch footballer Edgar Degas, French painter Edgar Eather (1886–1968), American judge, Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada Édgar Fonseca, Colombian road cyclist Edgar Froese, German musician Edgar Fuller, American mathematician Édgar González (disambiguation), multiple people Edgar Grospiron, French freestyle skier and Olympic champion Edgar A. Guest, American poet Edgar N. Harwood (1854–1936), American judge, Justice of the Montana Supreme Court Edgar P. Jacobs, Belgian comic book creator Edgar Johan Kuusik (1888–1974), Estonian architect and interior designer Edgar Lacy (1944–2011), American basketball player Edgar M. Louton (born 1933), American evangelist and missionary. Edgar Lungu, 6th Republican President of Zambia Edgar Maalouf (1934–2018), Lebanese politician Edgar Martínez, Puerto Rican baseball player in American Major League Baseball Edgar Meddings (1923–2020), British bobsledder Edgar Meyer, American bassist Edgar Middleton (1894–1939), British playwright and author Edgar Mitchell (1930–2016), American astronaut Edgar Mittelholzer, Guyanese novelist Edgar Morais, Portuguese actor Edgar Norton, English-American actor Edgar Wilson Nye, American humorist Edgar Oliver, American performance artist and playwright Edgar Pêra, Portuguese cinematographer Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), American author Édgar Ponce (1974–2005), Mexican actor and dancer Edgar Prado, Peruvian-born American jockey Edgar Puusepp (1911–1982), Estonian wrestler Edgar Rădulescu (1890–1977), Romanian general Édgar Ramírez, Venezuelan actor Edgar E. Rand (c. 1905-1955), American business executive Edgar Nelson Rhodes, Canadian politician Édgar Humberto Ruiz, Colombian road cyclist Edgar V. Saks (1910–1984), Estonian historian and author Edgar Savisaar, Estonian politician (Keskerakond) Edgar Seligman (1867–1958), American-born British fencer Edgar Sengier, Belgium director of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga during World War II Edgar Varèse, French composer Édgar Velásquez, Venezuelan boxer Edgar Veytia, Mexican state attorney general Édgar Vivar, Mexican actor and comedian Edgar Wachenheim III, American investor Edgar Wallace, English writer Edgar Winter, American musician Edgar Wright, British film director Edgar Yaeger, American artist Fictional characters with the given name Edgar, a leading character in Shakespeare's King Lear Edgar, a character in The Zimmer Twins Edgar, the computer in the 1984 film Electric Dreams Edgar, a farmer and alien in the 1997 science-fiction film Men in Black Edgar, from the YouTube video Édgar's fall Edgar, an epic brawler from the mobile game Brawl Stars Edgar Balthazar, the butler from the 1970 Disney animated film The Aristocats Edgar Bones, in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling Edgar Brodie, in the 1936 film Secret Agent Edgar "Egg" Cooke, a leading character in the TV series This Life Edgar Deems, in the 1990 film Tremors Edgar Diaz, in the 1983 film Scarface Edgar Friendly, an underground rebel leader in the 1993 film Demolition Man Edgar Frog, in the 1987 fim The Lost Boys Edgar "E" Gore, in the 2012 film Frankenweenie Edgar Linton, a leading character from Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë Edgar Roni Figaro, in the video game Final Fantasy VI Edgar Ross, a leading character in 2010 game Red Dead Redemption and a supporting character in Red Dead Redemption 2 Edgar Stiles, in the television series 24 Edgar Valden, a playable survivor in the Chinese horror game Identity V Edgar Poe "Snotty" Wong, in the 1987 American comedy film Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise People with the surname Barrie Edgar (1919–2012), English television producer Bruce Edgar, New Zealand cricketer Campbell Cowan Edgar (1870–1938), Scottish Egyptologist and Secretary-General of the Egyptian Museum at Cairo Dave Edgar (footballer, born 1902), Scottish footballer David Edgar (soccer, born 1987) (born 1987), Canadian soccer player David Edgar (playwright) (born 1948), English playwright David Edgar (swimmer) (born 1950), American swimmer Don Edgar (born 1936), Australian sociologist Elizabeth Edgar (1929–2019), New Zealand botanist Fiona Edgar, New Zealand professor of management Frankie Edgar (born 1981), American mixed martial arts fighter George Edgar (academic) (1837–1913), American university president Irene Edgar (born 1957), Scottish lawn bowler James David Edgar (1841–1899), Canadian politician James Edgar (entrepreneur) (1843–1909), Scottish-American founder of Edgar Department Stores and the first department store Santa Claus James Douglas Edgar (1884–1921), English professional golfer Jim Edgar (born 1946), American politician and Governor of Illinois Jimmy Edgar (born 1983), American electronic music artist John Edgar (disambiguation), several people Jon Edgar (born 1968), British sculptor Jonny Edgar (born 2004), British racing driver Kika Edgar (born 1985), Mexican actress and singer Marjorie Edgar (1889–1960), American folklorist, Girl Scout leader Marriott Edgar (1880–1951), British poet Matt Edgar (born 1986), English darts player Robert Allan Edgar (born 1940), U.S. federal judge Robert W. Edgar (1943–2013), American politician Ross Edgar (born 1983), British track cyclist Scott Edgar (basketball) (born 1955), American basketball coach Thomas Edgar (MP) (by 1508–1547), English politician Thomas Edgar (volleyball) (born 1989), Australian volleyball player Thomas F. Edgar, American chemical engineer William Edgar (disambiguation), several people Fictional characters with the surname Judge Edgar, in the Judge Dredd comic strip Jerome "Jerry" Edgar, in the Bosch book series as well as its television series adaptation Stan Edgar, in the television series The Boys and The Boys Presents: Diabolical Nadia Edgar / Victoria "Vic the Veep" Neuman, in the television series The Boys and Gen V See also J. Edgar Hoover, former head of the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation Edgar, standard botanical author abbreviation for Elizabeth Edgar Edgars (name), the Latvian language cognate of the English name Edgaras, the Lithuanian language cognate of the English name Edgardo, the Italian language cognate of Edgar Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. References ^ Evans, Cleveland Kent (1 January 2023). "Cleveland Evans: Why Edgar Was Once the King of Baby Names". omaha.com. Omaha World Herald. Retrieved 20 January 2024.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edgar_in_Regularis_Concordia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_of_England"},{"link_name":"Æthelwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"Dunstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunstan"},{"link_name":"Regularis Concordia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularis_Concordia_(Winchester)"},{"link_name":"English given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_given_name"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_name"},{"link_name":"ead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:ead"},{"link_name":"gar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar_(spear)"},{"link_name":"Sir Walter Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott"},{"link_name":"The Bride of Lammermoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_of_Lammermoor"},{"link_name":"Anglosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglosphere"},{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the name Edgar. For other uses, see Edgar (disambiguation).King Edgar seated between St. Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, and St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. From an eleventh-century manuscript of the Regularis Concordia. British Library MS Cotton Tiberius A iii.Edgar is a commonly used English given name, from an Anglo-Saxon name Edgar (composed of ead \"rich, prosperous\" and gar \"spear\").\nLike most Anglo-Saxon names, it fell out of use by the later medieval period; it was, however, revived in the 18th century, and was popularised by its use for a character in Sir Walter Scott's The Bride of Lammermoor (1819). The name was more common in the United States than elsewhere in the Anglosphere during the 1800s. It has been a particularly fashionable name in Latin American countries since the 20th century.[1]","title":"Edgar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgar the Peaceful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful"},{"link_name":"Edgar the Ætheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_the_%C3%86theling"},{"link_name":"Edgar of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edgar Alaffita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Alaffita"},{"link_name":"Edgar Angara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Angara"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bacon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bacon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Barrier"},{"link_name":"Edgar Baumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Baumann"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Edgar Berlanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Berlanga"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bogardus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bogardus"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bronfman Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bronfman_Sr."},{"link_name":"Edgar H. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_H._Brown"},{"link_name":"Edgar Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Edgar Rice Burroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs"},{"link_name":"Edgar Cantero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cantero"},{"link_name":"Edgar Cayce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cayce"},{"link_name":"Edgar Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Chadwick"},{"link_name":"Edgar Cheung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheung_Ka_Long"},{"link_name":"Edgar F. Codd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd"},{"link_name":"Edgar Contreras (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Contreras_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Davids"},{"link_name":"Edgar Degas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas"},{"link_name":"Edgar Eather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Eather"},{"link_name":"Édgar Fonseca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Fonseca"},{"link_name":"Edgar Froese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Froese"},{"link_name":"Edgar Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Fuller"},{"link_name":"Édgar González (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Gonzalez_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Grospiron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Grospiron"},{"link_name":"Edgar A. Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_A._Guest"},{"link_name":"Edgar N. Harwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_N._Harwood"},{"link_name":"Edgar P. Jacobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_P._Jacobs"},{"link_name":"Edgar Johan Kuusik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Johan_Kuusik"},{"link_name":"Edgar Lacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Lacy"},{"link_name":"Edgar Lungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Lungu"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Edgar Maalouf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Maalouf"},{"link_name":"Edgar Martínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mart%C3%ADnez"},{"link_name":"Edgar Meddings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Meddings"},{"link_name":"Edgar Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Edgar Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Middleton"},{"link_name":"Edgar Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Edgar Mittelholzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Mittelholzer"},{"link_name":"Edgar Morais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Morais"},{"link_name":"Edgar Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Norton"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wilson Nye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wilson_Nye"},{"link_name":"Edgar Oliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Oliver"},{"link_name":"Edgar Pêra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_P%C3%AAra"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Édgar Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Ponce"},{"link_name":"Edgar Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Prado"},{"link_name":"Edgar Puusepp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Puusepp"},{"link_name":"Edgar Rădulescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_R%C4%83dulescu"},{"link_name":"Édgar Ramírez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Ram%C3%ADrez"},{"link_name":"Edgar E. Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_E._Rand"},{"link_name":"Edgar Nelson Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Nelson_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"Édgar Humberto Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Humberto_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"Edgar V. Saks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_V._Saks"},{"link_name":"Edgar Savisaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Savisaar"},{"link_name":"Edgar Seligman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Seligman"},{"link_name":"Edgar Sengier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Sengier"},{"link_name":"Edgar Varèse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se"},{"link_name":"Édgar Velásquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Vel%C3%A1squez"},{"link_name":"Edgar Veytia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Veytia"},{"link_name":"Édgar Vivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar_Vivar"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wachenheim III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wachenheim_III"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Edgar Winter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Winter"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wright"},{"link_name":"Edgar Yaeger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Yaeger"}],"text":"Edgar the Peaceful (942–975), king of England\nEdgar the Ætheling (c. 1051 – c. 1126), last member of the Anglo-Saxon royal house of England\nEdgar of Scotland (1074–1107), king of Scotland\nEdgar Alaffita (born 1996), Mexican footballer\nEdgar Angara (1934–2018), Filipino lawyer\nEdgar Bacon (disambiguation), multiple people\nEdgar Barrier (1907–1964), American actor\nEdgar Baumann (born 1970), Paraguayan javelin thrower\nEdgar Bergen (1903–1978), American actor, radio performer, ventriloquist\nEdgar Berlanga (born 1997), American boxer\nEdgar Bogardus (1927–1958), American poet\nEdgar Bronfman Sr. (1929–2013), American-Canadian businessman\nEdgar H. Brown (1926–2021), American mathematician\nEdgar Buchanan (1903–1979), American actor\nEdgar Rice Burroughs (1875–1950), American author, creator of Tarzan\nEdgar Cantero (born 1981), Spanish author in Catalan, Spanish, and English languages, author of The Supernatural Enhancements\nEdgar Cayce (1877–1945), American psychic and healer\nEdgar Chadwick (1869–1942), English footballer and manager\nEdgar Cheung, Hong Kong foil fencer and Olympic champion\nEdgar F. Codd, British computer scientist\nEdgar Contreras (disambiguation), several people\nEdgar Davids, Dutch footballer\nEdgar Degas, French painter\nEdgar Eather (1886–1968), American judge, Justice of the Supreme Court of Nevada\nÉdgar Fonseca, Colombian road cyclist\nEdgar Froese, German musician\nEdgar Fuller, American mathematician\nÉdgar González (disambiguation), multiple people\nEdgar Grospiron, French freestyle skier and Olympic champion\nEdgar A. Guest, American poet\nEdgar N. Harwood (1854–1936), American judge, Justice of the Montana Supreme Court\nEdgar P. Jacobs, Belgian comic book creator\nEdgar Johan Kuusik (1888–1974), Estonian architect and interior designer\nEdgar Lacy (1944–2011), American basketball player\nEdgar M. Louton (born 1933), American evangelist and missionary.\nEdgar Lungu, 6th Republican President of Zambia\nEdgar Maalouf (1934–2018), Lebanese politician\nEdgar Martínez, Puerto Rican baseball player in American Major League Baseball\nEdgar Meddings (1923–2020), British bobsledder\nEdgar Meyer, American bassist\nEdgar Middleton (1894–1939), British playwright and author\nEdgar Mitchell (1930–2016), American astronaut\nEdgar Mittelholzer, Guyanese novelist\nEdgar Morais, Portuguese actor\nEdgar Norton, English-American actor\nEdgar Wilson Nye, American humorist\nEdgar Oliver, American performance artist and playwright\nEdgar Pêra, Portuguese cinematographer\nEdgar Allan Poe (1809–1849), American author\nÉdgar Ponce (1974–2005), Mexican actor and dancer\nEdgar Prado, Peruvian-born American jockey\nEdgar Puusepp (1911–1982), Estonian wrestler\nEdgar Rădulescu (1890–1977), Romanian general\nÉdgar Ramírez, Venezuelan actor\nEdgar E. Rand (c. 1905-1955), American business executive\nEdgar Nelson Rhodes, Canadian politician\nÉdgar Humberto Ruiz, Colombian road cyclist\nEdgar V. Saks (1910–1984), Estonian historian and author\nEdgar Savisaar, Estonian politician (Keskerakond)\nEdgar Seligman (1867–1958), American-born British fencer\nEdgar Sengier, Belgium director of the Union Minière du Haut Katanga during World War II\nEdgar Varèse, French composer\nÉdgar Velásquez, Venezuelan boxer\nEdgar Veytia, Mexican state attorney general\nÉdgar Vivar, Mexican actor and comedian\nEdgar Wachenheim III, American investor\nEdgar Wallace, English writer\nEdgar Winter, American musician\nEdgar Wright, British film director\nEdgar Yaeger, American artist","title":"People with the given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"The Zimmer Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zimmer_Twins"},{"link_name":"Electric Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Dreams_(film)"},{"link_name":"Men in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)"},{"link_name":"Édgar's fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89dgar%27s_fall"},{"link_name":"Brawl Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawl_Stars"},{"link_name":"Edgar Balthazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Balthazar"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bones"},{"link_name":"J. K. Rowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling"},{"link_name":"Secret Agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Agent_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"This Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Life_(1996_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tremors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremors_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Scarface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarface_(1983_film)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Friendly"},{"link_name":"The Lost Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Boys"},{"link_name":"Frankenweenie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)"},{"link_name":"Edgar Linton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Linton"},{"link_name":"Wuthering Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuthering_Heights"},{"link_name":"Emily Brontë","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB"},{"link_name":"Edgar Roni Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Roni_Figaro"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption_2"},{"link_name":"Edgar Stiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Stiles"},{"link_name":"Identity V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_V"},{"link_name":"Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Nerds_II:_Nerds_in_Paradise#Cast"}],"text":"Edgar, a leading character in Shakespeare's King Lear\nEdgar, a character in The Zimmer Twins\nEdgar, the computer in the 1984 film Electric Dreams\nEdgar, a farmer and alien in the 1997 science-fiction film Men in Black\nEdgar, from the YouTube video Édgar's fall\nEdgar, an epic brawler from the mobile game Brawl Stars\nEdgar Balthazar, the butler from the 1970 Disney animated film The Aristocats\nEdgar Bones, in the Harry Potter series of novels by J. K. Rowling\nEdgar Brodie, in the 1936 film Secret Agent\nEdgar \"Egg\" Cooke, a leading character in the TV series This Life\nEdgar Deems, in the 1990 film Tremors\nEdgar Diaz, in the 1983 film Scarface\nEdgar Friendly, an underground rebel leader in the 1993 film Demolition Man\nEdgar Frog, in the 1987 fim The Lost Boys\nEdgar \"E\" Gore, in the 2012 film Frankenweenie\nEdgar Linton, a leading character from Wuthering Heights by Emily Brontë\nEdgar Roni Figaro, in the video game Final Fantasy VI\nEdgar Ross, a leading character in 2010 game Red Dead Redemption and a supporting character in Red Dead Redemption 2\nEdgar Stiles, in the television series 24\nEdgar Valden, a playable survivor in the Chinese horror game Identity V\nEdgar Poe \"Snotty\" Wong, in the 1987 American comedy film Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise","title":"Fictional characters with the given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barrie Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Bruce Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Campbell Cowan Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Cowan_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum"},{"link_name":"Dave Edgar (footballer, born 1902)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Edgar_(footballer,_born_1902)"},{"link_name":"David Edgar (soccer, born 1987)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(soccer,_born_1987)"},{"link_name":"David Edgar (playwright)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"David Edgar (swimmer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edgar_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Don Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Fiona Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Frankie Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Edgar"},{"link_name":"George Edgar (academic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edgar_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Irene Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Edgar"},{"link_name":"James David Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_David_Edgar"},{"link_name":"James Edgar (entrepreneur)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Edgar_(entrepreneur)"},{"link_name":"James Douglas Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Douglas_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Jim Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Edgar"},{"link_name":"John Edgar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edgar_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jon Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Jonny Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonny_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Kika Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kika_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Marriott Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriott_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Matt Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Robert Allan Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Allan_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Robert W. Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_W._Edgar"},{"link_name":"Ross Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Scott Edgar (basketball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Edgar_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edgar (MP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edgar_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Edgar (volleyball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edgar_(volleyball)"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Edgar"},{"link_name":"William Edgar (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edgar_(disambiguation)"}],"text":"Barrie Edgar (1919–2012), English television producer\nBruce Edgar, New Zealand cricketer\nCampbell Cowan Edgar (1870–1938), Scottish Egyptologist and Secretary-General of the Egyptian Museum at Cairo\nDave Edgar (footballer, born 1902), Scottish footballer\nDavid Edgar (soccer, born 1987) (born 1987), Canadian soccer player\nDavid Edgar (playwright) (born 1948), English playwright\nDavid Edgar (swimmer) (born 1950), American swimmer\nDon Edgar (born 1936), Australian sociologist\nElizabeth Edgar (1929–2019), New Zealand botanist\nFiona Edgar, New Zealand professor of management\nFrankie Edgar (born 1981), American mixed martial arts fighter\nGeorge Edgar (academic) (1837–1913), American university president\nIrene Edgar (born 1957), Scottish lawn bowler\nJames David Edgar (1841–1899), Canadian politician\nJames Edgar (entrepreneur) (1843–1909), Scottish-American founder of Edgar Department Stores and the first department store Santa Claus\nJames Douglas Edgar (1884–1921), English professional golfer\nJim Edgar (born 1946), American politician and Governor of Illinois\nJimmy Edgar (born 1983), American electronic music artist\nJohn Edgar (disambiguation), several people\nJon Edgar (born 1968), British sculptor\nJonny Edgar (born 2004), British racing driver\nKika Edgar (born 1985), Mexican actress and singer\nMarjorie Edgar (1889–1960), American folklorist, Girl Scout leader\nMarriott Edgar (1880–1951), British poet\nMatt Edgar (born 1986), English darts player\nRobert Allan Edgar (born 1940), U.S. federal judge\nRobert W. Edgar (1943–2013), American politician\nRoss Edgar (born 1983), British track cyclist\nScott Edgar (basketball) (born 1955), American basketball coach\nThomas Edgar (MP) (by 1508–1547), English politician\nThomas Edgar (volleyball) (born 1989), Australian volleyball player\nThomas F. Edgar, American chemical engineer\nWilliam Edgar (disambiguation), several people","title":"People with the surname"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Judge Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge_Edgar"},{"link_name":"Bosch book series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Bosch"},{"link_name":"television series adaptation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosch_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Stan Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_Guy"},{"link_name":"The Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_(2019_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Boys Presents: Diabolical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boys_Presents:_Diabolical"},{"link_name":"Nadia Edgar / Victoria \"Vic the Veep\" Neuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Boys_characters#Vic_the_Veep"}],"text":"Judge Edgar, in the Judge Dredd comic strip\nJerome \"Jerry\" Edgar, in the Bosch book series as well as its television series adaptation\nStan Edgar, in the television series The Boys and The Boys Presents: Diabolical\nNadia Edgar / Victoria \"Vic the Veep\" Neuman, in the television series The Boys and Gen V","title":"Fictional characters with the surname"}]

[{"image_text":"King Edgar seated between St. Æthelwold, Bishop of Winchester, and St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. From an eleventh-century manuscript of the Regularis Concordia. British Library MS Cotton Tiberius A iii.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Edgar_in_Regularis_Concordia.jpg/220px-Edgar_in_Regularis_Concordia.jpg"}]

[{"title":"J. Edgar Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover"},{"title":"Elizabeth Edgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Edgar"},{"title":"Edgars (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgars_(name)"},{"title":"Edgaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgaras"},{"title":"Edgardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Edgar&namespace=0"}]

[{"reference":"Evans, Cleveland Kent (1 January 2023). \"Cleveland Evans: Why Edgar Was Once the King of Baby Names\". omaha.com. Omaha World Herald. Retrieved 20 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://omaha.com/lifestyles/cleveland-evans-why-edgar-was-once-the-king-of-baby-names/article_fb072c4c-82e5-11ed-a6c1-9fb86d5c00f2.html","url_text":"\"Cleveland Evans: Why Edgar Was Once the King of Baby Names\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Edgar&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"},{"Link":"https://omaha.com/lifestyles/cleveland-evans-why-edgar-was-once-the-king-of-baby-names/article_fb072c4c-82e5-11ed-a6c1-9fb86d5c00f2.html","external_links_name":"\"Cleveland Evans: Why Edgar Was Once the King of Baby Names\""}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_the_Clinic

The Birth of the Clinic

["1 The medical gaze","2 The epistemic change","3 See also","4 Notes","5 Further reading"]

1963 book by Michel Foucault The Birth of the Clinic Cover of the first editionAuthorMichel FoucaultOriginal titleNaissance de la cliniqueTranslatorAlan SheridanLanguageFrenchPublished 1963 (Presses universitaires de France) 1973 (in English) Publication placeFranceMedia typePrintOCLC12214239Preceded byMadness and Civilization Followed byThe Order of Things  The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (Naissance de la clinique: une archéologie du regard médical, 1963), by Michel Foucault, presents the development of la clinique, the teaching hospital, as a medical institution, identifies and describes the concept of Le regard médical ("the medical gaze"), and the epistemic re-organisation of the research structures of medicine in the production of medical knowledge, at the end of the eighteenth century. Although originally limited to the academic discourses of post-modernism and post-structuralism, the medical gaze term is used in graduate medicine and social work. The medical gaze In the genealogy of medicine—knowledge about the human body—the term Le regard médical (The medical gaze) identifies the doctor’s practice of objectifying the body of the patient, as separate and apart from his or her personal identity. In the treatment of illness, the intellectual and material structures of la clinique, the teaching hospital, made possible the inspection, examination, and analysis of the human body, yet the clinic was part of the socio-economic interests of power. Therefore, when the patient’s body entered the field of medicine, it also entered the field of power where the patient can be manipulated by the professional authority of the medical gaze. In the 18th century, when the French (1789–1799) and the American (1775–1783) revolutions inaugurated the Modern era those events also established a meta-narrative of scientific discourse that presented scientists as sages—specifically, the medical doctors—who would abolish sickness and resolve the problems of humanity. By that cultural perception, 19th-century society replaced the scientifically discredited mediaeval clergy with medical doctors. The myth of medical sagacity was integral to the meta-narrative discourse of Humanism and of the Age of Enlightenment (17th–18th c.)—a historical period when people believed that the human body was the person. Such biological reductionism gave power of authority to doctors when they applied their medical gaze to the body of the patient, an interaction that allowed unparalleled medical understanding of patient and illness. In turn, the cultural perception of the medical gaze was the doctor’s near-mystical capability to discover hidden truth. The epistemic change Foucault's thesis about the birth of the clinic (teaching hospital) contradicts the histories of medicine that present the late 18th century as the beginning of a new empirical system "based on the rediscovery of the absolute values of the visible" material reality. The birth of modern medicine was not a common-sense move towards seeing what already existed, but actually was a paradigm shift in the intellectual structures for the production of knowledge, which made clinical medicine a new way of thinking about the body and illness, disease and medicine: The clinic—constantly praised for its empiricism, the modesty of its attention, and the care with which it silently lets things surface to the observing gaze without disturbing them with discourse—owes its real importance to the fact that it is a reorganization-in-depth, not only of medical discourse, but of the very possibility of a discourse about disease. The Doctor by Sir Luke Fildes (1891) In that light, the empiricism of the 18th and 19th centuries was not a dispassionate act of looking, noting, and reporting the disease presented before the doctor's eyes. The relationship between doctor and patient (subject and object) is not about the one who knows and the one who tells, because doctor–patient interactions are not "mindless phenomenologies" that existed before their consultation (medical discourse) as patient and doctor. Clinical medicine came to exist as part of the intellectual structure that defines and organises medicine as "the domain of its experience and the structure of its rationality" as a field of knowledge. That epistemic change allowed a new way of thinking that replaced old scientific concepts with new scientific concepts. In The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1966), Foucault showed how history replaced taxonomy, systematic knowledge replaced collections of data. The teaching hospital, la clinique, was established upon the new medical praxis of verifiable observation, which is scientifically more accurate than the old medical praxis based upon religious interpretations of disease. In the 18th century, the professional authority of the doctor was based upon his command of the organised medical knowledge of his time; in the 19th century, a doctor's authority derived from his command of the new, verifiable clinical medicine. An 18th-century doctor would examine a diseased organ as would a 19th-century doctor, yet, because of their different medical cultures, these doctors would reach different conclusions about the cause and treatment of the disease. Despite their perceptual differences of diagnosis, each medical report would be "true", because each doctor diagnosed according to a generally accepted way of thinking (an episteme) in which their respective forms of organised medical knowledge were considered factual. Hence, despite their medical researches having occurred thirty years apart, the father of anatomical pathology, Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771), and the father of histology, Xavier Bichat (1771–1802), did not practise the same human anatomy. See also The Archaeology of Knowledge Notes ^ St. Godard, E. E. (2005). "A better Reading". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1072–1073. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051067. PMC 1266341. ^ St. Godard, E. E. (2005). "A better Reading". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1072–1073. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051067. PMC 1266341. ^ St. Godard, E. E. (2005). "A better Reading". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1072–1073. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051067. PMC 1266341. ^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (1973), p. xii. ^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), p. xix. ^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), p. xiv. ^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), p. xv. ^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), pp. 128–133. Further reading Gutting, Gary (1989). Michel Foucault's Archaeology of Scientific Reason. Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 9780521366984. Starobinski, Jean (1976). "Gazing at Death (review of Birth of the Clinic)". New York Review of Books (January 22nd). Retrieved 6 February 2016. vteMichel FoucaultBooks Mental Illness and Psychology (1954) Madness and Civilization (1961) The Birth of the Clinic (1963) Death and the Labyrinth (1963) The Order of Things (1966) This Is Not a Pipe (1968) The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969) Discipline and Punish (1975) The History of Sexuality (1976–2018) Essays, lectures, dialogues andanthologies Introduction to Kant's Anthropology (1964) "What Is an Author?" (1969) Foucault's lectures at the Collège de France I, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother (1973) Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (1977) Herculine Barbin (1978) Power/Knowledge (1980) Remarks on Marx (1980) Le Désordre des familles (1982) The Foucault Reader (1984) "What Is Enlightenment?" (1984) Politics, Philosophy, Culture (1988) Foucault Live (1996) The Politics of Truth (1997) Society Must Be Defended (1997) Ethics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1) (1997) Aesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2) (1998) Abnormal (1999) Power (Essential Works Volume 3) (2000) Fearless Speech (2001) The Hermeneutics of the Subject (2001) The Essential Foucault (2003) Psychiatric Power (2003) Security, Territory, Population (2004) The Birth of Biopolitics (2004) The Government of Self and Others (2008) The Courage of Truth (2009) Lectures on the Will to Know (2011) On the Government of the Living (2012) Subjectivity and Truth (2012) Wrong-Doing, Truth-Telling (2013) On the Punitive Society (2015) Concepts Anti-psychiatry Author function Biopolitics Biopower Carceral archipelago Cultural imperialism Disciplinary institution Discontinuity Discourse analysis Dispositif Ecogovernmentality Episteme Genealogy Governmentality Heterotopia Interdiscourse Limit-experience Parrhesia Power (social and political) Postsexualism Sapere aude Influence "Cogito and the History of Madness" (Derrida) Foucauldian discourse analysis Foucault (Deleuze) The Passion of Michel Foucault (Miller) Giorgio Agamben Gary Gutting Thomas Lemke James Miller Paul Rabinow Claude Raffestin Nikolas Rose Foucault in Iran Related articles Bibliography Foucault–Habermas debate Chomsky–Foucault debate Daniel Defert François Ewald Alan Sheridan

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In the treatment of illness, the intellectual and material structures of la clinique, the teaching hospital, made possible the inspection, examination, and analysis of the human body, yet the clinic was part of the socio-economic interests of power. Therefore, when the patient’s body entered the field of medicine, it also entered the field of power where the patient can be manipulated by the professional authority of the medical gaze.[2]In the 18th century, when the French (1789–1799) and the American (1775–1783) revolutions inaugurated the Modern era those events also established a meta-narrative of scientific discourse that presented scientists as sages—specifically, the medical doctors—who would abolish sickness and resolve the problems of humanity. By that cultural perception, 19th-century society replaced the scientifically discredited mediaeval clergy with medical doctors. 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The relationship between doctor and patient (subject and object) is not about the one who knows and the one who tells, because doctor–patient interactions are not \"mindless phenomenologies\" that existed before their consultation (medical discourse) as patient and doctor.[6] Clinical medicine came to exist as part of the intellectual structure that defines and organises medicine as \"the domain of its experience and the structure of its rationality\" as a field of knowledge.[7]That epistemic change allowed a new way of thinking that replaced old scientific concepts with new scientific concepts. In The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (1966), Foucault showed how history replaced taxonomy, systematic knowledge replaced collections of data. The teaching hospital, la clinique, was established upon the new medical praxis of verifiable observation, which is scientifically more accurate than the old medical praxis based upon religious interpretations of disease.In the 18th century, the professional authority of the doctor was based upon his command of the organised medical knowledge of his time; in the 19th century, a doctor's authority derived from his command of the new, verifiable clinical medicine. An 18th-century doctor would examine a diseased organ as would a 19th-century doctor, yet, because of their different medical cultures, these doctors would reach different conclusions about the cause and treatment of the disease. Despite their perceptual differences of diagnosis, each medical report would be \"true\", because each doctor diagnosed according to a generally accepted way of thinking (an episteme) in which their respective forms of organised medical knowledge were considered factual. Hence, despite their medical researches having occurred thirty years apart, the father of anatomical pathology, Giovanni Battista Morgagni (1682–1771), and the father of histology, Xavier Bichat (1771–1802), did not practise the same human anatomy.[8]","title":"The epistemic change"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"A better Reading\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/9/1072"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1503/cmaj.051067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.051067"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1266341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266341"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"A better Reading\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/9/1072"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1503/cmaj.051067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.051067"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1266341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266341"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"A better Reading\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/9/1072"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1503/cmaj.051067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.051067"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1266341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1266341"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ St. Godard, E. E. (2005). \"A better Reading\". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1072–1073. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051067. PMC 1266341.\n\n^ St. Godard, E. E. (2005). \"A better Reading\". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1072–1073. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051067. PMC 1266341.\n\n^ St. Godard, E. E. (2005). \"A better Reading\". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 173 (9): 1072–1073. doi:10.1503/cmaj.051067. PMC 1266341.\n\n^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (1973), p. xii.\n\n^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), p. xix.\n\n^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), p. xiv.\n\n^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), p. xv.\n\n^ Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic (1973), pp. 128–133.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780521366984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521366984"},{"link_name":"\"Gazing at Death (review of Birth of the Clinic)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nybooks.com/articles/1976/01/22/gazing-at-death/"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"Mental Illness and Psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_Illness_and_Psychology"},{"link_name":"Madness and 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analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis"},{"link_name":"Dispositif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispositif"},{"link_name":"Ecogovernmentality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecogovernmentality"},{"link_name":"Episteme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episteme"},{"link_name":"Genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"Governmentality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governmentality"},{"link_name":"Heterotopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopia_(space)"},{"link_name":"Interdiscourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdiscourse"},{"link_name":"Limit-experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit-experience"},{"link_name":"Parrhesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhesia"},{"link_name":"Power (social and political)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)"},{"link_name":"Postsexualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postsexualism"},{"link_name":"Sapere aude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapere_aude"},{"link_name":"Cogito and the History of Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogito_and_the_History_of_Madness"},{"link_name":"Foucauldian discourse analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucauldian_discourse_analysis"},{"link_name":"Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_(Deleuze_book)"},{"link_name":"The Passion of Michel Foucault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Passion_of_Michel_Foucault"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Agamben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben"},{"link_name":"Gary Gutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gutting"},{"link_name":"Thomas Lemke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Lemke_(sociologist)"},{"link_name":"James Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Miller_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Paul Rabinow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rabinow"},{"link_name":"Claude Raffestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Raffestin"},{"link_name":"Nikolas Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolas_Rose"},{"link_name":"Foucault in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Foucault_bibliography"},{"link_name":"Foucault–Habermas debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foucault%E2%80%93Habermas_debate"},{"link_name":"Chomsky–Foucault debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky%E2%80%93Foucault_debate"},{"link_name":"Daniel Defert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defert"},{"link_name":"François Ewald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ewald"},{"link_name":"Alan Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Sheridan"}],"text":"Gutting, Gary (1989). Michel Foucault's Archaeology of Scientific Reason. Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 9780521366984.\nStarobinski, Jean (1976). \"Gazing at Death (review of Birth of the Clinic)\". New York Review of Books (January 22nd). Retrieved 6 February 2016.vteMichel FoucaultBooks\nMental Illness and Psychology (1954)\nMadness and Civilization (1961)\nThe Birth of the Clinic (1963)\nDeath and the Labyrinth (1963)\nThe Order of Things (1966)\nThis Is Not a Pipe (1968)\nThe Archaeology of Knowledge (1969)\nDiscipline and Punish (1975)\nThe History of Sexuality (1976–2018)\nEssays, lectures, dialogues andanthologies\nIntroduction to Kant's Anthropology (1964)\n\"What Is an Author?\" (1969)\nFoucault's lectures at the Collège de France\nI, Pierre Riviere, Having Slaughtered My Mother, My Sister and My Brother (1973)\nLanguage, Counter-Memory, Practice (1977)\nHerculine Barbin (1978)\nPower/Knowledge (1980)\nRemarks on Marx (1980)\nLe Désordre des familles (1982)\nThe Foucault Reader (1984)\n\"What Is Enlightenment?\" (1984)\nPolitics, Philosophy, Culture (1988)\nFoucault Live (1996)\nThe Politics of Truth (1997)\nSociety Must Be Defended (1997)\nEthics: Subjectivity and Truth (Essential Works Volume 1) (1997)\nAesthetics, Method, Epistemology (Essential Works Volume 2) (1998)\nAbnormal (1999)\nPower (Essential Works Volume 3) (2000)\nFearless Speech (2001)\nThe Hermeneutics of the Subject (2001)\nThe Essential Foucault (2003)\nPsychiatric Power (2003)\nSecurity, Territory, Population (2004)\nThe Birth of Biopolitics (2004)\nThe Government of Self and Others (2008)\nThe Courage of Truth (2009)\nLectures on the Will to Know (2011)\nOn the Government of the Living (2012)\nSubjectivity and Truth (2012)\nWrong-Doing, Truth-Telling (2013)\nOn the Punitive Society (2015)\nConcepts\nAnti-psychiatry\nAuthor function\nBiopolitics\nBiopower\nCarceral archipelago\nCultural imperialism\nDisciplinary institution\nDiscontinuity\nDiscourse analysis\nDispositif\nEcogovernmentality\nEpisteme\nGenealogy\nGovernmentality\nHeterotopia\nInterdiscourse\nLimit-experience\nParrhesia\nPower (social and political)\nPostsexualism\nSapere aude\nInfluence\n\"Cogito and the History of Madness\" (Derrida)\nFoucauldian discourse analysis\nFoucault (Deleuze)\nThe Passion of Michel Foucault (Miller)\nGiorgio Agamben\nGary Gutting\nThomas Lemke\nJames Miller\nPaul Rabinow\nClaude Raffestin\nNikolas Rose\nFoucault in Iran\nRelated articles\nBibliography\nFoucault–Habermas debate\nChomsky–Foucault debate\nDaniel Defert\nFrançois Ewald\nAlan Sheridan","title":"Further reading"}]

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[{"title":"The Archaeology of Knowledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archaeology_of_Knowledge"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citronellal

Citronellal

["1 Compendial status","2 See also","3 References"]

Not to be confused with Citronellol or Citronella. Citronellal (+)-Citronellal (-)-Citronellal Names IUPAC name 3,7-dimethyloct-6-enal Identifiers CAS Number 106-23-0 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive imageInteractive image Beilstein Reference 1209447 1720789 ChEBI CHEBI:47856 Y ChEMBL ChEMBL447944 Y ChemSpider 7506 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.003.070 EC Number 203-376-6 Gmelin Reference 1521962 KEGG C17384 Y PubChem CID 7794 UNII QB99VZZ7GZ Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID3041790 InChI InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,8,10H,4,6-7H2,1-3H3 YKey: NEHNMFOYXAPHSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C10H18O/c1-9(2)5-4-6-10(3)7-8-11/h5,8,10H,4,6-7H2,1-3H3Key: NEHNMFOYXAPHSD-UHFFFAOYAH SMILES C/C(C)=C/CCC(C)CC=OO=CCC(CC/C=C(/C)C)C Properties Chemical formula C10H18O Molar mass 154.25 g/mol Density 0.855 g/cm3 Boiling point 201 to 207 °C (394 to 405 °F; 474 to 480 K) Hazards GHS labelling: Pictograms Signal word Warning Hazard statements H315, H317, H411 Precautionary statements P262, P273, P280, P302+P352 Related compounds Related alkenals Citral Methacrolein trans-2-Methyl-2-butenal Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Citronellal or rhodinal (C10H18O) is a monoterpenoid aldehyde, the main component in the mixture of terpenoid chemical compounds that give citronella oil its distinctive lemon scent. Citronellal is a main isolate in distilled oils from the plants Cymbopogon (excepting C. citratus, culinary lemongrass), lemon-scented gum, and lemon-scented teatree. The (S)-(−)-enantiomer of citronellal makes up to 80% of the oil from kaffir lime leaves and is the compound responsible for its characteristic aroma. Citronellal has insect repellent properties, and research shows high repellent effectiveness against mosquitoes. Another research shows that citronellal has strong antifungal qualities. Compendial status British Pharmacopoeia See also Citral Citronellol Citronella oil Hydroxycitronellal Perfume allergy References ^ Citronellal, The Merck Index, 12th Edition ^ a b c Record of Citronellal in the GESTIS Substance Database of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, accessed on 13 March 2020. ^ Mahalwal, Vijender S.; Ali, Mohd. (2003). "Volatile constituents of Cymbopogon nardus (Linn.) Rendle". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 18: 73–76. doi:10.1002/ffj.1144. ^ Jeong-Kyu KIM; Chang-Soo KANG; Jong-Kwon LEE; Young-Ran KIM; Hye-Yun HAN; Hwa Kyung YUN (2005). "Evaluation of Repellency Effect of Two Natural Aroma Mosquito Repellent Compounds, Citronella and Citronellal". Entomological Research. 35 (2): 117–120. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2005.tb00146.x. S2CID 85112045. ^ Kazuhiko NAKAHARA, Najeeb S. ALZOREKY1, Tadashi YOSHIHASHI, Huong T. T. NGUYEN and Gassinee TRAKOONTIVAKORN (2003). "Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella Grass)". JARQ. 37 (4).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ The British Pharmacopoeia Secretariat (2009). "Index, BP 2009" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2010.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grievous_Angel

Grievous Angel

["1 Background","2 Recording and composition","3 Posthumous changes","4 Reception","5 Track listing","6 Personnel","6.1 Guests","7 References"]

1974 studio album by Gram ParsonsGrievous AngelStudio album by Gram ParsonsReleasedJanuary 1974RecordedSummer 1973StudioWally Heider Studio 4 (Hollywood)Capitol (Hollywood)GenreCountry, country rockLength36:14LabelRepriseProducerGram ParsonsGram Parsons chronology GP(1973) Grievous Angel(1974) Sleepless Nights(1976) Singles from Grievous Angel "Love Hurts"Released: February 1974 "Return of the Grievous Angel"Released: February 1982 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicChristgau's Record GuideAEncyclopedia of Popular MusicRolling Stone(favorable)Tom HullA− Grievous Angel is the second and final solo studio album by Gram Parsons, compiled from summer 1973 sessions and released four months after his death from a morphine and alcohol overdose in September 1973. Prominently featuring a young Emmylou Harris, Grievous Angel received great critical acclaim upon release but failed to find commercial success, a fate shared with Parsons’ previous efforts solo and with The Flying Burrito Brothers. Grievous Angel peaked at number 195 on the Billboard charts. Despite its modest sales, it is viewed as a successful example of the hybrid between country and rock and roll Parsons called "Cosmic American Music". It was voted number 324 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000). In 2012, the album was ranked number 425 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. Background After a ramshackle tour in the spring and summer of 1973, Gram Parsons again convened with his singing partner Emmylou Harris, various members of Elvis Presley's "Taking Care of Business" band, including James Burton and Glen Hardin and the occasional guest (such as Bernie Leadon and Linda Ronstadt) to record his second solo album for Reprise Records. Unlike his previous album GP, Grievous Angel was a planned affair with several arrangements having been worked out on the road. Recording and composition The sessions for Grievous Angel took place at Wally Heider Studio 4 in Hollywood with Parsons producing. In a 2013 Uncut cover story about Parsons' solo work, acoustic guitarist Herb Pedersen recalls to David Cavanagh that when the singer showed up he was a mess: "He came in late. Emmy brought him to the studio. She was kind of minding him. We'd already tracked four or five tunes, and he was not in any kind of shape to record with us. He was generally out of it for the most part." Parsons, who was battling heroin addiction and alcoholism, would rally, however, with bassist Emory Gordy recalling in David N. Meyers' 2007 Parsons biography Twenty Thousand Roads, "Gram played us each of the songs that he had ready...We took it from there. It was loose as far as formal arranging was concerned – we played what we thought was right for the song, and it all seemed to fall together...He was in good shape, Gram. There was a lot of energy going on in the studio for the whole of that album. Gram was bouncing all over the place and Emmy was bouncing around him. They were great, happy sessions." In the 2004 documentary Fallen Angel, however, manager Phil Kaufman claims Parsons was still drinking like he had been during the recording of GP, "but not as bad. He was hiding what he was doing. In other words, before he was more blatant in his drinking and his drugs." Lacking much-needed new material, Parsons quickly wrote two songs during the sessions ("Return of the Grievous Angel", with lyrics by Boston-based poet and Parsons fan Thomas Brown, and "In My Hour Of Darkness", arranged by Harris) and looked to songs rejected from previous albums and to standard country songs to fill out the LP. In regards to the original material, "Brass Buttons" dated from Parsons' brief stint as a Harvard-based folksinger in the mid-1960s; "Hickory Wind" had already been recorded with The Byrds; "$1000 Wedding", about Parsons' aborted plan to wed the mother of his daughter in ostentatious style, had been recorded with the Flying Burrito Brothers circa 1970; "Ooh Las Vegas" had been rejected from GP. "Medley Live from Northern Quebec" is a fake live recording featuring canned applause and ersatz concert ambiance which combines the Louvin Brothers's "Cash on the Barrelhead" with his own "Hickory Wind". Writing in Twenty Thousand Roads, David Meyers praises Harris' increased role on the album, noting that the duet "Love Hurts" contains "a lovely high whine, a mourning, keening reach for the suffering in the song. Neither overdoes it – they feel the pain, they show it to us, they make us feel every bit, but never go too far. Their sustain on the final 'love hurts' demonstrates how far they'd come together in emotion and technique." In spite of the dearth of new material, the album expanded the format of "Cosmic American Music". After mixing the album at Capitol Studios in Hollywood, Parsons set off for Joshua Tree, California, where he would fatally overdose on September 19, 1973, officially declared deceased in nearby Yucca Valley. Harris playing in Rotterdam, Netherlands (2006) Posthumous changes Parsons' widow, Gretchen, who had never cared for Harris' relationship with her husband, removed Harris from the front cover of the album (which was originally credited to "Gram Parsons with Emmylou Harris" and featured a photograph of the two of them) and relegated her to a credit on the back cover. Additionally, she removed the original title track, "Sleepless Nights", and replaced the cover with an image of Parsons in a sea of blue. The rearranged album was released in January 1974. The three tracks recorded during the sessions that had gone unreleased, "Sleepless Nights", "The Angels Rejoiced in Heaven Last Night", and "Brand New Heartache", were released on the posthumous 1976 Parsons/Flying Burrito Brothers album Sleepless Nights. Reception Grievous Angel was released in January 1974 and peaked at a disappointing 195 on the Billboard 200. Critically however, the album received much interest and was deemed an artistic triumph. Allan Jones of Melody Maker wrote, "Both GP and Grievous Angel need no analysis. There are no words to describe the sense of desperation and the haunting quality of these last works. They just need to be listened to." Tom Russell of Helix concurred, writing, "His influence on bringing country music to rock and roll is as important as Bob Dylan's combining folk lyrics with rock." Mark Deming of AllMusic writes that the LP "may not have been the finest work of his career, but one would be hard pressed to name an artist who made an album this strong only a few weeks before their death – or at any time of their life, for that matter." When Uncut compiled Parsons' "20 Greatest Tracks" in their February 2013 issue, the top three – "Hickory Wind," "Brass Buttons," and "$1000 Wedding," all appear on Grievous Angel. Track listing Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Return of the Grievous Angel"Gram Parsons, Tom Brown4:192."Hearts on Fire"Walter Egan, Tom Guidera3:503."I Can't Dance"Tom T. Hall2:204."Brass Buttons"Parsons3:275."$1000 Wedding"Parsons5:00 Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Medley Live from Northern Quebec" "Cash on the Barrelhead" "Hickory Wind"Charlie Louvin, Ira Louvin ("Cash on the Barrelhead"), Parsons, Bob Buchanan ("Hickory Wind")6:272."Love Hurts"Boudleaux Bryant3:403."Ooh Las Vegas"Parsons, Ric Grech3:294."In My Hour of Darkness"Parsons, Emmylou Harris3:42 Personnel Gram Parsons – lead vocals, acoustic guitar Emmylou Harris – vocals (all songs except "Brass Buttons") Glen D. Hardin – piano, electric piano on "Brass Buttons" James Burton – electric lead guitar Emory Gordy Jr. – bass Ron Tutt – drums Herb Pedersen – acoustic rhythm guitar, electric rhythm guitar on "I Can't Dance" Al Perkins – pedal steel Guests Bernie Leadon – acoustic guitar on "Return of the Grievous Angel", electric lead guitar on "Hearts on Fire", dobro on "In My Hour of Darkness" Byron Berline – fiddle on "Return of the Grievous Angel", "Medley Live from Northern Quebec" & "In My Hour of Darkness", mandolin on "Medley" N.D. Smart – drums on "Hearts on Fire" and "In My Hour of Darkness" Steve Snyder – vibes on "Hearts on Fire" Linda Ronstadt – harmony vocal on "In My Hour of Darkness" Kim Fowley, Phil Kaufman, Ed Tickner, Jane & Jon Doe – "Background blah-blah" on "Medley Live from Northern Quebec" References ^ Deming, Mark. Grievous Angel at AllMusic. Retrieved 29 Nov 2005. ^ Christgau, Robert (1981). "Consumer Guide '70s: P". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com. ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958. ^ Scoppa, Bud (March 1, 1973). "Gram Parsons: GP/Grievous Angel > Review". Rolling Stone. No. 129. Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ Hull, Tom (April 1975). "The Rekord Report: Second Card". Overdose. Retrieved June 26, 2020 – via tomhull.com. ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. Gram Parsons at AllMusic. Retrieved 21 March 2010. ^ Larkin, Colin, ed. (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 131. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6. ^ "500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time". Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2019. ^ "Rock 'N Roll Case Study: Gram Parsons - The lost album". Ear Candy Mag. vteGram ParsonsStudio albums GP Grievous Angel Live albums Live 1973 Gram Parsons Archives Vol.1: Live at the Avalon Ballroom 1969 Compilations Sleepless Nights The Early Years (1963-1965) Cosmic American Music: The Rehearsal Tapes 1972 Another Side of This Life: The Lost Recordings of Gram Parsons Sacred Hearts & Fallen Angels: The Gram Parsons Anthology The Complete Reprise Sessions Tributes Conmemorativo: A Tribute to Gram Parsons Return of the Grievous Angel: A Tribute to Gram Parsons Bands The International Submarine Band The Byrds The Flying Burrito Brothers The Fallen Angels Related articles Country-rock Americana Emmylou Harris Chris Hillman Chris Ethridge Michael Clarke Sneaky Pete Kleinow Bernie Leadon Ric Grech Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

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Prominently featuring a young Emmylou Harris, Grievous Angel received great critical acclaim upon release but failed to find commercial success, a fate shared with Parsons’ previous efforts solo and with The Flying Burrito Brothers. Grievous Angel peaked at number 195 on the Billboard charts.[6] Despite its modest sales, it is viewed as a successful example of the hybrid between country and rock and roll Parsons called \"Cosmic American Music\".It was voted number 324 in the third edition of Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums (2000).[7] In 2012, the album was ranked number 425 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.[8]","title":"Grievous Angel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Elvis Presley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley"},{"link_name":"James Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burton"},{"link_name":"Glen Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Hardin"},{"link_name":"Bernie Leadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leadon"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Reprise Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprise_Records"},{"link_name":"GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_(album)"}],"text":"After a ramshackle tour in the spring and summer of 1973, Gram Parsons again convened with his singing partner Emmylou Harris, various members of Elvis Presley's \"Taking Care of Business\" band, including James Burton and Glen Hardin and the occasional guest (such as Bernie Leadon and Linda Ronstadt) to record his second solo album for Reprise Records. Unlike his previous album GP, Grievous Angel was a planned affair with several arrangements having been worked out on the road.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wally Heider Studio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Heider_Recording,_Hollywood"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Uncut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"heroin addiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin_addiction"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"Return of the Grievous Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Grievous_Angel"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard"},{"link_name":"Hickory Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Wind"},{"link_name":"The Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"Louvin Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvin_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Love Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Hurts"},{"link_name":"Capitol Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Studios"},{"link_name":"Joshua Tree, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tree,_California"},{"link_name":"fatally overdose on September 19, 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Yucca Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yucca_Valley,_California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emmylou_Harris_2006_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"}],"text":"The sessions for Grievous Angel took place at Wally Heider Studio 4 in Hollywood with Parsons producing. In a 2013 Uncut cover story about Parsons' solo work, acoustic guitarist Herb Pedersen recalls to David Cavanagh that when the singer showed up he was a mess: \"He came in late. Emmy brought him to the studio. She was kind of minding him. We'd already tracked four or five tunes, and he was not in any kind of shape to record with us. He was generally out of it for the most part.\"Parsons, who was battling heroin addiction and alcoholism, would rally, however, with bassist Emory Gordy recalling in David N. Meyers' 2007 Parsons biography Twenty Thousand Roads, \"Gram played us each of the songs that he had ready...We took it from there. It was loose as far as formal arranging was concerned – we played what we thought was right for the song, and it all seemed to fall together...He was in good shape, Gram. There was a lot of energy going on in the studio for the whole of that album. Gram was bouncing all over the place and Emmy was bouncing around him. They were great, happy sessions.\"In the 2004 documentary Fallen Angel, however, manager Phil Kaufman claims Parsons was still drinking like he had been during the recording of GP, \"but not as bad. He was hiding what he was doing. In other words, before he was more blatant in his drinking and his drugs.\"Lacking much-needed new material, Parsons quickly wrote two songs during the sessions (\"Return of the Grievous Angel\", with lyrics by Boston-based poet and Parsons fan Thomas Brown, and \"In My Hour Of Darkness\", arranged by Harris) and looked to songs rejected from previous albums and to standard country songs to fill out the LP. In regards to the original material, \"Brass Buttons\" dated from Parsons' brief stint as a Harvard-based folksinger in the mid-1960s; \"Hickory Wind\" had already been recorded with The Byrds; \"$1000 Wedding\", about Parsons' aborted plan to wed the mother of his daughter in ostentatious style, had been recorded with the Flying Burrito Brothers circa 1970; \"Ooh Las Vegas\" had been rejected from GP. \"Medley Live from Northern Quebec\" is a fake live recording featuring canned applause and ersatz concert ambiance which combines the Louvin Brothers's \"Cash on the Barrelhead\" with his own \"Hickory Wind\". Writing in Twenty Thousand Roads, David Meyers praises Harris' increased role on the album, noting that the duet \"Love Hurts\" contains \"a lovely high whine, a mourning, keening reach for the suffering in the song. Neither overdoes it – they feel the pain, they show it to us, they make us feel every bit, but never go too far. Their sustain on the final 'love hurts' demonstrates how far they'd come together in emotion and technique.\"In spite of the dearth of new material, the album expanded the format of \"Cosmic American Music\". After mixing the album at Capitol Studios in Hollywood, Parsons set off for Joshua Tree, California, where he would fatally overdose on September 19, 1973, officially declared deceased in nearby Yucca Valley.Harris playing in Rotterdam, Netherlands (2006)","title":"Recording and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Flying Burrito Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Burrito_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Sleepless Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless_Nights_(Gram_Parsons_album)"}],"text":"Parsons' widow, Gretchen, who had never cared for Harris' relationship with her husband, removed Harris from the front cover of the album (which was originally credited to \"Gram Parsons with Emmylou Harris\" and featured a photograph of the two of them) and relegated her to a credit on the back cover. Additionally, she removed the original title track, \"Sleepless Nights\", and replaced the cover with an image of Parsons in a sea of blue.[9] The rearranged album was released in January 1974. The three tracks recorded during the sessions that had gone unreleased, \"Sleepless Nights\", \"The Angels Rejoiced in Heaven Last Night\", and \"Brand New Heartache\", were released on the posthumous 1976 Parsons/Flying Burrito Brothers album Sleepless Nights.","title":"Posthumous changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melody Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melody_Maker"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"}],"text":"Grievous Angel was released in January 1974 and peaked at a disappointing 195 on the Billboard 200. Critically however, the album received much interest and was deemed an artistic triumph. Allan Jones of Melody Maker wrote, \"Both GP and Grievous Angel need no analysis. There are no words to describe the sense of desperation and the haunting quality of these last works. They just need to be listened to.\" Tom Russell of Helix concurred, writing, \"His influence on bringing country music to rock and roll is as important as Bob Dylan's combining folk lyrics with rock.\" Mark Deming of AllMusic writes that the LP \"may not have been the finest work of his career, but one would be hard pressed to name an artist who made an album this strong only a few weeks before their death – or at any time of their life, for that matter.\" When Uncut compiled Parsons' \"20 Greatest Tracks\" in their February 2013 issue, the top three – \"Hickory Wind,\" \"Brass Buttons,\" and \"$1000 Wedding,\" all appear on Grievous Angel.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Return of the Grievous Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Grievous_Angel"},{"link_name":"Gram Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Walter Egan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Egan"},{"link_name":"Tom T. Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_T._Hall"},{"link_name":"Cash on the Barrelhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_on_the_Barrelhead"},{"link_name":"Hickory Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hickory_Wind"},{"link_name":"Charlie Louvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Louvin"},{"link_name":"Ira Louvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Louvin"},{"link_name":"Love Hurts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Hurts"},{"link_name":"Boudleaux Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudleaux_Bryant"},{"link_name":"Ric Grech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Grech"},{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"}],"text":"Side oneNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Return of the Grievous Angel\"Gram Parsons, Tom Brown4:192.\"Hearts on Fire\"Walter Egan, Tom Guidera3:503.\"I Can't Dance\"Tom T. Hall2:204.\"Brass Buttons\"Parsons3:275.\"$1000 Wedding\"Parsons5:00Side twoNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Medley Live from Northern Quebec\"\n\"Cash on the Barrelhead\"\n\"Hickory Wind\"Charlie Louvin, Ira Louvin (\"Cash on the Barrelhead\"), Parsons, Bob Buchanan (\"Hickory Wind\")6:272.\"Love Hurts\"Boudleaux Bryant3:403.\"Ooh Las Vegas\"Parsons, Ric Grech3:294.\"In My Hour of Darkness\"Parsons, Emmylou Harris3:42","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emmylou Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmylou_Harris"},{"link_name":"Glen D. Hardin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Hardin"},{"link_name":"James Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Burton"},{"link_name":"Emory Gordy Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emory_Gordy_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ron Tutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Tutt"},{"link_name":"Herb Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"Al Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Perkins"}],"text":"Gram Parsons – lead vocals, acoustic guitar\nEmmylou Harris – vocals (all songs except \"Brass Buttons\")\nGlen D. Hardin – piano, electric piano on \"Brass Buttons\"\nJames Burton – electric lead guitar\nEmory Gordy Jr. – bass\nRon Tutt – drums\nHerb Pedersen – acoustic rhythm guitar, electric rhythm guitar on \"I Can't Dance\"\nAl Perkins – pedal steel","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bernie Leadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Leadon"},{"link_name":"Byron Berline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Berline"},{"link_name":"N.D. Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.D._Smart"},{"link_name":"Linda Ronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt"},{"link_name":"Kim Fowley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Fowley"},{"link_name":"Phil Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Kaufman_(producer)"}],"sub_title":"Guests","text":"Bernie Leadon – acoustic guitar on \"Return of the Grievous Angel\", electric lead guitar on \"Hearts on Fire\", dobro on \"In My Hour of Darkness\"\nByron Berline – fiddle on \"Return of the Grievous Angel\", \"Medley Live from Northern Quebec\" & \"In My Hour of Darkness\", mandolin on \"Medley\"\nN.D. Smart – drums on \"Hearts on Fire\" and \"In My Hour of Darkness\"\nSteve Snyder – vibes on \"Hearts on Fire\"\nLinda Ronstadt – harmony vocal on \"In My Hour of Darkness\"\nKim Fowley, Phil Kaufman, Ed Tickner, Jane & Jon Doe – \"Background blah-blah\" on \"Medley Live from Northern Quebec\"","title":"Personnel"}]

[{"image_text":"Harris playing in Rotterdam, Netherlands (2006)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Emmylou_Harris_2006_2.jpg/300px-Emmylou_Harris_2006_2.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (1981). \"Consumer Guide '70s: P\". Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies. Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 089919026X. Retrieved March 10, 2019 – via robertchristgau.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=P&bk=70","url_text":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: P\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christgau%27s_Record_Guide:_Rock_Albums_of_the_Seventies","url_text":"Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticknor_%26_Fields","url_text":"Ticknor & Fields"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/089919026X","url_text":"089919026X"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 978-0857125958.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnibus_Press","url_text":"Omnibus Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857125958","url_text":"978-0857125958"}]},{"reference":"Scoppa, Bud (March 1, 1973). \"Gram Parsons: GP/Grievous Angel > Review\". Rolling Stone. No. 129. Retrieved 12 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/grievous-angel-19730301","url_text":"\"Gram Parsons: GP/Grievous Angel > Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Hull, Tom (April 1975). \"The Rekord Report: Second Card\". Overdose. Retrieved June 26, 2020 – via tomhull.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hull_(critic)","url_text":"Hull, Tom"},{"url":"http://www.tomhull.com/ocston/arch/rekord2.php","url_text":"\"The Rekord Report: Second Card\""}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin, ed. (2006). All Time Top 1000 Albums (3rd ed.). Virgin Books. p. 131. ISBN 0-7535-0493-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Time_Top_1000_Albums","url_text":"All Time Top 1000 Albums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0493-6","url_text":"0-7535-0493-6"}]},{"reference":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time\". Rolling Stone. 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/gram-parsons-grievous-angel-71759/","url_text":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Rock 'N Roll Case Study: Gram Parsons - The lost album\". Ear Candy Mag.","urls":[{"url":"http://earcandy_mag.tripod.com/rrcase-gramparsons.htm","url_text":"\"Rock 'N Roll Case Study: Gram Parsons - The lost album\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r14898/review","external_links_name":"Grievous Angel"},{"Link":"https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=P&bk=70","external_links_name":"\"Consumer Guide '70s: P\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/grievous-angel-19730301","external_links_name":"\"Gram Parsons: GP/Grievous Angel > Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.tomhull.com/ocston/arch/rekord2.php","external_links_name":"\"The Rekord Report: Second Card\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5109/biography","external_links_name":"Gram Parsons"},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/gram-parsons-grievous-angel-71759/","external_links_name":"\"500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rolling Stone's definitive list of the 500 greatest albums of all time\""},{"Link":"http://earcandy_mag.tripod.com/rrcase-gramparsons.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rock 'N Roll Case Study: Gram Parsons - The lost album\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/eeb6a226-8323-327e-9116-1dc51e2fcb23","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Conference_Secretary

Senate Democratic Caucus

["1 Current leadership","2 History","3 Chairs of the Senate Democratic Caucus","3.1 Notes","4 Vice chair","5 Caucus secretary","5.1 Deputy Caucus Secretary","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

Formal organization of U.S. Democratic Senators This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Senate Democratic Caucus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Senate Democratic Caucus Part ofUnited States SenateChair and Floor LeaderChuck Schumer (NY)Floor WhipDick Durbin (IL)Vice ChairsMark Warner (VA)Elizabeth Warren (MA)SecretaryTammy Baldwin (WI)IdeologyModern liberalismAffiliationDemocratic PartyColors  BlueSeats51 / 100Websitedemocrats.senate.govPolitics of United StatesPolitical partiesElections This article is part of a series on theUnited States SenateGreat Seal of the United States Senate History of the United States Senate Members Current members (by seniorityby class) Former members Hill committees (DSCCNRSC) Women in the Senate United States Vice President (list) President pro tempore (list) Presiding officer Party leaders Party leadership ofthe United States Senate Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Advice and consent Blue slip Closed session (list) ClotureCommittees (list) Executive sessionMorning business FilibusterNuclear option Recess appointment QuorumQuorum callSalaries Saxbe fixSealHolds Senatorial courtesyStanding Rules TraditionsUnanimous consent Vice presidential tie-breaking votes Places United States Capitol Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Senate Reception Room Senate office buildings (DirksenHartRussell) vte The Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate, sometimes referred to as the Democratic Conference, is the formal organization of all senators who are part of the Democratic Party in the United States Senate. For the makeup of the 118th Congress, the caucus additionally includes four independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Angus King of Maine, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) who caucus with the Democrats, bringing the current total to 51 members. The central organizational front for Democrats in the Senate, its primary function is communicating the party's message to all of its members under a single banner. The present chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus is Chuck Schumer of New York. Current leadership Effective with the start of the 118th Congress, the conference leadership is as follows: Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (New York) (Caucus Leader) Senate Majority Whip: Dick Durbin (Illinois) President pro tempore: Patty Murray (Washington) Caucus Vice Chairs: Mark Warner (Virginia) and Elizabeth Warren (Massachusetts) Policy Committee Chair: Debbie Stabenow (Michigan) Steering Committee Chair: Amy Klobuchar (Minnesota) Outreach Committee Chair: Bernie Sanders (Vermont) Outreach Committee Vice Chair: Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada) Policy Committee Vice Chair: Joe Manchin (West Virginia) and Cory Booker (New Jersey) Caucus Secretary: Tammy Baldwin (Wisconsin) Caucus Deputy Secretary: Brian Schatz (Hawaii) Campaign Committee Chair: Gary Peters (Michigan) Chief Deputy Whip: Jeff Merkley (Oregon) History The conference was formally organized on March 6, 1903, electing a chair to preside over its members and a secretary to keep minutes. Until that time, this caucus was often disorganized, philosophically divided and had neither firm written rules of governance nor a clear mission. Chairs of the Senate Democratic Caucus Since Oscar Underwood's election in 1920, the chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus has also concurrently served as the floor leader as part of an unwritten tradition. Congress Leader State Took office Left office Majority Leader 43rd John W. Stevenson(1812–1886) Kentucky December 1873 March 4, 1877 No data 44th 45th William A. Wallace(1827–1896) Pennsylvania March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 46th 47th George H. Pendleton(1825–1889) Ohio March 4, 1881 March 4, 1885 48th 49th James B. Beck(1822–1890) Kentucky March 4, 1885 May 3, 1890 50th 51st Arthur Pue Gorman(1839–1906) Maryland May 3, 1890 April 29, 1898   Unknown 52nd 53rd   Himself 1893–1895 54th   Unknown 55th David Turpie(1828–1909) Indiana April 29, 1898 March 4, 1899 56th James Kimbrough Jones(1839–1908) Arkansas December 1899 March 4, 1903 57th 58th Arthur Pue Gorman(1839–1906) Maryland March 4, 1903 June 4, 1906 59th Joseph Clay Stiles Blackburn(1838–1918) Kentucky June 4, 1906 March 4, 1907 60th Charles Allen Culberson(1855–1925) Texas December 1907 December 9, 1909 61st Hernando Money(1839–1912) Mississippi December 9, 1909 March 4, 1911 62nd Thomas S. Martin(1847–1919) Virginia April 1911 March 4, 1913 63rd John W. Kern(1849–1917) Indiana March 4, 1913 March 4, 1917   Himself 1913–1917 64th 65th Thomas S. Martin(1847–1919) Virginia March 4, 1917 November 12, 1919   Himself 1917–1919 66th   Lodge 1919–1924 Gilbert Hitchcock(1859–1934) Nebraska November 12, 1919 April 27, 1920 Oscar Underwood(1862–1929) Alabama April 27, 1920 December 3, 1923 67th 68th Joseph Taylor Robinson(1872–1937) Arkansas December 3, 1923 July 14, 1937   Curtis 1924–1929 69th 70th 71st   Watson 1929–1933 72nd 73rd   Himself 1933–1937 74th 75th Alben W. Barkley(1877–1956) Kentucky July 14, 1937 January 3, 1949   Himself 1937–1947 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th   White 1947–1949 81st Scott W. Lucas(1892–1968) Illinois January 3, 1949 January 3, 1951   Himself 1949–1951 82nd Ernest McFarland(1894–1984) Arizona January 3, 1951 January 3, 1953   Himself 1951–1953 83rd Lyndon B. Johnson(1908–1973) Texas January 3, 1953 January 3, 1961   Taft 1953   Knowland 1953–1955 84th   Himself 1955–1961 85th 86th 87th Mike Mansfield(1903–2001) Montana January 3, 1961 January 3, 1977   Himself 1961–1977 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th Robert Byrd(1917–2010) West Virginia January 3, 1977 January 3, 1989   Himself 1977–1981 96th 97th   Baker 1981–1985 98th 99th   Dole 1985–1987 100th   Himself 1987–1989 101st George J. Mitchell(born 1933) Maine January 3, 1989 January 3, 1995   Himself 1989–1995 102nd 103rd 104th Tom Daschle(born 1947) South Dakota January 3, 1995 January 3, 2005   Dole 1995–1996   Lott 1996–2001 105th 106th 107th   Himself 2001   Lott 2001   Himself 2001–2002   Lott 2002–2003 108th   Frist 2003–2007 109th Harry Reid(1939–2021) Nevada January 3, 2005 January 3, 2017 110th   Himself 2007–2015 111th 112th 113th 114th   McConnell 2015–2021 115th Chuck Schumer(born 1950) New York January 3, 2017 Incumbent 116th 117th   Himself 2021–present 118th Notes ^ a b c d Died in office. ^ a b Resigned from office. ^ a b Although the Senate Majority Leader for this Congress is unknown, the Republican Party had a majority. ^ Acting chair. ^ a b Resigned to become Vice President of the United States. Vice chair After the victory of Democrats in the midterm elections of 2006, an overwhelming majority in the conference wanted to reward Chuck Schumer, then the chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, with a position in the leadership hierarchy. In response, then-Democratic Leader Harry Reid created the position of vice-chair when Democrats formally took control in 2007. Schumer ascended to Reid's position following his retirement after the 2016 elections. The position was then split, with one co-chair awarded to Mark Warner and the other awarded to Elizabeth Warren. Chuck Schumer (2007–2017) Mark Warner and Elizabeth Warren (2017–present) Caucus secretary The United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary, also called the Caucus Secretary was previously considered the number-three position, behind the party's floor leader and the party's whip, until in 2006, when Democratic leader Harry Reid created the new position of Vice-Chairman of the caucus. Now, the secretary is the fourth-highest ranking position. The conference secretary is responsible for taking notes and aiding the party leadership when senators of the party meet or caucus together. The first conference secretary was Sen. Edward W. Carmack of Tennessee, who was elected in March 1903. The current conference secretary is Sen. Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, who assumed the office in January 2017. Officeholder State Term Edward W. Carmack TN 1903–1907 Robert Owen OK 1907–1911 William E. Chilton WV 1911–1913 Willard Saulsbury Jr. DE 1913–1916 Key PittmanActing NV 1916–1917 William H. King UT 1917–1927 Hugo Black AL 1927–1937 Joshua B. Lee OK 1937–1943 Francis T. Maloney CT 1943–1945 Brien McMahon CT 1945–1952 Thomas Hennings MO 1953–1960 George Smathers FL 1960–1966 Robert Byrd WV 1967–1971 Ted Moss UT 1971–1977 Daniel Inouye HI 1977–1989 David Pryor AR 1989–1995 Barbara Mikulski MD 1995–2005 Debbie Stabenow MI 2005–2007 Patty Murray WA 2007–2017 Tammy Baldwin WI 2017–present Deputy Caucus Secretary On December 8, 2022, Sen. Brian Schatz of Hawaii was elected to the newly created position of Deputy Caucus Secretary, assuming the office at the beginning of the 118th Congress on January 3, 2023. This was an elevation from his previous leadership role as Senate Democratic Chief Deputy Whip. References ^ Bolton, Alexander (January 20, 2021). "Schumer becomes new Senate majority leader". The Hill. Retrieved January 23, 2021. ^ "Conference Secretaries". U.S. Senate. ^ "Senate Democratic Caucus Organized". U.S. Senate. ^ "Schumer reelected as Senate majority leader". The Hill. Bibliography Donald A. Ritchie (ed) (1999). Minutes of the Senate Democratic Conference: Fifty-eighth through Eighty-eighth Congress, 1903-1964. Washington, D.C. GPO. Available online in PDF or text format. External links Official Home of the Senate Democratic Caucus on the Internet Senate Party Leadership – much of this article's content was adapted from this useful public domain resource First Formal Organization of the Senate Democratic Caucus vteParty caucuses and conferences in the United States Congress Senate Republican Conference Senate Senate Democratic Caucus Conference Chair Chair Caucus Chair Conference Vice-Chair / Secretary Secretary Caucus Secretary Policy Committee Chair Policy Committee Policy Committee Chair House Republican Conference House of Representatives House Democratic Caucus Conference Chair Chair Caucus Chair Vice Chair Vice Chair Vice-Chair / Secretary Conference Secretary Secretary Policy Committee Chair Policy Committee Policy Committee Co-Chair vteUnited States Congress House of Representatives Senate Joint session (117th ← 118th → 119th) Lists of United States Congress Members and leadersMembershipMembers By length of service By shortness of service Youngest members Non-voting members Unseated members Senate Members seniority Dean Former Expelled or censured Classes Born outside the U.S. Resigned Appointed Switched parties House Members seniority Dean Former Expelled, censured, and reprimanded Served a single term Lost re-election in a primary Switched parties Elected but did not serve New members 90th (1967) 91st (1969) 92nd (1971) 93rd (1973) 94th (1975) 95th (1977) 96th (1979) 97th (1981) 98th (1983) 99th (1985) 100th (1987) 101st (1989) 102nd (1991) 103rd (1993) 104th (1995) 105th (1997) 106th (1999) 107th (2001) 108th (2003) 109th (2005) 110th (2007) 111th (2009) 112th (2011) 113th (2013) 114th (2015) 115th (2017) 116th (2019) 117th (2021) 118th (2023) LeadersSenate President list President pro tempore list Leaders Democratic Caucus Chair Secretary Policy Committee Chair Republican Conference Chair Vice-Chair Policy Committee Chair House Speaker list Leaders Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Districts List Apportionment Gerrymandering GroupsCongressional caucus Caucuses of the United States Congress Ethnic and racial African-American members Senate House Black Caucus Arab and Middle Eastern members Asian Pacific American members Asian Pacific American Caucus Hispanic and Latino members list Hispanic Caucus Hispanic Conference Jewish members Congressional Jewish Caucus Native American members Gender and sexual identity LGBT members Equality Caucus Women Senate House Issues Caucus current House Occupation Physicians Religion Buddhist members Hindu members Jewish members Mormon (LDS) members Muslim members Quaker members Sikh members Related By length of service historically Current members by wealth From multiple states Died in office 1790–1899 1900–1949 1950–1999 2000–present Killed or wounded in office Party switchers Slave owners Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, mediaPowers Article I Copyright Commerce (Dormant) Contempt of Congress Declaration of war Impeachment Inquiries Trial Naturalization "Necessary and Proper" Power of enforcement Taxing/spending Privileges Salaries Franking Immunity Procedure Act of Congress list Appropriation bill Bill Budget process Censure Closed sessions House Senate Cloture Concurrent resolution Continuing resolution Dear Colleague letter Discharge petition Enrolled bill Expulsion Joint resolution Joint session list Lame-duck session Magic minute Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule) Multiple referral House procedures Quorum call Reconciliation Rider Saxbe fix Sponsorship Suspension of the rules Unanimous consent Veto Line-item veto Pocket veto Senate-specific Advice and consent Blue slip (U.S. Senate) Classes Executive communication Executive session Filibuster Jefferson's Manual Senate Journal Morning business Nuclear option Presiding Officer Recess appointment Reconciliation Riddick's Senate Procedure Senate hold Senatorial courtesy Seniority Standing Rules Tie-breaking votes Traditions Treaty Clause Committees Chairman and ranking member Of the Whole Conference Discharge petition Hearings Markup Oversight List (Joint) List (House) List (Senate) Select and special Standing Subcommittees Items Gavels Mace of the House Seal of the Senate History House history memoirs speaker elections Senate history election disputes memoirs Continental Congress Federal Hall (1789–1790) Congress Hall (1790–1800) Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819) Biographical Directory Divided government Party divisions Media C-SPAN Congressional Quarterly The Hill Politico Roll Call Capitol Complex (Capitol Hill)Legislativeoffices Congressional staff Gov. 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Ethics Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations Interparliamentary Affairs Law Revision Counsel Legislative Counsel Library EmployeesSenate Secretary Chaplain Curator Historian Librarian Pages Parliamentarian Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper House Chaplain Chief Administrative Officer Clerk Doorkeeper Floor Operations Floor Services Chief Historian Pages Board Parliamentarian Postmaster Reading Clerk Sergeant at Arms Library ofCongress Congressional Research Service reports Copyright Office Register of Copyrights Law Library Poet Laureate THOMAS Adams Building Jefferson Building Madison Building Gov.Publishing Office Public Printer Congressional Pictorial Directory Congressional Record Official Congressional Directory U.S. Gov. Manual Serial Set Statutes at Large United States Code Capitol Building Brumidi Corridors Congressional Prayer Room Crypt Dome Statue of Freedom Rotunda Hall of Columns Statuary Hall Visitor Center The Apotheosis of Washington Statue of Freedom Declaration of Independence painting Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States Apotheosis of Democracy Progress of Civilization Pediment First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln Surrender of General Burgoyne Surrender of Lord Cornwallis George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door Revolutionary War Door Columbus Doors Washington at Princeton Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way VP's Room VP Bust Collection OfficebuildingsSenate Dirksen Hart Mountains and Clouds Russell House Building Commission office lottery Cannon Ford Longworth O'Neill Rayburn Otherfacilities Botanic Garden Health and Fitness Facility House Recording Studio Senate chamber Old Senate Chamber Old Supreme Court Chamber Power Plant Webster Page Residence Subway Related Capitol Hill United States Capitol cornerstone laying vteDemocratic Party History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Nationalconventions,presidentialtickets,andpresidentialprimaries 1828 (None): Jackson/Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore): Jackson/Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore): Van Buren/R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore): Van Buren/None 1844 (Baltimore): Polk/Dallas 1848 (Baltimore): Cass/Butler 1852 (Baltimore): Pierce/King 1856 (Cincinnati): Buchanan/Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore): Douglas/H. Johnson (Breckinridge/Lane, SD) 1864 (Chicago): McClellan/Pendleton 1868 (New York): Seymour/Blair 1872 (Baltimore): Greeley/Brown 1876 (Saint Louis): Tilden/Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati): Hancock/English 1884 (Chicago): Cleveland/Hendricks 1888 (Saint Louis): Cleveland/Thurman 1892 (Chicago): Cleveland/Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago): W. Bryan/Sewall 1900 (Kansas City): W. Bryan/Stevenson I 1904 (Saint Louis): Parker/H. Davis 1908 (Denver): W. Bryan/Kern 1912 (Baltimore): Wilson/Marshall primaries 1916 (Saint Louis): Wilson/Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco): Cox/Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York): J. Davis/C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston): Smith/Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia): Roosevelt/Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago): Roosevelt/Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia): Truman/Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago): Stevenson II/Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles): Kennedy/L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City): L. Johnson/Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago): Humphrey/Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach): McGovern/(Eagleton, Shriver) primaries 1976 (New York): Carter/Mondale primaries 1980 (New York): Carter/Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco): Mondale/Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta): Dukakis/Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York): B. Clinton/Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago): B. Clinton/Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles): Gore/Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston): Kerry/Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver): Obama/Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte): Obama/Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia): H. Clinton/Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations): Biden/Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago): Biden/Harris (presumptive) primaries Presidentialadministrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland (1885–1889; 1893–1897) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt (1933–1941; 1941–1945) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–) U.S. Houseleaders,Speakers,andCaucuschairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack/Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–) U.S. SenateleadersandCaucuschairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–) Chairs ofthe DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd/Fowler Romer/Grossman Rendell/Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison State andterritorialparties Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Democrats Abroad AffiliatedgroupsCongress Senate Caucus Policy Committee Steering and Outreach Committee House Caucus Factions Blue Dog Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus Justice Democrats New Democrat Coalition Problem Solvers Caucus Fundraising Democratic Attorneys General Association Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Democratic Governors Association Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee National Conference of Democratic Mayors National Democratic Redistricting Committee Sectional College Democrats of America Democrats Abroad National Federation of Democratic Women Stonewall Democrats Stonewall Young Democrats Young Democrats of America High School Democrats of America Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate 2005 chairmanship election 2017 chairmanship election 2006 House Caucus leadership election 2018 House Caucus leadership election Weekly Democratic Address

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"118th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Angus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_King"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"Kyrsten Sinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrsten_Sinema"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"The Democratic Caucus of the United States Senate, sometimes referred to as the Democratic Conference, is the formal organization of all senators who are part of the Democratic Party in the United States Senate. For the makeup of the 118th Congress, the caucus additionally includes four independent senators (Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Angus King of Maine, Kyrsten Sinema of Arizona, and Joe Manchin of West Virginia) who caucus with the Democrats, bringing the current total to 51 members. The central organizational front for Democrats in the Senate, its primary function is communicating the party's message to all of its members under a single banner. The present chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus is Chuck Schumer of New York.","title":"Senate Democratic Caucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senate Majority Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"},{"link_name":"Senate Majority Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Dick Durbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Durbin"},{"link_name":"President pro tempore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Patty Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Murray"},{"link_name":"Mark Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"},{"link_name":"Policy Committee Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee"},{"link_name":"Debbie Stabenow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Stabenow"},{"link_name":"Steering Committee Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee"},{"link_name":"Amy Klobuchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Klobuchar"},{"link_name":"Outreach Committee Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee"},{"link_name":"Bernie Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Sanders"},{"link_name":"Outreach Committee Vice Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee"},{"link_name":"Catherine Cortez Masto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Cortez_Masto"},{"link_name":"Policy Committee Vice Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee"},{"link_name":"Joe Manchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Manchin"},{"link_name":"Cory Booker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Booker"},{"link_name":"Caucus Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Conference_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Tammy Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Caucus Deputy Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Conference_Secretary"},{"link_name":"Brian Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schatz"},{"link_name":"Campaign Committee Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee"},{"link_name":"Gary Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Peters"},{"link_name":"Chief Deputy Whip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Jeff Merkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Merkley"}],"text":"Effective with the start of the 118th Congress, the conference leadership is as follows:Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (New York) (Caucus Leader)\nSenate Majority Whip: Dick Durbin (Illinois)\nPresident pro tempore: Patty Murray (Washington)\nCaucus Vice Chairs: Mark Warner (Virginia) and Elizabeth Warren (Massachusetts)\nPolicy Committee Chair: Debbie Stabenow (Michigan)\nSteering Committee Chair: Amy Klobuchar (Minnesota)\nOutreach Committee Chair: Bernie Sanders (Vermont)\nOutreach Committee Vice Chair: Catherine Cortez Masto (Nevada)\nPolicy Committee Vice Chair: Joe Manchin (West Virginia) and Cory Booker (New Jersey)\nCaucus Secretary: Tammy Baldwin (Wisconsin)\nCaucus Deputy Secretary: Brian Schatz (Hawaii)\nCampaign Committee Chair: Gary Peters (Michigan)\nChief Deputy Whip: Jeff Merkley (Oregon)","title":"Current leadership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The conference was formally organized on March 6, 1903, electing a chair to preside over its members and a secretary to keep minutes. Until that time, this caucus was often disorganized, philosophically divided and had neither firm written rules of governance nor a clear mission.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Underwood"},{"link_name":"floor leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate"}],"text":"Since Oscar Underwood's election in 1920, the chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus has also concurrently served as the floor leader as part of an unwritten tradition.","title":"Chairs of the Senate Democratic Caucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-died_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-died_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-died_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-died_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-resigned_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-resigned_2-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unknown_rep_majority_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-unknown_rep_majority_3-1"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-acting_4-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-resigned_veep_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-resigned_veep_5-1"},{"link_name":"Vice President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ a b c d Died in office.\n\n^ a b Resigned from office.\n\n^ a b Although the Senate Majority Leader for this Congress is unknown, the Republican Party had a majority.\n\n^ Acting chair.\n\n^ a b Resigned to become Vice President of the United States.","title":"Chairs of the Senate Democratic Caucus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"midterm elections of 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_elections,_2006"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Harry Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"2016 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_elections,_2016"},{"link_name":"Chuck Schumer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Schumer"},{"link_name":"Mark Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Warner"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren"}],"text":"After the victory of Democrats in the midterm elections of 2006, an overwhelming majority in the conference wanted to reward Chuck Schumer, then the chair of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee, with a position in the leadership hierarchy.[citation needed] In response, then-Democratic Leader Harry Reid created the position of vice-chair when Democrats formally took control in 2007.[1] Schumer ascended to Reid's position following his retirement after the 2016 elections. The position was then split, with one co-chair awarded to Mark Warner and the other awarded to Elizabeth Warren.Chuck Schumer (2007–2017)\nMark Warner and Elizabeth Warren (2017–present)","title":"Vice chair"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Reid"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Carmack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Carmack"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Tammy Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammy_Baldwin"}],"text":"The United States Senate Democratic Conference Secretary, also called the Caucus Secretary was previously considered the number-three position, behind the party's floor leader and the party's whip, until in 2006, when Democratic leader Harry Reid created the new position of Vice-Chairman of the caucus. Now, the secretary is the fourth-highest ranking position. The conference secretary is responsible for taking notes and aiding the party leadership when senators of the party meet or caucus together.[2]The first conference secretary was Sen. Edward W. Carmack of Tennessee, who was elected in March 1903.[3]The current conference secretary is Sen. Tammy Baldwin of Wisconsin, who assumed the office in January 2017.","title":"Caucus secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brian Schatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Schatz"},{"link_name":"118th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Deputy Caucus Secretary","text":"On December 8, 2022, Sen. Brian Schatz of Hawaii was elected to the newly created position of Deputy Caucus Secretary, assuming the office at the beginning of the 118th Congress on January 3, 2023.[4] This was an elevation from his previous leadership role as Senate Democratic Chief Deputy Whip.","title":"Caucus secretary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_documents&docid=f:sd020.105.pdf"},{"link_name":"text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=105_cong_documents&docid=f:sd020.105"}],"text":"Donald A. Ritchie (ed) (1999). Minutes of the Senate Democratic Conference: Fifty-eighth through Eighty-eighth Congress, 1903-1964. Washington, D.C. GPO. Available online in PDF or text format.","title":"Bibliography"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumiko_Enchi

