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27580087 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-cell%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20lung | Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung | Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung (GCCL) is a rare histological form of large-cell lung carcinoma, a subtype of undifferentiated lung cancer, traditionally classified within the non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC).
The characteristic feature of this highly lethal malignancy is the distinctive light microscopic appearance of its extremely large cells, which are bizarre and highly pleomorphic, and which often contain more than one huge, misshapen, pleomorphic nucleus ("syncytia"), which result from cell fusion.
Although it is common in the lung cancer literature to refer to histologically mixed tumors containing significant numbers of malignant giant cells as "giant-cell carcinomas", technically a diagnosis of "giant-cell carcinoma" should be limited strictly to neoplasms containing only malignant giant cells (i.e. "pure" giant-cell carcinoma).
Aside from the great heterogeneity seen in lung cancers (especially those occurring among tobacco smokers), the considerable variability in diagnostic and sampling techniques used in medical practice, the high relative proportion of individuals with suspected GCCL who do not undergo complete surgical resection, and the near-universal lack of complete sectioning and pathological examination of resected tumor specimens prevent high levels of quantitative accuracy.
Classification
For several decades, primary lung cancers were consistently dichotomously classified for treatment and research purposes into small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) and non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), based on an oversimplified approach that is now clearly outmoded. The new paradigm recognizes that lung cancers are a large and extremely heterogeneous family of malignant neoplasms, with over 50 different histological variants included in the 4th (2004) revision of the World Health Organization typing system, the most widely used lung cancer classification scheme ("WHO-2004"). These variants are increasingly appreciated as having different genetic, biological, and clinical properties, including prognoses and responses to treatment regimens, and therefore, that correct and consistent histological classification of lung cancers are necessary to validate and implement optimum management strategies.
About 1% of lung cancers are sarcomas, germ cell tumors, and hematopoietic tumors, while 99% of lung cancers are carcinoma. Carcinomas are tumors composed of transformed, abnormal cells with epithelial tissue architecture and/or molecular characteristics, and which derive from embryonic endoderm. Eight major taxa of lung carcinomas are recognized within the WHO-2004 classification:
Small-cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large-cell carcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
Sarcomatoid carcinoma
Carcinoid
Salivary gland-like carcinoma
The subclassification of GCCL among these major taxa has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Under the 2nd revision (1981) of the WHO classification, it was considered a subtype of large-cell carcinoma. In the 3rd (1999) revision, it was placed within a taxon called "Carcinomas with Pleomorphic, Sarcomatoid, or Sarcomatous Elements", along with pleomorphic carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and pulmonary blastoma, which are (arguably) related variants. While the 4th revision ("WHO-2004") retained the same grouping of lesions as the 3rd revision, the name of the major taxon was shortened to "sarcomatoid carcinomas".
The current rules for classifying lung cancers under WHO-2004, while useful and improved, remain to some extent fairly complex, ambiguous, arbitrary, and incomplete. Although it is fairly common for mixed tumors that are seen to contain malignant giant cells to be called "giant-cell carcinomas", accurate classification of a pulmonary tumor as a GCCL requires that the entire tumor consists only of malignant giant cells. Therefore, complete sampling of the entire tumor — obtained via a surgical resection — is absolutely necessary for a definitive diagnosis of GCCL to be made.
Cytology
The background contained numerous lymphocytes and neutrophils. The shape of the tumor cell was spindle or pleomorphic, and the sizes of the tumor cells varied by more than 5-fold. The tumor cells had an abundant, thick and well-demarcated cytoplasm. The location of the nucleus was centrifugal, and the nucleus was oval or irregularly shaped. Multinucleated giant cells were frequently observed. The size of the nucleus was more than 5 times that of normal lymphocytes, and its size also varied by more than 5-fold. The nuclear membrane was thin, and nuclear chromatin was coarsely granular, while the nucleolus was single and round.
In cytological preparations, giant cells typically appear as single cells or in flat loose clusters, and occasionally in fascicles.
GCCL are considered a member of the most common type of lung cancer, called "non-small-cell carcinomas". This group of lethal neoplasms make up approximately 85% of all lung cancers. By the definition of "large-vs.-small-cell carcinoma", the diameter of GCCL cells must be considerably greater than three times that of a resting (i.e. unstimulated) lymphocyte. Also by definition, GCCL do not contain any amount of these small, neurosecretory granule-containing, neuroendocrine cells that are characteristic of small-cell carcinomas — when they do, the tumor should be classified as a combined small-cell carcinoma.
Compared to most other lung cancer variants, cells comprising GCCL tend to be much larger (up to 150 micrometers diameter, or even larger), Both cells and nuclei show extreme variation in size distribution and shape. Carcinomatous giant cells carcinoma nuclei have been reported to average 5 times the size of lymphocyte nuclei.
The cells from giant-cell carcinomas are anaplastic, and show no evidence of cell maturation or differentiation, lacking the cytological and tissue architectural characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinomas, or other more differentiated lung cancer cell types. They tend to be highly pleomorphic (i.e. variable in characteristics), but are most often round and/or polygonal in shape, with a relatively low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. When associated with spindle cells, as they very frequently are in tumors with mixed histology, malignant giant cells tend to form loosely cohesive aggregate structures on cytological examination. However, when a biopsy sample consists purely of malignant giant cells, the cells tend to be single and disaggregated.
Case series suggest that the relative number of giant cells in a given tumor are generally directly proportional to the size of the tumor, and to the relative amount of necrosis.
Giant cells in a lung cancer are highly associated with the presence of spindle cells.
The chromatin of malignant giant cells tends to be hyperchromatic and coarsely clumped. Nucleoli are usually multiple and prominent.
Subcellular characteristics often noted in the malignant giant cells of GCCL cases include abundant mitochondria, concentric whorls of tonofilament-like fibrils, and aggregates of several pairs of centrioles.
Both "tumor cell-tumor cell" and "leukocyte-tumor cell" emperipolesis (i.e. active penetration of the latter by the former) is very commonly seen in cases of GCCL.
Tissue architectural features
In mixed tumors, giant cells are more likely to be found in higher proportions at the edge of a tumor. When extensive necrosis is present, it is possible for a giant-cell tumor to have only a thin rim of viable cells remaining at the perimeter of the mass.
In one early case series, abundant production of loose malignant giant cells were noted to fill the alveoli of patients without destroying, infiltrating, or disturbing the normal underlying architecture, a pathologic behavior that bears some resemblance to the pneumonic variant of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.
Extensive tumor necrosis and hemorrhage is extremely common in GCCL.
Although the issue has not been extensively studied in a controlled fashion, GCCLs have been noted to contain significantly elevated levels of VEGF. However, in one study where a giant-cell carcinoma tumor that had been completely excised was sectioned and examined, no qualitative or quantitative abnormalities in tissue vascularization were noted.
GCCL have been noted to be encapsulated, and to be divided via septa into "pseudolobules", by a highly fibrous stroma, suggested to be produced commensurately with tumor growth. The capsule is typically infiltrated with malignant giant cells.
Macroscopic features
Giant-cell carcinomas of the lung frequently show extensive necrosis and myxoid degeneration.
A trend toward less vascularity and tissue density (with lower contrast enhancement on CT) has been noted toward the center of these lesions, especially in larger tumors, and even in tumors without a significant volume of gross necrosis.
Grossly, the cut surfaces of these malignancies are often gray-white or tan, and frequently show myxoid, necrotic, and/or hemorrhagic foci. These sorts of areas often show low levels of contrast enhancement on CT scanning.
Low encapsularity and high levels of tissue collagen tend to be observed, with high contrast enhancement in these areas.
GCCL have been seen to develop from/in emphysematous bullae.
Staining and immunohistochemistry
A case of a brain metastasis from a giant-cell lung carcinoma (both "pure") tested positive for cytokeratins AE1/AE3, and negative for CK-7, CK-20, TTF-1, and GFAP.
GCCL cells often stain intensely by Periodic acid-Schiff reagent, suggesting the presence of significant amounts of glycogen in the cell cytoplasm.
Differential diagnosis
Under light microscopy, the giant malignant pleomorphic cells making up a GCCL resemble those found in choriocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, and some forms of true sarcoma, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. In some instances, they can also bear considerable resemblance to "activated" histiocytes seen in some inflammatory conditions.
A rare and potentially difficult differential diagnostic dilemma occurs when GCCLs must be separated from pulmonary or mediastinal choriocarcinomas, a critical distinction to be made because while there is a known standard of care for treating choriocarcinoma, as yet there is no generally accepted specific standard treatment for GCCL. Careful review of cell morphology is key to their delineation — while GCCLs show great variation in cell size distributions and morphologies in tumors, choriocarcinomas consistently contain only syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts. GCCL and primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma can also be differentiated on the basis of ultrastructural features by electron microscopy, although EM is not yet widely applicable.
Occasionally, a bone metastasis of a GCCL could potentially be mistaken for a primary giant-cell tumor of bone — the latter entity can behave as a neoplasm of benign, frankly malignant, or borderline in its clinical behavior.
Sites of metastasis
GCCLs are particularly notable among lung cancers for their extremely unusual tendency to metastasize to the small intestine, occasionally causing obstruction, severe bleeding, and/or intussusception. This clinical characteristic of GCCL has been seen in cases spanning over half a century in time.
Within the small bowel, the jejunum seems to be a preferred site for metastasis of GCCL.
GCCL also often metastasizes to bone, adrenal, brain, lung, liver, kidney,
Brain metastases from GCCL are particularly likely to cause significant cerebral hemorrhages as compared to other lung cancer variants, probably due to greatly increased rates of endothelial proliferation and neovascularization, tumor tissue growth, extensive necrosis, and aggressive local infiltrative character of GCCL cells.
Pathogenesis
Several studies, both in giant-cell tumor specimens and in cell lines, have identified rearrangement and amplification of the c-myc oncogene, sometimes in combination with mutations of the K-ras gene.
Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to occur in GCCL and is thought to be related to the high metastatic potential of this lung cancer variant.
Malignant giant cells identical to those found in GCCL commonly occur in lung cancer cases with a prominent major or minor clear-cell carcinoma pattern (for a discussion about this variant, see for example). They have been hypothesized to derive from an undifferentiated multipotent malignant stem cell precursor that is generated in distal bronchioles via an as yet unknown oncogenetic pathway or oncogenetic driver.
Ultrastructurally, malignant giant cells often contain accumulations of microfilaments arranged in whorls near the cell nucleus. These entities appear similar in structure to microfilaments and bundles found in the D1 cell of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system, and it has been proposed that these D1 cells may be the cancer stem cell for at least some GCCLs. Identically appearing whorled filament structures have also been produced in certain airway cells of animals after treatment with carcinogenic nitrosamines.
Ultrastructural studies have suggested that the malignant giant cells in GCCL are of endodermal lineage.
Remarkably fast growing tumors.
Combined/multiphasic tumors containing giant cells
Malignant giant cells are commonly found — and vary in relative proportion to a greater or lesser degree — in both primary tumors and metastatases of many different variants of lung carcinomas. A number of authors have noted that bizarre malignant giant cells occur more commonly in primary and secondary tumors — including any remaining tumor "deposits" — that have previously been treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in adjuvant or neoadjuvant protocols.
Imaging characteristics
GCCL often presents as a large peripheral mass that is severely cavitated.
In a radiographic study of almost 2,000 lung cancer patients published 50 years ago, 3.4% of lung carcinomas proved to be cavitated masses, most of which were squamous cell carcinoma.
In a number of cases of severe cavitation, the resected tumor remnant consists of only a thin rim of proliferating cells.
Positron emission tomography scanning
On positron emission tomography (PET) scanning, GCCL has been found to have exceedingly high standardized uptake values (SUV) for radioactive glucose, values that are statistically significantly higher than in other histological variants of lung cancer.
Metabolic pathways
PET scanning suggests that GCCL are tumors with particularly rapid metabolism, and that the metabolic pathways of GCCL may be unusually dependent on, or interlinked to, glycolysis.
Paraneoplastic syndromes
GCCL have been long known for secretion of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG), often in large amounts, which can lead to very high levels of estrogen and painful gynecomastia (breast enlargement) in males as paraneoplastic signs.
Giant-cell lung cancers are well known for their paraneoplastic production and secretion of granulopoietic colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
GCCL has also been reported to produce plasminogen activator as a paraneoplastic phenomenon.
Treatment
Because of its rarity, there have been no randomized clinical trials of treatment of GCCL, and all information available derives from small retrospective institutional series or multicenter metadata.
Prognosis
Giant-cell lung cancers have long been considered to be exceptionally aggressive malignancies that grow very rapidly and have a very poor prognosis.
Many small series have suggested that the prognosis of lung tumors with giant cells is worse than that of most other forms of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), including squamous cell carcinoma, and spindle cell carcinoma.
The overall five-year survival rate in GCCL varies between studies but is generally considered to be very low. The (US) Armed Forces Institute of Pathology has reported a figure of 10%, and in a study examining over 150,000 lung cancer cases, a figure of 11.8% was given. However, in the latter report the 11.8% figure was based on data that included spindle cell carcinoma, a variant which is generally considered to have a less dismal prognosis than GCCL. Therefore, the likely survival of "pure" GCCL is probably lower than the stated figure.
In the large 1995 database review by Travis and colleagues, giant-cell carcinoma has the third-worst prognosis among 18 histological forms of lung cancer. (Only small-cell carcinoma and large-cell carcinoma had shorter average survival.)
Most GCCL have already grown and invaded locally and/or regionally, and/or have already metastasized distantly, and are inoperable, at the time of diagnosis.
Epidemiology
The true incidence, prevalence, and mortality of GCCL is generally unknown due to a lack of accurate cancer data on a national level. It is known to be a very rare tumor variant in all populations examined, however. In an American study of a database of over 60,000 lung cancers, GCCL comprised between 0.3% and 0.4% of primary pulmonary malignancies, with an age-adjusted incidence rate of about 3 new cases per million persons per year. With approximately 220,000 total lung cancers diagnosed in the US each year, the proportion suggests that approximately 660 and 880 new cases are diagnosed in Americans annually.
However, in a more recent series of 4,212 consecutive lung cancer cases, only one (0.024%) lesion was determined to be a "pure" giant-cell carcinoma after complete sectioning of all available tumor tissue. While some evidence suggests GCCL may have been considerably more common several decades ago, with one series identifying 3.4% of all lung carcinomas as giant-cell malignancies, it is possible that this number reflect
Most published case series and reports on giant cell-containing lung cancers show that they are diagnosed much more frequently in men than they are in women, with some studies showing extremely high male-to-female ratios (12:1 or more). In a study of over 150,000 people with lung cancer in the US, however, the gender ratio was just over 2:1, with women actually having a higher relative proportion of giant-cell cancers (0.4%) than men (0.3%).
Giant-cell carcinomas have been reported to be diagnosed in a significantly younger population than all non-small-cell carcinomas considered as a group. Like nearly all lung carcinomas, however, GCCs are exceedingly rare in very young people: in the US SEER program, only 2 cases were recorded to occur in persons younger than 30 years of age between 1983 and 1987. The average age at diagnosis of these tumors has been estimated at 60 years.
The vast majority of individuals with GCCL are heavy smokers.
Although the definitions of "central" and "peripheral" can vary between studies, GCCL are consistently diagnosed much more frequently in the lung periphery. In a review of literature compiled by Kallenburg and co-workers, less than 30% of GCCLs arose in the hilum or other parts of the "central" pulmonary tree.
A significant predilection for genesis of GCCL in the upper lobes of patients has also been postulated.
History
Most sources credit Nash and Stout with publishing the first detailed report in the medical literature recognizing GCCL as a distinct clinicopathological entity in 1958. However, there is some evidence that suggests this tumor phenotype was described as early as 1951. In a report on 3 cases of giant-cell lung carcinoma published in 1961 by Z.M. Naib, the author cites 2 previous studies related to GCCL — one published in 1951 by M.M. Patton and co-workers, and one published in 1955 by Walton and Pryce. In 1969, Dr. Alexander Kennedy, in a case series of 3 GCCL Kennedy published in 1969, credited Hadley and Bullock with the first usage of the term "giant-cell carcinoma" 16 years prior.
GCCL was first confirmed as an epithelial tumor (and not a dedifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma) in 1961. In 1964–65, theories were postulated that GCCLs were dediffentiated adenocarcinomas and, in some cases, were thought to derive from clear-cell adenocarcinomas.
References
External links
(Download Page).
Lung cancer |
2633439 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayagiri%20Caves | Udayagiri Caves | The Udayagiri Caves are twenty rock-cut caves near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh primarily denoted to Hindu gods Vishnu and Shiva from the early years of the 3rd century CE to 5th century CE. They contain some of the oldest surviving Hindu temples and iconography in India. They are the only site that can be verifiably associated with a Gupta period monarch from its inscriptions. One of India's most important archaeological sites, the Udayagiri hills and its caves are protected monuments managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.
Udayagiri caves contain iconography of Hinduism and Jainism . They are notable for the ancient monumental relief sculpture of Vishnu in his incarnation as the man-boar Varaha, rescuing the earth symbolically represented by Bhudevi clinging to the boar's tusk as described in Hindu mythology. The site has important inscriptions of the Gupta dynasty belonging to the reigns of Chandragupta II (c. 375-415) and Kumaragupta I (c. 415-55). In addition to these, Udayagiri has a series of rock-shelters and petroglyphs, ruined buildings, inscriptions, water systems, fortifications and habitation mounds, all of which remain a subject of continuing archaeological studies. The Udayagiri Caves complex consists of twenty caves, of which one is dedicated to Jainism and all others to Hinduism. The Jain cave is notable for one of the oldest known Jaina inscriptions from 425 CE, while the Hindu caves feature inscriptions from 401 CE.
There are a number of places in India with the same name, the most notable being the mountain called Udayagiri at Rajgir in Bihar and the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha.
Etymology
Udayagiri, literally means the 'sunrise mountain'. The region of Udayagiri and Vidisha was a Buddhist and Bhagavata site by the 2nd century BCE as evidenced by the stupas of Sanchi and the Heliodorus pillar. While the Heliodorus pillar has been preserved, others have survived in ruins. Buddhism was prominent in Sanchi, near Udayagiri, in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE. According to Dass and Willis, recent archaeological evidence such as the Udayagiri Lion Capital suggests that there was a Sun Temple at Udayagiri. The Surya tradition in Udayagiri dates at least from the 2nd century BCE, and possibly one that predated the arrival of Buddhism. It is this tradition that gives it the 'sunrise mountain' name.
The town is referred to as Udaygiri or Udaigiri in some texts. The site is also referred to as Visnupadagiri, as in inscriptions at the site. The term means the hill at 'the feet of Vishnu'.
Location
Udayagiri Caves are set in two low hills near Betwa River, on the banks of its tributary Bes River. This is an isolated ridge about long, running from southeast to northwest, rising to about height. The hill is rocky and consists of horizontal layers of white sandstone, a material common in the region. They are about west of the town of Vidisha, about northeast of the Buddhist site of Sanchi, and northeast of Bhopal. The site is connected to the capital Bhopal by a highway. Bhopal is the nearest major railway station and airport with regular services.
Udayagiri is slightly north of the current Tropic of Cancer, but over a millennium ago it would have been nearer and directly on it. Udayagiri residents must have seen the sun directly overhead on the Summer solstice day, and this likely played a role in the sacred of this site for the Hindus.
History
The site at Udayagiri Caves was the patronage of Chandragupta II, who is widely accepted by scholars to have ruled the Gupta Empire in central India between c. 380-414 CE. The Udayagiri Caves were created in final decades of the 4th-century, and consecrated in 401 CE. This is based on three inscriptions:
A post-consecration Sanskrit inscription in Cave 6 by a Vaishnava minister, the inscription mentions Chandragupta II and "year 82" (old Indian Gupta calendar, c. 401 CE). This is sometimes referred to as the "inscription in Chandragupta cave" or the "Chandragupta inscription of Udayagiri".
A Shaiva devotee's Sanskrit inscription on the back wall of Cave 7, which does not mention a date but the information therein suggests it too is from 5th-century.
A Sanskrit inscription in Cave 20 by a Jainism devotee dated 425 CE. This is sometimes referred to as the "Kumaragupta inscription of Udayagiri".
These inscriptions are not isolated. There are a number of additional stone inscriptions elsewhere at the Udayagiri site and nearby which mention court officials and Chandragupta II. Further the site also contains inscriptions from later centuries providing a firm floruit for historical events, religious beliefs and the development of Indian script. For example, a Sanskrit inscription found on the left pillar at the entrance of Cave 19 states a date of Vikrama 1093 (c. 1037 CE), mentions the word Visnupada, states that this temple that was made by Chandragupta, and its script is Nagari both for alphabet and numerals. Many of the early inscriptions in this region is in Sankha Lipi, yet to be deciphered in a way that a majority of scholars would accept it.
Archaeological excavations of the 20th century on mounds between Vidisha rampart and Udayagiri have yielded evidence that suggests that Udayagiri and Vidisha formed a contiguous human settlement zone in the ancient times. Udayagiri hills would have been the suburb of Vidisha located near the confluence of two rivers The Udayagiri Caves are likely euphemistically mentioned in Kalidasa text Meghduta in section 1.25 as the "Silavesma on the Nicaih hill", or the pleasure spot of Vidisha elites on the caves filled hill.
Between the 5th-century and the 12th-century, the Udayagiri site remained important to Hindu pilgrims as sacred geography. This is evidenced by a number of inscriptions in scripts that have been deciphered. Some inscriptions between the 9th and the 12th centuries, for example, mention land grants to the temple, an ancient tradition that provided resources for the maintenance and operation of significant temples. These do not mention famous kings. Some of these inscriptions mention grant from people who may have been regional chiefs, while others read like common people who cannot be traced to any text or other inscriptions in Central India. One Sanskrit inscription, for example, is a pilgrim named Damodara's record from 1179 CE who made a donation to the temple.
Delhi Iron Pillar
Some historians have suggested that the iron pillar in the courtyard of Quwwat-ul-Islam at the Qutb Minar site in Delhi originally stood at Udayagiri. The Delhi pillar is accepted by most scholars as one brought to Delhi from another distant site in India, but scholars do not agree on which site or when this relocation happened. If the Udayagiri source proposal is true, this implies that the site was targeted, artifacts damaged and removed during an invasion of the region by Delhi Sultanate armies in or about the early 13th-century, possibly those of Sultan named Iltutmish. This theory is based on multiple pieces of evidence such as the closeness of its design and style with pillars found in Udayagiri-Vidisha region, the images found on Gupta era coins (numismatics), the lack of evidence for alternate sites so far proposed, the claims in Persian made by Muslim court historians of Delhi Sultanate about the loot brought to Delhi after invasions particularly related to the pillar and Quwwat-ul-Islam, and particularly the Sanskrit inscription in Brahmi script on the Delhi Iron Pillar which mentions a Chandra's (Chandragupta II) devotion to Vishnu, and it being installed in Visnupadagiri. These proposals state that this Visnupadagiri is best interpreted as Udayagiri around 400 CE.
Archaeological scholarship
The Udayagiri Caves were first studied in depth and reported by Alexander Cunningham in the 1870s. His site and iconography-related report appeared in Volume 10 of Tour Reports published by the Archaeological Survey of India, while the inscriptions and drawings of the Lion Capital at the site appeared in Volume 1 of the Corpus Inscriptionum Indicum. His comments that Udayagiri is an exclusively Hinduism and Jainism-related site, it being close to the Buddhist site of Sanchi and the Bhagavata-related Heliodorus pillar, and his dating parts of the site to between 2nd century BCE and early 5th century CE brought it to scholarly attention.
The early Udayagiri Caves reports appealed to the prevailing conjecture about the rise and fall of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent, the hypothesis that Buddhist art predated Hindu and Jaina arts, and that Hindus may have built their monuments by reusing Buddhist ones or on top of Buddhist ones. Cunningham presumed that the broken Lion Capital at the Udayagiri Caves may be an evidence for these, and he categorized Udayagiri as originally a Buddhist site converted into a Hindu and Jaina one by "Brahmanical prosecutors". However, nothing in or around the cave looked Buddhist, no Buddhist inscriptions or texts supported this, and it did not explain why these "Brahmanical prosecutors" did not demolish the nearby bigger Sanchi site. The working hypothesis then became that the Lion Capital platform stood on a Buddhist stupa, and that if excavations were done in and around the Udayagiri Caves hills then the evidence will emerge. Such an excavation was completed and reported by archaeologists Lake and Bhandarkar in early 1910s. No evidence was found. Bhandarkar, a strong proponent of the 'Buddhist converted to Hindu' site hypothesis, went further with excavations. He, state Dass and Willis, went so far as "to ransack the platform" at the Udayagiri Caves site, in an effort "to find the stupa he was certain lay below". However, after an exhaustive search, his team failed to find anything underneath the platform or nearby that was even vaguely Buddhist.
The archaeological excavations in the 1910s in the area of the nearby Heliodorus pillar yielded unexpected results, such as the inscription of Heliodorus, which confirmed that Vāsudeva and Bhagavatism (early forms of Vaishnavism) were influential by the 2nd century BCE, and which linked the Udayagiri-Besnagar-Vidisha region politically and religiously to the ancient Indo-Greek capital of Taxila.
In the 1960s, a team led by archaeologist Khare revisited a broader region, at seven mounds, which included the nearby Besnagar and Vidisha. The excavation data and results were never published, except for summaries in 1964 and 1965. No new evidence was found, but the layers excavated suggested that the site was a significant town already by 6th-century BCE, and likely a major city by the 3rd-century BCE.
Michael Willis – an archaeologist and Curator of early South Asian collections at the British Museum, and other scholars revisited the site in the early 2000s. Once again no Buddhist evidence was found at the Udayagiri Caves, but more artifacts related to Hinduism and Jainism. According to Julia Shaw, the evidence collected so far has led to a "major revision" about presumptions about the Udayagiri Caves archaeological site as well as the wider archaeological landscape of this region. Willis and team have proposed that, perhaps Udayagiri was a Hindu and Jaina site all along, and that the evidence collected so far suggests that the Saura tradition of Hinduism may have preceded the arrival of Buddhism in this region.
Many of the artifacts found in the area are now located in the Gwalior Fort Archaeological Museum.
Description
The caves were produced on the northeast face of the Udayagiri hills. They generally have a square or near-square plans. Many are small, but according to Cunningham, they were likely more substantial because their front showed evidence that each had a structural mandapa on pillars in their front.
The caves at Udayagiri were numbered in the nineteenth century from south to north by Alexander Cunningham, and he reported only 10 lumping some of the caves together. He called the Jain cave as number 10. Later studies identified the caves separately, and their number swelled to 20. A more detailed system was introduced before mid 20th century by the Department of Archaeology, Gwalior State, with Jain cave being number 20. Due to these changes, the exact numbering sequence in early reports and later publications sometimes varies. The complex has seven caves dedicated to Shaivism related caves, nine to Vaishnavism, and three to Shaktism. However, a few of these caves are quite small. The significant caves include iconography of all three major traditions of Hinduism. Some of the caves have inscriptions. Caves 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 13 have the most number of sculptures. The largest is Cave 19. In addition, there are rock-cut water tanks at various locations, as well as platforms and shrine monuments on the top of the hill related to Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism. There were more of these before the excavations of 1910s, but these were destroyed in the attempt to find evidence of Buddhist monuments underneath.
Cave 1
Cave 1 is the southernmost cave and a false one because one of the side and its front is not of the original rock but added in. Its roof is integrated from the natural ledge of the rock. It moulding style is similar to those found in Tigawa Hindu temple. The mandapa inside the temple is a square with side, while the sanctum is 7 feet by 6 feet. Outside, Cunningham reported four square pillars. The back wall of the cave has a deity carved into the rock wall, but this was damaged by chiseling later at some point. The iconographic markers are gone and the deity is unknown.
Cave 2
Cave 2 is to the north of Cave 1, but still on the southern foothill isolated from the main cluster of caves. Its front wall was damaged at some point, and the interior has been eroded by weather. It is about in area and the only traces of two pilasters are visible, along with evidence underneath its roof of a structural mandapa. The doorjamb has some reliefs, but these are only partially visible.
Cave 3: Shaivism
Cave 3 is the first of the central group or cluster of shrines and reliefs. It has a plain entrance and a sanctum. Traces of two pilasters are seen on both sides of the entrance and there is a deep horizontal cutting above which shows that there was some sort of portico (mandapa) in front of the shrine. Inside there is a rock-cut image of Skanda, the war god, on a monolithic plinth. The mouldings and spout of the plinth are now damaged. The Skanda sculpture is desecrated, with his staff or club and parts of limbs broken and missing. The surviving remnants show an impressive muscular torso, with Skanda's weight distributed equally on both legs.
Cave 3 is sometimes called the Skanda temple.
Cave 4: Shaivism and Shaktism
Cave 4 was named the Vina cave by Cunningham. It presents both Shaiva and Shakti themes. It is an excavated temple of about 14 feet by 12 feet. The cave has a style that suggests that it was completed with the other caves. The doorway frame is plain but it is surrounded by three bands of rich carvings. In one of these bands, in a circular boss to the left of the door is depicted a man playing the lute, while another boss to the right shows another man playing the guitar. River goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flank the doorway on two short pilasters with bell capitals.
The temple sanctum is dedicated to Shiva, with the sanctum containing an ekamukha linga, or a linga with a face carved on it. Outside its entrance, in what was a mandapa and now is eroded remnants of a courtyard are matrikas (mother goddesses), eroded likely because of weathering. This is one of the three groups of matrikas found at Udayagiri site in different caves. The prominent presence of the matrikas in a cave dedicated to Shiva suggests that the divine mothers had been accepted within the Shaivism tradition by about 401 CE. Some scholars speculate that there may have been Skanda here, but others state the evidence is unclear.
The cave is also notable for depicting a harp player on its lintel, putting a floruit of 401 CE for this musical instrument in India.
Cave 5: Vaishnavism
Cave 5 is a shallow niche more than a cave and contains the much-celebrated colossal Varaha panel of Udayagiri Caves. It is the narrative of Vishnu in his Varaha or man-boar avatar rescuing goddess earth in crisis. Willis has described the relief as the "iconographic centre-piece of Udayagiri".
The Hindu legend has roots in the Vedic literature such as Taittariya Samhita and Shatapatha Brahmana, and is found in many post-Vedic texts. The legend depicts goddess earth (Bhudevi, Prithivi) in an existential crisis after she has been attacked and kidnapped by oppressive demon Hiranyaksha, where neither she nor the life she supports can survive. She is drowning and overwhelmed in the cosmic ocean. Vishnu emerges in the form of a man-boar avatar. He, as the hero in the legend, descends into the ocean, finds her, she hangs onto his tusk, he lifts her out to safety. The good wins, the crisis ends, and Vishnu once again fulfills his cosmic duty. The Varaha legend has been one of many historic legends in the Hindu text embedded with right versus wrong, good versus evil symbolism, and of someone willing to go to the depths and do what is necessary to rescue the good, the right, the dharma. The Varaha panel narrates this legend. The goddess earth is personified as the dangling woman, the hero as the colossal giant. His success is cheered by a galaxy of the divine as well as human characters valued and revered in the 4th-century. Their iconography of individual characters is found in Hindu texts.
The panel shows (the number corresponds to the attached image):
Vishnu as Varaha
Goddess earth as Prithivi
Brahma (sitting on lotus)
Shiva (sitting on Nandi)
Adityas (all have solar halos)
Agni (hair on fire)
Vayu (hair airy, puffed up)
Eight Vasus (with 6&7, Vishnu Purana)
Eleven Rudras (ithyphalic, third eye)
Ganadevatas
Rishis (Vedic sages, wearing barks of trees, a beard, carrying water pot and rosary for meditation)
Samudra (Ocean)
Gupta Empire minister Virasena
Gupta Empire king Chandragupta II
Nagadeva
Lakshmi
More Hindu sages (incomplete photo; these include the Vedic Saptarishis)
Sage Narada playing Mahathi (Tambura)
Sage Tumburu playing Veena
The characters are dressed in traditional dress. The gods wear dhoti, while the goddess is in a sari, in the Varaha panel.
Cave 6: Shaktism, Shaivism, Vaishnavism
Cave 6 is directly beside Cave 5 and consists of rock-cut sanctum entered through an elaborate T-shaped door.
The sanctum door is flanked by guardians. Beside them, on either side, are figures of Vishnu and of Shiva Gangadhara. The cave also has Durga slaying Mahishasura – the deceptive shape-shifting buffalo demon. This is one of the earliest representations of this Durga legend in a cave temple. Of special note also is the figure of seated Ganesha in this cave, to the left of the entrance, and the rectangular niche with seated goddesses, located to the right. The Ganesha is potbellied, has modaka (laddu or rice balls, sweetmeat) in his left hand and his trunk is reaching out to get one. This makes the cave notable as it sets the floruit for the widespread acceptance and significance of Ganesha in the Hindu pantheon to about 401 CE. The presence of all three major traditions within the same temple is also significant and it presages the norm for temple space in subsequent centuries.
In addition to Durga, Cave 6 depicts the Hindu matrikas (mother goddesses from all three traditions). One group of these divine mothers are so "badly destroyed", states Sara L. Schastok, that only limited information can be inferred. The matrikas are prominent because they are placed immediately to the right of Visnu. The outline of the seated matrikas in Cave 6 suggests that they are similar to early Gupta era iconography for matrikas such as those found in Badoh-Pathari and Besnagar archaeological sites.
Outside the cave is a panel with an inscription that mentions Gupta year 82 (401 CE), and that the Gupta king Chandragupta II and his minister Virasena visited this cave. In the ceiling of the cave is an undated pilgrim record of somebody named Śivāditya.
Cave 7: Shaktism
Cave 7 is located a few steps east of Cave 6. It consists of a large niche containing damaged figures of the eight mother goddesses, each with a weapon above their head, carved on the back wall of the cave. The cave is flanked by shallow niches with abraded figures of Kārttikeya and Gaṇeśa, now visible only in outline.
The Passage
A passage prior to Cave 8. It consists of a natural cleft or canyon in the rock running approximately east to west. The passage has been subject to modifications, the sets of steps cut into the floor being the most conspicuous feature. The lowest set of steps on the right-hand side are eroded. Sankha Lipi or shell inscriptions – so-called because of their shell-like shape, are found on the upper walls of the passage. These are quite large. Those inscriptions have been cut through to make the caves, which means they existed before the caves were created around 401 CE. The inscriptions had not been deciphered, and proposed interpretations have been controversial. The upper walls of the passage have large notches at several places, indicating that stone beams and slabs were used to roof over parts of the passage, giving it a significantly different appearance from what can be seen today.
Cave 8
Cave 8 was named the "Tawa Cave" by Cunningham, after its crown that looks like the Indian griddle which locals use to bake their daily bread and call the baking plate as Tawa. The cave is a bit to the right of the passage. It is excavated into a hemispherical dome-shaped rock and has a large nearly flat rock crown. It is about 14 feet long and 12 feet broad. The cave is badly damaged, but contains a historically significant inscription. Outside the cave, the empty hollow remnants provide the evidence that there was a mandapa outside this cave. To the sides of the entrance are eroded dvarapalas (guardian reliefs) with a bushy hairstyle found for dvarapalas in other caves. The cave is notable for its lotus carving on the ceiling.
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The famed early 5th-century Sanskrit inscription in this cave is on its back wall. It is five lines long, in a Vedic meter. Some parts of the inscription are damaged or have peeled off. The inscription links the Gupta king Chandra Gupta II and his minister Virasena to this cave. It has been translated as follows:
The inner light which resembles the sun, which pervades the heart of the learned,
but which is difficult find among men upon the earth, that is the wonder called Chandragupta,
Who * * * (damaged),
Of him, like a saint among great kings became the minister [...], whose name was Virasena,
He was a poet, resident of Pataliputra, and knew grammar, law and logic,
Having come here with his king, who is desirous of conquering the whole world,
he made this cave, through his love to Sambhu.
– Cave 8 inscription; Translators: Michael Willis / Alexander Cunningham
The inscription does not give a date, but the inscription in Cave 6 does. The "love to Shambhu (Shiva)" is notable given the Varaha panel and royal sponsors of the Gupta era also revere Vishnu.
Caves 9-11
The three caves are small excavations to the side of Cave 8. All three are next to each other. Their entrance opens north-northwest, and all have damaged Vishnu carvings. Cave 9 and 10 are rectangular niche like openings, while Cave 11 is a bit bigger and has a square plan. Cave 10, the middle one is a bit higher in its elevation.
Cave 12: Vaishnavism
Cave 12 is a Vaishnavism-related cave known for its niche containing a standing figure of Narasimha or the man-lion avatar of Vishnu. The Narasimha carving is flanked below by two standing images of Vishnu.
Cave 12 is notable for having the clearest evidence that the cave was excavated into a rock with pre-existing inscriptions. The script is Sankha lipi, probably several versions of it given the different styles, all of which remain undeciphered. It is this which confirms that Udayagiri and Vidisha were inhabited and an active site of literate people before these caves were produced. Further, it also establishes 401 CE as the floruit for the existence and the use of Sankha lipi. The cave also has a flat top with evidence that there was likely a structure above, but this structure has not survived into the modern era.
Cave 13: Vaishnavism
Cave 13 contains a large Anantasayana panel, which depicts a resting figure of Vishnu as Narayana. Below the leg of Vishnu are two men, one larger kneeling devotee in namaste posture, and another smaller standing figure behind him. The kneeling figure is generally interpreted as Chandragupta II, symbolising his devotion to Vishnu. The other figure is likely his minister Virasena.
Cave 14
Cave 14, the last cave on the left hand side at the top of the passage. It consists of a recessed square chamber of which only two sides are preserved. The outline of the chamber is visible in the floor, with a water channel pierced through the wall on one side as in the other caves at the site. One side of the doorjamb is preserved, showing jambs with receding faces but without any relief carving.
Caves 15-18
Cave 15 is small square cave without separate sanctum and pitha (pedestal).
Cave 16 is a Shaivism related cave based on the pitha and iconography. The sanctum and the mukha-mandapa are both squares.
Cave 17 has a square plan. To the left of its entrance is single dvarapala. Further left is a niche with Ganesha image. On the right of the entrance is a niche with Durga in her Mahishasura-mardini form. The cave has an intricate symmetric lotus set in a geometric pattern on the ceiling.
Cave 18 is notable for including a four armed Ganesha. With him is a devotee who is shown carrying a banana plant.
Cave 19: Shaivism
Cave 19 is also called the "Amrita Cave". It is close the Udayagiri village. It is the largest cave in Udayagiri Caves group, being long by broad. It has four massive square cross-section, high pillars which support the roof. The pillars have intricately decorated capitals with four horned and winged animals standing on their hind legs, and touching their forefeet touch their mouths. The roof of the cave, states Cunningham, is divided "into nine square panels by the architraves crossing over the four pillars". The temple was likely much larger with its mandapa in front, given the structural evidence in the form of ruins.
The doorway of Cave 19 is more extensively ornamented than other caves. The pilasters are of the same pattern as the pillars inside. River goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flank the doorway. Above is a long deeply carved sculpture representing the samudra manthan mythology, depicting Suras and Asuras churning the cosmic ocean. It is this narrative of this Hindu myth that led Cunningham to propose the name of the cave to be "Amrita cave". There is a carving near Cave 19 that shows Parvati's family, that is Shiva, Ganesha and Kartikeya. The cave has two Shiva lingas, of which one is a mukhalinga (linga with face). This cave had a Sahastralinga (main linga with many subsidiary lingas), which was moved to the ASI museum in Sanchi.
Cave 19 has a Sanskrit inscription in Nagari script dated 1036 CE by a common pilgrim name Kanha, who donated resources to the temple, and the inscription expresses his devotion to Visnu.
Cave 20: Jainism
Cave 20 is the only cave in the Udayagiri Caves complex that is dedicated to Jainism. It is in the northwestern edge of the hills. At the entrance is the image of the Jain tirthankara Parshvanatha sitting under a serpent hood. The cave is divided into five rectangular rooms with stones stacked, the total length of that is about deep. The southern room connects to another excavated section consisting of three rooms. In the northern rooms is an eight-line inscription in Sanskrit. It praises the Gupta kings, for bringing prosperity to all, then notes that a Sangkara has set up a statue of Parshva Jina in this cave after commanding a cavalry, later giving up his passions, withdrawing from the world and becoming a yati (monk).
The cave has other reliefs, such as those of the Jinas. These are significant because they have chattras (umbrella-like cover) carved over them, an iconography that is found in Jain caves built centuries later in many parts of India. These are generally not found in Jain statues carved before the 4th-century. The cave also includes a somewhat damaged image of Ganesha on its floor, where is depicted carrying an axe while looking in his left direction.
Significance
According to Willis, Udayagiri's Hindu history long predates the 4th-century. It was a center of astronomy and Hindu calendar-related activity, given its sculptures, sundials, and inscriptions. These made Udayagiri a sacred space and gave it its name that means "sunrise mountain". It was likely first modified by the king Samudragupta in mid 4th-century. His descendant Chandragupta II reworked these caves a few decades later, to revitalize the Hindu king concept to be both the paramount sovereign (cakravartin) and the supreme devotee of the god Vishnu (paramabhāgavata). This evolved the role of Udayagiri from it being the historic center for Hindu astronomy into an "astro-political node". Chandragupta II thereafter came to be titled as Vikramaditya – literally, "he who is the sun of prowess – in Indian texts, states Willis. According to Patrick Olivelle – an Indologist and a professor of Sanskrit, Udayagiri was important to the Gupta Hindu kings who were "polytheistic with remarkable tolerance" in an era where the popular religion was "basically henotheistic".
According to Heinrich von Stietencron - an Indologist and professor of Comparative Religion, the Udayagiri Caves narrates Hindu thought and legends with far deeper roots in the Vedic tradition. These roots are found in many forms, of which Vishnu avatars are particularly well formulated. He is the god who descends to bring order and equilibrium when chaos and injustice of one or more forms thrives in the world. Some of his avatars such as Narasimha, Varaha, Vamana/Trivikrama, and Rama are templates for kings. Their respective legends are well structured for a discussion of right and wrong, justice and injustice, rights and duties, of dharma in its various dimensions. The man-boar Varaha avatar found in Udayagiri itself is a story found in various forms, starting with the Vedic text Taittiriya Samhita section VII.1, where Prajapati takes the form of boar to rescue earth first before creating gods and lifeforms that earth could support. The story's popularity was well spread, as the symbolic boar saving the earth goddess is also found in the Shatapatha Brahmana XVI.1, the Taittiriya Brahmana, Taittiriya Aranyaka and others, all these Vedic era texts are estimated to have been complete by 800 BCE. The Varaha iconography has been historic symbolism of someone willing to go to the depths and do what is necessary to rescue earth and dharma, and this has had an obvious appeal and parallels to the role of king in the Hindu thought. Udayagiri caves narrate this legend, but go one step further. The Varaha relief in Udayagiri does not revitalize Hindu kingship, according to Heinrich von Stietencron, rather it is a tribute to his victories that was likely added to the cave temples complex as a shallow niche between 410 and 412 CE. It signifies his success and with his success, the return of dharma. It may have marked the year when Chandragupta II assumed the title of Vikramaditya.
The Stietencron proposal does not explain the presence of a bowing figure in front of the Vishnu Varaha. The royally dressed man has been broadly interpreted as king Chandragupta II acknowledging dharma and duty symbolized by Vishnu Varaha as above the king. Stietencron states that it indeed is a norm in the Hindu sculptural art tradition to not represent transitory achievements of mortal kings or any individual, rather they predominantly emphasize spiritual quest and narrate ahistoric, symbolic legends from Hindu texts. The Udayagiri Caves are significant, states Stietencron, because they are likely a political statement.
According to Julia Shaw, the Udayagiri sculptures are significant because they suggest that the avatara concept was fully developed by about 400 CE. The full display of iconography across multiple caves for Vishnu, Shiva and Durga suggests that Hinduism was thriving along with Buddhism in post-Mauryan era in ancient India. The Udayagiri temples represent, state Francis Ching and other scholars, the "earliest intact Hindu architecture" and display the "essential attributes of a Hindu temple" in the form of sanctum, mandapa and a basic plan. According to James Harle, the Udayagiri caves are significant for being "a common denominator of the early Gupta style". He states that Udayagiri temples are, along with those as Tigawa and Sanchi, probably the earliest of surviving Hindu temples. The Udayagiri temples are the only that can be confidently linked to the Gupta Empire, states George Michell. While new ancient temples are being identified every year on the Indian subcontinent but their dating remains uncertain. the Udayagiri Caves can be dated and they are earliest accepted examples of surviving rock-based north Indian temple.
See also
Bhumara
Nachna Hindu temples
Tigawa
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
British Association for South Asian Studies
Caves of Madhya Pradesh
Vidisha
History of Madhya Pradesh
Hindu cave temples in India
Archaeological sites in Madhya Pradesh
Rock shelters
4th-century Hindu temples
Monuments and memorials in Madhya Pradesh
4th-century Jain temples
Gupta art
Tourist attractions in Vidisha district
Jain caves in India |
58758115 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doraemon%3A%20Nobita%27s%20Chronicle%20of%20the%20Moon%20Exploration | Doraemon: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration | is an anime epic science fiction film directed by Shinnosuke Yakuwa and screenplay provided by Mizuki Tsujimura. It was premiered in Japan on 1 March 2019.
The film was later premiered on Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan on 25 March 2020, and in India on 22 January 2023. It marks the final Heisei-era Doraemon film released two months before the 2019 Japanese imperial transition.
Plot
One morning, Nobita learns about the mysterious happenings on the Moon, where he tells his classmates that it was the Moon Rabbit, but nobody believes him. He tries to prove by imitating the rabbits by making ricecakes and hits his teacher in the process, where he gets punished. When Nobita tells Doraemon about this, who relucantly takes out "Divergent View Badge" gadget and creates an atmosphere on the Moon. Using the animal clay, they creates Moonbit and returns to their home. Later, Nobita's mother tells him to bring Susuki grass for Moon Viewing Ceremony, where he sees a boy and calls him, but the boy suddenly disappeares. The next day, a new student named Luca arrives, and Nobita gets surprised to see that it is the same boy he had seen yesterday.
As soon as Nobita reaches home, he asks Doraemon to take him to the Kingdom. Upon reaching there, they find that the bamboo plants were glowing which was the effect of the "Shining Moss", spread by them earlier. Nobita is in the playground with Shizuka, Gian, and Suneo, where he gives them the badge and invites them to the Kingdom. Luca joins them and they are given a grand welcome at the rabbit kingdom, and they meet a rabbit that looked like Nobita and named it as Nobit, and teases Nobita. Shizuka requests Nobit to give them a good tour of the place. Doraemon reveals that they can see this kingdom because of the badge they are wearing and warns them not to remove it as it is only due to the badge, they are able to breathe. Within a few seconds, a huge rabbit monster (made by Nobita while making Moonbit) arrives and wreaks havoc.