Fumiko Enchi

["1 Early life","2 Literary career","3 Postwar success","4 Later life and death","5 Partial list of works","5.1 Novels","5.2 One-act plays","5.3 Translation","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]

Japanese writer Fumiko EnchiNative name円地 文子BornUeda Fumi (上田 富美)(1905-10-02)2 October 1905Tokyo, JapanDied12 November 1986(1986-11-12) (aged 81)Tokyo, JapanResting placeYanaka Cemetery, Tokyo, JapanOccupationWriter, playwrightNotable awardsWomen’s Literature Prize (1955, 1966)Noma Literary Prize (1957)Tanizaki Prize (1969)Order of Culture (1985) Fumiko Enchi (円地 文子, Enchi Fumiko, 2 October 1905 – 12 November 1986) was the pen-name of Fumiko Ueda, one of the most prominent Japanese women writers in the Shōwa period of Japan. As a writer, Enchi is best known for her explorations into the ideas of sexuality, gender, human identity, and spirituality. Early life Ueda Kazutoshi, the father of Fumiko Enchi Fumiko Ueda was born in Asakusa, Tokyo, the second daughter of Tokyo Imperial University linguist and professor Ueda Kazutoshi  and his wife Tsuruko. Her father served as president of Kokugakuin University, was a member of the House of Peers, and was later credited with establishing the foundations of modern Japanese linguistics. Her family also included her paternal grandmother Ine, elder brother Hisashi, elder sister Chiyo, as well as maids, houseboys, a wet nurse, and a rickshaw driver and his wife. Of poor health as a child, she was unable to attend classes in school on a regular basis, so her father decided to keep her at home. She was taught English, French and Chinese literature through private tutors. She was also strongly influenced by her paternal grandmother, who introduced her to the Japanese classics such as The Tale of Genji, as well as to Edo period gesaku novels and to the kabuki and bunraku theater. A precocious child, at age 13, her reading list included the works of Oscar Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe, Kyōka Izumi, Kafū Nagai, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, and especially Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, whose sado-masochistic aestheticism particularly fascinated her. As a child she also gained access to many rare texts when Basil Hall Chamberlain, a mentor in linguistics to her father, donated his entire library of over eleven thousand books to the family before leaving the country in 1910. From 1918 to 1922, she attended the girl's middle school of Japan Women's University, but was forced to abandon her studies due to health. However, her interest in the theatre was encouraged by her father, and as a young woman, she attended the lectures of Kaoru Osanai, the founder of modern Japanese drama. Her plays took inspiration from Kaoru Osanai, and many of her later plays focused on revolutionary movements and intellectual conflicts. Literary career Her literary career began in 1926, with a one-act stage play Birthplace (ふるさと, Furusato) published in the literary journal Kabuki, which was well received by critics, who noted her sympathies with the proletarian literature movement. This was followed by A Restless Night in Late Spring ( 晩春騒夜 Banshun sōya), which was published in the September 1928 issue of the magazine Women's Arts (女人芸術, Nyonin Geijutsu) and performed at the Tsukiji Little Theatre in December 1928. In this play, two female artists, Kayoko and Mitsuko, are caught up in a conflict on their different perspectives towards art and politics. This was Enchi's first play to be produced on stage. In 1930, she married Yoshimatsu Enchi, a journalist with the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, with whom she had a daughter. She then began to write fiction but unlike her smooth debut as a playwright, she found it very hard to get her stories published. Although from 1939, the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun began publishing a serialization of her translation of The Tale of Genji into modern Japanese, her early novels, such as The Words Like the Wind (Kaze no gotoki kotoba, 1939), The Treasures of Heaven and Sea (Ten no sachi, umi no sachi, 1940) and Spring and Autumn (Shunju, 1943) were not a commercial success. She also continued to struggle with her health, having a mastectomy in 1938 after being diagnosed with uterine cancer, and suffering from post-surgical complications. In 1945, Enchi's home and all her possessions burned during one of the air raids on Tokyo towards the end of the Pacific War. She had a hysterectomy in 1946, and stopped writing till around 1951. Postwar success Fumiko Enchi (left) and Motoko Morita (right) in 1960 In 1953, Enchi's novel Days of Hunger (ひもじい月日, Himojii Tsukihi) was received favorably by critics. Her novel is a violent, harrowing tale of family misfortune and physical and emotional deprivation, based partly on wartime personal experiences, and in 1954 won the Women's Literature Prize. Enchi's next novel was also highly praised: The Waiting Years (女坂, Onna zaka, 1949–1957) won the Noma Literary Prize. The novel is set in the Meiji period and analyzes the plight of women who have no alternative but to accept the demeaning role assigned to them in the patriarchal social order. The protagonist is the wife of a government official, who is humiliated when her husband not only takes concubines, but has them live under the same roof as both maids and as secondary wives. From the 1950s and 1960s, Enchi became quite successful, and wrote numerous novels and short stories exploring female psychology and sexuality. In Masks (Onna men, 1958), her protagonist is based on Lady Rokujō from The Tale of Genji, depicted as a shamanistic character. After losing her son in a climbing accident on Mount Fuji, she manipulates her widowed daughter-in-law to have a son by any means to replace the one she lost. One of the quotes from the book says, "A woman's love is quick to turn into a passion for revenge--an obsession that becomes an endless river of blood, flowing on from generation to generation". The theme of shamanism and spiritual possession appears repeatedly in Enchi's works in the 1960s. Enchi contrasted the traditions of female subjugation in Buddhism with the role of the female shaman in the indigenous Japanese Shinto religion, and used this as a means to depict the female shaman as a vehicle for either retribution against men, or empowerment for women. In A Tale of False Fortunes (Nama miko monogatari, 1965, also translated as A Tale of False Oracles, literal translation "The Tale of An Enchantress"), a retelling of the Eiga Monogatari (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes), she sets the story in the Heian period, with the protagonist as Empress Teishi (historical figure Fujiwara no Teishi, also known as Sadako), a consort of Emperor Ichijo. The novel won the 1966 Women's Literature Prize. Alongside The Waiting Years and Masks, A Tale of False Fortunes is considered to be her third work to be directly influenced by The Tale of Genji. Three of her stories were selected for the Tanizaki Prize in 1969: Shu wo ubau mono (朱を奪うもの), Kizu aru tsubasa (傷ある翼) and Niji to shura (虹と修羅). Another theme in Enchi's writing is eroticism in aging women, which she saw as a biological inequality between men and women. In Saimu (lit. "Coloured Mist", 1976), an aging woman becomes obsessed with a fantasy in which she can revitalize herself through sexual liaisons with young men. Enchi's works combined elements of realism and erotic fantasy, a style that was new at the time. Later life and death Enchi was elected to the Japan Art Academy in 1970. She was made a Person of Cultural Merit in 1979, and was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1985 shortly before her death on November 12, 1986, of a heart attack, suffered while she was at a family event in 1986 at her home in the Yanaka neighborhood of Tokyo. Her grave is at the nearby Yanaka Cemetery. Few of Enchi's works have been translated out of Japanese. Partial list of works Novels Kaze no gotoki kotoba (lit. "The Words like the Wind", 1939) Ten no sachi, umi no sachi (lit. "The Treasures of Heaven and Sea", 1940) Shunjū (lit. "Spring and Autumn", 1943) The Waiting Years (Onna Zaka, 1949–1957), English translation by John Bester. Kodansha. ISBN 477002889X Masks (Onna Men, 1958), English translation by Juliet Winters Carpenter. A Tale of False Fortunes (Nama miko monogatari, 1965), English translation by Roger Kent Thomas. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824821874 Saimu (lit. "Coloured Mist", 1976) One-act plays Furusato (lit. "Birthplace", 1926) Restless Night in Late Spring (Banshu sōya, 1928) Translation Enchi Genji, a translation of The Tale of Genji into modern Japanese. See also Novels portalJapan portal Japanese literature List of Japanese authors Notes ^ Schierbeck, Sachiko (1994). Japanese Women Novelists in the 20th Century. 104 Biographies, 1900-1993. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 112. ^ a b Rimer, Thomas J (2014). "The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Drama". New York: Columbia University Press: 170. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Osborne, Hannah (2017-01-02). "Writing behind the scenes: stage and gender in Enchi Fumiko's works". Asian Studies Review. 41 (1): 161–162. doi:10.1080/10357823.2016.1253130. ISSN 1035-7823. S2CID 151433446. ^ a b c Wada, Tomoko (1987). 昭和文学全集 12. Shogakukan. pp. 473, 1069. ^ Komatsu, Shinroku (1969). 現代文学大系 40. Chikuma Shobo. pp. 496–497. ^ Miyauchi, Junko (2009). Ake o ubau mono. Enchi, Fumiko. Kōdansha. p. 206. ISBN 978-4-06-290064-5. OCLC 675515396. ^ Carpenter, Juliet Winters (Jul 1990). "Enchi Fumiko: "A Writer of Tales"". Japan Quarterly; Tokyo. 37: 343 – via Social Science Premium Collection. ^ a b Gessel, Van (Summer 1988). "The "Medium" of Fiction: Fumiko Enchi as Narrator". World Literature Today. 62 (Contemporary Japanese Literature): 380–385. doi:10.2307/40144284. JSTOR 40144284. ^ Kano, Ayako (2006). "Enchi Fumiko's Stormy Days: Arashi and the Drama of Childbirth". Monumenta Nipponica. 61 (1): 59–91. doi:10.1353/mni.2006.0006. S2CID 153359603. ^ Enchi, Fumiko. Masks. ^ McCain, Yoko (1980). "Eroticism and the Writings of Enchi Fumiko": 32–46. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) References Cornyetz, Nina. Dangerous Women, Deadly Words: Phallic Fantasy and Modernity in Three Japanese Writers, Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0804732124 Kano, Ayako (2006). "Enchi Fumiko's Stormy Days: Arashi and the Drama of Childbirth". Monumenta Nipponica. 61 (1): 59–91. doi:10.1353/mni.2006.0006. S2CID 153359603. McClain, Yoko. "Eroticism and the Writings of Enchi Fumiko." The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese, Volume 15, Number 1, 1980 pp. 32–46. ISSN 0885-9884 North, Lucy. "Enchi Fumiko." Modern Japanese Writers, Ed. Jay Rubin, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001. pp. 89–105. Rimer, J Thomas (2007). The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Literature: From 1945 to the present. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231138048. Rimer, J Thomas (2014). The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Drama. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231128308. Schierbeck, Sachiko. Japanese Women Novelists in the 20th Century. Museum Tusculanum Press (1994). ISBN 8772892684 External links Fumiko Enchi at J'Lit Books from Japan (in English) Synopsis of The Waiting Years (Onna Zaka) at JLPP (Japanese Literature Publishing Project) (in English) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pen-name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen-name"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"women writers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)"},{"link_name":"Shōwa period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_period"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimer_2014_170-2"},{"link_name":"identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Fumiko Enchi (円地 文子, Enchi Fumiko, 2 October 1905 – 12 November 1986)[1] was the pen-name of Fumiko Ueda, one of the most prominent Japanese women writers in the Shōwa period of Japan.[2] As a writer, Enchi is best known for her explorations into the ideas of sexuality, gender, human identity, and spirituality.[3]","title":"Fumiko Enchi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mr._Kazutoshi_Ueda,_chief_of_the_Bureau_of_Special_School_Affairs_of_the_Department_of_Education.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ueda Kazutoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ueda_Kazutoshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asakusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asakusa"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Imperial University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Ueda Kazutoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ueda_Kazutoshi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%94%B0%E8%90%AC%E5%B9%B4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Kokugakuin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokugakuin_University"},{"link_name":"House of Peers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"wet nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_nurse"},{"link_name":"rickshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickshaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_literature"},{"link_name":"Chinese literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_literature"},{"link_name":"The Tale of Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji"},{"link_name":"Edo period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_period"},{"link_name":"gesaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesaku"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"bunraku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunraku"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Edgar Allan Poe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe"},{"link_name":"Kyōka Izumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dka_Izumi"},{"link_name":"Kafū Nagai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaf%C5%AB_Nagai"},{"link_name":"Ryūnosuke Akutagawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%ABnosuke_Akutagawa"},{"link_name":"Jun'ichirō Tanizaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki"},{"link_name":"Basil Hall Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Hall_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Japan Women's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Women%27s_University"},{"link_name":"Kaoru Osanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Osanai"},{"link_name":"Japanese drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Kaoru Osanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Osanai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rimer_2014_170-2"}],"text":"Ueda Kazutoshi, the father of Fumiko EnchiFumiko Ueda was born in Asakusa, Tokyo, the second daughter of Tokyo Imperial University linguist and professor Ueda Kazutoshi [ja] and his wife Tsuruko.[4] Her father served as president of Kokugakuin University, was a member of the House of Peers, and was later credited with establishing the foundations of modern Japanese linguistics.[4] Her family also included her paternal grandmother Ine, elder brother Hisashi, elder sister Chiyo, as well as maids, houseboys, a wet nurse, and a rickshaw driver and his wife.[4][5][6]Of poor health as a child, she was unable to attend classes in school on a regular basis, so her father decided to keep her at home. She was taught English, French and Chinese literature through private tutors. She was also strongly influenced by her paternal grandmother, who introduced her to the Japanese classics such as The Tale of Genji, as well as to Edo period gesaku novels and to the kabuki and bunraku theater.[7] A precocious child, at age 13, her reading list included the works of Oscar Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe, Kyōka Izumi, Kafū Nagai, Ryūnosuke Akutagawa, and especially Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, whose sado-masochistic aestheticism particularly fascinated her. As a child she also gained access to many rare texts when Basil Hall Chamberlain, a mentor in linguistics to her father, donated his entire library of over eleven thousand books to the family before leaving the country in 1910.[8]From 1918 to 1922, she attended the girl's middle school of Japan Women's University, but was forced to abandon her studies due to health. However, her interest in the theatre was encouraged by her father, and as a young woman, she attended the lectures of Kaoru Osanai, the founder of modern Japanese drama. Her plays took inspiration from Kaoru Osanai, and many of her later plays focused on revolutionary movements and intellectual conflicts.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proletarian literature movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proletarian_literature_movement"},{"link_name":"Nyonin Geijutsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyonin_Geijutsu"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stormy_Days-9"},{"link_name":"Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Nichi_Nichi_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"mastectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastectomy"},{"link_name":"uterine cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterine_cancer"},{"link_name":"air raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_bombing"},{"link_name":"Pacific War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_War"},{"link_name":"hysterectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterectomy"}],"text":"Her literary career began in 1926, with a one-act stage play Birthplace (ふるさと, Furusato) published in the literary journal Kabuki, which was well received by critics, who noted her sympathies with the proletarian literature movement. This was followed by A Restless Night in Late Spring ( 晩春騒夜 Banshun sōya), which was published in the September 1928 issue of the magazine Women's Arts (女人芸術, Nyonin Geijutsu) and performed at the Tsukiji Little Theatre in December 1928. In this play, two female artists, Kayoko and Mitsuko, are caught up in a conflict on their different perspectives towards art and politics. This was Enchi's first play to be produced on stage.[9]In 1930, she married Yoshimatsu Enchi, a journalist with the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun, with whom she had a daughter. She then began to write fiction but unlike her smooth debut as a playwright, she found it very hard to get her stories published. Although from 1939, the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun began publishing a serialization of her translation of The Tale of Genji into modern Japanese, her early novels, such as The Words Like the Wind (Kaze no gotoki kotoba, 1939), The Treasures of Heaven and Sea (Ten no sachi, umi no sachi, 1940) and Spring and Autumn (Shunju, 1943) were not a commercial success. She also continued to struggle with her health, having a mastectomy in 1938 after being diagnosed with uterine cancer, and suffering from post-surgical complications.In 1945, Enchi's home and all her possessions burned during one of the air raids on Tokyo towards the end of the Pacific War. She had a hysterectomy in 1946, and stopped writing till around 1951.","title":"Literary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enchi_Fumiko_and_Morita_Motoko.jpg"},{"link_name":"Noma Literary Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noma_Literary_Prize"},{"link_name":"Meiji period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_period"},{"link_name":"concubines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concubine"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"sexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sexuality"},{"link_name":"Masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masks_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Mount Fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Fuji"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Shinto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto"},{"link_name":"Eiga Monogatari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiga_Monogatari"},{"link_name":"Heian period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heian_period"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Teishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Teishi"},{"link_name":"Emperor Ichijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ichijo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Tanizaki Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanizaki_Prize"},{"link_name":"realism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_realism"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Fumiko Enchi (left) and Motoko Morita (right) in 1960In 1953, Enchi's novel Days of Hunger (ひもじい月日, Himojii Tsukihi) was received favorably by critics. Her novel is a violent, harrowing tale of family misfortune and physical and emotional deprivation, based partly on wartime personal experiences, and in 1954 won the Women's Literature Prize.Enchi's next novel was also highly praised: The Waiting Years (女坂, Onna zaka, 1949–1957) won the Noma Literary Prize. The novel is set in the Meiji period and analyzes the plight of women who have no alternative but to accept the demeaning role assigned to them in the patriarchal social order. The protagonist is the wife of a government official, who is humiliated when her husband not only takes concubines, but has them live under the same roof as both maids and as secondary wives.From the 1950s and 1960s, Enchi became quite successful, and wrote numerous novels and short stories exploring female psychology and sexuality. In Masks (Onna men, 1958), her protagonist is based on Lady Rokujō from The Tale of Genji, depicted as a shamanistic character. After losing her son in a climbing accident on Mount Fuji, she manipulates her widowed daughter-in-law to have a son by any means to replace the one she lost. One of the quotes from the book says, \"A woman's love is quick to turn into a passion for revenge--an obsession that becomes an endless river of blood, flowing on from generation to generation\".[10]The theme of shamanism and spiritual possession appears repeatedly in Enchi's works in the 1960s. Enchi contrasted the traditions of female subjugation in Buddhism with the role of the female shaman in the indigenous Japanese Shinto religion, and used this as a means to depict the female shaman as a vehicle for either retribution against men, or empowerment for women. In A Tale of False Fortunes (Nama miko monogatari, 1965, also translated as A Tale of False Oracles, literal translation \"The Tale of An Enchantress\"), a retelling of the Eiga Monogatari (A Tale of Flowering Fortunes), she sets the story in the Heian period, with the protagonist as Empress Teishi (historical figure Fujiwara no Teishi, also known as Sadako), a consort of Emperor Ichijo. The novel won the 1966 Women's Literature Prize. Alongside The Waiting Years and Masks, A Tale of False Fortunes is considered to be her third work to be directly influenced by The Tale of Genji.[8]Three of her stories were selected for the Tanizaki Prize in 1969: Shu wo ubau mono (朱を奪うもの), Kizu aru tsubasa (傷ある翼) and Niji to shura (虹と修羅).Another theme in Enchi's writing is eroticism in aging women, which she saw as a biological inequality between men and women. In Saimu (lit. \"Coloured Mist\", 1976), an aging woman becomes obsessed with a fantasy in which she can revitalize herself through sexual liaisons with young men. Enchi's works combined elements of realism and erotic fantasy, a style that was new at the time.[11]","title":"Postwar success"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan Art Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Art_Academy"},{"link_name":"Person of Cultural Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_Cultural_Merit"},{"link_name":"Order of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"heart attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"Yanaka Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanaka_Cemetery"}],"text":"Enchi was elected to the Japan Art Academy in 1970. She was made a Person of Cultural Merit in 1979, and was awarded the Order of Culture by the Japanese government in 1985 shortly before her death on November 12, 1986, of a heart attack, suffered while she was at a family event in 1986 at her home in the Yanaka neighborhood of Tokyo. Her grave is at the nearby Yanaka Cemetery. Few of Enchi's works have been translated out of Japanese.","title":"Later life and death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Partial list of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Waiting Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waiting_Years"},{"link_name":"John Bester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bester"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"477002889X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/477002889X"},{"link_name":"Masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masks_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Juliet Winters Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Winters_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0824821874","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824821874"}],"sub_title":"Novels","text":"Kaze no gotoki kotoba (lit. \"The Words like the Wind\", 1939)\nTen no sachi, umi no sachi (lit. \"The Treasures of Heaven and Sea\", 1940)\nShunjū (lit. \"Spring and Autumn\", 1943)\nThe Waiting Years (Onna Zaka, 1949–1957), English translation by John Bester. Kodansha. ISBN 477002889X\nMasks (Onna Men, 1958), English translation by Juliet Winters Carpenter.\nA Tale of False Fortunes (Nama miko monogatari, 1965), English translation by Roger Kent Thomas. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824821874\nSaimu (lit. \"Coloured Mist\", 1976)","title":"Partial list of works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"One-act plays","text":"Furusato (lit. \"Birthplace\", 1926)\nRestless Night in Late Spring (Banshu sōya, 1928)","title":"Partial list of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tale of Genji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tale_of_Genji"}],"sub_title":"Translation","text":"Enchi Genji, a translation of The Tale of Genji into modern Japanese.","title":"Partial list of works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rimer_2014_170_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Rimer_2014_170_2-1"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Writing behind the scenes: stage and gender in Enchi Fumiko's works\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10357823.2016.1253130"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/10357823.2016.1253130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F10357823.2016.1253130"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1035-7823","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1035-7823"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"151433446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151433446"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ake o ubau mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/675515396"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-4-06-290064-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-06-290064-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"675515396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/675515396"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_8-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2307/40144284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2307%2F40144284"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40144284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40144284"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Stormy_Days_9-0"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/mni.2006.0006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fmni.2006.0006"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"153359603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153359603"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Masks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/MasksFumikoEnchi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"}],"text":"^ Schierbeck, Sachiko (1994). Japanese Women Novelists in the 20th Century. 104 Biographies, 1900-1993. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 112.\n\n^ a b Rimer, Thomas J (2014). \"The Columbia Anthology of Modern Japanese Drama\". New York: Columbia University Press: 170. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ Osborne, Hannah (2017-01-02). \"Writing behind the scenes: stage and gender in Enchi Fumiko's works\". Asian Studies Review. 41 (1): 161–162. doi:10.1080/10357823.2016.1253130. ISSN 1035-7823. S2CID 151433446.\n\n^ a b c Wada, Tomoko (1987). 昭和文学全集 12. Shogakukan. pp. 473, 1069.\n\n^ Komatsu, Shinroku (1969). 現代文学大系 40. Chikuma Shobo. pp. 496–497.\n\n^ Miyauchi, Junko (2009). Ake o ubau mono. Enchi, Fumiko. Kōdansha. p. 206. ISBN 978-4-06-290064-5. OCLC 675515396.\n\n^ Carpenter, Juliet Winters (Jul 1990). \"Enchi Fumiko: \"A Writer of Tales\"\". Japan Quarterly; Tokyo. 37: 343 – via Social Science Premium Collection.\n\n^ a b Gessel, Van (Summer 1988). \"The \"Medium\" of Fiction: Fumiko Enchi as Narrator\". World Literature Today. 62 (Contemporary Japanese Literature): 380–385. doi:10.2307/40144284. JSTOR 40144284.\n\n^ Kano, Ayako (2006). \"Enchi Fumiko's Stormy Days: Arashi and the Drama of Childbirth\". Monumenta Nipponica. 61 (1): 59–91. doi:10.1353/mni.2006.0006. S2CID 153359603.\n\n^ Enchi, Fumiko. Masks.\n\n^ McCain, Yoko (1980). \"Eroticism and the Writings of Enchi Fumiko\": 32–46. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"Ueda Kazutoshi, the father of Fumiko Enchi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Mr._Kazutoshi_Ueda%2C_chief_of_the_Bureau_of_Special_School_Affairs_of_the_Department_of_Education.jpg/160px-Mr._Kazutoshi_Ueda%2C_chief_of_the_Bureau_of_Special_School_Affairs_of_the_Department_of_Education.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fumiko Enchi (left) and Motoko Morita (right) in 1960","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Enchi_Fumiko_and_Morita_Motoko.jpg/220px-Enchi_Fumiko_and_Morita_Motoko.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tuiteam_Tarbhach

Battle of Tuiteam Tarbhach

["1 Background","2 Battle plans","3 Battle","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 Notes and references"]

Coordinates: 57°58′32″N 4°38′45″W / 57.97556°N 4.64583°W / 57.97556; -4.64583Scottish clan battle c. 1406 Battle of Tuiteam TarbhachPart of the Scottish clan warsBattlefield looking westwards from the cemetery.The Tutim Burn joins the Oykel roughly level with Tuiteam house, the white building on the right.Date1406?LocationNorth bank of River Oykel57°58′32″N 4°38′45″W / 57.97556°N 4.64583°W / 57.97556; -4.64583Result Decisive Mackay victoryBelligerents Clan MackayClan Sutherland Clan MacLeod of LewisCommanders and leaders Angus MackayHugh MackayAlexander Murray Malcolm MacLeodStrength Unknown UnknownCasualties and losses Unknown 1 survivor Mouth of the Tutim Burn looking east towards the cemetery Tutim cemetery The Battle of Tuiteam Tarbhach (Scottish Gaelic: "plentiful slaughter"; also known as Tuttim–Tarwach, Tuttim–Turwigh, Tuttim–Tarwigh or Tutim Tarvach) was a Scottish clan battle in which the Mackays wiped out raiders from the Clan MacLeod of Lewis who were returning from an attack on Mackay land in Strathnaver. The Mackays caught up with the raiders on the north bank of the River Oykel some three miles west of where the river joins the River Cassley at the head of the Kyle of Sutherland. The battle probably took place in 1406, but the date is uncertain from the manuscripts. Background Angus Mackay, 6th of Strathnaver had married Sidheag, sister of Roderick, chief of the MacLeods. When Angus died, he left his brother Black Hugh (Uistean Dow or Houcheon Dubh) as regent ("tutor") for his two sons Angus Dow (Dubh) and Rory Gald (Roderick Gald, "Lowland"). When Roderick heard that his sister was in dispute with Hugh Mackay in 1406, he decided to resolve the matter by sending a company of men to the Reay Country, the Mackay lands that bordered Caithness. The men were led by Roderick's brother, Malcolm (Máel Coluim or Maol Choluim) MacLeod, later known as Gille-caluim Beag, Gill-callum-beg-Macbhowan or Gilealm Beg McBowen ("Malcolm the Little"); "gille" had come to replace "maol" in such names. Failing to come to an amicable agreement, Malcolm ravaged Mackay lands in Strathnaver, and the Sutherland district of Brae-Chat (Breachat), around Lairg at the south end of Loch Shin. This provoked both the Mackays and Robert Earl of Sutherland, the latter sending a company of men under Alexander Murray of Cubin (Alistair Ne-Shrem-Gorme) to join Hugh Mackay in pursuit of the raiders. Battle plans The River Oykel and its estuary the Kyle of Sutherland stretch across the Highlands from Dornoch on the east coast almost to Ullapool on the west coast. The river is the traditional boundary between Sutherland to the north and Ross to the south, and is a major transport artery linking the East Coast to the MacLeod territory of Assynt in the west. The Mackays and Sutherland men caught up with the MacLeods as they were crossing the Tutim Burn, laden down by booty and stolen cattle. Battle Initially Mackay tried to just recover his property. When the MacLeods objected, a "long, furious, cruel, and doubtful...rather desperate than resolute" battle ensued, which ended with the slaughter of all the MacLeods except one, who managed to return to Lewis and report the defeat before dying of his wounds. Aftermath Angus Dow succeeded his uncle as chief of the Mackays when Hugh died two years later. Despite his defeat by Donald, Lord of the Isles, at the Battle of Dingwall in 1411, the Mackays appear to have prospered and expanded under Angus Dow and he is regarded as the ancestor of all the Mackay chiefs. By 1427 he was important enough to be one of the chiefs summoned to a parliament in Inverness, where they were arrested by James I. At that time he had 4,000 men under his command according to the Scotichronicon; such power led to his nickname of Enneas-en-Imprissi, "Angus the Absolute". Numerous cairns once marked the battlefield, but their stones have since been used for building dry stone walls. A cemetery was later built on the hillside to the east of the battlefield; according to local legend the cemetery wall was built from the cairns. Today the A837 road runs through the battlefield. See also Battle of Harlaw (1411) - after Dingwall, the Mackays joined the Lord of the Isles in his attempt to seize the Earldom of Ross Battle of Harpsdale (1426) - Mackay raid into Caithness Battle of Drumnacoub (1429 or 1431) - near Tongue, decisive battle of civil war between Angus Dow's offspring Battle of Auldicharish (1487) - Mackays defeated Clan Ross in Strathcarron after a raid on Strathoykel Notes and references Most descriptions of the battle are based on that in Gordon's Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland. ^ a b c d Anon (1764), The History of the Feuds and Conflicts Among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles: from the year M.XX1 unto M.B.C.XIX, now first published from a manuscript wrote in the reign of King James VI, Foulis Press Referred to as Conflicts of the Clans, this is probably based on Gordon's account. ^ Early authors thought that Malcolm himself was chief of the MacLeods, rather than Roderick. ^ a b c d Society for the Benefit of the Sons and Daughters of the Clergy (1845), The New Statistical Account of Scotland : Inverness, Ross and Cromarty, W. Blackwood and Sons, pp. 405–6 ^ 1406 is the date given by Conflicts of the Clans and many other sources, although the New Statistical Account of Scotland merely repeats Gordon's comment that the battle happened whilst Robert son of Nicholas was Earl of Sutherland. Gordon says that Nicholas died in 1399, but the NSAoS authors dismiss the accuracy of his dates and say that "1397 may be considered as about the time of this event". 1395 is the date used by a source that calls the battle Tuttim-Turwigh, but the origin of this combination is not clear. ^ Gordon, Sir Robert of Gordonstoun (1615–30), A genealogical history of the earldom of Sutherland, from its origin to the year 1630 Now available on CD (ISBN 1897955847); most other accounts are based on Gordon's. ^ Gordon cited on p406 of New Statistical Account of Scotland. ^ a b Young, Andrew (1857), The Angler and Tourist's Guide to the Rivers, Lakes and Remarkable Places in the Northern Counties of Scotland: To which is Added, Instructions to Young Anglers, Adam and Charles Black, p. 89 ^ a b Mackenzie, Alexander, History of the Mackenzies, p. 67 vteScottish clan battlesWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst War of Scottish Independence First Berwick Dunbar Lanark Stirling Bridge Falkirk Roslin Happrew Stirling Castle Methven Dalrigh Turnberry Loch Ryan Glen Trool Loudoun Hill Slioch Inverurie Buchan Pass of Brander Bannockburn Campaign in Ireland Moiry Pass Connor Kells Skerries Skaithmuir Second Berwick Faughart Myton Arbroath Declaration Great Raid of 1322 Old Byland Corbeil Treaty Stanhope Park Edinburgh-Northampton Treaty Second War of Scottish Independence Wester Kinghorn Dupplin Moor Annan Dornock Berwick (1333) Halidon Hill Boroughmuir Culblean Neville's Cross Nisbet Moor (1355) Berwick (1357) Anglo-Scottish WarsBorder wars Duns Otterburn 1385 1400 Nesbit Moor (1402) Homildon Hill Yeavering Piperdean Sark Roxburgh Berwick (1482) Redeswire Flodden campaign Flodden Field Solway Moss campaign Haddon Rig Solway Moss Rough Wooing Edinburgh Ancrum Moor Pinkie Inchkeith Haddington Broughty Castle Private and local clan battles(Many of these also had links at national level, including the feuds between Clan Donald and the Crown, Clan Douglas and the Crown and the Mary, Queen of Scots civil war)13th century Embo (1245) Largs (1263) Red Ford (1294/96) 14th century Dalrigh (1306) Pass of Brander (1308) Drumlui (1330/37) Invernahavon (1370/86) Angus (1391) North Inch (1396) 15th century Drumoak (1402) Tuiteam Tarbhach (1406) Dingwall (1411) Harlaw (1411) Harpsdale (1426) Drumnacoub (1427/33) Lochaber (1429) Palm Sunday (1429) Inverness (1429) Mamsha (1429) Inverlochy (1431) Sandside Chase (1437) Craignaught Hill (1439) Craig Cailloch (1441) Arbroath (1445/46) Brechin (1452) Bealach nam Broig (1452) Clachnaharry (1454) Arkinholm (1455) Skibo and Strathfleet (1455) Tannach (1464/38) Champions (1464/78) Stalc (1468) Corpach (1470) Tarbat (1480) Lagabraad (1480/83) Bloody Bay (1480/83) Lochmaben Fair (1484) Aldy Charrish (1487) Blar Na Pairce (1485/91) Raid on Ross (1491) Drumchatt (1497) Black Mount (1497/98) Daltullich (1499) 16th century Drumchatt (1501) Achnashellach (1505) Knock Mary (1511) Glendale (1513) Torran Dubh (1517) Alltachuilain (1518/19) Cleanse the Causeway (1520) Glenboultachan (1522) Melrose (1526) Linlithgow Bridge (1526) Summerdale (1529) Alltan-Beath (1542) Shirts (1544) Raids of Urquhart (1544/45) Garbharry (1555) Corrichie (1562) Inverness (1562) Chaseabout Raid (1565) Carberry Hill (1567) Langside (1568) Chanonry of Ross (1569 - 1573) Garbhain (1570) Torran-Roy (1570) Craibstone (1571) Tillieangus (1571) Beauly (1577/78) Spoiling Dyke (1578) Allt Camhna (1586) Leckmelm (1586) Western Isles (1586) Clynetradwell (1590) Dryfe Sands (1593) Glenlivet (1594) Logiebride (1597) Traigh Ghruinneart (1598) Benbigrie (1598) Early 17th century Bengrime (1601) Carinish (1601) Coire Na Creich (1601) Morar (1602) Glen Fruin (1603) Braes of Strathdearn (1645) Scotland in the Wars of the Three KingdomsBishops Wars Brig of Dee Newburn First English Civil War Boldon Hill Newcastle York Marston Moor Carlisle Tippermuir Aberdeen (1644) Inverlochy Auldearn Alford Kilsyth Philiphaugh Lagganmore Aberdeen (1646) Rhunahaorine Moss Dunaverty Second English Civil War Mauchline Muir Preston Third English Civil War Whiggamore Raid Stirling 1st Inverness 2nd Inverness Carbisdale Dunbar Inverkeithing Worcester Glencairn's rising Tullich Dalnaspidal Period from Restoration of 1660 to Glorious Revolution of 1688Private and local clan battles Fords of Arkaig (1665) Altimarlach (1680) Mulroy (1688) Covenanter rebellion of 1679 Drumclog Bothwell Bridge The Killing Time Monmouth Rebellion Argyll's Rising Jacobite risingsJacobite rising of 1689 Loup Hill Killiecrankie Dunkeld Cromdale Glencoe Jacobite rising of 1715 Cornwall Culloden House Alness Dunfermline Preston Inverness Sheriffmuir Brahan Jacobite rising of 1719 Eilean Donan Glen Shiel Glen Affric Coille Bhan Jacobite rising of 1745 Highbridge 1st Ruthven Prestonpans Culloden House 1st Carlisle Clifton 2nd Carlisle 1st Fort Augustus Inverurie Falkirk Stirling 2nd Ruthven Moy Inverness 2nd Fort Augustus Atholl Blair Castle Keith Fort William Dornoch Tongue Littleferry Culloden Loch nan Uamh Loch Ailort Arisaig Lochaber and Shiramore Killin Appin Murder Rannoch See also Scottish clan Marian civil war Military of Scotland Independent Highland Companies Manrent List of battles involving the Kingdom of Scotland vteClan MacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan and Clan MacLeod of LewisClan chiefsMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan(MacLeod of MacLeod) Leod Tormod Malcolm Iain Ciar William Cleireach Iain Borb William Dubh Alasdair Crotach William Mary Donald Norman William John Sir Rory Mor John Roderick John Roderick Norman John Norman Norman John Norman Norman Norman Magnus Sir Reginald Dame Flora John Hugh Magnus MacLeod of Lewis Torquil Roderick Torquil Roderick Torquil Roderick Roderick Donald Castles and buildingsMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan Dunvegan Castle Dunscaith Castle Church of St Clement MacLeod of Lewis Ardvreck Castle Clan heirlooms and relicsMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan Fairy Flag Sir Rory Mor's Horn Dunvegan Cup Bannatyne manuscript Clan battlesMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan Battle of Harlaw Battle of Bloody Bay Battle of Glendale Battle of the Spoiling Dyke Battle of Coire Na Creiche MacLeod of Lewis Battle of Tuiteam Tarbhach Battle of Bloody Bay Battle of Leckmelm Battle of Culloden Names and families MacLeòid MacLeod Macaulays from Lewis MacCrimmon pipers from Skye Related articles History of the Outer Hebrides Highland Clearances Ship of the People Olaf the Black Páll Bálkason Ljótólfr Olvir Rosta Þórkell Þórmóðarson

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mouth_of_the_Tutim_Burn.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tutim_cemetery.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conflicts-1"},{"link_name":"Scottish clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_clan"},{"link_name":"Mackays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Mackay"},{"link_name":"Clan MacLeod of Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacLeod_of_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Strathnaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathnaver"},{"link_name":"River Oykel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Oykel"},{"link_name":"River Cassley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cassley"},{"link_name":"Kyle of Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_of_Sutherland"}],"text":"Scottish clan battle c. 1406Mouth of the Tutim Burn looking east towards the cemeteryTutim cemeteryThe Battle of Tuiteam Tarbhach (Scottish Gaelic: \"plentiful slaughter\";[1] also known as Tuttim–Tarwach, Tuttim–Turwigh, Tuttim–Tarwigh or Tutim Tarvach) was a Scottish clan battle in which the Mackays wiped out raiders from the Clan MacLeod of Lewis who were returning from an attack on Mackay land in Strathnaver. The Mackays caught up with the raiders on the north bank of the River Oykel some three miles west of where the river joins the River Cassley at the head of the Kyle of Sutherland. The battle probably took place in 1406, but the date is uncertain from the manuscripts.","title":"Battle of Tuiteam Tarbhach"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Mackay, 6th of Strathnaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Mackay,_6th_of_Strathnaver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conflicts-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conflicts-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSAoS-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSAoS-3"},{"link_name":"Strathnaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathnaver"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Conflicts-1"},{"link_name":"Lairg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lairg"},{"link_name":"Loch Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loch_Shin"},{"link_name":"Earl of Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Sutherland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSAoS-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon-5"}],"text":"Angus Mackay, 6th of Strathnaver had married[1] Sidheag, sister of Roderick, chief of the MacLeods.[2] When Angus died, he left his brother Black Hugh (Uistean Dow or Houcheon Dubh) as regent (\"tutor\") for his two sons Angus Dow (Dubh) and Rory Gald[1] (Roderick Gald, \"Lowland\").[3] When Roderick heard that his sister was in dispute with Hugh Mackay in 1406,[4] he decided to resolve the matter by sending a company of men to the Reay Country, the Mackay lands that bordered Caithness. The men were led by Roderick's brother, Malcolm (Máel Coluim or Maol Choluim) MacLeod, later known as Gille-caluim Beag, Gill-callum-beg-Macbhowan[3] or Gilealm Beg McBowen (\"Malcolm the Little\"); \"gille\" had come to replace \"maol\" in such names.Failing to come to an amicable agreement, Malcolm ravaged Mackay lands in Strathnaver, and the Sutherland district of Brae-Chat (Breachat),[1] around Lairg at the south end of Loch Shin. This provoked both the Mackays and Robert Earl of Sutherland, the latter sending a company of men under Alexander Murray of Cubin (Alistair Ne-Shrem-Gorme)[3] to join Hugh Mackay in pursuit of the raiders.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sutherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutherland"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross,_Scotland"}],"text":"The River Oykel and its estuary the Kyle of Sutherland stretch across the Highlands from Dornoch on the east coast almost to Ullapool on the west coast. The river is the traditional boundary between Sutherland to the north and Ross to the south, and is a major transport artery linking the East Coast to the MacLeod territory of Assynt in the west. The Mackays and Sutherland men caught up with the MacLeods as they were crossing the Tutim Burn, laden down by booty and stolen cattle.","title":"Battle plans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-7"}],"text":"Initially Mackay tried to just recover his property. When the MacLeods objected, a \"long, furious, cruel, and doubtful...rather desperate than resolute\"[6] battle ensued, which ended with the slaughter of all the MacLeods except one, who managed to return to Lewis and report the defeat before dying of his wounds.[7]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord of the Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_the_Isles#Donald_of_Harlaw"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dingwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dingwall"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackenzie-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackenzie-8"},{"link_name":"Scotichronicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotichronicon"},{"link_name":"cairns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairn"},{"link_name":"dry stone walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_stone_wall"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Young-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSAoS-3"},{"link_name":"A837 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A837_road_(Great_Britain)"}],"text":"Angus Dow succeeded his uncle as chief of the Mackays when Hugh died two years later. Despite his defeat by Donald, Lord of the Isles, at the Battle of Dingwall in 1411, the Mackays appear to have prospered and expanded under Angus Dow and he is regarded as the ancestor of all the Mackay chiefs. By 1427 he was important enough to be one of the chiefs summoned to a parliament in Inverness, where they were arrested by James I.[8] At that time he had 4,000 men under his command[8] according to the Scotichronicon; such power led to his nickname of Enneas-en-Imprissi, \"Angus the Absolute\".Numerous cairns once marked the battlefield, but their stones have since been used for building dry stone walls.[7] A cemetery was later built on the hillside to the east of the battlefield;[3] according to local legend the cemetery wall was built from the cairns. Today the A837 road runs through the battlefield.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tuiteam_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Conflicts_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Conflicts_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Conflicts_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Conflicts_1-3"},{"link_name":"The History of the Feuds and Conflicts Among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles: from the year M.XX1 unto M.B.C.XIX, now first published from a manuscript wrote in the reign of King James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.electricscotland.com/webclans/conflict/Tuiteam_Tarbhach.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSAoS_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSAoS_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSAoS_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NSAoS_3-3"},{"link_name":"The New Statistical Account of Scotland : Inverness, Ross and Cromarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=M6MCAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA405"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Gordon_5-0"},{"link_name":"Gordon, Sir Robert of Gordonstoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Robert_Gordon,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1897955847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897955847"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Young_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Young_7-1"},{"link_name":"The Angler and Tourist's Guide to the Rivers, Lakes and Remarkable Places in the Northern Counties of Scotland: To which is Added, Instructions to Young Anglers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2SMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA89"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mackenzie_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Mackenzie_8-1"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(historian)"},{"link_name":"History of the Mackenzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3652"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Scottish_clan_battles"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Scottish_clan_battles"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scottish_clan_battles"},{"link_name":"Wars of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"First War of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"First Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1296)"},{"link_name":"Dunbar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dunbar_(1296)"},{"link_name":"Lanark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_at_Lanark"},{"link_name":"Stirling Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stirling_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Falkirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk"},{"link_name":"Roslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roslin"},{"link_name":"Happrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Happrew"},{"link_name":"Stirling Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Stirling_Castle"},{"link_name":"Methven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Methven"},{"link_name":"Dalrigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dalrigh"},{"link_name":"Turnberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Turnberry"},{"link_name":"Loch Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loch_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Glen Trool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glen_Trool"},{"link_name":"Loudoun Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loudoun_Hill"},{"link_name":"Slioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Slioch"},{"link_name":"Inverurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inverurie_(1308)"},{"link_name":"Buchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrying_of_Buchan"},{"link_name":"Pass of Brander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pass_of_Brander"},{"link_name":"Bannockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn"},{"link_name":"Campaign in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Moiry Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moiry_Pass"},{"link_name":"Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Connor"},{"link_name":"Kells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kells"},{"link_name":"Skerries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skerries"},{"link_name":"Skaithmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skaithmuir"},{"link_name":"Second Berwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1318)"},{"link_name":"Faughart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Faughart"},{"link_name":"Myton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myton"},{"link_name":"Arbroath Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Arbroath"},{"link_name":"Great Raid of 1322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Raid_of_1322"},{"link_name":"Old Byland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Byland"},{"link_name":"Corbeil Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Corbeil_(1326)"},{"link_name":"Stanhope Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stanhope_Park"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh-Northampton Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Edinburgh%E2%80%93Northampton"},{"link_name":"Second War of Scottish Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_War_of_Scottish_Independence"},{"link_name":"Wester Kinghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wester_Kinghorn"},{"link_name":"Dupplin Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dupplin_Moor"},{"link_name":"Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Annan"},{"link_name":"Dornock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dornock"},{"link_name":"Berwick (1333)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Berwick_(1333)"},{"link_name":"Halidon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Halidon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Boroughmuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boroughmuir"},{"link_name":"Culblean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Culblean"},{"link_name":"Neville's Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross"},{"link_name":"Nisbet Moor (1355)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nesbit_Moor_(1355)"},{"link_name":"Berwick (1357)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Berwick_(1357)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Scottish Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars"},{"link_name":"Border wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Reivers"},{"link_name":"Duns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duns"},{"link_name":"Otterburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otterburn"},{"link_name":"1385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1385)"},{"link_name":"1400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_invasion_of_Scotland_(1400)"},{"link_name":"Nesbit Moor (1402)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nesbit_Moor_(1402)"},{"link_name":"Homildon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Homildon_Hill"},{"link_name":"Yeavering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yeavering"},{"link_name":"Piperdean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Piperdean"},{"link_name":"Sark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sark"},{"link_name":"Roxburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Roxburgh_(1460)"},{"link_name":"Berwick (1482)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1482)"},{"link_name":"Redeswire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_of_the_Redeswire"},{"link_name":"Flodden Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden"},{"link_name":"Haddon Rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig"},{"link_name":"Solway Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss"},{"link_name":"Rough Wooing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_Wooing"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Ancrum Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ancrum_Moor"},{"link_name":"Pinkie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie"},{"link_name":"Inchkeith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchkeith"},{"link_name":"Haddington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Haddington"},{"link_name":"Broughty 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Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Bay"},{"link_name":"Battle of Leckmelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leckmelm"},{"link_name":"Battle of Culloden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Culloden"},{"link_name":"MacLeòid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacLe%C3%B2id"},{"link_name":"MacLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacLeod"},{"link_name":"Macaulays from Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaulays_of_Lewis"},{"link_name":"MacCrimmon pipers from Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacCrimmon_(piping_family)"},{"link_name":"History of the Outer Hebrides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides"},{"link_name":"Highland Clearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_Clearances"},{"link_name":"Ship of the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_the_People"},{"link_name":"Olaf the Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_the_Black"},{"link_name":"Páll Bálkason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ll_B%C3%A1lkason"},{"link_name":"Ljótólfr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3t%C3%B3lfr"},{"link_name":"Olvir Rosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olvir_Rosta"},{"link_name":"Þórkell Þórmóðarson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rkell_%C3%9E%C3%B3rm%C3%B3%C3%B0arson"}],"text":"Most descriptions of the battle are based on that in Gordon's Genealogical History of the Earldom of Sutherland.^ a b c d Anon (1764), The History of the Feuds and Conflicts Among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles: from the year M.XX1 unto M.B.C.XIX, now first published from a manuscript wrote in the reign of King James VI, Foulis Press Referred to as Conflicts of the Clans, this is probably based on Gordon's account.\n\n^ Early authors thought that Malcolm himself was chief of the MacLeods, rather than Roderick.\n\n^ a b c d Society for the Benefit of the Sons and Daughters of the Clergy (1845), The New Statistical Account of Scotland : Inverness, Ross and Cromarty, W. Blackwood and Sons, pp. 405–6\n\n^ 1406 is the date given by Conflicts of the Clans and many other sources, although the New Statistical Account of Scotland merely repeats Gordon's comment that the battle happened whilst Robert son of Nicholas was Earl of Sutherland. Gordon says that Nicholas died in 1399, but the NSAoS authors dismiss the accuracy of his dates and say that \"1397 may be considered as about the time of this event\". 1395 is the date used by a source that calls the battle Tuttim-Turwigh, but the origin of this combination is not clear.\n\n^ Gordon, Sir Robert of Gordonstoun (1615–30), A genealogical history of the earldom of Sutherland, from its origin to the year 1630 Now available on CD (ISBN 1897955847); most other accounts are based on Gordon's.\n\n^ Gordon cited on p406 of New Statistical Account of Scotland.\n\n^ a b Young, Andrew (1857), The Angler and Tourist's Guide to the Rivers, Lakes and Remarkable Places in the Northern Counties of Scotland: To which is Added, Instructions to Young Anglers, Adam and Charles Black, p. 89\n\n^ a b Mackenzie, Alexander, History of the Mackenzies, p. 67vteScottish clan battlesWars of Scottish IndependenceFirst War of Scottish Independence\nFirst Berwick\nDunbar\nLanark\nStirling Bridge\nFalkirk\nRoslin\nHapprew\nStirling Castle\nMethven\nDalrigh\nTurnberry\nLoch Ryan\nGlen Trool\nLoudoun Hill\nSlioch\nInverurie\nBuchan\nPass of Brander\nBannockburn\nCampaign in Ireland\nMoiry Pass\nConnor\nKells\nSkerries\nSkaithmuir\nSecond Berwick\nFaughart\nMyton\nArbroath Declaration\nGreat Raid of 1322\nOld Byland\nCorbeil Treaty\nStanhope Park\nEdinburgh-Northampton Treaty\nSecond War of Scottish Independence\nWester Kinghorn\nDupplin Moor\nAnnan\nDornock\nBerwick (1333)\nHalidon Hill\nBoroughmuir\nCulblean\nNeville's Cross\nNisbet Moor (1355)\nBerwick (1357)\nAnglo-Scottish WarsBorder wars\nDuns\nOtterburn\n1385\n1400\nNesbit Moor (1402)\nHomildon Hill\nYeavering\nPiperdean\nSark\nRoxburgh\nBerwick (1482)\nRedeswire\nFlodden campaign\nFlodden Field\nSolway Moss campaign\nHaddon Rig\nSolway Moss\nRough Wooing\nEdinburgh\nAncrum Moor\nPinkie\nInchkeith\nHaddington\nBroughty Castle\nPrivate and local clan battles(Many of these also had links at national level, including the feuds between Clan Donald and the Crown, Clan Douglas and the Crown and the Mary, Queen of Scots civil war)13th century\nEmbo (1245)\nLargs (1263)\nRed Ford (1294/96)\n14th century\nDalrigh (1306)\nPass of Brander (1308)\nDrumlui (1330/37)\nInvernahavon (1370/86)\nAngus (1391)\nNorth Inch (1396)\n15th century\nDrumoak (1402)\nTuiteam Tarbhach (1406)\nDingwall (1411)\nHarlaw (1411)\nHarpsdale (1426)\nDrumnacoub (1427/33)\nLochaber (1429)\nPalm Sunday (1429)\nInverness (1429)\nMamsha (1429)\nInverlochy (1431)\nSandside Chase (1437)\nCraignaught Hill (1439)\nCraig Cailloch (1441)\nArbroath (1445/46)\nBrechin (1452)\nBealach nam Broig (1452)\nClachnaharry (1454)\nArkinholm (1455)\nSkibo and Strathfleet (1455)\nTannach (1464/38)\nChampions (1464/78)\nStalc (1468)\nCorpach (1470)\nTarbat (1480)\nLagabraad (1480/83)\nBloody Bay (1480/83)\nLochmaben Fair (1484)\nAldy Charrish (1487)\nBlar Na Pairce (1485/91)\nRaid on Ross (1491)\nDrumchatt (1497)\nBlack Mount (1497/98)\nDaltullich (1499)\n16th century\nDrumchatt (1501)\nAchnashellach (1505)\nKnock Mary (1511)\nGlendale (1513)\nTorran Dubh (1517)\nAlltachuilain (1518/19)\nCleanse the Causeway (1520)\nGlenboultachan (1522)\nMelrose (1526)\nLinlithgow Bridge (1526)\nSummerdale (1529)\nAlltan-Beath (1542)\nShirts (1544)\nRaids of Urquhart (1544/45)\nGarbharry (1555)\nCorrichie (1562)\nInverness (1562)\nChaseabout Raid (1565)\nCarberry Hill (1567)\nLangside (1568)\nChanonry of Ross (1569 - 1573)\nGarbhain (1570)\nTorran-Roy (1570)\nCraibstone (1571)\nTillieangus (1571)\nBeauly (1577/78)\nSpoiling Dyke (1578)\nAllt Camhna (1586)\nLeckmelm (1586)\nWestern Isles (1586)\nClynetradwell (1590)\nDryfe Sands (1593)\nGlenlivet (1594)\nLogiebride (1597)\nTraigh Ghruinneart (1598)\nBenbigrie (1598)\nEarly 17th century\nBengrime (1601)\nCarinish (1601)\nCoire Na Creich (1601)\nMorar (1602)\nGlen Fruin (1603)\nBraes of Strathdearn (1645)\nScotland in the Wars of the Three KingdomsBishops Wars\nBrig of Dee\nNewburn\nFirst English Civil War\nBoldon Hill\nNewcastle\nYork\nMarston Moor\nCarlisle\nTippermuir\nAberdeen (1644)\nInverlochy\nAuldearn\nAlford\nKilsyth\nPhiliphaugh\nLagganmore\nAberdeen (1646)\nRhunahaorine Moss\nDunaverty\nSecond English Civil War\nMauchline Muir\nPreston\nThird English Civil War\nWhiggamore Raid\nStirling\n1st Inverness\n2nd Inverness\nCarbisdale\nDunbar\nInverkeithing\nWorcester\nGlencairn's rising\nTullich\nDalnaspidal\nPeriod from Restoration of 1660 to Glorious Revolution of 1688Private and local clan battles\nFords of Arkaig (1665)\nAltimarlach (1680)\nMulroy (1688)\nCovenanter rebellion of 1679\nDrumclog\nBothwell Bridge\nThe Killing Time\nMonmouth Rebellion\nArgyll's Rising\nJacobite risingsJacobite rising of 1689\nLoup Hill\nKilliecrankie\nDunkeld\nCromdale\nGlencoe\nJacobite rising of 1715\nCornwall\nCulloden House\nAlness\nDunfermline\nPreston\nInverness\nSheriffmuir\nBrahan\nJacobite rising of 1719\nEilean Donan\nGlen Shiel\nGlen Affric\nCoille Bhan\nJacobite rising of 1745\nHighbridge\n1st Ruthven\nPrestonpans\nCulloden House\n1st Carlisle\nClifton\n2nd Carlisle\n1st Fort Augustus\nInverurie\nFalkirk\nStirling\n2nd Ruthven\nMoy\nInverness\n2nd Fort Augustus\nAtholl\nBlair Castle\nKeith\nFort William\nDornoch\nTongue\nLittleferry\nCulloden\nLoch nan Uamh\nLoch Ailort\nArisaig\nLochaber and Shiramore\nKillin\nAppin Murder\nRannoch\nSee also\nScottish clan\nMarian civil war\nMilitary of Scotland\nIndependent Highland Companies\nManrent\nList of battles involving the Kingdom of ScotlandvteClan MacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan and Clan MacLeod of LewisClan chiefsMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan(MacLeod of MacLeod)\nLeod\nTormod\nMalcolm\nIain Ciar\nWilliam Cleireach\nIain Borb\nWilliam Dubh\nAlasdair Crotach\nWilliam\nMary\nDonald\nNorman\nWilliam\nJohn\nSir Rory Mor\nJohn\nRoderick\nJohn\nRoderick\nNorman\nJohn\nNorman\nNorman\nJohn Norman\nNorman\nNorman Magnus\nSir Reginald\nDame Flora\nJohn\nHugh Magnus\nMacLeod of Lewis\nTorquil\nRoderick\nTorquil\nRoderick\nTorquil\nRoderick\n[Torquil] Roderick\n[Torquil] Donald\nCastles and buildingsMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan\nDunvegan Castle\nDunscaith Castle\nChurch of St Clement\nMacLeod of Lewis\nArdvreck Castle\nClan heirlooms and relicsMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan\nFairy Flag\nSir Rory Mor's Horn\nDunvegan Cup\nBannatyne manuscript\nClan battlesMacLeod of Harris and Dunvegan\nBattle of Harlaw\nBattle of Bloody Bay\nBattle of Glendale\nBattle of the Spoiling Dyke\nBattle of Coire Na Creiche\nMacLeod of Lewis\nBattle of Tuiteam Tarbhach\nBattle of Bloody Bay\nBattle of Leckmelm\nBattle of Culloden\nNames and families\nMacLeòid\nMacLeod\nMacaulays from Lewis\nMacCrimmon pipers from Skye\nRelated articles\nHistory of the Outer Hebrides\nHighland Clearances\nShip of the People\nOlaf the Black\nPáll Bálkason\nLjótólfr\nOlvir Rosta\nÞórkell Þórmóðarson","title":"Notes and references"}]

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[{"title":"Battle of Harlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harlaw"},{"title":"Battle of Harpsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpsdale"},{"title":"Battle of Drumnacoub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Drumnacoub"},{"title":"Battle of Auldicharish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Auldicharish"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Web_service_specifications

List of web service specifications

["1 Web service standards listings","2 XML specification","3 Messaging specification","4 Metadata exchange specification","5 Security specification","6 Privacy","7 Reliable messaging specifications","8 Resource specifications","9 Web services interoperability (WS-I) specification","10 Business process specifications","11 Transaction specifications","12 Management specifications","13 Presentation-oriented specification","14 Draft specifications","15 Other","16 Standardization","17 See also","18 References"]

There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI. Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as "WS-*", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all. This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2008) Web service standards listings These sites contain documents and links about the different Web services standards identified on this page. IBM Developerworks: Standard and Web Service innoQ's WS-Standard Overview ("Diagram" (PDF).) MSDN .NET Developer Centre: Web Service Specification Index Page OASIS Standards and Other Approved Work Open Grid Forum Final Document Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine XML CoverPage W3C's Web Services Activity XML specification XML (eXtensible Markup Language) XML Namespaces XML Schema XPath XQuery XML Information Set XInclude XML Pointer Messaging specification SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol) SOAP-over-UDP SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism WS-Notification WS-BaseNotification WS-Topics WS-BrokeredNotification WS-Addressing WS-Transfer WS-Eventing WS-Enumeration WS-MakeConnection Metadata exchange specification JSON-WSP WS-Policy WS-PolicyAssertions WS-PolicyAttachment WS-Discovery WS-Inspection WS-MetadataExchange Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) WSDL 2.0 Core WSDL 2.0 SOAP Binding Web Services Semantics (WSDL-S) WS-Resource Framework (WSRF) Security specification WS-Security XML Signature XML Encryption XML Key Management (XKMS) WS-SecureConversation WS-SecurityPolicy WS-Trust WS-Federation WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile Web Services Security Kerberos Binding Web Single Sign-On Interoperability Profile Web Single Sign-On Metadata Exchange Protocol Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) XACML Privacy P3P Reliable messaging specifications WS-ReliableMessaging WS-Reliability WS-RM Policy Assertion Resource specifications Web Services Resource Framework WS-Resource WS-BaseFaults WS-ServiceGroup WS-ResourceProperties WS-ResourceLifetime WS-Transfer WS-Fragment Resource Representation SOAP Header Block Web services interoperability (WS-I) specification Further information: WS-I These specifications provide additional information to improve interoperability between vendor implementations. WS-I Basic Profile WS-I Basic Security Profile Simple Soap Binding Profile Business process specifications WS-BPEL WS-CDL Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI) WS-Choreography XML Process Definition Language Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL) Transaction specifications WS-BusinessActivity WS-AtomicTransaction WS-Coordination WS-CAF WS-Transaction WS-Context WS-CF WS-TXM Management specifications WS-Management WS-Management Catalog WS-ResourceTransfer WSDM Presentation-oriented specification Web Services for Remote Portlets Draft specifications WS-Provisioning – Describes the APIs and schemas necessary to facilitate interoperability between provisioning systems in a consistent manner using Web services Other Devices Profile for Web Services (DPWS) ebXML Standardization ISO/IEC 19784-2:2007 Information technology -- Biometric application programming interface -- Part 2: Biometric archive function provider interface ISO 19133:2005 Geographic information -- Location-based services -- Tracking and navigation ISO/IEC 20000-1:2005 Information technology -- Service management -- Part 1: Specification ISO/IEC 20000-2:2005 Information technology -- Service management -- Part 2: Code of practice ISO/IEC 24824-2:2006 Information technology -- Generic applications of ASN.1: Fast Web Services ISO/IEC 25437:2006 Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- WS-Session -- Web Services for Application Session Services See also Web service References ^ "Web Service Extensions". Archived from the original on 15 September 2011. Retrieved 13 November 2011. ^ IBM Developerworks: Standard and Web Service ^ "SOAP-over-UDP v1.1". docs.oasis-open.org. Retrieved 4 December 2017.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"web services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service"},{"link_name":"first-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_1.0"},{"link_name":"WSDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Description_Language"},{"link_name":"SOAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP"},{"link_name":"UDDI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Description_Discovery_and_Integration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"There are a variety of specifications associated with web services. These specifications are in varying degrees of maturity and are maintained or supported by various standards bodies and entities. These specifications are the basic web services framework established by first-generation standards represented by WSDL, SOAP, and UDDI.[1] Specifications may complement, overlap, and compete with each other. Web service specifications are occasionally referred to collectively as \"WS-*\", though there is not a single managed set of specifications that this consistently refers to, nor a recognized owning body across them all.","title":"List of web service specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Web services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_services"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"innoQ's WS-Standard Overview","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.innoq.com/resources/ws-standards-poster/"},{"link_name":"\"Diagram\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.innoq.com/soa/ws-standards/poster/innoQ%20WS-Standards%20Poster%202007-02.pdf"},{"link_name":"MSDN .NET Developer Centre: Web Service Specification Index Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms951274.aspx"},{"link_name":"OASIS Standards and Other Approved Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oasis-open.org/specs/index.php"},{"link_name":"Open Grid Forum Final Document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ogf.org/gf/docs/?final"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131022144919/http://www.ogf.org/gf/docs/?final"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"XML CoverPage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//xml.coverpages.org/"},{"link_name":"W3C's Web Services Activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.w3.org/2002/ws/"}],"text":"These sites contain documents and links about the different Web services standards identified on this page.IBM Developerworks: Standard and Web Service[2]\ninnoQ's WS-Standard Overview (\"Diagram\" (PDF).)\nMSDN .NET Developer Centre: Web Service Specification Index Page\nOASIS Standards and Other Approved Work\nOpen Grid Forum Final Document Archived 2013-10-22 at the Wayback Machine\nXML CoverPage\nW3C's Web Services Activity","title":"Web service standards listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"XML Namespaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Namespace#XML"},{"link_name":"XML Schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Schema_(W3C)"},{"link_name":"XPath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath"},{"link_name":"XQuery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XQuery"},{"link_name":"XML Information Set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Information_Set"},{"link_name":"XInclude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XInclude"},{"link_name":"XML Pointer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPointer"}],"text":"XML (eXtensible Markup Language)\nXML Namespaces\nXML Schema\nXPath\nXQuery\nXML Information Set\nXInclude\nXML Pointer","title":"XML specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP_(protocol)"},{"link_name":"SOAP-over-UDP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOAP-over-UDP"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_Transmission_Optimization_Mechanism"},{"link_name":"WS-Notification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Notification&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-BaseNotification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-BaseNotification&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Topics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-BrokeredNotification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-BrokeredNotification&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Addressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Addressing"},{"link_name":"WS-Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Transfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Eventing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Eventing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Enumeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Enumeration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-MakeConnection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-MakeConnection&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"SOAP (formerly known as Simple Object Access Protocol)\nSOAP-over-UDP[3]\nSOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism\nWS-Notification\nWS-BaseNotification\nWS-Topics\nWS-BrokeredNotification\nWS-Addressing\nWS-Transfer\nWS-Eventing\nWS-Enumeration\nWS-MakeConnection","title":"Messaging specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"JSON-WSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON-WSP"},{"link_name":"WS-Policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Policy"},{"link_name":"WS-PolicyAssertions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-PolicyAssertions"},{"link_name":"WS-PolicyAttachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-PolicyAttachment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Discovery"},{"link_name":"WS-Inspection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Inspection"},{"link_name":"WS-MetadataExchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-MetadataExchange"},{"link_name":"Universal Description Discovery and 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specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"P3P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P3P"}],"text":"P3P","title":"Privacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WS-ReliableMessaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-ReliableMessaging"},{"link_name":"WS-Reliability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Reliability"},{"link_name":"WS-RM Policy Assertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-RM_Policy_Assertion&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"WS-ReliableMessaging\nWS-Reliability\nWS-RM Policy Assertion","title":"Reliable messaging specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Web Services Resource Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Resource_Framework"},{"link_name":"WS-Resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Resource&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-BaseFaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-BaseFaults&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-ServiceGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-ServiceGroup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-ResourceProperties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-ResourceProperties&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-ResourceLifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-ResourceLifetime&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Transfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-Fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Fragment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Resource Representation SOAP Header 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Profile","title":"Web services interoperability (WS-I) specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WS-BPEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-BPEL"},{"link_name":"WS-CDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-CDL"},{"link_name":"Web Service Choreography Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Service_Choreography_Interface"},{"link_name":"WS-Choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Service_Choreography"},{"link_name":"XML Process Definition Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_Process_Definition_Language"},{"link_name":"Web Services Conversation Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Conversation_Language"}],"text":"WS-BPEL\nWS-CDL\nWeb Service Choreography Interface (WSCI)\nWS-Choreography\nXML Process Definition Language\nWeb Services Conversation Language (WSCL)","title":"Business process specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WS-BusinessActivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-BusinessActivity&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-AtomicTransaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-AtomicTransaction"},{"link_name":"WS-Coordination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Coordination"},{"link_name":"WS-CAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-CAF"},{"link_name":"WS-Transaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Transaction"},{"link_name":"WS-Context","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Context"},{"link_name":"WS-CF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-CF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-TXM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-TXM&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"WS-BusinessActivity\nWS-AtomicTransaction\nWS-Coordination\nWS-CAF\nWS-Transaction\nWS-Context\nWS-CF\nWS-TXM","title":"Transaction specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WS-Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WS-Management"},{"link_name":"WS-Management Catalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Management_Catalog&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WS-ResourceTransfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-ResourceTransfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"WSDM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_Distributed_Management"}],"text":"WS-Management\nWS-Management Catalog\nWS-ResourceTransfer\nWSDM","title":"Management specifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Web Services for Remote Portlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets"}],"text":"Web Services for Remote Portlets","title":"Presentation-oriented specification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WS-Provisioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WS-Provisioning&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"WS-Provisioning – Describes the APIs 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[]

[{"title":"Web service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutch_(disambiguation)

Kutch (disambiguation)

["1 Geography","1.1 Kutch district","1.2 Former polities in the district","1.3 Other places","2 Others","3 See also"]

Look up Kutch, Cutch, or Kachchh in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Kutch (also spelled as Kachchh or Cutch) generally refers to the Kutch district, a district of Gujarat state in western India. It may also refer to: Geography Kutch district Kutch (Lok Sabha constituency), Indian parliamentary constituency Gulf of Kutch, inlet of the Arabian Sea along the west coast of India Rann of Kutch, salt marsh located on the western tip of Gujarat, India and the Sindh province of Pakistan Little Rann of Kutch, salt marsh in Kutch, Gujarat, India, located near the Great Rann of Kutch Great Rann of Kutch, seasonal salt marsh located in the Thar Desert in the Kutch district of Gujarat, India and the Sindh province of Pakistan Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary, wildlife sanctuary in Kutch, Gujarat, India Kutch Bustard Sanctuary, bird sanctuary in Kutch, Gujarat, India Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, wildlife sanctuary in Kutch, Gujarat, India Former polities in the district Kutch State, a state within the Republic of India from 1947 to 1956 Cutch State, a relatively large Indian princely state during the British Raj Kutch kori, obsolete Indian currency Cutch Agency, an agency of British India that looked after the princely state of Cutch Other places Kutch, Colorado, U.S. Kutch Lacuna, large intermittent lake on Titan Others Kutch embroidery, handicraft and textile art tradition of Kutch, Gujarat, India Kachchh shawl, Indian handloom shawl from Kutch Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh University or Kutch University, university in Kutch, India Kutch Museum, history and art museum in Kutch, Gujarat, India Kutch Express, Indian daily express train Kutch Express (film), Indian film by Viral Shah Kutch Mitra, Gujarati-language newspaper published from Kutch, India See also Cutch (disambiguation) Kutchi (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Kutch.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_Census_Dani%C3%A6

Danish Census Book

["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

13th century Danish chronicle You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Danish. (June 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Danish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|da|Kong Valdemars Jordebog}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The Seal of King Valdemar II The Danish Census Book or the Danish book of land taxation (Latin: Liber Census Daniæ, Danish: Kong Valdemars Jordebog) dates from the 13th century and consists of a number of separate manuscripts. The original manuscripts are now housed in the Danish National Archives (Rigsarkivet) in Copenhagen. History The land registration was commissioned during the reign of King Valdemar II of Denmark (1202–1241). The registry contains notes for practical use in the Royal Chancery of the Kingdom of Denmark. It consists of a collection of information regarding Royal income and properties. The book is one of the most important sources of information in regard to social conditions and place names during the Middle Ages. Many locations in Denmark, northern Germany, southern Sweden and northern Estonia were recorded in writing for the first time. See also Codex Holmiensis History of Denmark References ^ Ole Fenger. "Kong Valdemars Jordebog". Gyldendals og Politikens Danmarkshistorie. Retrieved December 1, 2018. ^ Erslev, Kr (1875). "Kong Valdemars jordebog og den nyere kritik". Historisk Tidsskrift. Historisk Tidsskrift, Bind 4. række, 5 (1875 - 1877). Retrieved December 1, 2018. ^ Scandinavians in History By Stanley Mease Toyne; p 73 ISBN 0-8369-5302-9 ^ Thunberg, Carl L. (2012). Att tolka Svitjod . Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. pp 45-47. ISBN 978-1-4408-6298-4. Further reading Jespersen, Knud J. V. (2011) A History of Denmark (Palgrave Macmillan) ISBN 978-0230273429 Lauring, Palle (1986) A History of Denmark (Nordic Academic Press)ISBN 978-8714286958 Murray, Alan V. (2009) The Clash of Cultures on the Medieval Baltic Frontier (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.) ISBN 978-0754664833 Thunberg, Carl L. (2012). Att tolka Svitjod . (Göteborgs universitet. CLTS) ISBN 978-91-981859-4-2. External links Nielsen, Oluf (red.) (1873) Liber Census Daniæ. Kong Valdemar den Andens Jordebog (Copenhagen: Gads Forlag) Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article about a manuscript is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte   This Danish history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Line

Long Beach Line

["1 Route","2 Operations","2.1 Southern Pacific Depot–Long Beach–Wilmington","3 History","3.1 Restoration","4 Station list","5 Rolling stock","6 References","6.1 Bibliography","7 External links"]

Route map: Pacific Electric interurban route in California For the Long Island Rail Road line, see Long Beach Branch. Long BeachA train en route to Long Beach, 1923OverviewLocaleLos Angeles, and Long BeachTerminiDowntown Los AngelesDowntown Long Beach, CaliforniaStations8ServiceTypeInterurbanOperator(s)Pacific Electric (1902–1958)LAMTA (1958–1961)Rolling stockPE 1200 Class (last used)Ridership1,603,476 (1958)HistoryOpenedJuly 4, 1902ClosedApril 9, 1961TechnicalLine length20.37 mi (32.78 km)Number of tracks1–4Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gaugeElectrificationOverhead line, 600 V DC Route map Legend Pacific Electric Building to Northern Division  J   R   S   J   S  to Sierra Vista–Watts &South Pasadena Local Amoco Air Line Vernon Avenue  V  Slauson Junction Fullerton / Whittier Fleming Florencita Park Florence Nadeau Graham Latin Watts end oflocal service multiple lines Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Springdale Willowbrook Sativa Winona Compton Dominguez Dominguez Junction San Pedro via Dominguez Del Amo Cota Los Angeles River Los Cerritos Vista del Mar Willow Balboa American Avenue Long Beach Long Beach–San Pedro This diagram: viewtalkedit The Long Beach Line was a major interurban railway operated by the Pacific Electric Railway between Los Angeles and Long Beach, California via Florence, Watts, and Compton. Service began in 1902 and lasted until 1961, the last line of the system to be replaced by buses. In addition to the Long Beach service, the line served as a trunk for a number of other interurban lines stretching to Whittier, Yorba Linda, Fullerton, Santa Ana, Balboa, San Pedro, and Redondo Beach. It was four tracks wide north of the junction at Watts, with local service on the outer tracks and long-distance trains bypassing the local stations on the inner tracks. After the end of Pacific Electric service, Southern Pacific continued to operate freight trains on the tracks, and its successor Union Pacific still does between Amoco and Dominguez Junction. Passenger service to the corridor returned in 1990 with the opening of the Blue Line, a modern light rail service using portions of the former right-of-way. When the Regional Connector subway tunnel was completed in 2023, the Blue Line, renamed as the A Line in 2019, was extended northeast to Azusa, becoming the world's longest light rail route. Route The line originated at the 6th and Main street station in Los Angeles and exited to the east via an elevated structure over downtown streets to reach San Pedro street at grade. The dual track line went south in the center lanes of the streets. The line then turned east on Olympic Boulevard (East 9th Street) street running to Hooper Street, then turned south and entered the private right of way west of Long Beach Avenue. Two additional tracks joined in the private way from Pacific Electric's 8th Street Yard. This was the start of the four track system to Watts. The line was within a private right of way from Olympic Boulevard to Willow Street in Long Beach. The four track system went to Watts Junction (103rd street). The remainder of the line was double tracked to Ocean Avenue in Long Beach. The four track line went south from Olympic Boulevard crossing Washington Boulevard where Long Beach Avenue becomes twin roadways on both side of the rail line. At Amoco Junction (25th Street), the Santa Monica Air Line branched off to the west and a connection to the Butte Street Freight Yard (Southern Pacific J Yard) went to the east. Continuing to the south, the line crossed the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Harbor District tracks at Slauson Boulevard at grade. The Whittier Line branched to the east at Slauson Junction just south of Slauson Boulevard. A four track steel plate girder bridge carried the track over Firestone Boulevard where the Braham Freight Yard paralleled the line to 91st street. At Watts Junction (103rd Street) the four track system ended. Here the Santa Ana Line branched to the east and the Redondo Beach via Gardena Line, Torrance Line, and Hawthorne–El Segundo Line branched to the west. The Long Beach Line (on dual tracks) turned southeasterly from Watts Junction and ran towards Compton between the twin roadways of Willowbrook Avenue. Crossing Rosecrans Boulevard, the line turned to the south. Reaching Greenleaf Boulevard, Willowbrook Boulevard ended and the line proceeded to the south crossing over Compton Creek on a two-track steel Pratt truss bridge. The line then turned southeasterly towards Signal Hill. At Dominguez Junction the San Pedro via Dominguez Line branched to the south on the west side of Alameda Street. The Long Beach Line crossed Alameda Street and the Southern Pacific San Pedro Branch at grade, and followed the west bank of Compton Creek towards the Los Angeles River. After the construction of the Long Beach Freeway, the line crossed over the freeway on a two track plate girder bridge then crossed the Union Pacific San Pedro Branch (Cota crossing) at grade. A long single track deck girder bridge carried the line over the Los Angeles River towards Willow Street (North Long Beach). This was the only single track section on the line. At Willow Street (North Long Beach) the Balboa Line branched to the southeast and the Long Beach Line ran south in the center lane of American Avenue (Long Beach Boulevard) to Ocean Avenue in Long Beach. The line turned west onto Ocean Avenue and followed the same route as the American Avenue–North Long Beach Line to the terminus at the Pacific Electric station at the foot of Pacific Avenue. Operations For a number of years, the PE operated express "flyer" service along the Long Beach route. The flyer service only made a few stops between Downtown Los Angeles and Long Beach, as compared with regular service that made all stops between Watts and Willowville, and most stops between Willowville and Long Beach. The right-of-way was also served by a pair of local lines: the Watts Line between Downtown Los Angeles and Watts, and the American Avenue–North Long Beach Line between Willowville and Long Beach. Southern Pacific Depot–Long Beach–Wilmington Pacific Electric also provided service along the route to connect to long-distance passenger trains at Southern Pacific's Central Station. Cars ran from the downtown station to Long Beach and continued to San Pedro. It operated from 1924 to 1939 when Union Station opened and consolidated intercity trains at a different location. History The first day of service in Long Beach, 1902 Conceiving of the line earlier in the summer, Henry E. Huntington incorporated the Pacific Electric Railway in November 1901 and immediately began work on the Long Beach Line. Service began on July 4, 1902 (with a trial car run over the line the previous day), initially beginning at 9th and Main Streets in downtown Los Angeles (the trackage on 9th Street was acquired from Huntington's Los Angeles Railway in 1904). The terminal was moved to the Pacific Electric Building in 1905, and trains were rerouted over the newly built elevated trackage west of San Pedro Street in 1917. The service was designated line 6. Skip-stop limited trains were eliminated between February and November 1944. Postwar ridership initially kept strong, but service cuts began as early as 1946. The Long Beach Line was transferred to Metropolitan Coach Lines in 1953. The service was further was commuted to the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority on March 3, 1958; on April 17 it was renumbered to line 36. Passenger service ended on April 9, 1961, the last of the former Pacific Electric lines to do so. Trains were replaced by the 36 "Long Beach Freeway Flyer" bus, which followed the new Long Beach Freeway north of the Long Beach Boulevard interchange. Local replacement service north of this point was provided by the 33 "Los Angeles–Compton–Wilmington", which had replaced San Pedro via Dominguez Line trains in 1958. A documentary Ride the Last of the Big Red Cars by Interurban Films captured the last week of operations of the Long Beach Line. Southern Pacific continued to operate freight trains over the line. Their successor, Union Pacific, operates the remainder of the tracks as the Wilmington Subdivision. A Southern Pacific depot of Mission Revival design was built at Broadway and Pacific Avenue in downtown Long Beach in 1907. It was moved to a nearby Long Beach city maintenance yard alongside the Los Angeles River in 1936, and then moved again in 2015. It was destroyed by a fire in 2016. Restoration Main article: A Line (Los Angeles Metro) An early goal of the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission was to reestablish rail service over the former PE right of way. Modern light rail was chosen as the preferred mode, and the line was largely rebuilt to accommodate the service. The Blue Line (later renamed to the A Line) opened in 1990 as the first of a new rail system in Los Angeles. Station list Pacific Electric Building Slauson Junction Watts Station, 2008 Long Beach Station City Station Mile Service began Service ended Major connections Los Angeles Pacific Electric Building 0 1905 1961 Interchange with Alhambra–San Gabriel, Annandale, Balboa, Fullerton, Hawthorne-El Segundo, La Habra–Fullerton–Yorba Linda, Monrovia–Glendora, Mount Lowe, Pasadena Short Line, Pasadena via Oak Knoll, Pomona, Riverside–Rialto, San Pedro via Dominguez, San Pedro via Gardena, Santa Ana, Santa Monica Air Line, Sierra Madre, Soldiers' Home, South Pasadena Local, Whittier Amoco 1902 1961 Balboa, Fullerton, Hawthorne–El Segundo, La Habra–Yorba Linda, Redondo Beach via Gardena, Santa Monica Air Line, San Pedro via Dominguez, San Pedro via Gardena, Santa Ana, Whittier Vernon Avenue 3.26 Balboa, Fullerton, Hawthorne–El Segundo, La Habra–Yorba Linda, Redondo Beach via Gardena, San Pedro via Dominguez, San Pedro via Gardena, Santa Ana, WhittierLos Angeles Railway V Slauson Junction 4.27 1902 1961 Balboa, Fullerton, Hawthorne–El Segundo, La Habra–Yorba Linda, Redondo Beach via Gardena, San Pedro via Dominguez, San Pedro via Gardena, Santa Ana, Whittier Fleming Florencito Park Florence Avenue Nadeau Graham Los Angeles Latin Watts 7.45 1902 1961 Balboa, Hawthorne–El Segundo, Redondo Beach via Gardena, San Pedro via Dominguez, San Pedro via Gardena, Santa Ana, Watts Line Abila Springdale Willowbrook 9.39 Sativa Compton Winona Compton 10.92 1902 1961 Balboa, San Pedro via Dominguez Dominguez Dominguez Junction 13.31 1961 Balboa, San Pedro via Dominguez Carson Del Amo Long Beach Cota 16.04 Los Cerritos Vista del Mar Willowville 17.52 1902 1961 Balboa Long Beach 20.37 1902 1961 Long Beach–San Pedro Rolling stock Pacific Electric Rolling Stock—Standard Passenger Coach, 1906 Service in 1902 commenced with 200 class cars. These were originally built for narrow gauge operation, but were refit for running on standard gauge. The motors on these cars proved to be underpowered, and were quickly replaced with 250 class the following year. The 250 class cars were fitted with couplers in 1907, allowing multiple operation. By 1924 the line was utilizing 1200 class rolling stock. References  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under the public domain as a work of the State of California. (license statement/permission). Text taken from 1981 Inventory of Pacific Electric Routes​, California Department of Transportation, . Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. ^ a b c d "Long Beach Line". Electric Railway Historical Association of Southern California. Retrieved October 11, 2020. ^ Morino, Douglas (June 23, 2023). "L.A. Opens Its New Light-Rail Link". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2023. ^ Caltrans (February 1982). "1981 Inventory of Pacific Electric Routes" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. p. 116. Retrieved January 23, 2021. ^ Veysey 1958, p. 85 ^ Crump 1977, p. 55 ^ Walker 2006, p. 16 ^ Crump 1977, p. 61 ^ Crump 1977, p. 62 ^ "Pacific Electric Los Angeles Terminal District". Electric Railway Historical Association of Southern California. Retrieved December 29, 2014. ^ Veysey 1958, p. 35 ^ Veysey 1958, pp. 36–37 ^ a b Veysey 1958, p. 37 ^ "Blue Line At 20: Looking Back At Early Service Between Los Angeles And Long Beach (1902-1961)". LACMTA. July 8, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2020. ^ Southern California Rapid Transit District, A Guide for Going Places, June 1970 (side 1, side 2) ^ "Ride The Last Red Car Los Angeles". April 1961. ^ ""Ride the Last of the Big Red Cars" by Interurban Films". Pacific Electric Railway Historical Society. November 29, 2011. ^ Bradley, Eric (February 3, 2015). "Moving Long Beach's historic train depot, take two". Press Telegram. ^ Dobruck, Jeremiah (September 16, 2016). "Historic Long Beach train depot destroyed by large fire". Press Telegram. ^ Reft, Ryan (February 26, 2015). "A Clear Blue Vision: L.A. Light Rail Transit and Twenty Five Years of the Blue Line". KCET. Retrieved February 8, 2021. ^ "Pacific Electric Time Tables" (PDF). wx4's Dome of Foam. Pacific Electric. September 1, 1934. p. 5. Retrieved September 1, 2021. ^ Veysey 1958, p. 111 ^ Crump 1977, p. 181 Bibliography Crump, Spencer (1977). Ride the big red cars: How trolleys helped build southern California. Trans-Anglo Books. ISBN 0-87046-047-1. OCLC 3414090. Veysey, Laurence R. (June 1958). A History Of The Rail Passenger Service Operated By The Pacific Electric Railway Company Since 1911 And By Its Successors Since 1953 (PDF). LACMTA (Report). Los Angeles, California: Interurbans. ASIN B0007F8D84. OCLC 6565577. Walker, Jim (2006). Pacific Electric Red Cars. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738546889. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Long Beach Line. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Long Beach LineKML is not from Wikidata May 1956 Timetable vte Pacific ElectricRoutesNorthern Division Alhambra–San Gabriel Annandale Arlington–Corona Arrowhead Colton Covina East Washington El Monte–Baldwin Park Highland Lamanda Park Monrovia–Glendora Mount Lowe North Lake Pasadena Short Line Pasadena via Oak Knoll Pasadena local lines Pomona Pomona–Claremont Pomona local lines Redlands Redlands local lines Riverside–Arlington Riverside–Rialto San Bernardino–Riverside San Dimas San Dimas Local Shorb Sierra Madre Sierra Vista South Pasadena Local Upland–Ontario Upland–San Antonio Heights Upland–San Bernardino Western Division Brush Canyon Coldwater Canyon Echo Park Avenue Edendale Local Glendale–Burbank Hollywood Lankershim–Van Nuys Laurel Canyon Owensmouth Redondo Beach via Playa del Rey San Fernando Santa Monica Air Line Santa Monica local lines Sawtelle Soldiers' Home South Hollywood–Sherman Venice Boulevard Venice–Inglewood Venice–Playa del Rey Venice Short Line Venice via Hollywood Western & Franklin Ave. Westgate Southern Division American Avenue Balboa Bellflower Catalina Dock Fullerton Hawthorne–El Nido Hawthorne–El Segundo Huntington Beach–La Bolsa La Habra–Fullerton–Yorba Linda Long Beach Long Beach local lines Long Beach–San Pedro Redondo Beach via Gardena San Pedro local lines San Pedro via Dominguez San Pedro via Gardena Santa Ana Santa Ana–Huntington Beach Santa Ana–Orange Seal Beach–Huntington Beach–Newport Beach Terminal Island Torrance Watts Whittier History Strike of 1903 1919 streetcar strike General Motors streetcar conspiracy InfrastructureStations Etiwanda Lynwood Pacific Electric Building Picover Subway Terminal Building Watts Yorba Linda Hill Street Tunnel Hollywood Subway Ivy Substation Pacific Electric Railroad Bridge Redlands Trolley Barn Substation No. 8 Sub-Station No. 14 West Santa Ana BranchPredecessors Los Angeles Inter-Urban Electric Railway Monrovia Rapid Transit Company Mount Lowe Railway Ontario and San Antonio Heights Railroad Company Pasadena and Pacific Santa Ana, Orange & Tustin Street Railway Los Angeles and Independence Railroad Los Angeles Pacific Railroad Connecting services Glendale and Montrose Railway Los Angeles Railway Successors LA Metro MTA RTD LACTC OCTA Omnitrans Waterfront Red Car Legacy Culver Boulevard Median Bike Path Red Car Trolley (Disneyland Resort) Waterfront Red Car (San Pedro) Who Framed Roger Rabbit