Nobita chases him and later falls into a deep abyss without the badge. Soon the group arrives, and Nobit, who had seen everything tells them that Nobita had fallen. Doraemon gets worried about Nobita, but hears Nobita's voice from below rang out, and the group discovered that Nobita is safe and soon learned that Luca is not an Earthling, but an Espal from the planet Kaguya who has special powers, known as Ether. Luca introduced his friends to his sister Luna, but suddenly they hear a loud noise and heads towards the place and discoveres that it is his little brother Al's song. Luca tells everyone that his power is quite different from the other Espal and also that Al can see the future. The group decides to hold a Space Kart Race on Moon's surface. Gian, Suneo, and Al are in the lead. When their cart is about to crash with a huge rock, Al uses its power to destroy the rock.
The others arrive there and Luca reveals that they are trying to hide from the people of Kaguya planet and that Diabolo had previously used the Ether power to destroy the Moon of the Kaguya planet to show-off his power, but the particles of the Moon covered the whole Kaguya Planet and it had become a dark planet due to which, his parents used a ship to send all the Espal to space to avoid being taken advantage of doing disastrous things again. Suddenly, an unknown raid force arrive out of nowhere and tries to capture Espal, where the other Espal also came out from their hiding to the surface to enquire about the explosion. The Kaguya beings uses "Ether Distortion" to weaken the Espal. The Kaguya beings had captured all Espal, except Luca while Doraemon tells everyone to run towards the "Anywhere Door" to escape, but Luca gets kidnapped.
The anywhere door explodes due to the attack of the Kaguya beings. Nobita tells Doraemon to use "Bamboo Copter" to fly to Moon, but Doraemon denies this. Mozo, the Kaguya turtle comes out of Shizuka's shirt and tells them to use the emergency ship which he and Luca had used to come to Earth. Doraemon tells everyone to gather here at 7 pm. At 7pm, the group flies towards the Moon. Upon reaching there, they find Moonbit, who was trying to say something, they decide to follow him and finds Luna, who reveals that Luca had given his badge to her due to which, she managed to escape. Nobita, Doraemon, Suneo, Mozo, and Gian decide to leave for Kaguya and Doraemon gives Shizuka his spare pocket and the "Danger Alarm".
Meanwhile, Commander Godat takes Luca to Diabolo, who reveals his plans to leave Kaguya and attack Earth. Later, Godat frees Luca from the handcuffs, and is filled with rage to know that he was being used. The royal servants reach there and arrests Godat and Luca. Upon arriving there, the friends decides to ask the residents of the planet about the Espal. The residents reveals that they do not know anything about them, but all the important people on the planet lives in the Royal Palace. The gang enters the palace and starts searching for Luca and his friends. In the prison, Godat reveals to Luca that he was the descendant of Dr. Godal (the person who created Espal) and gives him a blue orb which he inherited from his ancestors, and Luca kept in his pocket. The gang arrives there and frees the Espal. Luca tells them that Godat is their ally.
Gian and Suneo decide to handle the royal soldiers while Godat, Luca, Nobita, and Doraemon advance to fight Diabolo, whose true form is revealed to be a robot. Diabolo attacks the four and became unconscious while Gian and Suneo's guns had finished and are also captured. On the Moon, Shizuka sees Nobit working on something and she starts thinking that as soon as she removes the badge, Nobit and all of the Rabbit Kingdom vanishes. She removes it and is shocked to still be able to see Nobit. It is because of the Reality Badge made by Nobit. Nobita and the team wake up and find themselves in a cage. Diabolo tells them that he is going to use the Ether to become young again. Soon after, he becomes a bit young. Nobita provokes him to take out a gadget but Doraemon says that his pocket is not there.
Diabolo had taken his pocket away when he was unconscious. Suddenly, Shizuka and Luna along with the Moonbit come out of Doraemon's pocket and they free the Espal, where they tell them that it was due to Nobit's badge. The whole tables have turned against Diabolo and is about to be destroyed, but manages to capture Luna and escape. He says that he is going to Earth and will destroy it. Mozo tells that his shell is the hardest in the universe and they put it in the Air Cannon. Luca gives a Power Boost to Nobita, and Mozo goes straight through the ship, destroying it completely. Suneo catches Luna and saves her from falling. Suddenly, the blue orb starts shining and the light of the planet is restored. Doraemon investigates the orb and tells them that it is a kind of Shining Moss that was built to multiply and explode, when in contact with Ether.
Nobita tells that Luca's ancestors knew that he would come back and restore the light of the planet. Godat requests Luca to stay with him, but refuses to say that for a peaceful life, it would be better than Espal remains a myth. Back on Moon, Luca requests Doraemon to create a theory that Espal are just normal beings and the rabbit ears vanish off, where they become normal beings. Doraemon and their friends arrive back to earth, where they bury their badges, to ensure a peaceful life for the Espal.
Soundtrack
The theme song is “THE GIFT” by Dai Hirai.
A separate soundtrack was released on February 27, 2019, with music composed by Takayuki Hattori.
Cast
Box office
Debuting on 383 screens with Toho distributing, Doraemon the Movie: Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration earned $6.2million on 586,000 admissions in its first weekend and ranked number-one on Japanese box office. The film has grossed ¥5.02 billion () in Japan, and $19,855,318 in China and Vietnam, for a total box office of in Asia.
The film was released in Hong Kong, Indonesia, Macau, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan on 5 February 2019 marking Chinese New Year and in Japan on 1 March 2019.
Here is a table which shows the box office of this movie of all the weekends in Japan:
References
External links
Official movie : Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration
Nobita's Chronicle of the Moon Exploration
2019 films
2019 anime films
2019 animated films
2010s children's animated films
2010s dystopian films
Japanese animated science fiction films
2010s science fiction films
Japanese science fiction films
Animated films set on fictional planets
Animated films about cats
Animated films about rabbits and hares
Robot films
2010s adventure films
Films scored by Takayuki Hattori
Films set on the moon |
13124489 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saucedilla | Saucedilla | Saucedilla () is a municipality located in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain.
It belongs to the Campo Arañuelo County (Comarca del Campo Arañuelo), the capital of which is Navalmoral de la Mata.
According to the 2010 census (INE), it had a population of 859 inhabitants.
Geography and nature
The situation of Saucedilla is impressive. In the north, the vast bulk of the Sierra de Gredos and the Tiétar River; in the south and west, the Miravete Sierra (Casas de Miravete), the Tagus River (Tajo in Spanish) and the Serrejón Sierra.
The climate is Mediterranean. The village stands in an extensive plain of clayey grounds.
Dehesa
The municipality is surrounded by immense dehesas. A dehesa is a light wood of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) or cork oaks (Quercus suber). There, the breeding (animal husbandry) of cattle, sheep (for meat and wool), goats (for meat and cheese), and pigs, (Iberian pig) for meat like jamón ibérico (Iberian ham) and jamón serrano, are common. The breeding of fighting bulls (toro bravo in Spanish) is also widespread. There are some ganaderías of these wild bulls in Saucedilla (Cerro Alto, La Anguila) and others nearby villages like Casatejada or Toril.
Arrocampo Reservoir
Arrocampo Reservoir was created at 1976 to cool the turbines of the Almaraz nuclear power plant, which is near Saucedilla. With a system of dams and dikes, the water, taken from Tagus river, covers a circuit of 11 km which allow the cooling of these turbines.
Biomass (ecology): there are a considerable masses of phytoplankton and zooplankton thanks to the eutrophication and oxygenation of waters. The bulrush (Typha latifolia) vegetation is dominant in Arrocampo. It allows the proliferation of birds and little mammals.
Fishes: barbels (Barbus barbus), common carps (Cyprinus carpio), tenches (Tinca tinca), big largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) (almost 50 cm).
Actually, it is an important Special Protection Area (SPA) for wild birds. (In Spanish: Zona Especial de Protección para las Aves, ZEPA.) Many migrating as well as permanent birds can be watched in the reservoir waters and their vicinity: white stork (Ciconia ciconia), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni), purple heron (Ardea purpurea), squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides), black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus), osprey (Pandion haliaetus), cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), purple swamphen (Porphyrio porphyrio). This is, perhaps, the bird symbol of Arrocampo Reservoir SPA). The list is practically endless.
Cañada Real Leonesa Occidental (main droveway of Western León)
Saucedilla was always a land of sheep. (Its coat of arms has a head of ram.) Extremadura (and Saucedilla), was a passing and transhumance land from the Middle Age. In medieval Spain, there were droving flocks of sheep on the largest scale, which were carefully organized by the system of the Mesta, crossing Extremadura and other Spanish regions. These long distance movements of sheep and cattle were made along drovers road called cañadas reales in Castile, cabañeras in Aragon, carreradas in Catalonia. The Cañada Real Leonesa Occidental cross Saucedilla by the south, near the cemetery. There is a country house, close the graveyard, for shepherds and cowherds who cover the droveway still today.
Irrigated lands
Long ago, the economic activity of Saucedilla was based only on traditional agriculture. During centuries, there was a subsistence farming (dry farming), with also the breeding of sheep, goats, cattle and pigs. This agriculture has produced cereals for years and years in Saucedilla lands: wheat, barley, oats, rye, chickpeas, broad beans and root vegetables like turnips. Also olives and wine.
The new irrigation farming: the Valdecañas Reservoir upon the Tagus (on southeast of the municipality), and the construction of many channels, were made possible to irrigate many farmlands of Saucedilla. Fodder for cows and sheep, fruits like tomatoes, pimientos, bell peppers, peaches, etc., are produced because of the arrival of water in the 1980s.
Special Protection Areas
There are two Special Protection Areas (SPAs) in Saucedilla. They were created in 2005.
Arrocampo Reservoir Special Protection Area. The list of wild birds of Arrocampo Reservoir SPA is really very large.
Lesser Kestrel Colonies of Saucedilla Special Protection Area: it is located on the parish church of Saucedilla. 17 pairs of lesser kestrels (Latin name Falco naumanni, in Spanish cernícalos) were recorded in 2005 in the putlog holes of its walls.
Arrocampo Ornithological Park
There are two ornithological routes marked with wooden blazes and an Information Office near the municipal swimming pools in the south entry of the village.
Route 1: Arrocampo Reservoir Route. This route has 4 bird hides.
Route 2: Cerro Alto Route: 1 hide
Pictures of the area around Saucedilla
Demography
End of 15th century: Saucedilla had 900 inhabitants. There were a small community of Jews lived in Saucedilla before its expulsion of Spain in 1492.
Between 1528 and 1653: the municipality lost many people (great demographic crisis in all regions of Spain)
According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística, the evolution between 1900 and 2010 is:
1960s: the emigration years. Many people (and their families) left the village at the beginning of the sixties to earn their living in Madrid, Barcelone, Bilbao, France, Germany...
Foreign population, actually: community of Moroccan people . They work in regional o local agriculture (tobacco, harvests, fruits picking), domestic service...
History
14th century: foundation of the municipality. Colons of Collado de la Vera (see Collado (Cáceres)) (little village of the Comarca La Vera located in the foothills of the Sierra de Gredos mountain range) founded Saucedilla in middle of 14th century.
15th century: development of the municipality.
16th century: building of the church (gothic and renaissance styles) under Bishop Gutierre de Vargas Carvajal mandate. The church construction terminated under the bishopric of Pedro Ponce de León.
17th century:
Lord of Saucedilla: Francisco Tuttavilla.
Construction of the jurisdiction column (rollo jurisdiccional in Spanish).
18th century: Creation of Saucedilla County. The Counts of Saucedilla.
The Independence War ("Guerra de Independencia")
Monuments
St John the Baptist Church (16th century). Gothic and Renaissance styles
Jurisdiction Column (17th century)
Plasencia Cross
Pictures of the monuments
References
Bibliography
Saucedilla: santo y seña de un pueblo extremeño, Juan Carlos RUBIO MASA & José Luis RUBIO MASA; Ed. Saucedilla, Excmo. Ayuntamiento de Saucedilla, 1994
Saucedilla: costumbres, casas y familias, Ángel Marzal González; Navalmoral de la Mata, Ed. Publisher Navalmoral,1999
External links
www.saucedilla.es (in Spanish)
Birding in Extremadura: Arrocampo Reservoir (in English)
Municipalities in the Province of Cáceres
Special Protection Areas of Extremadura |
3369181 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe%27s%20Triumph | Sharpe's Triumph | Sharpe's Triumph is the second historical novel in the Richard Sharpe series by Bernard Cornwell, first published in 1998. Sharpe is a sergeant in the army who attracts the attention of General Arthur Wellesley at Ahmednagar.
Plot summary
Sergeant Richard Sharpe and a small detachment arrive at an isolated East India Company fort to transport 80,000 recovered rounds of stolen ammunition to the armory at Seringapatam. While Sharpe and his men rest, a company of East India Company sepoys arrive under the command of Lieutenant William Dodd. Dodd abruptly has his men massacre the unsuspecting, outnumbered garrison. Sharpe is wounded and feigns death, allowing him to escape Dodd's determination to leave no witnesses.
Back in Seringapatam, Sharpe's friend, Colonel McCandless, whom Sharpe met four years earlier during the siege of Seringapatam (Sharpe's Tiger), questions him about Dodd. Dodd deserted the East India Company, taking with him his sepoys, and McCandless has been tasked with bringing him to justice, lest it give others similar ideas. McCandless orders Sharpe to accompany him since he can identify Dodd.
Dodd joins Colonel Anthony Pohlmann, commander of Scindia's army, at the city of Ahmednuggur and is rewarded with a promotion to major and command of his own battalion. Since the Mysore Campaign, the British have been pushing further north into the Maratha Confederacy's territory. Scindia is one of the Maratha rulers who have decided to resist the British advance. Scindia orders Pohlmann to assign a regiment to defend Ahmednuggur, so Pohlmann gives Dodd command of the unit and instructions to inflict casualties on the British, but most importantly, withdraw and keep the regiment intact, as the city cannot be held.
Meanwhile, Sergeant Obadiah Hakeswill correctly guesses that Sharpe killed the Tippoo Sultan four years earlier at Seringapatam and looted the corpse. Hakeswill frames him for an attack on his former company commander, Captain Morris. Given a warrant to arrest Sharpe, Hakeswill recruits six cutthroats to help him murder Sharpe, so they can steal the treasure.
Sharpe and McCandless travel to the British army, escorted by Syud Sevajee, the Maratha leader of a band of mercenary cavalrymen working for the East India Company. They reach the army, under the command of Major General Arthur Wellesley, Sharpe's former regimental commander and the future Duke of Wellington. Upon arrival at Ahmednuggur, Wellesley quickly launches a risky escalade without the usual days-long artillery bombardment, in a bid to take the enemy by surprise. He quickly captures the poorly fortified town, to the amazement of Dodd, who has a poor opinion of Wellesley. Despite this, Dodd manages to extract his troops from the rout and retreats to Pohlmann's army. In the chaos of the battle, Sharpe rescues Simone Joubert, the wife of a French captain in Dodd's regiment. Under the pretext of returning Madame Joubert to her husband, McCandless hopes to be able to reconnoitre the Maratha army. They do not leave immediately, however, and Sharpe spends the night with Simone, though she regrets her decision the next day.
The next day, they reach the Maratha army. Pohlmann deduces McCandless's real intentions, but knowing that his army vastly outnumbers the British, allows McCandless to see everything he wants. At the same time, Pohlmann tries to recruit Sharpe, offering to make him a lieutenant. He tells Sharpe of the various successes that other lowly European soldiers have had in India, including his own rise from East India Company sergeant. That evening, Sharpe considers defecting, but, before he can make a decision, his and McCandless's horses are stolen and McCandless is shot in the thigh. Sharpe apprehends one of the thieves, who turns out to be one of Dodd's men. Everyone is certain that Dodd ordered the theft, but Pohlmann only has the thief executed by being trampled by an elephant. Meanwhile, Hakeswill takes his request to arrest Sharpe to Wellesley, who informs him that Sharpe will not return for some time. He assigns Hakeswill to the baggage train in the meantime, infuriating the impatient sergeant.
The Maratha army moves on, leaving McCandless behind at his own request. Sharpe decides to look after the wounded colonel, thereby turning down Pohlmann's offer. Nevertheless, he begins to wonder about how he might become an officer. Recognizing the ambition Pohlmann has stoked in the sergeant, McCandless cautions Sharpe. At the time, almost all of the officers in the British Army come from wealthy families and pay for their commissions. Those exceptional few who rise from the ranks are resented and have little chance of advancement. While McCandless recovers, Syud Sevajee locates them and delivers McCandless's report to Wellesley.
When McCandless is recovered enough, he and Sharpe rejoin the army as it advances towards Borkardan. Using one of the Tippoo's emeralds, Sharpe buys one of Wellesley's horses for McCandless, though he pretends to Wellesley that McCandless is the purchaser. The surprised McCandless learns about Sharpe and the Tippoo's death. The next day, Hakeswill attempts to arrest Sharpe, but McCandless smudges the ink on the warrant so that it reads "Sharp", not "Sharpe", and refuses to let him take Sharpe.
After weeks of aimless marching, the Maratha leaders meet and finally decide to engage the British near Assaye. Pohlmann is given overall command. The British have two forces, one under the command of Wellesley and the other under Colonel Stevenson. Pohlmann plans to fight and defeat them separately, before they can join forces. Wellesley discovers that the enemy is closer than he thought and fully aware of the situation, but is still determined to attack.
Pohlmann sets a trap. He deploys his army at what he is told are the only usable fords of the River Kaitna, but Wellesley deduces that there must be another one between two villages on opposite banks of the river. Using this ford, Wellesley crosses the river to try to launch a flank attack, but Pohlmann redeploys to face him. Wellesley's aide is killed, and Sharpe takes his place. Back with the baggage, McCandless confronts Hakeswill about the warrant and warns Hakeswill that he knows he lied and that he will inform his commander. On the British left, the 78th Highland Regiment and the sepoys advance through heavy artillery fire and rout much of the Pohlmann's infantry. On the right, however, the 74th and some picquets advance too far towards the village of Assaye and are forced to form square against attack from Maratha light cavalry. Dodd's regiment then attacks the two pinned-down units.
Meanwhile, some Maratha gunners retake their guns and fire them into the rear of Wellesley's men, so Wellesley orders a cavalry charge. During the fight, he is unhorsed alone amidst the enemy. Sharpe launches a savage attack, saving his commander and single-handedly killing many men. Friendly troops arrive, and a shaken Wellesley leaves. With the collapse of the Maratha right, Dodd is forced to retreat. During the fighting, Hakeswill finds McCandless alone and kills him.
As the Maratha forces flee in disarray, Sharpe comes across Pohlmann, but does not apprehend him. He also finds Simone Joubert. Dodd killed her husband during the retreat, so Sharpe takes her under his protection again. Eventually, he catches up to Wellesley's staff and is astonished when Wellesley rewards him by giving him a battlefield promotion, making him an ensign in the 74th. Afterward, Hakeswill tries again to arrest Sharpe, but Sharpe's new commanding officer points out that the warrant for Sergeant Sharpe is useless against Ensign Sharpe. Sharpe triumphantly forces Hakeswill, who initially refuses to acknowledge Sharpe's new rank, to address him as "sir".
Characters
Richard Sharpe – British Army Sergeant, protagonist
Major General Arthur Wellesley – commander of British and Indian Allied Forces in South Central India
Lieutenant Colin Campbell - who led the storming of the walls of Ahmednaghar
Sergeant Obadiah Hakeswill – Sharpe's enemy in the British Army
Simone Joubert – wife to the Frenchman Joubert
Colonel Hector McCandless – Scottish intelligence officer for the British East India Company
Colonel Anthony Pohlmann – the defected Hanoverian sergeant who became Scindia's army commander
Major William Dodd – the traitorous British East India Company lieutenant now serving Scindia, he commands a specialize Sepoy company known as Dodd's Cobras
Daulat Scindia – the Indian raja of Gwalior, a state within the Maratha Confederacy
Raghji Bhonsle – the raja of Berar, an ally of Scindia
Captain Morris – the commanding officer of the 33rd Light Company
Release details
1998, UK, HarperCollins , Pub date 26 February 1998, hardback (First edition)
1998, UK, HarperCollins , Pub date 1 June 1998, Audio book cassette
1999, UK, HarperCollins , Pub date 5 July 1999, paperback
2000, USA, HarperCollins , Pub date August 2000, paperback
2001, UK, Chivers Audio Books , Pub date December 2001, Audio book CD
2005, USA, HarperTorch , Pub date June 2005, paperback
2006, UK, HarperCollins , Pub date 18 April 2006, paperback (recent TV tie-in)
External links
Section from Bernard Cornwell's website on Sharpe's Triumph
1998 British novels
Triumph
Second Anglo-Maratha War
Novels set in Maharashtra
Fiction set in 1803
Jalna district
HarperCollins books |
12911474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsham | Chelsham | Chelsham is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Chelsham and Farleigh and the Tandridge district of Surrey, England. It is located in the Metropolitan Green Belt, from London, from Oxted and from Guildford. In 1961 the parish had a population of 1285.
History
Early history
Flint implements and flakes are not uncommon in Warlingham and Chelsham: evidence of a neolithic population frequenting the area.
Near Chelsham Court Farm are the foundations and walls of a Romano-British villa.
Dark, Middle Ages and post-Reformation
The village lay within the Anglo-Saxon feudal division of Tandridge hundred when Chelsham appeared in Domesday Book as Celesham held by Robert de Wateville from Richard de Clare, just one of his many local pseudonyms. Its domesday assets were: 1 church, 11 ploughs, from customary dues 1 hog. It rendered £15.
Three manors existed at times: Chelsham Watevile; Chelsham, also known as Chelsham Court; and Chelsham Le Holt, also known as Rowholt. Medieval earthworks in Holt Wood and Henley Wood are thought to be associated with these.
On 1 April 1969 the parish was abolished to form "Chelsham and Farleigh".
Chelsham Watervile
From first being held by Robert de Watevile of de Clare (in return for a rent and fealty) its tenancy passed to Walter de Godstone in 1284. The overlordship remained in the Clare family until the death of Gilbert de Clare Earl of Gloucester without issue in 1314; one third of the estates taken by Hugh le Despenser (from one of Gilbert's three sisters) included this manor, passing down the family Beauchamps and Nevills to King Richard III through his wife. To this manor, the manors of Chelsham Court and Titsey paid annual rents of 4s. and 6s. respectively with suits of court, reliefs and heriots, and Bardolf's Court paid yearly a bushel of grain called Park Corn as at 1428. In 1455 a sale took place to Sir Thomas Cook, a draper and Alderman of the City of London, who mortgaged it to Robert Harding, goldsmith, could not pay most and who then became lord of this manor; his son who inherited William Harding, merchant of London, died in 1549. His daughter Helen who married Richard Knyvett may have passed it to Helen's sister husband, that is Katherine Harding's husband Richard Onslow, who was not Richard Onslow (Parliamentarian). In any case, it became united in the 17th century with the Uvedales who ran Chelsham Court.
Chelsham Court
In 1306 Reginald de Chelsham and Dionisia his wife were holding the manor. Andrew Peverel inherited it from next owner John de Ifield. In 1428 John Uvedale had already acquired Chelsham Court. Knight Sir William Uvedale died here 1525. Four younger sons shared a £20 per year annuity each as an elder Uvedale brother inherited, one of these was Richard Uvedale, one of these younger sons, described as of Chilling, Hampshire and Chelsham Court, Surrey was implicated in the Dudley conspiracy in Mary I of England's reign. A great-grandson gave what remained to Sir Edward Banister to pay his debts after his death, from whom two male trustees held for Harman Atwood of Sanderstead, whose family held it for over a three centuries, despite making Sanderstead their principal estate; thereafter on male heirs failing, their heirs the Wigsells held it. Esmé Francis Wigsell Arkwright held it in 1911.
Rowholt
This small manor passed, by heirs' confirmation of their father's gift, in 1243–4 to Tonbridge Priory. They ran this small estate but the priory was suppressed by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey under a bull of Pope Clement VII dated September 1524 for the endowment of his foundation of Cardinal College, Oxford and this manor was granted to him by Henry VIII in January 1526. On Wolsey's fall from grace, for a brief period Henry granted it in a land-swap to Sheen Priory, until he dissolved that priory in 1539; when its tenant William Hardyng, who paid a rent of 13s. 4d. and a red rose. In 1539 this rent was granted by the king to John Gresham, and in 1545 the manor of Rowholt was sold to Gresham, now Sir John Gresham of London. On his death in 1556 it passed to his wife Katherine and their son William, Beatrice widow of the latter holding it in 1604. By a deed dated 9 January 1598 she had settled it after her death on her daughter Cicely, wife of Sir Henry Woodhouse, for life, with remainder to Cicely's son Gresham Woodhouse. Later the estate was sold in parcels to various people, about 120 acres being now part of Chelsham Court Farm. The house formerly known as Rowholt is now called Ledgers Park or Ledgers Farm. The present house is Victorian, but close to it are the remains of a moat round the site of an older house.
Post-Industrial Revolution
Warlingham Common, a large tract of common land was inclosed in 1866 and extended into Chelsham.
A small estate of detached and semi-detached houses now occupy that land that was once the site of Warlingham Park Hospital, built as Croydon Mental Hospital in 1903 on the borders of the north of the parish. It cost £200,000 to lay out grounds and erect the buildings, including the iconic central tower which is the only edifice that still stands. In 1911 gravel diggings were present as a form of small industry within the Worms Heath and Elmes & Son had plant nurseries at Langhurst. Its most important homes were Ledgers Park and Chelsham Lodge, as by 1911 Chelsham Place had become a farmhouse.
Geography
Together with Farleigh the total population of the civil parish was 356 as measured by the 2001 census.
Chelsham lies high and commands views for a long distance, including over London, from the centre of which it is south by south-east. Though in parts well wooded, the area is generally somewhat barren and featureless in the nearer landscape. The administrative centre of the district, Oxted, is due south, below the uplands upon which Chelsham lies, and Guildford, the county town, is west by south-west. Croydon is NNW. The highest point of the North Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty is a slight, gentle rise, about three miles south of the village along Croydon Road at Botley Hill.
A large triangular village green, bounded by two roads, named Bull Green, is managed by the parish council and hosts annual events.
Elevations
Elevations vary from 251m AOD towards the south-east, highest on the border with Titsey to the middle of a deep crevasse/ravine in the east, traversed by Hester's Hill/Beddlestead Leane at 145m AOD
Local government
Five of the seven parish councillors represent Chelsham and the clerk is Michelle Richards.
Surrey County Council, headquartered in Kingston, elected every four years, has one representative of the area. Becky Rush, Deputy leader of the county council is its representative as Chelsham and Farleigh are within the Surrey Council Council ward of Warlingham.
Chelsham and Farleigh share in three representative on Tandridge District Council, headquartered in Oxted:
Landmarks
St Leonards Church
Other than the historic manors mentioned, there are more than 10 other listed buildings and monuments across the village. The Church of St Leonard is a 13th-century church largely rebuilt in the 19th century. It was built to serve the farms in Chelsham, and still sits in farmland in the centre of the roads and bridle ways of the parish. In addition to the regular services, there is a yearly cycle of services celebrating the farming year and creation, starting with a Plough Sunday service in January, and including services for Rogation, Lammas and Harvest.
During the year there are other special services, including services to remember all those who have been baptized and married at the church, an Animal Blessing service, a service to remember the departed, and the Kelly service to remember the charitable giving of a local man who became Lord Mayor of London and who is buried in the churchyard. There are also Taize services on some evenings. The rector is the Revd Michelle Edmonds.
References
Notes
References
External links
History of Chelsham Village
Chelsham & Farleigh Parish Council website
Villages in Surrey
Former civil parishes in Surrey
Tandridge |
21227807 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20demethylation | DNA demethylation | For molecular biology in mammals, DNA demethylation causes replacement of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) in a DNA sequence by cytosine (C) (see figure of 5mC and C). DNA demethylation can occur by an active process at the site of a 5mC in a DNA sequence or, in replicating cells, by preventing addition of methyl groups to DNA so that the replicated DNA will largely have cytosine in the DNA sequence (5mC will be diluted out).
Methylated cytosine is frequently present in the linear DNA sequence where a cytosine is followed by a guanine in a 5' → 3' direction (a CpG site). In mammals, DNA methyltransferases (which add methyl groups to DNA bases) exhibit a strong sequence preference for cytosines at CpG sites. There appear to be more than 20 million CpG dinucleotides in the human genome (see genomic distribution). In mammals, on average, 70% to 80% of CpG cytosines are methylated, though the level of methylation varies with different tissues. Methylated cytosines often occur in groups or CpG islands within the promoter regions of genes, where such methylation may reduce or silence gene expression (see gene expression). Methylated cytosines in the gene body, however, are positively correlated with expression.
Almost 100% DNA demethylation occurs by a combination of passive dilution and active enzymatic removal during the reprogramming that occurs in early embryogenesis and in gametogenesis. Another large demethylation, of about 3% of all genes, can occur by active demethylation in neurons during formation of a strong memory. After surgery, demethylations are found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at sites annotated to immune system genes. Demethylations also occur during the formation of cancers. During global DNA hypomethylation of tumor genomes, there is a minor to moderate reduction of the number of methylated cytosines (5mC) amounting to a loss of about 5% to 20% on average of the 5mC bases.
Embryonic development
Early embryonic development
The mouse sperm genome is 80–90% methylated at its CpG sites in DNA, amounting to about 20 million methylated sites. After fertilization, the paternal chromosome is almost completely demethylated in six hours by an active process, before DNA replication (blue line in Figure).
Demethylation of the maternal genome occurs by a different process. In the mature oocyte, about 40% of its CpG sites in DNA are methylated. While somatic cells of mammals have three main DNA methyltransferases (which add methyl groups to cytosines at CpG sites), DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B, in the pre-implantation embryo up to the blastocyst stage (see Figure), the only methyltransferase present is an isoform of DNMT1 designated DNMT1o. DNMT1o has an alternative oocyte-specific promoter and first exon (exon 1o) located 5' of the somatic and spermatocyte promoters. As reviewed by Howell et al., DNMT1o is sequestered in the cytoplasm of mature oocytes and in 2-cell and 4-cell embryos, but at the 8-cell stage is only present in the nucleus. At the 16 cell stage (the morula) DNMT1o is again found only in the cytoplasm. It appears that demethylation of the maternal chromosomes largely takes place by blockage of the methylating enzyme DNMT1o from entering the nucleus except briefly at the 8 cell stage. The maternal-origin DNA thus undergoes passive demethylation by dilution of the methylated maternal DNA during replication (red line in Figure). The morula (at the 16 cell stage), has only a small amount of DNA methylation (black line in Figure).
DNMT3b begins to be expressed in the blastocyst. Methylation begins to increase at 3.5 days after fertilization in the blastocyst, and a large wave of methylation then occurs on days 4.5 to 5.5 in the epiblast, going from 12% to 62% methylation, and reaching maximum level after implantation in the uterus. By day seven after fertilization, the newly formed primordial germ cells (PGC) in the implanted embryo segregate from the remaining somatic cells. At this point the PGCs have about the same level of methylation as the somatic cells.
Gametogenesis
The newly formed primordial germ cells (PGC) in the implanted embryo devolve from the somatic cells. At this point the PGCs have high levels of methylation. These cells migrate from the epiblast toward the gonadal ridge. As reviewed by Messerschmidt et al., the majority of PGCs are arrested in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, while they migrate toward the hindgut during embryo days 7.5 to 8.5. Then demethylation of the PGCs takes place in two waves. At day 9.5 the primordial germ cells begin to rapidly replicate going from about 200 PGCs at embryo day 9.5 to about 10,000 PGCs at day 12.5. During days 9.5 to 12.5 DNMT3a and DNMT3b are repressed and DNMT1 is present in the nucleus at a high level. But DNMT1 is unable to methylate cytosines during days 9.5 to 12.5 because the UHRF1 gene (also known as NP95) is repressed and UHRF1 is an essential protein needed to recruit DNMT1 to replication foci where maintenance DNA methylation takes place. This is a passive, dilution form of demethylation.
In addition, from embryo day 9.5 to 13.5 there is an active form of demethylation. As indicated below in "Molecular stages of active reprogramming," two enzymes are central to active demethylation. These are a ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET) and thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG). One particular TET enzyme, TET1, and TDG are present at high levels from embryo day 9.5 to 13.5, and are employed in active demethylation during gametogenesis. PGC genomes display the lowest levels of DNA methylation of any cells in the entire life cycle of the mouse at embryonic day 13.5.
Learning and Memory
Learning and memory have levels of permanence, differing from other mental processes such as thought, language, and consciousness, which are temporary in nature. Learning and memory can be either accumulated slowly (multiplication tables) or rapidly (touching a hot stove), but once attained, can be recalled into conscious use for a long time. Rats subjected to one instance of contextual fear conditioning create an especially strong long-term memory. At 24 hours after training, 9.17% of the genes in the genomes of rat hippocampus neurons were found to be differentially methylated. This included more than 2,000 differentially methylated genes at 24 hours after training, with over 500 genes being demethylated. Similar results to that in the rat hippocampus were also obtained in mice with contextual fear conditioning.
The hippocampus region of the brain is where contextual fear memories are first stored (see figure of the brain, this section), but this storage is transient and does not remain in the hippocampus. In rats contextual fear conditioning is abolished when the hippocampus is subjected to hippocampectomy just one day after conditioning, but rats retain a considerable amount of contextual fear when hippocampectomy is delayed by four weeks. In mice, examined at 4 weeks after conditioning, the hippocampus methylations and demethylations were reversed (the hippocampus is needed to form memories but memories are not stored there) while substantial differential CpG methylation and demethylation occurred in cortical neurons during memory maintenance. There were 1,223 differentially methylated genes in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice four weeks after contextual fear conditioning. Thus, while there were many methylations in the hippocampus shortly after memory was formed, all these hippocampus methylations were demethylated as soon as four weeks later.
Demethylation in Cancer
The human genome contains about 28 million CpG sites, and roughly 60% of the CpG sites are methylated at the 5 position of the cytosine. During formation of a cancer there is an average reduction of the number of methylated cytosines of about 5% to 20%, or about 840,00 to 3.4 million demethylations of CpG sites.
DNMT1 methylates CpGs on hemi-methylated DNA during DNA replication. Thus, when a DNA strand has a methylated CpG, and the newly replicated strand during semi-conservative replication lacks a methyl group on the complementary CpG, DNMT1 is normally recruited to the hemimethylated site and adds a methyl group to cytosine in the newly synthesized CpG. However, recruitment of DNMT1 to hemimethylated CpG sites during DNA replication depends on the UHRF1 protein. If UHRF1 does not bind to a hemimethylated CpG site, then DNMT1 is not recruited and cannot methylate the newly synthesized CpG site. The arginine methyltransferase PRMT6 regulates DNA methylation by methylating the arginine at position 2 of histone 3 (H3R2me2a). (See Protein methylation#Arginine.) In the presence of H3R2me2a UHRF1 can not bind to a hemimethylated CpG site, and then DNMT1 is not recruited to the site, and the site remains hemimethylated. Upon further rounds of replication the methylated CpG is passively diluted out. PRMT6 is frequently overexpressed in many types of cancer cells. The overexpression of PRMT6 may be a source of DNA demethylation in cancer.
Molecular stages of active reprogramming
Three molecular stages are required for actively, enzymatically reprogramming the DNA methylome. Stage 1: Recruitment. The enzymes needed for reprogramming are recruited to genome sites that require demethylation or methylation. Stage 2: Implementation. The initial enzymatic reactions take place. In the case of methylation, this is a short step that results in the methylation of cytosine to 5-methylcytosine. Stage 3: Base excision DNA repair. The intermediate products of demethylation are catalysed by specific enzymes of the base excision DNA repair pathway that finally restore cystosine in the DNA sequence.
Stage 2 of active demethylation
Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) very often initially involves oxidation of 5mC (see Figure in this section) by ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TET enzymes). The molecular steps of this initial demethylation are shown in detail in TET enzymes. In successive steps (see Figure) TET enzymes further hydroxylate 5hmC to generate 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) recognizes the intermediate bases 5fC and 5caC and excises the glycosidic bond resulting in an apyrimidinic site (AP site). This is followed by base excision repair (stage 3). In an alternative oxidative deamination pathway, 5hmC can be oxidatively deaminated by APOBEC (AID/APOBEC) deaminases to form 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5hmU). Also, 5mC can be converted to thymine (Thy). 5hmU can be cleaved by TDG, MBD4, NEIL1 or SMUG1. AP sites and T:G mismatches are then repaired by base excision repair (BER) enzymes to yield cytosine (Cyt). The TET family of dioxygenases are employed in the most frequent type of demethylation reactions.
TET family
TET dioxygenase isoforms include at least two isoforms of TET1, one of TET2 and three isoforms of TET3. The full-length canonical TET1 isoform appears virtually restricted to early embryos, embryonic stem cells and primordial germ cells (PGCs). The dominant TET1 isoform in most somatic tissues, at least in the mouse, arises from alternative promoter usage which gives rise to a short transcript and a truncated protein designated TET1s. The isoforms of TET3 are the full length form TET3FL, a short form splice variant TET3s, and a form that occurs in oocytes and neurons designated TET3o. TET3o is created by alternative promoter use and contains an additional first N-terminal exon coding for 11 amino acids. TET3o only occurs in oocytes and neurons and is not expressed in embryonic stem cells or in any other cell type or adult mouse tissue tested. Whereas TET1 expression can barely be detected in oocytes and zygotes, and TET2 is only moderately expressed, the TET3 variant TET3o shows extremely high levels of expression in oocytes and zygotes, but is nearly absent at the 2-cell stage. It is possible that TET3o, high in neurons, oocytes and zygotes at the one cell stage, is the major TET enzyme utilized when very large scale rapid demethylations occur in these cells.
Stage 1 of demethylation - recruitment of TET to DNA
The TET enzymes do not specifically bind to 5-methylcytosine except when recruited. Without recruitment or targeting, TET1 predominantly binds to high CG promoters and CpG islands (CGIs) genome-wide by its CXXC domain that can recognize un-methylated CGIs. TET2 does not have an affinity for 5-methylcytosine in DNA. The CXXC domain of the full-length TET3, which is the predominant form expressed in neurons, binds most strongly to CpGs where the C was converted to 5-carboxycytosine (5caC). However, it also binds to un-methylated CpGs.
For a TET enzyme to initiate demethylation it must first be recruited to a methylated CpG site in DNA. Two of the proteins shown to recruit a TET enzyme to a methylated cytosine in DNA are OGG1 (see figure Initiation of DNA demethylation at a CpG site) and EGR1.
OGG1
Oxoguanine glycosylase (OGG1) catalyses the first step in base excision repair of the oxidatively damaged base 8-OHdG. OGG1 finds 8-OHdG by sliding along the linear DNA at 1,000 base pairs of DNA in 0.1 seconds. OGG1 very rapidly finds 8-OHdG. OGG1 proteins bind to oxidatively damaged DNA with a half maximum time of about 6 seconds. When OGG1 finds 8-OHdG it changes conformation and complexes with 8-OHdG in its binding pocket. OGG1 does not immediately act to remove the 8-OHdG. Half maximum removal of 8-OHdG takes about 30 minutes in HeLa cells in vitro, or about 11 minutes in the livers of irradiated mice. DNA oxidation by reactive oxygen species preferentially occurs at a guanine in a methylated CpG site, because of a lowered ionization potential of guanine bases adjacent to 5-methylcytosine. TET1 binds (is recruited to) the OGG1 bound to 8-OHdG (see figure). This likely allows TET1 to demethylate an adjacent methylated cytosine. When human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A) were treated with H2O2, 8-OHdG increased in DNA by 3.5-fold and this caused about 80% demethylation of the 5-methylcytosines in the MCF-10A genome.
EGR1
The gene early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) is an immediate early gene (IEG). EGR1 can rapidly be induced by neuronal activity. The defining characteristic of IEGs is the rapid and transient up-regulation—within minutes—of their mRNA levels independent of protein synthesis. In adulthood, EGR1 is expressed widely throughout the brain, maintaining baseline expression levels in several key areas of the brain including the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, hippocampus and amygdala. This expression is linked to control of cognition, emotional response, social behavior and sensitivity to reward. EGR1 binds to DNA at sites with the motifs 5′-GCGTGGGCG-3′ and 5'-GCGGGGGCGG-3′ and these motifs occur primarily in promoter regions of genes. The short isoform TET1s is expressed in the brain. EGR1 and TET1s form a complex mediated by the C-terminal regions of both proteins, independently of association with DNA. EGR1 recruits TET1s to genomic regions flanking EGR1 binding sites. In the presence of EGR1, TET1s is capable of locus-specific demethylation and activation of the expression of downstream genes regulated by EGR1.
DNA demethylation intermediate 5hmC
As indicated in the Figure above, captioned "Demethylation of 5-methylcytosine," the first step in active demethylation is a TET oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). The demethylation process, in some tissues and at some genome locations, may stop at that point. As reviewed by Uribe-Lewis et al., in addition to being an intermediate in active DNA demethylation, 5hmC is often a stable DNA modification. Within the genome, 5hmC is located at transcriptionally active genes, regulatory elements and chromatin associated complexes. In particular, 5hmC is dynamically changed and positively correlated with active gene transcription during cell lineage specification, and high levels of 5hmC are found in embryonic stem cells and in the central nervous system. In humans, defective 5-hydroxymethylating activity is associated with a phenotype of lymphoproliferation, immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.
Stage 3 base excision repair
The third stage of DNA demethylation is removal of the intermediate products of demethylation generated by a TET enzyme by base excision repair. As indicated above in Stage 2, after 5mC is first oxidized by a TET to form 5hmC, further oxidation of 5hmC by TET yields 5fC and oxidation of 5fC by TET yields 5caC. Both 5fC and 5caC are recognized by a DNA glycosylase, TDG, a base excision repair enzyme, as an abnormal base. As shown in the Figure in this section, TDG removes the abnormal base (e.g. 5fC) while leaving the sugar-phosphate backbone intact, creating an apurinic/apyrimidinic site, commonly referred to as an AP site. In this Figure, the 8-OHdG is left in the DNA, since it may have been present when OGG1 attracted TET1 to the CpG site with a methylated cytosine. After an AP site is formed, AP endonuclease creates a nick in the phosphodiester backbone of the AP site that was formed when the TDG DNA glycosylase removed the 5fC or 5caC. The human AP endonuclease incises DNA 5′ to the AP site by a hydrolytic mechanism, leaving a 3′-hydroxyl and a 5′-deoxyribose phosphate (5' dRP) residue. This is followed by either short patch or long patch repair. In short patch repair, 5′ dRP lyase trims the 5′ dRP end to form a phosphorylated 5′ end. This is followed by DNA polymerase β (pol β) adding a single cytosine to pair with the pre-existing guanine in the complementary strand and then DNA ligase to seal the cut strand. In long patch repair, DNA synthesis is thought to be mediated by polymerase δ and polymerase ε performing displacement synthesis to form a flap. Pol β can also perform long-patch displacement synthesis. Long-patch synthesis typically inserts 2–10 new nucleotides. Then flap endonuclease removes the flap, and this is followed by DNA ligase to seal the strand. At this point there has been a complete replacement of the 5-methylcytosine by cytosine (demethylation) in the DNA sequence.
Demethylation after exercise
Physical exercise has well established beneficial effects on learning and memory (see Neurobiological effects of physical exercise). BDNF is a particularly important regulator of learning and memory. As reviewed by Fernandes et al., in rats, exercise enhances the hippocampus expression of the gene Bdnf, which has an essential role in memory formation. Enhanced expression of Bdnf occurs through demethylation of its CpG island promoter at exon IV and this demethylation depends on steps illustrated in the two figures.
Demethylation after exposure to traffic related air pollution
In a panel of healthy adults, negative associations were found between total DNA methylation and exposure to traffic related air pollution. DNA methylation levels were associated both with recent and chronic exposure to Black Carbon as well as benzene.
Peripheral sensory neuron regeneration
After injury, neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system can switch from a dormant state with little axonal growth to robust axon regeneration. DNA demethylation in mature mammalian neurons removes barriers to axonal regeneration. This demethylation, in regenerating mouse peripheral neurons, depends upon TET3 to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in DNA. 5hmC was altered in a large set of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs), including well-known RAGs such as Atf3, Bdnf, and Smad1, that regulate the axon growth potential of neurons.
References
Molecular biology |
4749165 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398%20UEFA%20Cup | 1997–98 UEFA Cup | The 1997–98 UEFA Cup was won by Internazionale in an all-Italian final against Lazio. It was their third title in eight years in the competition.
It was the first instance of the UEFA Cup final being a one-game contest at a neutral stadium, having previously being decided over two legs with each team having one home game.
For first time, one nation (France) was represented by seven teams: Strasbourg, Auxerre, Bastia, Nantes, Lyon, Bordeaux and Metz.
Format
According to 1996 UEFA ranking, Spain took a slot to Germany (but this one took the place of the holders), the Netherlands took a place from Russia, while Ukraine, Czech Republic, and Hungary took a slot from Israel, FR Yugoslavia and Poland (but this one took the place of troubled Albania).
The access list was finally decreased to 102 clubs, because only the 16 best national champions excluded from the Champions League group stage entered in the UEFA Cup.
Teams
The labels in the parentheses show how each team qualified for the place of its starting round:
TH: Title holders
LC: League Cup winners
Nth: League position
IC: Intertoto Cup winners
FP: Fair play
CL Q2: Losers from the Champions League second qualifying round
Notes
First qualifying round
|}
First leg
Second leg
2–2 on aggregate; Dinamo Minsk won on away goals.
Hapoel Petah Tikva won 3–1 on aggregate.
Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk won 8–1 on aggregate.
Boby Brno won 7–4 on aggregate.
Apollon Limassol won 4–1 on aggregate.
Celtic won 8-0 on aggregate.
Neuchâtel Xamax won 10–1 on aggregate.
Hajduk Split won 6–1 on aggregate.
Grasshoppers won 10–1 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; Viking won 5–4 on penalties.
KR Reykjavík won 4–1 on aggregate.
Ferencváros won 6–0 on aggregate.
FK Jablonec 97 won 8–0 on aggregate.
Spartak Trnava won 4–1 on aggregate.
Odra Wodzisław won 4–2 on aggregate.
Vorskla Poltava won 5–2 on aggregate.
4–4 on aggregate; Brann won on away goals.
Dundee United won 17-0 on aggregate.
4–4 on aggregate; Gorica won on away goals.
Újpest won 9–2 on aggregate.
Second qualifying round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Hajduk Split won 5–2 on aggregate.
Anderlecht won 4–0 on aggregate.
Neuchâtel Xamax won 4–2 on aggregate.
Rotor Volgograd won 6–3 on aggregate.
Trabzonspor won 2–1 on aggregate.
Rapid Wien won 6–3 on aggregate.
Celtic won 7–5 on aggregate.
1–1 on aggregate; Ferencváros won 4–3 on penalties.
Hapoel Petah Tikva won 1–0 on aggregate.
Grasshoppers won 3–2 on aggregate.
Club Brugge won 8–3 on aggregate.
PAOK won 6–3 on aggregate.
OFI Crete won 3–1 on aggregate.
1–1 on aggregate; Örebro won on away goals.