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Beach Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Branch"},{"link_name":"interurban railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban_railway"},{"link_name":"Pacific Electric Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Railway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_CA"},{"link_name":"Long Beach, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence,_CA"},{"link_name":"Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts,_CA"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_CA"},{"link_name":"replaced by buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustitution"},{"link_name":"Whittier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier,_CA"},{"link_name":"Yorba Linda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorba_Linda,_CA"},{"link_name":"Fullerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton,_CA"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_CA"},{"link_name":"Balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa,_CA"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_CA"},{"link_name":"Redondo Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_CA"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"freight trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freight_rail"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Blue Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"Regional Connector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Connector"},{"link_name":"Azusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azusa,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pacific Electric interurban route in CaliforniaFor the Long Island Rail Road line, see Long Beach Branch.The Long Beach Line was a major interurban railway operated by the Pacific Electric Railway between Los Angeles and Long Beach, California via Florence, Watts, and Compton. Service began in 1902 and lasted until 1961, the last line of the system to be replaced by buses.In addition to the Long Beach service, the line served as a trunk for a number of other interurban lines stretching to Whittier, Yorba Linda, Fullerton, Santa Ana, Balboa, San Pedro, and Redondo Beach. It was four tracks wide north of the junction at Watts, with local service on the outer tracks and long-distance trains bypassing the local stations on the inner tracks.After the end of Pacific Electric service, Southern Pacific continued to operate freight trains on the tracks, and its successor Union Pacific still does between Amoco and Dominguez Junction. Passenger service to the corridor returned in 1990 with the opening of the Blue Line, a modern light rail service using portions of the former right-of-way. When the Regional Connector subway tunnel was completed in 2023, the Blue Line, renamed as the A Line in 2019, was extended northeast to Azusa, becoming the world's longest light rail route.[2]","title":"Long Beach Line"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olympic Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Boulevard_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"street running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_running"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_Beach_Avenue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Amoco Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoco_Junction"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica Air Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica_Air_Line"},{"link_name":"Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atchison,_Topeka_and_Santa_Fe_Railway"},{"link_name":"Harbor District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Whittier Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier_Line"},{"link_name":"Slauson Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slauson_Junction"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana_Line"},{"link_name":"Redondo Beach via Gardena Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redondo_Beach_via_Gardena_Line"},{"link_name":"Torrance Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_via_Gardena_Line"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne–El Segundo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne%E2%80%93El_Segundo_Line"},{"link_name":"Pratt truss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_truss"},{"link_name":"San Pedro via Dominguez Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_via_Dominguez_Line"},{"link_name":"Compton Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Creek"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific"},{"link_name":"Balboa Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_Line"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Boulevard_(California)"}],"text":"The line originated at the 6th and Main street station in Los Angeles and exited to the east via an elevated structure over downtown streets to reach San Pedro street at grade. The dual track line went south in the center lanes of the streets. The line then turned east on Olympic Boulevard (East 9th Street) street running to Hooper Street, then turned south and entered the private right of way west of Long Beach Avenue. Two additional tracks joined in the private way from Pacific Electric's 8th Street Yard. This was the start of the four track system to Watts.The line was within a private right of way from Olympic Boulevard to Willow Street in Long Beach. The four track system went to Watts Junction (103rd street). The remainder of the line was double tracked to Ocean Avenue in Long Beach.The four track line went south from Olympic Boulevard crossing Washington Boulevard where Long Beach Avenue becomes twin roadways on both side of the rail line.At Amoco Junction (25th Street), the Santa Monica Air Line branched off to the west and a connection to the Butte Street Freight Yard (Southern Pacific J Yard) went to the east. Continuing to the south, the line crossed the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Harbor District tracks at Slauson Boulevard at grade. The Whittier Line branched to the east at Slauson Junction just south of Slauson Boulevard. A four track steel plate girder bridge carried the track over Firestone Boulevard where the Braham Freight Yard paralleled the line to 91st\nstreet.At Watts Junction (103rd Street) the four track system ended. Here the Santa Ana Line branched to the east and the Redondo Beach via Gardena Line, Torrance Line, and Hawthorne–El Segundo Line branched to the west.The Long Beach Line (on dual tracks) turned southeasterly from Watts Junction and ran towards Compton between the twin roadways of Willowbrook Avenue. Crossing Rosecrans Boulevard, the line turned to the south. Reaching Greenleaf Boulevard, Willowbrook Boulevard ended and the line proceeded to the south crossing over Compton Creek on a two-track steel Pratt truss bridge. The line then turned southeasterly towards Signal Hill.At Dominguez Junction the San Pedro via Dominguez Line branched to the south on the west side of Alameda Street. The Long Beach Line crossed Alameda Street and the Southern Pacific San Pedro Branch at grade, and followed the west bank of Compton Creek towards the Los Angeles River.After the construction of the Long Beach Freeway, the line crossed over the freeway on a two track plate girder bridge then crossed the Union Pacific San Pedro Branch (Cota crossing) at grade. A long single track deck girder bridge carried the line over the Los Angeles River towards Willow Street (North Long Beach). This was the only single track section on the line.At Willow Street (North Long Beach) the Balboa Line branched to the southeast and the Long Beach Line ran south in the center lane of American Avenue (Long Beach Boulevard) to Ocean Avenue in Long Beach. The line turned west onto Ocean Avenue and followed the same route as the American Avenue–North Long Beach Line to the terminus at the Pacific Electric station at the foot of Pacific Avenue.","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Watts Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_Line"},{"link_name":"American Avenue–North Long Beach Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Avenue_Line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"For a number of years, the PE operated express \"flyer\" service along the Long Beach route. The flyer service only made a few stops between Downtown Los Angeles and Long Beach, as compared with regular service that made all stops between Watts and Willowville, and most stops between Willowville and Long Beach. The right-of-way was also served by a pair of local lines: the Watts Line between Downtown Los Angeles and Watts, and the American Avenue–North Long Beach Line between Willowville and Long Beach.[3]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Central Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Station_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Southern Pacific Depot–Long Beach–Wilmington","text":"Pacific Electric also provided service along the route to connect to long-distance passenger trains at Southern Pacific's Central Station. Cars ran from the downtown station to Long Beach and continued to San Pedro. It operated from 1924 to 1939 when Union Station opened and consolidated intercity trains at a different location.[4]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PE_No._219_-_Long_Beach.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Henry E. Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Huntington"},{"link_name":"July 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Railway"},{"link_name":"Pacific Electric Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Building"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Skip-stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip-stop"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veysey37-12"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metropolitan_Transit_Authority"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Veysey37-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"replaced by","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustitution"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Long Beach Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach_Boulevard_(California)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"San Pedro via Dominguez Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_via_Dominguez_Line"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Wilmington Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilmington_Subdivision_(Union_Pacific_Railroad)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mission Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The first day of service in Long Beach, 1902Conceiving of the line earlier in the summer,[5] Henry E. Huntington incorporated the Pacific Electric Railway in November 1901 and immediately began work on the Long Beach Line. Service began on July 4, 1902[6][7] (with a trial car run over the line the previous day[8]), initially beginning at 9th and Main Streets in downtown Los Angeles (the trackage on 9th Street was acquired from Huntington's Los Angeles Railway in 1904). The terminal was moved to the Pacific Electric Building in 1905, and trains were rerouted over the newly built elevated trackage west of San Pedro Street in 1917.[9] The service was designated line 6.[10]Skip-stop limited trains were eliminated between February and November 1944.[11] Postwar ridership initially kept strong, but service cuts began as early as 1946.[12]The Long Beach Line was transferred to Metropolitan Coach Lines in 1953. The service was further was commuted to the Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority on March 3, 1958; on April 17 it was renumbered to line 36.[12]Passenger service ended on April 9, 1961,[13] the last of the former Pacific Electric lines to do so. Trains were replaced by the 36 \"Long Beach Freeway Flyer\" bus, which followed the new Long Beach Freeway north of the Long Beach Boulevard interchange. Local replacement service north of this point was provided by the 33 \"Los Angeles–Compton–Wilmington\",[14] which had replaced San Pedro via Dominguez Line trains in 1958. A documentary Ride the Last of the Big Red Cars by Interurban Films captured the last week of operations of the Long Beach Line.[15][16]Southern Pacific continued to operate freight trains over the line. Their successor, Union Pacific, operates the remainder of the tracks as the Wilmington Subdivision.A Southern Pacific depot of Mission Revival design was built at Broadway and Pacific Avenue in downtown Long Beach in 1907. It was moved to a nearby Long Beach city maintenance yard alongside the Los Angeles River in 1936, and then moved again in 2015.[17] It was destroyed by a fire in 2016.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles County Transportation Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Transportation_Commission"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Restoration","text":"An early goal of the Los Angeles County Transportation Commission was to reestablish rail service over the former PE right of way. Modern light rail was chosen as the preferred mode, and the line was largely rebuilt to accommodate the service. The Blue Line (later renamed to the A Line) opened in 1990 as the first of a new rail system in Los Angeles.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pac-elec-depot-1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pacific Electric Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Electric_Building"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slauson_Junction.jpg"},{"link_name":"Slauson Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slauson_Junction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watts_Station,_May_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"Watts Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts_Station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Electric_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad_station_in_Long_Beach,_1905_(CHS-2468).jpg"}],"text":"Pacific Electric BuildingSlauson JunctionWatts Station, 2008Long Beach Station","title":"Station list"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Electric_Rolling_Stock%E2%80%94Standard_Passenger_Coach.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERHA-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERHA-1"},{"link_name":"multiple operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_unit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ERHA-1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Pacific Electric Rolling Stock—Standard Passenger Coach, 1906Service in 1902 commenced with 200 class cars. These were originally built for narrow gauge operation, but were refit for running on standard gauge.[1] The motors on these cars proved to be underpowered, and were quickly replaced with 250 class the following year.[1] The 250 class cars were fitted with couplers in 1907, allowing multiple operation.[1] By 1924 the line was utilizing 1200 class rolling stock.[22]","title":"Rolling stock"}]

[{"image_text":"The first day of service in Long Beach, 1902","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/PE_No._219_-_Long_Beach.jpg/220px-PE_No._219_-_Long_Beach.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pacific Electric Building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pac-elec-depot-1910.jpg/220px-Pac-elec-depot-1910.jpg"},{"image_text":"Slauson Junction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Slauson_Junction.jpg/220px-Slauson_Junction.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watts Station, 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Watts_Station%2C_May_2008.jpg/220px-Watts_Station%2C_May_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Long Beach Station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pacific_Electric_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad_station_in_Long_Beach%2C_1905_%28CHS-2468%29.jpg/220px-Pacific_Electric_and_Salt_Lake_Railroad_station_in_Long_Beach%2C_1905_%28CHS-2468%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pacific Electric Rolling Stock—Standard Passenger Coach, 1906","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pacific_Electric_Rolling_Stock%E2%80%94Standard_Passenger_Coach.jpg/300px-Pacific_Electric_Rolling_Stock%E2%80%94Standard_Passenger_Coach.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Long Beach Line\". Electric Railway Historical Association of Southern California. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erha.org/peslb.htm","url_text":"\"Long Beach Line\""}]},{"reference":"Morino, Douglas (June 23, 2023). \"L.A. Opens Its New Light-Rail Link\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/23/us/los-angeles-transit-regional-connector.html","url_text":"\"L.A. Opens Its New Light-Rail Link\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Caltrans (February 1982). \"1981 Inventory of Pacific Electric Routes\" (PDF). Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority. p. 116. Retrieved January 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/pacificelectric/1981-caltrans-inventory-of-routes.pdf","url_text":"\"1981 Inventory of Pacific Electric Routes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Electric Los Angeles Terminal District\". Electric Railway Historical Association of Southern California. Retrieved December 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.erha.org/pesterm.htm","url_text":"\"Pacific Electric Los Angeles Terminal District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blue Line At 20: Looking Back At Early Service Between Los Angeles And Long Beach (1902-1961)\". LACMTA. July 8, 2010. Retrieved October 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://metroprimaryresources.info/blue-line-at-20-looking-back-at-early-service-between-los-angeles-and-long-beach-1902-1961/283/","url_text":"\"Blue Line At 20: Looking Back At Early Service Between Los Angeles And Long Beach (1902-1961)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ride The Last Red Car Los Angeles\". April 1961.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebboO52In1w","url_text":"\"Ride The Last Red Car Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Ride the Last of the Big Red Cars\" by Interurban Films\". Pacific Electric Railway Historical Society. November 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pacificelectric.org/pacific-electric/pacific-electric-video/ride-the-last-of-the-big-red-cars-by-interurban-films/","url_text":"\"\"Ride the Last of the Big Red Cars\" by Interurban Films\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Eric (February 3, 2015). \"Moving Long Beach's historic train depot, take two\". Press Telegram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presstelegram.com/2015/02/03/moving-long-beachs-historic-train-depot-take-two/","url_text":"\"Moving Long Beach's historic train depot, take two\""}]},{"reference":"Dobruck, Jeremiah (September 16, 2016). \"Historic Long Beach train depot destroyed by large fire\". Press Telegram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.presstelegram.com/2016/09/16/historic-long-beach-train-depot-destroyed-by-large-fire/","url_text":"\"Historic Long Beach train depot destroyed by large fire\""}]},{"reference":"Reft, Ryan (February 26, 2015). \"A Clear Blue Vision: L.A. Light Rail Transit and Twenty Five Years of the Blue Line\". KCET. Retrieved February 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kcet.org/history-society/a-clear-blue-vision-l-a-light-rail-transit-and-twenty-five-years-of-the-blue-line","url_text":"\"A Clear Blue Vision: L.A. Light Rail Transit and Twenty Five Years of the Blue Line\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pacific Electric Time Tables\" (PDF). wx4's Dome of Foam. Pacific Electric. September 1, 1934. p. 5. Retrieved September 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://wx4.org/to/foam/sp/maps/and_timetables/1934-09-01PEsystemPTT.pdf","url_text":"\"Pacific Electric Time Tables\""}]},{"reference":"Crump, Spencer (1977). Ride the big red cars: How trolleys helped build southern California. Trans-Anglo Books. ISBN 0-87046-047-1. OCLC 3414090.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87046-047-1","url_text":"0-87046-047-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3414090","url_text":"3414090"}]},{"reference":"Veysey, Laurence R. (June 1958). A History Of The Rail Passenger Service Operated By The Pacific Electric Railway Company Since 1911 And By Its Successors Since 1953 (PDF). LACMTA (Report). Los Angeles, California: Interurbans. ASIN B0007F8D84. OCLC 6565577.","urls":[{"url":"http://libraryarchives.metro.net/DPGTL/pacificelectric/1958-history-of-rail-passenger-service-operated-by-pacific-electric-since-1911.pdf","url_text":"A History Of The Rail Passenger Service Operated By The Pacific Electric Railway Company Since 1911 And By Its Successors Since 1953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority","url_text":"LACMTA"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California","url_text":"Los Angeles, California"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interurban_Press","url_text":"Interurbans"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007F8D84","url_text":"B0007F8D84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6565577","url_text":"6565577"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Jim (2006). Pacific Electric Red Cars. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 9780738546889.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738546889","url_text":"9780738546889"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llandyfaelog

Llandyfaelog

["1 Governance","2 Notable residents","3 References","4 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°46′55″N 4°17′45″W / 51.78194°N 4.29583°W / 51.78194; -4.29583Community in Carmarthenshire, Wales This article is about the community in Carmarthenshire. Not to be confused with Llandyfaelog Fach in Powys or Llandyfaelog Tre'r-graig, also in Powys. Llandyfaelog (Welsh pronunciationⓘ) is a community located in Carmarthenshire, Wales. According to the 2001 census the community has a population of 1,272, of which 71.88 percent are Welsh speaking. The population at the 2011 Census had increased to 1,304. The community is bordered by the communities of Llangunnor, Llangyndeyrn, Kidwelly, St Ishmael, Llangain, and Carmarthen, all being in Carmarthenshire, and includes the villages of Idole, Croesyceiliog and Cwmffrwd. Governance Llandyfaelog has its own community council. For elections to Carmarthenshire County Council, Llandyfaelog was covered by the St Ishmael ward (including neighbouring St Ishmael), electing one county councillor. Following a boundary review, from the May 2022 local elections Llandyfaelog became part of the Llangyndeyrn county ward which includes the neighbouring Llangyndeyrn community. Notable residents Peter Williams (1723-1796), clergyman, publisher of Welsh-language Bibles Peter Bailey Williams (1763–1836), Anglican priest and amateur antiquarian. David Daniel Davis (1777-1841), physician and early obstetrician Sharon Morgan (born 1949), actress References ^ "Community population 2011". Retrieved 16 April 2015. ^ Robert Harries (11 January 2022). "Tributes paid to 'phenomenal' Carmarthenshire council deputy leader Mair Stephens who has died". Wales Online. Retrieved 23 January 2022. External links "Llandyfaelog Village". 16 April 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. Retrieved 30 July 2009. "Llandyfaelog Community". vteCommunities of Carmarthenshire Abergwili Abernant Ammanford Betws Bronwydd Carmarthen Cenarth Cilycwm Cilymaenllwyd Cwmamman Cynwyl Elfed Cynwyl Gaeo Dyffryn Cennen Eglwyscummin Gorslas Henllanfallteg Kidwelly Laugharne Township Llanarthney Llanboidy Llanddarog Llanddeusant Llanddowror Llandeilo Llandovery Llandybie Llandyfaelog Llanedi Llanegwad Llanelli Llanelli Rural Llanfair-ar-y-bryn Llanfihangel Aberbythych Llanfihangel-ar-Arth Llanfihangel Rhos-y-Corn Llanfynydd Llangadog Llangain Llangathen Llangeler Llangennech Llangunnor Llangyndeyrn Llangynin Llangynog Llanllawddog Llanllwni Llannon Llanpumsaint Llansadwrn Llansawel Llansteffan Llanwinio Llanwrda Llanybydder Llanycrwys Manordeilo and Salem Meidrim Myddfai Newcastle Emlyn Newchurch and Merthyr Pembrey and Burry Port Town Pencarreg Pendine Pontyberem Quarter Bach St Clears St Ishmael Talley Trelech Trimsaran Whitland Geography portal Wales portal 51°46′55″N 4°17′45″W / 51.78194°N 4.29583°W / 51.78194; -4.29583 This Carmarthenshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocampus_proper

Hippocampus proper

["1 Structure","1.1 CA1","1.2 CA2","1.3 CA3","1.4 CA4","2 Additional images","3 References"]

Part of the brain of mammals Hippocampus properHippocampus location and regions in a human, coronal planeBasic circuit of the hippocampus, shown using a modified drawing by Ramon y Cajal. DG: dentate gyrus. Sub: subiculum. EC: entorhinal cortexDetailsIdentifiersLatinhippocampus proprius, cornu AmmonisNeuroNames182TA98A14.1.09.327TA25520FMA62493Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy The hippocampus proper refers to the actual structure of the hippocampus which is made up of three regions or subfields. The subfields CA1, CA2, and CA3 use the initials of cornu Ammonis, an earlier name of the hippocampus. Structure There are four hippocampal subfields, regions in the hippocampus proper which form a neural circuit called the trisynaptic circuit. CA1 CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit, from which a major output pathway goes to layer V of the entorhinal cortex. Another significant output is to the subiculum. CA2 CA2 is a small region located between CA1 and CA3. It receives some input from layer II of the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. Its pyramidal cells are more like those in CA3 than those in CA1. It is often ignored due to its small size. CA3 CA3 receives input from the mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus, and also from cells in the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway ends in the stratum lucidum. The perforant path passes through the stratum lacunosum and ends in the stratum moleculare. There are also inputs from the medial septum and from the diagonal band of Broca which terminate in the stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the other side of the hippocampus. The pyramidal cells in CA3 have a unique type of dendritic spine called a thorny excrescence or thorn, only found in CA3 pyramidal cells and hilar mossy cells. The thorn has a thin single spine with a number of heads. Clusters of thorns sit on a dendrite on a broad stem. There are also longer spines called long-neck spines. These unique structures also help to demarcate CA3 from CA2. The pyramidal cells in CA3 send some axons back to the dentate gyrus hilus, but they mostly project to regions CA2 and CA1 via the Schaffer collaterals. There are also a significant number of recurrent connections that terminate in CA3. Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal area in a dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum. The region is conventionally divided into three divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band that is most distant from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria and fornix connection. CA3c is nearest to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. CA3 overall, has been considered to be the “pacemaker” of the hippocampus. Much of the synchronous bursting activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated in CA3. Its excitatory collateral connectivity seems to be mostly responsible for this. CA3 uniquely, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals that ramify extensively with local regions and make excitatory contacts with them. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and hippocampal learning processes. Slow oscillatory rhythms (theta-band; 3–8 Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions, as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation. CA4 CA4 is a misleading term introduced by Lorente de Nó (1934). He observed that the pyramidal layer of the CA3 was continuous with polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and that the "modified pyramids" (later known as mossy cells (Amaral, 1978)) had Schaffer collaterals similar to CA3 pyramidal cells. Amaral (1978) showed that the mossy cells in the CA4 of Lorente de Nó did not have schaffer collaterals and that they in contrast to pyramidal cells project to the inner molecular layer of the DG and not to CA1. The same author thus concluded that the term CA4 should be abandoned and that the zone should be regarded as the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus (the area dentata of Blackstad (1956)). The polymorphic layer is often called the hilus or hilar region (Amaral, 2007). The neurons in the polymorphic layer, including mossy cells and GABAergic interneurons, primarily receive inputs from the granule cells in the dentate gyrus in the form of mossy fibers and project to the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus via the associational/commissural projection . They also receive a small number of connections from pyramidal cells in CA3. They, in turn, project back into the dentate gyrus at distant septotemporal levels. Additional images High resolution micrograph of human brain, coronal section through the hippocampus. Diagram of hippocampal regions in a rat brain. References ^ Lauer, M; Senitz, D (October 2006). "Dendritic excrescences seem to characterize hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in humans". Journal of Neural Transmission. 113 (10): 1469–75. doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0428-8. PMID 16465457. S2CID 21440177. ^ Tsamis, IK; Mytilinaios, GD; Njau, NS; Fotiou, FD; Glaftsi, S; Costa, V; Baloyannis, JS (February 2010). "Properties of CA3 dendritic excrescences in Alzheimer's disease". Current Alzheimer Research. 7 (1): 84–90. doi:10.2174/156720510790274482. PMID 20205674. ^ Jerome Engel TAP, ed. Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook in Three Volumes. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008 ^ Lorente de Nó, R (1934). "Studies on the structure of the cerebral cortex. Continuation of the study of the ammonic system". J. Psychol. Neurol. 46: 113–177. ^ Amaral, DG (1978). "A Golgi study of cell types in the hilar region of the hippocampus in the rat". J. Comp. Neurol. 182 (5): 851–914. doi:10.1002/cne.901820508. PMID 730852. S2CID 44257239. vteRostral basal ganglia of the human brain and associated structuresBasal gangliaGrey matterStriatum Dorsal striatum Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus GPe GPi Other Amygdala Claustrum White matter Centrum semiovale Internal capsule Anterior limb Genu Posterior limb Optic radiation Corona radiata External capsule Extreme capsule Pallidothalamic tracts: Thalamic fasciculus Ansa lenticularis Lenticular fasciculus Subthalamic fasciculus RhinencephalonGrey matter Anterior olfactory nucleus Anterior perforated substance Olfactory bulb White matter Olfactory tract Medial olfactory stria Lateral olfactory stria Olfactory trigone Other basal forebrainGrey matter Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Nucleus of diagonal band White matter Diagonal band of Broca Stria terminalis Archicortex:Hippocampal formation/Hippocampus anatomyGrey matter Hippocampus proper CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4 Dentate gyrus Fascia dentata Subiculum White matter Alveus Fimbria Perforant path Schaffer collateral vtePapez circuit pathwayDiencephalon Mammillary body → Mammillothalamic tract → Anterior nuclei of thalamus → Telencephalon Anterior limb of internal capsule → Cingulate gyrus → Cingulum → Parahippocampal gyrus → Entorhinal cortex → Perforant path → Hippocampus/Hippocampal formation (CA3 → CA1 → Subiculum) → Fornix → Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica

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The subfields CA1, CA2, and CA3 use the initials of cornu Ammonis, an earlier name of the hippocampus.","title":"Hippocampus proper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neural circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_circuit"},{"link_name":"trisynaptic circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisynaptic_circuit"}],"text":"There are four hippocampal subfields, regions in the hippocampus proper which form a neural circuit called the trisynaptic circuit.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entorhinal cortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entorhinal_cortex"},{"link_name":"subiculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subiculum"}],"sub_title":"CA1","text":"CA1 is the first region in the hippocampal circuit, from which a major output pathway goes to layer V of the entorhinal cortex. Another significant output is to the subiculum.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"perforant path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perforant_path"},{"link_name":"pyramidal cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidal_cell"}],"sub_title":"CA2","text":"CA2 is a small region located between CA1 and CA3. It receives some input from layer II of the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. Its pyramidal cells are more like those in CA3 than those in CA1. It is often ignored due to its small size.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mossy fibers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossy_fiber_(hippocampus)"},{"link_name":"granule cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granule_cell"},{"link_name":"dentate gyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentate_gyrus"},{"link_name":"stratum lucidum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratum_lucidum_of_hippocampus"},{"link_name":"medial septum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medial_septum"},{"link_name":"diagonal band of Broca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_band_of_Broca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lauer-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tsamis-2"},{"link_name":"Schaffer collaterals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schaffer_collateral"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eng-3"}],"sub_title":"CA3","text":"CA3 receives input from the mossy fibers of the granule cells in the dentate gyrus, and also from cells in the entorhinal cortex via the perforant path. The mossy fiber pathway ends in the stratum lucidum. The perforant path passes through the stratum lacunosum and ends in the stratum moleculare. There are also inputs from the medial septum and from the diagonal band of Broca which terminate in the stratum radiatum, along with commisural connections from the other side of the hippocampus.The pyramidal cells in CA3 have a unique type of dendritic spine called a thorny excrescence or thorn, only found in CA3 pyramidal cells and hilar mossy cells. The thorn has a thin single spine with a number of heads. Clusters of thorns sit on a dendrite on a broad stem. There are also longer spines called long-neck spines. These unique structures also help to demarcate CA3 from CA2.[1][2]The pyramidal cells in CA3 send some axons back to the dentate gyrus hilus, but they mostly project to regions CA2 and CA1 via the Schaffer collaterals. There are also a significant number of recurrent connections that terminate in CA3. Both the recurrent connections and the Schaffer collaterals terminate preferentially in the septal area in a dorsal direction from the originating cells. CA3 also sends a small set of output fibers to the lateral septum.The region is conventionally divided into three divisions. CA3a is the part of the cell band that is most distant from the dentate (and closest to CA1). CA3b is the middle part of the band nearest to the fimbria and fornix connection. CA3c is nearest to the dentate, inserting into the hilus. CA3 overall, has been considered to be the “pacemaker” of the hippocampus. Much of the synchronous bursting activity associated with interictal epileptiform activity appears to be generated in CA3. Its excitatory collateral connectivity seems to be mostly responsible for this. CA3 uniquely, has pyramidal cell axon collaterals that ramify extensively with local regions and make excitatory contacts with them. CA3 has been implicated in a number of working theories on memory and hippocampal learning processes. Slow oscillatory rhythms (theta-band; 3–8 Hz) are cholinergically driven patterns that depend on coupling of interneurons and pyramidal cell axons via gap junctions, as well as glutaminergic (excitatory) and GABAergic (inhibitory) synapses. Sharp EEG waves seen here are also implicated in memory consolidation.[3]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"CA4","text":"CA4 is a misleading term introduced by Lorente de Nó (1934). He observed that the pyramidal layer of the CA3 was continuous with polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus and that the \"modified pyramids\" (later known as mossy cells (Amaral, 1978)) had Schaffer collaterals similar to CA3 pyramidal cells. Amaral (1978) showed that the mossy cells in the CA4 of Lorente de Nó did not have schaffer collaterals and that they in contrast to pyramidal cells project to the inner molecular layer of the DG and not to CA1. The same author thus concluded that the term CA4 should be abandoned and that the zone should be regarded as the polymorphic layer of the dentate gyrus (the area dentata of Blackstad (1956)). The polymorphic layer is often called the hilus or hilar region (Amaral, 2007). The neurons in the polymorphic layer, including mossy cells and GABAergic interneurons, primarily receive inputs from the granule cells in the dentate gyrus in the form of mossy fibers and project to the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus via the associational/commissural projection .[4][5] \nThey also receive a small number of connections from pyramidal cells in CA3. They, in turn, project back into the dentate gyrus at distant septotemporal levels.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronary_brain_section_through_hippocampus.jpg"},{"link_name":"coronal section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_section"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HippocampalRegions.jpg"}],"text":"High resolution micrograph of human brain, coronal section through the hippocampus.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDiagram of hippocampal regions in a rat brain.","title":"Additional images"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinopathy_of_prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity

["1 Causes","1.1 Risk factors","2 Pathophysiology","3 Diagnosis","3.1 International classification","3.2 Plus disease","3.3 Differential diagnosis","4 Screening","4.1 Timing","4.2 Procedure","4.3 Monitoring","5 Management","5.1 Treatment","5.2 Follow-up","6 Prognosis","7 Epidemiology","8 History","9 References","10 External links"]

Eye disorder found in prematurely-born babies Medical conditionRetinopathy of prematurityOther namesTerry syndrome, retrolental fibroplasia (RLF)SpecialtyOphthalmology  Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely born babies generally having received neonatal intensive care, in which oxygen therapy is used because of the premature development of their lungs. It is thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels and may result in scarring and retinal detachment. ROP can be mild and may resolve spontaneously, but it may lead to blindness in serious cases. Thus, all preterm babies are at risk for ROP, and very low birth-weight is an additional risk factor. Both oxygen toxicity and relative hypoxia can contribute to the development of ROP. Causes By the fourth month of pregnancy, the fetal retina has begun to develop vascularization. Such formation of blood vessels appears to be very sensitive to the amount of oxygen supplied, either naturally or artificially. In rare cases ROP has been found in some patients with a mutation in the NDP gene, which is normally associated with the more damaging Norrie disease. Risk factors Various risk factors contribute to the development of ROP. They are: Prematurity High exposure to oxygen Low birth weight Various types of infections Cardiac defects Anaemia Low vitamin E level Pathophysiology During development, blood vessels grow from the central part of the retina outwards. This process is completed a few weeks before the normal time of delivery. However, in premature babies, the process has yet to be completed. If the vessels grow and branch abnormally, the baby becomes susceptible to developing ROP. These abnormal blood vessels may grow up from the plane of the retina and bleed inside the eye. When the blood and abnormal vessels are reabsorbed, it may give rise to multiple band-like membranes which can pull up the retina, causing detachment of the retina and eventually blindness before six months. Normally, maturation of the retina proceeds in utero, and at term, the medial portion (nasal retina) of the retina is fully vascularized, while the lateral portion (temporal retina) is only incompletely vascularized. The normal growth of the blood vessels is directed to relatively low-oxygen areas of the retina, but the vessels remain in the plane of the retina and do not grow into the vitreous humor. If excess oxygen is given, normal blood vessels degrade and cease to develop. When the excess oxygen environment is removed, the blood vessels rapidly begin forming again and grow into the vitreous humor of the eye from the retina. The key disease element in ROP is fibrovascular proliferation. This is growth of abnormal new vessels; this may regress, but frequently progresses. Associated with the growth of these new vessels is fibrous tissue (scar tissue) that may contract to cause retinal detachment. Multiple factors can determine whether the disease progresses, including overall health, birth weight, the stage of ROP at initial diagnosis, and the presence or absence of "plus disease". Supplemental oxygen exposure, while a risk factor, is not the main risk factor for development of this disease. Restricting supplemental oxygen use reduces the rate of ROP, but may raise the risk of other hypoxia-related systemic complications, including death. Patients with ROP, particularly those who have developed severe disease needing treatment are at greater risk for strabismus, glaucoma, cataracts and shortsightedness (myopia) later in life and should be examined yearly to help prevent or detect and treat these conditions. Diagnosis The stages of ROP disease have been defined by the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP). In older patients, the appearance of the disease is less well described but includes the residua of the ICROP stages as well as secondary retinal responses. International classification The system used for describing the findings of active ROP is entitled The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP). ICROP uses a number of parameters to describe the disease. They are location (zone) of the disease, the circumferential extent of the disease based on the clock hours, the severity (stage) of the disease and the presence or absence of "Plus Disease". Each aspect of the classification has a technical definition. This classification was used for the major clinical trials. It was revised in 2005. Zones of the retina in ROPThe zones are centered on the optic nerve. Zone I is the posterior zone of the retina, defined as the circle with a radius extending from the optic nerve to double the distance to the macula. Zone II is an annulus with the inner border defined by zone I and the outer border defined by the radius defined as the distance from the optic nerve to the nasal ora serrata. Zone III is the residual temporal crescent of the retina. The circumferential extent of the disease is described in segments as if the top of the eye were 12 on the face of an analog clock, e.g. stage 1 from 4:00 to 7:00. (The extent is a bit less important since the treatment indications from the Early Treatment for ROP.) The Stages describe the ophthalmoscopic findings at the junction between the vascularized and avascular retina. Stage 1 is a faint demarcation line. Stage 2 is an elevated ridge. Stage 3 is extraretinal fibrovascular tissue. Stage 4 is sub-total retinal detachment. Stage 5 is total retinal detachment. Plus disease Plus disease can be present as a major complicating factor at any stage. It is characterised by: Significant level of vascular dilation and tortuosity observed at the posterior retinal arterioles. This reflects the increase of blood flow through the retina. Vitreous haze and anterior chamber haze Iris vascular engorgement Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis or immature blood vessels growing over the lens which also restrict the dilatation of the pupils. Differential diagnosis The most difficult aspect of the differential diagnosis may arise from the similarity of two other diseases: Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy which is a genetic disorder that also disrupts the retinal vascularization in full-term infants. Persistent fetal vasculature that can cause a traction retinal detachment difficult to differentiate but typically unilateral. Screening Almost all infants with ROP have a gestational age of 31 weeks or less (regardless of birth weight) or a birth weight of 1250 g (2.76 lbs) or less; these indications are generally used to decide whether a baby should be screened for ROP, but some centres, especially in developing countries, extend birth weight screening criteria to 1500 g (3.3 lbs). Any premature baby with severe illness in perinatal period (respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, blood transfusion, intraventricular haemorrhage, apnoeic episodes, etc.) may also be offered ROP screening. Timing Retinal examination with scleral depression is generally recommended for patients born before 30–32 weeks gestation, or 4–6 weeks of life, whichever is later. It is then repeated every 1–3 weeks until vascularization is complete (or until disease progression mandates treatment). Procedure Following pupillary dilation using eye drops, the retina is examined using a special lighted instrument (an indirect ophthalmoscope). The peripheral portions of the retina are sometimes pushed into view using scleral depression. Examination of the retina of a premature infant is performed to determine how far the retinal blood vessels have grown (the zone), and whether or not the vessels are growing flat along the wall of the eye (the stage). This eye examination has been shown to be painful and the use of adequate analgesia during the procedure is advised. Once the vessels have grown into zone III (see below) it is usually safe to discharge the child from further screening for ROP. The stage of ROP refers to the character of the leading edge of growing retinal blood vessels (at the vascular-avascular border). Monitoring In order to allow timely intervention, a system of monitoring is undertaken for infants at risk of developing ROP. These monitoring protocols differ geographically because the definition of high-risk is not uniform or perfectly defined. In the USA the consensus statement of experts is informed by data derived by clinical trials and published in Pediatrics 2006. They included infants with birthweights under 1500 grams or under 30 weeks gestation in most cases. The first examination should take place within the first 4 weeks of birth, and regular, weekly examination is required until it is clear that the eyes are not going to develop disease needing treatment, or one or both eyes develop disease requiring treatment. Treatment should be administered within a 48 hours, as the condition can progress rapidly. Management Treatment The retina (red) is detached at the top of the eye. The silicone band (scleral buckle, blue) is placed around the eye. This brings the wall of the eye into contact with the detached retina, allowing the retina to re-attach. Peripheral retinal ablation is the mainstay of ROP treatment. The destruction of the avascular retina is performed with a solid state laser photocoagulation device, as these are easily portable to the operating room or neonatal ICU. Cryotherapy, an earlier technique in which regional retinal destruction was done using a probe to freeze the desired areas, has also been evaluated in multi-center clinical trials as an effective modality for prevention and treatment of ROP. However, when laser treatment is available, cryotherapy is no longer preferred for routine avascular retinal ablation in premature babies, due to the side effects of inflammation and lid swelling. Furthermore, recent trials have shown that treatment at an earlier stage of the disease gives better results. Scleral buckling and/or vitrectomy surgery may be considered for severe ROP (stages 4 and 5) for eyes that progress to retinal detachment. Few centers in the world specialize in this surgery, because of its attendant surgical risks and generally poor outcomes. Intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) has been reported as a supportive measure in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity. In a 2011 clinical trial comparing bevacizumab with conventional laser therapy, intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy showed a significant benefit for zone I but not zone II disease when used to treat infants with stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity. Potential benefits of intravitreal Avastin injection over laser therapy include: reduction in level of anesthesia required, preservation of viable peripheral retina, and, possibly, reduced incidence of subsequent high refractive error. However, the safety of this new treatment has not yet been established in terms of ocular complications as well as systemic complications. The latter are theoretically possible, as the active ingredient of bevacizumab not only blocks the development of abnormal blood vessels in the eye but may also prevent the normal development ofother tissues such as the lung and kidney. A 2018 Cochrane review also examined the effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and their use for ROP. Oral propranolol is being evaluated for counteracting the progression of ROP, but safety is a concern. A prospective randomized trial in which pre-term newborns were randomized to receiving oral propranolol with standard treatment or standard treatment alone found that oral propranolol showed a 48% relative risk reduction for progression to stage 3, 58% reduction for progression to stage 3 plus, and 100% reduction for progression to stage 4. Furthermore, there was a 52% relative risk reduction for the need for laser treatment or intravitreal bevacizumab. However 19% of the newborns experienced serious adverse effects including hypotension and bradycardia. A study in a mouse model of human ROP has shown that beta-blockade is protective against retinal angiogenesis and ameliorate blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. Follow-up Once diagnosed with ROP lifelong follow-up (yearly) is performed in some centers. In others, only children treated for ROP are followed yearly. Follow-up after laser or anti-VEGF treatment is individualized. Follow-up of premature children (with or without ROP) is varying among centers and countries, mirroring the diverse states of health care system in different countries. Prognosis Stages 1 and 2 do not lead to blindness. However, they can progress to the more severe stages. Threshold disease is defined as disease that has a 50% likelihood of progressing to retinal detachment. Threshold disease is considered to be present when stage 3 ROP is present in either zone I or zone II, with at least five continuous or eight total clock hours of disease, and the presence of plus disease. Progression to stage 4 (partial retinal detachment), or to stage 5 (total retinal detachment), will result in substantial or total loss of vision for the infant. Refractive errors including myopia (most common) Strabismus Amblyopia Retinal detachment, traction of the retina and blindness Glaucoma Impairments in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, convergence, and accommodation Epidemiology ROP prevalence varies, from 5 to 8% in developed countries with adequate neonatological facilities, to up to 30% in middle-income developing countries. There is increasing evidence that ROP and blindness due to ROP are now public health problems in the middle income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and the more advanced economies in South East Asia and the Middle east region. In these countries ROP is often the most common cause of blindness in children. ROP is highly likely to become an increasing problem in India, China and other countries in Asia as these countries expand the provision of services for premature infants. There is also evidence that the population of premature infants at risk of severe ROP varies depending on the level of neonatal intensive care being provided. In countries with high development indices and very low neonatal mortality rates (e.g. North America, Western Europe), severe ROP is generally limited to extremely preterm infants i.e. those weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lbs) at birth. At the other end of the development spectrum, countries with very low development indices and very high neonatal mortality rates (e.g. much of subSaharan Africa) ROP is rare as most premature babies do not have access to neonatal intensive care and so do not survive. Countries with moderate development indices are improving access to neonatal intensive care, and in these settings bigger, more mature babies are also at risk of severe ROP as neonatal care may be suboptimal. These findings have two main implications: firstly, much can be done in countries with moderate development indices to improve neonatal care, to reduce the risk of severe ROP in bigger babies and increase survival of extremely preterm infants, and secondly, in these settings bigger more mature babies need to be included in ROP programs and examined regularly so as to detect those babies developing ROP requiring treatment. In 2012, the World Health Organization published data on rates of preterm birth and the number of premature babies born in different regions of the world. This report contained three main findings: Premature birth has many different causes, and prevention is challenging, Prematurity is the most common cause of neonatal death in many countries, totaling as many as 1 million infants annually due to complications of preterm birth, and the number of preterm births is currently estimated to be 15 million, and increasing. History This disease was first described in a premature baby in 1942 as reported by Theodore L. Terry. Between 1941 and 1953, over 12,000 babies worldwide were affected by it. However, Kate Isabel Campbell (1889–1986), a specialist in children's diseases, was responsible in 1951 for proving the link between retrolental fibroplasia (a blindness in premature babies) and oxygen levels in humidicribs. Soul musician Stevie Wonder, actor Tom Sullivan, pianist Derek Paravicini, and jazz singer Diane Schuur, singer Gilbert Montagné are a few famous people who have the disease. The first case of the epidemic was seen on St. Valentine's Day in 1941 when a premature baby in Boston was diagnosed. Cases were then seen all over the world and the cause was, at that point, unknown. By 1951 a clear link between incidence and affluence became clear: many cases were seen in developed countries with organized and well-funded health care. Two British scientists suggested that it was oxygen toxicity that caused the disease. Babies born prematurely in such affluent areas were treated in incubators which had artificially high levels of oxygen. Studies on rats made this cause seem more likely, but the link was eventually confirmed by a controversial study undertaken by American pediatricians. The study involved two groups of babies. Some were given the usual oxygen concentrations in their incubators, while the other group had "curtailed" oxygen levels. The latter group was shown to have a lower incidence of the disease. As a result, oxygen levels in incubators were lowered and consequently, the epidemic was halted. References ^ "Terry Syndrome". Stedman's Medical Dictionary. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ^ Yulia DE, Soeharto DA (December 2022). "One year follow-up of intravitreal bevacizumab injection in Aggressive Retinopathy of Prematurity at Indonesian national referral hospital: Case series". Annals of Medicine and Surgery. 84: 104853. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104853. PMC 9758374. PMID 36536703. ^ Shastry BS, Pendergast SD, Hartzer MK, Liu X, Trese MT (May 1997). "Identification of missense mutations in the Norrie disease gene associated with advanced retinopathy of prematurity". Archives of Ophthalmology. 115 (5): 651–655. doi:10.1001/archopht.1997.01100150653015. PMID 9152134. ^ Dickinson JL, Sale MM, Passmore A, FitzGerald LM, Wheatley CM, Burdon KP, et al. (September–October 2006). "Mutations in the NDP gene: contribution to Norrie disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity". Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 34 (7): 682–688. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01314.x. PMID 16970763. S2CID 43683713. ^ Shastry BS (August 2010). "Genetic susceptibility to advanced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)". Journal of Biomedical Science. 17 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/1423-0127-17-69. PMC 2933676. PMID 20738858. ^ Karna P, Muttineni J, Angell L, Karmaus W (June 2005). "Retinopathy of prematurity and risk factors: a prospective cohort study". BMC Pediatrics. 5 (1): 18. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-5-18. PMC 1175091. PMID 15985170. ^ a b Kumar V (2007). "Chapter 29: Eye, Retina and Vitreous, Retinal Vascular Disease". Robbins basic pathology (8th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-1416029731. ^ Guyton A, Hall J (2006). "Chapter 17: Local and Humoral Control of Blood Flow by the Tissues". In Rebecca G (ed.). Textbook of Medical Physiology (Book) (11th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Inc. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-7216-0240-0. ^ Stenson BJ, Tarnow-Mordi WO, Darlow BA, Simes J, Juszczak E, Askie L, et al. (May 2013). "Oxygen saturation and outcomes in preterm infants". The New England Journal of Medicine. 368 (22): 2094–2104. doi:10.1056/nejmoa1302298. PMID 23642047. S2CID 205095545. ^ Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (August 1984). "An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. The Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity". Archives of Ophthalmology. 102 (8): 1130–1134. doi:10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030908011. PMID 6547831. ^ Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (July 2005). "The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity revisited". Archives of Ophthalmology. 123 (7): 991–999. doi:10.1001/archopht.123.7.991. PMID 16009843. ^ Early Treatment for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group (December 2003). "Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial". Archives of Ophthalmology. 121 (12): 1684–1694. doi:10.1001/archopht.121.12.1684. PMID 14662586. ^ a b c d Retinopathy of Prematurity at eMedicine ^ Jefferies A (December 2010). "Retinopathy of prematurity: Recommendations for screening". Paediatrics & Child Health. 15 (10): 667–674. doi:10.1093/pch/15.10.667. PMC 3006218. PMID 22131866. ^ Avila-Alvarez, Alejandro; Pertega-Diaz, Sonia; Vazquez Gomez, Lorena; Sucasas Alonso, Andrea; Romero Rey, Henar; Eiriz Barbeito, Dolores; Cabana Vazquez, Montserrat (2020). "Pain assessment during eye examination for retinopathy of prematurity screening: Skin conductance versus PIPP-R". Acta Paediatrica. 109 (5): 935–942. doi:10.1111/apa.15066. hdl:2183/36106. PMID 31630433. S2CID 204813261. ^ Dobson V, Quinn GE, Summers CG, Hardy RJ, Tung B, Good WV (July 2011). "Grating visual acuity results in the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity study". Archives of Ophthalmology. 129 (7): 840–846. doi:10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.143. PMC 4374597. PMID 21746974. ^ Shah PK, Narendran V, Tawansy KA, Raghuram A, Narendran K (2007). "Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) for post laser anterior segment ischemia in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 55 (1): 75–76. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.29505. PMID 17189897. ^ Mintz-Hittner HA, Kennedy KA, Chuang AZ (February 2011). "Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab for stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity". The New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (7): 603–615. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007374. PMC 3119530. PMID 21323540. ^ Sankar MJ, Sankar J, Chandra P (January 2018). "Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 1 (1): CD009734. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009734.pub3. PMC 6491066. PMID 29308602. ^ Filippi L (2013). J Pediatr. 2013 Dec;163(6):1570-1577.e6 ^ Ristori C (2011). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Jan 5;52(1):155-70. ^ Phelps DL (2001). "Retinopathy of Prematurity: History, Classification, and Pathophysiology". NeoReviews. 2 (7): e153–e166. doi:10.1542/neo.2-7-e153. ^ Heidary F, Gharebaghi R (2016). "Outcomes of Retinopathy of Prematurity". Medical Hypothesis, Discovery & Innovation in Ophthalmology. 5 (4): 112–114. PMC 5346299. PMID 28293657. ^ Gergely K, Gerinec A (2010). "Retinopathy of prematurity--epidemics, incidence, prevalence, blindness". Bratislavske Lekarske Listy. 111 (9): 514–517. PMID 21180268. ^ a b Gilbert C, Fielder A, Gordillo L, Quinn G, Semiglia R, Visintin P, Zin A (May 2005). "Characteristics of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with low, moderate, and high levels of development: implications for screening programs". Pediatrics. 115 (5): e518–e525. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1180. PMID 15805336. ^ Limburg H, Gilbert C, Hon DN, Dung NC, Hoang TH (February 2012). "Prevalence and causes of blindness in children in Vietnam". Ophthalmology. 119 (2): 355–361. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.037. PMID 22035577. ^ "Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth". World Health Organization. 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2013. ^ Lambert SR, Lyons CJ (31 October 2016). Taylor and Hoyt's pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus (Fifth ed.). Edinburgh. ISBN 9780702066160. OCLC 960162637.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ National Foundation for Australian Women and The University of Melbourne. "Campbell, Kate Isabel - Woman - The Australian Women's Register". www.womenaustralia.info. Retrieved 3 November 2022. ^ Silverman WA (November 1980). Retrolental fibroplasia: a modern parable. Grune & Stratton. ISBN 9780808912644. Retrieved 21 September 2013. ^ Silverman WA (November 1980). Retrolental fibroplasia: a modern parable. Grune & Stratton. ISBN 9780808912644. Retrieved 21 September 2013. Chapter 8: "The Consequences of Oxygen Restriction" External links Retinopathy of Prematurity Resource Guide from the National Eye Institute (NEI). Merck Manual entry on ROP World ROP Congress Archives of the International Conferences on ROP. ClassificationDICD-10: H35.1ICD-9-CM: 362.20, 362.21OMIM: 133780MeSH: D012178DiseasesDB: 11442External resourcesMedlinePlus: 001618eMedicine: oph/413 ped/1998Patient UK: Retinopathy of prematurityNORD: retinopathy-of-prematurityOrphanet: 90050 vteDiseases of the human eyeAdnexaEyelidInflammation Stye Chalazion Blepharitis Meibomian gland dysfunction Entropion Ectropion Lagophthalmos Blepharochalasis Ptosis Blepharophimosis Xanthelasma Ankyloblepharon Eyelash Trichiasis Madarosis Distichiasis Trichomegaly Lacrimal apparatus Dacryoadenitis Epiphora Dacryocystitis Xerophthalmia Orbit Exophthalmos Enophthalmos Orbital cellulitis Orbital lymphoma Periorbital cellulitis Conjunctiva Chemosis Conjunctivitis allergic Pterygium Pseudopterygium Pinguecula Subconjunctival hemorrhage GlobeFibrous tunicSclera Scleritis Episcleritis Cornea Keratitis herpetic acanthamoebic fungal Exposure Photokeratitis Corneal ulcer Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy Corneal dystrophy Fuchs' Meesmann Corneal ectasia Keratoconus Pellucid marginal degeneration Keratoglobus Terrien's marginal degeneration Post-LASIK ectasia Keratoconjunctivitis sicca Corneal opacity Corneal neovascularization Kayser–Fleischer ring Haab's striae Arcus senilis Band keratopathy Vascular tunicIrisCiliary body Uveitis Intermediate uveitis Hyphema Rubeosis iridis Persistent pupillary membrane Iridodialysis Synechia Choroid Choroideremia Choroiditis Chorioretinitis Focal choroidal excavation Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy Lens Cataract Congenital cataract Childhood cataract Aphakia Ectopia lentis Retina Retinitis Chorioretinitis Cytomegalovirus retinitis Retinal detachment Posterior vitreous detachment Retinoschisis Ocular ischemic syndrome / Central retinal vein occlusion Central retinal artery occlusion Branch retinal artery occlusion Retinopathy diabetic hypertensive Purtscher's of prematurity Bietti's crystalline dystrophy Coats' disease Sickle cell photic Macular degeneration Retinitis pigmentosa Retinal haemorrhage Central serous retinopathy Macular edema Epiretinal membrane (Macular pucker) Vitelliform macular dystrophy Leber's congenital amaurosis Birdshot chorioretinopathy Other Glaucoma / Ocular hypertension / Primary juvenile glaucoma Floater Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy Ocular hypotony Red eye Globe rupture Keratomycosis Phthisis bulbi Persistent fetal vasculature Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease PathwaysOptic nerveOptic disc Optic neuritis optic papillitis Papilledema Foster Kennedy syndrome Optic atrophy Optic disc drusen Optic neuropathy Ischemic anterior (AION) posterior (PION) Kjer's Leber's hereditary Toxic and nutritional StrabismusExtraocular musclesBinocular visionAccommodationParalytic strabismus Ophthalmoparesis Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Kearns–Sayre syndrome palsies Oculomotor (III) Fourth-nerve (IV) Sixth-nerve (VI) Other strabismus Esotropia / Exotropia Hypertropia Heterophoria Esophoria Exophoria Cyclotropia Brown's syndrome Duane syndrome Other binocular Conjugate gaze palsy Convergence insufficiency Internuclear ophthalmoplegia One and a half syndrome Refraction Refractive error Hyperopia Myopia Astigmatism Anisometropia / Aniseikonia Presbyopia Vision disordersBlindness Amblyopia Leber's congenital amaurosis Diplopia Scotoma Color blindness Achromatopsia Dichromacy Monochromacy Nyctalopia Oguchi disease Blindness / Vision loss / Visual impairment Anopsia Hemianopsia binasal bitemporal homonymous Quadrantanopia subjective Asthenopia Hemeralopia Photophobia Scintillating scotoma Pupil Anisocoria Argyll Robertson pupil Marcus Gunn pupil Adie syndrome Miosis Mydriasis Cycloplegia Parinaud's syndrome Other Nystagmus Childhood blindness Infections Trachoma Onchocerciasis

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_eye"},{"link_name":"prematurely born babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth"},{"link_name":"neonatal intensive care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"oxygen therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_therapy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"retinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"blood vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_vessel"},{"link_name":"scarring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scar"},{"link_name":"retinal detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_detachment"},{"link_name":"blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"oxygen toxicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"}],"text":"Medical conditionRetinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also called retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) and Terry syndrome, is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely born babies generally having received neonatal intensive care, in which oxygen therapy is used because of the premature development of their lungs.[2] It is thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels and may result in scarring and retinal detachment. ROP can be mild and may resolve spontaneously, but it may lead to blindness in serious cases. Thus, all preterm babies are at risk for ROP, and very low birth-weight is an additional risk factor. Both oxygen toxicity and relative hypoxia can contribute to the development of ROP.","title":"Retinopathy of prematurity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vascularization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascularization"},{"link_name":"NDP gene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDP_(gene)"},{"link_name":"Norrie disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norrie_disease"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9152134-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16970763-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20738858-5"}],"text":"By the fourth month of pregnancy, the fetal retina has begun to develop vascularization. Such formation of blood vessels appears to be very sensitive to the amount of oxygen supplied, either naturally or artificially. In rare cases ROP has been found in some patients with a mutation in the NDP gene, which is normally associated with the more damaging Norrie disease.[3][4][5]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Risk factors","text":"Various risk factors contribute to the development of ROP. They are:Prematurity[6]\nHigh exposure to oxygen\nLow birth weight\nVarious types of infections\nCardiac defects\nAnaemia\nLow vitamin E level","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"premature babies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premature_babies"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"medial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomical_terms#Anatomical_directions"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"lateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobbinsPath-7"},{"link_name":"vitreous humor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_humor"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RobbinsPath-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"risk factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factor"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stenson_et_al._Oxygen_Saturation_and_Outcomes_in_Preterm_Infants._NEJM_2013-9"},{"link_name":"strabismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"},{"link_name":"glaucoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma"},{"link_name":"cataracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataracts"},{"link_name":"myopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia"}],"text":"During development, blood vessels grow from the central part of the retina outwards. This process is completed a few weeks before the normal time of delivery. However, in premature babies, the process has yet to be completed. If the vessels grow and branch abnormally, the baby becomes susceptible to developing ROP. These abnormal blood vessels may grow up from the plane of the retina and bleed inside the eye. When the blood and abnormal vessels are reabsorbed, it may give rise to multiple band-like membranes which can pull up the retina, causing detachment of the retina and eventually blindness before six months.[citation needed]Normally, maturation of the retina proceeds in utero, and at term, the medial portion (nasal retina) of the retina is fully vascularized, while the lateral portion (temporal retina) is only incompletely vascularized.[7] The normal growth of the blood vessels is directed to relatively low-oxygen areas of the retina, but the vessels remain in the plane of the retina and do not grow into the vitreous humor. If excess oxygen is given, normal blood vessels degrade and cease to develop. When the excess oxygen environment is removed, the blood vessels rapidly begin forming again and grow into the vitreous humor of the eye from the retina.[7][8]The key disease element in ROP is fibrovascular proliferation. This is growth of abnormal new vessels; this may regress, but frequently progresses. Associated with the growth of these new vessels is fibrous tissue (scar tissue) that may contract to cause retinal detachment. Multiple factors can determine whether the disease progresses, including overall health, birth weight, the stage of ROP at initial diagnosis, and the presence or absence of \"plus disease\". Supplemental oxygen exposure, while a risk factor, is not the main risk factor for development of this disease. Restricting supplemental oxygen use reduces the rate of ROP, but may raise the risk of other hypoxia-related systemic complications, including death.[9]Patients with ROP, particularly those who have developed severe disease needing treatment are at greater risk for strabismus, glaucoma, cataracts and shortsightedness (myopia) later in life and should be examined yearly to help prevent or detect and treat these conditions.","title":"Pathophysiology"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The stages of ROP disease have been defined by the International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP).In older patients, the appearance of the disease is less well described but includes the residua of the ICROP stages as well as secondary retinal responses.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ROP_zones.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"International classification","text":"The system used for describing the findings of active ROP is entitled The International Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ICROP).[10] ICROP uses a number of parameters to describe the disease. They are location (zone) of the disease, the circumferential extent of the disease based on the clock hours, the severity (stage) of the disease and the presence or absence of \"Plus Disease\". Each aspect of the classification has a technical definition. This classification was used for the major clinical trials. It was revised in 2005.[11]Zones of the retina in ROPThe zones are centered on the optic nerve. Zone I is the posterior zone of the retina, defined as the circle with a radius extending from the optic nerve to double the distance to the macula. Zone II is an annulus with the inner border defined by zone I and the outer border defined by the radius defined as the distance from the optic nerve to the nasal ora serrata. Zone III is the residual temporal crescent of the retina.The circumferential extent of the disease is described in segments as if the top of the eye were 12 on the face of an analog clock, e.g. stage 1 from 4:00 to 7:00. (The extent is a bit less important since the treatment indications from the Early Treatment for ROP.)[12]The Stages describe the ophthalmoscopic findings at the junction between the vascularized and avascular retina.Stage 1 is a faint demarcation line.\nStage 2 is an elevated ridge.\nStage 3 is extraretinal fibrovascular tissue.\nStage 4 is sub-total retinal detachment.\nStage 5 is total retinal detachment.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tortuosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortuosity"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emedicine-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emedicine-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emedicine-13"},{"link_name":"Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_tunica_vasculosa_lentis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-emedicine-13"}],"sub_title":"Plus disease","text":"Plus disease can be present as a major complicating factor at any stage. It is characterised by:Significant level of vascular dilation and tortuosity observed at the posterior retinal arterioles. This reflects the increase of blood flow through the retina.[13]\nVitreous haze and anterior chamber haze[13]\nIris vascular engorgement[13]\nPersistent tunica vasculosa lentis or immature blood vessels growing over the lens which also restrict the dilatation of the pupils.[13]","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_exudative_vitreoretinopathy"},{"link_name":"Persistent fetal vasculature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persistent_fetal_vasculature"},{"link_name":"retinal detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_detachment"}],"sub_title":"Differential diagnosis","text":"The most difficult aspect of the differential diagnosis may arise from the similarity of two other diseases:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy which is a genetic disorder that also disrupts the retinal vascularization in full-term infants.\nPersistent fetal vasculature that can cause a traction retinal detachment difficult to differentiate but typically unilateral.","title":"Diagnosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ROP_Screening_Reccom-14"}],"text":"Almost all infants with ROP have a gestational age of 31 weeks or less (regardless of birth weight) or a birth weight of 1250 g (2.76 lbs) or less; these indications are generally used to decide whether a baby should be screened for ROP, but some centres, especially in developing countries, extend birth weight screening criteria to 1500 g (3.3 lbs).[14]Any premature baby with severe illness in perinatal period (respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, blood transfusion, intraventricular haemorrhage, apnoeic episodes, etc.) may also be offered ROP screening.","title":"Screening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"}],"sub_title":"Timing","text":"Retinal examination with scleral depression is generally recommended for patients born before 30–32 weeks gestation, or 4–6 weeks of life, whichever is later. It is then repeated every 1–3 weeks until vascularization is complete (or until disease progression mandates treatment).","title":"Screening"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pupillary dilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupillary_dilation"},{"link_name":"retina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retina"},{"link_name":"indirect ophthalmoscope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmoscope"},{"link_name":"scleral depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scleral_depression&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Procedure","text":"Following pupillary dilation using eye drops, the retina is examined using a special lighted instrument (an indirect ophthalmoscope). The peripheral portions of the retina are sometimes pushed into view using scleral depression. Examination of the retina of a premature infant is performed to determine how far the retinal blood vessels have grown (the zone), and whether or not the vessels are growing flat along the wall of the eye (the stage). This eye examination has been shown to be painful and the use of adequate analgesia during the procedure is advised.[15] Once the vessels have grown into zone III (see below) it is usually safe to discharge the child from further screening for ROP. The stage of ROP refers to the character of the leading edge of growing retinal blood vessels (at the vascular-avascular border).","title":"Screening"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Monitoring","text":"In order to allow timely intervention, a system of monitoring is undertaken for infants at risk of developing ROP. These monitoring protocols differ geographically because the definition of high-risk is not uniform or perfectly defined. In the USA the consensus statement of experts is informed by data derived by clinical trials and published in Pediatrics 2006. They included infants with birthweights under 1500 grams or under 30 weeks gestation in most cases. The first examination should take place within the first 4 weeks of birth, and regular, weekly examination is required until it is clear that the eyes are not going to develop disease needing treatment, or one or both eyes develop disease requiring treatment. Treatment should be administered within a 48 hours, as the condition can progress rapidly.","title":"Screening"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_eye_cross_section_detached_retina.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Human_eye_cross_section_scleral_buckle.svg"},{"link_name":"scleral buckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleral_buckle"},{"link_name":"laser photocoagulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser_photocoagulation"},{"link_name":"neonatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal"},{"link_name":"ICU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intensive_care_unit"},{"link_name":"Cryotherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryotherapy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Scleral buckling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scleral_buckle"},{"link_name":"vitrectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitrectomy"},{"link_name":"retinal detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_detachment"},{"link_name":"bevacizumab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bevacizumab"},{"link_name":"Avastin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avastin"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"anti-vascular endothelial growth factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93vascular_endothelial_growth_factor_therapy"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Treatment","text":"The retina (red) is detached at the top of the eye.The silicone band (scleral buckle, blue) is placed around the eye. This brings the wall of the eye into contact with the detached retina, allowing the retina to re-attach.Peripheral retinal ablation is the mainstay of ROP treatment. The destruction of the avascular retina is performed with a solid state laser photocoagulation device, as these are easily portable to the operating room or neonatal ICU. Cryotherapy, an earlier technique in which regional retinal destruction was done using a probe to freeze the desired areas, has also been evaluated in multi-center clinical trials as an effective modality for prevention and treatment of ROP. However, when laser treatment is available, cryotherapy is no longer preferred for routine avascular retinal ablation in premature babies, due to the side effects of inflammation and lid swelling. Furthermore, recent trials have shown that treatment at an earlier stage of the disease gives better results.[16]\nScleral buckling and/or vitrectomy surgery may be considered for severe ROP (stages 4 and 5) for eyes that progress to retinal detachment. Few centers in the world specialize in this surgery, because of its attendant surgical risks and generally poor outcomes.\nIntravitreal injection of bevacizumab (Avastin) has been reported as a supportive measure in aggressive posterior retinopathy of prematurity.[17] In a 2011 clinical trial comparing bevacizumab with conventional laser therapy, intravitreal bevacizumab monotherapy showed a significant benefit for zone I but not zone II disease when used to treat infants with stage 3+ retinopathy of prematurity.[18] Potential benefits of intravitreal Avastin injection over laser therapy include: reduction in level of anesthesia required, preservation of viable peripheral retina, and, possibly, reduced incidence of subsequent high refractive error. However, the safety of this new treatment has not yet been established in terms of ocular complications as well as systemic complications. The latter are theoretically possible, as the active ingredient of bevacizumab not only blocks the development of abnormal blood vessels in the eye but may also prevent the normal development ofother tissues such as the lung and kidney. A 2018 Cochrane review also examined the effectiveness of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and their use for ROP.[19]\nOral propranolol is being evaluated for counteracting the progression of ROP, but safety is a concern. A prospective randomized trial in which pre-term newborns were randomized to receiving oral propranolol with standard treatment or standard treatment alone found that oral propranolol showed a 48% relative risk reduction for progression to stage 3, 58% reduction for progression to stage 3 plus, and 100% reduction for progression to stage 4. Furthermore, there was a 52% relative risk reduction for the need for laser treatment or intravitreal bevacizumab. However 19% of the newborns experienced serious adverse effects including hypotension and bradycardia.[20] A study in a mouse model of human ROP has shown that beta-blockade is protective against retinal angiogenesis and ameliorate blood-retinal barrier dysfunction.[21]","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Follow-up","text":"Once diagnosed with ROP lifelong follow-up (yearly) is performed in some centers. In others, only children treated for ROP are followed yearly.\nFollow-up after laser or anti-VEGF treatment is individualized.\nFollow-up of premature children (with or without ROP) is varying among centers and countries, mirroring the diverse states of health care system in different countries.","title":"Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Refractive errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error"},{"link_name":"myopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia"},{"link_name":"Strabismus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strabismus"},{"link_name":"Amblyopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amblyopia"},{"link_name":"Retinal detachment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinal_detachment"},{"link_name":"blindness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"Glaucoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaucoma"},{"link_name":"visual acuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity"},{"link_name":"contrast sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_(vision)"},{"link_name":"visual field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_field"},{"link_name":"accommodation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Stages 1 and 2 do not lead to blindness. However, they can progress to the more severe stages. Threshold disease is defined as disease that has a 50% likelihood of progressing to retinal detachment. Threshold disease is considered to be present when stage 3 ROP is present in either zone I or zone II, with at least five continuous or eight total clock hours of disease, and the presence of plus disease.[22] Progression to stage 4 (partial retinal detachment), or to stage 5 (total retinal detachment), will result in substantial or total loss of vision for the infant.Refractive errors including myopia (most common)\nStrabismus\nAmblyopia\nRetinal detachment, traction of the retina and blindness\nGlaucoma\nImpairments in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, visual field, convergence, and accommodation[23]","title":"Prognosis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gergely-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilbert-25"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"ROP prevalence varies, from 5 to 8% in developed countries with adequate neonatological facilities, to up to 30% in middle-income developing countries.[24]There is increasing evidence that ROP and blindness due to ROP are now public health problems in the middle income countries of Latin America, Eastern Europe and the more advanced economies in South East Asia and the Middle east region. In these countries ROP is often the most common cause of blindness in children.[25][26] ROP is highly likely to become an increasing problem in India, China and other countries in Asia as these countries expand the provision of services for premature infants.There is also evidence that the population of premature infants at risk of severe ROP varies depending on the level of neonatal intensive care being provided.[25] In countries with high development indices and very low neonatal mortality rates (e.g. North America, Western Europe), severe ROP is generally limited to extremely preterm infants i.e. those weighing less than 1 kg (2.2 lbs) at birth. At the other end of the development spectrum, countries with very low development indices and very high neonatal mortality rates (e.g. much of subSaharan Africa) ROP is rare as most premature babies do not have access to neonatal intensive care and so do not survive. Countries with moderate development indices are improving access to neonatal intensive care, and in these settings bigger, more mature babies are also at risk of severe ROP as neonatal care may be suboptimal. These findings have two main implications: firstly, much can be done in countries with moderate development indices to improve neonatal care, to reduce the risk of severe ROP in bigger babies and increase survival of extremely preterm infants, and secondly, in these settings bigger more mature babies need to be included in ROP programs and examined regularly so as to detect those babies developing ROP requiring treatment.In 2012, the World Health Organization published data on rates of preterm birth and the number of premature babies born in different regions of the world.[27] This report contained three main findings:Premature birth has many different causes, and prevention is challenging,\nPrematurity is the most common cause of neonatal death in many countries, totaling as many as 1 million infants annually due to complications of preterm birth, and\nthe number of preterm births is currently estimated to be 15 million, and increasing.","title":"Epidemiology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Kate Isabel Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Isabel_Campbell"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Tom Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Sullivan_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Derek Paravicini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Paravicini"},{"link_name":"Diane Schuur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_Schuur"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Montagné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Montagn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silverman1980-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"This disease was first described in a premature baby in 1942 as reported by Theodore L. Terry.[28] Between 1941 and 1953, over 12,000 babies worldwide were affected by it. However, Kate Isabel Campbell (1889–1986), a specialist in children's diseases, was responsible in 1951 for proving the link between retrolental fibroplasia (a blindness in premature babies) and oxygen levels in humidicribs.[29]Soul musician Stevie Wonder, actor Tom Sullivan, pianist Derek Paravicini, and jazz singer Diane Schuur, singer Gilbert Montagné are a few famous people who have the disease. The first case of the epidemic was seen on St. Valentine's Day in 1941 when a premature baby in Boston was diagnosed. Cases were then seen all over the world and the cause was, at that point, unknown. By 1951 a clear link between incidence and affluence became clear: many cases were seen in developed countries with organized and well-funded health care. Two British scientists suggested that it was oxygen toxicity that caused the disease. Babies born prematurely in such affluent areas were treated in incubators which had artificially high levels of oxygen. Studies on rats made this cause seem more likely, but the link was eventually confirmed by a controversial study undertaken by American pediatricians. The study involved two groups of babies. Some[30] were given the usual oxygen concentrations in their incubators, while the other group had \"curtailed\" oxygen levels. The latter group was shown to have a lower incidence of the disease. As a result, oxygen levels in incubators were lowered and consequently, the epidemic was halted.[31]","title":"History"}]

[{"image_text":"Zones of the retina in ROP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/ROP_zones.jpg/250px-ROP_zones.jpg"},{"image_text":"The retina (red) is detached at the top of the eye.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Human_eye_cross_section_detached_retina.svg/220px-Human_eye_cross_section_detached_retina.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The silicone band (scleral buckle, blue) is placed around the eye. This brings the wall of the eye into contact with the detached retina, allowing the retina to re-attach.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Human_eye_cross_section_scleral_buckle.svg/220px-Human_eye_cross_section_scleral_buckle.svg.png"}]

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PMID 36536703.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9758374","url_text":"\"One year follow-up of intravitreal bevacizumab injection in Aggressive Retinopathy of Prematurity at Indonesian national referral hospital: Case series\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amsu.2022.104853","url_text":"10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9758374","url_text":"9758374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36536703","url_text":"36536703"}]},{"reference":"Shastry BS, Pendergast SD, Hartzer MK, Liu X, Trese MT (May 1997). \"Identification of missense mutations in the Norrie disease gene associated with advanced retinopathy of prematurity\". 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S2CID 43683713.","urls":[{"url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/22858235","url_text":"\"Mutations in the NDP gene: contribution to Norrie disease, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1442-9071.2006.01314.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01314.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16970763","url_text":"16970763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43683713","url_text":"43683713"}]},{"reference":"Shastry BS (August 2010). \"Genetic susceptibility to advanced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)\". Journal of Biomedical Science. 17 (1): 69. doi:10.1186/1423-0127-17-69. PMC 2933676. 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Retrieved 21 September 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mslsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Retrolental fibroplasia: a modern parable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780808912644","url_text":"9780808912644"}]},{"reference":"Silverman WA (November 1980). Retrolental fibroplasia: a modern parable. Grune & Stratton. ISBN 9780808912644. Retrieved 21 September 2013. Chapter 8: \"The Consequences of Oxygen Restriction\"","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mslsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Retrolental fibroplasia: a modern parable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780808912644","url_text":"9780808912644"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice_discounting

Factoring (finance)

["1 Overview","2 Rationale","3 Process","4 Accounts receivable discounting","5 Common factoring terms","5.1 Discount rate or factoring fee","5.2 Advance rate","5.3 Reserve account","5.4 Long-term contracts and minimums","5.5 Spot factoring","6 Treatment under GAAP","7 History","8 Modern forms","9 Specialized factoring","9.1 Real estate","9.2 Medical factoring","9.3 Construction","9.4 Haulage","9.5 Recruitment","10 Invoice payers (debtors)","11 Risks","12 Reverse factoring","13 See also","14 References"]