Excelsior Mouscron won 3–0 on aggregate.
Lillestrøm won 3–0 on aggregate.
AGF Aarhus won 3–2 on aggregate.
Alania Vladikavkaz won 6–2 on aggregate.
First round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Auxerre won 2–1 on aggregate.
Anderlecht won 7–6 on aggregate.
PAOK won 2–1 on aggregate.
Udinese won 3–1 on aggregate.
Ajax won 10–2 on aggregate.
Lyon won 7–3 on aggregate.
Dinamo Tbilisi won 2–1 on aggregate.
Real Valladolid won 2–1 on aggregate.
Lazio won 6–1 on aggregate.
Strasbourg won 4–2 on aggregate.
MTK Hungária won 4–1 on aggregate.
Schalke won 5–2 on aggregate.
Bastia won 1–0 on aggregate.
Spartak Moscow won 6–1 on aggregate.
The original 2nd leg game finished 2–2 (scorers: Shirko, Alenichev – Lota 2x) on 30 September (Report), but had to be replayed because the goal posts were 8 cm short of the prescribed height.
OFI Crete won 4–2 on aggregate.
Athletic Bilbao won 4–1 on aggregate.
Aston Villa won 1–0 on aggregate.
Steaua București won 2–1 on aggregate.
Rotor Volgograd won 6–1 on aggregate.
1860 Munich won 7–1 on aggregate.
Bochum won 6–5 on aggregate.
Croatia Zagreb won 9–4 on aggregate.
Braga won 3–2 on aggregate.
Rapid Wien won 2–1 on aggregate.
Internazionale won 4–0 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; Liverpool won on away goals.
Metz won 6–1 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; Twente won on away goals.
Club Brugge won 4–2 on aggregate.
Atlético Madrid won 4–1 on aggregate.
AGF Aarhus won 3–2 on aggregate.
Karlsruhe won 3–2 on aggregate.
Second round
|}
First leg
Second leg
Strasbourg won 3–2 on aggregate.
Internazionale won 4–3 on aggregate.
Braga won 5–0 on aggregate.
Schalke 04 won 3–1 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; Ajax won on away goals.
Bochum won 4–2 on aggregate.
Karlsruhe won 3–1 on aggregate.
Spartak Moscow won 4–1 on aggregate.
Croatia Zagreb won 2–1 on aggregate.
Atlético Madrid won 9–6 on aggregate.
3–3 on aggregate; Steaua București won on away goals.
Aston Villa won 2–1 on aggregate.
Rapid Wien won 4–2 on aggregate.
Lazio won 3–0 on aggregate.
1–1 on aggregate; Twente won on away goals.
Auxerre won 5–4 on aggregate.
Third round
The draw for the third round was held on 7 November 1997.
|}
First leg
Second leg
Internazionale won 3–2 on aggregate.
Schalke 04 won 2–0 on aggregate.
Ajax won 6–4 on aggregate.
Spartak Moscow won 1–0 on aggregate.
Atlético Madrid won 2–1 on aggregate.
Aston Villa won 3–2 on aggregate.
Lazio won 3–0 on aggregate.
Auxerre won 3–0 on aggregate.
Quarter-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Internazionale won 2–1 on aggregate.
Spartak Moscow won 4–1 on aggregate.
2–2 on aggregate; Atlético Madrid won on away goals.
Lazio won 3–2 on aggregate.
Semi-finals
|}
First leg
Second leg
Internazionale won 4–2 on aggregate.
Lazio won 1–0 on aggregate.
Final
Top goalscorers
See also
1997–98 UEFA Champions League
1997–98 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
1997 UEFA Intertoto Cup
References
External links
1997–98 All matches UEFA Cup – season at UEFA website
Official Site
Results at RSSSF.com
All scorers 1997–98 UEFA Cup according to (excluding preliminary round) according to protocols UEFA + all scorers preliminary round
1997/98 UEFA Cup - results and line-ups (archive)
UEFA Cup seasons
2 |
3471186 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect%20%28psychology%29 | Affect (psychology) | Affect, in psychology, refers to the underlying experience of feeling, emotion, attachment, or mood. In psychology, "affect" refers to the experience of feeling or emotion. It encompasses a wide range of emotional states and can be positive (e.g., happiness, joy, excitement) or negative (e.g., sadness, anger, fear, disgust). Affect is a fundamental aspect of human experience and plays a central role in many psychological theories and studies. It can be understood as a combination of three components: emotion, mood (enduring, less intense emotional states that are not necessarily tied to a specific event), and affectivity (an individual's overall disposition or temperament, which can be characterized as having a generally positive or negative affect). In psychology, the term "affect" is often used interchangeably with several related terms and concepts, though each term may have slightly different nuances. These terms encompass: emotion, feeling, mood, emotional state, sentiment, affective state, emotional response, affective reactivity, disposition. Researchers and psychologists may employ specific terms based on their focus and the context of their work.
History
The modern conception of affect developed in the 19th century with Wilhelm Wundt. The word comes from the German Gefühl, meaning "feeling".
A number of experiments have been conducted in the study of social and psychological affective preferences (i.e., what people like or dislike). Specific research has been done on preferences, attitudes, impression formation, and decision-making. This research contrasts findings with recognition memory (old-new judgments), allowing researchers to demonstrate reliable distinctions between the two. Affect-based judgments and cognitive processes have been examined with noted differences indicated, and some argue affect and cognition are under the control of separate and partially independent systems that can influence each other in a variety of ways (Zajonc, 1980). Both affect and cognition may constitute independent sources of effects within systems of information processing. Others suggest emotion is a result of an anticipated, experienced, or imagined outcome of an adaptational transaction between organism and environment, therefore cognitive appraisal processes are keys to the development and expression of an emotion (Lazarus, 1982).
Dimensions
Affective states vary along three principal dimensions: valence, arousal, and motivational intensity.
Valence is the subjective spectrum of positive-to-negative evaluation of an experience an individual may have had. Emotional valence refers to the emotion's consequences, emotion-eliciting circumstances, or subjective feelings or attitudes.
Arousal is objectively measurable as activation of the sympathetic nervous system, but can also be assessed subjectively via self-report.
Motivational intensity refers to the impulsion to act; the strength of an urge to move toward or away from a stimulus and whether or not to interact with said stimulus. Simply moving is not considered approach (or avoidance) motivation
It is important to note that arousal is different from motivational intensity. While arousal is a construct that is closely related to motivational intensity, they differ in that motivation necessarily implies action while arousal does not.
Affect display
Affect is sometimes used to mean affect display, which is "a facial, vocal, or gestural behavior that serves as an indicator of affect" (APA 2006).
Cognitive scope
In psychology, affect defines the organisms' interaction with stimuli. It can influence the scope of the cognitive processes. Initially, researchers had thought that positive affects broadened the cognitive scope, whereas negative affects narrowed it. Thereafter, evidences suggested that affects high in motivational intensity narrow the cognitive scope, whereas affects low in motivational intensity broaden it. The construct of cognitive scope could be valuable in cognitive psychology.
Affect tolerance
According to a research article about affect tolerance written by psychiatrist Jerome Sashin, "Affect tolerance can be defined as the ability to respond to a stimulus which would ordinarily be expected to evoke affects by the subjective experiencing of feelings." Essentially it refers to one's ability to react to emotions and feelings. One who is low in affect tolerance would show little to no reaction to emotion and feeling of any kind. This is closely related to alexithymia.
"Alexithymia is a subclinical phenomenon involving a lack of emotional awareness or, more specifically, difficulty in identifying and describing feelings and in distinguishing feelings from the bodily sensations of emotional arousal" At its core, alexithymia is an inability for an individual to recognize what emotions they are feeling—as well as an inability to describe them. According to Dalya Samur and colleagues, people with alexithymia have been shown to have correlations with increased suicide rates, mental discomfort, and deaths.
Affect tolerance factors, including anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional distress tolerance, may be helped by mindfulness. Mindfulness refers to the practice of being hyper aware of one's own feelings, thoughts, sensations, and the stimulus of the environment around you—not in an anxiety-inducing way, but in a gentle and pleasant way. Mindfulness has been shown to produce "increased subjective well-being, reduced psychological symptoms and emotional reactivity, and improved behavioral regulation."
Relationship to behavior and cognition
The affective domain represents one of the three divisions described in modern psychology: the other two being the behavioral, and the cognitive. Classically, these divisions have also been referred to as the "ABC's of psychology", However, in certain views, the cognitive may be considered as a part of the affective, or the affective as a part of the cognitive; it is important to note that "cognitive and affective states … [are] merely analytic categories."
Instinctive and cognitive factors in causation of affect
"Affect" can mean an instinctual reaction to stimulation that occurs before the typical cognitive processes considered necessary for the formation of a more complex emotion. Robert B. Zajonc asserts this reaction to stimuli is primary for human beings and that it is the dominant reaction for non-human organisms. Zajonc suggests that affective reactions can occur without extensive perceptual and cognitive encoding and be made sooner and with greater confidence than cognitive judgments (Zajonc, 1980).
Many theorists (e.g. Lazarus, 1982) consider affect to be post-cognitive: elicited only after a certain amount of cognitive processing of information has been accomplished. In this view, such affective reactions as liking, disliking, evaluation, or the experience of pleasure or displeasure each result from a different prior cognitive process that makes a variety of content discriminations and identifies features, examines them to find value, and weighs them according to their contributions (Brewin, 1989). Some scholars (e.g. Lerner and Keltner 2000) argue that affect can be both pre- and post-cognitive: initial emotional responses produce thoughts, which produce affect. In a further iteration, some scholars argue that affect is necessary for enabling more rational modes of cognition (e.g. Damasio 1994).
A divergence from a narrow reinforcement model of emotion allows other perspectives about how affect influences emotional development. Thus, temperament, cognitive development, socialization patterns, and the idiosyncrasies of one's family or subculture might interact in nonlinear ways. For example, the temperament of a highly reactive/low self-soothing infant may "disproportionately" affect the process of emotion regulation in the early months of life (Griffiths, 1997).
Some other social sciences, such as geography or anthropology, have adopted the concept of affect during the last decade. In French psychoanalysis a major contribution to the field of affect comes from André Green. The focus on affect has largely derived from the work of Deleuze and brought emotional and visceral concerns into such conventional discourses as those on geopolitics, urban life and material culture. Affect has also challenged methodologies of the social sciences by emphasizing somatic power over the idea of a removed objectivity and therefore has strong ties with the contemporary non-representational theory.
Psychometric measurement
Affect has been found across cultures to comprise both positive and negative dimensions. The most commonly used measure in scholarly research is the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). The PANAS is a lexical measure developed in a North American setting and consisting of 20 single-word items, for instance excited, alert, determined for positive affect, and upset, guilty, and jittery for negative affect. However, some of the PANAS items have been found either to be redundant or to have ambiguous meanings to English speakers from non-North American cultures. As a result, an internationally reliable short-form, the I-PANAS-SF, has been developed and validated comprising two 5-item scales with internal reliability, cross-sample and cross-cultural factorial invariance, temporal stability, convergent and criterion-related validities.
Mroczek and Kolarz have also developed another set of scales to measure positive and negative affect. Each of the scales has 6 items. The scales have shown evidence of acceptable validity and reliability across cultures.
Non-conscious affect and perception
In relation to perception, a type of non-conscious affect may be separate from the cognitive processing of environmental stimuli. A monohierarchy of perception, affect and cognition considers the roles of arousal, attention tendencies, affective primacy (Zajonc, 1980), evolutionary constraints (Shepard, 1984; 1994), and covert perception (Weiskrantz, 1997) within the sensing and processing of preferences and discriminations. Emotions are complex chains of events triggered by certain stimuli. There is no way to completely describe an emotion by knowing only some of its components. Verbal reports of feelings are often inaccurate because people may not know exactly what they feel, or they may feel several different emotions at the same time. There are also situations that arise in which individuals attempt to hide their feelings, and there are some who believe that public and private events seldom coincide exactly, and that words for feelings are generally more ambiguous than are words for objects or events. Therefore, non-conscious emotions need to be measured by measures circumventing self-report such as the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT; Quirin, Kazén, & Kuhl, 2009).
Affective responses, on the other hand, are more basic and may be less problematic in terms of assessment. Brewin has proposed two experiential processes that frame non-cognitive relations between various affective experiences: those that are prewired dispositions (i.e. non-conscious processes), able to "select from the total stimulus array those stimuli that are causally relevant, using such criteria as perceptual salience, spatiotemporal cues, and predictive value in relation to data stored in memory" (Brewin, 1989, p. 381), and those that are automatic (i.e. subconscious processes), characterized as "rapid, relatively inflexible and difficult to modify... (requiring) minimal attention to occur and... (capable of being) activated without intention or awareness" (1989 p. 381).
But a note should be considered on the differences between affect and emotion.
Arousal
Arousal is a basic physiological response to the presentation of stimuli. When this occurs, a non-conscious affective process takes the form of two control mechanisms: one mobilizing and the other immobilizing. Within the human brain, the amygdala regulates an instinctual reaction initiating this arousal process, either freezing the individual or accelerating mobilization.
The arousal response is illustrated in studies focused on reward systems that control food-seeking behavior (Balleine, 2005). Researchers have focused on learning processes and modulatory processes that are present while encoding and retrieving goal values. When an organism seeks food, the anticipation of reward based on environmental events becomes another influence on food seeking that is separate from the reward of food itself. Therefore, earning the reward and anticipating the reward are separate processes and both create an excitatory influence of reward-related cues. Both processes are dissociated at the level of the amygdala, and are functionally integrated within larger neural systems.
Motivational intensity and cognitive scope
Measuring cognitive scope
Cognitive scope can be measured by tasks involving attention, perception, categorization and memory. Some studies use a flanker attention task to figure out whether cognitive scope is broadened or narrowed. For example, using the letters "H" and "N" participants need to identify as quickly as possible the middle letter of 5 when all the letters are the same (e.g. "HHHHH") and when the middle letter is different from the flanking letters (e.g. "HHNHH"). Broadened cognitive scope would be indicated if reaction times differed greatly from when all the letters were the same compared to when the middle letter is different. Other studies use a Navon attention task to measure difference in cognitive scope. A large letter is composed of smaller letters, in most cases smaller "L"'s or "F"'s that make up the shape of the letter "T" or "H" or vice versa. Broadened cognitive scope would be suggested by a faster reaction to name the larger letter, whereas narrowed cognitive scope would be suggested by a faster reaction to name the smaller letters within the larger letter. A source-monitoring paradigm can also be used to measure how much contextual information is perceived: for instance, participants are tasked to watch a screen which serially displays words to be memorized for 3 seconds each, and also have to remember whether the word appeared on the left or the right half of the screen. The words were also encased in a colored box, but the participants did not know that they would eventually be asked what color box the word appeared in.
Main research findings
Motivation intensity refers to the strength of urge to move toward or away from a particular stimulus.
Anger and fear affective states, induced via film clips, resulted in more selective attention on a flanker task compared to controls as indicated by reaction times that were not very different, even when the flanking letters were different from the middle target letter. Both anger and fear have high motivational intensity because propulsion to act would be high in the face of an angry or fearful stimulus, like a screaming person or coiled snake. Affects which are high in motivational intensity, and thus are narrow in cognitive scope, enable people to focus more on target information. After seeing a sad picture, participants were faster to identify the larger letter in a Navon attention task, suggesting more global or broadened cognitive scope. Sadness is thought to sometimes have low motivational intensity. But, after seeing a disgusting picture, participants were faster to identify the component letters, indicative of a localized and narrower cognitive scope. Disgust has high motivational intensity. Affects which are high in motivational intensity narrow one's cognitive scope, enabling people to focus more on central information, whereas affects which are low in motivational intensity broadened cognitive scope, allowing for faster global interpretation. The changes in cognitive scope associated with different affective states is evolutionarily adaptive because high motivational intensity affects elicited by stimuli that require movement and action should be focused on, in a phenomenon known as goal-directed behavior. For example, in early times, seeing a lion (a fearful stimulus) probably elicited a negative but highly motivational affective state (fear) in which the human being was propelled to run away. In this case the goal would be to avoid getting killed.
Moving beyond just negative affective states, researchers wanted to test whether or not negative or positive affective states varied between high and low motivational intensity. To evaluate this theory, Harmon-Jones, Gable and Price created an experiment using appetitive picture priming and the Navon task, which would allow them to measure the attentional scope with detection of the Navon letters. The Navon task included a neutral affect comparison condition. Typically, neutral states cause broadened attention with a neutral stimulus. They predicted that a broad attentional scope could cause faster detection of global (large) letters, whereas a narrow attentional scope could cause faster detection of local (small) letters. The evidence proved that the appetitive stimuli produced a narrowed attentional scope. The experimenters further increased the narrowed attentional scope in appetitive stimuli by telling participants they would be allowed to consume the desserts shown in the pictures. The results revealed that their hypothesis was correct, in that the broad attentional scope led to quicker detection of global letters, while narrowed attentional scope led to quicker detection of local letters.
Researchers Bradley, Codispoti, Cuthbert and Lang wanted to further examine the emotional reactions in picture priming. Instead of using an appetitive stimulus they used stimulus sets from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). The image set includes various unpleasant pictures such as snakes, insects, attack scenes, accidents, illness, and loss. They predicted that an unpleasant picture would stimulate a defensive motivational intensity response, which would produce strong emotional arousal such as skin gland responses and cardiac deceleration. Participants rated the pictures based on valence, arousal and dominance on the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) rating scale. The findings were consistent with the hypothesis and proved that emotion is organized motivationally by the intensity of activation in appetitive or defensive systems.
Prior to research in 2013, Harmon-Jones and Gable performed an experiment to examine whether neural activation related to approach-motivation intensity (left frontal-central activity) would trigger the effect of appetitive stimuli on narrowed attention. They also tested whether individual dissimilarities in approach motivation are associated with attentional narrowing. In order to test the hypothesis, the researchers used the same Navon task with appetitive and neutral pictures in addition to having the participants indicate how long since they had last eaten in minutes. To examine neural activation, the researchers used electroencephalography and recorded eye movements in order to detect what regions of the brain were being used during approach motivation. The results supported the hypothesis that the left frontal-central brain region is related to approach-motivational processes and narrowed attentional scope. Some psychologists were concerned that the individuals who were hungry had an increase in activity in the left frontal-central region due to frustration. This statement was proved false because the research showed that dessert pictures increased positive affect even in hungry individuals. The findings revealed that narrowed cognitive scope has the ability to assist us in goal accomplishment.
Clinical applications
Later on, researchers connected motivational intensity to clinical applications and found that alcohol-related pictures caused narrowed attention for persons who had a strong motivation to consume alcohol. The researchers tested the participants by exposing them to alcohol and neutral pictures. After the picture was displayed on a screen, the participants finished a test evaluating attentional focus. The findings proved that exposure to alcohol-related pictures led to a narrowing of attentional focus to individuals who were motivated to use alcohol. However, exposure to neutral pictures did not correlate with alcohol-related motivation to manipulate attentional focus. The Alcohol Myopia Theory (AMT) states that alcohol consumption reduces the amount of information available in memory, which also narrows attention so only the most proximal items or striking sources are encompassed in attentional scope. This narrowed attention leads intoxicated persons to make more extreme decisions than they would when sober. Researchers provided evidence that substance-related stimuli capture the attention of individuals when they have high and intense motivation to consume the substance. Motivational intensity and cue-induced narrowing of attention has a unique role in shaping people's initial decision to consume alcohol. In 2013, psychologists from the University of Missouri investigated the connection between sport achievement orientation and alcohol outcomes. They asked varsity athletes to complete a Sport Orientation Questionnaire which measured their sport-related achievement orientation on three scales—competitiveness, win orientation, and goal orientation. The participants also completed assessments of alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. The results revealed that the goal orientation of the athletes were significantly associated with alcohol use but not alcohol-related problems.
In terms of psychopathological implications and applications, college students showing depressive symptoms were better at retrieving seemingly "nonrelevant" contextual information from a source monitoring paradigm task. Namely, the students with depressive symptoms were better at identifying the color of the box the word was in compared to nondepressed students. Sadness (low motivational intensity) is usually associated with depression, so the more broad focus on contextual information of sadder students supports that affects high in motivational intensity narrow cognitive scope whereas affects low in motivational intensity broaden cognitive scope.
The motivational intensity theory states that the difficulty of a task combined with the importance of success determine the energy invested by an individual. The theory has three main layers. The innermost layer says human behavior is guided by the desire to conserve as much energy as possible. Individuals aim to avoid wasting energy so they invest only the energy that is required to complete the task. The middle layer focuses on the difficulty of tasks combined with the importance of success and how this affects energy conservation. It focuses on energy investment in situations of clear and unclear task difficulty. The last layer looks at predictions for energy invested by a person when they have several possible options to choose at different task difficulties. The person is free to choose among several possible options of task difficulty. The motivational intensity theory offers a logical and consistent framework for research. Researchers can predict a person's actions by assuming effort refers to the energy investment. The motivational intensity theory is used to show how changes in goal attractiveness and energy investment correlate.
Mood
Mood, like emotion, is an affective state. However, an emotion tends to have a clear focus (i.e., its cause is self-evident), while mood tends to be more unfocused and diffuse. Mood, according to Batson, Shaw and Oleson (1992), involves tone and intensity and a structured set of beliefs about general expectations of a future experience of pleasure or pain, or of positive or negative affect in the future. Unlike instant reactions that produce affect or emotion, and that change with expectations of future pleasure or pain, moods, being diffuse and unfocused and thus harder to cope with, can last for days, weeks, months or even years (Schucman, 1975). Moods are hypothetical constructs depicting an individual's emotional state. Researchers typically infer the existence of moods from a variety of behavioral referents (Blechman, 1990). Habitual negative affect and negative mood is characteristic of high neuroticism.
Positive affect and negative affect (PANAS) represent independent domains of emotion in the general population, and positive affect is strongly linked to social interaction. Positive and negative daily events show independent relationships to subjective well-being, and positive affect is strongly linked to social activity. Recent research suggests that high functional support is related to higher levels of positive affect. In his work on negative affect arousal and white noise, Seidner found support for the existence of a negative affect arousal mechanism regarding the devaluation of speakers from other ethnic origins. The exact process through which social support is linked to positive affect remains unclear. The process could derive from predictable, regularized social interaction, from leisure activities where the focus is on relaxation and positive mood, or from the enjoyment of shared activities. The techniques used to shift a negative mood to a positive one are called mood repair strategies.
Social interaction
Affect display is a critical facet of interpersonal communication. Evolutionary psychologists have advanced the hypothesis that hominids have evolved with sophisticated capability of reading affect displays.
Emotions are portrayed as dynamic processes that mediate the individual's relation to a continually changing social environment. In other words, emotions are considered to be processes of establishing, maintaining, or disrupting the relation between the organism and the environment on matters of significance to the person.
Most social and psychological phenomena occur as the result of repeated interactions between multiple individuals over time. These interactions should be seen as a multi-agent system—a system that contains multiple agents interacting with each other and/or with their environments over time. The outcomes of individual agents' behaviors are interdependent: Each agent's ability to achieve its goals depends on not only what it does but also what other agents do.
Emotions are one of the main sources for the interaction. Emotions of an individual influence the emotions, thoughts and behaviors of others; others' reactions can then influence their future interactions with the individual expressing the original emotion, as well as that individual's future emotions and behaviors. Emotion operates in cycles that can involve multiple people in a process of reciprocal influence.
Affect, emotion, or feeling is displayed to others through facial expressions, hand gestures, posture, voice characteristics, and other physical manifestation. These affect displays vary between and within cultures and are displayed in various forms ranging from the most discrete of facial expressions to the most dramatic and prolific gestures.
Observers are sensitive to agents' emotions, and are capable of recognizing the messages these emotions convey. They react to and draw inferences from an agent's emotions. The emotion an agent displays may not be an authentic reflection of his or her actual state (See also Emotional labor).
Agents' emotions can have effects on four broad sets of factors:
Emotions of other persons
Inferences of other persons
Behaviors of other persons
Interactions and relationships between the agent and other persons.
Emotion may affect not only the person at whom it was directed, but also third parties who observe an agent's emotion. Moreover, emotions can affect larger social entities such as a group or a team. Emotions are a kind of message and therefore can influence the emotions, attributions and ensuing behaviors of others, potentially evoking a feedback process to the original agent.
Agents' feelings evoke feelings in others by two suggested distinct mechanisms:
Emotion contagion – people tend to automatically and unconsciously mimic non-verbal expressions. Mimicking occurs also in interactions involving textual exchanges alone.
Emotion interpretation – an individual may perceive an agent as feeling a particular emotion and react with complementary or situationally appropriate emotions of their own. The feelings of the others diverge from and in some way complement the feelings of the original agent.
People may not only react emotionally, but may also draw inferences about emotive agents such as the social status or power of an emotive agent, his competence and his credibility. For example, an agent presumed to be angry may also be presumed to have high power.
See also
Affect consciousness
Affect control theory
Affect heuristic
Affect infusion model
Affect labeling
Affect measures
Affect theory
Affective neuroscience
Affective science
Affective spectrum
Feeling
Negative affectivity
Reduced affect display
Reversal theory
Social neuroscience
Subjective well-being
Vedanā
References
Bibliography
APA (2006). VandenBos, Gary R., ed. APA Dictionary of Psychology Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, page 26.
Batson, C.D., Shaw, L. L., Oleson, K. C. (1992). Differentiating Affect, Mood and Emotion: Toward Functionally based Conceptual Distinctions. Emotion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Blechman, E. A. (1990). Moods, Affect, and Emotions. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ
Damasio, A., (1994). *Descartes' Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain, Putnam Publishing
Griffiths, P. E. (1997). What Emotions Really Are: The Problem of Psychological Categories. The University of Chicago Press: Chicago
Hommel, Bernhard (2019). "Affect and control: A conceptual clarification". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 144 (10): 1–6.
Nathanson, Donald L. Shame and Pride: Affect, Sex, and the Birth of the Self. London: W.W. Norton, 1992
Schucman, H., Thetford, C. (1975). A Course in Miracle. New York: Viking Penguin
Weiskrantz, L. (1997). Consciousness Lost and Found. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
External links
Personality and the Structure of Affective Responses
Circumplex Model of Affect
Affect and Memory
Evolutionary psychology
Feeling |
4628389 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucson%20Symphony%20Orchestra | Tucson Symphony Orchestra | The Tucson Symphony Orchestra, or TSO, is the primary professional orchestra of Tucson, Arizona. Founded in 1928, when the season consisted of just two concerts, the TSO is the oldest continuously running performing arts organization in the Southwest. The TSO's season now runs from September to May and consists of over 60 concerts, including a Classics Series of eight programs, a Pops Series of four programs, a Masterworks series of five chamber orchestra programs, a number of one-night only specials, and run-out concerts to surrounding areas, such as Oro Valley, Green Valley, Bisbee, Safford, Thatcher, and Nogales. The TSO also provides educational programming that reaches over 40,000 school children each season. Within the TSO are a number of standing chamber ensembles, including a string quartet, string quintet, piano trio, harp trio, brass quintet, and woodwind quintet. These ensembles help provide educational programming through school visits, perform recitals annually, and also perform at private and community events.
The TSO performs music of a variety of styles, including classical, big-band, folk, jazz, pop, mariachi, and also commissions and performs new works by living composers.
History of the TSO
The TSO performed its first concert on January 13, 1929 with Camil Van Hulse at the podium. The program, performed at the Tucson High School auditorium, featured 60 volunteer musicians from throughout the community (including co-founder Juliani on double bass).
The Orchestra played Schubert’s Rosamunde Overture and Beethoven’s Symphony No. 7. Local papers hailed the debut as a monumental achievement and said the audience greeted the Symphony’s performance with “surprise, admiration and bursts of enthusiasm.”
Though there were only two concerts the first season, the second offered three concerts and featured a new conductor, Joseph De Luca, who remained with the Symphony for five years. Concerts were held on Sunday evenings at 8:30. The early concert programs were all-orchestral; on March 16, 1930, soprano Mary Margaret Fischer appeared as the orchestra’s first soloist.
Midway through the third season, the TSO moved to the Temple of Music and Art, first playing there on January 25, 1931.
1930s – 1950s
In the late 1930s, the TSO’s financial situation was tenuous, prompting a decision to merge with the University of Arizona. From 1939-1950, the TSO existed under the auspices of the university, sharing access to music, offering credit to students who performed with the orchestra, and financial support. The orchestra performed under George C. Wilson from 1939 until his retirement in 1946, and then with Professor Samuel Fain from 1946 through his retirement in 1950.
Concerts were held in the UArizona Auditorium (now known as Centennial Hall).
As the 1950s opened, the orchestra was faced with a dilemma. Until this time, the musicians of the orchestra had not been paid. The Local 771 Union suggested payment of $15 a concert, but was met with opposition. After a yearlong standoff (which included 19 musicians and the conductor walking out), a coup de grace was found with a performance by John Charles Thomas, the most famous baritone at the time. By raising ticket prices (to $10, from $5) and filling 2200 seats, the TSO went into the black and proved that it was possible to pay the musicians. A budget was agreed upon in 1951 that included musician pay.
1952 saw the arrival of Frederic Balazs, the TSO’s first full-time, paid conductor and the debut of the Tucson Symphony Women’s Association, the first organization formed to support the TSO.
In 1958, the Tucson Symphony Youth Orchestra was founded, and it was also the first year of the annual Cotillion fundraiser.
1960s-1970s
Through the 1960s, the orchestra continued to expand in size and in budget. The decade brought the first-ever grant from the Tucson City Council ($2500, in 1965), the first performance with the Tucson City Chorus (a sold-out 1966 event), the first sold-out concert season (1967), and the first year that the operating budget surpassed $100,000 (1968).
In 1971, the TSO, under the direction of Music Director Gregory Millar moved to its current performance space- The Tucson Music Hall (now known as the Linda Ronstadt Music Hall). The opening performance was led by Arthur Fiedler (who also participated in a parade on a fire truck as part of the festivities the following day).
The TSO celebrated its 50th anniversary in the 1978-79 season, which included a concert featuring 99 musicians conducted by Music Director Dr. George Trautwein. Camil Van Hulse also returned to conduct the Rosamunde overture, a special nod to the orchestra’s first performance.
1980's-1990s
By the early 1980s the budget surpassed $500,000, earning the status of regional orchestra from the American Symphony Orchestra League. Music Director William McGlaughlin (now well known as the host of Exploring Music on National Public Radio) arrived in 1982 and established the Joy of Music series for families with young children. He was succeeded by Robert Bernhardt in 1987, who became a fixture in the community (and a frequent guest conductor following his departure).
During the 1990s, the organization was also able to purchase an administrative and rehearsal space that it still occupies today: The Tucson Symphony Center. Its outreach and education programs expanded, including the launch of the Young Composers Project. Thanks in part to grant funding, the TSO performed in communities throughout Southern Arizona, including Ajo, Bisbee, and Nogales.
George Hanson, the TSO’s longest-serving Music Director, arrived in 1996. Under his leadership, the TSO began performances in 2000 at the acoustically excellent Catalina Foothills High School auditorium, which has since become a firm favorite as the TSO’s second home. In 2003 the TSO Chorus was formed under the direction of Dr. Bruce Chamberlain, and continues to perform with the orchestra today for Handel’s Messiah and other orchestral choral masterworks.
Present
Maestro José Luis Gomez was appointed in 2016, the TSO’s first-ever Spanish-speaking music director. Under his artistic leadership, the TSO has expanded the quality and breadth of its programming, with a special focus on southern Arizona’s cultural heritage. In his first season, the orchestra performed to 150,000 people at the iconic All Soul’s Procession in downtown Tucson. Most recently, the TSO launched ¡Celebration latina!, a series of concerts embracing the large Hispanic and Latinx community. Maestro Gomez has also invested his energies in the Young Composers Project, commissioning several alumni for works on the main series. The TSO presents a number of new collaborations annually, including performances with Mariachi Aztlán de Pueblo High School, the Tucson Girls Chorus, the Tucson Arizona Boys Chorus, the Tucson International Mariachi Festival, Orkesta Mendoza, and Calexico.
In 2022, the TSO’s home downtown was renamed as the Linda Ronstadt Music Hall.
In the 2023-24 season the TSO celebrates its 95th anniversary. The organization is a member of the League of American Orchestra’s Group 3 with an annual budget of 6 million dollars. Over forty concerts a year are performed across the Classic, Masterworks, and Special Events series.
Mission
The mission of the Tucson Symphony Orchestra is to engage, educate and transform our community through live musical experiences of the highest quality.
Music Directors
The Orchestra has played under the leadership of the following music directors:
See also
Compositions by Bill McGlaughlin
Bill McGlaughlin
References
External links
Official website
Musical groups established in 1928
Musical groups from Tucson, Arizona
American orchestras
Performing arts in Arizona
1928 establishments in Arizona |
10945253 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales%20in%20the%20Early%20Middle%20Ages | Wales in the Early Middle Ages | Wales in the early Middle Ages covers the time between the Roman departure from Wales c. 383 until the middle of the 11th century. In that time there was a gradual consolidation of power into increasingly hierarchical kingdoms. The end of the early Middle Ages was the time that the Welsh language transitioned from the Primitive Welsh spoken throughout the era into Old Welsh, and the time when the modern England–Wales border would take its near-final form, a line broadly followed by Offa's Dyke, a late eighth-century earthwork. Successful unification into something recognisable as a Welsh state would come in the next era under the descendants of Merfyn Frych.
Wales was rural throughout the era, characterised by small settlements called trefi. The local landscape was controlled by a local aristocracy and ruled by a warrior aristocrat. Control was exerted over a piece of land and, by extension, over the people who lived on that land. Many of the people were tenant peasants or slaves, answerable to the aristocrat who controlled the land on which they lived. There was no sense of a coherent tribe of people and everyone, from ruler down to slave, was defined in terms of his or her kindred family (the tud) and individual status (braint). Christianity had been introduced in the Roman era, and the Celtic Britons living in and near Wales were Christian throughout the era.
The semi-legendary founding of Gwynedd in the fifth century was followed by internecine warfare in Wales and with the kindred Brittonic kingdoms of northern England and southern Scotland (the Hen Ogledd) and structural and linguistic divergence from the southwestern peninsula British kingdom of Dumnonia known to the Welsh as Cernyw prior to its eventual absorption into Wessex. The seventh and eighth centuries were characterised by ongoing warfare by the northern and eastern Welsh kingdoms against the intruding Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia. That era of struggle saw the Welsh adopt their modern name for themselves, Cymry, meaning "fellow countrymen", and it also saw the demise of all but one of the kindred kingdoms of northern England and southern Scotland at the hands of then-ascendant Northumbria.
History
Wales as a nation was defined in opposition to later English settlement and incursions into the island of Great Britain. In the early middle ages, the people of Wales continued to think of themselves as Britons, the people of the whole island, but over the course of time one group of these Britons became isolated by the geography of the western peninsula, bounded by the sea and English neighbours. It was these English neighbours who named the land Wallia, and the people Welsh. The people of Wallia, medieval Wales, remained divided into separate kingdoms that fought with each other as much as they fought their English neighbours. Neither were the communities homogenously Welsh. Place name and archeological evidence point to Viking/Norse settlement in places such as Swansea, Fishguard and Anglesey, and Saxons settled amongst the Welsh in places such as Presteigne. It was the Norman invasion of England in 1066, which led soon after to incursions into Wales that overcame these rivalries, encouraging Welsh rulers to attempt to develop Wales into a unified state that could oppose this new threat. It was only in the final stages of conquest that Wales finally achieved this unity. It was the threat of invasion and conquest that created the nation of Wales.
After the Roman withdrawal, Wales remained a rural landscape, controlled by warlords that formed a local aristocracy. Control was exerted over a piece of land and, by extension, over the people who lived on that land. Many of the people were tenant peasants or slaves, answerable to the aristocrat who controlled the land on which they lived. There was no sense of a coherent tribe of people and everyone, from ruler down to slave, was defined in terms of his or her kindred family (the tud) and individual status (braint).
The Roman era had brought Christianity, and the Celtic Britons living in the land that would become Wales, and elsewhere in Britain, were Christian throughout the era, and their legacy is found in the many place names of Wales that are prefixed by , meaning a holy enclosure or church. The Welsh kingdoms arose in this period, in which the chieftains clashed with one another in internecine warfare, both in the territory that would become Wales (kingdoms such as Gwynedd) and across the Brittonic kingdoms of northern England and southern Scotland (the Hen Ogledd).This was also a time of structural and linguistic divergence from the southwestern peninsula British kingdom of Dumnonia known to the Welsh as Cernyw prior to its eventual absorption into Wessex. Cernyw would become Cornwall and their language would become Cornish. The seventh and eighth centuries were characterised by ongoing warfare by the northern and eastern Welsh kingdoms against the intruding Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia. That era of struggle saw the Welsh adopt their modern name for themselves, Cymry, meaning "fellow countrymen", and it also saw the demise of all but one of the kindred kingdoms of northern England and southern Scotland at the hands of then-ascendant Northumbria.
One king, Hywel Dda, came close to uniting Wales as a single nation. He was king of Deheubarth but in 942 he intervened when Idwal Foel of Gwynedd was defeated in battle by Edmund, King of England. He thus took control of Gwynedd and Powys, making him ruler of all Wales except Morgannwg and Gwent. Hywel Dda instituted Welsh law, which was adopted across Wales, even after his kingdom was divided after his death.
Irish settlement
In the late fourth century there was an influx of settlers from southern Ireland, the Uí Liatháin and Laigin (with Déisi participation uncertain), arriving under unknown circumstances but leaving a lasting legacy especially in Dyfed. It is possible that they were invited to settle by the Welsh. There is no evidence of warfare, a bilingual regional heritage suggests peaceful coexistence and intermingling, and the Historia Brittonum written c. 828 notes that a Welsh king had the power to settle foreigners and transfer tracts of land to them. That Roman-era regional rulers were able to exert such power is suggested by the Roman tolerance of native hill forts where there was local leadership under local law and custom. Whatever the circumstances, there is nothing known to connect these settlers either to Roman policy, or to the Irish raiders (the Scoti) of classical Roman accounts.
Roman-era legacy
Forts and roads are the most visible physical signs of a past Roman presence, along with the coins and Roman-era Latin inscriptions that are associated with Roman military sites. There is a legacy of Romanisation along the coast of southeastern Wales. In that region are found the remains of villas in the countryside. Caerwent and three small urban sites, along with Carmarthen and Roman Monmouth, are the only "urbanised" Roman sites in Wales. This region was placed under Roman civil administration (civitates) in the mid-second century, with the rest of Wales being under military administration throughout the Roman era. There are a number of borrowings from the Latin lexicon into Welsh, and while there are Latin-derived words with legal meaning in popular usage such as pobl ("people"), the technical words and concepts used in describing Welsh law in the Middle Ages are native Welsh, and not of Roman origin.
There is ongoing debate as to the extent of a lasting Roman influence being applicable to the early Middle Ages in Wales, and while the conclusions about Welsh history are important, Wendy Davies has questioned the relevance of the debates themselves by noting that whatever Roman provincial administration might have survived in places, it eventually became a new system appropriate to the time and place, and not a "hangover of archaic practices".
Earliest kingdoms
The exact origins and extent of the early kingdoms are speculative. The conjectured minor kings of the sixth century held small areas within a radius of perhaps , probably near the coast. Throughout the era there was dynastic strengthening in some areas while new kingdoms emerged and then disappeared in others. There is no reason to suppose that every part of Wales was part of kingdom even as late as 700.
Dyfed is the same land of the Demetae shown on Ptolemy's map c. 150 during the Roman era. The fourth century arrival of Irish settlers intertwined the royal genealogies of Wales and Ireland, with Dyfed's rulers appearing in The Expulsion of the Déisi, Harleian MS. 5389 and Jesus College MS. 20. Its king Vortiporius was one of the kings condemned by Gildas in his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, c. 540.
While the better documented southeast shows a long and slow acquisition of property and power by the dynasty of Meurig ap Tewdrig in connection with the kingdoms of Glywysing, Gwent and Ergyng, there is a near-complete absence of information about many other areas. The earliest known name of a king of Ceredigion was Cereticiaun, who died in 807, and none of the mid-Welsh kingdoms can be evidenced before the eighth century. There are mentions of Brycheiniog and Gwrtheyrnion (near Buellt) in that era, but for the latter it is difficult to say whether it had either an earlier or a later existence.
The early history in the north and east are somewhat better known, with Gwynedd having a semi-legendary origin in the arrival of Cunedda from Manau Gododdin in the fifth century (an inscribed sixth century gravestone records the earliest known mention of the kingdom). Its king Maelgwn Gwynedd was one of the kings condemned by Gildas in his De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, c. 540. There may also have been sixth-century kingdoms in Rhos, Meirionydd and Dunoding, all associated with Gwynedd.
The name of Powys is not certainly used before the ninth century, but its earlier existence (perhaps under a different name) is reasonably inferred by the fact that Selyf ap Cynan (d. 616) and his grandfather are in the Harleian genealogies as the family of the known later kings of Powys, and Selyf's father Cynan ap Brochwel appears in poems attributed to Taliesen, where he is described as leading successful raids throughout Wales. Seventh-century Pengwern is associated with the later Powys through the poems of Canu Heledd, which name sites from Shropshire to Dogfeiling to Newtown in lamenting the demise of Pengwern's king Cynddylan; but the poem's geography probably reflects the time of its composition, around the ninth or tenth century rather that Cynddylan's own time.
Geography
The total area of Wales is . Much of the landscape is mountainous with treeless moors and heath, and having large areas with peat deposits. There is approximately of coastline and some 50 offshore islands, the largest of which is Anglesey. The present climate is wet and maritime, with warm summers and mild winters, much like the later medieval climate, though there was a significant change to cooler and much wetter conditions in the early part of the era.<ref>, Wales in the Early Middle Ages", "Land, Landscape and Environment".</ref> The southeastern coast was originally a wetland, but reclamation has been ongoing since the Roman era.
There are deposits of gold, copper, lead, silver and zinc, and these have been exploited since the Iron Age, especially so in the Roman era. In the Roman era some granite was quarried, as was slate in the north and sandstone in the east and south.
Native fauna included large and small mammals, such as the brown bear, wolf, wildcat, rodents, several species of weasel, and shrews, voles and many species of bat. There were many species of birds, fish and shellfish.
The early medieval human population has always been considered relatively low in comparison to England, but efforts to reliably quantify it have yet to provide widely acceptable results.
Subsistence
Much of the arable land is in the south, southeast, southwest, on Anglesey, and along the coast. However, specifying the ancient usage of land is problematic in that there is little surviving evidence on which to base the estimates. Forest clearance has taken place since the Iron Age, and it is not known how the ancient people of Wales determined the best use of the land for their particular circumstances, such as in their preference for wheat, oats, rye or barley depending on rainfall, growing season, temperature and the characteristics of the land on which they lived. Anglesey is the exception, historically producing more grain than any other part of Wales.
Animal husbandry included the raising of cattle, pigs, sheep and a lesser number of goats. Oxen were kept for ploughing, asses for beasts of burden and horses for human transport. The importance of sheep was less than in later centuries, as their extensive grazing in the uplands did not begin until the thirteenth century. The animals were tended by swineherds and herdsmen, but they were not confined, even in the lowlands. Instead open land was used for feeding, and seasonal transhumance was practised. In addition, bees were kept for the production of honey.
Society
Kindred family
The importance of blood relationships, particularly in relation to birth and noble descent, was heavily stressed in medieval Wales. Claims of dynastic legitimacy rested on it, and an extensive patrilinear genealogy was used to assess fines and penalties under Welsh law. Different degrees of blood relationship were important for different circumstances, all based upon the cenedl (kindred). The nuclear family (parents and children) was especially important, while the pencenedl (head of the family within four patrilinear generations) held special status, representing the family in transactions and having certain unique privileges under the law. Under extraordinary circumstances the genealogical interest could be stretched quite far: for the serious matter of homicide, all of the fifth cousins of a kindred (the seventh generation: the patrilinear descendants of a common great-great-great-great-grandfather) were ultimately liable for satisfying any penalty.
Land and political entities
The Welsh referred to themselves in terms of their territory and not in the sense of a tribe. Thus there was Gwenhwys ("Gwent" with a group-identifying suffix) and gwyr Guenti ("men of Gwent") and Broceniauc ("men of Brycheiniog"). Welsh custom contrasted with many Irish and Anglo-Saxon contexts, where the territory was named for the people living there (Connaught for the Connachta, Essex for the East Saxons). This is aside from the origin of a territory's name, such as in the custom of attributing it to an eponymous founder (Glywysing for Glywys, Ceredigion for Ceredig).
The Welsh term for a political entity was gwlad ("country") and it expressed the notion of a "sphere of rule" with a territorial component. The Latin equivalent seems to be regnum, which referred to the "changeable, expandable, contractable sphere of any ruler's power". Rule tended to be defined in relation to a territory that might be held and protected, or expanded or contracted, though the territories themselves were specific pieces of land and not synonyms for the gwlad.
Throughout the Middle Ages the Welsh used a variety of words for rulers, with the specific words used varying over time, and with literary sources generally using different terms than annalistic ones. Latin language texts used Latin language terms while vernacular texts used Welsh terms. Not only did the specific terms vary, the meaning of those specific terms varied over time as well. For example, brenin was one of the terms used for a king in the twelfth century. The earlier, original meaning of brenin was simply a person of status.
Kings are sometimes described as overkings, but the definition of what that meant is unclear, whether referring to a king with definite powers, or to ideas of someone considered to have high status.
Kingship
Wales in the early Middle Ages was a society with a landed warrior aristocracy, and after c. 500 Welsh politics were dominated by kings with territorial kingdoms. The legitimacy of the kingship was of paramount importance, the legitimate attainment of power was by dynastic inheritance or military proficiency. A king had to be considered effective and be associated with wealth, either his own or by distributing it to others, and those considered to be at the top level were required to have wisdom, perfection, and a long reach. Literary sources stressed martial qualities such as military capability, bold horsemanship, leadership, the ability to extend boundaries and to make conquests, along with an association with wealth and generosity. Clerical sources stressed obligations such as respect for Christian principles, providing defence and protection, pursuing thieves and imprisoning offenders, persecuting evildoers, and making judgements.
The relationship among people that is most appropriate to the warrior aristocracy is clientship and flexibility, and not one of sovereignty or absolute power, nor necessarily of long duration. Prior to the tenth century, power was held on a local level, and the limits of that power varied by region. There were at least two restraints on the limits of power: the combined will of the ruler's people (his "subjects"), and the authority of the Christian church. There is little to explain the meaning of "subject" beyond noting that those under a ruler owed an assessment (effectively, taxes) and military service when demanded, while they were owed protection by the ruler.
Kings
For much of the early medieval period kings had few functions except military ones. Kings made war and gave judgements (in consultation with local elders) but they did not govern in any sense of that word. From the sixth to the eleventh centuries the king moved about with an armed, mounted warband, a personal military retinue called a teulu that is described as a "small, swift-moving, and close-knit group". This military elite formed the core of any larger army that might be assembled. The relationships among the king and the members of his warband were personal, and the practice of fosterage strengthened those personal bonds.