Financial transaction and a type of debtor finance Corporate finance Financial management Asset and liability management Business plan Clawback Corporate action Enterprise risk management Financial plan Investment management Managerial finance Mergers and acquisitions Strategic financial management Wealth management Accounting Balance sheet analysis Enterprise value Financial accounting analysis analyst engineering Fundamental analysis Management accounting Structured finance Valuation using discounted cash flows Investment Angel investor Asset Bond (finance) Capital appreciation Capital structure Cash conversion cycle Cost of capital Eco-investing Economic bubble Economic value added Equity (finance) Exchange traded fund Financial analysis Financial risk Financial system Growth investing Growth stock Investment performance Investor profile Market risk Market trend Option Over-the-counter Pension fund Return on capital Shares Speculation Super angel Sustainable finance Systematic risk Systemic risk Too big to fail Too connected to fail Toxic asset Volatility (finance) Watered stock Related topics Factoring (finance) Financial analyst Financial asset Hedge Investor profile Position of trust Statistical finance Stress test (financial) Structured product Supply chain finance vte Factoring is a financial transaction and a type of debtor finance in which a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount. A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its present and immediate cash needs. Forfaiting is a factoring arrangement used in international trade finance by exporters who wish to sell their receivables to a forfaiter. Factoring is commonly referred to as accounts receivable factoring, invoice factoring, and sometimes accounts receivable financing. Accounts receivable financing is a term more accurately used to describe a form of asset based lending against accounts receivable. The Commercial Finance Association is the leading trade association of the asset-based lending and factoring industries. In the United States, Factoring is not the same as invoice discounting (which is called an assignment of accounts receivable in American accounting – as propagated by FASB within GAAP). Factoring is the sale of receivables, whereas invoice discounting ("assignment of accounts receivable" in American accounting) is a borrowing that involves the use of the accounts receivable assets as collateral for the loan. However, in some other markets, such as the UK, invoice discounting is considered to be a form of factoring, involving the "assignment of receivables", that is included in official factoring statistics. It is therefore also not considered to be borrowing in the UK. In the UK the arrangement is usually confidential in that the debtor is not notified of the assignment of the receivable and the seller of the receivable collects the debt on behalf of the factor. In the UK, the main difference between factoring and invoice discounting is confidentiality. Scottish law differs from that of the rest of the UK, in that notification to the account debtor is required for the assignment to take place. The Scottish Law Commission reviewed this position and made proposals to the Scottish Ministers in 2018. Overview There are three parties directly involved: the factor who purchases the receivable, the one who sells the receivable, and the debtor who has a financial liability that requires him or her to make a payment to the owner of the invoice. The receivable, usually associated with an invoice for work performed or goods sold, is essentially a financial asset that gives the owner of the receivable the legal right to collect money from the debtor whose financial liability directly corresponds to the receivable asset. The seller sells the receivables at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash. This process is sometimes used in manufacturing industries when the immediate need for raw material outstrips their available cash and ability to purchase "on account". Both invoice discounting and factoring are used by B2B companies to ensure they have the immediate cash flow necessary to meet their current and immediate obligations. Invoice factoring is not a relevant financing option for retail or B2C companies because they generally do not have business or commercial clients, a necessary condition for factoring. The sale of the receivable transfers ownership of the receivable to the factor, indicating the factor obtains all of the rights associated with the receivables. Accordingly, the receivable becomes the factor's asset, and the factor obtains the right to receive the payments made by the debtor for the invoice amount, and is free to pledge or exchange the receivable asset without unreasonable constraints or restrictions. Usually, the account debtor is notified of the sale of the receivable, and the factor bills the debtor and makes all collections; however, non-notification factoring, where the client (seller) collects the accounts sold to the factor, as agent of the factor, also occurs. The arrangement is usually confidential in that the debtor is not notified of the assignment of the receivable and the seller of the receivable collects the debt on behalf of the factor. If the factoring transfers the receivable "without recourse", the factor (purchaser of the receivable) must bear the loss if the account debtor does not pay the invoice amount. If the factoring transfers the receivable "with recourse", the factor has the right to collect the unpaid invoice amount from the transferor (seller). However, any merchandise returns that may diminish the invoice amount that is collectible from the accounts receivable are typically the responsibility of the seller, and the factor will typically hold back paying the seller for a portion of the receivable being sold (the "factor's holdback receivable") in order to cover the merchandise returns associated with the factored receivables until the privilege to return the merchandise expires. There are four principal parts to the factoring transaction, all of which are recorded separately by an accountant who is responsible for recording the factoring transaction: the "fee" paid to the factor, the Interest Expense paid to the factor for the advance of money, the "bad debt expense" associated with portion of the receivables that the seller expects will remain unpaid and uncollectable, the "factor's holdback receivable" amount to cover merchandise returns, and (e) any additional "loss" or "gain" the seller must attribute to the sale of the receivables. Sometimes the factor's charges paid by the seller (the factor's "client") covers a discount fee, additional credit risk the factor must assume, and other services provided. The factor's overall profit is the difference between the price it paid for the invoice and the money received from the debtor, less the amount lost due to non-payment. Rationale Factoring is a method used by some firms to obtain cash. Certain companies factor accounts when the available cash balance held by the firm is insufficient to meet current obligations and accommodate its other cash needs, such as new orders or contracts; in other industries, however, such as textiles or apparel, for example, financially sound companies factor their accounts simply because this is the historic method of financing. The use of factoring to obtain the cash needed to accommodate a firm's immediate cash needs will allow the firm to maintain a smaller ongoing cash balance. By reducing the size of its cash balances, more money is made available for investment in the firm's growth. Debt factoring is also used as a financial instrument to provide better cash flow control especially if a company currently has a lot of accounts receivables with different credit terms to manage. A company sells its invoices at a discount to their face value when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its "customer's bank." Accordingly, factoring occurs when the rate of return on the proceeds invested in production exceed the costs associated with factoring the receivables. Therefore, the trade-off between the return the firm earns on investment in production and the cost of utilizing a factor is crucial in determining both the extent factoring is used and the quantity of cash the firm holds on hand. Many businesses have cash flow that varies. It might be relatively large in one period, and relatively small in another period. Because of this, businesses find it necessary to both maintain a cash balance on hand, and to use such methods as factoring, in order to enable them to cover their short term cash needs in those periods in which these needs exceed the cash flow. Each business must then decide how much it wants to depend on factoring to cover short falls in cash, and how large a cash balance it wants to maintain in order to ensure it has enough cash on hand during periods of low cash flow. Generally, the variability in the cash flow will determine the size of the cash balance a business will tend to hold as well as the extent it may have to depend on such financial mechanisms as factoring. Cash flow variability is directly related to two factors: The extent cash flow can change, and The length of time cash flow can remain at a below average level. If cash flow can decrease drastically, the business will find it needs large amounts of cash from either existing cash balances or from a factor to cover its obligations during this period of time. Likewise, the longer a relatively low cash flow can last, the more cash is needed from another source (cash balances or a factor) to cover its obligations during this time. As indicated, the business must balance the opportunity cost of losing a return on the cash that it could otherwise invest, against the costs associated with the use of factoring. The cash balance a business holds is essentially a demand for transactions money. As stated, the size of the cash balance the firm decides to hold is directly related to its unwillingness to pay the costs necessary to use a factor to finance its short term cash needs. The problem faced by the business in deciding the size of the cash balance it wants to maintain on hand is similar to the decision it faces when it decides how much physical inventory it should maintain. In this situation, the business must balance the cost of obtaining cash proceeds from a factor against the opportunity cost of the losing the Rate of Return it earns on investment within its business. The solution to the problem is: C B = i ∗ n C F ( 2 ∗ r ) {\displaystyle CB={\sqrt {\frac {i*nCF}{(2*r)}}}} where C B {\displaystyle CB} is the cash balance n C F {\displaystyle nCF} is the average negative cash flow in a given period i {\displaystyle i} is the that cover the factoring costs r {\displaystyle r} is the rate of return on the firm's assets. Today factoring's rationale still includes the financial task of advancing funds to smaller rapidly growing firms who sell to larger more credit-worthy organizations. While almost never taking possession of the goods sold, factors offer various combinations of money and supportive services when advancing funds. Factors often provide their clients four key services: information on the creditworthiness of their prospective customers domestic and international, and, in nonrecourse factoring, acceptance of the credit risk for "approved" accounts; maintain the history of payments by customers (i.e., accounts receivable ledger); daily management reports on collections; and, make the actual collection calls. The outsourced credit function both extends the small firm's effective addressable marketplace and insulates it from the survival-threatening destructive impact of a bankruptcy or financial difficulty of a major customer. A second key service is the operation of the accounts receivable function. The services eliminate the need and cost for permanent skilled staff found within large firms. Although today even they are outsourcing such back-office functions. More importantly, these services insure entrepreneurs and owners against a major source of a liquidity crises and their equity. Process The factoring process can be broken up into two parts: the initial account setup and ongoing funding. Setting up a factoring account typically takes one to two weeks and involves submitting an application, a list of clients, an accounts receivable aging report and a sample invoice. The approval process involves detailed underwriting, during which time the factoring company can ask for additional documents, such as documents of incorporation, financials, and banks statements. If approved, the business will be set up with a maximum credit line from which they can draw. In the case of notification factoring, the arrangement is not confidential and approval is contingent upon successful notification; a process by which factoring companies send the business's client or account debtor a Notice of Assignment. The Notice of Assignment serves to inform debtors that a factoring company is managing all of the business's receivables, stake a claim on the financial rights for the receivables factored, and update the payment address – usually a bank lock box. Once the account is set up, the business is ready to start funding invoices. Invoices are still approved on an individual basis, but most invoices can be funded in a business day or two, as long as they meet the factor's criteria. Receivables are funded in two parts. The first part is the "advance" and covers 80% to 85% of the invoice value. This is deposited directly to the business's bank account. The remaining 15% to 20% is rebated, less the factoring fees, as soon as the invoice is paid in full to the factoring company. Accounts receivable discounting Non-recourse factoring should not be confused with making a loan. When a lender decides to extend credit to a company based on assets, cash flows, and credit history, the borrower must recognize a liability to the lender, and the lender recognizes the borrower's promise to repay the loan as an asset. Factoring without recourse is a sale of a financial asset (the receivable), in which the factor assumes ownership of the asset and all of the risks associated with it, and the seller relinquishes any title to the asset sold. An example of factoring is the credit card. Factoring is like a credit card where the bank (factor) is buying the debt of the customer without recourse to the seller; if the buyer doesn't pay the amount to the seller the bank cannot claim the money from the seller or the merchant, just as the bank in this case can only claim the money from the debt issuer. Factoring is different from invoice discounting, which usually doesn't imply informing the debt issuer about the assignment of debt, whereas in the case of factoring the debt issuer is usually notified in what is known as notification factoring. One more difference between the factoring and invoice discounting is that in case of factoring the seller assigns all receivables of a certain buyer(s) to the factor whereas in invoice discounting the borrower (the seller) assigns a receivable balance, not specific invoices. A factor is therefore more concerned with the credit-worthiness of the company's customers. The factoring transaction is often structured as a purchase of a financial asset, namely the accounts receivable. A non-recourse factor assumes the "credit risk" that an account will not collect due solely to the financial inability of account debtor to pay. In the United States, if the factor does not assume the credit risk on the purchased accounts, in most cases a court will recharacterize the transaction as a secured loan. When a company decides to factors account receivables invoices to a principles factors or broker, it needs to understands the risks and rewards involved with factoring. Amount of funding can vary depending on the specific accounts receivables, debtor and industry that factoring occurs in. Factors can limit and restrict funding in such occasions where the debtor is found not credit worthy, or the invoice amount represents too big of a portion of the business's annual income. Another area of concern is when the cost of invoice factoring is calculated. It's a compound of an administration charge and interest earned overtime as the debtor takes time to repay the original invoice. Not all factoring companies charge interest over the time it takes to collect from a debtor, in this case only the administration charge needs to be taken into account although this type of facility is comparatively rare. There are major industries which stand out in the factoring industry which are: 1. Distribution 2. Retail 3. Manufacturing 4. Transportation 5. Services 6. Construction However, most businesses can apply invoice factoring successfully to their funding model. Common factoring terms Discount rate or factoring fee The discount rate is the fee a factoring company charges to provide the factoring service. Since a formal factoring transaction involves the outright purchase of the invoice, the discount rate is typically stated as a percentage of the face value of the invoices. For instance, a factoring company may charge 5% for an invoice due in 45 days. In contrast, companies that do accounts receivable financing may charge per week or per month. Thus, an invoice financing company that charges 1% per week would result in a discount rate of 6–7% for the same invoice. Advance rate The advance rate is the percentage of an invoice that is paid out by the factoring company upfront. The difference between the face value of the invoice and the advance rates serves to protect factors against any losses and to ensure coverage for their fees. Once the invoice is paid, the factor gives the difference between the face value, advance amount and fees back to the business in the form of a factoring rebate. Reserve account Whereas the difference between the invoice face value and the advance serves as a reserve for a specific invoice, many factors also hold an ongoing reserve account which serves to further reduce the risk for the factoring company. This reserve account is typically 10–15% of the seller's credit line, but not all factoring companies hold reserve accounts. Long-term contracts and minimums While factoring fees and terms range widely, many factoring companies will have monthly minimums and require a long-term contract as a measure to guarantee a profitable relationship. Although shorter contract periods are now becoming more common, contracts and monthly minimums are typical with "whole ledger" factoring, which entails factoring all of a company's invoices or all of the company's invoices from a particular debtor. Spot factoring Spot factoring, or single invoice discounting, is an alternative to "whole ledger" and allows a company to factor a single invoice. The added flexibility for the business, and lack of predictable volume and monthly minimums for factoring providers means that spot factoring transactions usually carry a cost premium. Treatment under GAAP In the United States, under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), receivables are considered "sold", under FASB ASC 860-10 (or under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140, paragraph 112), when the buyer has "no recourse". Moreover, to treat the transaction as a sale under GAAP, the seller's monetary liability under any "recourse" provision must be readily estimated at the time of the sale. Otherwise, the financial transaction is treated as a secured loan, with the receivables used as collateral. When a nonrecourse transaction takes place, the accounts receivable balance is removed from the statement of financial position. The corresponding debits include the expense recorded on the income statement and the proceeds received from the factor. History Factoring as a fact of business life was underway in England prior to 1400, and it came to America with the Pilgrims, around 1620. It appears to be closely related to early merchant banking activities. The latter however evolved by extension to non-trade related financing such as sovereign debt. Like all financial instruments, factoring evolved over centuries. This was driven by changes in the organization of companies; technology, particularly air travel and non-face-to-face communications technologies starting with the telegraph, followed by the telephone and then computers. These also drove and were driven by modifications of the common law framework in England and the United States. Governments were latecomers to the facilitation of trade financed by factors. English common law originally held that unless the debtor was notified, the assignment between the seller of invoices and the factor was not valid. The Canadian Federal Government legislation governing the assignment of moneys owed by it still reflects this stance as does provincial government legislation modelled after it. As late as the current century, the courts have heard arguments that without notification of the debtor the assignment was not valid. In the United States, by 1949 the majority of state governments had adopted a rule that the debtor did not have to be notified, thus opening up the possibility of non-notification factoring arrangements. Originally the industry took physical possession of the goods, provided cash advances to the producer, financed the credit extended to the buyer and insured the credit strength of the buyer. In England the control over the trade thus obtained resulted in an Act of Parliament in 1696 to mitigate the monopoly power of the factors. With the development of larger firms who built their own sales forces, distribution channels, and knowledge of the financial strength of their customers, the needs for factoring services were reshaped and the industry became more specialized. By the twentieth century in the United States factoring was still the predominant form of financing working capital for the then-high-growth-rate textile industry. In part this occurred because of the structure of the US banking system with its myriad of small banks and consequent limitations on the amount that could be advanced prudently by any one of them to a firm. In Canada, with its national banks the limitations were far less restrictive and thus factoring did not develop as widely as in the US. Even then, factoring also became the dominant form of financing in the Canadian textile industry. By the first decade of the 21st century, a basic public policy rationale for factoring remains that the product is well-suited to the demands of innovative, rapidly growing firms critical to economic growth. A second public policy rationale is allowing fundamentally good business to be spared the costly, time-consuming trials and tribulations of bankruptcy protection for suppliers, employees and customers or to provide a source of funds during the process of restructuring the firm so that it can survive and grow. Modern forms In the latter half of the twentieth century the introduction of computers eased the accounting burdens of factors and then small firms. The same occurred for their ability to obtain information about debtor's creditworthiness. Introduction of the Internet and the web has accelerated the process while reducing costs. Today credit information and insurance coverage are instantly available online. The web has also made it possible for factors and their clients to collaborate in real time on collections. Acceptance of signed documents provided by facsimile as being legally binding has eliminated the need for physical delivery of "originals", thereby reducing time delays for entrepreneurs. Traditionally, factoring has been a relationship driven business and factoring transactions have been largely manual and frequently involving a face to-face component as part of the relationship building process or due-diligence phase. This is especially true for small business factoring, in which the factoring companies tend to be locally or regionally focused. The geographic focus helps them better mitigate risks that because of their smaller scale, they otherwise couldn't afford to take. To make the arrangement economically profitable, most factoring companies have revenue minimums (e.g. at least $500,000 in annual revenue) and require annual contracts and monthly minimums. More recently, several online factoring companies have emerged, leveraging aggregation, analytics, automation to deliver the benefits of factoring with the convenience and ease afforded by the internet. Some companies use technology to automate some of the risk and back-office aspects of factoring and provide the service via a modern web interface for additional convenience. This enables them to serve a broader range of small businesses with significantly lower revenue requirements without the need for monthly minimums and long-term contracts. Many of these companies have direct software integrations with software programs such as Quickbooks, allowing businesses to immediately receive funding without an application. The emergence of these modern forms has not been without controversy. Critics accurately point out that none of these new players have experienced a complete credit cycle and thus, their underwriting models have not been market tested by an economic contraction. What's more, some of these new models rely on a market place lending format. It's unclear if this source of capital will be stable over time, as other companies, most notably, Lending Club, had a difficult time attracting investors in early 2016, even though net returns seem higher on invoice finance platforms such as MarketInvoice and FundThrough than on business loan platforms such as Funding Circle. Specialized factoring With advances in technology, some invoice factoring providers have adapted to specific industries. This often affects additional services offered by the factor in order to best adapt the factoring service to the needs of the business. An example of this includes a recruitment specialist factor offering payroll and back office support with the factoring facility; a wholesale or /distribution factor may not offer this additional service. These differences can affect the cost of the facility, the approach the factor takes when collecting credit, the administration services included in the facility and the maximum size of invoices which can be factored. Real estate Since the 2007 United States recession one of the fastest-growing sectors in the factoring industry is real estate commission advances. Commission advances work the same way as factoring but are done with licensed real estate agents on their pending and future real estate commissions. Commission advances were first introduced in Canada but quickly spread to the United States. Typically, the process consists of an online application from a real estate agent, who signs a contract selling future commissions at a discount; the factoring company then wires the funds to the agent's bank account. Medical factoring The healthcare industry makes for a special case in which factoring is much needed because of long payment cycles from government, private insurance companies and other third party payers, but difficult because of HIPAA requirements. For this reasons medical receivables factoring companies have developed to specifically target this niche. Construction Factoring is commonplace in the construction industry because of the long payment cycles that can stretch to 120 days and beyond. However, the construction industry has features that are risky for factoring companies. Because of the risks and exposure from mechanics' liens, danger of "paid-when-paid" terms, existence of progress billing, use of withholding, and exposure to economic cycles most "generalist" factoring companies avoid construction receivables entirely. That has created another niche of factoring companies that specialize in construction receivables. Haulage Factoring is often used by haulage companies to cover upfront expenses, such as fuel. Factoring companies that cater to this niche offer services to help accommodate drivers on the road, including the ability to verify invoices and fund on copies sent via scan, fax or email, and the option to place the funds directly onto a fuel card, which works like a debit card. Haulage factors also offer fuel advance programs that provide a cash advance to carriers upon confirmed pickup of the load. Recruitment In the recruitment sector factoring is an effective solution, often used by temporary recruitment agencies who must ensure that their business has the available funds each week to make payment to the workers they have placed. Invoice payers (debtors) Large firms and organizations such as governments usually have specialized processes to deal with one aspect of factoring, redirection of payment to the factor following receipt of notification from the third party (i.e., the factor) to whom they will make the payment. Many but not all in such organizations are knowledgeable about the use of factoring by small firms and clearly distinguish between its use by small rapidly growing firms and turnarounds. Distinguishing between assignment of the responsibility to perform the work and the assignment of funds to the factor is central to the customer or debtor's processes. Firms have purchased from a supplier for a reason and thus insist on that firm fulfilling the work commitment. Once the work has been performed, however, it is a matter of indifference who is paid. For example, General Electric has clear processes to be followed which distinguish between their work and payment sensitivities. Contracts direct with the US government require an assignment of claims, which is an amendment to the contract allowing for payments to third parties (factors). Risks Risks to a factor include: Counter-party credit risk related to clients and risk-covered debtors. Risk-covered debtors can be reinsured, which limit the risks of a factor. Trade receivables are a fairly low-risk asset due to their short duration. External fraud by clients: fake invoicing, misdirected payments, pre-invoicing, not assigned credit notes, etc. A fraud insurance policy and subjecting the client to audit could limit the risks. Legal, compliance and tax risks: large number of applicable laws and regulations in different countries Operational risks, such as contractual disputes Uniform Commercial Code (UCC-1) securing rights to assets. IRS liens associated with payroll taxes, etc. ICT risks: complicated, integrated factoring system, extensive data exchange with client Reverse factoring Main article: Reverse factoring In reverse factoring or supply-chain finance, the buyer sells its debt to the factor. That way, the buyer secures the financing of the invoice, and the supplier gets a better interest rate. See also Capital formation Invoice discounting References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o O. Ray Whittington, CPA, PhD, "Financial Accounting and Reporting", Wiley CPAexcel EXAM REVIEW STUDY GUIDE, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2014 ^ a b c d e f g h i j J. Downes, J.E. Goodman, "Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms", Baron's Financial Guides, 2003; and J.G.Siegel, N.Dauber & J.K.Shim, "The Vest Pocket CPA", Wiley, 2005. ^ Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-19). "Factor". Investopedia. Retrieved 2018-05-18. ^ a b c d J. Downes, J.E. Goodman, "Dictionary of Finance Investment Terms", Baron's Financial Guides, 2003. Taken from a combination of the definitions of a financial asset and accounts receivable ^ a b The Wall Street Journal, "How to Use Factoring for Cash Flow"; small-business/funding. ^ Please refer to the Wiki article forfaiting for further discussion on cites. ^ "About Us – Commercial Finance Association". community.cfa.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2016-06-17. ^ J. Downes, J.E. Goodman, "Dictionary of Finance & Investment Terms", Baron's Financial Guides, 2003; and J.G. Siegel, N. Dauber & J.K. Shim, "The Vest Pocket CPA", Wiley, 2005. ^ BCR Publishing, "The World Factoring Yearbook" Archived 2013-08-11 at the Wayback Machine, UK Section. ^ a b "ABFA: FAQs". ABFA.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017. ^ "Scottish Law Commission :: Moveable transactions". ScotLawCom.gov.uk. Retrieved 18 May 2022. ^ synonymous with cash flow requirements to meet current liabilities. Citation – Manufacturers' uses of Factoring? ^ a b c d J.G. Siegel, N. Dauber & J.K. Shim, "The Vest Pocket CPA", Wiley, 2005. ^ EU Federation for Factoring and Commercial Finance ^ The return on its investment can be estimated by looking at its Net Income Relative to its Total Assets ^ William J. Baumol, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, (November 1952), 545–556. ^ As a general rule, when cash flow tends to be positive on average. However, as mentioned, there are periods of time in which cash flow can be negative (more cash flows out than in). ^ Farag, I. 2013 ^ Sillay, Joseph. "Factoring Costs: The 10 Most Misunderstood Cost Drivers" (PDF). Federal National Commercial Credit. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016. ^ This means that the factor cannot obtain additional payments from the seller if the purchased account does not collect due solely to the financial inability to pay of the account debtor; however, "quality recourse" still exists. In other words, the nonrecourse factor who assumes credit risk bears the credit loss and incurs bad debt if a purchased account does not collect due solely to financial inability of the account debtor to pay. ^ Memos, Financial. "Accounting Treatment for Factoring with and without recourse". Financial Memos. Retrieved 23 November 2013. ^ "Four Centuries of Factoring"; Hillyer, William Hurd; Quarterly Journal of Economics MIT Press 1939; D. Tatge, D. Flaxman & J. Tatge, American Factoring Law (BNA, 2009) ^ Bankers and Pashas: International Finance and Economic Imperialism in Egypt; Landes, David S.; Harper Torchbooks 1969 ^ Factoring, Jones, Owen; Harvard Business Review February 1939 and Factoring as a Financing Device, Silverman, Herbert R.; Harvard Business Review, September 1949; D. Tatge, D. Flaxman & J. Tatge, American Factoring Law (BNA, 2009) ^ Silverman, Herbert R.; Harvard Business Review, September 1949 ^ Hillyer ^ Silbert HBR January/February 1952 ^ Good Capitalism Bad Capitalism and The Economics of Growth and Prosperity; Baumol, William J., Litan, Robert E., and Schramm, Carl J. Yale University Press 2007 ^ Callender, Jeff (2012). How to Run a Small Factoring Company. United States: Dash Point Publishing. pp. 28, 36. ISBN 978-1938837029. ^ Graziano, Same (May 2016). "Is "Alternative Lending" Suffering from an Identity Crisis?". The Secured Lender. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ Bonner, Nadine (April 2016). "Fintech Factoring: The World's Oldest Method of Finance Goes Online". abfjournal. Xander Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2016. ^ "Statistics & Portfolio Performance". marketinvoice. December 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ "Small-business lender FundThrough secures $24.6-million in financing". Retrieved 2018-04-27. ^ "Investment Statistics". Funding Circle. December 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016. ^ Callender, Jeffrey (2010). Fundamentals for factors. Dash Point Publishing. pp. 55, 56, 62. ISBN 978-0970936547. ^ Alastair Graham; Brian Coyle (2000-03-01). Framework for: credit risk Management. Global Professional Publishi. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-888998-73-3. ^ Lalit Raina; Marie-Renée Bakker; World Bank (2003). Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Capital Markets in Turkey. World Bank Publications. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-8213-5527-5. Retrieved 13 March 2013. Authority control databases: National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial transaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_transaction"},{"link_name":"debtor finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor_finance"},{"link_name":"accounts receivable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"invoices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice"},{"link_name":"factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_(agent)"},{"link_name":"discount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finance-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreetJournal-5"},{"link_name":"Forfaiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfaiting"},{"link_name":"international trade finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_trade"},{"link_name":"exporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export"},{"link_name":"receivables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferTo-6"},{"link_name":"asset based lending","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset-based_lending"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"invoice discounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice_discounting"},{"link_name":"FASB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FASB"},{"link_name":"GAAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance_CiteAdded-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"accounts receivable assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_(finance)"},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCR-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABFA-10"},{"link_name":"Scottish Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Ministers"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Factoring is a financial transaction and a type of debtor finance in which a business sells its accounts receivable (i.e., invoices) to a third party (called a factor) at a discount.[1][2][3] A business will sometimes factor its receivable assets to meet its present and immediate cash needs.[4][5] Forfaiting is a factoring arrangement used in international trade finance by exporters who wish to sell their receivables to a forfaiter.[6] Factoring is commonly referred to as accounts receivable factoring, invoice factoring, and sometimes accounts receivable financing. Accounts receivable financing is a term more accurately used to describe a form of asset based lending against accounts receivable. The Commercial Finance Association is the leading trade association of the asset-based lending and factoring industries.[7]In the United States, Factoring is not the same as invoice discounting (which is called an assignment of accounts receivable in American accounting – as propagated by FASB within GAAP).[8][1] Factoring is the sale of receivables, whereas invoice discounting (\"assignment of accounts receivable\" in American accounting) is a borrowing that involves the use of the accounts receivable assets as collateral for the loan.[1] However, in some other markets, such as the UK, invoice discounting is considered to be a form of factoring, involving the \"assignment of receivables\", that is included in official factoring statistics.[9] It is therefore also not considered to be borrowing in the UK. In the UK the arrangement is usually confidential in that the debtor is not notified of the assignment of the receivable and the seller of the receivable collects the debt on behalf of the factor. In the UK, the main difference between factoring and invoice discounting is confidentiality.[10] Scottish law differs from that of the rest of the UK, in that notification to the account debtor is required for the assignment to take place. The Scottish Law Commission reviewed this position and made proposals to the Scottish Ministers in 2018.[11]","title":"Factoring (finance)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"receivable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"debtor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor"},{"link_name":"financial liability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)"},{"link_name":"invoice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"financial asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finance-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"discount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting"},{"link_name":"cash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finance-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"purchase \"on account\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SeeCashFlow-12"},{"link_name":"invoice discounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice_discounting"},{"link_name":"B2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business-to-business"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WallStreetJournal-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"retail or B2C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABFA-10"},{"link_name":"receivable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"merchandise returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"merchandise returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returning"},{"link_name":"privilege to return the merchandise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returning"},{"link_name":"accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountant"},{"link_name":"Interest Expense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest"},{"link_name":"money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money"},{"link_name":"receivables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"merchandise returns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Returning"},{"link_name":"receivables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"credit risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"}],"text":"There are three parties directly involved: the factor who purchases the receivable, the one who sells the receivable, and the debtor who has a financial liability that requires him or her to make a payment to the owner of the invoice.[1][2] The receivable, usually associated with an invoice for work performed or goods sold, is essentially a financial asset that gives the owner of the receivable the legal right to collect money from the debtor whose financial liability directly corresponds to the receivable asset.[4][2] The seller sells the receivables at a discount to the third party, the specialized financial organization (aka the factor) to obtain cash.[1][4][2] This process is sometimes used in manufacturing industries when the immediate need for raw material outstrips their available cash and ability to purchase \"on account\".[12] Both invoice discounting and factoring are used by B2B companies to ensure they have the immediate cash flow necessary to meet their current and immediate obligations.[5][2] Invoice factoring is not a relevant financing option for retail or B2C companies because they generally do not have business or commercial clients, a necessary condition for factoring.The sale of the receivable transfers ownership of the receivable to the factor, indicating the factor obtains all of the rights associated with the receivables.[1][2] Accordingly, the receivable becomes the factor's asset, and the factor obtains the right to receive the payments made by the debtor for the invoice amount, and is free to pledge or exchange the receivable asset without unreasonable constraints or restrictions.[1][2] Usually, the account debtor is notified of the sale of the receivable, and the factor bills the debtor and makes all collections; however, non-notification factoring, where the client (seller) collects the accounts sold to the factor, as agent of the factor, also occurs. The arrangement is usually confidential in that the debtor is not notified of the assignment of the receivable and the seller of the receivable collects the debt on behalf of the factor.[10] If the factoring transfers the receivable \"without recourse\", the factor (purchaser of the receivable) must bear the loss if the account debtor does not pay the invoice amount.[1] If the factoring transfers the receivable \"with recourse\", the factor has the right to collect the unpaid invoice amount from the transferor (seller).[1] However, any merchandise returns that may diminish the invoice amount that is collectible from the accounts receivable are typically the responsibility of the seller,[1] and the factor will typically hold back paying the seller for a portion of the receivable being sold (the \"factor's holdback receivable\") in order to cover the merchandise returns associated with the factored receivables until the privilege to return the merchandise expires.There are four principal parts to the factoring transaction, all of which are recorded separately by an accountant who is responsible for recording the factoring transaction:the \"fee\" paid to the factor,\nthe Interest Expense paid to the factor for the advance of money,\nthe \"bad debt expense\" associated with portion of the receivables that the seller expects will remain unpaid and uncollectable,\nthe \"factor's holdback receivable\" amount to cover merchandise returns, and (e) any additional \"loss\" or \"gain\" the seller must attribute to the sale of the receivables.[1][2] Sometimes the factor's charges paid by the seller (the factor's \"client\") covers a discount fee, additional credit risk the factor must assume, and other services provided.[13] The factor's overall profit is the difference between the price it paid for the invoice and the money received from the debtor, less the amount lost due to non-payment.[1][2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discounting"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"opportunity cost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost"},{"link_name":"demand for transactions money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demand_for_money"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baumol-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Var_Explanation-17"},{"link_name":"credit risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"}],"text":"Factoring is a method used by some firms to obtain cash. Certain companies factor accounts when the available cash balance held by the firm is insufficient to meet current obligations and accommodate its other cash needs, such as new orders or contracts; in other industries, however, such as textiles or apparel, for example, financially sound companies factor their accounts simply because this is the historic method of financing. The use of factoring to obtain the cash needed to accommodate a firm's immediate cash needs will allow the firm to maintain a smaller ongoing cash balance. By reducing the size of its cash balances, more money is made available for investment in the firm's growth.Debt factoring is also used as a financial instrument to provide better cash flow control especially if a company currently has a lot of accounts receivables with different credit terms to manage. A company sells its invoices at a discount to their face value when it calculates that it will be better off using the proceeds to bolster its own growth than it would be by effectively functioning as its \"customer's bank.\"[14] Accordingly, factoring occurs when the rate of return on the proceeds invested in production exceed the costs associated with factoring the receivables. Therefore, the trade-off between the return the firm earns on investment in production and the cost of utilizing a factor is crucial in determining both the extent factoring is used and the quantity of cash the firm holds on hand.Many businesses have cash flow that varies. It might be relatively large in one period, and relatively small in another period. Because of this, businesses find it necessary to both maintain a cash balance on hand, and to use such methods as factoring, in order to enable them to cover their short term cash needs in those periods in which these needs exceed the cash flow. Each business must then decide how much it wants to depend on factoring to cover short falls in cash, and how large a cash balance it wants to maintain in order to ensure it has enough cash on hand during periods of low cash flow.Generally, the variability in the cash flow will determine the size of the cash balance a business will tend to hold as well as the extent it may have to depend on such financial mechanisms as factoring. Cash flow variability is directly related to two factors:The extent cash flow can change, and\nThe length of time cash flow can remain at a below average level.If cash flow can decrease drastically, the business will find it needs large amounts of cash from either existing cash balances or from a factor to cover its obligations during this period of time. Likewise, the longer a relatively low cash flow can last, the more cash is needed from another source (cash balances or a factor) to cover its obligations during this time. As indicated, the business must balance the opportunity cost of losing a return on the cash that it could otherwise invest, against the costs associated with the use of factoring.The cash balance a business holds is essentially a demand for transactions money. As stated, the size of the cash balance the firm decides to hold is directly related to its unwillingness to pay the costs necessary to use a factor to finance its short term cash needs. The problem faced by the business in deciding the size of the cash balance it wants to maintain on hand is similar to the decision it faces when it decides how much physical inventory it should maintain. In this situation, the business must balance the cost of obtaining cash proceeds from a factor against the opportunity cost of the losing the Rate of Return it earns on investment within its business.[15] The solution to the problem is:C\n B\n =\n \n \n \n \n i\n ∗\n n\n C\n F\n \n \n (\n 2\n ∗\n r\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle CB={\\sqrt {\\frac {i*nCF}{(2*r)}}}}\n \n[16]whereC\n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle CB}\n \n is the cash balance\n\n \n \n \n n\n C\n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle nCF}\n \n is the average negative cash flow in a given period\n\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n {\\displaystyle i}\n \n is the [discount rate] that cover the factoring costs\n\n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n is the rate of return on the firm's assets.[17]Today factoring's rationale still includes the financial task of advancing funds to smaller rapidly growing firms who sell to larger more credit-worthy organizations. While almost never taking possession of the goods sold, factors offer various combinations of money and supportive services when advancing funds.Factors often provide their clients four key services: information on the creditworthiness of their prospective customers domestic and international, and, in nonrecourse factoring, acceptance of the credit risk for \"approved\" accounts; maintain the history of payments by customers (i.e., accounts receivable ledger); daily management reports on collections; and, make the actual collection calls. The outsourced credit function both extends the small firm's effective addressable marketplace and insulates it from the survival-threatening destructive impact of a bankruptcy or financial difficulty of a major customer. A second key service is the operation of the accounts receivable function. The services eliminate the need and cost for permanent skilled staff found within large firms. Although today even they are outsourcing such back-office functions. More importantly, these services insure entrepreneurs and owners against a major source of a liquidity crises and their equity.","title":"Rationale"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The factoring process can be broken up into two parts: the initial account setup and ongoing funding. Setting up a factoring account typically takes one to two weeks and involves submitting an application, a list of clients, an accounts receivable aging report and a sample invoice. The approval process involves detailed underwriting, during which time the factoring company can ask for additional documents, such as documents of incorporation, financials, and banks statements. If approved, the business will be set up with a maximum credit line from which they can draw. In the case of notification factoring, the arrangement is not confidential and approval is contingent upon successful notification; a process by which factoring companies send the business's client or account debtor a Notice of Assignment. The Notice of Assignment serves toinform debtors that a factoring company is managing all of the business's receivables,\nstake a claim on the financial rights for the receivables factored, and\nupdate the payment address – usually a bank lock box.Once the account is set up, the business is ready to start funding invoices. Invoices are still approved on an individual basis, but most invoices can be funded in a business day or two, as long as they meet the factor's criteria. Receivables are funded in two parts. The first part is the \"advance\" and covers 80% to 85% of the invoice value. This is deposited directly to the business's bank account. The remaining 15% to 20% is rebated, less the factoring fees, as soon as the invoice is paid in full to the factoring company.","title":"Process"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"lender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender"},{"link_name":"credit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(finance)"},{"link_name":"assets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset"},{"link_name":"cash flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_flow"},{"link_name":"borrower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debtor"},{"link_name":"liability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability_(financial_accounting)"},{"link_name":"repay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment"},{"link_name":"loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"receivable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"risks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_ExamReview-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Finance-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CPA_Finance-2"},{"link_name":"financial asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset"},{"link_name":"accounts receivable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounts_receivable"},{"link_name":"credit risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"credit risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"secured loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secured_loan"}],"text":"Non-recourse factoring should not be confused with making a loan.[13][1] When a lender decides to extend credit to a company based on assets, cash flows, and credit history, the borrower must recognize a liability to the lender, and the lender recognizes the borrower's promise to repay the loan as an asset.[13][1] Factoring without recourse is a sale of a financial asset (the receivable), in which the factor assumes ownership of the asset and all of the risks associated with it, and the seller relinquishes any title to the asset sold.[13][1] An example of factoring is the credit card. Factoring is like a credit card where the bank (factor) is buying the debt of the customer without recourse to the seller; if the buyer doesn't pay the amount to the seller the bank cannot claim the money from the seller or the merchant, just as the bank in this case can only claim the money from the debt issuer.[18] Factoring is different from invoice discounting, which usually doesn't imply informing the debt issuer about the assignment of debt, whereas in the case of factoring the debt issuer is usually notified in what is known as notification factoring. One more difference between the factoring and invoice discounting is that in case of factoring the seller assigns all receivables of a certain buyer(s) to the factor whereas in invoice discounting the borrower (the seller) assigns a receivable balance, not specific invoices. A factor is therefore more concerned with the credit-worthiness of the company's customers.[4][2] The factoring transaction is often structured as a purchase of a financial asset, namely the accounts receivable. A non-recourse factor assumes the \"credit risk\" that an account will not collect due solely to the financial inability of account debtor to pay. In the United States, if the factor does not assume the credit risk on the purchased accounts, in most cases a court will recharacterize the transaction as a secured loan.When a company decides to factors account receivables invoices to a principles factors or broker, it needs to understands the risks and rewards involved with factoring. Amount of funding can vary depending on the specific accounts receivables, debtor and industry that factoring occurs in. Factors can limit and restrict funding in such occasions where the debtor is found not credit worthy, or the invoice amount represents too big of a portion of the business's annual income. Another area of concern is when the cost of invoice factoring is calculated. It's a compound of an administration charge and interest earned overtime as the debtor takes time to repay the original invoice. Not all factoring companies charge interest over the time it takes to collect from a debtor, in this case only the administration charge needs to be taken into account although this type of facility is comparatively rare. There are major industries which stand out in the factoring industry which are:1. Distribution\n2. Retail\n3. Manufacturing\n4. Transportation\n5. Services\n6. ConstructionHowever, most businesses can apply invoice factoring successfully to their funding model.","title":"Accounts receivable discounting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Common factoring terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Discount rate or factoring fee","text":"The discount rate is the fee a factoring company charges to provide the factoring service. Since a formal factoring transaction involves the outright purchase of the invoice, the discount rate is typically stated as a percentage of the face value of the invoices. For instance, a factoring company may charge 5% for an invoice due in 45 days. In contrast, companies that do accounts receivable financing may charge per week or per month. Thus, an invoice financing company that charges 1% per week would result in a discount rate of 6–7% for the same invoice.","title":"Common factoring terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Advance rate","text":"The advance rate is the percentage of an invoice that is paid out by the factoring company upfront. The difference between the face value of the invoice and the advance rates serves to protect factors against any losses and to ensure coverage for their fees. Once the invoice is paid, the factor gives the difference between the face value, advance amount and fees back to the business in the form of a factoring rebate.[19]","title":"Common factoring terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Reserve account","text":"Whereas the difference between the invoice face value and the advance serves as a reserve for a specific invoice, many factors also hold an ongoing reserve account which serves to further reduce the risk for the factoring company. This reserve account is typically 10–15% of the seller's credit line, but not all factoring companies hold reserve accounts.","title":"Common factoring terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Long-term contracts and minimums","text":"While factoring fees and terms range widely, many factoring companies will have monthly minimums and require a long-term contract as a measure to guarantee a profitable relationship. Although shorter contract periods are now becoming more common, contracts and monthly minimums are typical with \"whole ledger\" factoring, which entails factoring all of a company's invoices or all of the company's invoices from a particular debtor.","title":"Common factoring terms"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Spot factoring","text":"Spot factoring, or single invoice discounting, is an alternative to \"whole ledger\" and allows a company to factor a single invoice. The added flexibility for the business, and lack of predictable volume and monthly minimums for factoring providers means that spot factoring transactions usually carry a cost premium.","title":"Common factoring terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Generally Accepted Accounting Principles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NonRecourse-20"},{"link_name":"secured loan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secured_loan"},{"link_name":"collateral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_(finance)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In the United States, under the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), receivables are considered \"sold\", under FASB ASC 860-10 (or under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 140, paragraph 112), when the buyer has \"no recourse\".[20] Moreover, to treat the transaction as a sale under GAAP, the seller's monetary liability under any \"recourse\" provision must be readily estimated at the time of the sale. Otherwise, the financial transaction is treated as a secured loan, with the receivables used as collateral.When a nonrecourse transaction takes place, the accounts receivable balance is removed from the statement of financial position. The corresponding debits include the expense recorded on the income statement and the proceeds received from the factor.[21]","title":"Treatment under GAAP"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"merchant banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_banking"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"air travel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_travel"},{"link_name":"telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph"},{"link_name":"telephone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone"},{"link_name":"computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"Canadian Federal Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hillyer-26"},{"link_name":"Act of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"monopoly power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopoly_power"},{"link_name":"distribution channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distribution_channel"},{"link_name":"textile industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_industry"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Factoring as a fact of business life was underway in England prior to 1400, and it came to America with the Pilgrims, around 1620.[22] It appears to be closely related to early merchant banking activities. The latter however evolved by extension to non-trade related financing such as sovereign debt.[23] Like all financial instruments, factoring evolved over centuries. This was driven by changes in the organization of companies; technology, particularly air travel and non-face-to-face communications technologies starting with the telegraph, followed by the telephone and then computers. These also drove and were driven by modifications of the common law framework in England and the United States.[24]Governments were latecomers to the facilitation of trade financed by factors. English common law originally held that unless the debtor was notified, the assignment between the seller of invoices and the factor was not valid. The Canadian Federal Government legislation governing the assignment of moneys owed by it still reflects this stance as does provincial government legislation modelled after it. As late as the current century,[when?] the courts have heard arguments that without notification of the debtor the assignment was not valid. In the United States, by 1949 the majority of state governments had adopted a rule that the debtor did not have to be notified, thus opening up the possibility of non-notification factoring arrangements.[25]Originally the industry took physical possession of the goods, provided cash advances to the producer, financed the credit extended to the buyer and insured the credit strength of the buyer.[26] In England the control over the trade thus obtained resulted in an Act of Parliament in 1696 to mitigate the monopoly power of the factors. With the development of larger firms who built their own sales forces, distribution channels, and knowledge of the financial strength of their customers, the needs for factoring services were reshaped and the industry became more specialized.By the twentieth century in the United States factoring was still the predominant form of financing working capital for the then-high-growth-rate textile industry. In part this occurred because of the structure of the US banking system with its myriad of small banks and consequent limitations on the amount that could be advanced prudently by any one of them to a firm.[27] In Canada, with its national banks the limitations were far less restrictive and thus factoring did not develop as widely as in the US. Even then, factoring also became the dominant form of financing in the Canadian textile industry.By the first decade of the 21st century, a basic public policy rationale for factoring remains that the product is well-suited to the demands of innovative, rapidly growing firms critical to economic growth.[28] A second public policy rationale is allowing fundamentally good business to be spared the costly, time-consuming trials and tribulations of bankruptcy protection for suppliers, employees and customers or to provide a source of funds during the process of restructuring the firm so that it can survive and grow.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"credit cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_cycle"},{"link_name":"Lending Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lending_Club"},{"link_name":"MarketInvoice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketInvoice"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Funding Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funding_Circle"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"In the latter half of the twentieth century the introduction of computers eased the accounting burdens of factors and then small firms. The same occurred for their ability to obtain information about debtor's creditworthiness. Introduction of the Internet and the web has accelerated the process while reducing costs. Today credit information and insurance coverage are instantly available online. The web has also made it possible for factors and their clients to collaborate in real time on collections. Acceptance of signed documents provided by facsimile as being legally binding has eliminated the need for physical delivery of \"originals\", thereby reducing time delays for entrepreneurs.Traditionally, factoring has been a relationship driven business and factoring transactions have been largely manual and frequently involving a face to-face component as part of the relationship building process or due-diligence phase. This is especially true for small business factoring, in which the factoring companies tend to be locally or regionally focused. The geographic focus helps them better mitigate risks that because of their smaller scale, they otherwise couldn't afford to take.[29]To make the arrangement economically profitable, most factoring companies have revenue minimums (e.g. at least $500,000 in annual revenue) and require annual contracts and monthly minimums. More recently, several online factoring companies have emerged, leveraging aggregation, analytics, automation to deliver the benefits of factoring with the convenience and ease afforded by the internet.[30] Some companies use technology to automate some of the risk and back-office aspects of factoring and provide the service via a modern web interface for additional convenience. This enables them to serve a broader range of small businesses with significantly lower revenue requirements without the need for monthly minimums and long-term contracts.[31] Many of these companies have direct software integrations with software programs such as Quickbooks, allowing businesses to immediately receive funding without an application.The emergence of these modern forms has not been without controversy. Critics accurately point out that none of these new players have experienced a complete credit cycle and thus, their underwriting models have not been market tested by an economic contraction. What's more, some of these new models rely on a market place lending format. It's unclear if this source of capital will be stable over time, as other companies, most notably, Lending Club, had a difficult time attracting investors in early 2016, even though net returns seem higher on invoice finance platforms such as MarketInvoice[32] and FundThrough[33] than on business loan platforms such as Funding Circle.[34]","title":"Modern forms"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"With advances in technology, some invoice factoring providers have adapted to specific industries. This often affects additional services offered by the factor in order to best adapt the factoring service to the needs of the business. An example of this includes a recruitment specialist factor offering payroll and back office support with the factoring facility; a wholesale or /distribution factor may not offer this additional service. These differences can affect the cost of the facility, the approach the factor takes when collecting credit, the administration services included in the facility and the maximum size of invoices which can be factored.","title":"Specialized factoring"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Real estate","text":"Since the 2007 United States recession one of the fastest-growing sectors in the factoring industry is real estate commission advances. Commission advances work the same way as factoring but are done with licensed real estate agents on their pending and future real estate commissions. Commission advances were first introduced in Canada but quickly spread to the United States. Typically, the process consists of an online application from a real estate agent, who signs a contract selling future commissions at a discount; the factoring company then wires the funds to the agent's bank account.","title":"Specialized factoring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HIPAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Insurance_Portability_and_Accountability_Act"}],"sub_title":"Medical factoring","text":"The healthcare industry makes for a special case in which factoring is much needed because of long payment cycles from government, private insurance companies and other third party payers, but difficult because of HIPAA requirements. For this reasons medical receivables factoring companies have developed to specifically target this niche.","title":"Specialized factoring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanics' liens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanic%27s_lien"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Construction","text":"Factoring is commonplace in the construction industry because of the long payment cycles that can stretch to 120 days and beyond. However, the construction industry has features that are risky for factoring companies. Because of the risks and exposure from mechanics' liens, danger of \"paid-when-paid\" terms, existence of progress billing, use of withholding, and exposure to economic cycles most \"generalist\" factoring companies avoid construction receivables entirely. That has created another niche of factoring companies that specialize in construction receivables.[35]","title":"Specialized factoring"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haulage","text":"Factoring is often used by haulage companies to cover upfront expenses, such as fuel. Factoring companies that cater to this niche offer services to help accommodate drivers on the road, including the ability to verify invoices and fund on copies sent via scan, fax or email, and the option to place the funds directly onto a fuel card, which works like a debit card. Haulage factors also offer fuel advance programs that provide a cash advance to carriers upon confirmed pickup of the load.","title":"Specialized factoring"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Recruitment","text":"In the recruitment sector factoring is an effective solution, often used by temporary recruitment agencies who must ensure that their business has the available funds each week to make payment to the workers they have placed.","title":"Specialized factoring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Large firms and organizations such as governments usually have specialized processes to deal with one aspect of factoring, redirection of payment to the factor following receipt of notification from the third party (i.e., the factor) to whom they will make the payment. Many but not all in such organizations are knowledgeable about the use of factoring by small firms and clearly distinguish between its use by small rapidly growing firms and turnarounds.Distinguishing between assignment of the responsibility to perform the work and the assignment of funds to the factor is central to the customer or debtor's processes. Firms have purchased from a supplier for a reason and thus insist on that firm fulfilling the work commitment. Once the work has been performed, however, it is a matter of indifference who is paid. For example, General Electric has clear processes to be followed which distinguish between their work and payment sensitivities.[citation needed] Contracts direct with the US government require an assignment of claims, which is an amendment to the contract allowing for payments to third parties (factors).","title":"Invoice payers (debtors)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"credit risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audit"},{"link_name":"UCC-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCC-1_financing_statement"}],"text":"Risks to a factor include:[36]Counter-party credit risk related to clients and risk-covered debtors. Risk-covered debtors can be reinsured, which limit the risks of a factor. Trade receivables are a fairly low-risk asset due to their short duration.\nExternal fraud by clients: fake invoicing, misdirected payments, pre-invoicing, not assigned credit notes, etc. A fraud insurance policy and subjecting the client to audit could limit the risks.\nLegal, compliance and tax risks: large number of applicable laws and regulations in different countries\nOperational risks, such as contractual disputes\nUniform Commercial Code (UCC-1) securing rights to assets.\nIRS liens associated with payroll taxes, etc.\nICT risks: complicated, integrated factoring system, extensive data exchange with client","title":"Risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"reverse factoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_factoring"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RainaBakker2003-37"}],"text":"In reverse factoring or supply-chain finance, the buyer sells its debt to the factor. That way, the buyer secures the financing of the invoice, and the supplier gets a better interest rate.[37]","title":"Reverse factoring"}]

[]

[{"title":"Capital formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_formation"},{"title":"Invoice discounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invoice_discounting"}]

[{"reference":"Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-19). \"Factor\". Investopedia. Retrieved 2018-05-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/factor.asp","url_text":"\"Factor\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Us – Commercial Finance Association\". community.cfa.com. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11. Retrieved 2016-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160611062020/http://community.cfa.com/new-item61","url_text":"\"About Us – Commercial Finance Association\""},{"url":"http://community.cfa.com/new-item61","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ABFA: FAQs\". ABFA.org.uk. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 9 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170314193115/http://www.abfa.org.uk/public/faq.asp","url_text":"\"ABFA: FAQs\""},{"url":"http://www.abfa.org.uk/public/faq.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottish Law Commission :: Moveable transactions\". ScotLawCom.gov.uk. 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Retrieved 23 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://financialmemos.com/accounting-treatment-for-factoring-with-and-without-recourse/","url_text":"\"Accounting Treatment for Factoring with and without recourse\""}]},{"reference":"Callender, Jeff (2012). How to Run a Small Factoring Company. United States: Dash Point Publishing. pp. 28, 36. ISBN 978-1938837029.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1938837029","url_text":"978-1938837029"}]},{"reference":"Graziano, Same (May 2016). \"Is \"Alternative Lending\" Suffering from an Identity Crisis?\". The Secured Lender. Archived from the original on September 13, 2016. Retrieved June 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160913183640/http://www.thesecuredlender-digital.com/thesecuredlender/may_2016?pg=30#pg30","url_text":"\"Is \"Alternative Lending\" Suffering from an Identity Crisis?\""},{"url":"http://www.thesecuredlender-digital.com/thesecuredlender/may_2016?pg=30#pg30","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bonner, Nadine (April 2016). \"Fintech Factoring: The World's Oldest Method of Finance Goes Online\". abfjournal. Xander Media Group. Retrieved June 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abfjournal.com/%3Fpost_type%3Darticles%26p%3D47106","url_text":"\"Fintech Factoring: The World's Oldest Method of Finance Goes Online\""}]},{"reference":"\"Statistics & Portfolio Performance\". marketinvoice. December 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketinvoice.com/statistics","url_text":"\"Statistics & Portfolio Performance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Small-business lender FundThrough secures $24.6-million in financing\". Retrieved 2018-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/startups/small-business-lending-fundthrough-secures-246-million-in-financing/article32311447/","url_text":"\"Small-business lender FundThrough secures $24.6-million in financing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Investment Statistics\". Funding Circle. December 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fundingcircle.com/statistics","url_text":"\"Investment Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Callender, Jeffrey (2010). Fundamentals for factors. Dash Point Publishing. pp. 55, 56, 62. ISBN 978-0970936547.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0970936547","url_text":"978-0970936547"}]},{"reference":"Alastair Graham; Brian Coyle (2000-03-01). Framework for: credit risk Management. Global Professional Publishi. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-888998-73-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MfGSXpCvNfkC&pg=PA1","url_text":"Framework for: credit risk Management"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888998-73-3","url_text":"978-1-888998-73-3"}]},{"reference":"Lalit Raina; Marie-Renée Bakker; World Bank (2003). Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Capital Markets in Turkey. World Bank Publications. pp. 79–. ISBN 978-0-8213-5527-5. Retrieved 13 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_TEgbSRzDWIC&pg=PA79","url_text":"Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Capital Markets in Turkey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-5527-5","url_text":"978-0-8213-5527-5"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_coin

Horse coin

["1 Names","2 Categorisation","3 Horse coins carved into cash coins","4 Ferghana horse coins","4.1 Rare specimens of Ferghana horse coins","5 List of horse coins","6 Notes","7 References","8 Sources","9 Further reading","10 External links"]

Illustrations of Chinese horse coins depicting "Great Yellow" and "Green Ear" A horse coin with the inscription "Ch'u Huang" (The Great Yellow Horse) Horse coins (Traditional Chinese: 馬錢; Simplified Chinese: 马钱; Pinyin: mǎ qián), alternatively dama qian (打馬錢), are a type of Chinese numismatic charm that originated in the Song dynasty (or as early as the Tang dynasty) and presumed to have been used as gambling tokens. Although many literary figures wrote about these coins their usage has always been failed to be mentioned by them. Most horse coins tend to be round coins, 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter with a circular or square hole in the middle of the coin. The horses featured on horse coins are depicted in various positions such as lying asleep on the ground, turning their head while neighing, or galloping forward with their tails rising high. it is currently unknown how horse coins were actually used though it is speculated that Chinese horse coins were actually used as game board pieces or gambling counters. Horse coins are most often manufactured from copper or bronze, but in a few documented cases they may also be made from animal horns or ivory. The horse coins produced during the Song dynasty are considered to be those of the best quality and craftsmanship and tend be made from better metal than the horse coins produced after. Some horse coins would feature the name of the famous horses they depicted. It is estimated that there are over three hundred variants of the horse coin. Some horse coins contained only an image of a horse while others also included an image of the rider and others had inscriptions which identify the horse or rider. During the beginning of the year of the horse in 2002 Chinese researchers Jian Ning and Wang Liyan of the National Museum of Chinese History wrote articles on horse coins in the China Cultural Relics Newspaper, noting that they found it a pity that the holes in the coins covered the saddles of the horses as this could have revealed more about ancient horse culture. Horse coins from the Song dynasty are the horse coins that are produced at the highest quality while horse coins from subsequent dynasties tend to be inferior compared to them. Horse coins often depicted famous horses from Chinese history or famous horses from Chinese mythology, while commemorative horse coins would also feature riders, such as the horse coin that features “General Yue Yi of the State of Yan” commemorating the event that a Yan general attempted to conquer the city of Jimo. Another horse coin depicts the Chinese mythological horse long ju (龍駒), this horse was first mentioned in the "Rites of Zhou". The Rites of Zhou describes a "dragon colt" as a horse which is "more than 8 chi (尺) tall" when its measured from its front hoof to the shoulder. One chi, during the Zhou dynasty period, was about 16.5 centimeters in the metric system. It is rare for horse coins to also feature images of horses in armour but a few rare examples from the Song dynasty exist (and it is even rarer for these coins to also feature a saddle) as well as some from the Mongol Yuan dynasty that feature horses wearing typical Mongolian horse armour. As horse coins from the Yuan dynasty are extremely rare there has not been much research undertaken in determining their usage and origins. Names Horse coins are referred to in Mandarin Chinese as either maqian (馬錢) or dama qian (打馬錢). When horse coins are used as game pieces they are referred to as dama geqian (traditional Chinese: 打馬格錢; simplified Chinese: 打马格钱; pinyin: dǎ mǎ gé qián) and when they are used as gambling pieces they are referred to as dama boxi (traditional Chinese: 打馬博戲; simplified Chinese: 打马博戏; pinyin: dǎ mǎ bó xì). Categorisation While there are many known varieties of horse coins, they can generally be categorised into three basic types based on their design. The first type depicts a picture of the horse on one side of the horse coin and the inscription identifying the horse written down on the other side of the coin. The second type has both the image of the horse as well as the inscription depicted on the same side of the coin with the reverse side being left blank. The third type, which is the most rarest of types, has the identical picture of the horse as well as the inscription on both sides of the coin (traditional Chinese: 合背錢; simplified Chinese: 合背钱; pinyin: hé bèi qián). Horse coins carved into cash coins On the island of Java it was sometimes done to take an existing circulating cash coin, for example a Kan'ei Tsūhō (寛永通寳) cash coin, and engrave the design of a horse coin into it. The Javanese also did this with other designs. Ferghana horse coins Ferghana horse coins, also known as Sweating blood horse coins (traditional Chinese: 汗血寶馬錢; simplified Chinese: 汗血宝马钱; pinyin: hàn xiě bǎo mǎ qián) or Akhal-Teke horse coins, are a type of horse coin that feature Ferghana horses. References to Ferghana horses have been traced back as far as the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty. Ferghana horse coins don't include references to specific Ferghana horse, rather they display imagery and inscriptions used to represent the entire breed. Ferghana horse coins date back to the Song dynasty. These horse coins display the image of a Ferghana horse with two Traditional Chinese characters hàn xiě (汗血) which translates into English as "sweats blood". Rare specimens of Ferghana horse coins Only a single specimen of a Ferghana horse coin with an identical obverse and reverse design (合背錢) dating to the Song dynasty is known to exist, it is 31 mm (1.2 inches) in diameter. This coin was previously known to be in the collection of Mr. Wei Yutian (traditional Chinese: 衛玉田; simplified Chinese: 卫玉田; pinyin: wèi yù tián, 1854–1937) and was sold at the Xiling Yinshe Auction Co., Ltd. (西泠印社拍卖有限公司) 2017 Spring Auction for US$1,580 (or about 10,350 RMB). List of horse coins This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2020) List of types of horse coins depicting famous horses: List of variants of horse coins Transliteration Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Literal English translation Obverse image Reverse image Qin jiang san qi 秦將散騎 秦将散骑 "Followers of General Bai Qi" Yan jiang yue yi 燕將樂毅 燕将乐毅 "General Yue Yi of the State of Yan" Piao niao 驃嫋 骠袅 "Fast and slender" Wu zhui 烏騅 乌骓 "Black spotted horse" Tang jiang qian li 唐將千里 唐将千里 "Tang General 1,000 li" Zhen guan shi jiJue bo 貞觀十驥決波 贞观十骥决波 "Ten thoroughbreds of Zhen Guan""Bursting as a wave" Qian li 千里 千里 "1,000 li" Qian li zhi ma 千里之馬 千里之马 "1,000 li horse" Long ju 龍駒 龙驹 "Dragon's Colt" Da-Song JinqianSong Qi 大宋金錢宋騎 大宋金钱宋骑 "Great Song (dynasty) metal money""A rider of the Song (dynasty)" Ying gong zhu han 英公朱汗 英公朱汗 "Duke of Ying, Red sweat" Shanzi 山子 山子 "Child of the mountains" Han Xie 汗血 汗血 "Sweats blood" Han XieHan Xie 汗血汗血 汗血汗血 "Sweats blood""Sweats blood" King Mu of Western Zhou's horses("The eight outstanding steeds") Qu Huang 渠黃 渠黄 "Great Yellow" Qu Huang zhi ma 渠黃之馬 渠黄之马 "The Great Yellow horse" Lü Er 綠耳 绿耳 "Green ear" Jue Di 絕地 绝地 "Beyond Earth" Ben Xiao 奔宵 奔宵 "Rush by Night" Fan Yu 翻羽 翻羽 "Windswept Plumes"   "Finer than Flashing Light" Chao Ying 超影 超影 "Faster than Shadow" Xie Yi 挾翼 挟翼 "Wing Bearer" Chao Guang 超光 超光 "Faster than Light" Teng Wu 騰霧 腾雾 "Rising Mist" "Bay Steed" Dao Li 盜驪 盗骊 "Smoked Ebony" uncertain Chi Ji 赤驥 赤骥 "Skewbald Chestnut" uncertain Notes ^ The name is sometimes alternatively translated as "General Le Yi of the State of Yan". ^ Zhen Guan was the era name used by Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty. ^ King Mu of Zhou had once rode on a chariot with eight horses that were known as the "eight outstanding steeds". The names of these eight horses can be found on Chinese and other East Asian horse coins although there is some disagreement as to which set of eight names which were passed down through history is the correct version. The names of King Mu of Zhou's eight horses described their outstanding characteristics and included "Beyond Earth", "Rush by Night", "Windswept Plumes",  "Finer than Flashing Light", "Faster than Shadow", "Wing Bearer", "Faster than Light", and "Rising Mist".  Other historical Chinese texts list King Mu of Zhou's horses as "Bay Steed", "Smoked Ebony", "Skewbald Chestnut", "Great Yellow", and "Green Ear". References ^ a b c François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Pièces de jeu amulettisées - Charm gambling tokens" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ a b c d "Ancient Chinese Horse Coins - 馬錢". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ Sportstune (Chinese charms) Chinese charms, section 20. 20. HORSE CHARMS. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. ^ 台灣Wiki (TaiwanWiki) > 百科分類 > 錢幣 > 收藏 > 古玩 > 古幣 > 馬錢。馬錢. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters) ^ 鐵血社區. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters) ^ 中國古玩網. Retrieved: 02 May 2018. (in Mandarin Chinese using Traditional Chinese characters) ^ "Legacy of Horse-drawn Money". China Daily (Travel in China). 25 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2018. ^ ""Battle of Jimo" Horse Coin". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 18 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018. ^ "Horse in Armour Horse Coins". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2018. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ""Sweating Blood Horse" Coin". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 15 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020. ^ a b "Charms". Dr. Luke Roberts at the Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 20 April 2020. ^ Shouxi - Lot:5540 北宋汗血宝马马钱. 拍品分类： 古钱 - 拍品估价： RMB 无底价 - 拍品专场： 西泠拍卖2017年春拍-历代钱币 - 开拍日期： 2017-07-17 13:00:00 - 结标日期： 2017-07-17 17:00:00 - 拍品品相： 无 - 成交价格： RMB 10350 - 拍卖公司： 杭州西泠 - 拍卖状态： 成交 (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters). ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020. Sources THIERRY, François, "Les monnaies au cheval, maqian ou damaqian", Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, juin 1991, n°6, pp. 122–126 (in French). Further reading Joe Cribb, "Horse Coins: Pieces for Da Ma, the Chinese Board-Game 'Driving the Horses'", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7. Andrew Lo, "An Introduction to Board Games in Late Imperial China", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 125–132. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Horse coins. Public domain books about horse coins. (Wikimedia Commons) vteChinese exonumiaAlternative currencies Bamboo tally Token Numismatic charms and amulets Buddhist coin charm Burial money Coin-sword Confucian coin charm Feng shui coin Horse coin Joss paper Hell money Lei Ting curse charm Lock charm Marriage coin charm Money tree Open-work charm Vault protector coin Taoist coin charm Zhengde Tongbao Stimulus packages Consumer voucher (Taiwan) Triple Stimulus Voucher Others Zhaona Xinbao See also: Exonumia vteCurrencies of ChinaOverview History of Chinese currency List of Chinese cash coins by inscription Ancient Chinese coinage By period (before 1912) Zhou dynasty coinage Han dynasty coinage Xin dynasty coinage Southern Tang coinage Liao dynasty coinage Da Shu coinage Southern Song dynasty coinage Western Xia coinage Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) Da Qi coinage Yuan dynasty coinage Ming dynasty coinage Qing dynasty coinage Paper money of the Qing dynasty Shengbao Other territories Historical money of Tibet Kucha coinage Manchukuo yuan Mengjiang yuan Xinjiang coins Hongqian Yuan of the Red Army Command Ancient Cowrie shell Tong Bei Ant-nose coin Knife money Ying Yuan Spade money Imperial Cash coins Strings Ban Liang Wu Zhu Kaiyuan Tongbao Sycee Flying cash Jiaozi Guanzi Huizi Jiaochao Great Ming Treasure Note Great Qing Treasure Note Hubu Guanpiao Silver Dragon Manufacturing and casting process Mother coin Ancestor coin Near modern Cash (wén) Candareen (fēn) Mace (qián) Tael (liǎng) Yuan Historical exonumia Charms and amulets (Yansheng) Horse coin Vault protector coin Zhaona Xinbao Bamboo tally Token Republic of China Customs gold unit Fabi Old Taiwan dollar Chinese gold yuan Silver dollar New Taiwan dollar (5th) Renminbi series 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Digital Special administrative regions Hong Kong dollar Macanese pataca See also: Economy of China vteAsian numismatic charms Chinese Horse coin Indonesian Japanese Korean Vietnamese

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Although many literary figures wrote about these coins their usage has always been failed to be mentioned by them. Most horse coins tend to be round coins, 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in diameter with a circular or square hole in the middle of the coin. The horses featured on horse coins are depicted in various positions such as lying asleep on the ground, turning their head while neighing, or galloping forward with their tails rising high. it is currently unknown how horse coins were actually used though it is speculated that Chinese horse coins were actually used as game board pieces or gambling counters. Horse coins are most often manufactured from copper or bronze, but in a few documented cases they may also be made from animal horns or ivory. The horse coins produced during the Song dynasty are considered to be those of the best quality and craftsmanship and tend be made from better metal than the horse coins produced after.[2][3] Some horse coins would feature the name of the famous horses they depicted. It is estimated that there are over three hundred variants of the horse coin.[4][5][6] Some horse coins contained only an image of a horse while others also included an image of the rider and others had inscriptions which identify the horse or rider. During the beginning of the year of the horse in 2002 Chinese researchers Jian Ning and Wang Liyan of the National Museum of Chinese History wrote articles on horse coins in the China Cultural Relics Newspaper, noting that they found it a pity that the holes in the coins covered the saddles of the horses as this could have revealed more about ancient horse culture. Horse coins from the Song dynasty are the horse coins that are produced at the highest quality while horse coins from subsequent dynasties tend to be inferior compared to them.[7]Horse coins often depicted famous horses from Chinese history or famous horses from Chinese mythology, while commemorative horse coins would also feature riders, such as the horse coin that features “General Yue Yi of the State of Yan” commemorating the event that a Yan general attempted to conquer the city of Jimo.[8] Another horse coin depicts the Chinese mythological horse long ju (龍駒), this horse was first mentioned in the \"Rites of Zhou\".[2] The Rites of Zhou describes a \"dragon colt\" as a horse which is \"more than 8 chi (尺) tall\" when its measured from its front hoof to the shoulder. One chi, during the Zhou dynasty period, was about 16.5 centimeters in the metric system.[2]It is rare for horse coins to also feature images of horses in armour but a few rare examples from the Song dynasty exist (and it is even rarer for these coins to also feature a saddle) as well as some from the Mongol Yuan dynasty that feature horses wearing typical Mongolian horse armour. As horse coins from the Yuan dynasty are extremely rare there has not been much research undertaken in determining their usage and origins.[9]","title":"Horse coin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mandarin Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TransAsiart-Charm-Gambling-Tokens-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"}],"text":"Horse coins are referred to in Mandarin Chinese as either maqian (馬錢) or dama qian (打馬錢).[1]When horse coins are used as game pieces they are referred to as dama geqian (traditional Chinese: 打馬格錢; simplified Chinese: 打马格钱; pinyin: dǎ mǎ gé qián) and when they are used as gambling pieces they are referred to as dama boxi (traditional Chinese: 打馬博戲; simplified Chinese: 打马博戏; pinyin: dǎ mǎ bó xì).[10]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"}],"text":"While there are many known varieties of horse coins, they can generally be categorised into three basic types based on their design.[10]The first type depicts a picture of the horse on one side of the horse coin and the inscription identifying the horse written down on the other side of the coin.[10]The second type has both the image of the horse as well as the inscription depicted on the same side of the coin with the reverse side being left blank.[10]The third type, which is the most rarest of types, has the identical picture of the horse as well as the inscription on both sides of the coin (traditional Chinese: 合背錢; simplified Chinese: 合背钱; pinyin: hé bèi qián).[10]","title":"Categorisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"island of Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(island)"},{"link_name":"Kan'ei Tsūhō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%27ei_Ts%C5%ABh%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms-11"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_people"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCSB-Dr-Luke-Roberts-Charms-11"}],"text":"On the island of Java it was sometimes done to take an existing circulating cash coin, for example a Kan'ei Tsūhō (寛永通寳) cash coin, and engrave the design of a horse coin into it.[11] The Javanese also did this with other designs.[11]","title":"Horse coins carved into cash coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferghana horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferghana_horse"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"Emperor Wu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"}],"text":"Ferghana horse coins, also known as Sweating blood horse coins (traditional Chinese: 汗血寶馬錢; simplified Chinese: 汗血宝马钱; pinyin: hàn xiě bǎo mǎ qián) or Akhal-Teke horse coins, are a type of horse coin that feature Ferghana horses.[10] References to Ferghana horses have been traced back as far as the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty.[10] Ferghana horse coins don't include references to specific Ferghana horse, rather they display imagery and inscriptions used to represent the entire breed.[10] Ferghana horse coins date back to the Song dynasty.[10]These horse coins display the image of a Ferghana horse with two Traditional Chinese characters hàn xiě (汗血) which translates into English as \"sweats blood\".[10]","title":"Ferghana horse coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"},{"link_name":"Wei Yutian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wei_Yutian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"RMB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renminbi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Primaltrek-Sweating-Blood-Horse-Coins-10"}],"sub_title":"Rare specimens of Ferghana horse coins","text":"Only a single specimen of a Ferghana horse coin with an identical obverse and reverse design (合背錢) dating to the Song dynasty is known to exist, it is 31 mm (1.2 inches) in diameter.[10] This coin was previously known to be in the collection of Mr. Wei Yutian (traditional Chinese: 衛玉田; simplified Chinese: 卫玉田; pinyin: wèi yù tián, 1854–1937) and was sold at the Xiling Yinshe Auction Co., Ltd. (西泠印社拍卖有限公司) 2017 Spring Auction for US$1,580 (or about 10,350 RMB).[12][10]","title":"Ferghana horse coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PrimaltrekHorseCoins-2"}],"text":"List of types of horse coins depicting famous horses:[2]","title":"List of horse coins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"era name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_era_name"},{"link_name":"Emperor Taizong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"King Mu of Zhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Mu_of_Zhou"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"}],"text":"^ The name is sometimes alternatively translated as \"General Le Yi of the State of Yan\".\n\n^ Zhen Guan was the era name used by Emperor Taizong of the Tang dynasty.\n\n^ King Mu of Zhou had once rode on a chariot with eight horses that were known as the \"eight outstanding steeds\". The names of these eight horses can be found on Chinese and other East Asian horse coins although there is some disagreement as to which set of eight names which were passed down through history is the correct version. The names of King Mu of Zhou's eight horses described their outstanding characteristics and included \"Beyond Earth\", \"Rush by Night\", \"Windswept Plumes\",  \"Finer than Flashing Light\", \"Faster than Shadow\", \"Wing Bearer\", \"Faster than Light\", and \"Rising Mist\".  Other historical Chinese texts list King Mu of Zhou's horses as \"Bay Steed\", \"Smoked Ebony\", \"Skewbald Chestnut\", \"Great Yellow\", and \"Green Ear\".","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"THIERRY, François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Thierry_(numismatist)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"}],"text":"THIERRY, François, \"Les monnaies au cheval, maqian ou damaqian\", Bulletin de la Société Française de Numismatique, juin 1991, n°6, pp. 122–126 (in French).","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Cribb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cribb"},{"link_name":"Irving Finkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Finkel"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7141-1153-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1153-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7141-1153-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1153-7"}],"text":"Joe Cribb, \"Horse Coins: Pieces for Da Ma, the Chinese Board-Game 'Driving the Horses'\", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 116–124. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.\nAndrew Lo, \"An Introduction to Board Games in Late Imperial China\", in Irving Finkel (ed.) Ancient Board Games in Perspective: papers from the 1990 British Museum colloquium, with additional contributions, (London: British Museum Press, 2007), pp. 125–132. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Illustrations of Chinese horse coins depicting \"Great Yellow\" and \"Green Ear\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%E6%89%93%E9%A6%AC%E6%89%80%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%89%93%E9%A6%AC%E9%8C%A2.jpg/220px-%E6%89%93%E9%A6%AC%E6%89%80%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E6%89%93%E9%A6%AC%E9%8C%A2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A horse coin with the inscription \"Ch'u Huang\" (The Great Yellow Horse)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Section_20.9_Two_character_obverse%2C_horse_reverse_-_John_Ferguson.jpg/220px-Section_20.9_Two_character_obverse%2C_horse_reverse_-_John_Ferguson.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). \"Pièces de jeu amulettisées - Charm gambling tokens\" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Thierry_(numismatist)","url_text":"François Thierry de Crussol"},{"url":"http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj.htm","url_text":"\"Pièces de jeu amulettisées - Charm gambling tokens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ancient Chinese Horse Coins - 馬錢\". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 16 November 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://primaltrek.com/horse.html","url_text":"\"Ancient Chinese Horse Coins - 馬錢\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legacy of Horse-drawn Money\". China Daily (Travel in China). 25 March 2002. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/english/29359.htm","url_text":"\"Legacy of Horse-drawn Money\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Battle of Jimo\" Horse Coin\". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 18 May 2011. Retrieved 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://primaltrek.com/blog/2011/05/18/battle-of-jimo-horse-coin/","url_text":"\"\"Battle of Jimo\" Horse Coin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horse in Armour Horse Coins\". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 6 February 2015. Retrieved 2 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/02/06/horse-in-armour-horse-coins/","url_text":"\"Horse in Armour Horse Coins\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Sweating Blood Horse\" Coin\". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 15 December 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://primaltrek.com/blog/2020/12/15/sweating-blood-horse-coin/","url_text":"\"\"Sweating Blood Horse\" Coin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Charms\". Dr. Luke Roberts at the Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara. 24 October 2003. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://roberts.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/coins/Charms.html","url_text":"\"Charms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara","url_text":"Department of History - University of California at Santa Barbara"}]},{"reference":"François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). \"Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian\" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Thierry_(numismatist)","url_text":"François Thierry de Crussol"},{"url":"http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj275.htm","url_text":"\"Dama qian du duc Ying 英 - Duke Ying Dama qian\""}]},{"reference":"François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). \"Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian\" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 27 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Thierry_(numismatist)","url_text":"François Thierry de Crussol"},{"url":"http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/jetons%20amulettes/ncnamupj286.htm","url_text":"\"Dama qian au type de Shanzi 山子 - Shanzi horse Dama qian\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Act_2001

Local Government Act 2001

["1 Local government areas","2 Local authorities","3 Membership of councils","3.1 Directly-elected mayors","4 Local Government Commission","5 References","5.1 Sources","5.2 Citations"]

Legislation restructuring local government in Ireland This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Local Government Act 2001" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Local Government Act 2001Oireachtas Long title AN ACT TO MAKE FURTHER AND BETTER PROVISION IN RELATION TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND, IN PARTICULAR, TO CONSOLIDATE WITH AMENDMENTS CERTAIN ENACTMENTS RELATING GENERALLY TO LOCAL AUTHORITIES. CitationNo. 37 of 2001Signed21 July 2001CommencedVarious datesLegislative historyBill citationNo. 23 of 2000Introduced byMinister for Environment and Local Government (Noel Dempsey)Introduced4 May 2000Amended byLocal Government Reform Act 2014 The Local Government Act 2001 (No. 37) was enacted by the Oireachtas on 21 July 2001 to reform local government in the Republic of Ireland. Most of the provisions of the Act came into operation on 1 January 2002. The act was a restatement and amendment of previous legislation, which was centred on the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. The 2001 act remains in force, although significantly amended by the Local Government Reform Act 2014. According to the explanatory memorandum issued before the passing of the Act, its purposes were to: enhance the role of the elected member, support community involvement with local authorities in a more participative local democracy, modernise local government legislation, and provide the framework for new financial management systems and other procedures to promote efficiency and effectiveness, underpin generally the programme of local government renewal. Local government areas The Act established local government areas based on those already created by previous legislation. The types of areas listed in the Act are: Counties: Identical to the administrative counties established by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 and modified by later legislation. The opportunity was taken to rename Tipperary (North Riding) and Tipperary (South Riding) as North Tipperary and South Tipperary respectively. Cities: These were the county boroughs created by the 1898 Act and later legislation, renamed. All the county boroughs except Galway had previously had the courtesy title of city by charter or letters patent. Boroughs: The five existing non-county boroughs continued in existence. In addition, it was recognised that Kilkenny could continue to be called a city, in spite of being governed by a borough council and not being a former county borough. Towns: The remaining town authorities, formerly known as urban districts or towns with town commissioners, were all redesignated as towns. Local authorities A council was established for each of the local government areas with the title county council, city council, borough council, or town council (as appropriate). Membership of councils One of the most controversial proposals in the bill was the abolition of the dual mandate. This would meant that members of the Oireachtas (Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann) could no longer be candidates for local authority elections. This was taken out of the original bill after protests from Fianna Fáil backbenchers who were also councillors. It was subsequently inserted into the 2001 Act by a 2003 amendment after a compensation package had been agreed. Directly-elected mayors Inspired by the creation in the United Kingdom of the office of Mayor of London in 2000, Chapter 3 of Part 5 of the 2001 act as passed provided for a directly elected chairperson (mayor or cathaoirleach) of each county and city council. This was to take effect from the 2004 local elections. However, a 2003 amendment repealed the provision before it was implemented. Local Government Commission Part 11 of the Act mandated the establishment of a permanent Local Government Commission to propose changes to local authority areas, local electoral areas, or local authority powers. This part never came into force and was repealed by the 2014 act. The previous practice of ad hoc committees for boundary reviews continued after 2001 and was formalised by the 2014 act. References Sources Local Government Bill 2000 (Bill no. 23 of 2000). Retrieved 7 March 2021, Houses of the Oireachtas. Local Government Act 2001 (No. 37 of 2001). Enacted on 21 July 2001. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 7 March 2021. "Local Government Act 2001 (as amended to 1 January 2016)" (PDF). Revised Acts with Annotations. Law Reform Commission. 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016. Citations ^ Murphy, John A (14 July 2002). "No political will to rock the cosy boat that is the Seanad". Sunday Independent. Dublin. Archived from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2010. The councillor lobby which stymied Noel Dempsey's plans to end the dual mandate ^ Local Government (No. 2) Act 2003, s. 2: Amendment of Principal Act — insertion of new section 13A (No. 17 of 2003, s. 2). Enacted on 2 June 2003. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 7 March 2021. ^ Geaney, Louise (2 June 2003). "Local government needs independent 'fiscal autonomy'". Irish Independent. Dublin. Retrieved 16 April 2010. The Local Government Bill 2000 proposed to abolish the dual mandate but the Act dropped the idea, only for it to be re-introduced – with a handy €12,800 sweetener – in 2003. ^ Wallace, Danny (10 July 2001). "Local Government Bill, 2000: Second Stage". Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. Vol.167 No.14 p.7 c.1339. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016. From 2004, the cathaoirleach of counties and cities will be elected by direct vote of the people and will hold office for the life of the council. ^ Cullen, Martin (26 February 2003). "Local Government Bill 2003: Second Stage". Seanad Éireann debates. Oireachtas. Vol.171 No.12 p.7 c.937. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016. the Bill repeals legislative provisions currently in place which provide for the introduction of direct election of cathaoirligh of county–city councils in 2004. The Bill provides, therefore, that in 2004 the cathaoirleach will be chosen by the newly elected councillors from among their number as in the past. ^ Local Government (No. 2) Act 2003, s. 7: Repeals (No. 17 of 2003, s. 7). Enacted on 2 June 2003. Act of the Oireachtas. Retrieved from Irish Statute Book on 7 March 2021. ^ Mooney, Derek. "The Dublin Mayor Nightmare". Broadsheet.ie. John Ryan. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2016. ^ "Local Government Act 2001: Amendments, Commencement, SIs made under the Act". Irish Statute Book. 20 September 2016. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2016. vte Local government in the Republic of IrelandCounty councils Carlow Cavan Clare Cork Donegal Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown Fingal Galway Kerry Kildare Kilkenny Laois Leitrim Longford Louth Mayo Meath Monaghan Offaly Roscommon Sligo South Dublin Tipperary Westmeath Wexford Wicklow City councils Cork Dublin Galway City and County councils Limerick Waterford Regional Assemblies Eastern and Midland Regional Assembly Northern and Western Regional Assembly Southern Regional Assembly Disestablished councils Corporation of Dún Laoghaire Dublin County Council Limerick City Council Limerick County Council Pembroke Township North Tipperary County Council South Tipperary County Council Waterford City Council Waterford County Council Abolished structures Town councils Town commissioners Urban and rural districts Acts Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840 Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919 Local Government Act 1925 Local Government (Dublin) Act 1930 Local Government (Dublin) Act 1993 Local Government Act 2001 Local Government Reform Act 2014 Local Government Act 2019 See also Chief executive Local electoral areas Local government in Dublin

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"local government in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898"},{"link_name":"Local Government Reform Act 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_Reform_Act_2014"}],"text":"The Local Government Act 2001 (No. 37) was enacted by the Oireachtas on 21 July 2001 to reform local government in the Republic of Ireland. Most of the provisions of the Act came into operation on 1 January 2002. The act was a restatement and amendment of previous legislation, which was centred on the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898. The 2001 act remains in force, although significantly amended by the Local Government Reform Act 2014.According to the explanatory memorandum issued before the passing of the Act, its purposes were to:enhance the role of the elected member,\nsupport community involvement with local authorities in a more participative local democracy,\nmodernise local government legislation, and provide the framework for new financial management systems and other procedures to promote efficiency and effectiveness,\nunderpin generally the programme of local government renewal.","title":"Local Government Act 2001"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Government_(Ireland)_Act_1898"},{"link_name":"North Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"South Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"county boroughs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_borough"},{"link_name":"city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"urban districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_and_rural_districts_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"town commissioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_commissioners"}],"text":"The Act established local government areas based on those already created by previous legislation. The types of areas listed in the Act are:Counties: Identical to the administrative counties established by the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 and modified by later legislation. The opportunity was taken to rename Tipperary (North Riding) and Tipperary (South Riding) as North Tipperary and South Tipperary respectively.Cities: These were the county boroughs created by the 1898 Act and later legislation, renamed. All the county boroughs except Galway had previously had the courtesy title of city by charter or letters patent.Boroughs: The five existing non-county boroughs continued in existence. In addition, it was recognised that Kilkenny could continue to be called a city, in spite of being governed by a borough council and not being a former county borough.Towns: The remaining town authorities, formerly known as urban districts or towns with town commissioners, were all redesignated as towns.","title":"Local government areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_council"},{"link_name":"town council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_council_(Ireland)"}],"text":"A council was established for each of the local government areas with the title county council, city council, borough council, or town council (as appropriate).","title":"Local authorities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dual mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_mandate"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Seanad Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Fianna Fáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_F%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"backbenchers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbencher"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"One of the most controversial proposals in the bill was the abolition of the dual mandate. This would meant that members of the Oireachtas (Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann) could no longer be candidates for local authority elections. This was taken out of the original bill after protests from Fianna Fáil backbenchers who were also councillors.[1] It was subsequently inserted into the 2001 Act by a 2003 amendment after a compensation package had been agreed.[2][3]","title":"Membership of councils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mayor of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_London"},{"link_name":"directly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"2004 local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Irish_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Directly-elected mayors","text":"Inspired by the creation in the United Kingdom of the office of Mayor of London in 2000, Chapter 3 of Part 5 of the 2001 act as passed provided for a directly elected chairperson (mayor or cathaoirleach) of each county and city council. This was to take effect from the 2004 local elections.[4] However, a 2003 amendment repealed the provision before it was implemented.[5][6][7]","title":"Membership of councils"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local electoral areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_electoral_area"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Part 11 of the Act mandated the establishment of a permanent Local Government Commission to propose changes to local authority areas, local electoral areas, or local authority powers. This part never came into force and was repealed by the 2014 act.[8] The previous practice of ad hoc committees for boundary reviews continued after 2001 and was formalised by the 2014 act.","title":"Local Government Commission"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Prasad_Vyas

Gopal Prasad Vyas

["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Marriage","1.3 Career","1.4 Death","2 Notes","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

Indian poet (1915–2005) PanditGopal Prasad VyasNative nameगोपाल प्रसाद व्यासBorn(1915-02-13)13 February 1915Mahmadpur, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaDied28 May 2005(2005-05-28) (aged 90)Gulmohar Park, New Delhi, IndiaOccupationPoet, writer, columnist, journalistLanguageHindiYears active1937–2005Notable worksĀrām Karo, Patni Ko Parameshwar Māno, To Mein Kya Karoon, Khooni HastāksharNotable awardsPadma ShriYash Bharti AwardShalaka AwardSpouseAsharfi DeviChildren6Relatives Brajkishor Shastri (father) Chameli Devi (mother) Gopal Prasad Vyas (13 February 1915 – 28 May 2005) was an Indian poet, known for his humorous poems. His poems have been compiled into several books such as To Mein Kya Karoon, Ras Rasamrit, Maff Kijiye and Baat Baat Mein Baat. The story of his life has been documented in a biography, Bahuayami Jeevan Ke Dhani Pt Gopal Prasad Vyas, written by Santosh Matta, published by Prabhat Books in 2015. He was honoured by the Government of India in 1965, with the award of Padma Shri, the fourth highest Indian civilian award for his contributions to the field of literature. Biography Early life Gopal Prasad Vyas was born, according to his school certificate, on 13 February 1915 in Mahmadpur, near Gowardhan town, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. He was educated in Mathura only up to Class 7. He was unable go for examination for that due to Indian Independence Movement. Marriage He was married to Asharfi Devi, daughter of Pratap Ji from Hindaun, Karauli District, Rajasthan in 1931. Career He was an editor in Dainik Hindustan, Sahitya Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sanmarg and Editor in Chief of Vikassheel Bharat. He was active in column writing from 1937 and till his death. He was the founder of Rastriya Kavi-Sammelan, an event held annually at the Red Fort. Death He died on Saturday, 28 May 2005 at his residence at B-52, Gulmohar Park, New Delhi. Notes ^ according to "school records", (1914-02-13)13 February 1914 according to "family records" References ^ "Geeta Kavita". Geeta Kavita. 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ "Books". Google search. 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ Santosh Matta (2015). Bahuayami Jeevan Ke Dhani Pt Gopal Prasad Vyas. Prabhat Books. p. 144. ISBN 9788177212419. ^ "Padma Shri" (PDF). Padma Shri. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ a b c d "पंडित गोपालप्रसाद व्यास का जीवनवृत्त". gopalprasadvyas.co.in. Archived from the original on 10 February 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2018. ^ "गोपाल प्रसाद व्यास का निधन". BBC Hindi (in Hindi). 28 May 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2018. Further reading Santosh Matta (2015). Bahuayami Jeevan Ke Dhani Pt Gopal Prasad Vyas. Prabhat Books. p. 144. ISBN 9788177212419. External links "गोपालप्रसाद व्यास" (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2018. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef This article about an Indian writer or poet is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise_Hospital_and_Medical_Center

Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center

["1 History","2 Services","3 Accreditation","4 References","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 36°07′58″N 115°08′08″W / 36.13265°N 115.13548°W / 36.13265; -115.13548This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hospital in Nevada, U.S.Sunrise Hospital & Medical CenterHospital Corporation of AmericaSunrise Healthcare SystemGeographyLocation3186 South Maryland ParkwayWinchester, Clark County, Nevada, U.S.Coordinates36°07′58″N 115°08′08″W / 36.13265°N 115.13548°W / 36.13265; -115.13548OrganisationCare systemPrivateFundingFor-profit hospitalTypeGeneral and TeachingAffiliated universityUniversity of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine (1969–2017)UNLV School of Medicine (2017–present)NetworkHospital Corporation of AmericaSunrise Healthcare SystemServicesStandardsJoint CommissionEmergency departmentLevel II trauma centerBeds701HelipadYesHistoryOpened1958; 66 years ago (1958)LinksWebsitehttps://sunrisehospital.com/ Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center is a for-profit hospital owned by the Hospital Corporation of America and operated by Sunrise Healthcare System. It is located in the Las Vegas Valley in Winchester, Nevada. History Sunrise was founded in 1958. It was designed by architect Hugh E. Taylor and built by Las Vegas developer Irwin Molasky alongside businessmen Moe Dalitz, Allard Roen and Merv Adelson. The hospital established the area's first neonatal ICU in 1974. Sunrise received 199 wounded patients in the aftermath of the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. Services Level II Trauma center Member of the National Organ Transplant Network. Level III Neonatal intensive care unit Accreditation Joint Commission accredited Inpatient rehabilitation facility accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities Breast Center fully accredited by the National Accreditation Program for Breast Centers References ^ Koch, Ed (September 1, 2008). "Desert Inn, Stardust chief helped integrate Las Vegas Strip". Las Vegas Sun. Retrieved November 28, 2014. ^ Woods, Alden (30 October 2017). "'Is this real?': Seven hours of chaos, bravery at Las Vegas hospital after mass shooting". The Arizona Republic. Gannett. Retrieved 11 November 2017. ^ "Trauma center". Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center. ^ "NICU in Las Vegas". Sunrise Hospital and Medical Center. Retrieved December 8, 2023. ^ "The Breast Center at Sunrise Hospital accredited". Las Vegas Review-Journal. June 20, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012. External links Official website vteNevada trauma centersList of hospitals in NevadaLevel I University Medical Center of Southern Nevada Level II Sunrise Hospital & Medical Center Renown Regional Medical Center Level III St. Rose Dominican Hospital – Siena Campus Mountain View Hospital, Las Vegas Pediatric Level 2 University Medical Center of Southern Nevada vteHospitals in the Las Vegas areaTrauma centers Mountain View St. Rose Dominican (Siena) Sunrise University Other acute care hospitals Boulder City Centennial Hills Henderson Mike O'Callaghan Mountain's Edge North Vista Southern Hills Spring Valley St. Rose Dominican Rose de Lima San Martín Summerlin Valley VA Southern Nevada Authority control databases ISNI This article relating to a hospital in Nevada is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glover_Park_Group

The Glover Park Group

["1 Operations","2 Areas of business","2.1 Public relations and communications","2.2 Advertising and marketing","2.3 Government affairs","3 History","3.1 Foundation","3.2 Early work","3.3 Company expansion","4 Criticism","5 References","6 External links"]

American communications consulting firm The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (January 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Glover Park GroupCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryPublic relationsFoundedJune 2001; 23 years ago (2001-06)FounderCarter EskewMichael FeldmanJoe LockhartChip SmithDefunctJanuary 1, 2021 (2021-01-01)FateMerged with Finsbury and Hering SchuppenerSuccessorFinsbury Glover HeringHeadquartersWashington, D.C.New York CityLos AngelesBoulder, ColoradoKey peopleMichael Feldman (CEO), Cara McVie (CFO)ParentWPPWebsitegpg.com The Glover Park Group was an American communications consulting firm headquartered in Washington, D.C. The company was founded in 2001 by former White House and Democratic campaign officials Carter Eskew, Michael Feldman, Joe Lockhart and Chip Smith. In January 2021, the firm merged with Finsbury and Hering Schuppener to form Finsbury Glover Hering, which itself later merged in December 2021 with New York City-based Sard Verbinnen & Co to form FGS Global. Operations The firm's services include lobbying, public relations, advertising, marketing, government relations and policy counsel, crisis management and opinion research. The firm provides integrated strategic communications and advocacy services to corporations, non-profit organizations, trade associations, governments and issue and industry coalitions. Notable clients have included the National Football League, Pfizer, the United States Telecom Association, Visa, the Alliance for Climate Protection, Microsoft, The Saudi Government and Verizon Wireless. The firm's leadership includes founding partners Carter Eskew, Michael Feldman, Joe Lockhart, Chip Smith, and former White House official Joel Johnson, who leads the firm's government relations practice. Other notable employees include former Associated Press White House correspondents Jennifer Loven and Nedra Pickler, both managing directors in the firm's public affairs division) Notable former employees include Howard Wolfson and former White House press secretary Dee Dee Myers. In November 2011, the firm was acquired by WPP plc, a London-based communications services company. In statements released by both companies, it was confirmed that founding partners Eskew, Feldman and Smith would remain in their leadership positions. Areas of business Public relations and communications The firm provides strategic communications campaigns for corporations, non-profit organizations and industry associations. The firm has also provided crisis management services to high-profile clients. In 2006, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) consulted with the company for crisis management, following debate over tracking of financial records for anti-terror purposes. In March 2010, Toyota hired The Glover Park Group to handle the response to a recall of more than eight million of its vehicles due to faulty accelerator pedals. In 2016, Smith left Glover Park Group to take a role at 21st Century Fox. Advertising and marketing The company has produced television, radio, print and online advertising campaigns and digital content for companies and non-profits. Key digital efforts have included a website developed for the Alliance for Climate Protection, which was used to collect tens of thousands of stories on climate change and green energy from the general public, celebrities and business leaders. Government affairs The firm began providing government and legislative affairs services in early 2005; its bipartisan legislative affairs practice is headed by Joel Johnson. Specific services include advocacy and legislative strategy. Early notable advocacy clients included the Recording Industry Association of America, for whom it lobbied to stop copyright infringement of music, and Nextel Communications, for whom it lobbied on telecommunications issues. The firm has also lobbied on behalf of French food services company Sodexho Alliance in 2007, and in January 2009, Whole Foods Market hired the firm to handle its lobbying efforts in its antitrust case against the Federal Trade Commission. The company also provides consultancy services to governments. In 2005, it advised Turkey on that country's relationship with the U.S. government. Also in 2005, The firm was hired by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office to build relationships between Taiwan and members of the media and policy makers in the United States. The firm has also provided consultancy services to the government of Dubai. History Foundation The Glover Park Group was founded in June 2001 by Michael Feldman, Carter Eskew, Joe Lockhart and Chip Smith. The company was named after the Glover Park area of Washington, D.C., where its first offices were located. The founders had served as officials in the Clinton White House and on the presidential campaign of former vice president Al Gore. Lockhart was the former press secretary to Bill Clinton and Feldman had worked in the White House for Gore. Eskew and Smith had worked on Gore's campaign staff for the 2000 presidential election as his chief strategist and deputy campaign manager, respectively. Eskew and Lockhart both had experience at a public affairs advocacy company. Initially the company focused on providing integrated campaign services to corporate clients, foundations and special-interest groups. Early work also included collaboration with other companies, such as political consultancy Shrum, Devine & Donilon. Early work The company's early projects included several high profile advertising campaigns for corporate clients. In January 2002, The Glover Park Group produced a television commercial for Diageo PLC, advertising its Smirnoff vodka brand while promoting social responsibility and designated driving. Media reports, including from the Wall Street Journal, described it as a "landmark", as this was the first U.S. network television commercial for a distilled beverage in several decades. The following month, the group launched another television advertising campaign, promoting high-definition television. In May 2002, The Glover Park Group produced a national advertisement campaign for tire safety, funded by the settlement of a lawsuit brought against Bridgestone and its subsidiary, Firestone, by all 50 U.S. states. In early 2003, the company opened a New York office, led by Howard Wolfson, who had previously been executive director at the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. Through the early to mid-2000s, The Glover Park Group carried out a range of communication and consultancy work, including promotion of Michael Moore's documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 in May 2004, and preparation work for then-Senator Hillary Clinton for her re-election campaign of 2006. Company expansion In January 2005, The Glover Park Group opened a legislative affairs practice, which is headed by Joel Johnson, the former senior advisor for policy and communications for Bill Clinton. The company continued its expansion into the late 2000s, and opened offices in California in April 2008. Located in West Hollywood, the offices focused on clients including entertainment companies, non-profit organizations and labor unions. Also in 2008, The Glover Park Group, which had been staffed largely by Democrats since its foundation, hired Republican strategist Kevin Madden as its senior vice president of public affairs. Madden had previously worked on Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign and for George W. Bush's 2004 re-election campaign. In 2010, the firm expanded its bipartisan offering with the hiring of several prominent Republican officials from the Bush White House and the Republican congressional leadership. Criticism The Glover Park Group has been criticized for its anti-ethanol campaign. According to the 2014 documentary film Pump, the Glover Park Group was hired by a conglomerate of organizations to discredit the biofuel industry. The Glover Park Group claimed that ethanol production replaces food production. Farmers who make ethanol say that this claim is false. Distiller's grains is a byproduct of the making of ethanol, a process in which the corn is not destroyed, but is rather converted into the two products. Distiller's grains is used as livestock feed. In 2022 during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Glover Park Group was noted in the media for its representation of the United Arab Emirates as part of a public relations engagement. At the time, the UAE was being criticized for its perceived favoritism for the Russian position in the war. References ^ "Finsbury, The Glover Park Group and Hering Schuppener to Form One Global Firm". www.businesswire.com (Press release). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2023-04-05. ^ "Finsbury Glover Hering and Sard Verbinnen & Co. Complete Merger, Creating Global Strategic Communications Leader". www.businesswire.com (Press release). December 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-05. ^ a b Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (8 September 2004). "Lobbyists Take Leave to Advise Kerry Campaign". The Washington Post. p. E01. ^ a b c Rothman, Noah (September 2010). "Dee Dee Myers Joins The Glover Park Group's Public Affairs Practice". Campaigns & Elections. p. 117. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11.(subscription required) ^ Terlep, Sharon (27 September 2014). "NFL Draws Up a New Defensive Scheme". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 November 2017 – via www.wsj.com. ^ a b Lee, Jaimy (20 January 2010). "Online grassroots initiatives continue to accrue supporters". PR Week (US). p. 18.(subscription required) ^ Quinn, Michelle (15 June 2011). "The new face of Facebook: Joe Lockhart". Politico. ^ a b "Washington Business Journal Ranks The Glover Park Group as One of the Fastest Growing Companies in Washington, D.C." (Press release). U.S. Newswire. 2 November 2005. Retrieved 11 July 2011.(subscription required) ^ a b Allen, Mike; Cummings, Jeanne (18 June 2008). "Democratic firm adding Republicans". Politico. ^ a b c Allen, Mike (29 November 2011). "WPP buys Glover Park Group". Politico. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ a b c "New Job Fits Like A Glover". The Hotline. 10 January 2005. ^ "Loven to exit AP for Glover Park". Jack O'Dwyer's Newsletter. 18 August 2010. p. 3.(subscription required) ^ "AP White House Scribe Pickler Heads to PR - Mon., Jul. 6, 2015". www.odwyerpr.com. Retrieved 1 November 2017. ^ a b Quenqua, Douglas (10 February 2003). "Ex-Clinton Staffer Wolfson is Newest Addition to Glover". PR Week (US). p. 1.(subscription required) ^ Echols, Tucker (29 November 2011). "Glover Park Group to be acquired by WPP". Washington Business Journal. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ Bogardus, Kevin (29 November 2011). "WPP buys powerhouse firm Glover Park Group". The Hill. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ a b Ho, Catherine (29 November 2011). "WPP acquires Glover Park Group". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ Garcia, Tonya (23 July 2007). "Private Equity Council launches first initiatives". PR Week (US). p. 3. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016.(subscription required) ^ Flynn, Laurie J. (8 July 2005). "Hi. We're A.M.D. Please Listen". The New York Times. p. C1. ^ Terrell, Jordan (July 2010). "Who's Where in the Political World". Campaigns & Elections. p. 54. ^ "Public Relations and Public Affairs in the Nation's Capital; Glover Park helps Swift with PR". O'Dwyer's PR Services Report. November 2006. p. 41.(subscription required) ^ "Toyota tags Glover Park Group" (Press release). O'Dwyer's PR Report. March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2011. ^ Littleton, Cynthia (5 May 2016). "21st Century Fox Taps Glover Park Group's Chip Smith to Head Public Affairs". Retrieved 1 November 2017. ^ "Verizon Launches 'Our People. Our Network.' TV, Print and Online Advertising Campaign". PR Newswire US. 21 September 2005. Retrieved 22 July 2011. ^ Madded, Kevin (March 2009). "Movers & Shakers". Campaigns & Elections. p. 12.(subscription required) ^ "TW's Brophy to Glover Park". Jack O'Dwyer's Newsletter. 4 January 2006. p. 1.(subscription required) ^ Thrush, Glenn (23 November 2005). "An unlikely connection; Clinton and Murdoch linked by lobbying firm that's been dubbed 'the White House in exile'". Newsday. p. A30. ^ "Sodexho hires Glover Park Group to lobby federal government on food service issues". Associated Press Financial Wire. 26 June 2007. ^ "The Glover Park Group hired by Whole Foods Market" (Press release). PR Week. 5 January 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2011.(subscription required) ^ "Glover Park Group Gets $600k Pact From Turks". Jack O'Dwyer's Newsletter. 18 May 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2011.(subscription required) ^ Jack O'Dwyer (8 June 2005). "GLOVER PARK PROMOTES TAIWAIN TIES". Jack O'Dwyer's Newsletter. Retrieved 11 July 2011.(subscription required) ^ Glenn Thrush (14 September 2006). "Aides Had Hand In Dubai Deal". Newsday. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ a b c Judy Woodruff (8 June 2001). Inside Politics (TV). Washington, DC: CNN. ^ a b Sudhaman, Arun (29 November 2011). "Glover Park Acquired By WPP". The Holmes Report. Retrieved 6 December 2011. ^ a b c Fogg, Piper (9 June 2001). "Consulting Game". The National Journal. ^ "New Group Fits Like a Glover". The Hotline. 15 June 2001. ^ "Gore, Clinton vets set up new shop". O'Dwyer's PR Services Report. July 2001. p. 13.(subscription required) ^ Stone, Peter H. (8 September 2001). "K Street for September 8, 2001". The National Journal. ^ O'Connell, Vanessa (3 January 2002). "Landmark TV Liquor Ad Created By D.C. Insiders". Wall Street Journal. ^ Stamler, Bernard (7 February 2002). "Campaign Aims To Demystify And Popularize High-Definition Television". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ Bush, Bernard (21 May 2002). "Ad Campaign Promotes Tire Safety". The Tennessean. ^ Jim Rutenberg (6 May 2004). "Disney Takes Heat On Blocking Bush Film". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ "Clinton: Might It Be A Metamorphosis". The Hotline. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ Cowles Smith, Sarah (24 April 2008). "Glover Park Group Launches West Coast Office". Politico. Retrieved 10 July 2011. ^ Lee, MJ (10 August 2010). "Suite Talk". Politico. ^ Ackley, Kate (8 February 2010). "Street Talk: Brian Gaston gets it". Roll Call.(subscription required) ^ Ken Klippenstein (March 9, 2022). "UAE chooses solidarity with Russia over military allies". External links Glover Park Group website vteWPPDivisions andsubsidiaries AKQA Bates CHI & Partners Blue State Digital Burson Cohn & Wolfe Design Bridge and Partners Dewey Square Group Essence Global FGS Global Glover Park Group Grey Global Group GTB Hill+Knowlton Strategies Hogarth Worldwide Kantar Group Landor Associates MindShare Ogilvy PSB Quinn Gillespie & Associates Scholz & Friends Spafax Sudler & Hennessey TAXI UWG Wavemaker WPP-Scangroup Wunderman Thompson VMLY&R 24/7 Media Former/defunct divisionsand subsidiaries J. Walter Thompson Wunderman Superunion People Philip Lader Martin Sorrell Roberto Quarta Category

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Michael Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Feldman_(consultant)"},{"link_name":"Joe Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Chip Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Smith"},{"link_name":"FGS Global","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGS_Global"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Glover Park Group was an American communications consulting firm headquartered in Washington, D.C. The company was founded in 2001 by former White House and Democratic campaign officials Carter Eskew, Michael Feldman, Joe Lockhart and Chip Smith. In January 2021, the firm merged with Finsbury and Hering Schuppener to form Finsbury Glover Hering, which itself later merged in December 2021 with New York City-based Sard Verbinnen & Co to form FGS Global.[1][2]","title":"The Glover Park Group"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birnbaum-3"},{"link_name":"crisis management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_management"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&E-4"},{"link_name":"strategic communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_communication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&E-4"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pfizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfizer"},{"link_name":"United States Telecom Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Telecom_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Birnbaum-3"},{"link_name":"Visa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visa_Inc."},{"link_name":"Alliance for Climate Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Climate_Protection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-6"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"Verizon Wireless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon_Wireless"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quinn-7"},{"link_name":"Joe Lockhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Lockhart"},{"link_name":"Chip Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Smith"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newswire-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen2011-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotline-11"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Loven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Loven"},{"link_name":"Nedra Pickler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedra_Pickler"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Howard Wolfson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wolfson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quenqua-14"},{"link_name":"Dee Dee Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Dee_Myers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C&E-4"},{"link_name":"WPP plc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPP_plc"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen2011-10"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Echols2011-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bogardus-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ho-17"}],"text":"The firm's services include lobbying, public relations, advertising,[3] marketing, government relations and policy counsel, crisis management and opinion research.[4] The firm provides integrated strategic communications and advocacy services to corporations, non-profit organizations, trade associations, governments and issue and industry coalitions.[4] Notable clients have included the National Football League,[5] Pfizer, the United States Telecom Association,[3] Visa, the Alliance for Climate Protection,[6] Microsoft, The Saudi Government and Verizon Wireless.[7]The firm's leadership includes founding partners Carter Eskew, Michael Feldman, Joe Lockhart, Chip Smith,[8][9][10] and former White House official Joel Johnson, who leads the firm's government relations practice.[11] Other notable employees include former Associated Press White House correspondents Jennifer Loven and Nedra Pickler, both managing directors in the firm's public affairs division)[12][13] Notable former employees include Howard Wolfson[14] and former White House press secretary Dee Dee Myers.[4]In November 2011, the firm was acquired by WPP plc, a London-based communications services company.[10][15][16] In statements released by both companies, it was confirmed that founding partners Eskew, Feldman and Smith would remain in their leadership positions.[17]","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Areas of business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strategic communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_communication"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ho-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_Worldwide_Interbank_Financial_Telecommunication"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"21st Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Public relations and communications","text":"The firm provides strategic communications campaigns for corporations, non-profit organizations and industry associations.[17][18][19][20] The firm has also provided crisis management services to high-profile clients. In 2006, the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) consulted with the company for crisis management, following debate over tracking of financial records for anti-terror purposes.[21] In March 2010, Toyota hired The Glover Park Group to handle the response to a recall of more than eight million of its vehicles due to faulty accelerator pedals.[22]\nIn 2016, Smith left Glover Park Group to take a role at 21st Century Fox.[23]","title":"Areas of business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Newswire-8"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Alliance for Climate Protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Climate_Protection"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-6"}],"sub_title":"Advertising and marketing","text":"The company has produced television, radio, print and online advertising campaigns and digital content for companies and non-profits.[8][24][25] Key digital efforts have included a website developed for the Alliance for Climate Protection, which was used to collect tens of thousands of stories on climate change and green energy from the general public, celebrities and business leaders.[6]","title":"Areas of business"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotline-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brophy-26"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"Nextel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nextel_Communications"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Sodexho Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodexo"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Whole Foods Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Government affairs","text":"The firm began providing government and legislative affairs services in early 2005;[11] its bipartisan legislative affairs practice is headed by Joel Johnson. Specific services include advocacy and legislative strategy.[26] Early notable advocacy clients included the Recording Industry Association of America, for whom it lobbied to stop copyright infringement of music, and Nextel Communications, for whom it lobbied on telecommunications issues.[27] The firm has also lobbied on behalf of French food services company Sodexho Alliance in 2007,[28] and in January 2009, Whole Foods Market hired the firm to handle its lobbying efforts in its antitrust case against the Federal Trade Commission.[29] The company also provides consultancy services to governments. In 2005, it advised Turkey on that country's relationship with the U.S. government.[30] Also in 2005, The firm was hired by the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office to build relationships between Taiwan and members of the media and policy makers in the United States.[31] The firm has also provided consultancy services to the government of Dubai.[32]","title":"Areas of business"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chip Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip_Smith"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen2011-10"},{"link_name":"Glover Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glover_Park"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside-33"},{"link_name":"Clinton White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"Al Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sudhaman-34"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"2000 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sudhaman-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogg-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogg-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Inside-33"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fogg-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Foundation","text":"The Glover Park Group was founded in June 2001 by Michael Feldman, Carter Eskew, Joe Lockhart and Chip Smith.[10] The company was named after the Glover Park area of Washington, D.C., where its first offices were located.[33] The founders had served as officials in the Clinton White House and on the presidential campaign of former vice president Al Gore.[34] Lockhart was the former press secretary to Bill Clinton and Feldman had worked in the White House for Gore. Eskew and Smith had worked on Gore's campaign staff for the 2000 presidential election as his chief strategist and deputy campaign manager, respectively.[33][34][35] Eskew and Lockhart both had experience at a public affairs advocacy company.[35]Initially the company focused on providing integrated campaign services to corporate clients, foundations and special-interest groups.[33][35][36][37] Early work also included collaboration with other companies, such as political consultancy Shrum, Devine & Donilon.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"advertising campaigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising_campaigns"},{"link_name":"television commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_advertisement"},{"link_name":"Diageo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diageo"},{"link_name":"social responsibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_responsibility"},{"link_name":"U.S. network television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_television#United_States"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O-39"},{"link_name":"high-definition television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Bridgestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestone"},{"link_name":"Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Howard Wolfson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wolfson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quenqua-14"},{"link_name":"Michael Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moore"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Hillary Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillary_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Early work","text":"The company's early projects included several high profile advertising campaigns for corporate clients. In January 2002, The Glover Park Group produced a television commercial for Diageo PLC, advertising its Smirnoff vodka brand while promoting social responsibility and designated driving. Media reports, including from the Wall Street Journal, described it as a \"landmark\", as this was the first U.S. network television commercial for a distilled beverage in several decades.[39] The following month, the group launched another television advertising campaign, promoting high-definition television.[40] In May 2002, The Glover Park Group produced a national advertisement campaign for tire safety, funded by the settlement of a lawsuit brought against Bridgestone and its subsidiary, Firestone, by all 50 U.S. states.[41] In early 2003, the company opened a New York office, led by Howard Wolfson, who had previously been executive director at the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee.[14] Through the early to mid-2000s, The Glover Park Group carried out a range of communication and consultancy work, including promotion of Michael Moore's documentary Fahrenheit 9/11 in May 2004,[42] and preparation work for then-Senator Hillary Clinton for her re-election campaign of 2006.[43]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Johnson_(communications_strategist)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hotline-11"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Kevin Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Madden"},{"link_name":"Mitt Romney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-9"},{"link_name":"Bush White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suite-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ackley2010-46"}],"sub_title":"Company expansion","text":"In January 2005, The Glover Park Group opened a legislative affairs practice, which is headed by Joel Johnson, the former senior advisor for policy and communications for Bill Clinton.[11] The company continued its expansion into the late 2000s, and opened offices in California in April 2008. Located in West Hollywood, the offices focused on clients including entertainment companies, non-profit organizations and labor unions.[44] Also in 2008, The Glover Park Group, which had been staffed largely by Democrats since its foundation, hired Republican strategist Kevin Madden as its senior vice president of public affairs. Madden had previously worked on Mitt Romney's 2008 presidential campaign and for George W. Bush's 2004 re-election campaign.[9] In 2010, the firm expanded its bipartisan offering with the hiring of several prominent Republican officials from the Bush White House and the Republican congressional leadership.[45][46]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"Pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump_(film)"},{"link_name":"biofuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel"},{"link_name":"ethanol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"},{"link_name":"Russo-Ukrainian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The Glover Park Group has been criticized for its anti-ethanol campaign. According to the 2014 documentary film Pump, the Glover Park Group was hired by a conglomerate of organizations to discredit the biofuel industry. The Glover Park Group claimed that ethanol production replaces food production. Farmers who make ethanol say that this claim is false. Distiller's grains is a byproduct of the making of ethanol, a process in which the corn is not destroyed, but is rather converted into the two products. Distiller's grains is used as livestock feed.In 2022 during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Glover Park Group was noted in the media for its representation of the United Arab Emirates as part of a public relations engagement. At the time, the UAE was being criticized for its perceived favoritism for the Russian position in the war.[47]","title":"Criticism"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Finsbury, The Glover Park Group and Hering Schuppener to Form One Global Firm\". www.businesswire.com (Press release). 7 July 2020. Retrieved 2023-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200707005391/en/Finsbury-The-Glover-Park-Group-and-Hering-Schuppener-to-Form-One-Global-Firm","url_text":"\"Finsbury, The Glover Park Group and Hering Schuppener to Form One Global Firm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Finsbury Glover Hering and Sard Verbinnen & Co. Complete Merger, Creating Global Strategic Communications Leader\". www.businesswire.com (Press release). December 2021. Retrieved 2023-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20211201005402/en/Finsbury-Glover-Hering-and-Sard-Verbinnen-Co.-Complete-Merger-Creating-Global-Strategic-Communications-Leader","url_text":"\"Finsbury Glover Hering and Sard Verbinnen & Co. Complete Merger, Creating Global Strategic Communications Leader\""}]},{"reference":"Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (8 September 2004). \"Lobbyists Take Leave to Advise Kerry Campaign\". The Washington Post. p. E01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A3731-2004Sep7.html","url_text":"\"Lobbyists Take Leave to Advise Kerry Campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Rothman, Noah (September 2010). \"Dee Dee Myers Joins The Glover Park Group's Public Affairs Practice\". Campaigns & Elections. p. 117. Archived from the original on 2014-06-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140611082335/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2196658861.html","url_text":"\"Dee Dee Myers Joins The Glover Park Group's Public Affairs Practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaigns_%26_Elections","url_text":"Campaigns & Elections"},{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2196658861.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Terlep, Sharon (27 September 2014). \"NFL Draws Up a New Defensive Scheme\". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 November 2017 – via www.wsj.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/nfl-draws-up-a-new-defensive-scheme-1411778797","url_text":"\"NFL Draws Up a New Defensive Scheme\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jaimy (20 January 2010). \"Online grassroots initiatives continue to accrue supporters\". 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The Tennessean.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jim Rutenberg (6 May 2004). \"Disney Takes Heat On Blocking Bush Film\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/06/us/disney-takes-heat-on-blocking-bush-film.html","url_text":"\"Disney Takes Heat On Blocking Bush Film\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clinton: Might It Be A Metamorphosis\". The Hotline. 15 November 2004. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130129181304/http://www3.nationaljournal.com/members/hotlineweekly/2004/111804.htm%2310","url_text":"\"Clinton: Might It Be A Metamorphosis\""},{"url":"http://www3.nationaljournal.com/members/hotlineweekly/2004/111804.htm#10","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cowles Smith, Sarah (24 April 2008). \"Glover Park Group Launches West Coast Office\". Politico. Retrieved 10 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0408/9831.html","url_text":"\"Glover Park Group Launches West Coast Office\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, MJ (10 August 2010). \"Suite Talk\". Politico.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/40837.html","url_text":"\"Suite Talk\""}]},{"reference":"Ackley, Kate (8 February 2010). \"Street Talk: Brian Gaston gets it\". Roll Call.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rollcall.com/issues/55_88/-43045-1.html","url_text":"\"Street Talk: Brian Gaston gets it\""}]},{"reference":"Ken Klippenstein (March 9, 2022). \"UAE chooses solidarity with Russia over military allies\".","urls":[{"url":"https://theintercept.com/2022/03/09/russia-oil-uae-ukraine-invasion","url_text":"\"UAE chooses solidarity with Russia over military allies\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TQG

TQG

["1 Background and composition","2 Release and promotion","3 Critical reception","4 Commercial performance","5 Accolades","6 Music video","7 Charts","7.1 Weekly charts","7.2 Year-end charts","8 Certifications","9 Release history","10 See also","11 References"]

2023 single by Karol G and Shakira "TQG"Single by Karol G and Shakirafrom the album Mañana Será Bonito LanguageSpanishReleasedFebruary 24, 2023 (2023-02-24)Recorded2022GenreReggaetonLength3:17LabelUniversal LatinoSongwriter(s)Carolina GiraldoShakira MebarakDaniel EchavarríaKevyn CruzProducer(s)Ovy on the DrumsKarol G singles chronology "X Si Volvemos" (2023) "TQG" (2023) "Mientras Me Curo del Cora" (2023) Shakira singles chronology "Shakira: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53"(2023) "TQG"(2023) "Acróstico"(2023) Music video"TQG" on YouTube "TQG" (acronym for "Te Quedó Grande") is a song by Colombian singers Karol G and Shakira. The song was released on February 24, 2023, through Universal Music Latino, as the fifth single from Karol G's fourth studio album, Mañana Será Bonito (2023). It also appeared on Shakira's twelfth studio album, Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran (2024). It became Karol G and Shakira's first number-one single on the Billboard Global 200. It also debuted at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Karol G's first top-ten single and Shakira's sixth. The track earned a Guinness World Record for the highest-charting female Spanish-language track on the Hot 100. According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), it was the fifteenth best-selling global single of 2023, earning 1.18 billion subscription streams equivalents globally. The song received three nominations at the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards for Song Of The Year, Best Urban Song and Best Urban Fusion/Performance, winning the latter. It won an MTV Europe Music Award and an MTV Video Music Award both for best collaboration, becoming Karol's first VMA win and making Shakira the Latin artist with the most VMA wins in history and the second in the category after the inaugural win with "Beautiful Liar" with Beyoncé. Background and composition First rumours of a Karol G and Shakira collaboration started circulating in January 2023. On February 14, 2023, Shakira wished Karol G a "happy birthday" message through social media, similar to how she did for her previous collaborator Bizarrap, whom she would collab for the volume 53 music session. In a later interview with Rolling Stone, Karol G would reveal that she wrote the song in 2022 during an emotionally complex time. She explained that although she had intended to ask Shakira to collaborate, it wasn't intended to happen with "TQG". After listening to Shakira's "Monotonía", collaboration with Ozuna, she decided to send her the song. She added: "listening to that story and where she was at, made a lot of sense. I sent it to her and she loved it." "TQG" A 19-second audio sample of the song's chorus Problems playing this file? See media help. "TQG" is an acronym for the phrase "Te Quedó Grande"; is a reggaeton track, but it's also considered as a diss. The song's lyrics features "shots" directed at their ex-boyfriends, Puerto Rican artist Anuel AA and Spanish footballer Gerard Pique. The song also presents lyrics sung by Shakira about Pique's current girlfriend, Clara Chia. In an interview with Billboard, Giraldo revealed that the song was written with Ovy on the Drums and Keityn Cruz in a recording session for "Mamiii", collaboration with American singer Becky G. She explained how the song came to be and what it means to her:We were trying to figure out what we were going to do, because I had said "yes" to Becky, and now we had two songs, but the topic was the same: heartbreak diss tracks. Then when I saw the story about Shakira and her situation, this song again gained meaning. I really want songs to have a meaning and connect with real stories. I would love for people to simply listen to this song, as a song. Obviously as artists, we write songs based on personal situations we've lived, but at the end of the day, those songs aren't aimed at anyone in particular, or are meant to hurt anyone. I'd love for my music to be divorced from a ton of situations and that people could enjoy them for what they are: songs that tell stories so people can identify with those stories.— Karol G on "TQG" Release and promotion On February 21, 2023, Karol G officially revealed the song to be a collaboration with Shakira, despite having previously revealed that there would be no feature on the track. That same day, Giraldo announced that she had a surprise for her fans in New York's Times Square which would turn out to be a teaser for the music video. Critical reception Alexis Petridis of The Guardian commended the ethereal atmosphere that "TQG" has "though frankly it's a bit phoned-in." Ernesto Lechner from Rolling Stone called the song "underwhelming", stating "her much-anticipated track with Colombian icon Shakira, "TQG," feels underwhelming, especially since it arrives only weeks after the media circus that surrounded Shakira's massive new track with Bizarrap." Select year end TGQ Publication List Rank Ref. Rolling Stone The 100 Best Songs of 2023 28 Remezcla Best Pop Songs of 2023 1 Commercial performance "TQG" debuted at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart dated March 11, 2023, becoming Karol G's first and Shakira's sixth top-ten entry on the chart. The song charted twenty weeks on the chart, with the first seven staying within the top 40. On the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, the song debuted at number one, becoming Karol's sixth and Shakira's thirteenth number one on the chart. On the Billboard Global 200, the song also debuted at the top spot with 158.4 million streams and 10,000 sales for the week dated March 11, 2023, becoming both Karol G's and Shakira's first number one on that chart. Accolades Award nominations for "TQG" Year Ceremony Award Result Ref. 2023 Premios Juventud Girl Power Track Won Best Urban Track Won Best Pop/Urban Collaboration Won Social Dance Challenge Won Premios Tu Música Urbano Collaboration of the Year Nominated Heat Latin Music Awards Best Collaboration Nominated MTV Millennial Awards Global Hit of the Year Won MTV Video Music Awards Best Collaboration Won Best Latin Nominated Billboard Latin Music Awards Hot Latin Song of the Year Nominated Hot Latin Song of the Year, Vocal Event Nominated Sales Song of the Year Nominated Airplay Song of the Year Nominated Latin Pop Song of the Year Nominated Latin Grammy Awards Song Of The Year Nominated Best Urban Fusion/Performance Won Best Urban Song Nominated NRJ Music Awards International Collaboration of the Year Nominated MTV Europe Music Awards Best Collaboration Won Los 40 Music Awards Best Video Nominated Best Urban Collaboration Nominated Latino Music Awards Song of the Year Won Best Urban Song Nominated Viral Song Won Best Urban Music Video Won Billboard Music Awards Top Latin Song Nominated Premios Musa International Latin Song of the Year Pending International Collaboration of the Year Pending Music video The music video for "TQG" was directed by Pedro Artola and was released on Karol G's YouTube channel on February 24, 2023. As of 2024, the music video has surpassed 1 billion views on the platform. Charts Weekly charts Chart performance for "TQG" Chart (2023) Peakposition Argentina (Argentina Hot 100) 2 Argentina (Monitor Latino) 3 Bolivia (Billboard) 1 Bolivia (Monitor Latino) 2 Brazil Latin Airplay (Crowley Charts) 2 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 33 Central America (Monitor Latino) 1 Chile (Billboard) 1 Chile (Monitor Latino) 1 Colombia (Billboard) 1 Colombia (Monitor Latino) 1 Costa Rica (Monitor Latino) 1 Croatia (Billboard) 25 Dominican Republic (Monitor Latino) 1 Ecuador (Billboard) 1 Ecuador (Monitor Latino) 1 El Salvador (Monitor Latino) 1 France (SNEP) 30 Global 200 (Billboard) 1 Greece International (IFPI) 46 Guatemala (Monitor Latino) 2 Honduras (Monitor Latino) 1 Hungary (Single Top 40) 13 Ireland (IRMA) 40 Italy (FIMI) 44 Latin America (Monitor Latino) 1 Luxembourg (Billboard) 11 Mexico (Billboard) 1 Netherlands (Single Tip) 1 New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) 24 Nicaragua (Monitor Latino) 1 Panama (Monitor Latino) 2 Panama (PRODUCE) 1 Paraguay (Monitor Latino) 1 Peru (Billboard) 1 Peru (Monitor Latino) 1 Portugal (AFP) 12 Puerto Rico (Monitor Latino) 1 Romania (Romanian Radio Airplay) 1 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 1 Suriname (Nationale Top 40) 30 Sweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan) 19 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 5 UK Singles (OCC) 88 Uruguay (Monitor Latino) 1 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 1 US Latin Airplay (Billboard) 1 US Rhythmic (Billboard) 24 Venezuela (Monitor Latino) 8 Year-end charts Year-end chart performance for "TQG" Chart (2023) Position Argentina (Monitor Latino) 27 Bolivia (Monitor Latino) 4 Chile (Monitor Latino) 4 Colombia (Monitor Latino) 8 Costa Rica (Monitor Latino) 14 Dominican Republic (Monitor Latino) 7 Ecuador (Monitor Latino) 6 El Salvador (ASAP EGC) 5 El Salvador (Monitor Latino) 5 France (SNEP) 92 Global 200 (Billboard) 18 Global Singles (IFPI) 15 Guatemala (Monitor Latino) 5 Honduras (Monitor Latino) 4 Mexico (Monitor Latino) 26 Nicaragua (Monitor Latino) 5 Spain (PROMUSICAE) 6 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 73 Panama (Monitor Latino) 6 Paraguay (Monitor Latino) 7 Peru (Monitor Latino) 5 Puerto Rico (Monitor Latino) 11 Uruguay (CUD) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 65 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 4 US Latin Airplay (Billboard) 1 US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard) 2 US Latin Rhythm Airplay (Billboard) 1 Venezuela (Monitor Latino) 32 Certifications Certifications for "TQG" Region Certification Certified units/sales Canada (Music Canada) Gold 40,000‡ France (SNEP) Platinum 200,000‡ Italy (FIMI) Platinum 100,000‡ Portugal (AFP) Platinum 10,000‡ Spain (PROMUSICAE) 8× Platinum 480,000‡ Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) Gold 10,000‡ Streaming Worldwide (IFPI) (2023) — 1,180,000,000 ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. Release history Release history and formats for "TQG" Region Date Format(s) Label Ref. Various February 24, 2023 Digital downloadstreaming Universal Latino Italy March 3, 2023 Radio airplay United States March 28, 2023 Rhythmic radio See also List of Billboard Global 200 number ones of 2023 List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2023 List of Billboard Global 200 top 10 singles of 2023 List of Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Airplay number ones of 2023 List of number-one singles of 2023 (Spain) List of best-selling singles in Spain Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2023 References ^ Topacio Long, Stephanie (February 25, 2023). "Shakira & Karol G's Breakup Song "TQG" Seems To Shade Piqué Again". Bustle. Retrieved August 11, 2023. ^ Linés, Esteban (February 24, 2023). "Shakira y la nueva canción junto a Karol G con más dardos a Piqué: "Y ahora quieres volver, ya lo suponía "". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 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Retrieved March 17, 2023. vteKarol G Awards and nominations Discography Songs Studio albumsUnstoppable"Ahora Me Llama"Ocean"Ocean""Punto G""Pineapple""Culpables""Mi Cama""Créeme"KG0516"El Makinón""200 Copas""El Barco""Location""Bichota""Ay, Dios Mio!""Tusa""Leyendas"Mañana Será Bonito"Mientras Me Curo del Cora""X Si Volvemos""TQG""Gatúbela""Provenza""Amargura""Cairo"MixtapesMañana Será Bonito (Bichota Season)"Mi Ex Tenía Razón""S91""Qlona""Una Noche en Medellín" (remix)"Dispo"Other singles "Secreto" "China" "Caramelo" (remix) "Don't Be Shy" "Sejodioto" "Mamiii" "Watati" "Labios Mordidos" "Contigo" Featured singles "Mi Mala" "Calypso" (remix) "Dame Tu Cosita" (remix) "X" "Enjoy Yourself" "Tá OK" (remix) Tours Bichota Tour Mañana Será Bonito Tour vteShakira songsDiscography • List of songsPies Descalzos "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" "Antología" "Estoy Aquí / Estou Aqui" "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos / Pés Descalços" "Se Quiere, Se Mata" "Un Poco de Amor / Um Pouco de Amor" Dónde Están los Ladrones? "Ciega, Sordomuda" "Inevitable" "Moscas en la Casa" "No Creo" "Octavo Día" "Ojos Así / Eyes Like Yours" "Tú" Laundry Service "Objection (Tango) / Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango)" "The One" "Que Me Quedes Tú" "Te Dejo Madrid" "Underneath Your Clothes" "Whenever, Wherever / Suerte" Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 "Día de Enero" "Día Especial / The Day and the Time" "La Pared" "La Tortura" "Las de la Intuición / Pure Intuition" "No" Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 "Don't Bother" "Hips Don't Lie / Será, Será (Las Caderas No Mienten)" "Illegal" She Wolf "Did It Again / Lo Hecho Está Hecho" "Give It Up to Me" "Good Stuff" "Gypsy / Gitana" "She Wolf / Loba" Sale el Sol "Addicted to You" "Antes de las Seis" "Gordita" "Islands" "Loca" "Rabiosa" "Sale el Sol" "Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) / Waka Waka (Esto es África)" Shakira "Boig per Tu / Loca por Ti" "Can't Remember to Forget You / Nunca Me Acuerdo de Olvidarte" "Dare (La La La) / La La La (Brazil 2014)" "Empire" "Medicine" El Dorado "Amarillo" "Chantaje" "Comme Moi / What We Said" "Deja Vu" "La Bicicleta" "Me Enamoré" "Nada" "Perro Fiel" "Toneladas" "Trap" Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran "Acróstico" "Cohete" "Copa Vacía" "El Jefe" "(Entre Paréntesis)" "La Fuerte" "Monotonía" "Nassau" "Puntería" "Shakira: Bzrp Music Sessions, Vol. 53" "Te Felicito" "Tiempo Sin Verte" "TQG" "Última" Collaborations "Beautiful Liar" "Clandestino" "Dançando" "Don't You Worry" "Get It Started" "Girl Like Me" "Me Gusta" "Mi Verdad" "Si Tú No Vuelves" "Te Lo Agradezco, Pero No" "Todos Juntos" "Tutu (Remix)" Charity songs "El Ultimo Adios (The Last Goodbye)" "Gracias a la Vida" "Sing" "Somos El Mundo 25 Por Haiti" "What More Can I Give / Todo Para Ti" Other songs "Despedida" "Don't Wait Up" "Hay Amores" "Je L'Aime à Mourir" "Try Everything" Category Template WikiProject vteMTV Europe Music Award for Best Collaboration "Where Are Ü Now" (2015) "Con altura" (2019) "Tusa" (2020) "Kiss Me More" (2021) "I'm Good (Blue)" (2022) "TQG" (2023) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"Karol G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_G"},{"link_name":"Shakira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Latino"},{"link_name":"Mañana Será Bonito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ana_Ser%C3%A1_Bonito"},{"link_name":"Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Mujeres_Ya_No_Lloran"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"International Federation of the Phonographic Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24th_Annual_Latin_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Song Of The Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Song_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban_Song"},{"link_name":"Best Urban Fusion/Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Grammy_Award_for_Best_Urban_Fusion/Performance"},{"link_name":"MTV Europe Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Europe_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"MTV Video Music Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"best collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_Collaboration"},{"link_name":"Beautiful Liar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_Liar"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"TQG\" (acronym for \"Te Quedó Grande\") is a song by Colombian singers Karol G and Shakira. The song was released on February 24, 2023, through Universal Music Latino, as the fifth single from Karol G's fourth studio album, Mañana Será Bonito (2023). It also appeared on Shakira's twelfth studio album, Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran (2024).[1][2]It became Karol G and Shakira's first number-one single on the Billboard Global 200. It also debuted at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming Karol G's first top-ten single and Shakira's sixth. The track earned a Guinness World Record for the highest-charting female Spanish-language track on the Hot 100.[3] According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI), it was the fifteenth best-selling global single of 2023, earning 1.18 billion subscription streams equivalents globally.[4]The song received three nominations at the 24th Annual Latin Grammy Awards for Song Of The Year, Best Urban Song and Best Urban Fusion/Performance, winning the latter. It won an MTV Europe Music Award and an MTV Video Music Award both for best collaboration, becoming Karol's first VMA win and making Shakira the Latin artist with the most VMA wins in history and the second in the category after the inaugural win with \"Beautiful Liar\" with Beyoncé.[5]","title":"TQG"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"Bizarrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarrap"},{"link_name":"volume 53","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira:_Bzrp_Music_Sessions,_Vol._53"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Monotonía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoton%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"\"TQG\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karol_G_and_Shakira_-_TQG.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"diss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diss_(music)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Anuel AA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuel_AA"},{"link_name":"Gerard Pique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Piqu%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mamiii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamiii"},{"link_name":"Becky G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becky_G"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"First rumours of a Karol G and Shakira collaboration started circulating in January 2023.[6][7] On February 14, 2023, Shakira wished Karol G a \"happy birthday\" message through social media, similar to how she did for her previous collaborator Bizarrap, whom she would collab for the volume 53 music session.[8][9]In a later interview with Rolling Stone, Karol G would reveal that she wrote the song in 2022 during an emotionally complex time. She explained that although she had intended to ask Shakira to collaborate, it wasn't intended to happen with \"TQG\". After listening to Shakira's \"Monotonía\", collaboration with Ozuna, she decided to send her the song. She added: \"listening to that story and where she was at, [TGQ] made a lot of sense. I sent it to her and she loved it.\"[10]\"TQG\"\n\nA 19-second audio sample of the song's chorus\nProblems playing this file? See media help.\"TQG\" is an acronym for the phrase \"Te Quedó Grande\";[11] is a reggaeton track,[12] but it's also considered as a diss.[13] The song's lyrics features \"shots\" directed at their ex-boyfriends, Puerto Rican artist Anuel AA and Spanish footballer Gerard Pique.[14][15] The song also presents lyrics sung by Shakira about Pique's current girlfriend, Clara Chia.[16]In an interview with Billboard, Giraldo revealed that the song was written with Ovy on the Drums and Keityn Cruz in a recording session for \"Mamiii\", collaboration with American singer Becky G. She explained how the song came to be and what it means to her:[17]We were trying to figure out what we were going to do, because I had said \"yes\" to Becky, and now we had two songs, but the topic was the same: heartbreak diss tracks. Then when I saw the story about Shakira and her situation, this song again gained meaning. I really want songs to have a meaning and connect with real stories. I would love for people to simply listen to this song, as a song. Obviously as artists, we write songs based on personal situations we've lived, but at the end of the day, those songs aren't aimed at anyone in particular, or are meant to hurt anyone. I'd love for my music to be divorced from a ton of situations and that people could enjoy them for what they are: songs that tell stories so people can identify with those stories.— Karol G on \"TQG\"","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"On February 21, 2023, Karol G officially revealed the song to be a collaboration with Shakira, despite having previously revealed that there would be no feature on the track.[18] That same day, Giraldo announced that she had a surprise for her fans in New York's Times Square which would turn out to be a teaser for the music video.[19]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Alexis Petridis of The Guardian commended the ethereal atmosphere that \"TQG\" has \"though frankly it's a bit phoned-in.\"[20] Ernesto Lechner from Rolling Stone called the song \"underwhelming\", stating \"her much-anticipated track with Colombian icon Shakira, \"TQG,\" feels underwhelming, especially since it arrives only weeks after the media circus that surrounded Shakira's massive new track with Bizarrap.\"[21]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"\"TQG\" debuted at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart dated March 11, 2023, becoming Karol G's first and Shakira's sixth top-ten entry on the chart. The song charted twenty weeks on the chart, with the first seven staying within the top 40.[24]On the US Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart, the song debuted at number one, becoming Karol's sixth and Shakira's thirteenth number one on the chart.[25]On the Billboard Global 200, the song also debuted at the top spot with 158.4 million streams and 10,000 sales for the week dated March 11, 2023, becoming both Karol G's and Shakira's first number one on that chart.[26][27]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The music video for \"TQG\" was directed by Pedro Artola and was released on Karol G's YouTube channel on February 24, 2023.[41] As of 2024, the music video has surpassed 1 billion views on the platform.[42]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TQG&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"Argentina Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardargentinahot100_Karol_G-43"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Crowley Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowley_Charts"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 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Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"ASAP EGC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Salvadore%C3%B1a_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Afines"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFPI-104"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"PROMUSICAE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROMUSICAE"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"CUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguayan_Chamber_of_Disc"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Monitor Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_Latino"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nChart performance for \"TQG\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nArgentina (Argentina Hot 100)[43]\n\n2\n\n\nArgentina (Monitor Latino)[44]\n\n3\n\n\nBolivia (Billboard)[45]\n\n1\n\n\nBolivia (Monitor Latino)[46]\n\n2\n\n\nBrazil Latin Airplay (Crowley Charts)[47]\n\n2\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[48]\n\n33\n\n\nCentral America (Monitor Latino)[49]\n\n1\n\n\nChile (Billboard)[50]\n\n1\n\n\nChile (Monitor Latino)[51]\n\n1\n\n\nColombia (Billboard)[52]\n\n1\n\n\nColombia (Monitor Latino)[53]\n\n1\n\n\nCosta Rica (Monitor Latino)[54]\n\n1\n\n\nCroatia (Billboard)[55]\n\n25\n\n\nDominican Republic (Monitor Latino)[56]\n\n1\n\n\nEcuador (Billboard)[57]\n\n1\n\n\nEcuador (Monitor Latino)[58]\n\n1\n\n\nEl Salvador (Monitor Latino)[59]\n\n1\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[60]\n\n30\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[61]\n\n1\n\n\nGreece International (IFPI)[62]\n\n46\n\n\nGuatemala (Monitor Latino)[63]\n\n2\n\n\nHonduras (Monitor Latino)[64]\n\n1\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[65]\n\n13\n\n\nIreland (IRMA)[66]\n\n40\n\n\nItaly (FIMI)[67]\n\n44\n\n\nLatin America (Monitor Latino)[68]\n\n1\n\n\nLuxembourg (Billboard)[69]\n\n11\n\n\nMexico (Billboard)[70]\n\n1\n\n\nNetherlands (Single Tip)[71]\n\n1\n\n\nNew Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[72]\n\n24\n\n\nNicaragua (Monitor Latino)[73]\n\n1\n\n\nPanama (Monitor Latino)[74]\n\n2\n\n\nPanama (PRODUCE)[75]\n\n1\n\n\nParaguay (Monitor Latino)[76]\n\n1\n\n\nPeru (Billboard)[77]\n\n1\n\n\nPeru (Monitor Latino)[78]\n\n1\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[79]\n\n12\n\n\nPuerto Rico (Monitor Latino)[80]\n\n1\n\n\nRomania (Romanian Radio Airplay)[81]\n\n1\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[82]\n\n1\n\n\nSuriname (Nationale Top 40)[83]\n\n30\n\n\nSweden Heatseeker (Sverigetopplistan)[84]\n\n19\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[85]\n\n5\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[86]\n\n88\n\n\nUruguay (Monitor Latino)[87]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[88]\n\n7\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[89]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Latin Airplay (Billboard)[90]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Rhythmic (Billboard)[91]\n\n24\n\n\nVenezuela (Monitor Latino)[92]\n\n8\n\n\n\nYear-end charts[edit]\n\nYear-end chart performance for \"TQG\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nArgentina (Monitor Latino)[93]\n\n27\n\n\nBolivia (Monitor Latino)[94]\n\n4\n\n\nChile (Monitor Latino)[95]\n\n4\n\n\nColombia (Monitor Latino)[96]\n\n8\n\n\nCosta Rica (Monitor Latino)[97]\n\n14\n\n\nDominican Republic (Monitor Latino)[98]\n\n7\n\n\nEcuador (Monitor Latino)[99]\n\n6\n\n\nEl Salvador (ASAP EGC)[100]\n\n5\n\n\nEl Salvador (Monitor Latino)[101]\n\n5\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[102]\n\n92\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[103]\n\n18\n\n\nGlobal Singles (IFPI)[104]\n\n15\n\n\nGuatemala (Monitor Latino)[105]\n\n5\n\n\nHonduras (Monitor Latino)[106]\n\n4\n\n\nMexico (Monitor Latino)[107]\n\n26\n\n\nNicaragua (Monitor Latino)[108]\n\n5\n\n\nSpain (PROMUSICAE)[109]\n\n6\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[110]\n\n73\n\n\nPanama (Monitor Latino)[111]\n\n6\n\n\nParaguay (Monitor Latino)[112]\n\n7\n\n\nPeru (Monitor Latino)[113]\n\n5\n\n\nPuerto Rico (Monitor Latino)[114]\n\n11\n\n\nUruguay (CUD)[115]\n\n18\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[116]\n\n65\n\n\nUS Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)[117]\n\n4\n\n\nUS Latin Airplay (Billboard)[118]\n\n1\n\n\nUS Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)[119]\n\n2\n\n\nUS Latin Rhythm Airplay (Billboard)[120]\n\n1\n\n\nVenezuela (Monitor Latino)[121]\n\n32","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]

[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"List of Billboard Global 200 number ones of 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Global_200_number_ones_of_2023"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_100_top-ten_singles_in_2023"},{"title":"List of Billboard Global 200 top 10 singles of 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Global_200_top_10_singles_of_2023"},{"title":"List of Billboard Hot Latin Songs and Latin Airplay number ones of 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Hot_Latin_Songs_and_Latin_Airplay_number_ones_of_2023"},{"title":"List of number-one singles of 2023 (Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_number-one_singles_of_2023_(Spain)"},{"title":"List of best-selling singles in Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_in_Spain"},{"title":"Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_2023"}]

[{"reference":"Topacio Long, Stephanie (February 25, 2023). \"Shakira & Karol G's Breakup Song \"TQG\" Seems To Shade Piqué Again\". Bustle. Retrieved August 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/shakira-karol-g-tqg-meaning-english-lyrics-exes","url_text":"\"Shakira & Karol G's Breakup Song \"TQG\" Seems To Shade Piqué Again\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bustle_(magazine)","url_text":"Bustle"}]},{"reference":"Linés, Esteban (February 24, 2023). \"Shakira y la nueva canción junto a Karol G con más dardos a Piqué: \"Y ahora quieres volver, ya lo suponía \"\". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 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Karol G y Shakira ganaron el premio a la mejor colaboración del año en los MTV VMA´s; estas fueron sus declaraciones\""}]},{"reference":"Gómez, Shirley (January 23, 2023). \"Karol G fuels rumors of a collaboration with Shakira\". ¡Hola!. Archived from the original on February 24, 2023. Retrieved February 22, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230123341817/karol-g-fuels-rumors-of-a-collaboration-with-shakira/","url_text":"\"Karol G fuels rumors of a collaboration with Shakira\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%A1Hola!","url_text":"¡Hola!"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230224183449/https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230123341817/karol-g-fuels-rumors-of-a-collaboration-with-shakira/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gómez, Shirley (February 15, 2023). \"Shakira and Karol G are officially releasing their first song together! This is what we know\". Hola!. 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Significado y cómo surgió de Shakira y Karol G\". Marca México (in Mexican Spanish). March 20, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marca.com/mx/trending/musica/2023/03/20/6418ddd2e2704e24308b45d6.html","url_text":"\"¿Qué quiere decir 'TQG'? Significado y cómo surgió de Shakira y Karol G\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ya puedes escuchar 'TQG', la canción de la venganza de Shakira y Karol G | Europa FM\". www.europafm.com (in Spanish). February 24, 2023. Retrieved August 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.europafm.com/noticias/musica/puedes-escuchar-tqg-cancion-venganza-shakira-karol_2023022463f79319af4bff00016737d0.html","url_text":"\"Ya puedes escuchar 'TQG', la canción de la venganza de Shakira y Karol G | Europa FM\""}]},{"reference":"Guy, Zoe (February 24, 2023). \"Shakira and Karol G Have a Guest Spot on The Truman Show\". Vulture. 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Karol G y Shakira ganaron el premio a la mejor colaboración del año en los MTV VMA´s; estas fueron sus declaraciones\""},{"Link":"https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230123341817/karol-g-fuels-rumors-of-a-collaboration-with-shakira/","external_links_name":"\"Karol G fuels rumors of a collaboration with Shakira\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230224183449/https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20230123341817/karol-g-fuels-rumors-of-a-collaboration-with-shakira/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.hola.com/us/entertainment/20230215342748/shakira-and-karol-g-are-officially-releasing-a-song-together/","external_links_name":"\"Shakira and Karol G are officially releasing their first song together! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_gerbil

Cape gerbil

["1 References"]

Species of rodent Cape gerbil Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Muridae Genus: Gerbilliscus Species: G. afra Binomial name Gerbilliscus afra(Gray, 1830) The Cape gerbil (Gerbilliscus afra) is a species of rodent found only in South Africa. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and temperate desert. References ^ Cassola, F. (2016). "Gerbilliscus afra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T21509A22427174. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T21509A22427174.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Coetzee, N. (30 April 2004). "Tatera afra". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004. Retrieved July 10, 2007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). "Superfamily Muroidea". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 894–1531. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. vteExtant species of subfamily Gerbillinae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordate Class: Mammalia Superorder: Euarchontoglires Order: Rodentia Family: Muridae Tribes Ammodillini, Desmodilliscini, Gerbillurini, TaterilliniAmmodilliniAmmodillus Ammodile (A. imbellis) DesmodillisciniDesmodilliscus Pouched gerbil (D. braueri) Pachyuromys Fat-tailed gerbil (P. duprasi) GerbilluriniDesmodillus Cape short-eared gerbil (D. auricularis) Gerbilliscus Cape gerbil (G. afra) Boehm's gerbil (G. boehmi) Highveld gerbil (G. brantsii) Guinean gerbil (G. guineae) Gorongoza gerbil (G. inclusus) Kemp's gerbil (G. kempi) Bushveld gerbil (G. leucogaster) black-tailed gerbil (G. nigricaudus) Phillips's gerbil (G. phillipsi) fringe-tailed gerbil (G. robustus) savanna gerbil (G. validus) Gerbillurus Hairy-footed gerbil (G. paeba) Namib brush-tailed gerbil (G. setzeri) dune hairy-footed gerbil (G. tytonis) bushy-tailed hairy-footed gerbil (G. vallinus) Tatera Indian gerbil (T. indica) TaterilliniTaterillus Robbins's tateril (T. arenarius) Congo gerbil (T. congicus) Emin's gerbil (T. emini) gracile tateril (T. gracilis) Harrington's gerbil (T. harringtoni) Lake Chad gerbil (T. lacustris) Petter's gerbil (T. petteri) Senegal gerbil (T. pygargus) Tranieri's tateril (T. tranieri) Tribe GerbilliniGerbillinaDipodillus Botta's gerbil (D. bottai) North African gerbil (D. campestris) Wagner's gerbil (D. dasyurus) Harwood's gerbil (D. harwoodi) James's gerbil (D. jamesi) Lowe's gerbil (D. lowei) Mackilligin's gerbil (D. mackilligini) greater short-tailed gerbil (D. maghrebi) rupicolous gerbil (D. rupicola) lesser short-tailed gerbil (D. simoni) Somalian gerbil (D. somalicus) Khartoum gerbil (D. stigmonyx) Kerkennah Islands gerbil (D. zakariai) GerbillusSubgenus Hendecapleura: Pleasant gerbil (G. amoenus) Brockman's gerbil (G. brockmani) black-tufted gerbil (G. famulus) Algerian gerbil (G. garamantis) Grobben's gerbil (G. grobbeni) pygmy gerbil (G. henleyi) Mauritanian gerbil (G. mauritaniae) Harrison's gerbil (G. mesopotamiae) Darfur gerbil (G. muriculus) Balochistan gerbil (G. nanus) large Aden gerbil (G. poecilops) principal gerbil (G. principulus) least gerbil (G. pusillus) sand gerbil (G. syrticus) vivacious gerbil (G. vivax) Gerbillus nanus and Gerbillus amoenus Waters's gerbil (G. watersi) Subgenus Gerbillus: Berbera gerbil (G. acticola) Agag gerbil (G. agag) Anderson's gerbil (G. andersoni) swarthy gerbil (G. aquilus) Burton's gerbil (G. burtoni) Cheesman's gerbil (G. cheesmani) Dongola gerbil (G. dongolanus) Dunn's gerbil (G. dunni) Flower's gerbil (G. floweri) lesser Egyptian gerbil (G. gerbillus) Indian hairy-footed gerbil (G. gleadowi) western gerbil (G. hesperinus) Hoogstraal's gerbil (G. hoogstraali) Lataste's gerbil (G. latastei) Sudan gerbil (G. nancillus) Nigerian gerbil (G. nigeriae) occidental gerbil (G. occiduus) pale gerbil (G. perpallidus) cushioned gerbil (G. pulvinatus) greater Egyptian gerbil (G. pyramidum) Rosalinda gerbil (G. rosalinda) Tarabul's gerbil (G. tarabuli) Microdillus Somali pygmy gerbil (M. peeli) RhombomyinaBrachiones Przewalski's gerbil (B. przewalskii) MerionesSubgenus Meriones: Tamarisk jird (M. tamariscinus) Subgenus Parameriones: Persian jird (M. persicus) king jird (M. rex) Subgenus Pallasiomys: Arabian jird (M. arimalius) Cheng's jird (M. chengi) Sundevall's jird (M. crassus) Dahl's jird (M. dahli) Moroccan jird (M. grandis) Libyan jird (M. libycus) midday jird (M. meridianus) Buxton's jird (M. sacramenti) Shaw's jird (M. shawi) Tristram's jird (M. tristrami) Mongolian jird (M. unguiculatus) Vinogradov's jird (M. vinogradovi) Zarudny's jird (M. zarudnyi) Subgenus Cheliones: Indian desert jird (M. hurrianae) Psammomys Sand rat (P. obesus) thin sand rat (P. vexillaris) Rhombomys Great gerbil (R. opimus) incertae sedisSekeetamys Bushy-tailed jird (S. calurus) Taxon identifiersGerbilliscus afra Wikidata: Q1765470 Wikispecies: Gerbilliscus afra GBIF: 4264940 iNaturalist: 74360 ITIS: 970786 IUCN: 21509 MDD: 1002986 MSW: 13001076 NCBI: 410298 Observation.org: 200615 Open Tree of Life: 630494 Gerbillus afra Wikidata: Q109647299 GBIF: 10421439 This Gerbillinae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonbanin_ambush

Clonbanin ambush

["1 References","2 External links"]

Successful IRA ambush against the British Army This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Clonbanin ambushPart of the Irish War of IndependenceDate5 March 1921LocationClonbanin, County Cork52°07′41″N 9°00′32″W / 52.128°N 9.009°W / 52.128; -9.009Result IRA victoryBelligerents Irish Republican Army  United KingdomCommanders and leaders Seán Moylan Paddy O'Brien Tom McEllistrim Hanway Robert Cumming †Strength almost 100 volunteers1 machine gun almost 40 soldiers1 armoured carCasualties and losses none 13 dead (incl. Lt Harold De Maligny), 15 wounded(Lynch/O'Donoghue)4 dead (Hopkinson)class=notpageimage| Location within island of IrelandvteIrish War of Independence Timeline Soloheadbeg Knocklong Holywell Sack of Balbriggan Rineen Tooreen Ballinalee Piltown Cross Tralee Bloody Sunday (Dublin) Kilmichael Burning of Cork Pickardstown Drumcondra Clonfin Dromkeen Upton Clonmult Coolavokig Sheemore Clonbanin Kilfaul Selton Hill Burgery Crossbarry Headford Scramoge Tourmakeady Kilmeena Custom House Carrowkennedy Rathcoole Coolacrease Bloody Sunday (Belfast) McMahon killings Arnon Street killings Dunmanway killings The Clonbanin ambush was an ambush carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 5 March 1921, during the Irish War of Independence. It took place in the townland of Clonbanin (a.k.a. Cloonbannin), County Cork. The IRA force was under the command of Sean Moylan and comprised almost 100 volunteers from counties Cork and Kerry, armed with rifles, hand grenades and a machine gun. Their target was a British Army convoy of three lorries, an armoured car and a touring car carrying Colonel Commandant Hanway Robert Cumming. The convoy was travelling from Killarney to Buttevant and comprised almost 40 soldiers of the East Lancashire Regiment. When the convoy entered the ambush position, IRA volunteers opened fire from elevated positions on both sides of the road. The three lorries and touring car were disabled, and the armoured car became stuck in the roadside ditch (although those inside fired from its machine guns). As Cumming jumped from his car, he was shot in the head and died instantly. Although accounts of British casualties differ, at least two Officers and two soldiers were killed and one policeman was wounded. The battle lasted slightly over an hour. As the IRA forces withdrew from one side of the road, a British officer and six soldiers attempted to flank the IRA on the other side. After a brief exchange of fire they retreated. The IRA is not believed to have sustained any casualties. References ^ "Bureau of military history - Witness Statement 764" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015. ^ Chronology of Irish History 1919 - 1923 Archived 2011-04-26 at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c "Brigadier Slain in Irish Ambush" Archived 29 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine - New York Times (7 March 1921) ^ O'Halpin, Eunan & Ó Corráin, Daithí (2020), The Dead of the Irish Revolution. Yale University Press, pg 322. ^ O'Halpin, pg 322 External links The Boys of the Millstreet Battalion Area article on ambush

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Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selton_Hill_ambush"},{"link_name":"Burgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgery_ambush"},{"link_name":"Crossbarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbarry_ambush"},{"link_name":"Headford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headford_Ambush"},{"link_name":"Scramoge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramoge_ambush"},{"link_name":"Tourmakeady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourmakeady_ambush"},{"link_name":"Kilmeena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmeena_ambush"},{"link_name":"Custom House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_the_Custom_House"},{"link_name":"Carrowkennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrowkennedy_ambush"},{"link_name":"Rathcoole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathcoole_ambush"},{"link_name":"Coolacrease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killings_at_Coolacrease"},{"link_name":"Bloody Sunday (Belfast)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1921)"},{"link_name":"McMahon killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon_killings"},{"link_name":"Arnon Street killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnon_Street_killings"},{"link_name":"Dunmanway killings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunmanway_killings"},{"link_name":"ambush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambush"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army"},{"link_name":"Irish War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"townland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townland"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Cork"},{"link_name":"Sean Moylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Moylan"},{"link_name":"Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"hand grenades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_grenade"},{"link_name":"machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_gun"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Colonel Commandant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_Commandant"},{"link_name":"Hanway Robert Cumming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanway_Robert_Cumming"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Killarney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killarney"},{"link_name":"Buttevant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttevant"},{"link_name":"East Lancashire Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Lancashire_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"vteIrish War of Independence\nTimeline\nSoloheadbeg\nKnocklong\nHolywell\nSack of Balbriggan\nRineen\nTooreen\nBallinalee\nPiltown Cross\nTralee\nBloody Sunday (Dublin)\nKilmichael\nBurning of Cork\nPickardstown\nDrumcondra\nClonfin\nDromkeen\nUpton\nClonmult\nCoolavokig\nSheemore\nClonbanin\nKilfaul\nSelton Hill\nBurgery\nCrossbarry\nHeadford\nScramoge\nTourmakeady\nKilmeena\nCustom House\nCarrowkennedy\nRathcoole\nCoolacrease\nBloody Sunday (Belfast)\nMcMahon killings\nArnon Street killings\nDunmanway killingsThe Clonbanin ambush was an ambush carried out by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) on 5 March 1921, during the Irish War of Independence. It took place in the townland of Clonbanin (a.k.a. Cloonbannin), County Cork.The IRA force was under the command of Sean Moylan and comprised almost 100 volunteers from counties Cork and Kerry, armed with rifles, hand grenades and a machine gun. Their target was a British Army convoy of three lorries, an armoured car and a touring car carrying Colonel Commandant Hanway Robert Cumming.[4] The convoy was travelling from Killarney to Buttevant and comprised almost 40 soldiers of the East Lancashire Regiment.When the convoy entered the ambush position, IRA volunteers opened fire from elevated positions on both sides of the road. The three lorries and touring car were disabled, and the armoured car became stuck in the roadside ditch (although those inside fired from its machine guns). As Cumming jumped from his car, he was shot in the head and died instantly. Although accounts of British casualties differ, at least two Officers and two soldiers were killed and one policeman was wounded.[5]The battle lasted slightly over an hour. As the IRA forces withdrew from one side of the road, a British officer and six soldiers attempted to flank the IRA on the other side. After a brief exchange of fire they retreated.The IRA is not believed to have sustained any casualties.","title":"Clonbanin ambush"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantasia_Press

Phantasia Press

["1 Bibliography of works published","2 References"]

American small publisher This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Phantasia Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) George Barr's cover illustration for Phantasia's first publication, L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt's Wall of Serpents (Phantasia, 1978). Phantasia Press LLC is an American small publisher formed by Alex Berman and the late Sidney Altus publishing hardcover limited editions of science fiction and fantasy books. It was active from 1978 to 1989. In 2023, Phantasia Press resumed publishing with releasing Mickey7 by Edward Ashton. In 2024 Diana Petroff joined Alex Berman as partner and co-publisher. The company is based in West Bloomfield, Michigan. The publisher specializes in limited quality first hardcover editions of authors prominent in the field, particularly Philip José Farmer, C. J. Cherryh, L. Sprague de Camp and Alan Dean Foster. Some of its offerings were true first editions; others, the first hardcover editions of works previously published in paperback. In a few instances there had been previous hardcover editions. The press started publication with a reprint of Wall of Serpents (L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt) and then The Reign of Wizardry (Jack Williamson). Authors published by Phantasia are Poul Anderson, Edward Ashton, Isaac Asimov (2 books), Steven Barnes, David Brin (2 books), Fredric Brown, Orson Scott Card, C. J. Cherryh (7 books), Arthur C. Clarke, Catherine Crook de Camp (2 books), L. Sprague de Camp (5 books), Harlan Ellison (2 books), Philip José Farmer (9 books), Alan Dean Foster (5 books), William Gibson, Stephen King, Larry Niven (3 books), Jerry Pournelle, Fletcher Pratt, Mike Resnick (2 books), Spider Robinson, William Shatner, Robert Silverberg, Jack Williamson (2 books), and Roger Zelazny. Artists contributing cover art to Phantasia editions included Randall Asplund, Wayne D. Barlowe, George Barr (3 covers), Doug Beekman,Jim Burns, David A. Cherry (7 covers), Alex Ebel (3 covers), Stephen Fabian, Frank Kelly Freas (2 covers), Kevin Eugene Johnson (6 covers), Eric Ladd, Paul Lehr (4 covers), Carl Lundgren, Jane Mackenzie, Chris Miller, Rowena Morrill (2 covers), Phil Parks, John Pound, Victoria Poyser (3 covers), Kirk Reinert, Romas, Alex Schomburg, Barclay Shaw (2 covers), Darrell K. Sweet, Václav Vaca, Ed Valigursky, and Michael Whelan. Bibliography of works published Wall of Serpents (1978) (L. Sprague de Camp, Fletcher Pratt) The Reign of Wizardry (1979) (Jack Williamson) The Ringworld Engineers (December 1979) (Larry Niven) The Maker of Universes (1980) (Philip José Farmer) The Purple Pterodactyls (January 1980) (L. Sprague de Camp) The Magic Labyrinth (May 1980) (Philip José Farmer) Firestarter (July 1980) (Stephen King) The Humanoid Touch (September 1980) (Jack Williamson) The Gates of Creation (1981) (Philip José Farmer) Dream Park (March 1981) (Larry Niven, Steven Barnes) A Private Cosmos (July 1981) (Philip José Farmer) Madwand (July 1981) (Roger Zelazny) Oath of Fealty (August 1981) (Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle) Behind the Walls of Terra (1982) (Philip José Farmer) The Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982) (L. Sprague de Camp) A Barnstormer in Oz or a Rationalization and Extrapolation of the Split-Level Continuum (August 1982) (Philip José Farmer) Stalking the Nightmare (September 1982) (Harlan Ellison) 2010: Odyssey Two (October 1982) (Arthur C. Clarke) Orion Shall Rise (1983) (Poul Anderson) The Robots of Dawn (1983) (Isaac Asimov) The Lavalite World (1983) (Philip José Farmer) Homefaring (1983) (Robert Silverberg) Spellsinger at the Gate (1983) (Alan Dean Foster) Orion Shall Rise (1983) (Poul Anderson) The Robots of Dawn (1983) (Isaac Asimov) The Bones of Zora (1983) (L. Sprague de Camp, Catherine Crook de Camp) Gods of Riverworld (August 1983) (Philip José Farmer) Forty Thousand in Gehenna (October 1983) (C. J. Cherryh) River of Eternity (November 1983) (Philip José Farmer) Eros Ascending (March 1984) (Mike Resnick) The Day of the Dissonance (June 1984) (Alan Dean Foster) Chanur's Venture (October 1984) (C. J. Cherryh) Eros at Zenith (October 1984) (Mike Resnick) The Moment of the Magician (October 1984) (Alan Dean Foster) Cuckoo's Egg (May 1985) (C. J. Cherryh) The Kif Strike Back (May 1985) (C. J. Cherryh) Medea: Harlan's World (June 1985) (Harlan Ellison) Robots and Empire (September 1985) (Isaac Asimov) Startide Rising (November 1985) (David Brin) The Paths of the Perambulator (November 1985) (Alan Dean Foster) Visible light (January 1986) (C. J. Cherryh) Neuromancer (May 1986) (William Gibson) Chanur's Homecoming (August 1986) (C. J. Cherryh) The Time of the Transference (August 1986) (Alan Dean Foster) Callahan and Company (1987) (Spider Robinson) The Pride of Chanur (March 1987) (C. J. Cherryh) The Uplift War (April 1987) (David Brin) The Incorporated Knight (August 1987) (L. Sprague de Camp, Catherine Crook de Camp) And the Gods Laughed (October 1987) (Fredric Brown) The Folk of the Fringe (April 1989) (Orson Scott Card) TekWar (October 1989) (William Shatner) Mickey 7 (August 2023) (Edward Ashton) Sundiver (Fall 2024) (David Brin) References Official website ISFDB entry for Phantasia Press

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Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Cherry"},{"link_name":"Alex Ebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ebel"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Frank Kelly Freas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Kelly_Freas"},{"link_name":"Kevin Eugene Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Eugene_Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Ladd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eric_Ladd&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Lehr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Lehr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Carl Lundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lundgren_(illustrator)"},{"link_name":"Jane Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jane_Mackenzie_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chris Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Miller_(artist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rowena Morrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowena_Morrill"},{"link_name":"Phil Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phil_Parks&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Pound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Pound&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Victoria Poyser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Poyser"},{"link_name":"Kirk Reinert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirk_Reinert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Romas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romas_Kukalis"},{"link_name":"Alex Schomburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Schomburg"},{"link_name":"Barclay Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barclay_Shaw"},{"link_name":"Darrell K. Sweet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_K._Sweet"},{"link_name":"Václav Vaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Vaca"},{"link_name":"Ed Valigursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Valigursky"},{"link_name":"Michael Whelan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Whelan"}],"text":"George Barr's cover illustration for Phantasia's first publication, L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt's Wall of Serpents (Phantasia, 1978).Phantasia Press LLC is an American small publisher formed by Alex Berman and the late Sidney Altus publishing hardcover limited editions of science fiction and fantasy books. It was active from 1978 to 1989. In 2023, Phantasia Press resumed publishing with releasing Mickey7 by Edward Ashton. In 2024 Diana Petroff joined Alex Berman as partner and co-publisher.The company is based in West Bloomfield, Michigan. The publisher specializes in limited quality first hardcover editions of authors prominent in the field, particularly Philip José Farmer, C. J. Cherryh, L. Sprague de Camp and Alan Dean Foster. Some of its offerings were true first editions; others, the first hardcover editions of works previously published in paperback. In a few instances there had been previous hardcover editions.The press started publication with a reprint of Wall of Serpents (L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt) and then The Reign of Wizardry (Jack Williamson).Authors published by Phantasia are Poul Anderson, Edward Ashton, Isaac Asimov (2 books), Steven Barnes, David Brin (2 books), Fredric Brown, Orson Scott Card, C. J. Cherryh (7 books), Arthur C. Clarke, Catherine Crook de Camp (2 books), L. Sprague de Camp (5 books), Harlan Ellison (2 books), Philip José Farmer (9 books), Alan Dean Foster (5 books), William Gibson, Stephen King, Larry Niven (3 books), Jerry Pournelle, Fletcher Pratt, Mike Resnick (2 books), Spider Robinson, William Shatner, Robert Silverberg, Jack Williamson (2 books), and Roger Zelazny.Artists contributing cover art to Phantasia editions included Randall Asplund, Wayne D. Barlowe, George Barr (3 covers), Doug Beekman,Jim Burns, David A. Cherry (7 covers), Alex Ebel (3 covers), Stephen Fabian, Frank Kelly Freas (2 covers), Kevin Eugene Johnson (6 covers), Eric Ladd, Paul Lehr (4 covers), Carl Lundgren, Jane Mackenzie, Chris Miller, Rowena Morrill (2 covers), Phil Parks, John Pound, Victoria Poyser (3 covers), Kirk Reinert, Romas, Alex Schomburg, Barclay Shaw (2 covers), Darrell K. Sweet, Václav Vaca, Ed Valigursky, and Michael Whelan.","title":"Phantasia Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wall of Serpents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Serpents"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Fletcher Pratt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_Pratt"},{"link_name":"The Reign of Wizardry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Reign_of_Wizardry&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jack Williamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Williamson"},{"link_name":"The Ringworld Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ringworld_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Larry Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Niven"},{"link_name":"The Maker of Universes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Maker_of_Universes"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"The Purple Pterodactyls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Purple_Pterodactyls"},{"link_name":"L. 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Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"A Barnstormer in Oz or a Rationalization and Extrapolation of the Split-Level Continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Barnstormer_in_Oz"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Stalking the Nightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalking_the_Nightmare"},{"link_name":"Harlan Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison"},{"link_name":"2010: Odyssey Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010:_Odyssey_Two"},{"link_name":"Arthur C. Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke"},{"link_name":"Orion Shall Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Shall_Rise"},{"link_name":"Poul Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Anderson"},{"link_name":"The Robots of Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robots_of_Dawn"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"The Lavalite World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lavalite_World&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Homefaring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homefaring&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Silverberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Silverberg"},{"link_name":"Spellsinger at the Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spellsinger_at_the_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alan Dean Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dean_Foster"},{"link_name":"Orion Shall Rise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_Shall_Rise"},{"link_name":"The Robots of Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Robots_of_Dawn"},{"link_name":"The Bones of Zora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bones_of_Zora"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Catherine Crook de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Crook_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Gods of Riverworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods_of_Riverworld"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Forty Thousand in Gehenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Thousand_in_Gehenna"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"River of Eternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_of_Eternity"},{"link_name":"Philip José Farmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer"},{"link_name":"Mike Resnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Resnick"},{"link_name":"The Day of the Dissonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Day_of_the_Dissonance"},{"link_name":"Alan Dean Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dean_Foster"},{"link_name":"Chanur's Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanur%27s_Venture"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"Mike Resnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Resnick"},{"link_name":"The Moment of the Magician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moment_of_the_Magician"},{"link_name":"Alan Dean Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dean_Foster"},{"link_name":"Cuckoo's Egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo%27s_Egg"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"The Kif Strike Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kif_Strike_Back"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"Medea: Harlan's World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medea:_Harlan%27s_World"},{"link_name":"Harlan Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Robots and Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robots_and_Empire"},{"link_name":"Isaac Asimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Asimov"},{"link_name":"Startide Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startide_Rising"},{"link_name":"David Brin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brin"},{"link_name":"The Paths of the Perambulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Paths_of_the_Perambulator"},{"link_name":"Alan Dean Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dean_Foster"},{"link_name":"Visible light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visible_Light_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"Neuromancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromancer"},{"link_name":"William Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Chanur's Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanur%27s_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"The Time of the Transference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Time_of_the_Transference"},{"link_name":"Alan Dean Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Dean_Foster"},{"link_name":"Callahan and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan%27s_Crosstime_Saloon"},{"link_name":"Spider Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Robinson"},{"link_name":"The Pride of Chanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pride_of_Chanur"},{"link_name":"C. J. Cherryh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Cherryh"},{"link_name":"The Uplift War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Uplift_War"},{"link_name":"David Brin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brin"},{"link_name":"The Incorporated Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Incorporated_Knight"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Catherine Crook de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Crook_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"And the Gods Laughed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=And_the_Gods_Laughed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fredric Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredric_Brown"},{"link_name":"The Folk of the Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Folk_of_the_Fringe"},{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"TekWar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TekWar"},{"link_name":"William Shatner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shatner"},{"link_name":"Mickey 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_7&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sundiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sundiver"}],"text":"Wall of Serpents (1978) (L. Sprague de Camp, Fletcher Pratt)\nThe Reign of Wizardry (1979) (Jack Williamson)\nThe Ringworld Engineers (December 1979) (Larry Niven)\nThe Maker of Universes (1980) (Philip José Farmer)\nThe Purple Pterodactyls (January 1980) (L. Sprague de Camp)\nThe Magic Labyrinth (May 1980) (Philip José Farmer)\nFirestarter (July 1980) (Stephen King)\nThe Humanoid Touch (September 1980) (Jack Williamson)\nThe Gates of Creation (1981) (Philip José Farmer)\nDream Park (March 1981) (Larry Niven, Steven Barnes)\nA Private Cosmos (July 1981) (Philip José Farmer)\nMadwand (July 1981) (Roger Zelazny)\nOath of Fealty (August 1981) (Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle)\nBehind the Walls of Terra (1982) (Philip José Farmer)\nThe Prisoner of Zhamanak (1982) (L. Sprague de Camp)\nA Barnstormer in Oz or a Rationalization and Extrapolation of the Split-Level Continuum (August 1982) (Philip José Farmer)\nStalking the Nightmare (September 1982) (Harlan Ellison)\n2010: Odyssey Two (October 1982) (Arthur C. Clarke)\nOrion Shall Rise (1983) (Poul Anderson)\nThe Robots of Dawn (1983) (Isaac Asimov)\nThe Lavalite World (1983) (Philip José Farmer)\nHomefaring (1983) (Robert Silverberg)\nSpellsinger at the Gate (1983) (Alan Dean Foster)\nOrion Shall Rise (1983) (Poul Anderson)\nThe Robots of Dawn (1983) (Isaac Asimov)\nThe Bones of Zora (1983) (L. Sprague de Camp, Catherine Crook de Camp)\nGods of Riverworld (August 1983) (Philip José Farmer)\nForty Thousand in Gehenna (October 1983) (C. J. Cherryh)\nRiver of Eternity (November 1983) (Philip José Farmer)\nEros Ascending (March 1984) (Mike Resnick)\nThe Day of the Dissonance (June 1984) (Alan Dean Foster)\nChanur's Venture (October 1984) (C. J. Cherryh)\nEros at Zenith (October 1984) (Mike Resnick)\nThe Moment of the Magician (October 1984) (Alan Dean Foster)\nCuckoo's Egg (May 1985) (C. J. Cherryh)\nThe Kif Strike Back (May 1985) (C. J. Cherryh)\nMedea: Harlan's World (June 1985) (Harlan Ellison)\nRobots and Empire (September 1985) (Isaac Asimov)\nStartide Rising (November 1985) (David Brin)\nThe Paths of the Perambulator (November 1985) (Alan Dean Foster)\nVisible light (January 1986) (C. J. Cherryh)\nNeuromancer (May 1986) (William Gibson)\nChanur's Homecoming (August 1986) (C. J. Cherryh)\nThe Time of the Transference (August 1986) (Alan Dean Foster)\nCallahan and Company (1987) (Spider Robinson)\nThe Pride of Chanur (March 1987) (C. J. Cherryh)\nThe Uplift War (April 1987) (David Brin)\nThe Incorporated Knight (August 1987) (L. Sprague de Camp, Catherine Crook de Camp)\nAnd the Gods Laughed (October 1987) (Fredric Brown)\nThe Folk of the Fringe (April 1989) (Orson Scott Card)\nTekWar (October 1989) (William Shatner)\nMickey 7 (August 2023) (Edward Ashton)\nSundiver (Fall 2024) (David Brin)","title":"Bibliography of works published"}]

[{"image_text":"George Barr's cover illustration for Phantasia's first publication, L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt's Wall of Serpents (Phantasia, 1978).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e9/Wall_of_Serpents_-_Phantasia.jpg"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadeite_(disambiguation)

Jadeite (disambiguation)

["1 See also"]

Look up jadeite in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Jadeite is one of the constituent minerals of the gemstone known as jade. Jadeite may also refer to: Jadeite (character), a character in Sailor Moon media Jadeite (kitchenware), a jade-green coloured opaque milk glass used for kitchenware in the mid-20th century See also Jadite, a type of translucent green glassware or vaseline glass ware Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Jadeite.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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[]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Brewing_Company

Ballarat Bitter

["1 History","2 Limited edition releases","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]

Beer brewed by Ballarat Brewing Company of Ballarat, Australia Ballarat Bitter Can; produced in 2006 Ballarat Bitter is a 4.9% (abv) Australian beer, originally brewed in Ballarat, Australia by the Ballarat Brewing Company and now owned by the Japanese conglomerate Asahi Breweries. History The beer is of the bitter top fermented ale variety, and was traditionally sold in 750ml longnecked bottles, with the label featuring the character "Ballarat Bertie", who was conceived in 1926 on a train journey between Melbourne and Sydney by a Ballarat Brewing Company director and an advertising agency. The Ballarat Brewing Company beer division was bought out by Carlton & United Beverages (or Carlton & United Breweries as it was known at the time, commonly abbreviated to 'CUB') in 1989, and the Ballarat bottling operations subsequently closed. The Ballarat Brewing Company itself, board of directors and ownership of 160 pubs across Victoria continued until taken over by Foster's Group in 1997 with its buyout of remaining shares. Limited edition releases In December 2006, following a request by the crew of the Anzac class frigate HMAS Ballarat (which uses the caricature of "Ballarat Bertie" from the label as a mascot) to Catherine King, the Member of Parliament representing the Division of Ballarat, Foster's Group (CUB's parent company) created a limited run of the beer. An initial release of 40 pallets (4,800 slabs, 115,200 individual cans) sold out within days of release, with $1 from every slab donated to the United Way charities. A second run of 50 pallets was released shortly after. In November 2011 another limited edition release of the beer was brewed by CUB, with the 300 kegs being distributed between 26 licensed premises in Ballarat for the Ballarat Cup weekend. A limited supply of cans was available the following month. See also Beer portalVictoria portal Australian pub Beer in Australia List of breweries in Australia References ^ "The Great Aussie Beer Page - Bitter Ale". ^ Andrew Jefferson (17 November 2006). "Cheers to the return of a great Ballarat icon". The Courier. Retrieved 17 November 2011. ^ Australian Beers' History of CUB ^ Bertie sets sail again (via Internet Archive) ^ a b "Buying up big on Bertie beer". The Courier. 12 December 2006. Archived from the original on 15 August 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008. ^ Jordan Oliver (17 November 2011). "Ballarat Bitter kegs released to city pubs". The Courier. Retrieved 17 November 2011. External links Official Foster's Group site Official HMAS Ballarat Royal Australian Navy site

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[{"image_text":"Ballarat Bitter Can; produced in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/BallaratBitterCan.jpg/220px-BallaratBitterCan.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulchs

Ulch people

["1 History","1.1 Lifestyle","1.2 Clothing","1.3 Genetics","2 Language","3 Religion","4 References"]