Aristocracy
Power was held at a local level by families who controlled the land and the people who lived on that land. They are differentiated legally by having a higher sarhaed (the penalty for insult) than the general populace, by the records of their transactions (such as land transfers) by their participation in local judgements and administration, and by their consultative role in judgements made by the king.
References to the social stratification that defines an aristocracy are widely found in Welsh literature and law. A man's privilege was assessed in terms of his braint (status), of which there were two kinds (birth and office), and in terms of his superior's importance. Two men might each be an uchelwr (high man), but a king is higher than a breyr (a regional leader), so legal compensation for the loss to a king's bondsman (aillt) was higher than the equivalent loss to the bondsman of a breyr. Early sources stressed birth and function as the determinators of nobility, and not by the factor of wealth that later became associated with an aristocracy.
Populace
The populace included a hereditary tenant peasantry who were not slaves or serfs, but were less than free. Gwas ("servant", boy) referred to a dependent in perpetual servitude, but who was not bound to labour service (i.e., serfdom). Nor can the person be considered a vassal except perhaps as a clerical self-description, as in the 'vassal of a saint'. The early existence of the concept suggests a stratum of bound dependents in the post-Roman era. The proportion of the medieval population that consisted of freemen or free peasant proprietors is undetermined, even for the pre-Conquest period.
Slavery existed in Wales as it did elsewhere throughout the era. Slaves were in the bottom stratum of society, with hereditary slavery more common than penal slavery. Slaves might form part of the payment in a transaction made between those of higher rank. It was possible for them to buy their freedom, and an example of manumission at Llandeilo Fawr is given in a ninth-century marginalia note of the Lichfield Gospels. Their relative numbers is a matter of guess and conjecture.
Christianity
The religious culture of Wales was overwhelmingly Christian in the early Middle Ages. Pastoral care of the laity was necessarily rural in Wales, as it was in other Celtic regions. In Wales the clergy consisted of monks, orders and non-monastic clergy, all appearing in different periods and in different contexts. There were three major orders consisting of bishops (episcopi), priests (presbyteri) and deacons, as well as several minor ones. Bishops had some temporal authority, but not necessarily in the sense of a full diocese.
Communities
Monasticism is known in Britain in the fifth century though its origins are obscure. The Church seemed episcopally dominated and largely consisting of monasteries. The size of the religious communities is unknown (Bede and the Welsh Triads suggest they were large, the Lives of the Saints suggest they were small, but these are not considered credible sources on the matter). The different communities were pre-eminent within small spheres of influence (ie, within physical proximity of the communities). The known sites are mostly coastal, situated on good land. There are passing references to monks and monasteries in the sixth century (for example, Gildas said that Maelgwn Gwynedd had originally intended to be a monk). From the seventh century onward there are few references to monks but more frequent references to 'disciples'.
Institutions
Archaeological evidence consists partly of the ruined remains of institutions, and in finds of inscriptions and the long cyst burials that are characteristic of post-Roman Christian Britons.
The records of transactions and legal references provide information on the status of the clergy and its institutions. Landed proprietorship was the basis of support and income for all clerical communities, exploiting agriculture (crops), herding (sheep, pigs, goats), infrastructure (barns, threshing floors), and employing stewards to supervise the labour. Lands that were not adjacent to the communities provided income in the form of (in effect) a business of landlordship. Lands under clerical proprietorship were exempt from the fiscal demands of kings and secular lords. They had the power of nawdd (protection, as from legal process) and were noddfa (a "nawdd place" or sanctuary). Clerical power was moral and spiritual, and this was sufficient to enforce recognition of their status and to demand compensation for any infringement on their rights and privileges.
Bede's Ecclesiastical History
The notion of a separate Anglo-Saxon and British approach to Christianity dates back at least to Bede. He portrayed the Synod of Whitby (in 664) as a set-piece battle between competing Celtic and Roman religious interests. While the synod was an important event in the history of England and brought finality to several issues in Anglo-Saxon Britain, Bede probably overemphasised its significance so as to stress the unity of the English Church.
Bede's characterisation of Saint Augustine's meeting with seven British bishops and the monks of Bangor Is Coed (in 602–604) portrays the bishop of Canterbury as chosen by Rome to lead in Britain, while portraying the British clergy as being in opposition to Rome. He then adds a prophecy that the British church would be destroyed. His apocryphal prophecy of destruction is quickly fulfilled by the massacre of the Christian monks at Bangor Is Coed by the Northumbrians (c. 615), shortly after the meeting with Saint Augustine. Bede describes the massacre immediately following his delivery of the prophecy.
'Celtic' vs. 'Roman' myth
One consequence of the Protestant Reformation and subsequent ethnic and religious discord in Britain and Ireland was the promotion of the idea of a 'Celtic' church that was different from and at odds with the 'Roman' church, and that held to certain offensive customs, especially in the dating of Easter, the tonsure, and the liturgy. Scholars have noted the partisan motives and inaccuracy of the characterisation,, The Myth of the Celtic Church (1992). as has The Catholic Encyclopedia, which also explains that the Britons using the 'Celtic Rite' in the early Middle Ages were in communion with Rome.
Cymry: Welsh identity forms
The early Middle Ages saw the creation and adoption of the modern Welsh name for themselves, Cymry, a word descended from Common Brittonic combrogi, meaning "fellow-countrymen". Celtic Britain, Notes, p. 281 It appears in Moliant Cadwallon (In Praise of Cadwallon), a poem written by Cadwallon ap Cadfan's bard Afan Ferddig c. 633, and probably came into use a self-description before the seventh century. Historically the word applies to both the Welsh and the Brythonic-speaking peoples of northern England and southern Scotland, the peoples of the Hen Ogledd, and emphasises a perception that the Welsh and the "Men of the North" were one people, exclusive of all others. Universal acceptance of the term as the preferred written one came slowly in Wales, eventually supplanting the earlier Brython or Brittones. The term was not applied to the Cornish people or the Bretons, who share a similar heritage, culture and language with the Welsh and the Men of the North. Rhys adds that the Bretons sometimes give the simple brô the sense of compatriot.
All of the Cymry shared a similar language, culture and heritage. Their histories are stories of warrior kings waging war, and they are intertwined in a way that is independent of physical location, in no way dissimilar to the way that the histories of neighboring Gwynedd and Powys are intertwined. Kings of Gwynedd campaigned against Brythonic opponents in the north.
Sometimes the kings of different kingdoms acted in concert, as is told in the literary Y Gododdin. Much of the early Welsh poetry and literature was written in the Old North by northern Cymry.
All of the northern kingdoms and people were eventually absorbed into the kingdoms of England and Scotland, and their histories are now mostly a footnote in the histories of those later kingdoms, though vestiges of the Cymry past are occasionally visible. In Scotland the fragmentary remains of the Laws of the Bretts and Scotts show Brythonic influence, and some of these were copied into the Regiam Majestatem, the oldest surviving written digest of Scots law, where can be found the 'galnes' (galanas'') that is familiar to Welsh law.
See also
Matter of Britain
Medieval Welsh literature
Notes
Citations
References
External links
Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales pages on Early Middle Ages
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Sub-Roman Britain
Wales |
41756968 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20Records | President Records | President Records is a British independent record label. It is one of the oldest independent record companies in the UK, originally launched in 1957 by Edward Kassner. During the 1960s and 1970s the label, and its subsidiary Jay Boy, had hits with artists including the Equals, George McCrae and KC & the Sunshine Band, Paintbox, and later focused on releasing back-catalogue compilations as well as occasional new albums by artists such as Robots In Disguise. President Records remains part of the Kassner Music Group.
Beginnings
President Records Inc, with which song publisher Edward Kassner became involved through one of his publishing contacts, was a record label founded on 6 June 1955 in the midst of the burgeoning independent music scene in New York. A corresponding British company was established by Kassner in May 1957, when he acquired the full company, initially to license some of the productions made in the name of the US company to major UK record labels such as Decca.
Kassner launched his own Seville Records label in the US with the idea of publishing a song and recording it, thus keeping control of the record's destiny by releasing on an owned label. Seville Records scored hits in 1961 with "Shout! Shout! (Knock Yourself Out)", a song written and performed by Ernie Maresca, and in 1962 with "Bobby's Girl", written by two college students (Hank Hoffman and Gary Klein), a chart success for Marcie Blane in the US. After his initial success with Seville Records, Kassner revitalised the President label. The US release schedule followed with a series of rock'n'roll acts, notably Charlie Gracie and the Jodimars (formerly Bill Haley’s backing group, the publishing arm of Kassner Music having earlier bought rights to the song "Rock Around The Clock").
UK launch
Encouraged by the success of Kassner Music’s publishing business with the signing of Ray Davies of the Kinks, the UK label, President Records Ltd., was launched in the summer of 1966 to pick up on the developing trend in the music business of popular groups and singers who wrote their own material, centring on the scene in London at the time. Early highlights of the UK label included harmony group the Symbols, who broke through with covers of "Bye Bye Baby" and "The Best Part of Breaking Up", and Felice Taylor, whose top 20 UK chart hit "I Feel Love Comin On", licensed in from US label Mustang Records, represented a first success for songwriter and arranger Barry White.
The label’s first number 1 came in 1968, as British mixed-race band the Equals hit with "Baby, Come Back", written by the teenage leader of the band, Eddy Grant. The song was originally a single B-side to "Hold Me Closer"; a radio DJ in Germany flipped the single and it took off. The Equals scored two more top ten hits on President with "Viva Bobby Joe" and "Black Skin Blue Eyed Boys".
President was also successful with a series of top 30 hits by Welsh vocalist Dorothy Squires, who charted with "For Once in My Life", "Till" and "My Way".
In addition many psychedelic pop records released by President in the late 1960s have become collectable, notably Hat and Tie's "Finding It Rough", and Rhubarb Rhubarb's "Rainmaker"; latter day mod/sixties club favourites such as Watson T. Browne & the Explosive's "I Close My Eyes", and Lloyd Alexander Real Estate Band's "Whatcha Gonna Do", featuring future members of the progressive rock band Audience; and "Pawnbroker Pawnbroker" by the songwriter turned performer Barbara Ruskin. Paintbox also recorded for the label making two singles, "Come On Round" written by Harry Vanda and George Young, from the band 'The Easybeats', and a second entitled "Let Your Love Go", written by David Gates of the American band 'Bread'.
Jay Boy
Identifying the burgeoning nightclub scene in Britain that began in the late 1960s and gathered momentum in the early 1970s, Kassner set up a subsidiary label, Jay Boy, specifically to cater for the market for R&B and classic soul music (later termed "Northern soul"). Already well established in the practice of bringing American songs to Europe, Kassner followed a similar pattern for his record label by licensing recordings from the United States. Doris Duke launched the JayBoy label under the name Doris Willingham with "You Can’t Do That" in 1968. The label imprint subsequently became a respected player on the Northern Soul scene with UK releases of records such as Bob & Earl's "My Little Girl", Ray Merrell's "Tears Of Joy" and Donald Height's "Three Hundred And Sixty-Five Days". UK productions were added to Jayboy and the label was simultaneously launched in the US via Marvin Holtzman who had earlier produced "Bobby's Girl" by Marcie Blane for Ed Kassner's Seville label.
Seeking to find more of this type of music, Kassner met with his former distributor from the Seville Records days, TK Records owner Henry Stone, based in Florida. Henry’s big artists, Timmy Thomas and Betty Wright, were signed to a major label but the major had passed on his other acts. Kassner did a deal for the rejects, and these included the husband and wife team George and Gwen McCrae. Within a few months "Rock Your Baby" by George McCrae went to number 1 in the UK in July 1974, with a further six chart hits following over the next two years. Kassner followed up with another Miami club act introduced by Stone, KC and the Sunshine Band, whose single "Queen Of Clubs" reached the top ten in the UK in August 1974. A string of KC hits on Jayboy followed, including "Get Down Tonight", "That's the Way (I Like It)" and "(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty". The label had successfully crossed over from the clubs to the mainstream as with just these two acts alone President commanded 5% of the UK singles market at the time, on a par with the major MCA Records.
Other labels
The April 24, 1976 issue of Music Week wrote that President was handling the Aquarius label. Aquarius belonged to the J.A.C.K.S. group of companies which were French. The first release for the label in the UK was "You Got It" on Aquarius AQ 3 by Judd & Miss Munro, the husband-and-wife team of Judd Hamilton and Caroline Munro. Prior to that was "Cumba Cumba" by The Monstars on Aquarius AQ 2.
Restructure and present day
Such success brought with it significant pressures to maintain the new business level. Without the resources of a major record company, however, President restructured in the late 1970s and early 1980s, ceasing to release new recordings, and concentrated on marketing back catalogue, reissues and compilations.
The label increased its activities again in 1984, when a chance meeting between Edward Kassner’s son, David, who had joined the business in 1972, and American producer Tommy Boyce heralded the next term for President. Boyce’s idea was to start a label with its own studio and an all-star line up of established rock artists. The first album on the subsidiary label TBG/President was Silent Nights from ex-Yes keyboard player Rick Wakeman in 1984 (recorded at Herne Place in Sunningdale, the studio owned by Eddie Hardin, also signed to the label), followed by Live at Hammersmith in 1985. Although Boyce left the project early on, President continued with it and Wakeman went on to make 30 albums for the company. President Records also oversaw the first record releases by his sons, Adam and Oliver.
During the late 1980s President did good business with the albums made by Ray Fenwick as Forcefield, featuring, by turns, vocals from Pete Prescott, Tony Martin (Black Sabbath) and Graham Bonnet (Rainbow).
Over the course of the 1990s releases of new recordings through President again became infrequent. Nonetheless an ear and an eye for opportunities always remained open. As recently as April 2010, President achieved indie singles chart success with the track "Wake Up!" recorded by electro-punk band, Robots in Disguise, which followed three successful albums with the group, Disguises, Get RID! and We're In The Music Biz. The band and the label came together after Coca-Cola specifically requested the use of the band’s version of the Kassner-published, Ray Davies-penned song "You Really Got Me" for an advertising campaign.
President Records continued to diversify into various music markets with the acquisition in 1991 of the Dansan Records catalogue, set up by Tommy Sanderson in the late 1970s and renowned for having produced some of the best recordings ever made for ballroom dancing. Sanderson had a role there of producer and A&R man as well. He had also led his own group at one stage, Tommy Sanderson & The Sandmen. Recordings by Andy Ross & His Orchestra, Bryan Smith & the Dixieland Seven and the Eric Winstone Orchestra (amongst others) are still popular sellers.
President Records is part of the Kassner Music Group, controlling in excess of eight thousand masters which touch upon virtually every genre of music. Exploitation of these masters is now the core of the company’s business. Recent placements of President masters have included Millie Foster "Love Wheel" on ABC TV show Pan-Am and in an online advertisement for shoe manufacturer Stuart Weitzman, and Yellow Taxi "Anna Laura Lee" in independent French film release Comment j'ai détesté les maths.
David Kassner is now Managing Director of President Records. Veronique (Marie Letizia) Kassner is Finance Manager, and Alex Kassner (Edward's grandson) is Business Affairs/International.
References
British independent record labels
Record labels established in 1955
British companies established in 1955 |
21786703 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Eyes%20%28manga%29 | Red Eyes (manga) | (stylized as redEyes) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Jun Shindo and published by Kodansha. The manga is licensed for a French-language release in France, a German-language release in Germany and an Italian-language release by Panini Comics.
Overview
A fictional sci-fi war chronicle depicting a war between two nations set in the future, characterized by an elaborate setting and worldview. Although it is set in the future, the form of warfare has degraded into mostly visual-range hand-to-hand combat due to the collapse of electronic warfare and an effected incapability to use traditional weapons of mass destruction. Advanced weapons and equipment flying at very high altitudes (intercontinental ballistic bombs, high-altitude bombers, etc.) are set to be automatically shot down by a group of 24 strategic military satellites called the "Orbiter Eyes," which exist in geostationary satellite orbit, said to be currently uncontrollable. Because of that and high-tech weaponry becoming too expensive and time-consuming to maintain for large-scale combat, a type of powered exoskeleton suit known as Special Assault Armor (SAA) was developed and deployed on the battlefield to augment the strength of infantry for visual-range land warfare. SAA are single piloted exoskeleton power armors used as an all-in-one packaged ground assault vehicle for both conventional and urban combat. All SAA, aside from their powered and armored exosuits which provide augmented speed, strength and protection, are outfitted with encrypted radio communications, a heads-up display (HUD), a hovercraft-like propulsion jetpack and thruster system for movement on land, along with various defensive and utility-based equipment, and assorted armaments. A fully-equipped, top-of-the-line SAA is said to be roughly equivalent to a modern main battle tank in terms of combat effectiveness. Pilots of these SAA are also colloquially dubbed "cladders."
Synopsis
At the start of the series, the Republic of Legium (interchangeably spelled as Regium) is locked in a costly war with the Dragnov Federation, two countries that were once one and known as the kingdom of Loomis. Dragnov wanted to reunify the two countries with the assembly of and invasion onto Legium territory with a "peacekeeping force," but Legium was bitterly opposed to this and mobilized their armed forces in response. Partly due to winter conditions, the Legium forces had the upper hand at the beginning of the war. As the war dragged on, this changed and the Dragnov forces eventually came close to overrunning Legium's final line of defense around the capitol of Solgren. It was then that Dragnov unveiled its new weapon, a high-yield, low-altitude missile which was detonated indirectly 8 km outside the capitol city yet still causing notable damage. This convinced the Legium politicians to negotiate for a surrender, although the Third Army of Legium, later to be known as Legium People's Army, refused to obey and continued the fight.
The story follows Captain Grahalt Mills, commander of the Legium special forces "Jackal" unit which utilizes the most advanced SAA to date. With the last line of defense faltering, the Jackals are deployed in a last-ditch attempt to hold the line, and succeed at destroying all opponents in their sector. Unexpectedly though, Mills' subordinates all frame him for the murder of a platoon of Legium soldiers just as the war comes to an end. The Jackals are disbanded after the war and Mills is sentenced to execution, but he escapes from prison and tracks down each of the ex-members of the Jackals to find out why he was betrayed.
The main conflict takes place approximately in Eastern European countries such as Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, and Bulgaria, whose names and territories, however, have drastically changed. It is eventually revealed that the story takes place some centuries in the future after a devastating World War, and the reason many nations use former American and NATO weaponry is because the United States had previously subjugated the world under the rule of a one world order controlled by itself.
In fact, in this story, the United States succeeded in the Strategic Defence Initiative program (SDI), known here as the Orbiter Eyes, making the US invulnerable to intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) attacks. Therefore, the Cold War came to an end when the Soviet Union fell in the mid-eighties. However, the US continued their military programs, eventually succeeding in the construction of the first laser-based superweapon, capable of reducing a city to cinders in seconds. With this huge power the United States created the DUPE (the Democratic Union for Peace on Earth) in 2001, a super-state with a territory encompassing the entire continent of Asia (except most of the Middle East and Turkey), Oceania and America (except Canada). As a consequence of the formation of DUPE, the European Union is transformed into a continental state consisting of previous European NATO countries, but the EU remains a second-rate power in comparison.
The year 2001 became the new first year of the new era, known as 1 GU for Great Unification, the first year of the Great Unification's calendar. However, in 50 GU (2050 AD), an unknown power is able to hack into the SDI system, which forces the system into safe mode and makes it unable to process orders from the DUPE command centre (apart from its original mission to intercept any launched ICBMs and missiles). As a result of losing its global deterrence system, the other countries of the planet launch a full-scale attack against the DUPE forces, beginning the 20-year war (World War III). The war ends de facto in 70 GU (2070 AD) with no winner and the death of half the population of the planet, while all main actors of the war are eventually dissolved and cease to exist following the mutual destruction.
Nations and alliances are created, formed, and destroyed in the course of the war. One of the resulting nations is the Loomis Kingdom, a new state incorporating the (approximate) former nations of Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. In 87 GU (2087 AD), a nationalist revolt results in the fall of the monarchy and the creation of the Republic of Legium (formerly Romania and Bulgaria). The remaining three states remain independent until 129 GU (2129 AD), when the countries decide to form the Dragnov Federation. In 179 GU (2179 AD) the Dragnov Federation and the Legium Republic go to war with each other, which lasts until 182 GU (2182 AD). The war results in the loss of two million soldiers for the Federation and 2.2 million soldiers and eight million civilians for the Legium. The Federation is able to launch a new type of missile against the Republic which is undetectable from the Orbiter Eyes that are still carrying on their original mission after 110 years.
Characters
Jackals
Although there are eight Jackals in total, including Mills, oddly no mention of the missing eighth member is made when Mills asks both Waldmann and Lenny for information on the other members of the Jackals.
Captain Grahalt Mills
Nicknamed "Genocide" for destroying superior amounts of Dragnov troops alone, he prefers to work alone on the battlefield. He is a master of all forms of combat, managing to escape from a high security prison while killing the special forces soldiers who were guarding him. In the beginning, he swears vengeance on those who have betrayed him but later decides to join the Third Army, feeling his original mission not complete and that he has a better chance to expose Krayz's plan.
Lieutenant Julian Krayz
Mills's second-in-command, he organized the mutiny against his commander. On a mission to eliminate enemy forces, he killed friendly Legium soldiers and used their deaths to frame Mills as a traitor who attempted to defect to Dragnov. After the war, he becomes Colonel in the Dragnov armed forces as well as remaining lieutenant in the Legium forces, effectively drawing pay from two armies. He later reveals that he is a direct descendant of the Loomis Kingdom's royal dynasty and used the war to accelerate his plan to reestablish the Loomis Kingdom. For this purpose, he also tries to gain access to the Orbiter Eyes, believing he can obtain the key to operate the system.
Captain Mikhail Waldman
Waldman becomes captain of the GIGN's (Legium's SWAT) 1st armored unit after the war. A proud but ambitious soldier, he attempts to kill Mills before the war ends by asking a homeless boy to give Mills a booby-trapped package; Mills survives and becomes captain of the Jackals instead, a position that would have gone to Waldman if Mills had died. Waldman betrays Mills because he feels that Legium has lost the war, and because he failed to kill Mills previously. He is eventually killed by Mills after apologizing.
Lieutenant Lenny Kruger
A close friend that is indebted to Mills. Back as infantry soldiers, Kruger was once wounded by a sniper to be used as bait, but Mills takes two rounds dragging him to safety, nearly costing his own life. He ends up betraying Mills because Krayz was using his sister, Leila, as a hostage, though she actually becomes his subordinate after the war. He later fights against Mills, but it becomes clear he has no intention to kill him. Once defeated, Kruger begs Mills to kill him, feeling unworthy; however, Mills forgives him for his betrayal and "orders" him to join Mills' group. He later returns to be Mills' trusted aide and second-in-command and a valuable soldier in the Third Army.
Barros Ward
Renowned as the best marksman in the Legium army yet he hated killing. Barros used a unique sniper variant of the Swashbuckler model of SAA. During the war, he had sent his sick brother to a military hospital for treatment, and it's implied that Krayz uses him as a hostage to get him to betray Mills. His brother dies anyway, and Barros quits the army to live a quiet life in the mountains, making a promise to never kill again. Visited by Mills, he later decides to temporarily forswear his oath in order to help him reach the Legium Third Army. Barros ends up sacrificing his life in a sniping operation against a Dragnovian 155mm high-precision, mounted artillery cannon that stops all Legium forces, including Mills and his company, from crossing the mountains to reach the Third Army. He manages to fire a nigh impossible sniper shot directly down the barrel of the turret from a location 11 km away but takes a direct hit from the cannon in the process.