Indigenous ethnic group of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (May 2009) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Russian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 928 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ru|Ульчи}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Ethnic group UlchsAlternative names:Ulch, Ul'chi, UlchiTotal population2,913 (2002 estimate)Regions with significant populations Russia2,765 Ukraine76LanguagesUlch, RussianReligionShamanism, Russian OrthodoxyRelated ethnic groupsOrok, Evenki, Negidals, Nanai, Udege, Settlement of Ulchi in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 census The Ulch people, also known as Ulch or Ulchi, (Russian: ульчи, obsolete ольчи; Ulch: нани, nani) are an Indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who speak a Tungusic language known as Ulch. Over 90% of Ulchis live in Ulchsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. According to the 2002 census, there were 2,913 Ulchs living in Russia—down from 3,173 recorded in the 1989 census, but up from 2,494 recorded in the 1979 census, and 2,410 recorded in the 1970 census. According to the 2010 census there were 2,765 Ulchs in Russia. History An Ulchi man and woman The Ulch people descend from the autochthonous Paleolithic population of coastal Northeast Asia and were found to be very similar to ancient samples found in this region from about 8000 years ago. The Ulch people are often classified as one of the ancient Paleosiberian peoples, which is however not an ethno-linguistic group but a term applied to various ethnic groups of Siberia which do not belong to the bigger Northeast Asian populations (such as Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic populations). Others classify them as one of the Tungusic peoples as their language belongs to the Tungusic languages. Lifestyle The first mention of the Ulchi is from the Russians and dates back to the 17th century. The Ulchi led a sedentary lifestyle in small villages of two to five houses. The villages had both winter and summer dwellings. The ancient winter dwelling, the "hagdu", was a ground frame structure made of pillars and logs with a gable roof without a ceiling, and an earthen or clay floor. The house was heated by two kanovye hearths. In extreme cold, the Ulch also used large metal braziers on three legs with burning coals. A characteristic feature of the Ulch winter dwelling is the presence of a "dog table", or uycheu - a low platform on which sled dogs were fed. Summer dwellings were of two types - quadrangular made of poles with gable roofs, covered with bark (daura) and pile letniki (gengga). While fishing, the Ulchi built small cylindrical homiran huts. Fishing is the main branch of their traditional economic complex. Their most important food source was the anadromous salmon. The needs of their catch largely determined the settlement pattern of the Ulchi - along the right bank of the main channel of the Amur, on the main routes of the salmon returning to their spawning grounds. The traditional fishing equipment consisted of gear nets, rides, hook tackle, different types of stocks and the like. Each of them was used, depending on the season, weather conditions, water level in the river, fishing objects, and many other characteristics. Fish were caught both for daily consumption and for storage. The main method of preserving the catch was to make yukola - fish dried in the wind and sun in the form of thin long plates. Hunting was of secondary importance, mostly fur animals, since furs were in great demand among traders. They mostly hunted Siberian rabbit, squirrel, otter, fox, and most importantly, sable. At the end of the 19th century, sable was already rare on the Amur, so they went on long expeditions to Sakhalin, to the basins of the Amgun, Gorin River  and Tumnin, on the coast of the Tatar Strait and on Hokkaido. Ungulates (elk, deer) were hunted all year round using crossbows. Hunting for sea animals also played a significant role in their economic life, and they caught seals and sea lions. Clothing The upper summer clothing for men and women was kimono-cut cloth capchum robes with a left hem that was fastened on the right side. Ornaments on men's clothing were rare. Winter clothing was insulated (quilted on cotton wool). In winter, fur coats were also worn, cut like a robe and covered on top with cotton or silk fabric. Winter hats looked like a hood with a top made of white dog kamuses and a fox trim around the face. In severe frosts, a devil's fur earmuffs were worn under such a hat. In the summer they used birch bark hats. Shoes were made of fish , deer and elk leather ( rovduga ), seal and sea lion leather. The term "shaved-head people" was used to describe the Nanai people by Ulch people. Genetics According to Sukernik et al. (2012), the mitochondrial DNA of the present-day Ulchi population belongs predominantly to haplogroup Y1a (69/160 = 43.1%), which is shared with Nivkhs, Koryaks, Evens, and Mongolians and is estimated to have a time to most recent common ancestor of approximately 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years before present on the basis of complete genomes or approximately 1,800 (95% CI 800 <-> 2,900) years before present on the basis of synonymous positions. Another 20% of the present-day Ulchi population belongs to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D, which is significantly more diverse than their haplogroup Y1a mtDNA and can be resolved as follows: 12/160 = 7.5% D4o2, 4/160 = 2.5% D4h, 3/160 = 1.9% D4e4, 3/160 = 1.9% D4j, 2/160 = 1.25% D3, 2/160 = 1.25% D4c2, 1/160 = 0.6% D4a1, 1/160 = 0.6% D4b2b, 1/160 = 0.6% D4g2b, 1/160 = 0.6% D4m2, 1/160 = 0.6% D4o1, 1/160 = 0.6% D5a. Haplogroups C (20/160 = 12.5%, including 11/160 = 6.9% C5, 5/160 = 3.1% C4b, 3/160 = 1.9% C4a1, 1/160 = 0.6% C1a) and G (14/160 = 8.75%, including 12/160 = 7.5% G1b and 2/160 = 1.25% G2a1) are also well represented. The remainder of the Ulchi mitochondrial DNA pool consists of haplogroups N9b (7/160 = 4.4%), M8a (6/160 = 3.75%), F1a (5/160 = 3.1%), M7 (4/160 = 2.5%), M9a1 (1/160 = 0.6%), Z1 (1/160 = 0.6%), and B5b2 (1/160 = 0.6%). According to a study by Balanovska et al. (2018), present-day Ulchi males belong to Y-DNA haplogroups C-M217(xM48, M407) (18/52 = 34.6%), C-M48 (18/52 = 34.6%, including 9/52 = 17.3% C-M86/F12355(xB470, F13686), 4/52 = 7.7% C-F13686, 1/52 = 1.9% C-B470, and 4/52 = 7.7% C-B93(xGG_16645386), the last of which is a deeply divergent branch belonging to C-M48(xM86)), O-M175 (8/52 = 15.4%, including 6/52 = 11.5% O-M122(xP201), 1/52 = 1.9% O-M119, and 1/52 = 1.9% O-P31), Q-M242(xM120) (3/52 = 5.8%), N-M231 (3/52 = 5.8%, including 1/52 = 1.9% N-M231(xM128, P43, M178), 1/52 = 1.9% N-M2118, and 1/52 = 1.9% N-B479), I-P37 (1/52 = 1.9%), and J–M267(xP58) (1/52 = 1.9%). The population genetics of the Ulchi are linked to 7,700 year old remains from Chertovy Vorota Cave ("Devil's Gate") and are also genetically similar to an East Asian genetic component within Native Americans. The Ulchi do not appear to have originally possessed the "Ancient North Eurasian" (ANE) genetic component found in low frequency in Native Americans and Central Asian, as well as in higher percentage in South Asian, and West Eurasian (European and Middle Eastern) populations; and thus are suggested to represent the East Asian component of Native Americans. Language Main article: Ulch language The Ulch language belongs to the southern (Amur) branch of the Tungusic languages. Along with the languages of the Nanai people and the Oroks, it contains relics of the ancient pre-Tungusic "Amuric" vocabulary, which makes it possible to consider the ancestors of the Ulchi as one of the most ancient inhabitants of the Amur region. Religion This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) See also: Shamanism in Siberia The traditional religion of the Ulchi, as well as of other peoples of the Amur region, is expressed by animism and shamanism. A large role in the social life of the Ulchi is their system of cults of family and ancestors (ancestor worship). Their religion bears similarities to the religion of the Nivkh people and Ainu people.Interior of a Mangun House, drawing by Richard Maack ca. 1854-1860 History of the Priamurye region also including Heilongjiang, Amur Oblast and southern part of Khabarovsk Krai Sushen Mohe • Shiwei Balhae Khitan Liao dynasty • Daurs Jin dynasty (1115–1234) • Nivkh Eastern Jin (1215–1234) Yuan dynasty • Evenks Yeren Jurchens • Solon Khanate Nurgan Regional Military Commission Qing dynasty • Nanais • Ulchs Russian Exploration • Negidals Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) Nerchinsk Government-General of Eastern Siberia Aigun Li–Lobanov Treaty Siberian Regional Government Far Eastern Republic Far Eastern Oblast Soviet invasion of Manchuria (1945) Sino-Soviet border conflict Far Eastern Federal District vte References ^ Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity (in Russian) ^ http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=100&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=5 ^ Русакова, Екатерина. "Ульчи оказались коренным народом со стажем 8000 лет". nplus1.ru. Retrieved 2020-12-05. ^ Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2011). Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore (illustrated, reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 21. ISBN 978-3110221053. Volume 15, Issue 4 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation ^ a b Sukernik, Rem I.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B. (2012). "Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148 (1): 123–138. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22050. PMID 22487888. ^ E. V. Balanovska, Y. V. Bogunov, E. N. Kamenshikova, et al. (2018), "Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population." Russian Journal of Genetics, 2018, Vol. 54, No. 10, pp. 1245–1253. ISSN 1022-7954. ^ Siska, V; Jones, ER; Jeon, S; Bhak, Y; Kim, HM; Cho, YS; Kim, H; Lee, K; Veselovskaya, E; Balueva, T; Gallego-Llorente, M; Hofreiter, M; Bradley, DG; Eriksson, A; Pinhasi, R; Bhak, J; Manica, A (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Sci Adv. 3 (2): e1601877. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156. ^ Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). "Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago". Science Advances. 3 (2): e1601877. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ulch people. vteEthnic groups in RussiaTitularnationalities Adyghe Bzhedugs Natukhajs Altaians Chelkans Telengits Tubalars Balkars Bashkirs Buryats Chechens Aukhovite Chechens Chukchi Chuvash Cherkess Besleney Crimean Tatars Indigenous peoples of Dagestan Ingush Kabardians Kalmyks Karachays Karelians Khakas Koibals Khanty Komi Izhma Komi Komi-Permyak Mansi Mari Meadow-Eastern Mari Mountain Mari Northwestern Mari Mordvins Mokshas Erzyas Nenets Khandeyar Ossetians Digors Irons Russians Cossacks Amur-Ussuri Cossacks Baikal Cossacks Kuban Cossacks Pomors Shapsugs Tuvans Tozhu Tuvans Udmurts Volga Tatars (as Tatars) Astrakhan Tatars Kryashens Mishar Tatars Nağaybäks Yakuts IndigenouspeoplesFar North Aleuts Chukchis Chulyms Chuvans Dolgans Enets Itelmens Kamchadals Kereks Kets Yughs Khanty Koryaks Alyutors Apuka Karaga Mansi Naukan Nenets Khandeyar Nganasans Selkups Yukaghir Yupiks Northwest Izhorians Sámi Setos Vepsians Votians Far East Evenks Hamnigans Evens Nanai Negidals Nivkhs Orochs Oroks Taz Udege Ulchs Siberia Kamasins Kumandins Shors Aba Soyots Siberian Tatars Baraba Tatars Chat Tatars Eushta Tatars Kalmak Tatars Siberian Bukharans Zabolotnie Tatars Teleuts Tofalars Dagestan Abazins Aghuls Aukhovite Chechens Avars Akhvakhs Andis Archis Bagvalals Bezhtas Botlikhs Chamalals Godoberi Hinukhs Hunzibs Karatas Khwarshi Tindis Tsez Azerbaijanis Dargins Kaitags Kubachins Kumyks Laks Lezgins Nogais Ak Nogai Karagash Rutuls Tabasarans Talysh Tats Tsakhurs Other Besermyan Tver Karelians Other ethnic peoples Abkhaz Afghans Americans Arabs Armenians Cherkesogai Assyrians Azerbaijanis Belarusians Bosniaks Britons Bulgarians Bukharan Jews Crimean Karaites Cubans Czechs Dungans Estonians Setos Finns Ingrian Finns Murmansk Finns Siberian Finns French Gagauz Georgians Adjarians Ingiloy Laz Mingrelians Svans Georgian Jews Germans Mennonites Volga Germans Greeks Urums Han Hamshenis Hungarians Indians Italians Japanese Jews Kazakhs Astrakhan Kazakhs Koreans North Koreans Sakhalin Koreans Krymchaks Kurds Kurmanj Kyrgyz Latvians Latgalians Lithuanians Macedonians Meskhetian Turks Moldovans Montenegrins Mountain Jews Mugat Norwegians Kola Norwegians Pakistanis Pamiris Persians Poles Roma Ruska Roma Romanians Rusyns Serbs Slovaks Slovenes Spaniards Swedes Ural Swedes Tajiks Turkmens Turks Udis Ukrainians Uzbeks Uyghurs Vietnamese Yazidis Unrecognized peoples Africans Ainus Armeno-Tats Astrakhan Jews Buzava Caucasus Greeks Crimean Italians Korlaks Pontic Greeks Qaratay Sireniki Assimilated peoples Chud Muroma Merya Meschera Siberian Bukharans vteTungusic peoples Evens Evenks Solons Oroqens Negidals Duchers Udeges Orochs Taz Sushen (controversial) Yilou (controversial) Wuji (controversial) Shiwei (controversial) Mohes (controversial, including Heishui Mohe, Sumo Mohe etc.) Jurchens (including Five state tribes; Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi Jurchens, Wild Jurchens) Manchus Sibes Nanais Ulchs Oroks Italics indicate extinct group Authority control databases: National Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%A4%D0%9E_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC,_%D0%B2_%25.png"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Ulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulch_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Far East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Far_East"},{"link_name":"Tungusic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_languages"},{"link_name":"Ulchsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulchsky_District"},{"link_name":"Khabarovsk Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"2002 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Russian_census"},{"link_name":"1989 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"1979 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Soviet_census"},{"link_name":"1970 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Soviet_census"}],"text":"Ethnic groupSettlement of Ulchi in the Far Eastern Federal District by urban and rural settlements in%, 2010 censusThe Ulch people, also known as Ulch or Ulchi, (Russian: ульчи, obsolete ольчи; Ulch: нани, nani) are an Indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who speak a Tungusic language known as Ulch. Over 90% of Ulchis live in Ulchsky District of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. According to the 2002 census, there were 2,913 Ulchs living in Russia—down from 3,173 recorded in the 1989 census, but up from 2,494 recorded in the 1979 census, and 2,410 recorded in the 1970 census. According to the 2010 census there were 2,765 Ulchs in Russia.","title":"Ulch people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ulches.jpg"},{"link_name":"Northeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Paleosiberian peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleosiberian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tungusic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_languages"}],"text":"An Ulchi man and womanThe Ulch people descend from the autochthonous Paleolithic population of coastal Northeast Asia and were found to be very similar to ancient samples found in this region from about 8000 years ago.[3]The Ulch people are often classified as one of the ancient Paleosiberian peoples, which is however not an ethno-linguistic group but a term applied to various ethnic groups of Siberia which do not belong to the bigger Northeast Asian populations (such as Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic populations). Others classify them as one of the Tungusic peoples as their language belongs to the Tungusic languages.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anadromous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anadromous"},{"link_name":"Amur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur"},{"link_name":"yukola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukola"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"},{"link_name":"Amgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgun_River"},{"link_name":"Gorin River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorin_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorin_(Fluss)"},{"link_name":"Tatar Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Tatary"},{"link_name":"Hokkaido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkaido"}],"sub_title":"Lifestyle","text":"The first mention of the Ulchi is from the Russians and dates back to the 17th century.The Ulchi led a sedentary lifestyle in small villages of two to five houses. The villages had both winter and summer dwellings. The ancient winter dwelling, the \"hagdu\", was a ground frame structure made of pillars and logs with a gable roof without a ceiling, and an earthen or clay floor. The house was heated by two kanovye hearths. In extreme cold, the Ulch also used large metal braziers on three legs with burning coals. A characteristic feature of the Ulch winter dwelling is the presence of a \"dog table\", or uycheu - a low platform on which sled dogs were fed. Summer dwellings were of two types - quadrangular made of poles with gable roofs, covered with bark (daura) and pile letniki (gengga). While fishing, the Ulchi built small cylindrical homiran huts.Fishing is the main branch of their traditional economic complex. Their most important food source was the anadromous salmon. The needs of their catch largely determined the settlement pattern of the Ulchi - along the right bank of the main channel of the Amur, on the main routes of the salmon returning to their spawning grounds. The traditional fishing equipment consisted of gear nets, rides, hook tackle, different types of stocks and the like. Each of them was used, depending on the season, weather conditions, water level in the river, fishing objects, and many other characteristics. Fish were caught both for daily consumption and for storage. The main method of preserving the catch was to make yukola - fish dried in the wind and sun in the form of thin long plates.Hunting was of secondary importance, mostly fur animals, since furs were in great demand among traders. They mostly hunted Siberian rabbit, squirrel, otter, fox, and most importantly, sable.At the end of the 19th century, sable was already rare on the Amur, so they went on long expeditions to Sakhalin, to the basins of the Amgun, Gorin River [de] and Tumnin, on the coast of the Tatar Strait and on Hokkaido. Ungulates (elk, deer) were hunted all year round using crossbows. Hunting for sea animals also played a significant role in their economic life, and they caught seals and sea lions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nanai people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanai_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Clothing","text":"The upper summer clothing for men and women was kimono-cut cloth capchum robes with a left hem that was fastened on the right side. Ornaments on men's clothing were rare. Winter clothing was insulated (quilted on cotton wool). In winter, fur coats were also worn, cut like a robe and covered on top with cotton or silk fabric. Winter hats looked like a hood with a top made of white dog kamuses and a fox trim around the face. In severe frosts, a devil's fur earmuffs were worn under such a hat. In the summer they used birch bark hats. Shoes were made of fish , deer and elk leather ( rovduga ), seal and sea lion leather.The term \"shaved-head people\" was used to describe the Nanai people by Ulch people.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"haplogroup Y1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Y_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sukernik2012-5"},{"link_name":"haplogroup D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_D_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(mtDNA)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sukernik2012-5"},{"link_name":"C-M217(xM48, M407)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M217"},{"link_name":"C-M48","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_C-M48"},{"link_name":"O-M175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M175"},{"link_name":"O-M122(xP201)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122"},{"link_name":"O-M119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M119"},{"link_name":"O-P31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M268"},{"link_name":"Q-M242(xM120)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242"},{"link_name":"N-M231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231"},{"link_name":"I-P37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M438"},{"link_name":"J–M267(xP58)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M267"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Balanovska2018-6"},{"link_name":"population genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_genetics"},{"link_name":"Chertovy Vorota Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chertovy_Vorota_Cave"},{"link_name":"East Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asians"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Ancient North Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_North_Eurasian"},{"link_name":"Central Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asian_people"},{"link_name":"South Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian"},{"link_name":"West Eurasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Eurasian"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_people"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Genetics","text":"According to Sukernik et al. (2012), the mitochondrial DNA of the present-day Ulchi population belongs predominantly to haplogroup Y1a (69/160 = 43.1%), which is shared with Nivkhs, Koryaks, Evens, and Mongolians and is estimated to have a time to most recent common ancestor of approximately 6,000 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 8,800) years before present on the basis of complete genomes or approximately 1,800 (95% CI 800 <-> 2,900) years before present on the basis of synonymous positions.[5] Another 20% of the present-day Ulchi population belongs to mitochondrial DNA haplogroup D, which is significantly more diverse than their haplogroup Y1a mtDNA and can be resolved as follows: 12/160 = 7.5% D4o2, 4/160 = 2.5% D4h, 3/160 = 1.9% D4e4, 3/160 = 1.9% D4j, 2/160 = 1.25% D3, 2/160 = 1.25% D4c2, 1/160 = 0.6% D4a1, 1/160 = 0.6% D4b2b, 1/160 = 0.6% D4g2b, 1/160 = 0.6% D4m2, 1/160 = 0.6% D4o1, 1/160 = 0.6% D5a. Haplogroups C (20/160 = 12.5%, including 11/160 = 6.9% C5, 5/160 = 3.1% C4b, 3/160 = 1.9% C4a1, 1/160 = 0.6% C1a) and G (14/160 = 8.75%, including 12/160 = 7.5% G1b and 2/160 = 1.25% G2a1) are also well represented. The remainder of the Ulchi mitochondrial DNA pool consists of haplogroups N9b (7/160 = 4.4%), M8a (6/160 = 3.75%), F1a (5/160 = 3.1%), M7 (4/160 = 2.5%), M9a1 (1/160 = 0.6%), Z1 (1/160 = 0.6%), and B5b2 (1/160 = 0.6%).[5]According to a study by Balanovska et al. (2018), present-day Ulchi males belong to Y-DNA haplogroups C-M217(xM48, M407) (18/52 = 34.6%), C-M48 (18/52 = 34.6%, including 9/52 = 17.3% C-M86/F12355(xB470, F13686), 4/52 = 7.7% C-F13686, 1/52 = 1.9% C-B470, and 4/52 = 7.7% C-B93(xGG_16645386), the last of which is a deeply divergent branch belonging to C-M48(xM86)), O-M175 (8/52 = 15.4%, including 6/52 = 11.5% O-M122(xP201), 1/52 = 1.9% O-M119, and 1/52 = 1.9% O-P31), Q-M242(xM120) (3/52 = 5.8%), N-M231 (3/52 = 5.8%, including 1/52 = 1.9% N-M231(xM128, P43, M178), 1/52 = 1.9% N-M2118, and 1/52 = 1.9% N-B479), I-P37 (1/52 = 1.9%), and J–M267(xP58) (1/52 = 1.9%).[6]The population genetics of the Ulchi are linked to 7,700 year old remains from Chertovy Vorota Cave (\"Devil's Gate\") and are also genetically similar to an East Asian genetic component within Native Americans. The Ulchi do not appear to have originally possessed the \"Ancient North Eurasian\" (ANE) genetic component found in low frequency in Native Americans and Central Asian, as well as in higher percentage in South Asian, and West Eurasian (European and Middle Eastern) populations; and thus are suggested to represent the East Asian component of Native Americans.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tungusic languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungusic_languages"},{"link_name":"Nanai people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanai_people"},{"link_name":"Oroks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orok_people"},{"link_name":"Amuric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh_languages"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The Ulch language belongs to the southern (Amur) branch of the Tungusic languages. Along with the languages of the Nanai people and the Oroks, it contains relics of the ancient pre-Tungusic \"Amuric\" vocabulary, which makes it possible to consider the ancestors of the Ulchi as one of the most ancient inhabitants of the Amur region.[citation needed]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shamanism in Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia"},{"link_name":"animism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism"},{"link_name":"shamanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism"},{"link_name":"ancestor worship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor_worship"},{"link_name":"Nivkh people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nivkh_people"},{"link_name":"Ainu people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ravenstein-p376-Maack-Interior-of-a-Mangun-House.png"},{"link_name":"Richard Maack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maack"}],"text":"See also: Shamanism in SiberiaThe traditional religion of the Ulchi, as well as of other peoples of the Amur region, is expressed by animism and shamanism. A large role in the social life of the Ulchi is their system of cults of family and ancestors (ancestor worship). Their religion bears similarities to the religion of the Nivkh people and Ainu people.Interior of a Mangun House, drawing by Richard Maack ca. 1854-1860","title":"Religion"}]

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[{"reference":"Русакова, Екатерина. \"Ульчи оказались коренным народом со стажем 8000 лет\". nplus1.ru. Retrieved 2020-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://nplus1.ru/news/2017/02/02/Ulchi","url_text":"\"Ульчи оказались коренным народом со стажем 8000 лет\""}]},{"reference":"Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2011). Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore (illustrated, reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 21. ISBN 978-3110221053. Volume 15, Issue 4 of Trends in Linguistics. Documentation [TiLDOC]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7rzSP_TlL9QC&q=gold+nanai+shaved&pg=PA21","url_text":"Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110221053","url_text":"978-3110221053"}]},{"reference":"Sukernik, Rem I.; Volodko, Natalia V.; Mazunin, Ilya O.; Eltsov, Nikolai P.; Dryomov, Stanislav V.; Starikovskaya, Elena B. (2012). \"Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in the Tubalar, Even, and Ulchi: Contribution to Prehistory of Native Siberians and Their Affinities to Native Americans\". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 148 (1): 123–138. doi:10.1002/ajpa.22050. PMID 22487888.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.22050","url_text":"10.1002/ajpa.22050"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22487888","url_text":"22487888"}]},{"reference":"Siska, V; Jones, ER; Jeon, S; Bhak, Y; Kim, HM; Cho, YS; Kim, H; Lee, K; Veselovskaya, E; Balueva, T; Gallego-Llorente, M; Hofreiter, M; Bradley, DG; Eriksson, A; Pinhasi, R; Bhak, J; Manica, A (2017). \"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago\". Sci Adv. 3 (2): e1601877. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5287702","url_text":"\"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E1877S","url_text":"2017SciA....3E1877S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1601877","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.1601877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5287702","url_text":"5287702"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28164156","url_text":"28164156"}]},{"reference":"Siska, Veronika; Jones, Eppie Ruth; Jeon, Sungwon; Bhak, Youngjune; Kim, Hak-Min; Cho, Yun Sung; Kim, Hyunho; Lee, Kyusang; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta; Balueva, Tatiana; Gallego-Llorente, Marcos; Hofreiter, Michael; Bradley, Daniel G.; Eriksson, Anders; Pinhasi, Ron; Bhak, Jong; Manica, Andrea (2017). \"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago\". Science Advances. 3 (2): e1601877. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E1877S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1601877. PMC 5287702. PMID 28164156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5287702","url_text":"\"Genome-wide data from two early Neolithic East Asian individuals dating to 7700 years ago\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SciA....3E1877S","url_text":"2017SciA....3E1877S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1601877","url_text":"10.1126/sciadv.1601877"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5287702","url_text":"5287702"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28164156","url_text":"28164156"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur_people

Lurs

["1 History","2 Culture","3 Religion","4 Language","4.1 Luri branches","5 Genetics","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]

Iranian people For the ancient Scandinavian musical instrument, see Lur. For the commune in France, see Lurs, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Not to be confused with Lori people. Ethnic group LursDasmâl-bâzi dance, Mamasani, IranTotal population5,000,000Regions with significant populationsIran 4–5 million Approximately 6% of Iran's population LanguagesLuri and PersianReligionMainly Shia Islam; minority Sunni Islam and YarsanismRelated ethnic groupsOther Iranian peoples The Lurs (Persian: لر) are an Iranian people living in western Iran. The four Luri branches are the Bakhtiari, Mamasani, Kohgiluyeh and Lur proper, who are principally linked by the Luri language. Lorestan province is named after the Lurs, but some Lurs live in other provinces including Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan, Hamadan, Isfahan, Tehran and southern Ilam Province. History Main article: History of the Lurs West side of the elamite rock relief said “Kul-e Farah” Area of the Elam Relief of an Elamite noblewoman Lurs are a mixture of aboriginal Iranian tribes, originating from Central Asia and the pre-Iranic tribes of western Iran, such as the Kassites (whose homeland appears to have been in what is now Lorestan) and Gutians. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matching, some historians argue that the Elamites were the Proto-Lurs, whose language became Iranian only in the Middle Ages. The distinctive characteristics of the Lur dialects imply that they were Iranized by Persis rather than Media. The history of the Lurs is closely linked with the dynasties that ruled in Khuzestan, Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamadan and in the Zagros Mountains. The Buyid dynasty is known to have produced coins at Izeh. In 935, they marched their forces through Lorestan. The Karkheh River was later controlled by the Hasanwayhid dynasty, who used Sarmadj as their capital. In c. 1009, they conquered Shapur-Khwast (Khorramabad). In 1042, the Seljuk Empire besieged Shapur-Khwast, then ruled by the Kakuyid dynasty. Between 1152 and 1174/75, Lorestan and some of Khuzestan was controlled by a Turkic lord named Husam al-Din Shuhla. The tribal structure of the Lurs, whose development culminated with the arrival of the Atabegs, was unaffected by any outside attempts to conquer Lorestan or seize portions of its land. The new Iranian monarch Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941) brought the Bakhtiari lands into the normal system of Iranian government, which included forcibly making semi-nomadic tribesmen settle. The semi-nomadic way of life that many Bakhtiaris and Lurs were familiar with, however, returned as a result of Reza Shah's toppling in 1941 and the period of less effective rule during the early years of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign. In 1986, at the time of the publication of Vladimir Minorsky's entry on the Lurs in the 2nd edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, a sizeable portion of the Lurs and Bakhtiaris were still living that way of life. Culture The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among the nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As among Kurds, Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region. The women have more freedom to participate in different social activities, to wear diverse types of female clothing and to sing and dance in different ceremonies. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari is a notable Luri woman. Luri music, Luri clothing and Luri folk dances are some of the most distinctive ethno-cultural characteristics of this ethnic group. Many Lurs are small-scale agriculturists and shepherds. A few Lurs are also traveling musicians. Luri textiles and weaving skills are highly esteemed for their workmanship and beauty. Religion Most Lurs are Shia Muslim. Historically, many Lurs adhered to Yarsanism but almost the whole Yarsani Luri population has converted to Shia Islam. A small Sunni Muslim community of Lurs also exists. According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Lurs revere bread and fire like the Zoroastrians. Recent reports also indicate a growing Zoroastrian religious movement, particularly among Bakhtiari Lurs. Language Main article: Luri language Luri is a Western Iranian language continuum spoken by about four million people. The continuum constitutes the three dialects of Bakhtiari, Luristani and Southern Luri which linguist Anonby situates between Kurdish and Persian. Luri branches There are several established branches of the Luri language. Bakhtiari Southern Lori Boyerahmadi (Yasuji) Kohgiluyei Mamasani Luristani (Northern Lori) Khorramabadi Borujerdi Bala Gariva Lori Hinimini Shuhani Genetics Considering their NRY variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23). Together with its other clades, the R1 group comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs. Haplogroup J2a (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the diffusion of agriculturalists from the Neolithic Near East c. 8000-4000 BCE. Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of G2a, with subclade G2a3b accounting for most of this. Also significant is haplogroup E1b1b1a1b, for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran. Lineages Q1b1 and Q1a3 present at 6%, and T at 4%. See also Ahmed Lur References ^ "Iran". The World Factbook. Retrieved 26 August 2013. ^ "Iran" (PDF). New America Foundation. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013. ^ a b Mortensen, Inge Demant (3 April 2015). "LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs". Retrieved 16 August 2023. ^ a b Minorsky, M. V. (2012). "Luristān". Encyclopedia of Islam. 2. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0588. ^ Amanolahi, Sekander (2002). "Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State On Luristan". Iran and the Caucasus. 6: 193–218. doi:10.1163/157338402X00124. ^ a b Anonby, Erik John (2003). "Update on Luri: How many languages?". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 13 (2): 171–172. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067. S2CID 162293895. ^ Opie, James (1992). Tribal Rugs: Nomadic and Village Weavings from the Near East and Central Asia. 9781856690256: Pennsylvania State University. p. 104.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ Gheitasi, Mojtaba. "Language distribution: Ilam Province". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 18 November 2020. ^ Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, G.L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 644. ISBN 9780521077910. ^ Potts, D.S (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology) (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521564960. ^ Minorsky 1986, p. 821. ^ Minorsky 1986, p. 824. ^ Minorsky 1986, p. 826. ^ Edmonds, Cecil (2010). East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921. BRILL. p. 188. ISBN 9789004173446. ^ Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (1996). Bakhtiari in the mirror of history. Ānzān. p. 187. ISBN 9789649046518. ^ Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 409. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2. ^ Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2020). Yārsān of Iran, Socio-Political Changes and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 978-981-15-2635-0. ^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 9 April 2011. ^ "Cleric Says Some Iranian Muslims Converting to Other Religions". ^ Anonby, Erik. "Traditional classification tree". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 26 January 2021. ^ a b Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981. ^ a b Wells, R. Spencer; et al. (2001). "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236. ^ Semino O, Passarino G, Oefner P J, Lin A A, Arbuzova S, Beckman L E, de Benedictis G, Francalacci P, Kouvatsi A, Limborska S, et al. (2000) Science 290:1155–1159 ^ Underhill P A, Passarino G, Lin A A, Shen P, Foley R A, Mirazon-Lahr M, Oefner P J, Cavalli-Sforza L L (2001) Ann Hum Genet 65:43–62 ^ Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). "Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642. ^ a b c Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (2012). "Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981. External links Amanolahi, Sekandar (2002). "Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State On Luristan". Iran and the Caucasus. 6 (1): 193–218. doi:10.1163/157338402X00124. Minorsky, V. (1986). "Lur". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2. ""Luri" Carpet weaving style incorporating design themes of ancient Persia". JOZAN. Retrieved 2015-09-21. vteIranian peoplesEthnic groups Achomis Aimaqs 'Ajam of Kuwait Balochs Baloch tribes Bashkardis Dehwaris Farsiwan Gilaks Kumzaris Kurds Kurdish tribes Yazidis Lurs Bakhtiaris Shehnis Feyli Lurs Hadavand Hasanvand Southern Lurs Mamasanis Mazanderanis Ossetians Digors Irons Kudars Jaszs Pamiris Chinese Tajiks Shughnis Badzhuis Oroshoris Wakhis Yidgha–Munji Pashtuns Pashtun tribes Persians Arab-Persians Basseries Sistanis Semnanis Shabaks Tajiks Talyshs Tats of the Caucasus Tats of Iran Yaghnobis Zazas Related ethnic groups Armeno-Tats Bukharan Jews Hazaras Persian Jews Shihuh Ancient peoples Ancient Iranian peoples Origin Indo-Iranians Proto-Indo-Europeans Languages Iranian languages Iranian religions Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism Ancient Iranian religion Assianism Bábism Baháʼí Faith Khurramites Manichaeism Mazdakism Mazdaznan Scythian Yarsanism Yazidism Zoroastrianism vteEthnic groups in Iran Persians 53% Azerbaijanis 16% Kurds 10% Gilaks 4% Mazandaranis 4% Lurs 6% Arabs 2% Balochs 2% Turkmens and other Turkic people 2% Others 1% Talysh Tats Armenians Georgians Assyrians Circassians Jews Afro-Iranians Zagari Flag-map of Iran vteLuri-populated areas in Iran and Iraq Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Bushehr Province Lorestan Ilam Hamadan Province Khuzestan Isfahan Markazi Fars Wasit Source for percentages is the Ethnologue.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lur"},{"link_name":"Lurs, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurs,_Alpes-de-Haute-Provence"},{"link_name":"Lori people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lori_people"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Iranian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Bakhtiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtiari_people"},{"link_name":"Mamasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Luri language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Lorestan province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorestan_province"},{"link_name":"Fars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fars_Province"},{"link_name":"Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari_Province"},{"link_name":"Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_Province"},{"link_name":"Khuzestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_Province"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Hamadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan_Province"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Province"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ilam Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam_Province"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-8"}],"text":"Iranian peopleFor the ancient Scandinavian musical instrument, see Lur. For the commune in France, see Lurs, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence.Not to be confused with Lori people.Ethnic groupThe Lurs (Persian: لر) are an Iranian people living in western Iran. The four Luri branches are the Bakhtiari, Mamasani, Kohgiluyeh and Lur proper, who are principally linked by the Luri language.[4]Lorestan province is named after the Lurs, but some Lurs live in other provinces including Fars, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Khuzestan,[4] Hamadan,[5] Isfahan,[6] Tehran[7] and southern Ilam Province.[8]","title":"Lurs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kul-e_Farah_IIIW.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Elam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamite"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_peoples"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Kassites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites"},{"link_name":"Lorestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorestan"},{"link_name":"Gutians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutians"},{"link_name":"Elamites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam"},{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Persis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persis"},{"link_name":"Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_(region)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1986821-11"},{"link_name":"Khuzestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan_province"},{"link_name":"Shiraz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan"},{"link_name":"Hamadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamadan"},{"link_name":"Zagros Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Izeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izeh"},{"link_name":"Karkheh River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkheh_River"},{"link_name":"Hasanwayhid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasanwayhids"},{"link_name":"Khorramabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorramabad"},{"link_name":"Seljuk Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuk_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kakuyid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakuyids"},{"link_name":"Atabegs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atabegs"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1986824-12"},{"link_name":"Reza Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Shah"},{"link_name":"Mohammad Reza Pahlavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Minorsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Minorsky"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinorsky1986826-13"}],"text":"West side of the elamite rock relief said “Kul-e Farah”Area of the ElamRelief of an Elamite noblewomanLurs are a mixture of aboriginal Iranian tribes, originating from Central Asia and the pre-Iranic tribes of western Iran, such as the Kassites (whose homeland appears to have been in what is now Lorestan) and Gutians. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matching, some historians argue that the Elamites were the Proto-Lurs, whose language became Iranian only in the Middle Ages.[9][10] The distinctive characteristics of the Lur dialects imply that they were Iranized by Persis rather than Media.[11]The history of the Lurs is closely linked with the dynasties that ruled in Khuzestan, Shiraz, Isfahan, Hamadan and in the Zagros Mountains. The Buyid dynasty is known to have produced coins at Izeh. In 935, they marched their forces through Lorestan. The Karkheh River was later controlled by the Hasanwayhid dynasty, who used Sarmadj as their capital. In c. 1009, they conquered Shapur-Khwast (Khorramabad). In 1042, the Seljuk Empire besieged Shapur-Khwast, then ruled by the Kakuyid dynasty. Between 1152 and 1174/75, Lorestan and some of Khuzestan was controlled by a Turkic lord named Husam al-Din Shuhla. The tribal structure of the Lurs, whose development culminated with the arrival of the Atabegs, was unaffected by any outside attempts to conquer Lorestan or seize portions of its land.[12]The new Iranian monarch Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941) brought the Bakhtiari lands into the normal system of Iranian government, which included forcibly making semi-nomadic tribesmen settle. The semi-nomadic way of life that many Bakhtiaris and Lurs were familiar with, however, returned as a result of Reza Shah's toppling in 1941 and the period of less effective rule during the early years of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's reign. In 1986, at the time of the publication of Vladimir Minorsky's entry on the Lurs in the 2nd edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam, a sizeable portion of the Lurs and Bakhtiaris were still living that way of life.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurds"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibi_Maryam_Bakhtiari"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Luri music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_music"},{"link_name":"Luri clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_clothing"},{"link_name":"Luri folk dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luri_dances"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among the nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As among Kurds, Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region. The women have more freedom to participate in different social activities, to wear diverse types of female clothing and to sing and dance in different ceremonies.[14] Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari is a notable Luri woman.[15] Luri music, Luri clothing and Luri folk dances are some of the most distinctive ethno-cultural characteristics of this ethnic group.Many Lurs are small-scale agriculturists and shepherds. A few Lurs are also traveling musicians. Luri textiles and weaving skills are highly esteemed for their workmanship and beauty.[16]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shia_Islam"},{"link_name":"Yarsanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarsanism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Sunni Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunni_Islam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iranicaonline.org-3"},{"link_name":"Encyclopaedia of Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam"},{"link_name":"Zoroastrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GibbKramers1954-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Most Lurs are Shia Muslim. Historically, many Lurs adhered to Yarsanism but almost the whole Yarsani Luri population has converted to Shia Islam.[17] A small Sunni Muslim community of Lurs also exists.[3] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, the Lurs revere bread and fire like the Zoroastrians.[18] Recent reports also indicate a growing Zoroastrian religious movement, particularly among Bakhtiari Lurs.[19]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_languages"},{"link_name":"continuum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_continuum"},{"link_name":"Bakhtiari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"Luri is a Western Iranian language continuum spoken by about four million people. The continuum constitutes the three dialects of Bakhtiari, Luristani and Southern Luri which linguist Anonby situates between Kurdish and Persian.[6]","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Luri branches","text":"There are several established branches of the Luri language.[20]Bakhtiari\nSouthern Lori\nBoyerahmadi (Yasuji)\nKohgiluyei\nMamasani\nLuristani (Northern Lori)\nKhorramabadi\nBorujerdi\nBala Gariva Lori\nHinimini\nShuhani","title":"Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NRY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-Chromosome"},{"link_name":"Y-DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup"},{"link_name":"Haplogroup R1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grugni-21"},{"link_name":"R1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R-M173_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grugni-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSpencer-22"},{"link_name":"Haplogroup J2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"diffusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demic_diffusion"},{"link_name":"Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSpencer-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"G2a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G-M201_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"G2a3b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_G-P303_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grugni2-26"},{"link_name":"E1b1b1a1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)#Subclades_of_E-M78"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grugni2-26"},{"link_name":"Q1b1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M242_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"Q1a3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-M346_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184_(Y-DNA)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grugni2-26"}],"text":"Considering their NRY variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23).[21] Together with its other clades, the R1 group comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs.[21][22] Haplogroup J2a (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically) is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the diffusion of agriculturalists from the Neolithic Near East c. 8000-4000 BCE.[22][23][24][25] Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of G2a, with subclade G2a3b accounting for most of this.[26] Also significant is haplogroup E1b1b1a1b, for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran.[26] Lineages Q1b1 and Q1a3 present at 6%, and T at 4%.[26]","title":"Genetics"}]

[{"image_text":"West side of the elamite rock relief said “Kul-e Farah”","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kul-e_Farah_IIIW.JPG/190px-Kul-e_Farah_IIIW.JPG"},{"image_text":"Area of the Elam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/190px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Relief of an Elamite noblewoman","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg/220px-Woman_spinning-Sb_2834-IMG_0921-black.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag-map of Iran","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg/40px-Flag-map_of_Iran_%28tricolour%29.svg.png"}]

[{"title":"Ahmed Lur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Lur"}]

[{"reference":"\"Iran\". The World Factbook. Retrieved 26 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/","url_text":"\"Iran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Factbook","url_text":"The World Factbook"}]},{"reference":"\"Iran\" (PDF). New America Foundation. June 12, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130723044939/http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf","url_text":"\"Iran\""},{"url":"http://www.terrorfreetomorrow.org/upimagestft/TFT%20Iran%20Survey%20Report%200609.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mortensen, Inge Demant (3 April 2015). \"LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs\". Retrieved 16 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://iranicaonline.org/articles/luristan-05-religion-beliefs","url_text":"\"LURISTAN v. Religion, Rituals, and Popular Beliefs\""}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, M. V. (2012). \"Luristān\". Encyclopedia of Islam. 2. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0588.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/luristan-COM_0588","url_text":"\"Luristān\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Islam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0588","url_text":"10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0588"}]},{"reference":"Amanolahi, Sekander (2002). \"Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State On Luristan\". Iran and the Caucasus. 6: 193–218. doi:10.1163/157338402X00124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_and_the_Caucasus","url_text":"Iran and the Caucasus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338402X00124","url_text":"10.1163/157338402X00124"}]},{"reference":"Anonby, Erik John (2003). \"Update on Luri: How many languages?\". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 13 (2): 171–172. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067. S2CID 162293895.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Asiatic_Society","url_text":"Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186303003067","url_text":"10.1017/S1356186303003067"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162293895","url_text":"162293895"}]},{"reference":"Opie, James (1992). Tribal Rugs: Nomadic and Village Weavings from the Near East and Central Asia. 9781856690256: Pennsylvania State University. p. 104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University","url_text":"Pennsylvania State University"}]},{"reference":"Gheitasi, Mojtaba. \"Language distribution: Ilam Province\". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.ilam","url_text":"\"Language distribution: Ilam Province\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards, I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, G.L. (1971). The Cambridge Ancient History (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 644. ISBN 9780521077910.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._E._S._Edwards","url_text":"Edwards, I.E.S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Gadd","url_text":"Gadd, C.J."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient1971edwa","url_text":"The Cambridge Ancient History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cambridgeancient1971edwa/page/644","url_text":"644"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521077910","url_text":"9780521077910"}]},{"reference":"Potts, D.S (1999). The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology) (2nd ed.). Camberidge University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780521564960.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C&pg=PA45","url_text":"The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State (Cambridge World Archaeology)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521564960","url_text":"9780521564960"}]},{"reference":"Edmonds, Cecil (2010). East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921. BRILL. p. 188. ISBN 9789004173446.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SzcyuAL7YOkC&pg=PA188","url_text":"East and West of Zagros: Travel, War and Politics in Persia and Iraq 1913-1921"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173446","url_text":"9789004173446"}]},{"reference":"Garthwaite, Gene Ralph (1996). Bakhtiari in the mirror of history. Ānzān. p. 187. ISBN 9789649046518.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2oqPAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Bakhtiari in the mirror of history"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789649046518","url_text":"9789649046518"}]},{"reference":"Winston, Robert, ed. (2004). Human: The Definitive Guide. New York: Dorling Kindersley. p. 409. ISBN 0-7566-0520-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RpAMAAAACAAJ","url_text":"Human: The Definitive Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley","url_text":"Dorling Kindersley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7566-0520-2","url_text":"0-7566-0520-2"}]},{"reference":"Hosseini, S. Behnaz (2020). Yārsān of Iran, Socio-Political Changes and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 18. ISBN 978-981-15-2635-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-15-2635-0","url_text":"978-981-15-2635-0"}]},{"reference":"Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1954). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. Retrieved 9 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb","url_text":"Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Bernard Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Charles Pellat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Schacht","url_text":"Joseph Schacht"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kIjrAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam"}]},{"reference":"\"Cleric Says Some Iranian Muslims Converting to Other Religions\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iranintl.com/en/202303116431","url_text":"\"Cleric Says Some Iranian Muslims Converting to Other Religions\""}]},{"reference":"Anonby, Erik. \"Traditional classification tree\". Iran Atlas. Retrieved 26 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification","url_text":"\"Traditional classification tree\""}]},{"reference":"Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (2012). \"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians\". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854","url_text":"\"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...741252G","url_text":"2012PLoSO...741252G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041252","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0041252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854","url_text":"3399854"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815981","url_text":"22815981"}]},{"reference":"Wells, R. Spencer; et al. (2001). \"The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity\". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. PMC 56946. PMID 11526236.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56946","url_text":"\"The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9810244W","url_text":"2001PNAS...9810244W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.171305098","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.171305098"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC56946","url_text":"56946"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11526236","url_text":"11526236"}]},{"reference":"Semino, Ornella; Magri, Chiara; Benuzzi, Giorgia; Lin, Alice A.; Al-Zahery, Nadia; Battaglia, Vincenza; MacCioni, Liliana; Triantaphyllidis, Costas; et al. (2004). \"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area\". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 74 (5): 1023–34. doi:10.1086/386295. PMC 1181965. PMID 15069642.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965","url_text":"\"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2F386295","url_text":"10.1086/386295"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1181965","url_text":"1181965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15069642","url_text":"15069642"}]},{"reference":"Grugni, V; Battaglia, V; Hooshiar Kashani, B; Parolo, S; Al-Zahery, N; et al. (2012). \"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians\". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41252. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...741252G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041252. PMC 3399854. PMID 22815981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854","url_text":"\"Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...741252G","url_text":"2012PLoSO...741252G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0041252","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0041252"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3399854","url_text":"3399854"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22815981","url_text":"22815981"}]},{"reference":"Amanolahi, Sekandar (2002). \"Reza Shah and the Lurs: the Impact of the Modern State On Luristan\". Iran and the Caucasus. 6 (1): 193–218. doi:10.1163/157338402X00124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338402X00124","url_text":"10.1163/157338402X00124"}]},{"reference":"Minorsky, V. (1986). \"Lur\". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume V: Khe–Mahi. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/lur-COM_0587?s.num=10&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=Baharlu","url_text":"\"Lur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._E._Bosworth","url_text":"Bosworth, C. E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emeri_Johannes_van_Donzel","url_text":"van Donzel, E."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis","url_text":"Lewis, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pellat","url_text":"Pellat, Ch."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2","url_text":"The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07819-2","url_text":"978-90-04-07819-2"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Luri\" Carpet weaving style incorporating design themes of ancient Persia\". JOZAN. Retrieved 2015-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jozan.net/distrikter/luri.asp?oldcarpet","url_text":"\"\"Luri\" Carpet weaving style incorporating design themes of ancient Persia\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_University_of_Technology

Tallinn University of Technology

["1 History","2 TalTech today","3 Rankings","4 Schools","5 Departments","5.1 Tallinn University of Technology Library","6 International degree programmes in English","7 Alumni","8 Partner universities","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 59°23′42″N 24°40′19″E / 59.3950°N 24.6719°E / 59.3950; 24.6719University in Tallinn, Estonia Parts of this article (those related to Faculties) need to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2017) Tallinn University of TechnologyTallinna TehnikaülikoolOther nameTalTechMottoMente et manuMotto in EnglishWith wisdom and handsTypePublicEstablished1918; 106 years ago (1918)AffiliationBALTECH, NORDTEK, UNICA, SEFI, EUA, EAIE, NAFSARectorTiit LandAcademic staff985; international 168Students11 000; international 1 500LocationTallinn, Estonia59°23′42″N 24°40′19″E / 59.3950°N 24.6719°E / 59.3950; 24.6719Colours  White   Magenta   BurgundyWebsitewww.taltech.ee University rankingsRegional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia38 (2022) Established in 1918, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech; Estonian: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool) is the only technical university in Estonia. TalTech, in the capital city of Tallinn, is a university for engineering, business, public administration and maritime affairs. TalTech has colleges in Tartu and Kohtla-Järve. Despite the similar names, Tallinn University and Tallinn University of Technology are separate institutions. Campus of Tallinn University of Technology History In the early twentieth century, Estonia recognised an urgent need for locally trained engineering specialists. Until then, young people from Estonia had received their specialist education in St. Petersburg, Germany or Riga. Opportunities had to be sought for engineering-minded people to acquire an Estonian-based education which was adapted to local conditions and needs; Estonia was in the process of establishing itself as an independent country. On 17 September 1918, the Estonian Engineering Society opened an Estonian-based engineering school named Special Engineering Courses. That date has been recognised as the founding date of Tallinn University of Technology. Programmes were offered in mechanical, electrical, civil and hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and architecture. In 1919, the school became the private Tallinn College of Engineering, which in 1920 was declared a state institution. Teachers' efforts to develop an Estonian terminology for science and technology proved fruitful and the first engineering books were published. In 1923, the first engineering graduation theses were defended in Estonia. In the same year, a state laboratory of materials testing opened for research work. By the 15 September 1936 Act of the Head of State, the school was granted university status, and named Tallinn Technical Institute. The institute had two faculties: civil and mechanical engineering and chemistry and mining. In 1938, the name Tallinn Technical University (Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, TTÜ in Estonian) was effective. In 1940 the Faculty of Economics, in 1958 the Faculty of Power Engineering and in 1965 the Faculty of Control Engineering were founded. After 2003 the university was known in English as Tallinn University of Technology (TUT). On 1 July 2008, TTÜ took over International University Audentes (IUA), which became part of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, except the Law School which joined the Faculty of Social Sciences. In 2014 an agreement for a merger of the Estonian Maritime Academy with TTÜ was signed. On 16 November 2016, TTÜ and the Estonian Information Technology College signed a merger agreement. Since 1 August 2017, the IT College is a part of TTÜ. On 17 September 2018, Tallinn University of Technology adopted a new short name TalTech, replacing the previous abbreviations such as TTÜ, TUT and TTU. TalTech today There are over 30 fully accredited international degree programmes (4 Bachelor programmes, 18 Master programmes and 10 PhD programmes) that are available fully in English. TalTech conducts research and develops high-tech applications in many fields: Organic and analytic chemistry (Chemistry) Food biotechnology and neurobiology (Biotechnology) Geology (Earth Sciences) Power converter research (Power Electronics) Solar cell materials and tribomaterials (Material Sciences) Computer system research and biorobotics (ICT) Near-zero energy building (Civil Engineering) Public administration (Social Sciences) Rankings University rankingsGlobal – OverallQS World651–700THE World601-800 Tallinn University of Technology is the third highest-ranking university in the Baltic states, placing in the 601-800 bracket in Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the university's best-ranked departments are the life sciences and social sciences departments, which are in 176-200 and 201-250 brackets respectively. TalTech ranks in the 601-700 bracket in QS World University rankings (behind Tartu University and Vilnius University). In QS University Rankings for Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2021, TalTech ranked 31st, placing it among the top ten technical universities in the region and confirming its status as the best technical university in the Baltics. TalTech is also in the 301-500 bracket in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings. Schools School of Engineering: Dean Fjodor Sergejev School of Business and Governance: Dean Prof. Enn Listra School of Science: Dean Prof. Andrus Salupere School of Information Technologies: Dean Prof. Gert Jervan Estonian Maritime Academy: Director Roomet Leiger Departments Department of Computer Systems: Director Margus Kruus Department of Software Science: Director Marko Kääramees Department of Health Technologies: Director Prof. Kalju Meigas Thomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics: Director Laur Lemendik IT College: Director Kalle Tammemäe Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture: Director Prof. Jarek Kurnitski Department of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics: Director Prof. Ivo Palu Department of Energy Technology: Director Prof. Andres Siirde Department of Materials and Environmental Technology: Director Prof. Malle Krunks Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering: Director Prof. Kristo Karjust Tartu College: Director Prof. Lembit Nei Virumaa College: Director Mare Roosileht Estonian Centre of Engineering Pedagogy: Head of Centre Tiia Rüütmann Department of Geology: Director Prof. Olle Hints Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology: Director Ivar Järving Department of Cybernetics: Acting director Prof. Jaan Janno Department of Marine Systems: Director Rivo Uiboupin Department of Economics and Finance: Director Prof. Kadri Männasoo Ragnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance: Director Prof. Erkki Karo Department of Law: Director Prof. Tanel Kerikmäe Department of Business Administration: Director Mari Avarmaa Tallinn University of Technology Library The new library building of Tallinn University of Technology The entrance of the Library The history of the library goes back to 1919. International degree programmes in English The internationalization of higher education is one of the key strategic goals of Tallinn University of Technology. The university offers over 30 degree programmes in English: 4 Bachelor programmes, 18 Master programmes and 9 PhD programmes. Bachelor's level programmes in English: Cyber Security Engineering (BSc) International Business Administration (BA) Law (BA) Integrated Engineering (BSc) Master's level programmes in English: Cyber Security (MSc) Communicative Electronics (MSc) Computer and Systems Engineering (MSc) Technology Governance and Sustainability (MA) E-Governance Technologies and Services (MSc) Digital Health (MSc) Software Engineering (MSc) International Business Administration (MBA) Entrepreneurial Management (MBA) Law (MA) Public Sector Innovation and e-Governance (MSc) Industrial Engineering and Management (MSc) Environmental Engineering and Management (MSc) Design and Technology Futures (MSc) Materials and Processes for Sustainable Energetics (MSc) Technology of Wood, Plastics and Textiles (MSc) Mechatronics (MSc) Applied Physics (MSc) PhD programmes in English: Building and Civil Engineering and Architecture Chemical and Materials Technology Chemistry and Biotechnology Economics and Business Administration Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics Information and Communication Technology Physical Sciences Public Administration Mechanical Engineering Alumni Besides the entire technological elite of Estonia, alumni include numerous industrialists, businesspeople, and athletes. Jüri Ratas, President of the Riigikogu, former Mayor of Tallinn and Prime Minister of Estonia Priit Kasesalu, one of the initial developers of Skype Hardi Meybaum, the CEO and a co-founder of GrabCAD Tiit Vähi, the former Prime Minister and eminent industrialist Toomas Luman, the Chairman of the Estonian Chamber of Commerce Taavi Kotka, former Chief Information Officer of Estonian Government and leader of e-Residency programme Jüri Engelbrecht, the Vice President and former President of the Estonian Academy of Science Jaak Leimann, former Minister of Economic Affairs of Estonia Toomas Luman, Estonian entrepreneur Jüri Mõis, former Mayor of Tallinn, Minister of the Interior, and one of the founders of Hansabank Irina Embrich, Olympic champion épée fencer Erika Kirpu, Olympic champion épée fencer Partner universities The cooperation, especially with European universities is more focused for curricula development, project cooperation and networking. In Europe, student and staff mobility is mainly organised under Erasmus programme. A selection of university-wide partnerships: Shanghai University Czech Technical University in Prague Charles University Brno University of Technology Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Masaryk University Mendel University in Brno Metropolitan University Prague Palacký University Olomouc Technical University of Liberec Tomas Bata University in Zlin University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague University of Economics, Prague University of Hradec Kralove University of West Bohemia VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava Aalborg University National University of Science and Technology Aalto University Tampere University Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT University of Strasbourg Ecole Centrale de Nantes University of Bordeaux Grenoble Institute of Technology Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Caucasus University Technical University Munich Technische Universität Darmstadt Kiel University of Applied Sciences Dresden University of Technology Agricultural University of Athens Budapest University of Technology and Economics IIT Delhi Politecnico di Torino Università degli Studi di Bergamo Kangwon National University Riga Technical University Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Kaunas University of Technology Delft University of Technology University of Groningen University of Maastricht Norwegian University of Science and Technology University of Oslo University of Warsaw University of Porto National University of Singapore Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya University of Alicante KTH Royal Institute of Technology Lund University Chalmers University of Technology University of Geneva National Institute of Development Administration Istanbul Technical University University of Edinburgh University of Brighton National Technical University of Ukraine The Citadel The University of California, Berkeley Stanford University Salisbury University University of New Mexico National Taiwan University of Science and Technology References ^ "TALLINN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY BRAND GUIDELINES" (PDF). Retrieved 4 January 2022. ^ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ "Tallinn University of Technology". , Study in Estonia. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. ^ Tehnikaülikool, Tallinna. "History". www.ttu.ee. Retrieved 2019-02-05. ^ "TTÜ and the IT College signed a merger agreement". Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved 25 November 2016. ^ "Tallinn University of Technology to adopt short name TalTech". Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved 5 February 2019. ^ QS World University Rankings 2021 ^ World University Rankings 2022 ^ "Tallinn University of Technology Profile". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. Retrieved 11 April 2017. ^ "Tallinn University of Technology Rankings". QS Top Universities. Retrieved 11 April 2017. ^ "Eastern Europe and Central Asia Rankings 2021". QS University Rankings. Retrieved 25 February 2021. ^ "QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2022". TopUniversities. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ "Raamatukogu kohta | TalTech". taltech.ee (in Estonian). 26 September 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2023. ^ "Bachelor's studies". Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved 25 February 2021. ^ "Master's studies". Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved 25 February 2021. ^ "PhD Programmes". Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved 25 February 2021. ^ "TalTech partner universities". Tallinn University of Technology. Retrieved 25 February 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tallinn University of Technology. Official website vteUniversities in EstoniaUniversities Tallinn University Tallinn University of Technology University of Tartu Colleges & Academies Baltic Defence College Estonian Academy of Arts Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre Estonian Academy of Security Sciences Estonian Aviation Academy Estonian University of Life Sciences Estonian Information Technology College Estonian Maritime Academy Estonian Military Academy Tallinn University of Applied Sciences Tartu Art College Tartu Health Care College vteNetwork of Universities from the Capitals of Europe (UNICA) Amsterdam (UvA) Ankara (AU) Ankara (METU) Athens Belgrade Berlin (FU Berlin) Berlin (HU Berlin) Bratislava Brussels (ULB) Brussels (VUB) Bucharest Budapest Copenhagen Dublin (UCD) Edinburgh Helsinki Kiev Lausanne (UNIL) Lisbon (ULisboa) Lisbon (NOVA) Ljubljana London (KCL) Madrid (UC3M) Madrid (UCM) Moscow State Moscow (HSE) Nicosia Oslo Paris (PSL) Paris (USN) Prague Reykjavík Riga (Latvia) Rome III Rome-La Sapienza Rome-Tor Vergata Skopje Sofia Stockholm Tallinn (TU) Tallinn (TalTech) Tirana Vienna Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb vteEuropean Master of Public Administration Consortium Corvinus University of Budapest University of Geneva Leiden University KU Leuven University of Louvain University of Limerick University of Liverpool Institut d'Études Politiques de Lyon Sciences Po Paris Erasmus University Rotterdam German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer Tallinn University of Technology University of Vaasa vte Tallinn landmarksBuildings and structures Toompea Castle Town Hall Old Thomas Kiek in de Kök St Mary's Cathedral St. Olaf's church St. Nicholas Church Church of the Holy Ghost Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Saint Catherine's Monastery Town Hall Pharmacy Great Guild Pikk Hermann tower Knighthood House Stenbock House Kadriorg Palace Presidential Palace Pirita Monastery Glehn Castle (Tallinn Observatory) Maarjamäe Manor Maarjamäe Memorial TV Tower Linnahall Patarei Sea Fortress-Prison Independence War Victory Column Bronze Soldier Charles Leroux Monument Russalka Memorial Raekoja plats Freedom Square Walls of Tallinn House of the Brotherhood of Blackheads Tallinn Synagogue Precincts Historic Centre (Toompea Hill) Kadriorg Kalamaja Nature and parks Tallinn Zoo Tallinn Botanic Garden Lake Ülemiste Lake Harku Pirita River Aegna island Kadriorg Park Danish King's Garden Kanuti Garden Kuberneri Garden Komandandi Garden Toompark Hirvepark Harjumägi Lindamägi Tammsaare Park Police Garden Löwenruh Park Glehn Park Jüriöö Park Pae Park Lillepi Park Kakumäe Coastal Park Kopli cemetery Kalamaja cemetery Metsakalmistu Beaches Pirita Beach Stroomi Beach Kakumäe Beach Harku Beach Pikakari Beach CultureMuseums and galleries Kumu (Art Museum of Estonia main branch) Mikkel Museum Estonian Open Air Museum (Kolu kõrts) Estonian Maritime Museum (Seaplane Harbour) Estonian Firefighting Museum Estonian History Museum Estonian Museum of Natural History Estonian Health Museum Estonian Theatre and Music Museum Museum of Estonian Architecture Museum of Occupations Theatres Estonia Theatre Estonian Drama Theatre Theatre NO99 Russian Theatre Estonian Puppet Theatre Tallinn City Theatre Von Krahl Theatre Other National Library of Estonia Song Festival Grounds Culture Factory Polymer Science and education Tallinn University Tallinn University of Technology Estonian Academy of Arts Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre Estonian Academy of Security Sciences Estonian Maritime Academy Tallinn University of Applied Sciences Estonian Business School Estonian Academy of Sciences Sports Pirita Yachting Centre A. Le Coq Arena Kadriorg Stadium Kalevi Keskstaadion Unibet Arena Kalev Sports Hall Tondiraba Ice Hall Pirita Velodrome Mustamäe Ski Jumping Hill Tallinn Hippodrome Pirita-Kose-Kloostrimetsa Circuit Transportation Port of Tallinn Old City Harbour Paljassaare Harbour Bekker Port Tallinn Airport Tallinn Baltic Station Tallinn bus station Tallinna Linnatranspordi AS Events Estonian Song Festival Estonian Dance Festival Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival Tallinn Old Town Days Tallinn Marathon Tallinn Music Week Tallinn Christmas Market Õllesummer Tallinn Legends Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Israel Czech Republic Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language"},{"link_name":"technical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-One-3"},{"link_name":"Tartu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu"},{"link_name":"Kohtla-Järve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohtla-J%C3%A4rve"},{"link_name":"Tallinn University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_University_of_Technology.png"}],"text":"University in Tallinn, EstoniaEstablished in 1918, Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech; Estonian: Tallinna Tehnikaülikool) is the only technical university in Estonia. TalTech, in the capital city of Tallinn, is a university for engineering, business, public administration and maritime affairs.[3] TalTech has colleges in Tartu and Kohtla-Järve. Despite the similar names, Tallinn University and Tallinn University of Technology are separate institutions.Campus of Tallinn University of Technology","title":"Tallinn University of Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"International University Audentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_University_Audentes"},{"link_name":"Estonian Maritime Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Maritime_Academy"},{"link_name":"Estonian Information Technology College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Information_Technology_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the early twentieth century, Estonia recognised an urgent need for locally trained engineering specialists. Until then, young people from Estonia had received their specialist education in St. Petersburg, Germany or Riga. Opportunities had to be sought for engineering-minded people to acquire an Estonian-based education which was adapted to local conditions and needs; Estonia was in the process of establishing itself as an independent country.On 17 September 1918, the Estonian Engineering Society opened an Estonian-based engineering school named Special Engineering Courses. That date has been recognised as the founding date of Tallinn University of Technology.[4] Programmes were offered in mechanical, electrical, civil and hydraulic engineering, shipbuilding and architecture. In 1919, the school became the private Tallinn College of Engineering, which in 1920 was declared a state institution. Teachers' efforts to develop an Estonian terminology for science and technology proved fruitful and the first engineering books were published. In 1923, the first engineering graduation theses were defended in Estonia. In the same year, a state laboratory of materials testing opened for research work.By the 15 September 1936 Act of the Head of State, the school was granted university status, and named Tallinn Technical Institute. The institute had two faculties: civil and mechanical engineering and chemistry and mining. In 1938, the name Tallinn Technical University (Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, TTÜ in Estonian) was effective. In 1940 the Faculty of Economics, in 1958 the Faculty of Power Engineering and in 1965 the Faculty of Control Engineering were founded. After 2003 the university was known in English as Tallinn University of Technology (TUT).On 1 July 2008, TTÜ took over International University Audentes (IUA), which became part of the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, except the Law School which joined the Faculty of Social Sciences. In 2014 an agreement for a merger of the Estonian Maritime Academy with TTÜ was signed.On 16 November 2016, TTÜ and the Estonian Information Technology College signed a merger agreement. Since 1 August 2017, the IT College is a part of TTÜ.[5]On 17 September 2018, Tallinn University of Technology adopted a new short name TalTech, replacing the previous abbreviations such as TTÜ, TUT and TTU.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Organic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry"},{"link_name":"analytic chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Food biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"neurobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiology"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"Power converter research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_conversion"},{"link_name":"Solar cell materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell"},{"link_name":"Computer system research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"biorobotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorobotics"},{"link_name":"Near-zero energy building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_building"},{"link_name":"Public administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"}],"text":"There are over 30 fully accredited international degree programmes (4 Bachelor programmes, 18 Master programmes and 10 PhD programmes) that are available fully in English.TalTech conducts research and develops high-tech applications in many fields:Organic and analytic chemistry (Chemistry)\nFood biotechnology and neurobiology (Biotechnology)\nGeology (Earth Sciences)\nPower converter research (Power Electronics)\nSolar cell materials and tribomaterials (Material Sciences)\nComputer system research and biorobotics (ICT)\nNear-zero energy building (Civil Engineering)\nPublic administration (Social Sciences)","title":"TalTech today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_states"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"life sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_sciences"},{"link_name":"social sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tartu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_University"},{"link_name":"Vilnius University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_University"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Tallinn University of Technology is the third highest-ranking university in the Baltic states, placing in the 601-800 bracket in Times Higher Education World University Rankings,[9] the university's best-ranked departments are the life sciences and social sciences departments, which are in 176-200 and 201-250 brackets respectively. TalTech ranks in the 601-700 bracket in QS World University rankings[10] (behind Tartu University and Vilnius University). In QS University Rankings for Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2021, TalTech ranked 31st, placing it among the top ten technical universities in the region[11] and confirming its status as the best technical university in the Baltics. TalTech is also in the 301-500 bracket in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings.[12]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business"},{"link_name":"Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Information Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology"},{"link_name":"Estonian Maritime Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Maritime_Academy"}],"text":"School of Engineering: Dean Fjodor Sergejev\nSchool of Business and Governance: Dean Prof. Enn Listra\nSchool of Science: Dean Prof. Andrus Salupere\nSchool of Information Technologies: Dean Prof. Gert Jervan\nEstonian Maritime Academy: Director Roomet Leiger","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Computer Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer"},{"link_name":"Software Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"Health Technologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_technology"},{"link_name":"Thomas Johann Seebeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck"},{"link_name":"Electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Electrical Power Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering"},{"link_name":"Mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"Energy Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_technology"},{"link_name":"Materials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"Environmental Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology"},{"link_name":"Mechanical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"},{"link_name":"Industrial Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"},{"link_name":"Tartu College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_College"},{"link_name":"Virumaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virumaa"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Pedagogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy"},{"link_name":"Geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Cybernetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics"},{"link_name":"Marine Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance"},{"link_name":"Ragnar Nurkse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar_Nurkse"},{"link_name":"Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"}],"text":"Department of Computer Systems: Director Margus Kruus\nDepartment of Software Science: Director Marko Kääramees\nDepartment of Health Technologies: Director Prof. Kalju Meigas\nThomas Johann Seebeck Department of Electronics: Director Laur Lemendik\nIT College: Director Kalle Tammemäe\nDepartment of Civil Engineering and Architecture: Director Prof. Jarek Kurnitski\nDepartment of Electrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics: Director Prof. Ivo Palu\nDepartment of Energy Technology: Director Prof. Andres Siirde\nDepartment of Materials and Environmental Technology: Director Prof. Malle Krunks\nDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering: Director Prof. Kristo Karjust\nTartu College: Director Prof. Lembit Nei\nVirumaa College: Director Mare Roosileht\nEstonian Centre of Engineering Pedagogy: Head of Centre Tiia Rüütmann\nDepartment of Geology: Director Prof. Olle Hints\nDepartment of Chemistry and Biotechnology: Director Ivar Järving\nDepartment of Cybernetics: Acting director Prof. Jaan Janno\nDepartment of Marine Systems: Director Rivo Uiboupin\nDepartment of Economics and Finance: Director Prof. Kadri Männasoo\nRagnar Nurkse Department of Innovation and Governance: Director Prof. Erkki Karo\nDepartment of Law: Director Prof. Tanel Kerikmäe\nDepartment of Business Administration: Director Mari Avarmaa","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Library_of_Tallinn_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tallinn_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-taltech.ee_library-13"}],"sub_title":"Tallinn University of Technology Library","text":"The new library building of Tallinn University of TechnologyThe entrance of the LibraryThe history of the library goes back to 1919.[13]","title":"Departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bach-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mast-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bachelor's level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Cyber Security Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyber_Security"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"International Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_business"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"BA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Integrated Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_engineering"},{"link_name":"BSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Master's level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"Cyber Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering"},{"link_name":"Systems Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Technology Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_governance"},{"link_name":"Sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"E-Governance Technologies and Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-governance"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Digital Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_health"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Software Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"International Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_business"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Entrepreneurial Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"MBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"MA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Public Sector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_sector"},{"link_name":"Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"},{"link_name":"e-Governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-governance"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Industrial Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Environmental Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering"},{"link_name":"Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"Technology Futures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futures_studies"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Energetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_energy"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood"},{"link_name":"Plastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic"},{"link_name":"Textiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Applied Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_physics"},{"link_name":"MSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building"},{"link_name":"Civil Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Technology"},{"link_name":"Materials Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"Business Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_administration"},{"link_name":"Electrical Power Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_engineering"},{"link_name":"Mechatronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics"},{"link_name":"Information and Communication Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"},{"link_name":"Physical Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_physical_science"},{"link_name":"Public Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration"},{"link_name":"Mechanical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering"}],"text":"The internationalization of higher education is one of the key strategic goals of Tallinn University of Technology. The university offers over 30 degree programmes in English: 4 Bachelor programmes,[14] 18 Master programmes[15] and 9 PhD programmes.[16]Bachelor's level programmes in English:Cyber Security Engineering (BSc)\nInternational Business Administration (BA)\nLaw (BA)\nIntegrated Engineering (BSc)Master's level programmes in English:Cyber Security (MSc)\nCommunicative Electronics (MSc)\nComputer and Systems Engineering (MSc)\nTechnology Governance and Sustainability (MA)\nE-Governance Technologies and Services (MSc)\nDigital Health (MSc)\nSoftware Engineering (MSc)\nInternational Business Administration (MBA)\nEntrepreneurial Management (MBA)\nLaw (MA)\nPublic Sector Innovation and e-Governance (MSc)\nIndustrial Engineering and Management (MSc)\nEnvironmental Engineering and Management (MSc)\nDesign and Technology Futures (MSc)\nMaterials and Processes for Sustainable Energetics (MSc)\nTechnology of Wood, Plastics and Textiles (MSc)\nMechatronics (MSc)\nApplied Physics (MSc)PhD programmes in English:Building and Civil Engineering and Architecture\nChemical and Materials Technology\nChemistry and Biotechnology\nEconomics and Business Administration\nElectrical Power Engineering and Mechatronics\nInformation and Communication Technology\nPhysical Sciences\nPublic Administration\nMechanical Engineering","title":"International degree programmes in English"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jüri Ratas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Ratas"},{"link_name":"Riigikogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigikogu"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Priit Kasesalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priit_Kasesalu"},{"link_name":"Skype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype"},{"link_name":"GrabCAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GrabCAD"},{"link_name":"Tiit Vähi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiit_V%C3%A4hi"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Commerce"},{"link_name":"Taavi Kotka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taavi_Kotka"},{"link_name":"e-Residency programme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Residency_of_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Jüri Engelbrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Engelbrecht"},{"link_name":"Academy of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Jaak Leimann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaak_Leimann"},{"link_name":"Toomas Luman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toomas_Luman"},{"link_name":"Jüri Mõis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCri_M%C3%B5is"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Hansabank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansabank"},{"link_name":"Irina Embrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Embrich"},{"link_name":"Olympic champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics#Fencing"},{"link_name":"épée fencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Erika Kirpu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_Kirpu"},{"link_name":"Olympic champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics#Fencing"},{"link_name":"épée fencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%A9e"}],"text":"Besides the entire technological elite of Estonia, alumni include numerous industrialists, businesspeople, and athletes.Jüri Ratas, President of the Riigikogu, former Mayor of Tallinn and Prime Minister of Estonia\nPriit Kasesalu, one of the initial developers of Skype\nHardi Meybaum, the CEO and a co-founder of GrabCAD\nTiit Vähi, the former Prime Minister and eminent industrialist\nToomas Luman, the Chairman of the Estonian Chamber of Commerce\nTaavi Kotka, former Chief Information Officer of Estonian Government and leader of e-Residency programme\nJüri Engelbrecht, the Vice President and former President of the Estonian Academy of Science\nJaak Leimann, former Minister of Economic Affairs of Estonia\nToomas Luman, Estonian entrepreneur\nJüri Mõis, former Mayor of Tallinn, Minister of the Interior, and one of the founders of Hansabank\nIrina Embrich, Olympic champion épée fencer\nErika Kirpu, Olympic champion épée fencer","title":"Alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Shanghai University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech Technical University in Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Technical_University_in_Prague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brno University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brno_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Czech University of Life Sciences Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_University_of_Life_Sciences_Prague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Masaryk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masaryk_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Mendel University in Brno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendel_University_in_Brno"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan University Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_University_Prague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Palacký University Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University_Olomouc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Liberec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Liberec"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Tomas Bata University in Zlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Bata_University_in_Zlin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chemistry_and_Technology,_Prague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"University of Economics, Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Economics,_Prague"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"University of Hradec Kralove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Hradec_Kralove"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"University of West Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_West_Bohemia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Ostrava"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Aalborg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalborg_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"National University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Sciences_and_Technology,_Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Aalto University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aalto_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Tampere University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lappeenranta-Lahti_University_of_Technology_LUT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"University of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Ecole Centrale de Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecole_Centrale_de_Nantes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"University of Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Grenoble Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenoble_Institute_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivane_Javakhishvili_Tbilisi_State_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Caucasus University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Technical University Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_Munich"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Technische Universität Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Darmstadt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kiel University of Applied Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_University_of_Applied_Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Dresden University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Agricultural University of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Athens"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Budapest University of Technology and Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest_University_of_Technology_and_Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"IIT Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Politecnico di Torino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politecnico_di_Torino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Università degli Studi di Bergamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_degli_Studi_di_Bergamo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Kangwon National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangwon_National_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Riga Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga_Technical_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Vilnius Gediminas Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius_Gediminas_Technical_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Kaunas University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Delft University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"University of Groningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Groningen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"University of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maastricht"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"University of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oslo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"University of Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"University of Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Porto"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"National University of Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_Politecnica_de_Catalunya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"University of Alicante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alicante"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Lund University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lund_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalmers_University_of_Technology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"University of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Geneva"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Development Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Development_Administration"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Technical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Technical_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"University of Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Brighton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"National Technical University of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Technical_University_of_Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"The Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Citadel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"The University of California, Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Salisbury University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Science_and_Technology"}],"text":"The cooperation, especially with European universities is more focused for curricula development, project cooperation and networking. In Europe, student and staff mobility is mainly organised under Erasmus programme. A selection of university-wide partnerships:[17]Shanghai University\n Czech Technical University in Prague\n Charles University\n Brno University of Technology\n Czech University of Life Sciences Prague\n Masaryk University\n Mendel University in Brno\n Metropolitan University Prague\n Palacký University Olomouc\n Technical University of Liberec\n Tomas Bata University in Zlin\n University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague\n University of Economics, Prague\n University of Hradec Kralove\n University of West Bohemia\n VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava\n Aalborg University\n National University of Science and Technology\n Aalto University\n Tampere University\n Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT\n University of Strasbourg\n Ecole Centrale de Nantes\n University of Bordeaux\n Grenoble Institute of Technology\n Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University\n Caucasus University\n Technical University Munich\n Technische Universität Darmstadt\n Kiel University of Applied Sciences\n Dresden University of Technology\n Agricultural University of Athens\n Budapest University of Technology and Economics\n IIT Delhi\n Politecnico di Torino\n Università degli Studi di Bergamo\n Kangwon National University\n Riga Technical University\n Vilnius Gediminas Technical University\n Kaunas University of Technology\n Delft University of Technology\n University of Groningen\n University of Maastricht\n Norwegian University of Science and Technology\n University of Oslo\n University of Warsaw\n University of Porto\n National University of Singapore\n Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya\n University of Alicante\n KTH Royal Institute of Technology\n Lund University\n Chalmers University of Technology\n University of Geneva\n National Institute of Development Administration\n Istanbul Technical University\n University of Edinburgh\n University of Brighton\n National Technical University of Ukraine\n The Citadel\n The University of California, Berkeley \n Stanford University\n Salisbury University\n University of New Mexico\n National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","title":"Partner universities"}]

[{"image_text":"Campus of Tallinn University of Technology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Tallinn_University_of_Technology.png/220px-Tallinn_University_of_Technology.png"},{"image_text":"The new library building of Tallinn University of Technology","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Library_of_Tallinn_University_of_Technology.jpg/220px-Library_of_Tallinn_University_of_Technology.jpg"},{"image_text":"The entrance of the Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Tallinn_University_of_Technology.jpg/220px-Tallinn_University_of_Technology.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-equatorial_orbit

Near-equatorial orbit

["1 Non-inclined orbit","2 See also","3 References"]

Type of orbit around an astronomical body A near-equatorial orbit is an orbit that lies close to the equatorial plane of the object orbited. Such an orbit has an inclination near 0°. On Earth, such orbits lie on the celestial equator, the great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere on the same plane as the equator of Earth. A geostationary orbit is a particular type of equatorial orbit, one which is geosynchronous. A satellite in a geostationary orbit appears stationary, always at the same point in the sky, to observers on the surface of the Earth. Equatorial orbits can be advantageous for several reasons. For launches of human technology to space, sites near the Equator, such as the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana, or Alcantara Launch Centre in Brazil, can be good locations for spaceports as they provide some additional orbital speed to the launch vehicle by imparting the rotational speed of the Earth, 460 m/s, to the spacecraft at launch. The added velocity reduces the fuel needed to launch spacecraft to orbit. Since Earth rotates eastward, only launches eastward take advantage of this boost of speed. Westward launches, in fact, are especially difficult from the Equator because of the need to counteract the extra rotational speed. Equatorial orbits offer other advantages, such as to communication: a spaceship in an equatorial orbit passes directly over an equatorial spaceport on every rotation, in contrast to the varying ground track of an inclined orbit. Furthermore, launches directly into equatorial orbit eliminate the need for costly adjustments to a spacecraft's launch trajectory. The maneuver to reach the 5° inclination of the Moon's orbit from the 28° N latitude of Cape Canaveral was originally estimated to reduce the payload capacity of the Apollo Program's Saturn V rocket by as much as 80%. Non-inclined orbit A non-inclined orbit is an orbit coplanar with a plane of reference. The orbital inclination is 0° for prograde orbits, and π (180°) for retrograde ones. If the plane of reference is a massive spheroid body's equatorial plane, these orbits are called equatorial, and the non-inclined orbit is merely a special case of the near-equatorial orbit. However, a non-inclined orbit need not be referenced only to an equatorial reference plane. If the plane of reference is the ecliptic plane, they are called an ecliptic orbit. As non-inclined orbits lack nodes, the ascending node is undefined, as well as its related classical orbital elements, the longitude of the ascending node and the argument of periapsis. In these cases, alternative orbital elements or different definitions must be used to ensure an orbit is fully described. A geostationary orbit is a geosynchronous example of an equatorial orbit, non-inclined orbit that is coplanar with the equator of Earth. See also List of orbits Geostationary orbit (GEO) Celestial equator Orbital inclination Inclined orbit References ^ a b c William Barnaby Faherty; Charles D. Benson (1978). "Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations". NASA Special Publication-4204 in the NASA History Series. p. Chapter 1.2: A Saturn Launch Site. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 8 May 2019. Equatorial launch sites offered certain advantages over facilities within the continental United States. A launching due east from a site on the Equator could take advantage of the earth's maximum rotational velocity (460 meters per second) to achieve orbital speed. The more frequent overhead passage of the orbiting vehicle above an equatorial base would facilitate tracking and communications. Most important, an equatorial launch site would avoid the costly dogleg technique, a prerequisite for placing rockets into equatorial orbit from sites such as Cape Canaveral, Florida (28 degrees north latitude). The necessary correction in the space vehicle's trajectory could be very expensive - engineers estimated that doglegging a Saturn vehicle into a low-altitude equatorial orbit from Cape Canaveral used enough extra propellant to reduce the payload by as much as 80%. In higher orbits, the penalty was less severe but still involved at least a 20% loss of payload. ^ Prussing, John E.; Conway, Bruce A. (1993). Orbital Mechanics (1st ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0-19-507834-9. vteGravitational orbitsTypesGeneral Box Capture Circular Elliptical / Highly elliptical Escape Horseshoe Hyperbolic trajectory Inclined / Non-inclined Kepler Lagrange point Osculating Parabolic trajectory Parking Prograde / Retrograde Synchronous semi sub Transfer orbit Geocentric Geosynchronous Geostationary Geostationary transfer Graveyard High Earth Low Earth Medium Earth Molniya Near-equatorial Orbit of the Moon Polar Sun-synchronous Transatmospheric Tundra Very low Earth Aboutother points Mars Areocentric Areosynchronous Areostationary Lagrange points Distant retrograde Halo Lissajous Libration Lunar Sun Heliocentric Earth's orbit Mars cycler Heliosynchronous Other Lunar cycler ParametersShapeSize e  Eccentricity a  Semi-major axis b  Semi-minor axis Q, q  Apsides Orientation i  Inclination Ω  Longitude of the ascending node ω  Argument of periapsis ϖ  Longitude of the periapsis Position M  Mean anomaly ν, θ, f  True anomaly E  Eccentric anomaly L  Mean longitude l  True longitude Variation T  Orbital period n  Mean motion v  Orbital speed t0  Epoch Maneuvers Bi-elliptic transfer Collision avoidance (spacecraft) Delta-v Delta-v budget Gravity assist Gravity turn Hohmann transfer Inclination change Low-energy transfer Oberth effect Phasing Rocket equation Rendezvous Trans-lunar injection Transposition, docking, and extraction Orbitalmechanics Astronomical coordinate systems Characteristic energy Escape velocity Ephemeris Equatorial coordinate system Ground track Hill sphere Interplanetary Transport Network Kepler's laws of planetary motion Lagrangian point n-body problem Orbit equation Orbital state vectors Perturbation Retrograde and prograde motion Specific orbital energy Specific angular momentum Two-line elements List of orbits

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbaynggirr_language

Gumbaynggirr language

["1 History and description","2 Phonology","2.1 Vowels","2.2 Consonants","3 Revitalisation","3.1 Funding","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Australian Aboriginal language GumbaynggirrKumbainggarRegionNew South Wales, AustraliaEthnicityGumbaynggirr, Banbai, ?NgambaNative speakers310 (2021 census)(may include L2 speakers)Language familyPama–Nyungan GumbaynggiricGumbaynggirrDialects Gumbaynggirr Nymboidan Gambalamam Baanbay ? Ngambaa Language codesISO 639-3kgsGlottologkumb1268AIATSISE7ELPGumbaynggirKumbainggar is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger Gumbaynggir language (also spelled Gumbaingari, Kumbainggar, Kumbaingeri, Gambalamam, and also called Baanbay) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gumbaynggirr people, who are native to the Mid North Coast of New South Wales. History and description Gumbaynggir is the only surviving language in the Gumbaynggiric family of Pama–Nyungan stock. It has a binary way of counting numbers. Phonology Vowels Front Central Back High i iː u uː Low a aː Consonants Labial Alveolar/Retroflex Palatal Velar Stop b d ɟ ɡ Nasal m n ɲ ŋ Lateral l Trill r Approximant w ɻ j Voiced stops may also be realised as voiceless sounds , when occurring in intervocalic positions. Revitalisation Organised revitalisation of Gumbaynggir has been under way since 1986 when Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative was founded at Nambucca Heads. Classes in Gumbaynggir are taught through the North Coast Institute of TAFE up to Certificate II level. Muurrbay and Many Rivers Aboriginal Language Centre (MRALC) supports Aboriginal language revitalization through activities that include: Providing access to linguistic expertise, and training for Aboriginal people. Recording languages wherever possible, and assisting with access to archival materials, providing a regional storage base for these materials. Producing language materials such as dictionaries or wordlists, grammars, learner's guides, transcriptions and translations. Providing community access to languages by using, and assisting communities to use information technology such as: Transcriber, Shoebox, Powerpoint and Adobe Audition. Employing linguists, Aboriginal language researchers and specialists in Information and Communication Technology. Raising awareness in the wider community about the value of Aboriginal languages. In recent years, the Bularri Muurlay Nyanggan Aboriginal Corporation (BMNAC), established in 2010 by Gumbaynggirr and Bundjalung man Clark Webb, has made great efforts to revitalise the Gumbaynggirr language. The BMNAC started in 2010 when two after school learning centres were set up at Wongala Estate Aboriginal Reserve and Woolgoolga High School. A third after school Learning Centre was established at William Bayldon Primary School in Sawtell in 2012. Further efforts from the BMNAC saw the Gumbaynggirr Giingana Freedom School open in February 2022. The first independent Indigenous bilingual primary school to ever operate in New South Wales. The school caters to students from K-2, and operates under the ethos of “Bularri Muurlay Nyanggan” meaning "Two Path Strong" in Gumbaynggirr language. Funding Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Cooperative Ltd at Bellwood receives funding from the following government organisations: The Australian Government has an Indigenous Languages Support (ILS) program which gives money to community driven digital and multi-media resources as a tool for maintenance, revival and development of native languages New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs has funded the Muurrbay Centre Sydney-based Aboriginal Languages Summer School In November 2011, the Australian Government declared an Indigenous Protected Area for the Gumbaynggirr people. The Indigenous Protected Areas Act protects the native land of Indigenous Australians. The protection of the land ties into the spiritual beliefs of the Gumbaynggirr people and by protecting the land, the government is helping revitalise their culture. See also List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales References ^ ABS. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017. ^ Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxiv. ^ E7 Gumbaynggirr at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies ^ "Kumbainggar". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ Eades, Diana (1979). Gumbaynggir. Handbook of Australian Languages, Vol 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 245–362. ^ Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. "The Language Today". Retrieved 11 August 2023. ^ Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. "Gumbaynggirr Language Revitalisation". Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ Poetsch, Susan; Jarrett, Michael; Angelo, Denise (1 May 2019). "Learning and teaching Gumbaynggirr through story: Behind the scenes of professional learning workshops for teachers of an Aboriginal language". Language Documentation & Conservation. 13: 231–252. hdl:10125/24867. ISSN 1934-5275. ^ ^ ^ ^ "Indigenous Languages Support (ILS)". Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013. ^ Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. "Certificate II in Gumbaynggirr language & culture". Retrieved 5 August 2012. ^ "Gumma Indigenous Protected Area". Retrieved 18 September 2020. External links Bibliography of Gumbaynggir people and language resources, at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Rosetta Project: Kumbainggar Swadesh List vtePama–Nyungan languagesPaman languagesNorth Adithinngithigh Andjingith Anguthimri Arritinngithigh Awngthim Luthigh Mbiywom Ndrangith Ngkoth Uradhi Northeast Umpila Wik Ayabadhu Kugu-Muminh Pakanha Wik-Me'nh Wik-Mungkan Wik-Ngathan Wik-Ompom Lamalamic Lamalama Morrobolam Yalanjic Barrow Point Gugu Yalandyi Guugu Yimidhirr Southwest Koko-Bera Kok Thawa Kunjen Ogh-Undjan Kuuk Thaayorre Kuuk Yak Yir-Yoront Norman Kurtjar Kuthant Thaypan Alungul Angkula Aghu Tharrnggala Ikarranggal Takalak Thaypan Southern Agwamin Mbara-Yanga Mbabaram Walangama Other Djabugay Flinders Island Gugadj Kok Narr Mbariman-Gudhinma Umbindhamu Eastern Pama–NyunganDyirbalic Dyirbal Nyawaygi Warrgamay Wulguru Maric Bidjara Biri Kingkel Warrongo Waka–Kabic Barunggam Dappil Gabi-Gabi Gureng Gureng Wakawaka Wuliwuli Durubalic Guwar Janday Nunukul Turrbal Gumbaynggiric Kumbainggar Yaygir Wiradhuric Gamilaraay Ngiyambaa Wiradjuri Yuin–Kuric Awabakal Darkinjung Dharug Dhanggati Ngarigo Ngunnawal Tharawal Wormi Gippsland Dhudhuroa Gunaikurnai Pallanganmiddang Other Anewan Bandjalang Kalaw Lagaw Ya Yidiny Southern Pama–NyunganYotayotic Yabula-Yabula Yotayota KulinicKolakngat Kulin Bunurong Dja Dja Wurrung Ledji-Ledji Madhi-Madhi Wadi-Wadi Wathaurong Wemba Wemba Woiwurrung–Taungurung Drual Bungandidj Dhauwurd Wurrung Kuurn Kopan Noot Lower Murray Keramin Ngayawung Yaralde Yitha-Yitha Yuyu Thura-Yura Adnyamathanha Barngarla Kaurna Kuyani Narungga Nauo Ngadjuri Nukunu Wirangu Mirniny Mirning Ngadjunmaya Nyungic Galaagu Kalaamaya Natingero Nyungar Western Pama–NyunganKartu Badimaya Malgana Nhanda Wajarri Yinggarda Kanyara–Mantharta Kanyara Mantharta Ngayarta Jurruru Kurrama Martuthunira Ngarla Ngarluma-Kariyarra Nhuwala Nyamal Nyiyaparli Panyjima Yindjibarndi Yinhawangka Marrngu Karajarri Mangala Nyangumarta Northern Pama–NyunganNgumpin–Yapa Ngarrga Ngumbin Warumungu Warumungu Warluwaric Wagaya Bularnu Yindjilandji Warluwarra Yanyuwa Kalkatungic Kalkatungu Yalarnnga Mayi Mayi-Kulan Mayi-Kutuna Ngawun Central Pama–NyunganWati Ngardi Wanman Western Desert Arandic Arrernte Kaytetye Lower Arrernte Karnic Arabana Diyari Mithaka Ngamini Yarluyandi Ngura Pitta Pitta Wanggamala Wangka-Yutjurru Wilson River Bundhamara new Wangkumara/Garlali Yandruwandha Other Baagandji Bulloo River old Wangkumara/Garlali Muruwari Yardli Other Pama–NyunganYolŋu Dhaŋu Dhuwal Djaŋu Djinba Djinaŋ Ritharrŋu Nhaŋu Other Barranbinja Lower Burdekin Macro-Pama–Nyungan?Macro-Gunwinyguan?Maningrida Burarra Ndjébbana Gurr-goni Nakkara Mangarrayi-Marran Alawa Mangarrayi Marra Warndarrang Yugul Gunwinyguan Jawoyn Uwinymil Waray Kunwinjku Dalabon Kunbarlang Ngalakgan Rembarrnga Ngandi Nunggubuyu Anindilyakwa Other Gaagudju Kungarakany Wardaman Wagiman Tangkic Kayardild Lardil Minkin Gangalidda (Yukulta) Garrwan Garrwa Gunindiri Waanyi

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Aboriginal language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages"},{"link_name":"Gumbaynggirr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbaynggirr"},{"link_name":"Mid North Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_North_Coast"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"}],"text":"Gumbaynggir language (also spelled Gumbaingari, Kumbainggar, Kumbaingeri, Gambalamam, and also called Baanbay) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gumbaynggirr people, who are native to the Mid North Coast of New South Wales.","title":"Gumbaynggirr language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pama–Nyungan stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Gumbaynggir is the only surviving language in the Gumbaynggiric family of Pama–Nyungan stock.[4]It has a binary way of counting numbers.[citation needed]","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Voiced stops may also be realised as voiceless sounds [p, k, c, t], when occurring in intervocalic positions.[5]","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"revitalisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_revitalization"},{"link_name":"Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muurrbay_Aboriginal_Language_and_Culture_Co-operative"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"TAFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFE_NSW"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bundjalung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundjalung_people"},{"link_name":"Woolgoolga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolgoolga,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Sawtell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtell,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Organised revitalisation of Gumbaynggir has been under way since 1986 when Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-operative was founded at Nambucca Heads.[6] Classes in Gumbaynggir are taught through the North Coast Institute of TAFE up to Certificate II level.Muurrbay and Many Rivers Aboriginal Language Centre (MRALC) supports Aboriginal language revitalization through activities that include:[7][8]Providing access to linguistic expertise, and training for Aboriginal people.\nRecording languages wherever possible, and assisting with access to archival materials, providing a regional storage base for these materials.\nProducing language materials such as dictionaries or wordlists, grammars, learner's guides, transcriptions and translations.\nProviding community access to languages by using, and assisting communities to use information technology such as: Transcriber, Shoebox, Powerpoint and Adobe Audition.\nEmploying linguists, Aboriginal language researchers and specialists in Information and Communication Technology.\nRaising awareness in the wider community about the value of Aboriginal languages.In recent years, the Bularri Muurlay Nyanggan Aboriginal Corporation (BMNAC), established in 2010 by Gumbaynggirr and Bundjalung man Clark Webb, has made great efforts to revitalise the Gumbaynggirr language. The BMNAC started in 2010 when two after school learning centres were set up at Wongala Estate Aboriginal Reserve and Woolgoolga High School. A third after school Learning Centre was established at William Bayldon Primary School in Sawtell in 2012.[9]Further efforts from the BMNAC saw the Gumbaynggirr Giingana Freedom School open in February 2022. The first independent Indigenous bilingual primary school to ever operate in New South Wales.[10] The school caters to students from K-2, and operates under the ethos of “Bularri Muurlay Nyanggan” meaning \"Two Path Strong\" in Gumbaynggirr language.[11]","title":"Revitalisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Government"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Department_of_Aboriginal_Affairs"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"Indigenous Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Funding","text":"Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Cooperative Ltd at Bellwood receives funding from the following government organisations:The Australian Government has an Indigenous Languages Support (ILS) program which gives money to community driven digital and multi-media resources as a tool for maintenance, revival and development of native languages[12]\nNew South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs has funded the Muurrbay Centre Sydney-based Aboriginal Languages Summer School[13]In November 2011, the Australian Government declared an Indigenous Protected Area for the Gumbaynggirr people. The Indigenous Protected Areas Act protects the native land of Indigenous Australians. The protection of the land ties into the spiritual beliefs of the Gumbaynggirr people and by protecting the land, the government is helping revitalise their culture.[14]","title":"Revitalisation"}]

[]

[{"title":"List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Aboriginal_languages_of_New_South_Wales"}]

[{"reference":"ABS. \"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)\". stat.data.abs.gov.au. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044803/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA","url_text":"\"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)\""},{"url":"http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dixon, Robert M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxiv.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._W._Dixon","url_text":"Dixon, Robert M. W."},{"url":"http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780","url_text":"Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development"}]},{"reference":"\"Kumbainggar\". Ethnologue. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kgs","url_text":"\"Kumbainggar\""}]},{"reference":"Eades, Diana (1979). Gumbaynggir. Handbook of Australian Languages, Vol 1. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 245–362.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. \"The Language Today\". Retrieved 11 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://muurrbay.org.au/languages/gumbaynggirr//","url_text":"\"The Language Today\""}]},{"reference":"Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. \"Gumbaynggirr Language Revitalisation\". Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muurrbay.org.au/projects/","url_text":"\"Gumbaynggirr Language Revitalisation\""}]},{"reference":"Poetsch, Susan; Jarrett, Michael; Angelo, Denise (1 May 2019). \"Learning and teaching Gumbaynggirr through story: Behind the scenes of professional learning workshops for teachers of an Aboriginal language\". Language Documentation & Conservation. 13: 231–252. hdl:10125/24867. ISSN 1934-5275.","urls":[{"url":"http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24867","url_text":"\"Learning and teaching Gumbaynggirr through story: Behind the scenes of professional learning workshops for teachers of an Aboriginal language\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F24867","url_text":"10125/24867"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1934-5275","url_text":"1934-5275"}]},{"reference":"\"Indigenous Languages Support (ILS)\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606101020/http://arts.gov.au/indigenous/ils","url_text":"\"Indigenous Languages Support (ILS)\""},{"url":"http://arts.gov.au/indigenous/ils","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Muurrbay Aboriginal Language and Culture Co-op. \"Certificate II in Gumbaynggirr language & culture\". Retrieved 5 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.muurrbay.org.au/projects/","url_text":"\"Certificate II in Gumbaynggirr language & culture\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gumma Indigenous Protected Area\". Retrieved 18 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/gumma-ipa","url_text":"\"Gumma Indigenous Protected Area\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kumb1268","external_links_name":"kumb1268"},{"Link":"https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E7","external_links_name":"E7"},{"Link":"http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4382","external_links_name":"Gumbaynggir"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181226044803/http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA","external_links_name":"\"Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)\""},{"Link":"http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T09_SA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521473780","external_links_name":"Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development"},{"Link":"https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/austlang/language/E7","external_links_name":"E7"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kgs","external_links_name":"\"Kumbainggar\""},{"Link":"https://muurrbay.org.au/languages/gumbaynggirr//","external_links_name":"\"The Language Today\""},{"Link":"http://www.muurrbay.org.au/projects/","external_links_name":"\"Gumbaynggirr Language Revitalisation\""},{"Link":"http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24867","external_links_name":"\"Learning and teaching Gumbaynggirr through story: Behind the scenes of professional learning workshops for teachers of an Aboriginal language\""},{"Link":"https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F24867","external_links_name":"10125/24867"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1934-5275","external_links_name":"1934-5275"},{"Link":"https://bmnac.org.au/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://nit.com.au/gumbaynggirr-school-to-be-first-bilingual-school-in-nsw-with-an-aboriginal-language/?amp","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.thecentrehki.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Bularri-Muurlay.pdf","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130606101020/http://arts.gov.au/indigenous/ils","external_links_name":"\"Indigenous Languages Support (ILS)\""},{"Link":"http://arts.gov.au/indigenous/ils","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.muurrbay.org.au/projects/","external_links_name":"\"Certificate II in Gumbaynggirr language & culture\""},{"Link":"https://www.niaa.gov.au/indigenous-affairs/environment/gumma-ipa","external_links_name":"\"Gumma Indigenous Protected Area\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150529065858/http://aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/gumbaynggir_gumbainggirr.pdf","external_links_name":"Bibliography of Gumbaynggir people and language resources"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_kgs_swadesh-1/kgs.txt","external_links_name":"Rosetta Project: Kumbainggar Swadesh List"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Literary_and_Scientific_Institution

Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution

["1 Origins","2 History of the HLSI","3 Buildings","4 The HLSI today","5 Presidents","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]

Coordinates: 51°34′13.5″N 0°08′55.3″W / 51.570417°N 0.148694°W / 51.570417; -0.148694Subscription library in London, England 51°34′13.5″N 0°08′55.3″W / 51.570417°N 0.148694°W / 51.570417; -0.148694 Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution (HLSI)The HLSI, 11 South Grove, Highgate, N6Formation1839TypeCIOLegal statusCharityPurposeTo offer opportunities for life-long learning through its courses, library, archives, art gallery, lectures, debates and cultural & social eventsHeadquarters11 South Grove, Highgate, London, EnglandActivitiesCoursesArt GalleryLecturesDebatesEventsCollectionsLending LibraryReading RoomsArchivesChairSimon EdwardsWebsitehttps://hlsi.net/ The Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution (HLSI) is a Charitable Company (CIO) Limited by Guarantee. It was founded in 1839 in Highgate, North London, as a friendly society with the aim of helping local people to better understand new developments in industry and discoveries in science. It is now one the few surviving membership supported organisations which predate the widespread establishment of public libraries in the United Kingdom. Today its charitable purpose, from its historic building, is to offer opportunities for life-long learning through its courses, library, archives, art gallery, lectures, debates, cultural and social events. Origins The Industrial Revolution of the 18th and 19th centuries set in train a movement for self-improvement among all classes of society. The spirit of enquiry generated by the new scientific inventions and their development in manufacturing processes led to the formation, originally in the big industrial cities of the north, of societies where members could attend lectures and have access to libraries. The first of these, the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society, founded in 1781, and the Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, of 1793, were soon followed by similar organisations all over the country, as well as Mechanics' Institutions whose members included more working men. Libraries and reading rooms were at the heart of even the smallest institutions and to avoid controversy, politics and religion were banned. By 1839, when the HLSI was founded, the number of all types of institution had risen to nearly 300 and by 1851, the year of the Great Exhibition, the number had more than doubled to almost 700. With little or no division between the two main types the term Literary and Scientific Institution began to be widely used as an alternative to Mechanics' Institutions. The movement reached its peak around the 1860s. With the Public Libraries Act of 1850 many institution libraries were eventually taken over to form the nucleus of the public library system. Further erosion followed the Education Acts of 1870 and 1902 and the Technical Instruction Act 1889 meant that the need for some of the Institutions' educational functions had been superseded. To maintain their membership numbers the remaining societies had to popularise their activities. Systematic science courses gave way to miscellaneous subjects such as popular science, literature, music, history and travel. In their libraries scientific textbooks came to be outnumbered by works of fiction, travel and general literature. Reference rooms were converted into rooms displaying newspapers and periodicals. The Independent Libraries Association was formed in 1989 by the few remaining UK Institutions still active, including the HLSI, for the exchange of information on questions of mutual interest. History of the HLSI Harry Chester was a prominent local resident and Permanent Secretary to the Committee of the Privy Council on Education. On 16 January 1839 he called a meeting at the Gate House Tavern in Highgate Village for the purpose of forming an institution designed to excite and cultivate an intelligent interest in the objects of Literature and Science. It was intended to be for all classes and both sexes. Seventy-six local residents put down their names to become members and at a second meeting two weeks later, on 31 January, the Highgate Literary & Scientific Institution was formed when rules and a constitution were proposed. In its first set of rules the Institution set out to create and foster a taste for reading and a taste for intellectual pursuits – to bring within reach of Artisan and Mechanic those mental enjoyments which next to the consolations of religion and the blessings of natural affection are the best friends to Virtue and Happiness. To offer books, not only in the rooms of the Institution, but at the firesides of Members and Associates – and lectures to stimulate and gratify an intelligent desire for information. Above all to unite all classes and all parties in one common object – the general good of themselves and all around them. A search for premises commenced, and after a year in two rented rooms at 1 Southwood Terrace, (now 24 Southwood Lane), the HLSI moved to its present home at 11 South Grove, Highgate Village in 1840. Buildings The Institution owns a group of Grade II and II* listed buildings at the top of Swain's Lane in the centre of Highgate Village facing Pond Square. The largest, 11 South Grove is used for the HLSI's own activities, 10a South Grove is leased to the Highgate Society, whilst to the rear in Swain's Lane a cottage and a group of single lock-up garages are also let. The early history of the buildings on the site is not known for certain, but by the mid-seventeenth century there were three, or perhaps four, cottages disposed round a well. The basement of the HLSI incorporates vaulted cellars typically found in pubs, and it has been speculated that this was the site of the Swan, Highgate's first alehouse dating from the fifteenth century. On the ground occupied by two of the cottages Church House (10 South Grove) was built in 1752 by Peter Storer, brother-in-law of Sir John Hawkins, the friend and biographer of Dr Samuel Johnson. A coach-house and stables were built alongside to the west. By 1840 Leopold Neumegen was running a school from Church House, on lease from the Hawkins family. Not requiring the coach-house and stables, he sub-let them to the new Institution, becoming no.11 South Grove. At the front, the ground floor was turned into a library and behind, the large coach-house became a lecture hall. In the centre, off a courtyard, was a committee room while upstairs was accommodation for the librarian. In 1851 the Lecture Hall (the present Library) underwent a grand refurbishment incorporating raked seating, a new platform and diagram board provided for the use of lecturers. The Earl of Shaftesbury, the famous philanthropist, was the guest of honour at the re-opening ceremony. In 1879, forty years after its founding, the Institution embarked on its most ambitious scheme of improvement, designed by the local architect Rawlinson Parkinson. The former Lecture Hall became the Library; the former Library was panelled becoming a reading room; the South Grove frontage was refaced and an entrance porch and lobby were constructed (these were restored in 1988); and the living accommodation was modernised. The following year the open courtyard at the rear was enclosed and roofed becoming the new Lecture Hall, opened by Baroness Burdett-Coutts in March 1880, now called the Victoria Hall. In 2006 the first floor living accommodation was converted into two classrooms and a study/meeting room (The Coleridge Room). The freehold of 11 South Grove was acquired from the Hawkins family in 1932 for £1700 and four years later the Institution bought Church House, 10a and a shop and garage at the back of No. 11 for £2019. Church House was sold in 1957 for £4600 and part of the funds were used to build six lock-up garages on the site of the shop and yard which together with the Institution Cottage and 10a South Grove, have provided a valuable source of rental income for the Institution ever since. 10a South Grove dates from 1848 and in 1919 it became a club for domestic servants, was then briefly used as a studio by Margaret Thomas, R.A. and in 1966 it was leased to the newly-formed Highgate Society. The HLSI today Since its foundation in 1839, the Highgate Literary & Scientific Institution has offered a lending library, archive and lectures. Today the activities it offers members and non-members include courses, debates, a science group, opera circle, the Highgate Gallery, a film society, several reading groups and occasional concerts. Only members have use of the Members' Room, Library borrowing rights and reduced rates for classes and activities. In 2019 11 South Grove hosted 25 weddings, 12 christening receptions, numerous parties and several private concerts. Courses have developed into an increasingly important activity, in response to greater demand from local retired people, as more studies highlight the health benefits of lifetime learning. Classes are now held throughout the year covering subjects including architecture, art, art history and crafts, exercise, history, languages, music appreciation and walks. The Library has approximately 25,000 books, ranging from crime fiction to history, reflecting current members’ interests and those of earlier librarians: for example, at various times the Bloomsbury Group, gardening, embroidery, Imperial Russia and women travellers of the 19th century have clearly been much in demand. The early Victorian collection matched the lecture subjects chosen by the members, so was much stronger in the burgeoning fields of science and engineering, but now fiction, biography and history predominate. The children's section holds classics as well as new titles. Many books are not available in other libraries, and the collection is a resource for researchers and writers. In its reference section the HLSI holds special collections on London, Highgate, the explorer Mary Kingsley and the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Betjeman, all of whom lived in Highgate. The Archive, which is based in the cellars contains documents and pictures of all kinds relating to Highgate, its environs and its residents since the early seventeenth century. It houses the HLSI's own archive of its activities dating back to its foundation in 1839, as well as material relating to several well-known local residents, including Mary Kingsley, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Betjeman, as well as several special collections acquired or given to it over many years. The archive has a large collection of Victorian and 20th Century photographs, including many taken by the highly regarded photographer John Gay. There is a collection of over 600 postcards spanning 100 years of life in Highgate and early 20th century original prints. The HLSI archive also keeps the archives of several local organisations, many now defunct, including the records of the St Pancras Orphanage for Girls, the Southwood Lane Almshouses, the Mothercraft Training Society (which was based at nearby Cromwell House), the Highgate Dispensary, the Mary Feilding Guild, the Highgate Book Society, the Fisher & Sperr bookshop and the Highgate Horticultural Society. It also holds a collection of paintings of Highgate, dating from 1780 to the present day, many of which are displayed around the Institution. Lectures every Tuesday evening from September to May, on a wide variety of topics, have been a key feature of the Institution's activities since its foundation in 1839. Past lecturers have included (in alphabetical order): Joan Bakewell, Michael Berkeley, Walter Besant, John Betjeman, Anthony Blunt, Ronald Blythe, Thomas Brimelow, Sophie Bryant, AS Byatt, Hugh Casson, William Dalrymple, Charles Dickens Jr., Margaret Drabble, Lord Dufferin, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Roger Fenton, Michael Foot, Antonia Fraser, Michael Frayn, Lord Justice Fry, Timothy Garton Ash, Misha Glenny, Jane Glover, Edmund Gosse, Andrew Graham Dixon, George Grossmith, Simon Hoggart, Richard Holmes, Michael Holroyd, Tristram Hunt, Simon Jenkins, Steve Jones, Jim Al-Khalili, Mary Kingsley, Hermione Lee, David Lodge, Richard Mabey, Hilary Mantel, Henry Marsh, Eleanor Marx, Jolyon Maugham, Jonathan Miller, Frank Muir, James Murray, Julia Neuberger, Paul Nurse, Michael Palin, Flinders Petrie, Lady Plowden, Roy Porter, Michael Rosen, Mark Rylance, Marcus du Sautoy, Quentin Skinner, David Starkey, Sergius Stepniak, Edward Stourton, John Summerson, AJP Taylor, Colin Thubron, Claire Tomalin, Arthur Waley, Fergus Walsh, Marina Warner, Sydney Waterlow, Huw Weldon, Mortimer Wheeler and Lewis Wolpert. The Highgate Gallery was founded in 1994 and is housed in the 19th-century vaulted Victoria Hall within the HLSI. It is run by a committee of artists, gallery managers and art collectors which meets every two months to consider new work submitted. It has approximately nine two-week exhibitions each year and periodically a national touring exhibition: David Hockney Grimms' Fairy Tales in 2000, Francisco Goya The Disparates in 2003, Picasso Histoire Naturelle in 2006, Walker Evans photographs in 2010, Georg Grosz The Big No in 2014 and a Kyffin Williams Paper to Palette Knife Centenary Exhibition in 2018. Other activities in the building include a science group, an opera circle, a film society, craft fairs, concerts, meetings, debates, quizzes and exhibitions. Presidents 1839–1858: Harry Chester 1858–1866: William Gladstone 1866–1867: Rev. John Bradley Dyne 1867–1868: Sir William Henry Bodkin 1868–1869: Lt. Col. Josiah Wilkinson 1869–1870: Sir Sydney Hedley Waterlow 1870–1871: W. H. Michael, Q.C. 1871–1872: James Brotherton 1872–1873: Edward Fry, Q.C. 1873–1874: Colonel Leach 1874–1876: Benjamin G. Lake 1876–1877: Charles Tomlinson 1877–1878: William Green 1878–1880: Rev. Andrew Jukes, M.A. 1880–1884: The Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Fry 1884–1886: William Peter Bodkin 1886–1887: J. Glover, J.P. 1887–1888: Colonel Josiah Wilkinson 1888–1890: A. S. Harvey 1890–1891: Rev. John Bradley Dyne 1891–1892: Arthur Marshall 1892–1893: John Sime 1893–1895: Dr. Harry Greenwood 1895–1896: Abram Lyle 1896–1897: Percival Hart 1897–1900: Walter Reynolds, J.P. 1900–1913: Harry W. Birks 1913–1915: James Anderson 1915–1919: David Croal Thomson 1919–1924: Sir Bignell Elliott 1924–1925: W. H. Gillett 1925–1928: Dr. A. E. C. Dickinson 1928–1930: John Ravenshaw 1930–1932: Harold Wade 1932–1933: Sir Bignell Elliott 1933–1937: Frederick J. Varley 1937–1953: Robert Stewart Whipple 1953–1973: Sir James Brown 1973–1981: Edward Fowler 1981–1988: Peter Benton 1988–1994: Quentin Edwards 1994–1998: David Solomon 1998–2002: Laurence Shurman 2002–2006: Isabel Raphael 2006–2010: Elizabeth Thom 2010–2014: Stephen Hodge 2014–2018: Catherine Budgett-Meakin 2018–2023: Kathy Dallas 2023-present Simon Edwards References ^ About the HLSI, hlsi.net, accessed 6 January 2020 ^ Crane (1991), p. 11 ^ a b Hole, James, An Essay on the History and Management of Literary, Scientific, and Mechanics' Institutions (Cambridge University Press, 1853) ^ Chapter 8 – The Developments at the End of the 19th Century, technicaleducationmatters.org, accessed 6 January 2021 ^ Crane (1991), p. 12 ^ History of HLSI, hlsi.net, accessed 6 January 2020 ^ a b Crane (1991), p. 13 ^ Richardson (1983), p. 219 ^ Richardson (1983), p. 150 ^ Part 1: the Village of Highgate, in Percy Lovell and William McB. Marcham, eds., Survey of London: Volume 17, the Parish of St Pancras (London, 1936), British History Online, accessed 5 January 2021 ^ Crane (1991), p. 15 ^ a b Crane (1991), p. 17 ^ Crane (1991), p. 20 ^ Room Hire, hlsi.net, accessed 6 January 2020 ^ Jamieson, Anne (January 2007). "Quality in Ageing and Older Adults". www.emerald.com. 8 (3): 15–23. doi:10.1108/14717794200700017. Retrieved 26 April 2021. ^ Crane (1991), Chapter 5 The Library, pp 35–43 ^ "Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution - Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. ^ Crane (1991), Chapter 6 The Archives, pp 44–49 ^ Crane (1991), Chapter 7 Lectures and Activities, pp 50–56 ^ Annual Lecture Programmes 1839–2020 retained in the Archive of the HLSI ^ Highgate Gallery Prospectus 2020, hlsi.net, accessed 6 January 2020 ^ Crane (1991), Appendix, pp 75–76 Bibliography Crane, Vera (1991), The Heart of a London Village, The Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution, 1839–1990, Historical Publications, ISBN 0-948667-16-8 Richardson, John (1983), Highgate: Its History since the Fifteenth Century, Eyre and Spottiswoode, ISBN 0-9503656-4-5 Percy Lovell and William McB. Marcham, ed. (1936), Survey of London, Volume XVII, The Parish of St Pancras Part 1: the Village of Highgate, London County Council External links The Highgate Literary & Scientific Institution: www.hlsi.net The Independent Libraries Association: www.independentlibraries.co.uk

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On 16 January 1839 he called a meeting at the Gate House Tavern in Highgate Village[6] for the purpose of forming an institution designed to excite and cultivate an intelligent interest in the objects of Literature and Science. It was intended to be for all classes and both sexes. Seventy-six local residents put down their names to become members[7] and at a second meeting two weeks later, on 31 January, the Highgate Literary & Scientific Institution was formed when rules and a constitution were proposed.In its first set of rules the Institution set out to create and foster a taste for reading and a taste for intellectual pursuits – to bring within reach of Artisan and Mechanic those mental enjoyments which next to the consolations of religion and the blessings of natural affection are the best friends to Virtue and Happiness. To offer books, not only in the rooms of the Institution, but at the firesides of Members and Associates – and lectures to stimulate and gratify an intelligent desire for information. Above all to unite all classes and all parties in one common object – the general good of themselves and all around them.[7]A search for premises commenced, and after a year in two rented rooms at 1 Southwood Terrace, (now 24 Southwood Lane), the HLSI moved to its present home at 11 South Grove, Highgate Village in 1840.[8]","title":"History of the HLSI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed buildings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"Highgate Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate_Village"},{"link_name":"cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage"},{"link_name":"vaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaulted"},{"link_name":"cellars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"John Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dr Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Earl of Shaftesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VC17-12"},{"link_name":"Baroness Burdett-Coutts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroness_Burdett-Coutts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VC17-12"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thomas_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The Institution owns a group of Grade II and II* listed buildings at the top of Swain's Lane in the centre of Highgate Village facing Pond Square. The largest, 11 South Grove is used for the HLSI's own activities, 10a South Grove is leased to the Highgate Society, whilst to the rear in Swain's Lane a cottage and a group of single lock-up garages are also let.The early history of the buildings on the site is not known for certain, but by the mid-seventeenth century there were three, or perhaps four, cottages disposed round a well. The basement of the HLSI incorporates vaulted cellars typically found in pubs, and it has been speculated that this was the site of the Swan, Highgate's first alehouse dating from the fifteenth century.[9] On the ground occupied by two of the cottages Church House (10 South Grove) was built in 1752 by Peter Storer, brother-in-law of Sir John Hawkins,[10] the friend and biographer of Dr Samuel Johnson. A coach-house and stables were built alongside to the west.[11]By 1840 Leopold Neumegen was running a school from Church House, on lease from the Hawkins family. Not requiring the coach-house and stables, he sub-let them to the new Institution, becoming no.11 South Grove. At the front, the ground floor was turned into a library and behind, the large coach-house became a lecture hall. In the centre, off a courtyard, was a committee room while upstairs was accommodation for the librarian. In 1851 the Lecture Hall (the present Library) underwent a grand refurbishment incorporating raked seating, a new platform and diagram board provided for the use of lecturers. The Earl of Shaftesbury, the famous philanthropist, was the guest of honour at the re-opening ceremony.[12]In 1879, forty years after its founding, the Institution embarked on its most ambitious scheme of improvement, designed by the local architect Rawlinson Parkinson. The former Lecture Hall became the Library; the former Library was panelled becoming a reading room; the South Grove frontage was refaced and an entrance porch and lobby were constructed (these were restored in 1988); and the living accommodation was modernised. The following year the open courtyard at the rear was enclosed and roofed becoming the new Lecture Hall, opened by Baroness Burdett-Coutts in March 1880, now called the Victoria Hall.[12] In 2006 the first floor living accommodation was converted into two classrooms and a study/meeting room (The Coleridge Room).The freehold of 11 South Grove was acquired from the Hawkins family in 1932 for £1700 and four years later the Institution bought Church House, 10a and a shop and garage at the back of No. 11 for £2019. Church House was sold in 1957 for £4600 and part of the funds were used to build six lock-up garages on the site of the shop and yard which together with the Institution Cottage and 10a South Grove, have provided a valuable source of rental income for the Institution ever since. 10a South Grove dates from 1848 and in 1919 it became a club for domestic servants, was then briefly used as a studio by Margaret Thomas, R.A. and in 1966 it was leased to the newly-formed Highgate Society.[13]","title":"Buildings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bloomsbury Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Group"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Russia"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"Mary Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"John Betjeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mary Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Samuel Taylor Coleridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge"},{"link_name":"John Betjeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay_(photographer)"},{"link_name":"St Pancras Orphanage for Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Pancras_Female_Orphanage"},{"link_name":"Mothercraft Training Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothercraft_Training_Society"},{"link_name":"Cromwell House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwell_House"},{"link_name":"Dispensary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispensary"},{"link_name":"Mary Feilding Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Mary_Feilding"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Joan Bakewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Bakewell"},{"link_name":"Michael Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"Walter Besant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Besant"},{"link_name":"John Betjeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Betjeman"},{"link_name":"Anthony Blunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Blunt"},{"link_name":"Ronald Blythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Blythe"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brimelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brimelow"},{"link_name":"Sophie Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Bryant"},{"link_name":"AS Byatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Byatt"},{"link_name":"Hugh Casson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Casson"},{"link_name":"William Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens_Jr."},{"link_name":"Margaret Drabble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Drabble"},{"link_name":"Lord Dufferin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Dufferin"},{"link_name":"Millicent Garrett Fawcett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millicent_Garrett_Fawcett"},{"link_name":"Roger Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Fenton"},{"link_name":"Michael Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foot"},{"link_name":"Antonia Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Michael Frayn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Frayn"},{"link_name":"Lord Justice Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Justice_Fry"},{"link_name":"Timothy Garton Ash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash"},{"link_name":"Misha Glenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misha_Glenny"},{"link_name":"Jane Glover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Glover"},{"link_name":"Edmund Gosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Gosse"},{"link_name":"Andrew Graham Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Graham_Dixon"},{"link_name":"George Grossmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Grossmith"},{"link_name":"Simon Hoggart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Hoggart"},{"link_name":"Richard Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)"},{"link_name":"Michael Holroyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Holroyd"},{"link_name":"Tristram Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Simon Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jenkins"},{"link_name":"Steve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jones_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Jim Al-Khalili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Al-Khalili"},{"link_name":"Mary Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Hermione Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermione_Lee"},{"link_name":"David Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)"},{"link_name":"Richard Mabey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mabey"},{"link_name":"Hilary Mantel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Mantel"},{"link_name":"Henry Marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Marsh_(neurosurgeon)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Marx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Marx"},{"link_name":"Jolyon Maugham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolyon_Maugham"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Miller"},{"link_name":"Frank Muir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Muir"},{"link_name":"James Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Julia Neuberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Neuberger"},{"link_name":"Paul Nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nurse"},{"link_name":"Michael Palin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Palin"},{"link_name":"Flinders Petrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flinders_Petrie"},{"link_name":"Lady Plowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Plowden"},{"link_name":"Roy Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Porter"},{"link_name":"Michael Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Mark Rylance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rylance"},{"link_name":"Marcus du Sautoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_du_Sautoy"},{"link_name":"Quentin Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Skinner"},{"link_name":"David Starkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Starkey"},{"link_name":"Sergius Stepniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergius_Stepniak"},{"link_name":"Edward Stourton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stourton_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"John Summerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Summerson"},{"link_name":"AJP Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJP_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Colin Thubron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Thubron"},{"link_name":"Claire Tomalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Tomalin"},{"link_name":"Arthur Waley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Waley"},{"link_name":"Fergus Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Marina Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Warner"},{"link_name":"Sydney Waterlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Sydney_Waterlow"},{"link_name":"Huw Weldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huw_Weldon"},{"link_name":"Mortimer Wheeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler"},{"link_name":"Lewis Wolpert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Wolpert"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"David Hockney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hockney"},{"link_name":"Francisco Goya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya"},{"link_name":"Picasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picasso"},{"link_name":"Walker Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Evans"},{"link_name":"Georg Grosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Grosz"},{"link_name":"Kyffin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyffin_Williams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Since its foundation in 1839, the Highgate Literary & Scientific Institution has offered a lending library, archive and lectures. Today the activities it offers members and non-members include courses, debates, a science group, opera circle, the Highgate Gallery, a film society, several reading groups and occasional concerts. Only members have use of the Members' Room, Library borrowing rights and reduced rates for classes and activities. In 2019 11 South Grove hosted 25 weddings, 12 christening receptions, numerous parties and several private concerts.[14]Courses have developed into an increasingly important activity, in response to greater demand from local retired people, as more studies highlight the health benefits of lifetime learning.[15] Classes are now held throughout the year covering subjects including architecture, art, art history and crafts, exercise, history, languages, music appreciation and walks.The Library has approximately 25,000 books, ranging from crime fiction to history, reflecting current members’ interests and those of earlier librarians: for example, at various times the Bloomsbury Group, gardening, embroidery, Imperial Russia and women travellers of the 19th century have clearly been much in demand. The early Victorian collection matched the lecture subjects chosen by the members, so was much stronger in the burgeoning fields of science and engineering, but now fiction, biography and history predominate. The children's section holds classics as well as new titles. Many books are not available in other libraries, and the collection is a resource for researchers and writers. In its reference section the HLSI holds special collections on London, Highgate, the explorer Mary Kingsley and the poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Betjeman, all of whom lived in Highgate.[16]The Archive, which is based in the cellars contains documents and pictures of all kinds relating to Highgate, its environs and its residents since the early seventeenth century. It houses the HLSI's own archive of its activities dating back to its foundation in 1839, as well as material relating to several well-known local residents, including Mary Kingsley, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and John Betjeman, as well as several special collections acquired or given to it over many years. The archive has a large collection of Victorian and 20th Century photographs, including many taken by the highly regarded photographer John Gay. There is a collection of over 600 postcards spanning 100 years of life in Highgate and early 20th century original prints. The HLSI archive also keeps the archives of several local organisations, many now defunct, including the records of the St Pancras Orphanage for Girls, the Southwood Lane Almshouses, the Mothercraft Training Society (which was based at nearby Cromwell House), the Highgate Dispensary, the Mary Feilding Guild, the Highgate Book Society, the Fisher & Sperr bookshop and the Highgate Horticultural Society. It also holds a collection of paintings of Highgate, dating from 1780 to the present day, many of which are displayed around the Institution.[17][18]Lectures every Tuesday evening from September to May, on a wide variety of topics, have been a key feature of the Institution's activities since its foundation in 1839. Past lecturers have included (in alphabetical order): Joan Bakewell, Michael Berkeley, Walter Besant, John Betjeman, Anthony Blunt, Ronald Blythe, Thomas Brimelow, Sophie Bryant, AS Byatt, Hugh Casson, William Dalrymple, Charles Dickens Jr., Margaret Drabble, Lord Dufferin, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Roger Fenton, Michael Foot, Antonia Fraser, Michael Frayn, Lord Justice Fry, Timothy Garton Ash, Misha Glenny, Jane Glover, Edmund Gosse, Andrew Graham Dixon, George Grossmith, Simon Hoggart, Richard Holmes, Michael Holroyd, Tristram Hunt, Simon Jenkins, Steve Jones, Jim Al-Khalili, Mary Kingsley, Hermione Lee, David Lodge, Richard Mabey, Hilary Mantel, Henry Marsh, Eleanor Marx, Jolyon Maugham, Jonathan Miller, Frank Muir, James Murray, Julia Neuberger, Paul Nurse, Michael Palin, Flinders Petrie, Lady Plowden, Roy Porter, Michael Rosen, Mark Rylance, Marcus du Sautoy, Quentin Skinner, David Starkey, Sergius Stepniak, Edward Stourton, John Summerson, AJP Taylor, Colin Thubron, Claire Tomalin, Arthur Waley, Fergus Walsh, Marina Warner, Sydney Waterlow, Huw Weldon, Mortimer Wheeler and Lewis Wolpert.[19][20]The Highgate Gallery was founded in 1994 and is housed in the 19th-century vaulted Victoria Hall within the HLSI. It is run by a committee of artists, gallery managers and art collectors which meets every two months to consider new work submitted. It has approximately nine two-week exhibitions each year and periodically a national touring exhibition: David Hockney Grimms' Fairy Tales in 2000, Francisco Goya The Disparates in 2003, Picasso Histoire Naturelle in 2006, Walker Evans photographs in 2010, Georg Grosz The Big No in 2014 and a Kyffin Williams Paper to Palette Knife Centenary Exhibition in 2018.[21]Other activities in the building include a science group, an opera circle, a film society, craft fairs, concerts, meetings, debates, quizzes and exhibitions.","title":"The HLSI today"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Chester"},{"link_name":"Sir William Henry Bodkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bodkin_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Sir Sydney Hedley Waterlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Hedley_Waterlow"},{"link_name":"Edward Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fry"},{"link_name":"The Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Fry"},{"link_name":"Robert Stewart Whipple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stewart_Whipple"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Quentin Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quentin_Edwards"}],"text":"1839–1858: Harry Chester\n1858–1866: William Gladstone\n1866–1867: Rev. John Bradley Dyne\n1867–1868: Sir William Henry Bodkin\n1868–1869: Lt. Col. Josiah Wilkinson\n1869–1870: Sir Sydney Hedley Waterlow\n1870–1871: W. H. Michael, Q.C.\n1871–1872: James Brotherton\n1872–1873: Edward Fry, Q.C.\n1873–1874: Colonel Leach\n\n\n1874–1876: Benjamin G. Lake\n1876–1877: Charles Tomlinson\n1877–1878: William Green\n1878–1880: Rev. Andrew Jukes, M.A.\n1880–1884: The Rt. Hon. Lord Justice Fry\n1884–1886: William Peter Bodkin\n1886–1887: J. Glover, J.P.\n1887–1888: Colonel Josiah Wilkinson\n1888–1890: A. S. Harvey\n1890–1891: Rev. John Bradley Dyne\n\n\n1891–1892: Arthur Marshall\n1892–1893: John Sime\n1893–1895: Dr. Harry Greenwood\n1895–1896: Abram Lyle\n1896–1897: Percival Hart\n1897–1900: Walter Reynolds, J.P.\n1900–1913: Harry W. Birks\n1913–1915: James Anderson\n1915–1919: David Croal Thomson\n1919–1924: Sir Bignell Elliott\n\n\n1924–1925: W. H. Gillett\n1925–1928: Dr. A. E. C. Dickinson\n1928–1930: John Ravenshaw\n1930–1932: Harold Wade\n1932–1933: Sir Bignell Elliott\n1933–1937: Frederick J. Varley\n1937–1953: Robert Stewart Whipple\n1953–1973: Sir James Brown\n1973–1981: Edward Fowler\n1981–1988: Peter Benton[22]\n\n\n1988–1994: Quentin Edwards\n1994–1998: David Solomon\n1998–2002: Laurence Shurman\n2002–2006: Isabel Raphael\n2006–2010: Elizabeth Thom\n2010–2014: Stephen Hodge\n2014–2018: Catherine Budgett-Meakin\n2018–2023: Kathy Dallas\n2023-present Simon Edwards","title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948667-16-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948667-16-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9503656-4-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9503656-4-5"}],"text":"Crane, Vera (1991), The Heart of a London Village, The Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution, 1839–1990, Historical Publications, ISBN 0-948667-16-8\nRichardson, John (1983), Highgate: Its History since the Fifteenth Century, Eyre and Spottiswoode, ISBN 0-9503656-4-5\nPercy Lovell and William McB. Marcham, ed. (1936), Survey of London, Volume XVII, The Parish of St Pancras Part 1: the Village of Highgate, London County Council","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Jamieson, Anne (January 2007). \"Quality in Ageing and Older Adults\". www.emerald.com. 8 (3): 15–23. doi:10.1108/14717794200700017. Retrieved 26 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/14717794200700017/full/html?skipTracking=true","url_text":"\"Quality in Ageing and Older Adults\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2F14717794200700017","url_text":"10.1108/14717794200700017"}]},{"reference":"\"Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution - Archives Hub\". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/locations/e9313978-562c-3f01-a3d1-146d6d59d62e","url_text":"\"Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution - Archives Hub\""}]},{"reference":"Crane, Vera (1991), The Heart of a London Village, The Highgate Literary and Scientific Institution, 1839–1990, Historical Publications, ISBN 0-948667-16-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948667-16-8","url_text":"0-948667-16-8"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, John (1983), Highgate: Its History since the Fifteenth Century, Eyre and Spottiswoode, ISBN 0-9503656-4-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9503656-4-5","url_text":"0-9503656-4-5"}]},{"reference":"Percy Lovell and William McB. Marcham, ed. (1936), Survey of London, Volume XVII, The Parish of St Pancras Part 1: the Village of Highgate, London County Council","urls":[]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Square_Shopping_Centre

Market Square Shopping Centre (Victoria)

["1 Stores","2 History","3 Sale","4 Image gallery","5 Footnotes","6 References","7 External links"]

Coordinates: 38°08′53″S 144°21′41″E / 38.148°S 144.3615°E / -38.148; 144.3615Shopping center For the history of the original town square and market, see Market Square, Geelong. 38°08′53″S 144°21′41″E / 38.148°S 144.3615°E / -38.148; 144.3615 Market Square Shopping Centre from the Moorabool and Malop Street corner. Market Square Shopping Centre is located in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The shopping centre was named after the original town square of Geelong on which the shopping centre is constructed. The centre is surrounded by Little Malop, Moorabool, Malop, and Yarra Streets. Market Square is located on the southern side of Malop Street opposite the Westfield Geelong shopping complex, the two of which together make up Geelong's Central Shopping Complex. The interior of Market Square Shopping Centre. Stores Market Square contains numerous speciality stores such as Dymocks and Harris Scarfe. In 2006, an extension into the former Safeway section of the centre saw other large chains move in, including the return of JB Hi-Fi to Geelong, and an EB Games. History See Market Square, Geelong for the history of the site before the centre. The 1980s saw the first of many urban renewal proposals floated for the central Geelong area. The Geelong Regional Commission on 6 November 1981 released a plan that would see a massive shopping centre extend from Little Malop Street through to the waterfront. This proposal did not proceed, but a scaled down version of the plans can be seen in today's centre and the Bay City Plaza development. It was decided by the former Geelong City Council that the shopping centre should still be completed, so investors were sought to construct the complex. This was unsuccessful, with the council instead constructing the centre itself. The shopping complex was constructed on Crown land at a cost of approximately $32 million, financed from borrowings. The project also included the creation of the Market Square Mall on Little Malop Street beside the centre, and the beautification of Moorabool Street between Malop and Ryrie Streets. Demolition to clear the site of the new shopping centre site commenced in 1984. The CML Building on Malop Street was retained and reused as offices, while the facade of the Corio Stores on Little Malop Street and the Solomons Building on Moorabool Street were reused in the new building. The development also saw the closure of Jacobs Street that ran from near the Speaky's surf store on Malop Street to the loading dock on Little Malop Street. The centre was officially opened by Victorian Premier John Cain on 3 December 1985. The management of the centre was the responsibility of the city council. The initial layout of the centre saw the Safeway supermarket located under the multi-storey car park on the eastern side of the site, with a Venture discount department store located on the first floor at the western end. Speciality stores occupied the majority of the ground floor. The main entrance of the centre was on Moorabool Street, until the opening of the Bay City Plaza shopping centre on Malop Street in 1988. Images of the centre under construction are on display in the lift lobby on level 1 near centre management. A plaque marks the site of the former Market Square clock tower on the ground floor near the Tattslotto outlet, and a display of historic documents and plaques marking the opening are located around the corner. Sale Upon opening the centre drew high rental incomes for the city council. However, these revenues declined by the early 1990s due to competition with Bay City Plaza and the recession after the collapse of the Pyramid Building Society. In 1993 the newly created City of Greater Geelong decided to sell the shopping centre. The centre was advertised for sale by tender with a closing date of 15 March 1993. No bids were received, but an offer of $27 million was received in the following weeks. None of the bidders were willing to enter into a contract, so the council withdrew the property from sale in June 1993. The Council attempted to establish a linkage with the adjoining Bay City Plaza shopping centre but was unsuccessful. The decision to put the centre on the market again was made in September 1995.In January 1996 a minimum reserve price of $34.5 million was set. The centre was sold for $32 million when the contract of sale was signed on 12 March 1996, with a settlement date of 28 June 1996. The centre is currently managed by Knight Frank Australia Pty Ltd. Image gallery Entrance to Market Square from Little Malop Street. Retained CML building on Moorabool Street. Plaque marking the site of the former clock tower. Historical display inside the centre Plaque detailing the history of Geelong's Market Square Plaque marking of the opening of the centre. Plaque listing the composition of the City of Geelong when the centre opened. Plaque marking a time capsule to be opened in 2035. The fountains located outside Market Square Shopping Centre. Footnotes ^ "Special Edition - "Geelong - City by the Bay"". Geelong Advertiser. 6 November 1981. ^ "GEELONG MARKET SITE ACT 1983". Retrieved 30 July 2007. ^ a b c d "Victorian Auditor-General's Office - 'Report on Ministerial Portfolios' - May 1997". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007. ^ Image:Market Square opening plaque.jpg ^ "Gardner+Lang - Geelong Market Square case study". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007. References Peter Begg (1990). Geelong - The First 150 Years. Globe Press. ISBN 0-9592863-5-7 Gardner+Lang: Geelong Market Square case study Geelong Market Site Act 1983 Victorian Auditor-General's Office: Report on Ministerial Portfolios: May 1997 External links Official website vteShopping centres in VictoriaSuper regional Bayside Shopping Centre Chadstone Shopping Centre Eastland Shopping Centre Highpoint Shopping Centre Northland Shopping Centre Pacific Werribee Watergardens Town Centre Westfield Doncaster Westfield Fountain Gate Westfield Knox Westfield Southland Major regional Armada Dandenong Plaza Broadmeadows Central Pacific Epping Forest Hill Chase Westfield Geelong The Glen Shopping Centre Greensborough Plaza Melbourne Central* Westfield Airport West Westfield Plenty Valley Regional Box Hill Central Casey Central Chirnside Park Shopping Centre Cranbourne Park Shopping Centre The District Docklands Emporium Melbourne Karingal Hub Shopping Centre Sunshine Marketplace Victoria Gardens Shopping Centre Waurn Ponds Shopping Centre Waverley Gardens Shopping Centre Sub regional Burwood One Northcote Plaza The Pines Point Cook Town Centre (Stockland Point Cook) Unclassified Brand Junction DFO Essendon DFO Moorabbin DFO South Wharf DFO Uni Hill The Jam Factory Market Square Shopping Centre Queen Victoria Village Traralgon Centre Plaza Tooronga Village List of shopping centres in AustraliaList of largest shopping centres in Australia

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Market Square, Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Square,_Geelong"},{"link_name":"38°08′53″S 144°21′41″E / 38.148°S 144.3615°E / -38.148; 144.3615","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Market_Square_Shopping_Centre_(Victoria)&params=38.148_S_144.3615_E_region:AU-VIC_type:landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_Shopping_Centre_Geelong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong"},{"link_name":"Victoria, Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"town square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square"},{"link_name":"Westfield Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westfield_Geelong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:InsideMarketSquareGeelong.JPG"}],"text":"Shopping centerFor the history of the original town square and market, see Market Square, Geelong.38°08′53″S 144°21′41″E / 38.148°S 144.3615°E / -38.148; 144.3615Market Square Shopping Centre from the Moorabool and Malop Street corner.Market Square Shopping Centre is located in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. The shopping centre was named after the original town square of Geelong on which the shopping centre is constructed. The centre is surrounded by Little Malop, Moorabool, Malop, and Yarra Streets. Market Square is located on the southern side of Malop Street opposite the Westfield Geelong shopping complex, the two of which together make up Geelong's Central Shopping Complex.The interior of Market Square Shopping Centre.","title":"Market Square Shopping Centre (Victoria)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dymocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dymocks"},{"link_name":"Harris Scarfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Scarfe"},{"link_name":"Safeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeway_Australia"},{"link_name":"JB Hi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JB_Hi-Fi"},{"link_name":"EB Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EB_Games"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Market Square contains numerous speciality stores such as Dymocks and Harris Scarfe. In 2006, an extension into the former Safeway section of the centre saw other large chains move in, including the return of JB Hi-Fi to Geelong, and an EB Games. [citation needed]","title":"Stores"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Market Square, Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Square,_Geelong"},{"link_name":"urban renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"Geelong Regional Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geelong_Regional_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bay City Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_Plaza"},{"link_name":"Geelong City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Crown land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auditor-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cain_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Safeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safeway_Australia"},{"link_name":"multi-storey car park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-storey_car_park"},{"link_name":"Venture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venture_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"Bay City Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_Plaza"},{"link_name":"clock tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"link_name":"Tattslotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattslotto"}],"text":"See Market Square, Geelong for the history of the site before the centre.The 1980s saw the first of many urban renewal proposals floated for the central Geelong area. The Geelong Regional Commission on 6 November 1981 released a plan that would see a massive shopping centre extend from Little Malop Street through to the waterfront.[1] This proposal did not proceed, but a scaled down version of the plans can be seen in today's centre and the Bay City Plaza development.It was decided by the former Geelong City Council that the shopping centre should still be completed, so investors were sought to construct the complex. This was unsuccessful, with the council instead constructing the centre itself. The shopping complex was constructed on Crown land[2] at a cost of approximately $32 million, financed from borrowings.[3] The project also included the creation of the Market Square Mall on Little Malop Street beside the centre, and the beautification of Moorabool Street between Malop and Ryrie Streets.Demolition to clear the site of the new shopping centre site commenced in 1984. The CML Building on Malop Street was retained and reused as offices, while the facade of the Corio Stores on Little Malop Street and the Solomons Building on Moorabool Street were reused in the new building. [citation needed] The development also saw the closure of Jacobs Street that ran from near the Speaky's surf store on Malop Street to the loading dock on Little Malop Street. [citation needed]The centre was officially opened by Victorian Premier John Cain on 3 December 1985.[4] The management of the centre was the responsibility of the city council.The initial layout of the centre saw the Safeway supermarket located under the multi-storey car park on the eastern side of the site, with a Venture discount department store located on the first floor at the western end. Speciality stores occupied the majority of the ground floor. The main entrance of the centre was on Moorabool Street, until the opening of the Bay City Plaza shopping centre on Malop Street in 1988.Images of the centre under construction are on display in the lift lobby on level 1 near centre management. A plaque marks the site of the former Market Square clock tower on the ground floor near the Tattslotto outlet, and a display of historic documents and plaques marking the opening are located around the corner.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bay City Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_Plaza"},{"link_name":"recession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recession"},{"link_name":"Pyramid Building Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_Building_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auditor-3"},{"link_name":"City of Greater Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Greater_Geelong"},{"link_name":"Bay City Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auditor-3"},{"link_name":"reserve price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_price"},{"link_name":"contract of sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contract_of_sale"},{"link_name":"settlement date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_date"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auditor-3"}],"text":"Upon opening the centre drew high rental incomes for the city council.[5] However, these revenues declined by the early 1990s due to competition with Bay City Plaza and the recession after the collapse of the Pyramid Building Society.[3]In 1993 the newly created City of Greater Geelong decided to sell the shopping centre. The centre was advertised for sale by tender with a closing date of 15 March 1993. No bids were received, but an offer of $27 million was received in the following weeks. None of the bidders were willing to enter into a contract, so the council withdrew the property from sale in June 1993. The Council attempted to establish a linkage with the adjoining Bay City Plaza shopping centre but was unsuccessful.[3]The decision to put the centre on the market again was made in September 1995.In January 1996 a minimum reserve price of $34.5 million was set. The centre was sold for $32 million when the contract of sale was signed on 12 March 1996, with a settlement date of 28 June 1996.[3]The centre is currently managed by Knight Frank Australia Pty Ltd.","title":"Sale"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square,_Geelong.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_CML_building_Geelong.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_clock_tower_history_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"clock tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_tower"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_history_display.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_history_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"Market Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Square,_Geelong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_opening_plaque.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_council_composition_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of Geelong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Geelong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_time_capsule.jpg"},{"link_name":"time capsule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_capsule"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MarketSquareGeelongGardens.JPG"}],"text":"Entrance to Market Square from Little Malop Street.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRetained CML building on Moorabool Street.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlaque marking the site of the former clock tower.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHistorical display inside the centre\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlaque detailing the history of Geelong's Market Square\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlaque marking of the opening of the centre.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlaque listing the composition of the City of Geelong when the centre opened.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPlaque marking a time capsule to be opened in 2035.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe fountains located outside Market Square Shopping Centre.","title":"Image gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Geelong Advertiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Advertiser"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"GEELONG MARKET SITE ACT 1983\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/gmsa1983190/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auditor_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auditor_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auditor_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auditor_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Victorian Auditor-General's Office - 'Report on Ministerial Portfolios' - May 1997\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070903043849/http://www.audit.vic.gov.au/old/mp97/mp97infr.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.audit.vic.gov.au/old/mp97/mp97infr.htm#3.3.65"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Image:Market Square opening plaque.jpg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Market_Square_opening_plaque.jpg"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Gardner+Lang - Geelong Market Square case study\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070817075527/http://www.gal.com.au/Main/Success-Stories/Geelong-Market-Square.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.gal.com.au/Main/Success-Stories/Geelong-Market-Square.html"}],"text":"^ \"Special Edition - \"Geelong - City by the Bay\"\". Geelong Advertiser. 6 November 1981.\n\n^ \"GEELONG MARKET SITE ACT 1983\". Retrieved 30 July 2007.\n\n^ a b c d \"Victorian Auditor-General's Office - 'Report on Ministerial Portfolios' - May 1997\". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.\n\n^ Image:Market Square opening plaque.jpg\n\n^ \"Gardner+Lang - Geelong Market Square case study\". Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2007.","title":"Footnotes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Clark

Greg Clark

["1 Early life and education","2 Early career","3 Parliamentary career","3.1 Shadow Cabinet","3.2 Minister of State for Decentralisation","3.3 Financial Secretary to the Treasury","3.4 Minister for Universities, Science and Cities","3.5 Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government","3.6 Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","3.7 Removal and restoration of Conservative whip","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"]

For other people named Gregory Clark, see Gregory Clark (disambiguation). British Conservative politician The Right HonourableGreg ClarkOfficial portrait, 2020Chair of the Science, Innovation and Technology Select CommitteeIn office29 January 2020 – 30 May 2024Preceded byNorman LambSucceeded byTBCSecretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and CommunitiesIn office7 July 2022 – 6 September 2022Prime MinisterBoris JohnsonPreceded byMichael GoveSucceeded bySimon ClarkeIn office11 May 2015 – 14 July 2016Prime MinisterDavid CameronPreceded byEric PicklesSucceeded bySajid JavidSecretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial StrategyIn office14 July 2016 – 24 July 2019Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded bySajid JavidSucceeded byAndrea LeadsomPresident of the Board of TradeIn office15 July 2016 – 19 July 2016Prime MinisterTheresa MayPreceded bySajid JavidSucceeded byLiam FoxMinister of State for Universities, Science and CitiesIn office15 July 2014 – 11 May 2015Prime MinisterDavid CameronPreceded byDavid WillettsSucceeded byJo JohnsonMinister of State for Cities and ConstitutionIn office7 October 2013 – 15 July 2014Prime MinisterDavid CameronPreceded byChloe SmithSucceeded bySam GyimahFinancial Secretary to the TreasuryIn office4 September 2012 – 7 October 2013Prime MinisterDavid CameronPreceded byMark HobanSucceeded bySajid JavidMinister of State for DecentralisationIn office13 May 2010 – 4 September 2012Prime MinisterDavid CameronPreceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byNick BolesShadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate ChangeIn office6 October 2008 – 11 May 2010LeaderDavid CameronPreceded byPosition establishedSucceeded byEd MilibandMember of Parliamentfor Tunbridge WellsIn office5 May 2005 – 30 May 2024Preceded byArchie NormanSucceeded byTBD Personal detailsBornGregory David Clark (1967-08-28) 28 August 1967 (age 56)Middlesbrough, North Riding of Yorkshire, EnglandPolitical partyConservative (1988–present)Other politicalaffiliationsSDP (before 1988)SpouseHelen ClarkChildren3Residence(s)Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent, EnglandAlma materMagdalene College, CambridgeLondon School of EconomicsWebsitewww.gregclark.org Academic backgroundThesisThe effectiveness of incentive payment systems: An empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition (1992) ^ Office vacant from 7 July to 11 October 2022 ^ Science and Technology (2020-2023) ^ Communities and Local Government (2015–2016) ^ Also assumed the responsibilities of Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change, Amber Rudd. ^ Whip suspended from 3 September 2019 to 29 October 2019. Gregory David Clark (born 28 August 1967) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2016 to 2019. He also was Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government from 2015 to 2016 and Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities from July to September 2022. Later, he was the Chair of the Science, Innovation and Technology Select Committee. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tunbridge Wells from 2005 until 2024. Clark was born in Middlesbrough and studied Economics at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was president of Cambridge University Social Democrats. He then gained his PhD from the London School of Economics. Clark worked as a business consultant before becoming the BBC's Controller for Commercial Policy and then Director of Policy for the Conservative Party under Conservative leaders Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard from 2001 until his election to parliament in 2005. Clark served in the Cameron-Clegg coalition as Minister of State in the Department for Communities and Local Government from 2010 to 2012, Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 2012 to 2013, and Minister of State for Cities and Constitution at the Cabinet Office from 2013 to 2014. Between July 2014 and May 2015, he held the post of Minister for Universities, Science and Cities. Following the 2015 general election, Prime Minister David Cameron promoted Clark to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government. In July 2016, he was appointed as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy by new Prime Minister Theresa May and remained in that role until 24 July 2019. He had the whip removed on 3 September 2019, for voting against the government, before it was restored on 29 October. In May 2022, he was named as the Prime Ministers' trade envoy to Japan by Boris Johnson. He ceased to be an MP in May 2024, when Parliament was dissolved for the 2024 general election, in which he decided not to stand. Early life and education Gregory Clark was born in Middlesbrough on 28 August 1967 and attended St Peter's Roman Catholic School in South Bank. His father and grandfather were milkmen running the family business, John Clark and Sons, while his mother worked at Sainsbury's. Clark read Economics at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) while at Cambridge and was an executive member of its national student wing, Social Democrat Youth and Students (SDYS) and, in 1987, president of Cambridge University Social Democrats. He then studied at the London School of Economics, where he was awarded his PhD in 1992 with a thesis entitled, The effectiveness of incentive payment systems: an empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition. Early career After leaving university, Clark first worked as a business consultant for Boston Consulting Group, before becoming special advisor to the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Ian Lang, between 1996 and 1997. Subsequently, he was appointed the BBC's Controller, Commercial Policy, and was Director of Policy for the Conservative Party from 2001 until his election to parliament in May 2005. Between 2002 and 2005, he was a councillor on Westminster City Council, representing Warwick ward and serving as Cabinet Member for Leisure and Lifelong Learning. Parliamentary career Clark was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Tunbridge Wells in December 2004. At the 2005 general election, Clark was elected as MP for Tunbridge Wells with 49.6% of the vote and a majority of 9,988. He made his maiden speech on 9 June 2005, in which he spoke of the (then) forthcoming 400th anniversary of Dudley, Lord North's discovery of the Chalybeate spring and the foundation of Royal Tunbridge Wells, a town to which the royal prefix was added in 1909 by King Edward VII. Shadow Cabinet Clark was appointed to the front bench in a minor reshuffle in November 2006 by David Cameron, becoming Shadow Minister for Charities, Voluntary Bodies and Social Enterprise. Shortly after his appointment he made headlines by saying the Conservative party needed to pay less attention to the social thinking of Winston Churchill, and more to that of columnist on The Guardian, Polly Toynbee. In October 2007, Clark campaigned to save Tunbridge Wells Homeopathic Hospital. In October 2008, Clark was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet, shadowing the new government position of Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change. Minister of State for Decentralisation At the 2010 general election, Clark was re-elected as MP for Tunbridge Wells with an increased vote share of 56.2% and an increased majority of 15,576. After the election, Clark was appointed a Minister of State in the Department for Communities and Local Government, with responsibility for overseeing decentralisation. In this role he called for the churches and other faith communities to send him their ideas for new social innovations for all, and made a major speech on "turning government upside down" jointly to the think tanks CentreForum and Policy Exchange. He was accused of hypocrisy, having staunchly opposed house-building while in opposition, while promising to impose it as a government minister. In July 2011 he was appointed Minister for Cities. In this role he tried to promote the urban economies of the North, West and Midlands. Financial Secretary to the Treasury In a cabinet reshuffle in September 2012, Clark was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister, while retaining the ministerial brief responsible for cities policy. Minister for Universities, Science and Cities On 15 July 2014 Clark was appointed to the role of Minister for Universities, Science and Cities, replacing David Willetts. The new portfolio combined the universities and science brief held by Willetts with the cities policy already handled by Clark. His appointment was met with concerns about securing future funding for universities and questions over his public support for homoeopathic treatments. Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government At the 2015 general election, Clark was again re-elected with an increased vote share of 58.7% and an increased majority of 22,874. Clark returned to the Department of Communities and Local Government as Secretary of State on 11 May 2015. Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Clark and U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette in 2018 Clark was appointed Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 14 July 2016, in Theresa May's first cabinet. In October 2016, he appointed his predecessor as MP, Archie Norman, as Lead Non Executive Board Member for the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. In February 2017, Clark travelled to Paris, in order to meet executives from Peugeot and the French Government, due to the proposed takeover of Vauxhall Motors. Clark was again re-elected at the snap 2017 general election, with a decreased vote share of 56.9% and a decreased majority of 16,465. In May 2018, Clark suggested that 3,500 UK domestic jobs could be lost as a direct and explicit result of Brexit. Brexiteers, such as Jacob Rees-Mogg said this was a "revival of project fear". Clark argued in response that the job losses were 'substantiated' in the result of an inadequate customs union deal with the European Union, but stated that this did not include the transition/implementation period. Clark opposed a no-deal Brexit, saying in June 2018: "People in good jobs up and down the country are looking to our national leaders to make sure a deal is approved. We are one of the world's leaders in the next generation of automotive technology. To see that slip through our fingers is something we would regret forever". In January 2019, Clark, against the advice of Theresa May, suggested he might resign from Cabinet in the event of the United Kingdom not securing a deal with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. At the time he was the most senior minister to do so. On 6 February 2019, Clark said to the Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee that Theresa May had until 15 February to conclude Brexit negotiations in order to provide certainty to exporters to countries such as Japan because of the length of time that goods take to arrive. The EU-Japan free trade agreement would no longer apply to the UK in the event of a no-deal Brexit. Under the tenure of Clark, who was responsible for workers' rights nationally, his department in London reportedly did not ensure that its staff, many of whom had been outsourced, were paid at least the London living wage. In February 2019, the staff went on strike for 26 hours. Removal and restoration of Conservative whip Main article: September 2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs On 3 September 2019 Clark voted against the government on taking control of the House of Commons order paper to allow a bill to be debated in parliament which would stop a no-deal Brexit without explicit approval of parliament. He became an independent as the Conservative whip was withdrawn from him. On 29 October, the whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers, including Clark. Clark was again re-elected at the 2019 general election with a decreased vote share of 55.1% and a decreased majority of 14,645. Clark stood down at the 2024 general election. Personal life Clark and his wife Helen have three children, two girls and a boy. They live in Royal Tunbridge Wells. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. References ^ "Greg Clark twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ "No. 59418". The London Gazette. 13 May 2010. p. 8743. ^ Clark, David Gregory (1992). The effectiveness of incentive payment systems: An empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition (PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 5 May 2021. ^ a b "Michael Gove moved to chief whip in cabinet reshuffle". BBC News. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "Ministers". Gov.uk. ^ "Russia on agenda as Johnson hosts Japanese PM". BBC News. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022. ^ a b Bob Dale (24 May 2024). "Greg Clark to stand down as Tunbridge Wells MP". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2024. ^ "Greg Clark MP – From Middlesbrough to Minister for Giving Power to the People". Platform 10. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "Paul Goodman interviews Greg Clark". Conservative Home. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ Clark, David Gregory (1 January 1992). "The effectiveness of incentive payment systems: an empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition". LSE Theses Online. PhD thesis 1992 LSE. Retrieved 24 May 2021. ^ "Tories pick general election candidate". kentonline.co.uk. 3 December 2004. Retrieved 26 December 2016. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "9 Jun 2005 : Column 1440". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2016. ^ "A Conservative Who's Who". Financial Times. 10 May 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "Postcode lottery for homeopathic treatment". Kent News. 12 October 2007. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2014. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ Clark, Greg (30 July 2010). "It's time for Government to stop getting in your way". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ Countryside (24 August 2011). "Rural Britain prepares for the bulldozers". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 26 August 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ McCann, Kate (20 July 2011). "Greg Clark appointed minister for cities". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ Clark, Greg (9 December 2011). "A genuine New Deal is on offer for cities which take up our challenge". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "Greg Clark – About Greg". gregclark.org. ^ a b Ghosh, Pallab (15 July 2014). "Science minister has tough job to follow". BBC News. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ Watt, Nicholas; Wintour, Patrick (15 July 2014). "Michael Gove demoted to chief whip as Cameron shows no sentimentality". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ Shaw, Claire; Ratcliffe, Rebecca (15 July 2014). "Greg Clark appointed universities and science minister". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 July 2014. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Tunbridge Wells". BBC. Retrieved 13 September 2015. ^ "Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government The Rt Hon Greg Clark MP". gov.uk. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015. ^ "May adds energy policy to Business department". BBC News. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016. ^ "Business Secretary appoints Archie Norman as Lead Non-Executive Board Member". www.gov.uk. 3 October 2016. ^ "Don't bother reading further – Vauxhall is dead". www.independent.co.uk. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017. ^ "2017 General Election: The 6 candidates in Tunbridge Wells". Who Can I Vote For? by Democracy Club. Retrieved 7 November 2019. ^ "Thousands of jobs at risk if Theresa May drops Brexit 'customs partnership' plan with the EU, business secretary suggests". The Independent. 6 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018. ^ Brexit: Business secretary Greg Clark insists 'we need to have a deal', contradicting Theresa May The Independent. 29 September 2018 ^ "Tory minister refuses to rule out resigning if Theresa May pushes no-deal 'disaster'". The Independent. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019. ^ Kate Devlin (7 February 2019). "Deadline for agreeing Brexit deal is next week, business minister Greg Clark says". The Times. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ a b Gayle, Damien (13 February 2019). "'Living in poverty': workers at business department go on strike". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ Syal, Rajeev (17 December 2018). "BEIS faces strike over low pay for outsourced service workers". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ "Business Secretary's Workers' Rights Blitz Takes Hit As His Own Staff Vote To Strike". HuffPost UK. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 13 February 2019. ^ "Who were the Conservative Brexit rebels?". 3 September 2019. Retrieved 3 September 2019. ^ "Restoration of Conservative Whip". BBC News. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Tunbridge Wells Parliamentary constituency". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 26 November 2019. ^ Merrick, Jane (4 October 2009). "Greg Clark: Global warming is not on our back burner". Independent. Retrieved 20 March 2015. ^ "Fall in number of Catholic MPs in the House of Commons ahead of landmark debate on assisted dying". The Tablet. 27 August 2015. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greg Clark. Greg Clark MP official constituency website Profile at the Ministry for Communities and Local Government Profile at the Conservative Party Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou News articles Garden grabbing Bill in October 2006 His influence on policies in October 2002 Video clips Discovering poverty Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byArchie Norman Member of Parliamentfor Tunbridge Wells 2005–2024 Succeeded byTo Be Elected Political offices New office Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change 2008–2010 Succeeded byEd Miliband Minister of State for Decentralisation 2010–2012 Succeeded byNicholas Boles Preceded byMark Hoban Financial Secretary to the Treasury (City Minister) 2012–2013 Succeeded bySajid Javid Preceded byChloe Smith Minister of State for Cities and Constitution 2013–2014 Succeeded bySam Gyimah Preceded byDavid Willetts Minister of State for Universities, Science and Cities 2014–2015 Succeeded byJo Johnsonas Minister of State for Universities and Science Preceded byEric Pickles Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government 2015–2016 Succeeded bySajid Javid Preceded bySajid Javid President of the Board of Trade 2016 Succeeded byLiam Fox Preceded bySajid Javidas Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy 2016–2019 Succeeded byAndrea Leadsom Preceded byAmber Ruddas Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Preceded byMichael Gove Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities 2022 Succeeded bySimon Clarke vteSpecial advisers to the British governmentFirst Wilson Ministry Brian Abel-Smith Joe Haines John Harris Heath Ministry Tony Kerpel Second Wilson Ministry Brian Abel-Smith Joe Haines Jack Straw Callaghan Ministry Roger Liddle Tom McCaffrey Jack Straw Thatcher Ministry Guy Black Chris Butler Michael Dobbs Andrew Dunlop Brian Griffiths Jonathan Hill John Hoskyns Bernard Ingham Henry James Tony Kerpel Oliver Letwin Peter Levene David Lidington Warwick Lightfoot Ferdinand Mount The Lord Norton Michael Palliser Jack Peel John Redwood Norman Stone Sir Cyril Taylor Anthony Teasdale Nicholas True Alan Walters David Willetts John Whittingdale David Wolfson Major Ministry John Bercow Norman Blackwell Jonathan Caine David Cameron Judith Chaplin Greg Clark Sir Peter de la Billière Daniel Finkelstein Jonathan Hill Sarah Hogg Tony Kerpel Warwick Lightfoot Christopher Meyer Gus O'Donnell George Osborne Patrick Rock David Ruffley Sir Cyril Taylor Anthony Teasdale Nicholas True Gerald Warner Peter Wyman Blair Ministry Andrew Adonis Tim Allan Jonathan Ashworth Ed Balls Hilary Benn David Bennett Tom Bentley Andy Burnham Alastair Campbell Matt Cavanagh Paul Corrigan Patrick Diamond Jo Dipple Michael Dugher Stephen Hale The Lord Hart of Chilton David Hill Anji Hunter Tom Kelly Liz Kendall Peter Kyle Sophie Linden 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Auckland Thomson Baring Thomson Labouchere Ripon Gladstone Dalhousie Clarendon Labouchere Henley Cardwell Stanley Henley Donoughmore Gibson Northcote Richmond Bright Parkinson-Fortescue Adderley Sandon Chamberlain Richmond Stanhope Mundella Stanley Hicks Beach Mundella Bryce Ritchie Balfour Salisbury Lloyd George Churchill Buxton Burns Runciman Stanley Geddes Horne Baldwin Cunliffe-Lister Graham Cunliffe-Lister Runciman Stanley Duncan Lyttelton Duncan Llewellin Dalton Lyttelton Cripps Wilson Shawcross Thorneycroft Eccles Maulding Erroll Heath Jay Crosland Mason Noble Davies Walker Benn Varley Joseph Jenkin Shore Dell Smith Nott Biffen Cockfield Parkinson Tebbit Brittan Channon Young Ridley Lilley Heseltine Lang Beckett Mandelson Byers Hewitt Johnson Darling Hutton Mandelson Cable Javid Clark Fox Truss Trevelyan Badenoch vte Secretaries of State for Levelling Up, Housing and CommunitiesMinister of State forCommunities and Local Government2005–2006 Miliband Secretaries of State forCommunities and Local Government2006–2018 Kelly Blears Denham Pickles Clark Javid Secretaries of State forHousing, Communities and Local Government2018–2021 Javid Brokenshire Jenrick Gove Secretaries of State forLevelling Up, Housing and Communities2021–present Gove Clark Clarke Gove vte Energy Secretaries of the United KingdomMinisters of Fuel, Light and Power Gwilym Lloyd George Manny Shinwell Hugh Gaitskell Philip Noel-Baker Minister of Co-ordination ofTransport, Fuel and Power Frederik Leathers Ministers of Fuel and Power Geoffrey Lloyd Aubrey Jones Ministers of Power Percy Mills Richard Wood Frederick Erroll Ministers of Technology Frank Cousins Tony Benn Secretaries of State for Trade and Industry John Davies Peter Walker Secretaries of State for Energy Peter Lord Carrington Eric Varley Tony Benn David Howell Nigel Lawson Peter Walker Cecil Parkinson John Wakeham Presidents of the Board of Trade andSecretaries of State for Trade and Industry Michael Heseltine Ian Lang Margaret Beckett Peter Mandelson Stephen Byers Patricia Hewitt Alan Johnson Alistair Darling Secretary of State for Business,Enterprise and Regulatory Reform John Hutton Secretaries of State for Energyand Climate Change Ed Miliband Chris Huhne Ed Davey Amber Rudd Secretaries of State for Business,Energy and Industrial Strategy Greg Clark Andrea Leadsom Alok Sharma Kwasi Kwarteng Jacob Rees-Mogg Grant Shapps Kemi Badenoch vteCabinet of David Cameron (2010–2016)Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Secretaries of StatePrime MinisterFirst Lord of the TreasuryMinister for the Civil Service David Cameron (2010–2016) Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg (2010–2015) Chancellor of the ExchequerSecond Lord of the Treasury George Osborne (2010–2016) Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs William Hague (2010–2014) Philip Hammond (2014–2016) Secretary of State for the Home Department Theresa May (2010–2016) Secretary of State for JusticeLord Chancellor Kenneth Clarke (2010–2012) Chris Grayling (2012–2015) Michael Gove (2015–2016) Secretary of State for Defence Liam Fox (2010–2011) Philip Hammond (2011–2014) Michael Fallon (2014–2016) Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Vince Cable (2010–2015) Sajid Javid (2015–2016) Secretary of State for Work and Pensions Iain Duncan Smith (2010–2016) Stephen Crabb (2016) Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne (2010–2012) Ed Davey (2012–2015) Amber Rudd (2015–2016) Secretary of State for Health Andrew Lansley (2010–2012) Jeremy Hunt (2012–2016) Secretary of State for Education Michael Gove (2010–2014) Nicky Morgan (2014–2016) Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government Eric Pickles (2010–2015) Greg Clark (2015–2016) Secretary of State for Transport Philip Hammond (2010–2011) Justine Greening (2011–2012) Patrick McLoughlin (2012–2016) Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Caroline Spelman (2010–2012) Owen Paterson (2012–2014) Liz Truss (2014–2016) Secretary of State for International Development Andrew Mitchell (2010–2012) Justine Greening (2012–2016) Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Owen Paterson (2010–2012) Theresa Villiers (2012–2016) Secretary of State for Scotland Danny Alexander (2010) Michael Moore (2010–2013) Alistair Carmichael (2013–2015) David Mundell (2015–2016) Secretary of State for Wales Cheryl Gillan (2010–2012) David Jones (2012–2014) Stephen Crabb (2014–2016) Alun Cairns (2016) Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport Jeremy Hunt (2010–2012) Maria Miller (2012–2014) Sajid Javid (2014–2015) John Whittingdale (2015–2016) Cabinet members not heading a ministryMinister for the Cabinet OfficePaymaster General Francis Maude (2010–2015) Matt Hancock (2015–2016) Minister of State for PolicyChancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster Oliver Letwin (2010–2016) Minister of State for Universities and Science David Willetts (2010–2014) Greg Clark (2014–2015) Jo Johnson (2015–2016) Leader of the House of Commons George Young (2010–2012) Andrew Lansley (2012–2014) William Hague (2014–2015) Chris Grayling (2015–2016) Chief Whip in the House of CommonsParliamentary Secretary to the Treasury Patrick McLoughlin (2010–2012) Andrew Mitchell (2012) George Young (2012–2014) Michael Gove (2014–2015) Mark Harper (2015–2016) Leader of the House of Lords The Lord Strathclyde (2010–2013) The Lord Hill of Oareford (2013–2014) The Baroness Stowell of Beeston (2014–2016) Chief Secretary to the Treasury David Laws (2010) Danny Alexander (2010–2015) Greg Hands (2015–2016) Minister without Portfolio The Baroness Warsi (2010–2012) Kenneth Clarke (2012–2014) Grant Shapps (2012–2015) Robert Halfon (2015–2016) Attorney General for England and WalesAdvocate General for Northern Ireland Dominic Grieve (2010–2014) Jeremy Wright (2014–2016) Minister for Women and Equalities Theresa May (2010–2012) Maria Miller (2012–2014) Nicky Morgan (2014–2016) Minister of State for Employment Esther McVey (2014–2015) Priti Patel (2015–2016) Lord Privy Seal George Young (2010–2012) Andrew Lansley (2012–2014) The Baroness Stowell of Beeston (2014–2016) vteCameron–Clegg CabinetCabinet members David Cameron Nick Clegg Danny Alexander Vince Cable Alistair Carmichael Kenneth Clarke Stephen Crabb Ed Davey Iain Duncan Smith Michael Fallon Liam Fox Cheryl Gillan Michael Gove Chris Grayling Justine Greening William Hague Philip Hammond Lord Hill of Oareford Chris Huhne Jeremy Hunt David Jones Andrew Lansley David Laws Sajid Javid Patrick McLoughlin Theresa May Maria Miller Andrew Mitchell Michael Moore Nicky Morgan George Osborne Owen Paterson Eric Pickles Grant Shapps Caroline Spelman Baroness Stowell of Beeston Lord Strathclyde Liz Truss Theresa Villiers Baroness Warsi George Young Also attended meetings Greg Clark Dominic Grieve Matt Hancock Oliver Letwin Esther McVey Francis Maude David Willetts Jeremy Wright vteSecond Cameron CabinetCabinet membersDavid Cameron Alun Cairns Greg Clark Stephen Crabb Iain Duncan Smith Michael Fallon Michael Gove Chris Grayling Justine Greening Philip Hammond Jeremy Hunt Sajid Javid Oliver Letwin Patrick McLoughlin Theresa May Nicky Morgan David Mundell George Osborne Amber Rudd Baroness Stowell of Beeston Liz Truss Theresa Villiers John WhittingdaleAlso attended meetings Baroness Anelay of St Johns Robert Halfon Matt Hancock Greg Hands Mark Harper Priti Patel Anna Soubry Jeremy Wright vteFirst May CabinetCabinet membersTheresa May Karen Bradley James Brokenshire Alun Cairns Greg Clark David Davis Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Michael Fallon Liam Fox Chris Grayling Damian Green Justine Greening Philip Hammond Jeremy Hunt Sajid Javid Boris Johnson Andrea Leadsom David Lidington Patrick McLoughlin David Mundell Priti Patel Amber Rudd Liz TrussAlso attended meetings David Gauke Ben Gummer Robert Halfon Gavin Williamson Jeremy Wright vteSecond May CabinetCabinet membersTheresa May Steve Barclay Karen Bradley James Brokenshire Alun Cairns Greg Clark Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Liam Fox David Gauke Michael Gove Chris Grayling Philip Hammond Matt Hancock Damian Hinds Jeremy Hunt Sajid Javid Brandon Lewis David Lidington Penny Mordaunt David Mundell Amber Rudd Rory Stewart Jeremy WrightAlso attended meetings Geoffrey Cox Caroline Nokes Claire Perry Julian Smith Mel Stride Liz Truss Departures David Davis Michael Fallon Damian Green Justine Greening Boris Johnson Andrea Leadsom Patrick McLoughlin Esther McVey Priti Patel Dominic Raab Gavin Williamson vteJohnson CabinetsFirst Johnson Cabinet (July–December 2019)Cabinet membersBoris Johnson Steve Barclay Robert Buckland Alun Cairns James Cleverly Thérèse Coffey The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Michael Gove Matt Hancock Alister Jack Sajid Javid Robert Jenrick Andrea Leadsom Nicky Morgan Priti Patel Dominic Raab Grant Shapps Alok Sharma Julian Smith Liz Truss Theresa Villiers Ben Wallace Gavin WilliamsonAlso attended meetings Jake Berry Geoffrey Cox Oliver Dowden Zac Goldsmith Kwasi Kwarteng Brandon Lewis Esther McVey Jacob Rees-Mogg Mark Spencer Rishi Sunak Departures Alun Cairns Jo Johnson Amber Rudd Second Johnson Cabinet (December 2019–September 2022)Cabinet membersBoris Johnson Steve Barclay Robert Buckland Greg Clark James Cleverly Thérèse Coffey Nadine Dorries George Eustice The Baroness Evans of Bowes Park Alister Jack Kwasi Kwarteng Kit Malthouse Priti Patel Dominic Raab Jacob Rees-Mogg Grant Shapps Alok Sharma Anne-Marie Trevelyan Liz Truss Shailesh Vara Ben Wallace Nadhim ZahawiAlso attend meetings Nigel Adams Suella Braverman Simon Clarke Michael Ellis Chris Heaton-Harris Johnny Mercer Mark Spencer Andrew Stephenson Departures Jake Berry Geoffrey Cox Michelle Donelan Oliver Dowden The Lord Frost Michael Gove Matt Hancock Simon Hart Sajid Javid Robert Jenrick Andrea Leadsom Brandon Lewis Amanda Milling Esther McVey The Baroness Morgan of Cotes Julian Smith Rishi Sunak Theresa Villiers Gavin Williamson Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People UK Parliament

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gregory Clark (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Levelling_Up,_Housing_and_Communities"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Science, Innovation and Technology Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_Innovation_and_Technology_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"2024","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"Magdalene College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Social_Democrats"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Iain Duncan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith"},{"link_name":"Michael Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Howard"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Cameron-Clegg coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron-Clegg_coalition"},{"link_name":"Minister of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State"},{"link_name":"Department for Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"Financial Secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for Cities and Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Cities_and_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Cabinet Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_Office"},{"link_name":"Minister for Universities, Science and Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Universities,_Science_and_Cities"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science_minister-9"},{"link_name":"2015 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Theresa May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May"},{"link_name":"whip removed on 3 September 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_2019_suspension_of_rebel_Conservative_MPs"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"text":"For other people named Gregory Clark, see Gregory Clark (disambiguation).British Conservative politicianGregory David Clark (born 28 August 1967) is a British politician who served as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy from 2016 to 2019. He also was Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government from 2015 to 2016 and Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities from July to September 2022.[1] Later, he was the Chair of the Science, Innovation and Technology Select Committee. A member of the Conservative Party, he served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tunbridge Wells from 2005 until 2024.[2]Clark was born in Middlesbrough and studied Economics at Magdalene College, Cambridge, where he was president of Cambridge University Social Democrats. He then gained his PhD from the London School of Economics.[3] Clark worked as a business consultant before becoming the BBC's Controller for Commercial Policy and then Director of Policy for the Conservative Party under Conservative leaders Iain Duncan Smith and Michael Howard from 2001 until his election to parliament in 2005.Clark served in the Cameron-Clegg coalition as Minister of State in the Department for Communities and Local Government from 2010 to 2012, Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 2012 to 2013, and Minister of State for Cities and Constitution at the Cabinet Office from 2013 to 2014. Between July 2014 and May 2015, he held the post of Minister for Universities, Science and Cities.[4] Following the 2015 general election, Prime Minister David Cameron promoted Clark to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government.[5] In July 2016, he was appointed as Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy by new Prime Minister Theresa May and remained in that role until 24 July 2019. He had the whip removed on 3 September 2019, for voting against the government, before it was restored on 29 October. In May 2022, he was named as the Prime Ministers' trade envoy to Japan by Boris Johnson.[6] He ceased to be an MP in May 2024, when Parliament was dissolved for the 2024 general election, in which he decided not to stand.[7]","title":"Greg Clark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Roman Catholic School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Catholic_Voluntary_Academy"},{"link_name":"South Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Bank,_Redcar_and_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Sainsbury's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sainsbury%27s"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Magdalene College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Social Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Social_Democrats"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Gregory Clark was born in Middlesbrough on 28 August 1967 and attended St Peter's Roman Catholic School in South Bank. His father and grandfather were milkmen running the family business, John Clark and Sons,[8] while his mother worked at Sainsbury's.[9]Clark read Economics at Magdalene College, Cambridge. He joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) while at Cambridge and was an executive member of its national student wing, Social Democrat Youth and Students (SDYS) and, in 1987, president of Cambridge University Social Democrats. He then studied at the London School of Economics, where he was awarded his PhD in 1992 with a thesis entitled, The effectiveness of incentive payment systems: an empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition.[10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Consulting Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Consulting_Group"},{"link_name":"special advisor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_advisers_(UK_government)"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Trade and Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry"},{"link_name":"Ian Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Lang"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Westminster City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_City_Council"}],"text":"After leaving university, Clark first worked as a business consultant for Boston Consulting Group, before becoming special advisor to the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, Ian Lang, between 1996 and 1997. Subsequently, he was appointed the BBC's Controller, Commercial Policy, and was Director of Policy for the Conservative Party from 2001 until his election to parliament in May 2005.Between 2002 and 2005, he was a councillor on Westminster City Council, representing Warwick ward and serving as Cabinet Member for Leisure and Lifelong Learning.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prospective parliamentary candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_parliamentary_candidate"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus2005-17"},{"link_name":"maiden speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_speech"},{"link_name":"Dudley, Lord North's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_North,_3rd_Baron_North"},{"link_name":"Chalybeate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalybeate"},{"link_name":"Royal Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"King Edward VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Clark was selected as the Conservative prospective parliamentary candidate for Tunbridge Wells in December 2004.[11] At the 2005 general election, Clark was elected as MP for Tunbridge Wells with 49.6% of the vote and a majority of 9,988.[12]He made his maiden speech on 9 June 2005, in which he spoke of the (then) forthcoming 400th anniversary of Dudley, Lord North's discovery of the Chalybeate spring and the foundation of Royal Tunbridge Wells, a town to which the royal prefix was added in 1909 by King Edward VII.[13]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Polly Toynbee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polly_Toynbee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"Tunbridge Wells Homeopathic Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunbridge_Wells_Homeopathic_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Energy_and_Climate_Change"}],"sub_title":"Shadow Cabinet","text":"Clark was appointed to the front bench in a minor reshuffle in November 2006 by David Cameron, becoming Shadow Minister for Charities, Voluntary Bodies and Social Enterprise. Shortly after his appointment he made headlines by saying the Conservative party needed to pay less attention to the social thinking of Winston Churchill, and more to that of columnist on The Guardian, Polly Toynbee.[14]In October 2007, Clark campaigned to save Tunbridge Wells Homeopathic Hospital.[15] In October 2008, Clark was promoted to the Shadow Cabinet, shadowing the new government position of Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change.","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus2010-21"},{"link_name":"Department for Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"decentralisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decentralisation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"CentreForum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CentreForum"},{"link_name":"Policy Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Minister of State for Decentralisation","text":"At the 2010 general election, Clark was re-elected as MP for Tunbridge Wells with an increased vote share of 56.2% and an increased majority of 15,576.[16]After the election, Clark was appointed a Minister of State in the Department for Communities and Local Government, with responsibility for overseeing decentralisation. In this role he called for the churches and other faith communities to send him their ideas for new social innovations for all,[17] and made a major speech on \"turning government upside down\" jointly to the think tanks CentreForum and Policy Exchange. He was accused of hypocrisy, having staunchly opposed house-building while in opposition, while promising to impose it as a government minister.[18]In July 2011 he was appointed Minister for Cities.[19] In this role he tried to promote the urban economies of the North, West and Midlands.[20]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Financial Secretary to the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Secretary_to_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"City Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Minister"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Financial Secretary to the Treasury","text":"In a cabinet reshuffle in September 2012, Clark was appointed Financial Secretary to the Treasury and City Minister, while retaining the ministerial brief responsible for cities policy.[21]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister for Universities, Science and Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Universities,_Science_and_Cities"},{"link_name":"David Willetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Willetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-science_minister-9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosh_appointment-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"homoeopathic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeopathic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ghosh_appointment-27"}],"sub_title":"Minister for Universities, Science and Cities","text":"On 15 July 2014 Clark was appointed to the role of Minister for Universities, Science and Cities, replacing David Willetts.[4][22] The new portfolio combined the universities and science brief held by Willetts with the cities policy already handled by Clark.[23]His appointment was met with concerns about securing future funding for universities[24] and questions over his public support for homoeopathic treatments.[22]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus-30"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Department of Communities and Local Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Communities_and_Local_Government"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government","text":"At the 2015 general election, Clark was again re-elected with an increased vote share of 58.7% and an increased majority of 22,874.[25][26] Clark returned to the Department of Communities and Local Government as Secretary of State on 11 May 2015.[27]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy_Dan_Brouillette_visits_London,_Feb_2018_(38567011530).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dan Brouillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Brouillette"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Theresa May","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresa_May"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Archie Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Norman"},{"link_name":"Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot"},{"link_name":"French Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Government"},{"link_name":"Vauxhall Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"Jacob Rees-Mogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg"},{"link_name":"customs union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customs_union"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"no-deal Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brexit negotiations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy_Committee"},{"link_name":"EU-Japan free trade agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EU-Japan_Free_Trade_Agreement"},{"link_name":"no-deal Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit_negotiations#%22No-deal%22_as_a_negotiating_position"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"London living wage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_living_wage"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gu-livingwage-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gu-livingwage-41"}],"sub_title":"Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy","text":"Clark and U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette in 2018Clark was appointed Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 14 July 2016, in Theresa May's first cabinet.[28] In October 2016, he appointed his predecessor as MP, Archie Norman, as Lead Non Executive Board Member for the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.[29]In February 2017, Clark travelled to Paris, in order to meet executives from Peugeot and the French Government, due to the proposed takeover of Vauxhall Motors.[30]Clark was again re-elected at the snap 2017 general election, with a decreased vote share of 56.9% and a decreased majority of 16,465.[31]In May 2018, Clark suggested that 3,500 UK domestic jobs could be lost as a direct and explicit result of Brexit. Brexiteers, such as Jacob Rees-Mogg said this was a \"revival of project fear\". Clark argued in response that the job losses were 'substantiated' in the result of an inadequate customs union deal with the European Union, but stated that this did not include the transition/implementation period.[32]Clark opposed a no-deal Brexit, saying in June 2018: \"People in good jobs up and down the country are looking to our national leaders to make sure a deal is approved. We are one of the world's leaders in the next generation of automotive technology. To see that slip through our fingers is something we would regret forever\".[33]In January 2019, Clark, against the advice of Theresa May, suggested he might resign from Cabinet in the event of the United Kingdom not securing a deal with the European Union in Brexit negotiations. At the time he was the most senior minister to do so.[34]On 6 February 2019, Clark said to the Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Committee that Theresa May had until 15 February to conclude Brexit negotiations in order to provide certainty to exporters to countries such as Japan because of the length of time that goods take to arrive. The EU-Japan free trade agreement would no longer apply to the UK in the event of a no-deal Brexit.[35]Under the tenure of Clark, who was responsible for workers' rights nationally, his department in London reportedly did not ensure that its staff, many of whom had been outsourced, were paid at least the London living wage.[36][37][38] In February 2019, the staff went on strike for 26 hours.[36]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"no-deal Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-deal_Brexit"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"}],"sub_title":"Removal and restoration of Conservative whip","text":"On 3 September 2019 Clark voted against the government on taking control of the House of Commons order paper to allow a bill to be debated in parliament which would stop a no-deal Brexit without explicit approval of parliament. He became an independent as the Conservative whip was withdrawn from him.[39] On 29 October, the whip was restored to 10 former Conservative ministers, including Clark.[40]Clark was again re-elected at the 2019 general election with a decreased vote share of 55.1% and a decreased majority of 14,645.[41]Clark stood down at the 2024 general election.[7]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Royal Tunbridge Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_church"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Clark and his wife Helen have three children, two girls and a boy.[42] They live in Royal Tunbridge Wells. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church.[43]","title":"Personal life"}]

[{"image_text":"Clark and U.S. Deputy Secretary of Energy Dan Brouillette in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy_Dan_Brouillette_visits_London%2C_Feb_2018_%2838567011530%29.jpg/220px-United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Energy_Dan_Brouillette_visits_London%2C_Feb_2018_%2838567011530%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Greg Clark twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/gregclarkmp/status/1567205552278601730","url_text":"\"Greg Clark twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 59418\". The London Gazette. 13 May 2010. p. 8743.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/59418/page/8743","url_text":"\"No. 59418\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Clark, David Gregory (1992). The effectiveness of incentive payment systems: An empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition (PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 5 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1340/","url_text":"The effectiveness of incentive payment systems: An empirical test of individualism as a boundary condition"}]},{"reference":"\"Michael Gove moved to chief whip in cabinet reshuffle\". BBC News. 15 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-28302487","url_text":"\"Michael Gove moved to chief whip in cabinet reshuffle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Ministers\". Gov.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers","url_text":"\"Ministers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russia on agenda as Johnson hosts Japanese PM\". BBC News. 5 May 2022. Retrieved 5 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61329435","url_text":"\"Russia on agenda as Johnson hosts Japanese PM\""}]},{"reference":"Bob Dale (24 May 2024). \"Greg Clark to stand down as Tunbridge Wells MP\". BBC News. Retrieved 24 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cw998wj0145o","url_text":"\"Greg Clark to stand down as Tunbridge Wells MP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greg Clark MP – From Middlesbrough to Minister for Giving Power to the People\". Platform 10. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140726134831/http://www.platform10.org/2012/04/greg-clark-mp-from-middlesbrough-to-minister-for-giving-power-to-the-people/","url_text":"\"Greg Clark MP – From Middlesbrough to Minister for Giving Power to the People\""},{"url":"http://www.platform10.org/2012/04/greg-clark-mp-from-middlesbrough-to-minister-for-giving-power-to-the-people","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paul Goodman interviews Greg Clark\". Conservative Home. 1 April 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine

Armenians in Ukraine

["1 Early history","2 Armenian community in modern Ukraine","2.1 Distribution","3 Notable representatives","4 Cultural heritage","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Ethnic group in Ukraine Ethnic group Armenians in UkraineՀայերն Ուկրաինայում Вірмени в УкраїніTotal population99,894 (2001)Regions with significant populationsDonetsk Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Crimea, Odesa Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, KyivLanguagesArmenian (50.4%), Ukrainian, Russian (43.2%), Armeno-Kipchak (historical)ReligionArmenian Apostolic Church (predominant), Armenian Catholic Church (small community)Related ethnic groupsArmenian diasporaAll figures from Part of a series onArmenians Armenian culture Architecture ArtCuisine Dance DressLiterature Music History By country or region Armenia Artsakh (See also Nagorno-Karabakh) Turkey Armenian diasporaRussia France IndiaUnited States Iran Iraq GeorgiaAzerbaijan BrazilArgentina Uruguay SyriaLebanon Ukraine (Crimea)Poland Canada Australia Greece CyprusEgypt Sweden Singapore Bangladesh China Subgroups Hamshenis Cherkesogai Armeno-Tats Lom people Hayhurum Zoks Religion Armenian Apostolic Armenian CatholicEvangelical Brotherhood Hetanism Languages and dialects Armenian: Eastern Zok WesternSign languages: Armenian Sign Caucasian SignPersian: Armeno-TatArmenian–Lom: Lomavren Persecution Genocide Hamidian massacresAdana massacre Anti-ArmenianismHidden Armenians vte Armenians in Ukraine (Armenian: Հայերն Ուկրաինայում, romanized: Hayern Ukrainayum; Ukrainian: Вірмени в Україні, romanized: Virmeni v Ukrayini) are ethnic Armenians who live in Ukraine. They number 99,894 according to the 2001 Ukrainian census. However, the country is also host to a number of Armenian guest workers which has yet to be ascertained. The Armenian population in Ukraine has nearly doubled since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989, largely due to instability in the Caucasus. Ukraine was home to the fifth largest Armenian community in the world before the invasion by Russia displaced millions of people. Early history Ruins of the Surb Khach Armenian Monastery, Ukraine See also: Armenians in Crimea Armenians first appeared in Ukraine during the times of Kyivan Rus'. During the 10th century individual Armenian merchants, mercenaries and craftsmen served at the courts of various Ruthenian rulers. A larger wave of Armenians settled in southeastern Ukraine after the fall of the Armenian capital of Ani to Seljuks in the 11th century. They arrived mainly at the Crimean peninsula and established colonies in Kaffa (Feodosiya), Sudak and Solcati (Staryi Krym). Their numbers were further strengthened throughout the 12th–15th century by Armenians fleeing from a Mongol invasion. This gave the peninsula the name Armenia Maritima in medieval chronicles. Smaller Armenian communities were established in central Ukraine, including Kyiv, and the western regions of Podolia and Halychyna, concentrating around Lviv which in 1267 became the center of an Armenian eparchy. Armenian Cathedral in Lviv. At the end of the thirteenth century, when members of the Armenian diaspora moved from the Crimean peninsula to the Polish-Ukrainian borderland, they brought Armeno-Kipchak, a Turkic language with them. Armeno-Kipchak of the Kipchak people was still current in the 16th and 17th centuries among the Armenian communities settling in the Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi area of what is now Ukraine. After Crimea fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1475 many Crimean Armenians moved further to the north-west to the already flourishing Armenian communities which gradually integrated into the local Polish population while maintaining their distinct identity through the Armenian Catholic Church. In the 18th century Crimea fell under influence of the Russian Empire, which encouraged Crimean Armenians to settle in Russia and a large group of them came to the town of Rostov on Don in 1778, twenty years later Russia having conquered the peninsula called to colonize it and many Armenians arrived from Turkey, establishing new Armenian colonies. During World War II in 1944 Armenians were deported en masse along with Greeks, Bulgarians and Tatars as a "antisoviet element" and allowed to return only in the 1960s. During Soviet rule Armenians came together with people from other Soviet ruled nations to Ukraine to work in the heavy industry located in the eastern parts of the country. Armenian community in modern Ukraine See also: Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv and Armenian Apostolic Church Today, the Donetsk Oblast holds the greatest number of Armenians in Ukraine (~16 000, 0.33% of the population). Armenian communities can also be found in Dnipro, Kharkiv, Kherson, Kyiv, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Odesa where the late Ukrainian-Armenian artist Sarkis Ordyan spent most of his life. The city of Lviv is a "spiritual capital" of Armenians in Ukraine serving as an eparchial see for both Catholic and Apostolic churches, under which Ukraine as a single eparchy is split between both of them. Alas, the Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv is not occupied ever since the end of World War II and the Armenian Apostolic Church is predominant. The Armenians continue to have a historic presence in Crimea, which remains under Russian control since the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. The 9,000 Armenians make up 0.43% of the population in the area and are numerous in major urban centers such as Sevastopol where they comprise 0.3% of the city's population. Hovhannes Aivazovsky, the world-renowned Armenian painter lived and worked his entire life in the Crimean city of Feodosiya. Many Armenians living in Ukraine have been Russified with about half speaking Armenian as their mother tongue but over 43% speaking Russian and only 6% Ukrainian. Distribution Armenians in Ukraine by oblasts according to 2001 Ukrainian Census. Oblast Armenians Donetsk Oblast 15,700 Kharkiv Oblast 11,100 Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 10,600 Autonomous Republic of Crimea 8,700 Odesa Oblast 7,400 Luhansk Oblast 6,600 Zaporizhzhia Oblast 6,400 City of Kyiv 4,900 Kherson Oblast 4,500 Mykolaiv Oblast 4,300 Poltava Oblast 2,600 Kyiv Oblast 2,300 Cherkasy Oblast 1,700 Sevastopol (city council) 1,300 Sumy Oblast 1,200 Vinnytsia Oblast 1,100 Zhytomyr Oblast 800 Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast 300 Rivne Oblast 300 Armenians in Ukraine by cities, according to the 2001 census: City Armenians Kharkiv 7,214 Kyiv 4,935 Dnipro 4,710 Odesa 4,374 Donetsk 4,050 Zaporizhzhia 3,097 Luhansk 2,137 Simferopol 2,130 Mykolaiv 2,112 Kryvyi Rih 1,589 Kramatorsk 1,386 Sevastopol 1,319 Kherson 1,239 Mariupol 1,205 Makiivka 1,021 Armenians in Ukraine according to 2001 Census Notable representatives Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic, Polish poet and historian of the Baroque era, burgomaster of Lviv Mikołaj Torosowicz, the first Armenian Catholic bishop of Lviv Grzegorz Piramowicz, Roman Catholic priest Karol Antoniewicz, Polish-Armenian Jesuit and missionary Sadok Barącz, Galician religious leader, historian, folklorist, archivist Julian Oktawian Zachariewicz-Lwigród, Lviv architect Ignacy Łukasiewicz, Galician pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist Dawid Abrahamowicz, Polish politician and social activist Adolf Abrahamowicz, Polish writer Kajetan Abgarowicz, Polish journalist and writer Ivan Aivazovsky (Crimean Armenian), painter Józef Teodorowicz, the last Armenian Catholic Archbishop of Lviv Tamara Tchinarova (partly Armenian), ballerina Sergei Parajanov, filmmaker Vagrich Bakhchanyan, graphic artist and designer Roman Balayan, film director Arsen Savadov, painter Vadym Novynskyi, oligarch Arsen Avakov (Armenian father, Ossetian mother), Ukrainian Minister of Interior (longest serving minister) David Manukyan, Greco Roman wrestler Oksana Markarova (partly Armenian), politician and the current Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States, former Minister of Finance Armen Akopyan, football player Jamala (Crimean Tatar father, Armenian mother), Ukrainian singer (winner of the Eurovision Song Contest) Artem Dalakian, boxer Armen Vardanyan, Greco-Roman wrestler Katerina Rohonyan, Ukrainian-American chess player (Woman Grandmaster) Serhiy Nigoyan, Euromaidan activist, first protester killed by shooting during the protest Valeriy Voskonyan, football player Artur Avahimyan, football player Cultural heritage Armenian cultural heritage in Ukraine: Armenian Dormition Church in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (14th century) Armenian Belltower in Kamianets-Podilskyi (16th century) Armenian church in Horodenka (18th century) Armenian church in Zhvanets (18th century) Armenian church in Ivano-Frankivsk (18th century) Armenian church in Kuty (18th century) Armenian church in Sniatyn (18th century) Armenian church in Chernivtsi (19th century) Armenian Surb Grigor Lusavorych church in Odesa (1995) Armenian St. Resurrection church in Kharkiv (2004) Armenian Surb Gevorg church in Mykolaiv Armenian church in Luhansk A 19th century postcard of St. Nicholas Armenian Church in Kamenets-Podolsk (destroyed during the 1930s) See also Armenian diaspora Armenians in Crimea Armenian Cathedral, Lviv Ukrainians in Armenia Armenia–Ukraine relations Armenians in Moldova Armenians in Poland Armenians in Russia Armenians in Romania References ^ An Armeno-Kipchak Chronicle on the Polish-Turkish Wars in 1620–1621,Robert Dankoff, p. 388 ^ The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001, retrieved 2009-06-17 ^ a b c d 2001 Ukrainian census Archived July 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine ^ "At Least 23 Armenians Have Died in Ukraine Conflict". Asbarez.com. Retrieved 2023-06-21. ^ "Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation". Operational Data Portal (UNHCR). Retrieved 2023-06-21. ^ An Armeno-Kipchak Chronicle on the Polish-Turkish Wars in 1620–1621,Robert Dankoff, p. 388 ^ Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland – Page 85 by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland ^ "Biography of Ivan Aivazovsky by the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-04. ^ 2001 Ukrainian census Archived November 1, 2004, at the Wayback Machine ^ Bespyatov, Tim. "Ethnic composition of Ukraine 2001". pop-stat.mashke.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. External links Вірмени в Україні (in Ukrainian) Kyiv Armenian community vteEthnic and national minorities of UkraineDominant group Ukrainians Over 50,000 Crimean Tatars Russians Rusyns Boykos Hutsuls Lemkos Belarusians Bulgarians Hungarians Romanians Moldovans Poles Jews Armenians Greeks Tatars Under 50,000 Roma Azerbaijanis Georgians Czechs Germans Black Sea Bessarabia Crimea Mennonites Holenders (Olęders) Transcarpathia Gagauz Koreans Turks under 5,000 Serbs Albanians Karaites Krymchaks Kurds National or ethnic groups in Ukraine of over 1,000 people are shown. vteArmenian diaspora Population by country historical Population by urban area Ethnic enclaves Historic areas of Armenian settlement Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) Javakhk Nakhichevan Turkey Bolis/Istanbul Cilicia Hidden Armenians Western Armenia Caucasus Azerbaijan Baku Zoks Georgia Abkhazia Tbilisi Former Soviet Union Baltic states Lithuania Belarus Central Asia Moldova Russia Circassia Ukraine Crimea Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Mexico United States Los Angeles San Francisco Boston Uruguay Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic France Germany Greece Hayhurum Hungary Italy Malta The Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Romania Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Middle East Egypt Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Qatar Syria United Arab Emirates Asia Afghanistan Bangladesh China India Indonesia Surabaya Myanmar Pakistan Singapore Africa Ethiopia Oceania Australia New Zealand

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian"},{"link_name":"Ukrainian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian"},{"link_name":"Armenians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"guest workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_workers"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"fifth largest Armenian community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"invasion by Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ethnic groupArmenians in Ukraine (Armenian: Հայերն Ուկրաինայում, romanized: Hayern Ukrainayum; Ukrainian: Вірмени в Україні, romanized: Virmeni v Ukrayini) are ethnic Armenians who live in Ukraine. They number 99,894 according to the 2001 Ukrainian census.[3] However, the country is also host to a number of Armenian guest workers which has yet to be ascertained. The Armenian population in Ukraine has nearly doubled since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1989, largely due to instability in the Caucasus. Ukraine was home to the fifth largest Armenian community in the world before the invasion by Russia displaced millions of people.[4][5]","title":"Armenians in Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surb-Khach_monastery,_Staryi_Krym,_Ukraine.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Surb Khach Armenian Monastery, Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surb_Khach_Armenian_Monastery,_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Armenians in Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Kyivan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyivan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Ruthenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia"},{"link_name":"Ani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ani"},{"link_name":"Seljuks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seljuks"},{"link_name":"Feodosiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosiya"},{"link_name":"Sudak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudak"},{"link_name":"Staryi Krym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staryi_Krym"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Podolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolia"},{"link_name":"Halychyna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halychyna"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lw%C3%B3w_-_Katedra_Ormia%C5%84ska_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Armenian Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral,_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Armenian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_diaspora"},{"link_name":"Crimean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Armeno-Kipchak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeno-Kipchak"},{"link_name":"Turkic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kipchak people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchak_people"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Kamianets-Podilskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"Armenian Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rostov on Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostov_on_Don"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Ruins of the Surb Khach Armenian Monastery, UkraineSee also: Armenians in CrimeaArmenians first appeared in Ukraine during the times of Kyivan Rus'. During the 10th century individual Armenian merchants, mercenaries and craftsmen served at the courts of various Ruthenian rulers. A larger wave of Armenians settled in southeastern Ukraine after the fall of the Armenian capital of Ani to Seljuks in the 11th century. They arrived mainly at the Crimean peninsula and established colonies in Kaffa (Feodosiya), Sudak and Solcati (Staryi Krym). Their numbers were further strengthened throughout the 12th–15th century by Armenians fleeing from a Mongol invasion. This gave the peninsula the name Armenia Maritima in medieval chronicles. Smaller Armenian communities were established in central Ukraine, including Kyiv, and the western regions of Podolia and Halychyna, concentrating around Lviv which in 1267 became the center of an Armenian eparchy.Armenian Cathedral in Lviv.At the end of the thirteenth century, when members of the Armenian diaspora moved from the Crimean peninsula to the Polish-Ukrainian borderland, they brought Armeno-Kipchak, a Turkic language with them.[6] Armeno-Kipchak of the Kipchak people was still current in the 16th and 17th centuries among the Armenian communities settling in the Lviv and Kamianets-Podilskyi area of what is now Ukraine.[7]After Crimea fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1475 many Crimean Armenians moved further to the north-west to the already flourishing Armenian communities which gradually integrated into the local Polish population while maintaining their distinct identity through the Armenian Catholic Church. In the 18th century Crimea fell under influence of the Russian Empire, which encouraged Crimean Armenians to settle in Russia and a large group of them came to the town of Rostov on Don in 1778, twenty years later Russia having conquered the peninsula called to colonize it and many Armenians arrived from Turkey, establishing new Armenian colonies. During World War II in 1944 Armenians were deported en masse along with Greeks, Bulgarians and Tatars as a \"antisoviet element\" and allowed to return only in the 1960s. During Soviet rule Armenians came together with people from other Soviet ruled nations to Ukraine to work in the heavy industry located in the eastern parts of the country.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Lviv"},{"link_name":"Armenian Apostolic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"Dnipro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipro"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Sarkis Ordyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkis_Ordyan"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Lviv"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Russian_military_intervention_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"Hovhannes Aivazovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovhannes_Aivazovsky"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Russified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russification"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"See also: Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv and Armenian Apostolic ChurchToday, the Donetsk Oblast holds the greatest number of Armenians in Ukraine (~16 000, 0.33% of the population).[3] Armenian communities can also be found in Dnipro, Kharkiv, Kherson, Kyiv, Luhansk, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhzhia, and Odesa where the late Ukrainian-Armenian artist Sarkis Ordyan spent most of his life. The city of Lviv is a \"spiritual capital\" of Armenians in Ukraine serving as an eparchial see for both Catholic and Apostolic churches, under which Ukraine as a single eparchy is split between both of them. Alas, the Armenian Catholic Archeparchy of Lviv is not occupied ever since the end of World War II and the Armenian Apostolic Church is predominant.The Armenians continue to have a historic presence in Crimea, which remains under Russian control since the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine. The 9,000 Armenians make up 0.43% of the population in the area and are numerous in major urban centers such as Sevastopol where they comprise 0.3% of the city's population.[3] Hovhannes Aivazovsky, the world-renowned Armenian painter lived and worked his entire life in the Crimean city of Feodosiya.[8]Many Armenians living in Ukraine have been Russified with about half speaking Armenian as their mother tongue but over 43% speaking Russian and only 6% Ukrainian.[9]","title":"Armenian community in modern Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 Ukrainian Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Ukrainian_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-3"},{"link_name":"Donetsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Dnipropetrovsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipropetrovsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Republic of Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea"},{"link_name":"Odesa Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Luhansk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"City of Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Kherson Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Poltava Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltava_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Cherkasy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherkasy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Sumy Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumy_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vinnytsia Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnytsia_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Zhytomyr Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhytomyr_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Rivne Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivne_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"Dnipro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dnipro"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"link_name":"Donetsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donetsk"},{"link_name":"Zaporizhzhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaporizhzhia"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"link_name":"Simferopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simferopol"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"link_name":"Kryvyi Rih","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryvyi_Rih"},{"link_name":"Kramatorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kramatorsk"},{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Kherson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kherson"},{"link_name":"Mariupol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariupol"},{"link_name":"Makiivka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makiivka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenians2001ua.PNG"}],"sub_title":"Distribution","text":"Armenians in Ukraine by oblasts according to 2001 Ukrainian Census.[3]\n \n\n\n\n\nOblast\n\nArmenians\n\n\nDonetsk Oblast\n15,700\n\n\nKharkiv Oblast\n11,100\n\n\nDnipropetrovsk Oblast\n10,600\n\n\nAutonomous Republic of Crimea\n8,700\n\n\nOdesa Oblast\n7,400\n\n\nLuhansk Oblast\n6,600\n\n\nZaporizhzhia Oblast\n6,400\n\n\nCity of Kyiv\n4,900\n\n\nKherson Oblast\n4,500\n\n\nMykolaiv Oblast\n4,300\n\n\nPoltava Oblast\n2,600\n\n\nKyiv Oblast\n2,300\n\n\nCherkasy Oblast\n1,700\n\n\nSevastopol (city council)\n1,300\n\n\nSumy Oblast\n1,200\n\n\nVinnytsia Oblast\n1,100\n\n\nZhytomyr Oblast\n800\n\n\nIvano-Frankivsk Oblast\n300\n\n\nRivne Oblast\n300\n\n\n\n\nArmenians in Ukraine by cities, according to the 2001 census:[10]\n \n\n\n\nCity\n\nArmenians\n\n\nKharkiv\n7,214\n\n\nKyiv\n4,935\n\n\nDnipro\n4,710\n\n\nOdesa\n4,374\n\n\nDonetsk\n4,050\n\n\nZaporizhzhia\n3,097\n\n\nLuhansk\n2,137\n\n\nSimferopol\n2,130\n\n\nMykolaiv\n2,112\n\n\nKryvyi Rih\n1,589\n\n\nKramatorsk\n1,386\n\n\nSevastopol\n1,319\n\n\nKherson\n1,239\n\n\nMariupol\n1,205\n\n\nMakiivka\n1,021\n\n\n\n\nArmenians in Ukraine according to 2001 Census","title":"Armenian community in modern Ukraine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bart%C5%82omiej_Zimorowic"},{"link_name":"Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lviv"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj Torosowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Torosowicz"},{"link_name":"Grzegorz Piramowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Piramowicz"},{"link_name":"Karol Antoniewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Antoniewicz"},{"link_name":"Sadok Barącz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadok_Bar%C4%85cz"},{"link_name":"Galician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)"},{"link_name":"Julian Oktawian Zachariewicz-Lwigród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Oktawian_Zachariewicz-Lwigr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Łukasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz"},{"link_name":"Dawid Abrahamowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawid_Abrahamowicz"},{"link_name":"Adolf Abrahamowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Abrahamowicz"},{"link_name":"Kajetan Abgarowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajetan_Abgarowicz"},{"link_name":"Ivan Aivazovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky"},{"link_name":"Józef Teodorowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Teodorowicz"},{"link_name":"Tamara Tchinarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_Tchinarova"},{"link_name":"Sergei Parajanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov"},{"link_name":"Vagrich Bakhchanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrich_Bakhchanyan"},{"link_name":"Roman Balayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Balayan"},{"link_name":"Arsen Savadov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_Savadov"},{"link_name":"Vadym Novynskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadym_Novynskyi"},{"link_name":"Arsen Avakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsen_Avakov"},{"link_name":"Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetians"},{"link_name":"David Manukyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Manukyan"},{"link_name":"Oksana Markarova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksana_Markarova"},{"link_name":"Armen Akopyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Akopyan"},{"link_name":"Jamala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamala"},{"link_name":"Crimean Tatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Artem Dalakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artem_Dalakian"},{"link_name":"Armen Vardanyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen_Vardanyan"},{"link_name":"Katerina Rohonyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katerina_Rohonyan"},{"link_name":"Woman Grandmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_Grandmaster"},{"link_name":"Serhiy Nigoyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serhiy_Nigoyan"},{"link_name":"Euromaidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euromaidan"},{"link_name":"Valeriy Voskonyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeriy_Voskonyan"},{"link_name":"Artur Avahimyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Avahimyan"}],"text":"Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic, Polish poet and historian of the Baroque era, burgomaster of Lviv\nMikołaj Torosowicz, the first Armenian Catholic bishop of Lviv\nGrzegorz Piramowicz, Roman Catholic priest\nKarol Antoniewicz, Polish-Armenian Jesuit and missionary\nSadok Barącz, Galician religious leader, historian, folklorist, archivist\nJulian Oktawian Zachariewicz-Lwigród, Lviv architect\nIgnacy Łukasiewicz, Galician pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist\nDawid Abrahamowicz, Polish politician and social activist\nAdolf Abrahamowicz, Polish writer\nKajetan Abgarowicz, Polish journalist and writer\nIvan Aivazovsky (Crimean Armenian), painter\nJózef Teodorowicz, the last Armenian Catholic Archbishop of Lviv\nTamara Tchinarova (partly Armenian), ballerina\nSergei Parajanov, filmmaker\nVagrich Bakhchanyan, graphic artist and designer\nRoman Balayan, film director\nArsen Savadov, painter\nVadym Novynskyi, oligarch\nArsen Avakov (Armenian father, Ossetian mother), Ukrainian Minister of Interior (longest serving minister)\nDavid Manukyan, Greco Roman wrestler\nOksana Markarova (partly Armenian), politician and the current Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States, former Minister of Finance\nArmen Akopyan, football player\nJamala (Crimean Tatar father, Armenian mother), Ukrainian singer (winner of the Eurovision Song Contest)\nArtem Dalakian, boxer\nArmen Vardanyan, Greco-Roman wrestler\nKaterina Rohonyan, Ukrainian-American chess player (Woman Grandmaster)\nSerhiy Nigoyan, Euromaidan activist, first protester killed by shooting during the protest\nValeriy Voskonyan, football player\nArtur Avahimyan, football player","title":"Notable representatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96_(2).JPG"},{"link_name":"Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_Bell_Tower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamianets-Podilskyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorodenka_Kosciol_Ormianski_DSC_9777_26-216-0002.JPG"},{"link_name":"Horodenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horodenka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZwaniecKosciol.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zhvanets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhvanets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivano-Frankivsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano-Frankivsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuty_kosciol_ormianski_DSC_5435_26-236-0014.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kuty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armenian_church_in_Sniatyn,_Ukraine_1.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sniatyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniatyn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0.Jpg"},{"link_name":"Chernivtsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernivtsi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odessa_St._Gregory_the_Illuminator_Armenian_Church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Odesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odesa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kharkiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kharkiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3._%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92.,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%B2,.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mykolaiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykolaiv"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Luhanske_Armenian_church.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luhansk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhansk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._Nicholas_Armenian_Church_in_Ukraine,_Kamenets-Podolsk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kamenets-Podolsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamenets-Podolsk"}],"text":"Armenian cultural heritage in Ukraine:Armenian Dormition Church in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (14th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian Belltower in Kamianets-Podilskyi (16th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Horodenka (18th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Zhvanets (18th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Ivano-Frankivsk (18th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Kuty (18th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Sniatyn (18th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Chernivtsi (19th century)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian Surb Grigor Lusavorych church in Odesa (1995)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian St. Resurrection church in Kharkiv (2004)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian Surb Gevorg church in Mykolaiv\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmenian church in Luhansk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA 19th century postcard of St. Nicholas Armenian Church in Kamenets-Podolsk (destroyed during the 1930s)","title":"Cultural heritage"}]

[{"image_text":"Ruins of the Surb Khach Armenian Monastery, Ukraine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Surb-Khach_monastery%2C_Staryi_Krym%2C_Ukraine.jpeg/220px-Surb-Khach_monastery%2C_Staryi_Krym%2C_Ukraine.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Armenian Cathedral in Lviv.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lw%C3%B3w_-_Katedra_Ormia%C5%84ska_01.JPG/220px-Lw%C3%B3w_-_Katedra_Ormia%C5%84ska_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"Armenians in Ukraine according to 2001 Census","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Armenians2001ua.PNG/220px-Armenians2001ua.PNG"}]

[{"title":"Armenian diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_diaspora"},{"title":"Armenians in Crimea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Crimea"},{"title":"Armenian Cathedral, Lviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Cathedral,_Lviv"},{"title":"Ukrainians in Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Armenia"},{"title":"Armenia–Ukraine relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations"},{"title":"Armenians in Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Moldova"},{"title":"Armenians in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland"},{"title":"Armenians in Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia"},{"title":"Armenians in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians_in_Romania"}]

[{"reference":"The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001, retrieved 2009-06-17","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2","url_text":"The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue"}]},{"reference":"\"At Least 23 Armenians Have Died in Ukraine Conflict\". Asbarez.com. Retrieved 2023-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://asbarez.com/at-least-23-armenians-have-died-in-ukraine-conflict/","url_text":"\"At Least 23 Armenians Have Died in Ukraine Conflict\""}]},{"reference":"\"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation\". Operational Data Portal (UNHCR). Retrieved 2023-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine","url_text":"\"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography of Ivan Aivazovsky by the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2007-02-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203123540/http://www.artsstudio.com/reproductions/aivazovsky.htm","url_text":"\"Biography of Ivan Aivazovsky by the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg\""},{"url":"http://www.artsstudio.com/reproductions/aivazovsky.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bespyatov, Tim. \"Ethnic composition of Ukraine 2001\". pop-stat.mashke.org. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064542/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm","url_text":"\"Ethnic composition of Ukraine 2001\""},{"url":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]

[{"Link":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2","external_links_name":"The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality","external_links_name":"2001 Ukrainian census"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070706003257/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://asbarez.com/at-least-23-armenians-have-died-in-ukraine-conflict/","external_links_name":"\"At Least 23 Armenians Have Died in Ukraine Conflict\""},{"Link":"https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine","external_links_name":"\"Situation Ukraine Refugee Situation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070203123540/http://www.artsstudio.com/reproductions/aivazovsky.htm","external_links_name":"\"Biography of Ivan Aivazovsky by the Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg\""},{"Link":"http://www.artsstudio.com/reproductions/aivazovsky.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/","external_links_name":"2001 Ukrainian census"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210501064542/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ethnic composition of Ukraine 2001\""},{"Link":"http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070502232558/http://www.kngu.org/KongrUkr/Communit/ObzhArmen.htm","external_links_name":"Вірмени в Україні"},{"Link":"http://www.kievao.com.ua/","external_links_name":"Kyiv Armenian community"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNMOC

Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center

["1 History","2 Organization","3 Numerical Weather Prediction","4 External links","5 References"]

Echelon IV command of the U.S. Navy This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography CenterFleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center LogoActive1958–PresentCountryUnited StatesBranchUnited States NavyTypeEchelon IV commandPart ofNaval Meteorology and Oceanography CommandGarrison/HQMonterey, CaliforniaWebsitewww.metoc.navy.mil/fnmoc/fnmoc.htmlCommandersCommanding OfficerCAPT Mathias RothExecutive OfficerCDR Christopher TuggleTechnical DirectorJohn ErtlMilitary unit The Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC) is an echelon IV component of the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NMOC), which provides worldwide meteorological and oceanographic data and analysis for the United States Navy and strategic allies of the United States. The center is based out of Monterey, California. FNMOC provides Global and Regional Weather Prediction Charts (WXMAP) and Global Ensemble Weather Prediction Charts (EFS). WxMAP depictions of NAVGEM predictions for side-by-side comparison with NCEP global NWS models (GFS) are also available. FNMOC provides Global and Regional Ocean Wave Prediction Charts (WW3), Global Ensemble Ocean Wave Prediction Charts (WW3 Ensemble), and Global Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Surface Anomaly Charts (NCODA). FNMOC provides links to satellite imagery of tropical cyclones (TCWEB) and current tropical storm forecast tracks. FNMOC is composed of military and civilian personnel. The team consists of specialists in meteorology, oceanography, computer science, and Fleet operations. The team's efforts provide computerized weather and ocean prediction products, weather satellite imagery products, and related tactical decision aids and data, supporting virtually every combat platform and weapons system operated by the US Navy. History In 1958, the Navy Numerical Weather Problems (NANWEP) group was established in Suitland, Maryland. NANWEP was later moved to the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in 1959. Fleet Numerical Weather Facility was established in 1961. In 1974, Fleet Numerical Weather Facility moved from NPS to its standalone location in Monterey, California. In 1993, the operating title: Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), was adopted. In 2005, Fleet Numerical was realigned under Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (NMOC). In 2011, Fleet Numerical completed a new Computer Operations Center. FNMOC is one of the US Department of Defense's (DOD) primary central production sites for worldwide computer-generated operational meteorological and oceanographic analysis and forecast products. Organization FNMOC is an echelon IV command aligned under the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command (COMNAVMETOCCOM) or CNMOC. FNMOC is co-located with Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Marine Meteorology Division. FNMOC maintains close ties with the nearby Naval Postgraduate School. Numerical Weather Prediction Central to FNMOC modeling capability is a global numerical weather model called the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) and a global ocean prediction model called the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). FNMOC models a variety of global, regional, sub-regional areas and specialized ocean and atmospheric environments as the DOD's premier Numerical Weather Prediction Center. External links Official website Naval Meteorology & Oceanography Command GODAE Portal FNMOC on the top500.org References ^ The United States Navy has a special hierarchical structure that uses 'echelons' to represent different levels of command. Echelon IV commands are responsible for operational control of naval forces. These commands typically oversee a specific geographic area or a specific type of naval operation. They are responsible for planning, coordinating, and executing naval operations within their assigned area of responsibility. Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Germi_County)

Central District (Germi County)

["1 Notes","2 References"]

Coordinates: 39°01′50″N 48°04′34″E / 39.03056°N 48.07611°E / 39.03056; 48.07611District in Ardabil province, Iran District in Ardabil, IranCentral District (Germi County) Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان گرمیDistrictCentral District (Germi County)Coordinates: 39°01′50″N 48°04′34″E / 39.03056°N 48.07611°E / 39.03056; 48.07611CountryIranProvinceArdabilCountyGermiCapitalGermiPopulation (2016) • Total43,990Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) The Central District of Germi County (Persian: بخش مرکزی شهرستان گرمی) is in Ardabil province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Germi. At the 2006 census, its population was 48,790 in 10,528 households. The following census in 2011 counted 47,449 people in 12,178 households. At the latest census in 2016, the district had 43,990 inhabitants living in 12,869 households. In September 2019, Pain Barzand Rural District was transferred to the district from Angut District. Central District (Germi County) Population Administrative Divisions 2006 2011 2016 Ani RD 6,251 5,421 4,364 Ojarud-e Gharbi RD 7,849 7,775 6,523 Ojarud-e Markazi RD 2,301 1,772 1,304 Ojarud-e Shomali RD 4,041 3,528 2,832 Pain Barzand RD Germi (city) 28,348 28,953 28,967 Total 48,790 47,449 43,990 RD = Rural District Iran portal Notes ^ Transferred from Angut District References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (27 March 2023). "Central District (Germi County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 27 March 2023. ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 22 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country's divisions of East Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Tabriz". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 24. Archived from the original (Excel) on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ a b Jahangiri, Ishaq (18 September 2019). "Approval letter regarding country divisions in Germi County of Ardabil province". Islamic Council Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2023. vte Ardabil ProvinceCapital Ardabil Counties and citiesArdabil County Ardabil Hir Bileh Savar County Bileh Savar Jafarabad Aslan Duz County Aslan Duz Germi County Germi Tazeh Kand-e Angut Khalkhal County Khalkhal Hashatjin Kolowr Kowsar County Kivi Meshgin Shahr County Meshgin Shahr Lahrud Razi Namin County Namin Abi Beyglu Anbaran Nir County Nir Kuraim Parsabad County Parsabad Sareyn County Sareyn Landmarks Lerd Tourist Village Sardabe Waterfall Sibieh Khani Waterfall Complex of Sheikh Safi-ad-din Ardabili Ardabil Bazaar Alvares (ski resort) Shorabil Lake Sabalan Neor Lake Shapur II Bas-relief of Meshkinshar Haftkhaneh Cave Meshginshahr suspension bridge Sarein springs Ardabil Anthropology Museum Qarah Soo Bridge Places List of cities, towns and villages in Ardabil Province vte Germi CountyCapital Germi DistrictsCentralCities Germi Rural Districts and villagesAni Alilah Alileh Sar Ani-ye Olya Ani-ye Sofla Ani-ye Vosta Biaraq Chalak Dashdibi Ezmareh-ye Olya Ezmareh-ye Sofla Gigal Qanbarlu Qarah Bolagh Qarah Yataq Quzlu Sari Daraq Shavon-e Olya Shavon-e Sofla Tang Tappeh Tazeh Kand-e Qarah Bolagh Ojarud-e Gharbi(West Ojraud) Angurd Armarmshahadlu Azizlu Bashirlui-ye Olya Bashirlui-ye Sofla Beneh Bil Dashi Chungenesh Chunzeh-ye Olya Chunzeh-ye Sofla Daryaman Dash Bolagh Dizaj Ghaffar Kandi Gilarlu Jin Kandi Khan Kandi Laleh Bolaghi Laskeh Daraq Majidlu Mazraeh-ye Ali Goshad Fakri Mazraeh-ye Khanlar Moghvan Oli Kandi Own Bir Beyglu Qarah Quch Qeshlaq Rahimlu Shahrak-e Vali Asr Shur Bolagh Tak Dam Takanlu Tazeh Kand-e Langan Tulir Tulun Ojarud-e Markazi(Central Ojarud) Al Qanab Amrahlu Azhdarlu Hamzah Khanlu Hasan Kandi Ilkhchi-ye Olya Ilkhchi-ye Sofla Khan Bolaghi Ojaq Alazar Qahramanlu Zengir Ojarud-e Shomali(North Ojarud) Angurtlar-e Sofla Aranchi Babi Kandi Beik Baghi Chuneh Khanlu Edalat Qeshlaqi Farzi Kandi Hachakand-e Tazeh Havas Kandi Kachalar Kalleh Sar-e Olya Kalleh Sar-e Sofla Mashhadlu Najaf Qoli Qeshlaqi Naqareh Qater Yuran-e Olya Qater Yuran-e Sofla Qeshlaq-e Mazan-e Olya Qezel Guney Saghirlu Sari Nasirlu Seyyed Kandi Shakar Ab Shekarlui-ye Olya AngutiCities Tazeh Kand-e Angut Rural Districts and villagesAngut-e Gharbi(West Angut) Adam Darrehsi-ye Olya Adam Darrehsi-ye Sofla Agh Tappeh Ali Qapu Allah Yarlu Anjirlu Aqa Mohammad Beyglu Bagheshlu Charuq Dash Chenar Danial Delik Yarqan Dikdash Dumuli Emarat Farkhlu Galin Bolaghi Gechi Qeshlaq Amirlu Gechi Qeshlaq Hajj Mohammadlu Gowdah Kahriz Guni Kand Hajji Abbas Kandi Heybat-e Olya Heybat-e Sofla Hizan Ilkhchi Isti Baghcheh Kadkhodalu Kalantar Kard Kandi Kinu Kohneh Kand Lachin Darrehsi Lakarabad-e Olya Lakarabad-e Sofla Malqeshlaqi Mardan Masjedlu Nowlu Qar Qeshlaqi Qarah Aghaj-e Bala Qarah Aghaj-e Pain Qarah Khan Beyglu Qarahjah Aghle Qelich Khanlu Qeshlaq-e Aqa Baba Qeshlaq-e Barian Qeshlaq-e Dowlama Qeshlaq-e Hajji Abbas Qeshlaq-e Hajji Samid Qeshlaq-e Olya Qeshlaq-e Qarah Qayeh Qeshlaq-e Qareh Seqal Qeshlaq-e Zaviyeh Quri Daraq Qurtlu Qeshlaq Quytul Quzlu Saluk Qeshlaqi Sarvaghaji Seyyed Javadlu Seyyed Lar Seyyed Mohammadlu Shahid Mohammadpur Sheykh Razi Shurestan Tulan Vali Beyglu Yekvan Zaviyeh Sang Ziveh Angut-e Sharqi(East Angut) Abbas Alilu Asghar Khanlu Borun Qeshlaq-e Olya Borun Qeshlaq-e Sofla Chat Qeshlaq-e Bala Chenar Chenar Dargahlu Dash Qapu Garmi Angut Hadilu Jabilu Jahangirlu Jamulu Kandi Jeda Kahel Qeshlaq Khan Mohammadlu Khanali Darrehsi Kuramalu Mansurlu Marallu-ye Jafarqoli Khanlu Mohammad Qoli Beyglu Mohammad Taqi Kandi Mollalu Nariman Oruj Alilu Owch Bolagh Panjeh Ali Kharabehsi Pirlu Qabaleh Kandi Qatar-e Olya Qatar-e Sofla Qeshlaq-e Aba Qeshlaq-e Bakhshali Qeshlaq-e Chortaqlu Qeshlaq-e Jeda Qilulu Qorbanlu Sarilar Sayadabad Seyyedabad Shabanlu Shaerlu Shahbazlu Shur Daraq-e Olya Shur Daraq-e Sofla Tak Bolagh Angut Takahchi Tapalqa Yelsui Zareabad Pain Barzand Ahad Beyglu Ali Mohammadlu Aqdash-e Olya Aqdash-e Sofla Arzanaq Damdabaja Damirchi Darrehsi-ye Olya Damirchi Darrehsi-ye Sofla Darreh Gahlui-ye Barzand Dash Bolagh-e Barzand Ebrahim Kandi Esmaili Kandi Hajj Ahmad Kandi Hoseyn Khanlu Marallui-ye Kalbalu Mikail Darrehsi Nasrollah Beyglu Nurollah Beyglu Qaleh Barzand Qasem Kandi Shahmar Beyglu Sharafeh Tavus Darrehsi Tusanlui-ye Barzand MuranCities none Rural Districts and villagesAzadlu Akbarabad Aqa Hasan Beyglu Azadlu Baqerlu Darin Kabud Darvish-e Gurnamaz Eba Beyglu Hadi Beyglu Kamar Qayah Kord Lar Mehdi Khanlu Orujabad Owrta Qeshlaq Parchin-e Olya Parchin-e Sofla Qarah Qeshlaq Qeshlaq-e Ilkhchi-ye Olya Qeshlaq-e Ilkhchi-ye Sofla Qeshlaq-e Quzlu Rahimlui-ye Muran Salaleh Samadlu Tappeh Bashi Zangebar Ojarud-e Sharqi(East Ojarud) Afsuran Ali Verdilu Burkabad Damirchi-ye Olya Damirchi-ye Sofla Darmanlu Hachakand-e Darmanlu Hameh Shan Ilkhanlar Jangan Kalan Kalansura Karimlu Kulatan Lajayer Meykhvosh Mohreh Owch Aghaj Pileh Daraq Pireh Khalil Pormehr Seyyedlar-e Zahra Shilveh-ye Olya Shilveh-ye Sofla Siah Siavosh Kandi Sineh Sar Tamerdash Tazeh Kand-e Muran Ucheh Umaslan-e Olya Umaslan-e Sofla Van-e Olya Van-e Sofla Vanestanaq Yal Dagarmani Yedi Daraq Zahra This Germi County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeat

Afrobeat

["1 History","2 Influence","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]

Nigeria music genre, distinct from Afrobeats This article is about the 1960s genre defined by Fela Kuti. For the 21st century genre of West African pop music, see Afrobeats. AfrobeatStylistic originsNigerian musicNigeria highlifeYoruba musicIgbo musicfunkjazzsoulfuji musicAfro-Cuban musicCultural origins1960s, NigeriaTypical instrumentsBass guitarsakara drumdrumsguitarhornsHammond organkeyboardspercussionOgenesaxophoneshekerevocalsDerivative formsAfrobeatsRegional scenesNigeria Afrobeat arose from the mind and spirit of Nigeria’s Fela Kuti who, like Beyoncé, is identified on a first-name basis. Throughout the 1970s he fused James Brown’s funk, traditional West African dance rhythms with jazz and his own take on chamber music for lengthy compositions. With a focus on chanted vocals, complex intersecting rhythms, and percussion. The style was pioneered in the 1960s by Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader Fela Kuti, who is most known for popularizing the style both within and outside Nigeria. At the height of his popularity, he was referred to as one of Africa's most "challenging and charismatic music performers." Distinct from Afrobeat is Afrobeats, a combination of sounds originating in West Africa in the 21st century. This takes on diverse influences and is an eclectic combination of genres such as hip hop, house, jùjú, ndombolo, R&B, soca, and dancehall. The two genres, though often conflated, are not the same, as Afrobeats is rather just the amalgamation of Afrobeat. Seun Kuti during an Afrobeat performance History Fela Kuti Afrobeat evolved in Nigeria in the late 1960s by Fela Anikulapo Kuti,( born Olufela Olusegun Oludotun) who, with drummer Tony Allen, experimented with different contemporary music of that time. Afrobeat was influenced by a combination of different genres, such as highlife, fuji, and jùjú, as well as Yoruba vocal traditions, rhythm, and instruments. In the late 1950s, Kuti left Lagos to study abroad at the London School of Music where he took lessons in piano, and percussion and was exposed to jazz . Fela Kuti returned to Lagos and played a highlife-jazz hybrid, albeit, without commercial success. In 1969, Kuti and his band went on a trip to the U.S. and met a woman by the name of Sandra Smith, a singer and former Black Panther. Sandra Smith (now known as Sandra Izsadore or Sandra Akanke Isidore) introduced Kuti to many writings of activists such as Martin Luther King Jr., Angela Davis, Jesse Jackson, and his biggest influence of all, Malcolm X. As Kuti was interested in African-American politics, Smith would make it his duty to inform Kuti of current events. In return, Kuti would fill her in on African culture. Since Kuti stayed at Smith's house and spent so much time with her, he started to re-evaluate his music genre. That was when Kuti realized that he was not playing African music. From that day forward, Kuti changed his sound and the message behind his music. Upon arriving in Nigeria, Kuti had also changed the name of his group to "Africa '70". The new sound hailed from a club he established called the Afrika Shrine. The band maintained a five-year residency at the Afrika Shrine from 1970 to 1975 while Afrobeat thrived among Nigerian youth. Another influential person Ray Stephen Oche , a Nigerian musician touring from Paris, France, with his Matumbo orchestra in the 1970s. The name was partially born out of an attempt to distinguish Fela Kuti's music from the soul music of American artists such as James Brown. Prevalent in his and Lagbaja's music are native Nigerian harmonies and rhythms, taking contrasting elements and combining, modernizing, and improvising upon them. Politics is essential to Afrobeat, due to Kuti using social criticism to pave the way for change. His message can be described as confrontational and controversial, which relates to the political climate of most of the African countries in the 1970s, many of which were dealing with political injustice and military corruption while recovering from the transition from colonial governments to self-determination. As the genre spread throughout the African continent, many bands took up the style. The recordings of these bands and their songs were rarely heard or exported outside the originating countries but many can now be found on compilation albums and CDs from specialist record shops. Influence Many jazz musicians have been attracted to the aromatic genre of Afrobeat. From Roy Ayers in the 1970s to Randy Weston in the 1990s, there have been collaborations that resulted in albums such as Africa: Centre of the World by Roy Ayers, released on the Polydore label in 1981. In 1994, Branford Marsalis, the American jazz saxophonist, included samples of Fela's "Beasts of No Nation" on his Buckshot LeFonque album. Afrobeat has also profoundly influenced various important contemporary producers and musicians, such as Brian Eno and David Byrne, who credit Fela Kuti as an essential influence. Both worked on Talking Heads' highly acclaimed 1980 album Remain in Light, which brought polyrhythmic Afrobeat influences to Western music. The new generation of DJs and musicians of the 2000s who have fallen in love with both Kuti's material and other rare releases have made compilations and remixes of these recordings, thus re-introducing the genre to new generations of listeners and fans of afropop and groove. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a small Afrobeat scene began in Brooklyn, New York, with projects including Antibalas, The Daktaris and the Kokolo Afrobeat Orchestra. Since then, other artists like Zongo Junction have come onto the scene. Many others have cited Afrobeat as an influence like Daptone Records-adjacent groups The Budos Band and El Michels Affair. The horn section of Antibalas have been guest musicians on TV on the Radio's highly acclaimed 2008 album Dear Science, as well as on British band Foals' 2008 album Antidotes. Further examples are Val Veneto, Radio Bantu, Tam Tam Afrobeat, Combo Makabro, Marabunta Orquesta, Minga!, Antropofonica, Guanabana Afrobeat Orquesta, El Gran Capitan, Morbo y Mambo, Luka Afrobeat Orquesta or NikiLauda. Some Afrobeat influence can also be found in the music of Vampire Weekend and Paul Simon. In 2020, Antibalas was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Global Music Album. Afrobeat artists of the 2000s and present, continue to follow in the footsteps of Fela Kuti. Some examples of these artists are his sons Femi Kuti and Seun Kuti, Franck Biyong & Massak (from Cameroon), London Afrobeat Collective (from London, UK), Segun Damisa & the Afro-beat Crusaders, Shaolin Afronauts (from Adelaide, Australia), Newen Afrobeat (from Santiago, Chile), Eddy Taylor & the Heartphones (from Cologne, Germany), Bantucrew, the Albinoid Afrobeat Orchestra / Albinoid Sound System (from Strasbourg, France), Underground System / Underground System Afrobeat (from Brooklyn, New York), Abayomy Afrobeat Orquestra, Chicago Afrobeat Orchestra, Warsaw Afrobeat Orchestra, Karl Hector & the Malcouns (from Munich, Germany), Ojibo Afrobeat (from Vilnius, Lithuania), Afrodizz and Dele Sosimi and the ex-Africa '70 members Oghene Kologbo (guitar) with Afrobeat Academy, Nicholas Addo-Nettey (percussion), who is also known as Pax Nicholas , with Ridimtaksi (both based in Berlin, Germany). Namibian artist EES (Eric Sell) associates Afrobeat with reggae and kwaito. In 2009, the music label Knitting Factory Records (KFR) produced the Broadway musical Fela! The story showcased Kuti's "courage and incredible musical mastery" along with the story of his life. The show had 11 Tony nominations, receiving three for Best Costumes, Best Sound and Best Choreography. Fela! was on Broadway for 15 months and was produced by notables such as Shawn "Jay-Z " Carter and Will and Jada Pinkett-Smith. Many celebrities were noted as attending the shows, including Denzel Washington, Madonna, Sting, Spike Lee (who saw it eight times), Kofi Annan, and Michelle Obama. Michelle Williams, former singer of girl group Destiny's Child, was cast as the role of Sandra Izsadore. Fela Kuti's music has been sampled by various hip-hop musicians such as Missy Elliott, J. Cole, Kanye West, as well as other popular acts such as Beyoncé. The "Festival de Afrobeat Independiente" (FAI) takes place regularly in Buenos Aires, where regional bands as well as renown Afrobeat acts perform. See also Afrobeats Afroswing Confusion (album) Latin music (genre) References ^ "A brief History of Afrobeat". TeenVogue. Retrieved 19 July 2019. ^ "The Evolution of Afrobeats and Its Impact on the Next Generation of Music". d.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 9 June 2024. ^ Staff (16 July 2021). "Guide to Afrobeat Music: A Brief History of Afrobeat". Masterclass. Retrieved 21 May 2022. ^ a b Grass, Randall F. "Fela AnikulaThe Art of an Afrobeat Rebel". The Drama Review: TDR. MIT Press. 30: 131–148. ^ "Fela Kuti", Wikipedia, 11 November 2023, retrieved 13 November 2023 ^ Khamis, Laura (October 2019). "8 Afrobeats collaborations linking the UK with Africa". Red Bull. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019. ^ a b c d Scher, Robin (6 August 2015). "Afrobeat(s): The Difference a Letter Makes". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019. ^ a b Starling, Lakin. "10 Ghanaian Afrobeats Artists You Need To Know". The Fader. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017. ^ Phillips, Yoh. "WizKid Affiliate Mr Eazi's Journey From Tech Startup to Afrobeats Stardom". DJBooth. Archived from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019. ^ a b Khan, Ahmad (21 September 2017). "A Conversation with the Queen of Afrobeats: Tiwa Savage". HuffPost. Retrieved 22 August 2019. ^ Smith, Caspar Llewellyn (23 June 2012). "I'm with D'Banj". The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019. ^ "Afrobeats: The Cracks On The Ship". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. 24 July 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022. ^ Dosunmu, Oyebade Ajibola (2010). Afrobeat, Fela and beyond : scenes, style and ideology. OCLC 933924342. ^ "Piano | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ "Percussion | Therapy, Treatment & Diagnosis | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 October 2023. ^ Stewart, Alexander (2013). "Make It Funky: Fela Kuti, James Brown and the Invention of Afrobeat". American Studies. 52 (4): 99–118. doi:10.1353/ams.2013.0124. S2CID 145682238. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018 – via Project MUSE. ^ "Ghana News – Fela Kuti coined Afrobeat in Accra out of hate for James Brown – Prof John Collins". Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. ^ "Brian Eno: Fela's music will live on through his son". 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018. ^ "Meet The First-Time GRAMMY Nominee: Antibalas". GRAMMY.com. 16 February 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2021. ^ "Den Geist des Vaters beschworen: Der Saxofonist Seun Kuti zeigt in Berlin, wie lebendig der Sound seines Vaters Fela Kuti, des Funk-Großmeisters aus Nigeria, bis heute ist". Die Tageszeitung (in German). 1 July 2011. ^ Brantley, Ben. "About | FELA! On Broadway". FELA! On Broadway. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018. ^ C.J, Mankaprr Conteh,Nelson; Conteh, Mankaprr; C.J, Nelson (12 January 2022). "How Afrobeats is Making the World Listen". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 16 October 2023.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ McPherson, A. Malik (26 June 2013). "Afrobeat In Hip-Hop: The Influence On The Influential - Okayplayer". www.okayafrica.com. Retrieved 16 October 2023. Further reading Afrobeat (BBC archived page) Fela Kuti coined Afrobeat in Accra out of hate for James Brown – Prof John Collins vteGenres of African popular music African blues desert blues African hip hop Algerian Gambian Ghanaian Ivorian Kenyan Boomba Genge Malawian Moroccan Mauritian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Hip hop galsen Tanzanian Bongo Flava Zenji flava Togolese Zimbabwean African reggae Nigerian reggae Seggae Zimdancehall Afrobeat Afrobeats Afro-rock African heavy metal Zamrock Afro-soul Alté Amapiano Ambasse bey Apala Assiko Azonto Bajourou Bantowbol Batuque Bend-skin Benga Bikutsi Cape jazz Chaabi Algerian Moroccan Chimurenga Colá Coladeira Congolese rumba Coupé-décalé Edo Funk Fuji Funaná Gnawa Gqom Highlife Burger-highlife Igbo highlife Hipco Hiplife Isicathamiya Jaiva Jit Jùjú Kadongo Kamu Kidandali Kizomba Kuduro Kwaito Kwela Logobi Madiaba Mahraganat Makossa Marabi Marrabenta Maloya Mbalax Mbaqanga Mbube Morna Moroccan pop Motswako Muziki wa dansi Ndombolo Njuup Odi Pop Palm-wine Raï Raï'n'B Sakara Salegy Santé engagé Sega Seggae Semba Shaabi Shangaan Electro Singeli Soukous Sudanese popular music Taarab Tabanka Wassoulou Zaley Ziglibithy Zimbabwean jazz Zoblazo Zouglou vteFunk musicGenres Avant-funk Brit funk Deep funk Free funk Funk rock Funk metal Funktronica G-funk Go-go Jazz-funk Minneapolis sound Nu-funk Psychedelic funk Related Acid jazz Afrobeat List of funk musicians Funk carioca Funk melody Funk paulista Proibidão Rasteirinha Funky house Liquid funk Neurofunk P-Funk Post-disco Rare groove Samba rock Skweee Swamp rock Timba Zamrock vteJazzGeneral topics Outline of jazz Jazz (word) Jazz band Big band Improvisation Jazz Jam session Scat singing Swing performance Jazz bass Jazz drumming Jazz guitar French horn in jazz Jazz piano Jazz trombone Jazz violin Vocal jazz Women in jazz Genres Avant-garde jazz Bebop Hard bop Neo-bop Post-bop Cape jazz Chamber jazz Cool jazz Dixieland Flamenco jazz Folk jazz Free jazz Free funk Free improvisation Punk jazz Gypsy jazz Jazz-funk Jazz fusion Jazz rap Latin jazz Afro-Cuban jazz M-Base Mainstream jazz Marabi Modal jazz Nu jazz Orchestral jazz Organ trio Progressive jazz Ska jazz Smooth jazz Soul jazz Spiritual jazz Sacred jazz Stride Swing Swing revival Third stream Trad jazz Musicians Bassists Clarinetists Drummers Guitarists Organists Percussionists Pianists Saxophonists Trombonists Trumpeters Vibraphonists Violinists Vocalists Musicians by genre Bebop Chamber jazz Cool jazz and West Coast jazz Hard bop Jazz fusion Scat Smooth jazz Soul jazz Swing Standards Pre-1920 1920s 1930s 1940s post-1950 Discographies Bethlehem Blue Note BYG Cobblestone Contemporary CTI ECM ESP-Disk Flying Dutchman Freedom Groove Merchant Impulse! 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For the 21st century genre of West African pop music, see Afrobeats.Afrobeat[1][2] arose from the mind and spirit of Nigeria’s Fela Kuti who, like Beyoncé, is identified on a first-name basis. Throughout the 1970s he fused James Brown’s funk, traditional West African dance rhythms with jazz and his own take on chamber music for lengthy compositions.[3] With a focus on chanted vocals, complex intersecting rhythms, and percussion.[4] The style was pioneered in the 1960s by Nigerian multi-instrumentalist and bandleader Fela Kuti, who is most known for popularizing the style both within and outside Nigeria. At the height of his popularity, he was referred to as one of Africa's most \"challenging and charismatic music performers.\"[5]Distinct from Afrobeat is Afrobeats, a combination of sounds originating in West Africa in the 21st century. This takes on diverse influences and is an eclectic combination of genres such as hip hop, house, jùjú, ndombolo, R&B, soca, and dancehall.[6][7][8][9][10][11] The two genres, though often conflated, are not the same, as Afrobeats is rather just the amalgamation of Afrobeat.[7][8]Seun Kuti during an Afrobeat performance[10]","title":"Afrobeat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fela_Kuti_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Fela Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Fela Anikulapo Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"},{"link_name":"Tony Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Allen_(musician)"},{"link_name":"highlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlife"},{"link_name":"fuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuji_music"},{"link_name":"jùjú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Yoruba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_music"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fela Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela_Kuti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Black Panther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Panther_Party"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther King Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr."},{"link_name":"Angela Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Davis"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Malcolm X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Africa '70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_%2770_(band)"},{"link_name":"Afrika Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Shrine"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Ray Stephen Oche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ray_Stephen_Oche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Stephen_Oche"},{"link_name":"soul music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_music"},{"link_name":"James Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brown"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lagbaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagbaja"},{"link_name":"compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compilation_album"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Fela KutiAfrobeat evolved in Nigeria in the late 1960s by Fela Anikulapo Kuti,( born Olufela Olusegun Oludotun) who, with drummer Tony Allen, experimented with different contemporary music of that time. Afrobeat was influenced by a combination of different genres, such as highlife, fuji, and jùjú,[12] as well as Yoruba vocal traditions, rhythm, and instruments.[13] In the late 1950s, Kuti left Lagos to study abroad at the London School of Music where he took lessons in piano,[14] and percussion[15] and was exposed to jazz . Fela Kuti returned to Lagos and played a highlife-jazz hybrid, albeit, without commercial success.[4]In 1969, Kuti and his band went on a trip to the U.S. and met a woman by the name of Sandra Smith, a singer and former Black Panther. Sandra Smith (now known as Sandra Izsadore or Sandra Akanke Isidore) introduced Kuti to many writings of activists such as Martin Luther King Jr., Angela Davis, Jesse Jackson, and his biggest influence of all, Malcolm X.[7]As Kuti was interested in African-American politics, Smith would make it his duty to inform Kuti of current events. In return, Kuti would fill her in on African culture. Since Kuti stayed at Smith's house and spent so much time with her, he started to re-evaluate his music genre. That was when Kuti realized that he was not playing African music. From that day forward, Kuti changed his sound and the message behind his music.[16]Upon arriving in Nigeria, Kuti had also changed the name of his group to \"Africa '70\". The new sound hailed from a club he established called the Afrika Shrine. The band maintained a five-year residency at the Afrika Shrine from 1970 to 1975 while Afrobeat thrived among Nigerian youth.[7] Another influential person Ray Stephen Oche [de], a Nigerian musician touring from Paris, France, with his Matumbo orchestra in the 1970s.The name was partially born out of an attempt to distinguish Fela Kuti's music from the soul music of American artists such as James Brown.[17]Prevalent in his and Lagbaja's music are native Nigerian harmonies and rhythms, taking contrasting elements and combining, modernizing, and improvising upon them. Politics is essential to Afrobeat, due to Kuti using social criticism to pave the way for change. His message can be described as confrontational and controversial, which relates to the political climate of most of the African countries in the 1970s, many of which were dealing with political injustice and military corruption while recovering from the transition from colonial governments to self-determination. As the genre spread throughout the African continent, many bands took up the style. The recordings of these bands and their songs were rarely heard or exported outside the originating countries but many can now be found on compilation albums and CDs from specialist record shops.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Roy Ayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Ayers"},{"link_name":"Randy Weston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Weston"},{"link_name":"Polydore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydor_Records"},{"link_name":"Branford Marsalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branford_Marsalis"},{"link_name":"Buckshot LeFonque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckshot_LeFonque_(album)"},{"link_name":"according to whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"David Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Byrne"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Talking Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_Heads"},{"link_name":"Remain in Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remain_in_Light"},{"link_name":"remixes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"afropop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro_pop_music"},{"link_name":"groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(music)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Antibalas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibalas"},{"link_name":"The Daktaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daktaris"},{"link_name":"Kokolo Afrobeat Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokolo_Afrobeat_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Zongo Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongo_Junction"},{"link_name":"The Budos Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Budos_Band"},{"link_name":"El Michels Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Michels_Affair"},{"link_name":"TV on the Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_on_the_Radio"},{"link_name":"Dear Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Science"},{"link_name":"Foals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foals_(band)"},{"link_name":"Antidotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidotes"},{"link_name":"Vampire Weekend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_Weekend"},{"link_name":"Paul Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Simon"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Global Music Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Global_Music_Album"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Femi Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femi_Kuti"},{"link_name":"Seun Kuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seun_Kuti"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Franck Biyong & Massak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck_Biyong_%26_Massak"},{"link_name":"Segun Damisa & the Afro-beat Crusaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Segun_Damisa_%26_the_Afro-beat_Crusaders&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shaolin Afronauts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Afronauts"},{"link_name":"Newen Afrobeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newen_Afrobeat"},{"link_name":"Bantucrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantucrew"},{"link_name":"Afrodizz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrodizz"},{"link_name":"Dele Sosimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dele_Sosimi"},{"link_name":"Oghene Kologbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oghene_Kologbo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Afrobeat Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afrobeat_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pax Nicholas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pax_Nicholas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Nicholas"},{"link_name":"Ridimtaksi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ridimtaksi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"EES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EES_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"reggae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggae"},{"link_name":"kwaito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaito"},{"link_name":"Knitting Factory Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting_Factory_Records"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Fela!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fela!"},{"link_name":"Tony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award"},{"link_name":"Shawn \"Jay-Z \" Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smith"},{"link_name":"Jada Pinkett-Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jada_Pinkett-Smith"},{"link_name":"Denzel Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denzel_Washington"},{"link_name":"Spike Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Lee"},{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Michelle Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama"},{"link_name":"Michelle Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Williams_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Destiny's Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Missy Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missy_Elliott"},{"link_name":"J. Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Cole"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"}],"text":"Many jazz musicians have been attracted to the aromatic genre of Afrobeat. From Roy Ayers in the 1970s to Randy Weston in the 1990s, there have been collaborations that resulted in albums such as Africa: Centre of the World by Roy Ayers, released on the Polydore label in 1981. In 1994, Branford Marsalis, the American jazz saxophonist, included samples of Fela's \"Beasts of No Nation\" on his Buckshot LeFonque album.Afrobeat has also profoundly influenced various important[according to whom?] contemporary producers and musicians, such as Brian Eno and David Byrne, who credit Fela Kuti as an essential influence.[18] Both worked on Talking Heads' highly acclaimed 1980 album Remain in Light, which brought polyrhythmic Afrobeat influences to Western music. The new generation of DJs and musicians of the 2000s who have fallen in love with both Kuti's material and other rare releases have made compilations and remixes of these recordings, thus re-introducing the genre to new generations of listeners and fans of afropop and groove.In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a small Afrobeat scene began in Brooklyn, New York, with projects including Antibalas, The Daktaris and the Kokolo Afrobeat Orchestra. Since then, other artists like Zongo Junction have come onto the scene. Many others have cited Afrobeat as an influence like Daptone Records-adjacent groups The Budos Band and El Michels Affair. The horn section of Antibalas have been guest musicians on TV on the Radio's highly acclaimed 2008 album Dear Science, as well as on British band Foals' 2008 album Antidotes. Further examples are Val Veneto, Radio Bantu, Tam Tam Afrobeat, Combo Makabro, Marabunta Orquesta, Minga!, Antropofonica, Guanabana Afrobeat Orquesta, El Gran Capitan, Morbo y Mambo, Luka Afrobeat Orquesta or NikiLauda. Some Afrobeat influence can also be found in the music of Vampire Weekend and Paul Simon. In 2020, Antibalas was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Global Music Album.[19]Afrobeat artists of the 2000s and present, continue to follow in the footsteps of Fela Kuti. Some examples of these artists are his sons Femi Kuti and Seun Kuti,[20] Franck Biyong & Massak (from Cameroon), London Afrobeat Collective (from London, UK), Segun Damisa & the Afro-beat Crusaders, Shaolin Afronauts (from Adelaide, Australia), Newen Afrobeat (from Santiago, Chile), Eddy Taylor & the Heartphones (from Cologne, Germany), Bantucrew, the Albinoid Afrobeat Orchestra / Albinoid Sound System (from Strasbourg, France), Underground System / Underground System Afrobeat (from Brooklyn, New York), Abayomy Afrobeat Orquestra, Chicago Afrobeat Orchestra, Warsaw Afrobeat Orchestra, Karl Hector & the Malcouns (from Munich, Germany), Ojibo Afrobeat (from Vilnius, Lithuania), Afrodizz and Dele Sosimi and the ex-Africa '70 members Oghene Kologbo (guitar) with Afrobeat Academy, Nicholas Addo-Nettey (percussion), who is also known as Pax Nicholas [de], with Ridimtaksi (both based in Berlin, Germany). Namibian artist EES (Eric Sell) associates Afrobeat with reggae and kwaito.In 2009, the music label Knitting Factory Records (KFR) produced the Broadway musical Fela! The story showcased Kuti's \"courage and incredible musical mastery\" along with the story of his life. The show had 11 Tony nominations, receiving three for Best Costumes, Best Sound and Best Choreography. Fela! was on Broadway for 15 months and was produced by notables such as Shawn \"Jay-Z \" Carter and Will and Jada Pinkett-Smith. Many celebrities were noted as attending the shows, including Denzel Washington, Madonna, Sting, Spike Lee (who saw it eight times), Kofi Annan, and Michelle Obama. Michelle Williams, former singer of girl group Destiny's Child, was cast as the role of Sandra Izsadore.[21]Fela Kuti's music has been sampled by various hip-hop musicians such as Missy Elliott, J. Cole, Kanye West, as well as other popular acts such as Beyoncé.[22][23]The \"Festival de Afrobeat Independiente\" (FAI) takes place regularly in Buenos Aires, where regional bands as well as renown Afrobeat acts perform.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afrobeat (BBC archived page)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/music/musicdirectory/afrobeat.shtml"},{"link_name":"Fela Kuti coined Afrobeat in Accra out of hate for James Brown – Prof John 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hop\nAlgerian\nGambian\nGhanaian\nIvorian\nKenyan\nBoomba\nGenge\nMalawian\nMoroccan\nMauritian\nNigerian\nNigerien\nSenegalese\nHip hop galsen\nTanzanian\nBongo Flava\nZenji flava\nTogolese\nZimbabwean\nAfrican reggae\nNigerian reggae\nSeggae\nZimdancehall\nAfrobeat\nAfrobeats\nAfro-rock\nAfrican heavy metal\nZamrock\nAfro-soul\nAlté\nAmapiano\nAmbasse bey\nApala\nAssiko\nAzonto\nBajourou\nBantowbol\nBatuque\nBend-skin\nBenga\nBikutsi\nCape jazz\nChaabi\nAlgerian\nMoroccan\nChimurenga\nColá\nColadeira\nCongolese rumba\nCoupé-décalé\nEdo Funk\nFuji\nFunaná\nGnawa\nGqom\nHighlife\nBurger-highlife\nIgbo highlife\nHipco\nHiplife\nIsicathamiya\nJaiva\nJit\nJùjú\nKadongo Kamu\nKidandali\nKizomba\nKuduro\nKwaito\nKwela\nLogobi\nMadiaba\nMahraganat\nMakossa\nMarabi\nMarrabenta\nMaloya\nMbalax\nMbaqanga\nMbube\nMorna\nMoroccan pop\nMotswako\nMuziki wa dansi\nNdombolo\nNjuup\nOdi Pop\nPalm-wine\nRaï\nRaï'n'B\nSakara\nSalegy\nSanté engagé\nSega\nSeggae\nSemba\nShaabi\nShangaan Electro\nSingeli\nSoukous\nSudanese popular music\nTaarab\nTabanka\nWassoulou\nZaley\nZiglibithy\nZimbabwean jazz\nZoblazo\nZouglouvteFunk musicGenres\nAvant-funk\nBrit funk\nDeep funk\nFree funk\nFunk rock\nFunk metal\nFunktronica\nG-funk\nGo-go\nJazz-funk\nMinneapolis sound\nNu-funk\nPsychedelic funk\nRelated\nAcid jazz\nAfrobeat\nList of funk musicians\nFunk carioca\nFunk melody\nFunk paulista\nProibidão\nRasteirinha\nFunky house\nLiquid funk\nNeurofunk\nP-Funk\nPost-disco\nRare groove\nSamba rock\nSkweee\nSwamp rock\nTimba\nZamrockvteJazzGeneral topics\nOutline of jazz\nJazz (word)\nJazz band\nBig band\nImprovisation\nJazz\nJam session\nScat singing\nSwing performance\nJazz bass\nJazz drumming\nJazz guitar\nFrench horn in jazz\nJazz piano\nJazz trombone\nJazz violin\nVocal jazz\nWomen in jazz\nGenres\nAvant-garde jazz\nBebop\nHard bop\nNeo-bop\nPost-bop\nCape jazz\nChamber jazz\nCool jazz\nDixieland\nFlamenco jazz\nFolk jazz\nFree jazz\nFree funk\nFree improvisation\nPunk jazz\nGypsy jazz\nJazz-funk\nJazz fusion\nJazz rap\nLatin jazz\nAfro-Cuban jazz\nM-Base\nMainstream jazz\nMarabi\nModal jazz\nNu jazz\nOrchestral jazz\nOrgan trio\nProgressive jazz\nSka jazz\nSmooth jazz\nSoul jazz\nSpiritual jazz\nSacred jazz\nStride\nSwing\nSwing revival\nThird stream\nTrad jazz\nMusicians\nBassists\nClarinetists\nDrummers\nGuitarists\nOrganists\nPercussionists\nPianists\nSaxophonists\nTrombonists\nTrumpeters\nVibraphonists\nViolinists\nVocalists\nMusicians by genre\nBebop\nChamber jazz\nCool jazz and West Coast jazz\nHard bop\nJazz fusion\nScat\nSmooth jazz\nSoul jazz\nSwing\nStandards\nPre-1920\n1920s\n1930s\n1940s\npost-1950\nDiscographies\nBethlehem\nBlue Note\nBYG\nCobblestone\nContemporary\nCTI\nECM\nESP-Disk\nFlying Dutchman\nFreedom\nGroove Merchant\nImpulse!\nIndia Navigation\nJMT\nLandmark\nMainstream\nMilestone\nMPS Records\nMPS\nMuse\nPrestige\nRiverside\nStrata-East\nVerve\nWinter & Winter\nFestivals\nBeaches (Toronto)\nCape Town\nChicago\nCopenhagen\nJakarta\nMonterey\nMontreal\nMontreux\nNew Orleans\nNewport\nNorth Sea\nPori\nSaint Lucia\nCulture\nContrafacts\nInstitutions and organizations\nJazz funeral\nJazz poetry\nJazz royalty\nJazz theory\nSee Template: Jazz theory\nRare groove\nSecond line\nVenues\nRegional scenesAfrican\nEthiopia\nMalawian\nSouth African\nCape jazz\nMarabi\nZimbabwean\nAsian\nArmenian\nAzerbaijani\nJazz mugham\nIndian\nIndo jazz\nSitar\nIranian\nJapanese\nEuropean\nBalkan\nBulgarian\nBelgian\nBritish\nBritish dance band\nContinental European\nCzech and Slovak\nDanish\nDutch\nEuropean free jazz\nFrench\nGerman\nItalian\nPolish\nYass\nSpanish\nFlamenco jazz\nSwedish\nNorth American\nCanadian\nHaitian\nLatin American\nCuban\nAmerican\nBaltimore jazz\nChicago\nKansas City\nNew Orleans\nNew York City\nWashington, D.C.\nWest Coast\n\nOceanian\nAustralian\nSouth American\nBrazilian\nLatin American\nWorldwide\nEthno jazz\nHistory\nBibliography of jazz\nBlues\nBritish dance band\nRagtime\nJazz Age\nContinental jazz\nStraight-ahead jazz\nPre-1920\n1920s\n1930s\n1940s\n1950s\n1960s\n1970s\n1980s\n1990s\n2000s\n2010s\n2020\n2021\n2022\nRelated\nAcid jazz\nAfrobeat\nContradanza\nBlues\nJump blues\nNew Orleans blues\nBrass band\nExotica\nPlugg\nQuiet storm\nRagtime\nNovelty ragtime\nSophisti-pop\nWest African music\nWestern swing\nMedia\nAlbum covers of Blue Note Records\nBird\nJazz (miniseries)\nThe Jazz Singer\nRound Midnight\nStraight, No Chaser\n Jazz portalAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Seun Kuti during an Afrobeat performance[10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Sean_Kuti_%26_Egypt_80_at_NH7_Weekender.jpg/264px-Sean_Kuti_%26_Egypt_80_at_NH7_Weekender.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fela Kuti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Fela_Kuti_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Afrobeats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrobeats"},{"title":"Afroswing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afroswing"},{"title":"Confusion (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion_(album)"},{"title":"Latin music (genre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)"}]

[{"reference":"\"A brief History of Afrobeat\". TeenVogue. Retrieved 19 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/afrobeat-history","url_text":"\"A brief History of Afrobeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evolution of Afrobeats and Its Impact on the Next Generation of Music\". d.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 9 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://youthmusic.org.uk/black-history-month-evolution-afrobeats-and-its-impact-next-generation-music","url_text":"\"The Evolution of Afrobeats and Its Impact on the Next Generation of Music\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (16 July 2021). \"Guide to Afrobeat Music: A Brief History of Afrobeat\". Masterclass. Retrieved 21 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/afrobeat-music-guide#a-brief-history-of-afrobeat","url_text":"\"Guide to Afrobeat Music: A Brief History of Afrobeat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fela Kuti\", Wikipedia, 11 November 2023, retrieved 13 November 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fela_Kuti&oldid=1184546658","url_text":"\"Fela Kuti\""}]},{"reference":"Khamis, Laura (October 2019). \"8 Afrobeats collaborations linking the UK with Africa\". Red Bull. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/best-afrobeats-collaborations","url_text":"\"8 Afrobeats collaborations linking the UK with Africa\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191013140730/https://www.redbull.com/gb-en/best-afrobeats-collaborations","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Scher, Robin (6 August 2015). \"Afrobeat(s): The Difference a Letter Makes\". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.huffpost.com/entry/afrobeat-versus-afrobeats_b_7948054","url_text":"\"Afrobeat(s): The Difference a Letter Makes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191025025501/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/afrobeat-versus-afrobeats_b_7948054","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Starling, Lakin. \"10 Ghanaian Afrobeats Artists You Need To Know\". The Fader. Archived from the original on 4 June 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/27/ghanaian-afrobeats-artists-you-need-to-know","url_text":"\"10 Ghanaian Afrobeats Artists You Need To Know\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170604054839/http://www.thefader.com/2015/07/27/ghanaian-afrobeats-artists-you-need-to-know","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Yoh. \"WizKid Affiliate Mr Eazi's Journey From Tech Startup to Afrobeats Stardom\". DJBooth. 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OCLC 933924342.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/933924342","url_text":"Afrobeat, Fela and beyond : scenes, style and ideology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/933924342","url_text":"933924342"}]},{"reference":"\"Piano | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. 5 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/art/piano","url_text":"\"Piano | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Percussion | Therapy, Treatment & Diagnosis | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/science/percussion","url_text":"\"Percussion | Therapy, Treatment & Diagnosis | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Alexander (2013). \"Make It Funky: Fela Kuti, James Brown and the Invention of Afrobeat\". American Studies. 52 (4): 99–118. doi:10.1353/ams.2013.0124. 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Die Tageszeitung (in German). 1 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.taz.de/1/leben/musik/artikel/1/den-geist-des-vaters-beschworen/","url_text":"\"Den Geist des Vaters beschworen: Der Saxofonist Seun Kuti zeigt in Berlin, wie lebendig der Sound seines Vaters Fela Kuti, des Funk-Großmeisters aus Nigeria, bis heute ist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung","url_text":"Die Tageszeitung"}]},{"reference":"Brantley, Ben. \"About | FELA! On Broadway\". FELA! On Broadway. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 23 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.felaonbroadway.com/about/","url_text":"\"About | FELA! On Broadway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181031141557/http://www.felaonbroadway.com/about/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"C.J, Mankaprr Conteh,Nelson; Conteh, Mankaprr; C.J, Nelson (12 January 2022). \"How Afrobeats is Making the World Listen\". Rolling Stone. 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