Klaus Gardner
Gardner betrays Mills because he wants the war to end, but later joins the Third Army and is in charge of supply and logistics. He is secretly operating under Krayz, feeding him information about Mills' activities.
Rod Cerioni
Cerioni joins the Third Army after the war, but has not been seen since trying to get Barros to join him in the Third Army. It is later revealed that he actually left the Army to join Krayz's plan and that he originally wanted to employ Barros to assassinate the commander-in-chief of the Dragnov forces in Legium, but was unsuccessful. He is later able to complete the mission himself, sneaking in the Dragnov occupation forces headquarters and executing the commander-in-chief, disguised as a janitor.
Others
Saya Hamilton
Hamilton is a homeless, orphaned teenager who stayed in the derelict building Mills used as bait to lure Waldman. She insists on staying with Mills afterward. Her hometown was in the process of being evacuated at the end of the war when trigger-happy Dragnovian troops blew up a refugee truck carrying her family and friends.
Colonel Coulthard
A war hero for Legium, he was the commander of the Ranger Regiment, an inter-service special forces unit. He recruits Mills while he is working as a pump attendant at a gas station, when ordinarily only the most elite members of the military would have a chance to be selected. Near the end of training, Colonel Coulthard leads a rebellion with several platoons of active-duty Rangers to seize the SAA and other military equipment at the training camp. The rebellion force's intention was to usurp the Legium government and incite the war with Dragnov to bring pride and valor back to the country as they were dismayed by their government's lack of honor and integrity. Coulthard, however, deliberately planned a direct confrontation with Mills first to test his resolve. This ends up with Coulthard forcing his apprentice to kill him after a hard-fought battle. His death completes Mills' transformation into the ultimate killing machine, "Genocide," who proceeds to single-handedly wipe out the heavily armed rebelling force.
Lieutenant Leila Kruger
She is the sister of Lenny Kruger, and adjutant of Krayz, whom she has an intimate relationship with. She believes Krayz will bring peace to the world.
Colonel Leon Reedus
Reedus is the genius strategist of the Third Army, with characteristically unkempt hair and stubble. He is largely responsible for the Third Army's success so far, and partly responsible for the "Miracle of Lent", wherein Reedus directed the eight members of the Jackals to hold off an entire Dragnovian armored division for two days.
References
Red Eyes Chp. 20 Page 17, Map of the story's conflict
External links
Shōnen manga
2000 manga |
68389558 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thendral%20Vandhu%20Ennai%20Thodum | Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum | Thendral Vandhu Ennai Thodum () is an Indian Tamil-language television series that premiered on Star Vijay and streams on Disney+ Hotstar. It is the remake of the television series Khelaghor, which is aired on Star Jalsha, however the plot eventually deviates.
The first part revolves around how Abhinaya, a traditional girl, who upholds her traditions and customs, crosses paths with Vetri, a rogue who is ignorant about the importance of traditions and marriage. The story revolves around Vetri tying the thali with Abhi in the heat of an argument at the temple, and whether the pair find love along the way.
The second part is taken six years after Vetri accepts his murder charge and is released. When he gets out and tries to find Abhi, he learns she has aborted their child and moved far away. Two years later, Abhi is now a high-ranking collector, whilst Vetri is a notorious rowdy in Kanchipuram due to his breakdown over what he found out about his child. However, Abhi didn't abort the child (Sudar) and is adamant on ensuring Vetri doesn't see her. How the pair are brought closer through Sudar forms the premise for the second part of the story.
Plot
Part 1 (Episodes 1-454)
An unforeseen incident forces a traditional girl to marry a rogue. Despite their differences it is possible that love will blossom.
Abhinaya's (Abhi's) family is introduced and it shown that she has returned from the United States in order to marry her fiancé, Dharshan. Vetri is a village rowdy who works for Poongavanam. Vetri's mother loves him, whilst his father detests him for going down the wrong path when he was an excelling student. Abhi and her family decide to go to the temple to ensure her wedding goes well; Vetri is on his way to the same temple on Poongavanam's order, as his driver has eloped with a minister's daughter and plans to marry her at the same temple. In the temple, a sage encounters her and predicts that Abhi will wed an rogue, whether they had previously given it any credence. Abhi assists the eloping couple in getting married and the pair do, however Vetri arrives and threatens the newly-wed couple, even attempting to take off the thali that the driver's wife has on. Abhi intervenes and slaps Vetri for continuously attempting to take the thaali off them. In the heat of the argument, Vetri takes a thali off the Thirunankata Amma and ties it around Abhi and leaves. Her family are shocked, as well as Vetri's gang.
A livid Surya decides to file a police complaint against Vetri and the police arrest him. Meanwhile, Sankar Narayan forbids Abhi from entering the house unless she takes off the thali. Abhi's family convince her to undergo rituals to get rid of the thali and she complies, but then realises she has faith in the thali as it was given by God. Abhi refuses to take off the thali and leaves her house - to the anger of her father and the rest of the family barring Padma. Abhi gets Vetri out on bail, but Vetri is not grateful and tells her to get rid of the thali and Sankar Narayan disowns her. A different sage also foretells that Vetri will marry a girl and she will bring prosperity into his life.
Abhi forcefully ushers herself into the slums of Kanchipuram and waits for Vetri outside his house, waiting in the rain and resisting Vetri's friends attempts to usher her away. However, the next morning, Senba (Vetri's rival) ogles and harasses Abhi - leading Kamala to bring her into their house.
Vetri initially dismisses Abhi's attempts to help him comprehend the meaning of love, but Abhi discovers the truth about Vetri and the reasons behind his abrupt change, as well as the fact that Radha, a lifelong acquaintance, is secretly in love with him.
Destiny causes several things to happen in the lives of Vetri and Abhi that finally lead to the two of them becoming close. Vetri mentions that he likes Abhi in the scene when they were both separated from each other and forced to marry other people - Vetri marrying Radha and Abhi marrying Shakthi, a childhood friend of hers. They end up cancelling their respective marriages and confess their feelings to each other and accept each other as husband and wife.
However, Kamala forbids the pair from entering the house after bringing shame to her at the wedding, whilst Vetri's other family members agree to let them live with them on the terrace next to their house.
Part 2 (Episode 455 onwards)
After being separated for years, Abhi and Vetri cross paths again.
6 years later
After serving six years for taking the blame of Bhavani's murder at the hands of Nandhini, Vetri is released from prison. He meets with Kalai and Nandhini, from whom he finds out that Abhi had left their home following his arrest, and they don't know where she is. He also discovers that Aranganathan had died while he was in prison and Kalai could not get parole for Vetri to perform his last rites. Vetri refuses to return home and goes around Kanchipuram searching for Abhi and finally ends up in her house, where he finds out that Padma also died while he was in prison. Sankaranarayan, who is now retired and is still livid at Vetri for lying in court that he had murdered Bhavani, tells Vetri that he too doesn't know where Abhi is, but adds that she aborted their child before disappearing. On hearing this, Vetri's love for Abhi turns to extreme hatred, and he leaves her house, refusing to continue his search for her. He once again turns into a rowdy, and also acquires bad habits such as smoking and drinking. He eventually succeeds Poongavanam, who is also dead, as Kanchipuram's main rowdy.
2 years later
Unknown to anyone including her own family, a heartbroken Abhi, following Vetri's arrest, spent the next eight years in both Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. During this time, she clears the Civil Services Examination and becomes a collector. It is also revealed that she did not abort her child, and had told her father prior to her disappearance to lie to Vetri that their child was aborted, as she does not want him to meet her and her child again. Abhi's and Vetri's child turns out to be a daughter, whose name is Sudarvizhi "Sudar" and is eight years old. After fighting with a powerful bigwig in Andhra Pradesh, Abhi is given a government transfer back to Kanchipuram. She reluctantly accepts the transfer as she does not want to encounter her old life again, and leaves for Kanchipuram with Sudar and Vijayalakshmi "Viji", who is Sudar's caretaker. It is further revealed that Radha married Parama and is now a councillor who is unable to stand up to Vetri's atrocities, while Parama continues his shady activities without Radha's knowledge.
When a riot occurs at a temple, the temple is shut on Abhi's orders. Vetri rushes to the temple and breaks the seal, opening the temple. It is at this juncture that Vetri and Abhi cross paths again after eight years. Abhi arrests Vetri for disobeying her orders and further arrests Chittapu, Quarter and Pei for extorting money from the people, based on Radha's complaint. They are all released on bail by Kanmani, a lawyer whom Vetri had helped to study law when she was younger. Kanmani accommodates Vetri and his henchmen in her house, much to her father's chagrin, who is unable to tolerate Vetri's drunken antics. It is revealed that Kanmani has a one-sided love for Vetri.
Parama plots to have Vetri killed as revenge for killing Bhavani. When his goons try to finish him off, Sudar warns Vetri and he fends off the rowdies. However, in the process, Sudar gets injured but this incident causes Vetri and Sudar to become close. They spend a lot of time together, without Abhi's knowledge, and form a strong bond, whilst not knowing that they are actually father and daughter. Vetri does not know that Sudar's mother is Abhi and thinks that Viji is her mother. Sudar also reforms Vetri and makes him give up drinking.
Abhi (and Vetri in parallel) bust a drug scam where drug-infused chocolates are being sold to children. In revenge, the drug smuggler, a don named Ponnaiya (who had clashed with both Abhi and Vetri in the past), decides to kill Abhi. After initially failing to do so with Parama's help, he has his men crash a lorry into the car which Abhi and Sudar are travelling. While Abhi escapes with minor injuries, Sudar is grievously injured and in a coma. Vetri rushes to the hospital, where he realises that Sudar is Abhi's daughter, and is extremely happy on knowing that Sudar is his daughter. However, Kanmani, who is also at the hospital, and fearing that Vetri may reconcile with Abhi, fabricates a story claiming that while Sudar is indeed Abhi's daughter, she is not Vetri's daughter and that her father is Dr. Tharun (who was Sudar's doctor while she was in Andhra Pradesh and contrary to Kanmani's claims, is just a friend for Abhi and is not married to her). She also shares Vetri a photoshopped image of Tharun marrying Abhi and further reiterates the lie that Vetri's biological child was aborted. Vetri believes Kanmani and is distraught, but still decides to maintain his friendship with Sudar and vows to protect her. Meanwhile, Sudar makes a successful recovery and returns home. Upon finding out that Ponnaiya was the mastermind behind the lorry crash, Abhi has him arrested with Kanmani's help.
The incident involving Ponnaiya urges Abhi to find added security for Sudar, and assigns Tharun to find a new bodyguard for Sudar. On Viji's recommendation, Tharun selects Vetri as Sudar's bodyguard, but he doesn't know about Vetri's past with Abhi as well as his rowdyism. Abhi hesitates on hiring Vetri as she is scared that Sudar will develop too close a bond with Vetri, but eventually relents and reluctantly hires him, on the condition that he doesn't tell anyone, especially Sudar, about his past and focus on the job at hand. Vetri moves into Abhi's house and proves to be an excellent bodyguard for Sudar, and the bond between them tightens even more. But, Kanmani joins hands with Parama and publishes an article in the newspaper that Vetri had killed Bhavani. This proves to be the final straw for Abhi, who fires Vetri and expels him from her house, despite Sudar and Viji's pleas.
Meanwhile, Vetri plans to get Kanmani married and have her settled in life. However, Kanmani is adamant on marrying only Vetri and sabotages two wedding proposals arranged by him. Kanmani and her father pressure Vetri to marry her. Vetri initially refuses, but under pressure from Kamala to remarry (Kamala too believes Kanmani's lie that Abhi remarried) as well as Sudar (who asks Vetri to marry Kanmani so he won't feel lonely), he reluctantly agrees to marry her. Viji and Nandhini are shocked on hearing the news, and try to convince Abhi to cancel the wedding and reconcile with Vetri, but she refuses. But Abhi also, at the same time, does not give her thali (which she never removed despite being separated from Vetri) to Nandhini, who has been assigned by Kamala to get the thali since as per an astrologer, it would be inauspicious if Vetri ties a new thali on Kanmani's neck. Later, the saint who had earlier predicted that Abhi would marry Vetri several years ago, appears in front of her and tells her to stop Vetri's and Kanmani's wedding; if not, God will. Abhi is disturbed on hearing this and confides with Tharun about her past with Vetri and why she cannot forgive him and return to him. She bars anyone, including Sudar and Viji, from attending the wedding, but Viji, who has found about Kanmani's evil plan to keep Abhi and Vetri apart, disobeys Abhi and leaves for the wedding with the intention of stopping it and exposing Kanmani.
Viji encounters Chithra in the wedding hall and manages to convince her of Kanmani's evil intentions. But when Chithra confronts Kanmani on the same, Kanmani knocks her out and convinces Kamala and the rest of the family that Viji has come to stop the wedding. Kamala orders Viji to leave. However, Viji manages to convince Chittapu about Kanmani's lies regarding Abhi. At the same time, Vetri (who has become suspicious about Kanmani's behaviour) hires a hacker to trace the mysterious calls that Kanmani had made earlier to further create a wedge in Abhi's and Vetri's relationship and spoil her marriage proposals. The hacker traces the calls to Kanmani. This, along with Chittapu informing him about Kanmani's lies, causes Vetri to get furious and he confronts Kanmani. But Kanmani, who anticipated that these events would occur, lies again, putting the blame on her father for everything that occurred. The wedding is called off, but Sudar's identity is still unknown.
The incidents at the wedding hall slowly instigate Vetri to find out whether Sudar is his child. When he tries to get information from Viji and Sudar on who is Sudar's mother, Viji refuses to tell him, as she wants him to get the information from Abhi herself, while Sudar, per Abhi's orders, lies that Viji is her mother. Meanwhile, Abhi is assigned control of Chengalpattu district as well, and is overseeing a dispute of fishermen and their land being auctioned off in Chengalpattu. Whilst Vetri acts in support of the fishermen, a notorious rowdy, Vellai Raja, threatens Abhi to give him the land, which she refuses to do. Eventually nobody comes to the auction as Vellai Raja threatens everyone who is interested in buying the land. Abhi proceeds to have him arrested. But Vellai Raja escapes just a few hours later and has his men kidnap Abhi from her house in front of everyone in revenge. Vetri hears the news from Sudar and rushes to the sea, where Vellai Raja is planning to dump Abhi into the sea and kill her. Vetri saves Abhi, but both of them are now stranded at sea. With no contact with anyone, they spend a few days at sea, where it is shown that both of them have mixed feelings for each other and also realise some truths, with Vetri in particular beginning to regret taking the blame for Bhavani's death and abandoning Abhi (but Abhi doesn't know that Vetri takes the blame of Bhavani's murder for Nandhini). They soon make it to a remote island, where Vetri asks Abhi about Sudar's parentage. Abhi refuses to divulge any information on Sudar and reiterates the lie that she had aborted their child years ago. They are eventually saved by some fishermen and return home, however Vetri is now confident that Sudar is his daughter, despite Abhi's claims.
Kanmani schemes to stop Vetri from learning that Sudar is his daughter and also to rekindle Vetri's hatred against Abhi, which is slowly disappearing due to the events at sea. She frames Vetri for selling illegal liquor (which is actually sold by Parama and caused the death of six people), despite Vetri actually finding and destroying the entire stock of liquor in front of Abhi, Kanchipuram SP Kabilan and the people. Vetri, now a wanted criminal, escapes to Rajasthan, where Sudar is rumoured to be born, with Abhi and Kabilan in pursuit. He eventually manages to close in on Sudar's birth certificate, but before he can read it, he is arrested by Kabilan, who also knocks him out when he tries to escape. Abhi takes the birth certificate so that Vetri never sees it. While returning to Kanchipuram, Parama's goons confront Abhi and Kabilan, knock out Kabilan and kidnap Abhi. Vetri, who has regained consciousness, fights the goons and manages to rescue Kabilan as well as Abhi. Following the fight, he manages to finally read the birth certificate, which had fallen out of Abhi's bag while she was kidnapped. The certificate reveals that he is indeed Sudar's father. Vetri breaks down in happiness on finding out the truth, and regrets deserting her and Abhi. Kabilan and Abhi realise that Vetri is innocent, and free him. The trio return to Kanchipuram.
Abhi tells Sudar that their father had abandoned them several years ago (she does not know the reason why he abandoned them), so that she stops asking about her father, which causes Sudar to develop a hatred for her father, though she still does not know Vetri is her father. She further blocks all sorts of communication to her home so that Vetri cannot contact Sudar, fearing that he may have found out Sudar is his daughter. Nevertheless, Vetri manages to "kidnap" Sudar and takes her to Kodaikanal for a holiday, where they enjoy and spend their time happily. Vetri informs to Viji that Sudar is my daughter and stays with me. viji gets shocked to hear this from vetri that he found the truth in Rajasthan. Abhi and Kabilan believe that Vetri kidnapped Sudar, since both of them are missing, and being a search for them, with Kabilan even deciding to kill Vetri in an encounter if he is found with Sudar. On Viji's (who is aware that both Vetri and Sudar are in Kodaikanal) advice, Vetri returns Sudar to her home, claiming that he had "rescued" Sudar from a kidnapping gang. Kabilan does not believe Vetri, but on Abhi's request, he does not proceed with the investigation.
Meanwhile, Madhu, who is Bhavani's widow, arrives in Kanchipuram seeking vengeance on Vetri for killing her husband. Kanmani learns of this and (as part of her plan to have Vetri for herself) convinces her to get rid of everyone close to Vetri, including Abhi, instead of killing him outright, then target Vetri once he is isolated. With this in mind, she and Madhu orchestrate the kidnapping of several girls with the intention of causing a deterioration of law-and-order and forcing Abhi's transfer out of Kanchipuram. At the same time, Parama and his men acquire and sell hardcore drugs to schoolchildren with the same intentions as that of Kanmani and Madhu. These two parallel incidents dent Abhi's image and she faces the public wrath for not being able to control both the kidnappings and the sale of drugs. Vetri, fearing for Abhi's safety, "kidnaps" her as well as Viji and Sudar and keep them safely in a mansion, while investigating the kidnappings. He eventually manages to trace the missing girls, but is asked to leave by Kabilan, who is also at the same place. Kabilan steals the credit from Vetri for rescuing the girls and arrests Parama based on his photo being where the girls had been kept. However, the photo turns out to be that of Bhavani's, which had dropped from Madhu's pocket while she was at the kidnapping location. Kanmani has Parama released on bail and instigates Radha against Abhi, claiming that Abhi had ordered Parama's arrest out of vengeance.
Cast
Main
Pavithra Janani as IAS Abhinaya "Abhi" Vetriselvan – Kanchipuram's district collector; Sankar Narayan and Padma's elder daughter; Deepthi's sister; Surya's cousin; Vetri's wife; Sudar's mother
Vinoth Babu as Vetriselvan "Vetri" Aranganathan – A rowdy and ex-convict who took the blame for Bhavani's murder; Araganathan and Kamala's youngest son; Kalai and Anbu's brother; Abhi's husband; Sudar's father
Sudar Sam as Sudarvizhi "Sudar" Vetriselvan – Abhi and Vetri's daughter
Supporting
Krithika Laddu as Vijayalakshmi aka Viji – Abhi's sister-figure; Sudar's caretaker
Shaurya Shashank Ramesh as
Bhavani – Parama's twin brother (2021-22) (Dead)
Parameswaran aka Parama – Bhavani's twin brother; Radha's husband (2022-2023)
Tharshika as Radha Parameswaran – Vetri's ex-fiancée; Parama's wife (2021–2023) (Dead)
Subageetha as Madhoo/Shenbagam - Bhavani's wife; Vetri's arch-rival
Sasindhar Pushpalingam as Tharun – A physician from Hyderabad; Abhi's friend and brother-figure
Feroz Khan as Kanchipuram SP Kabilan – Abhi's friend and helper
Maria Juliana as Adv. Kanmani – Vetri's one-sided lover
Auditor Sridhar as Judge Sankar Narayan – Sivagami's brother; Padma's widower; Abhi and Deepthi's father; Sudar's grandfather
J.Lalitha as Padma Sankar Narayan – Sankar's wife; Abhi and Deepthi's mother; Sudar's grandmother (Dead)
Shravnitha Srikanth as Deepthi Sankar Narayan – Sankar Narayan and Padma's younger daughter; Abhi's sister; Surya's cousin (2021–present)
Anjali Varadharajan as Sivagami – Sankar Narayan's sister; Surya's mother; Abhi and Deepthi's aunt (2021–present)
Dev Anand Sharma as Surya – Sivagami's son; Abhi and Deepthi's cousin; Varsha's husband
Bharani Elangovan as Varsha Surya – Chidhambaram and Chandra's daughter; Tharshan's sister; Surya's wife
Supergood Kannan as Poongavanam – A local politician; Vetri's mentor (Dead)
Premalatha as Poongavanam's wife
L. Raja as Aranganathan – Kamala's husband; Kalai, Anbu and Vetri's father; Sudar's grandfather (Dead)
Priya as Kamala Aranganathan – Aranganathan's widow; Kalai, Anbu and Vetri's mother; Sudar's grandmother
Sathya Sudha as Kalaiselvan "Kalai" Aranganathan – Aranganathan and Kamala's eldest son; Anbu and Vetri's brother; Nandhini's husband (2021–present)
Raj Kumar Manoharan as Anbuselvan "Anbu" Aranganathan – Aranganathan and Kamala's second son; Kalai and Vetri's brother; Chitra's husband (2021–present)
Remyaa Joseph as Nandhini Kalaiselvan – Kalai's wife; Bhavani's murderer (2021–present)
Syamantha Kiran as Chithra Anbuselvan – Anbu's wife (2021–present)
Krishna Kishore / Manoj Kumar as Tharshan Chidhambaram – Lawyer turned police officer; Chidhambaram and Chandra's son; Varsha's brother; Abhi's ex-fiancé
Vasu Vikram as Chidhambaram – Chandra's husband; Tharshan and Varsha's father
Rekha Suresh as Chandra Chidhambaram – Chidhambaram's wife; Tharshan and Varsha's mother
Gowthami Vembunathan as Eeswari – Radha's mother
Kausalya Senthamarai / S. N. Parvathy as Aranganathan's mother; Kalai, Anbu and Vetri's grandmother
Dhanasekar as Gopalkrishna – Vetri's fellow henchman
Paranthaman as Quarter – One of Vetri's henchmen
Krishna Kumar as Pei (Peiathevan) – One of Vetri's henchmen
Cameo
VJ Vishal as Shakthi, Vetri's childhood friend, Abhi's cousin (9 June - 6 July 2022)
Hensha Deepan as Ramya, a criminal who was hired by Vetri's rival, Senba, to coerce him and have him arrested for adultery (14 - 25 December 2021)
Aranthangi Nisha as Angel
Production
Release
It was announced that the show would be released on 16 August 2021.
Casting
Vinoth Babu was cast as the male lead and plays Vetri, marking his second collaboration with Abdul Hafeez, after the two worked on Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum together. Pavithra Janani was cast as the female lead and plays Abhi, and marks her fifth serial after playing Malar on Eeramana Rojave.
For the new look second part of the show, Maria Julianna was roped in to play Kanmani, a lawyer with a one-sided love for Vetri, whilst Sudar Sam was brought in to play Sudar, Abhi and Vetri's child.
Controversy
In the launch promo that was released, Vetri argues with an eloping couple at the temple that love marriage is invalid and attempts to take it off the eloping woman's neck, when Abhinaya comes to stop him and proceeds to slap him. In anger, he takes the thali from Amman's neck and puts it on Abhi's neck. "Just tying a yellow rope is enough. Now I will be your husband, I've put a Bindi as well, go away", he says angrily. There was widespread criticism from feminists, slamming the concept as outdated, as well as criticism for the initial concept the show is based on.
Crossovers
There was a crossover with Namma Veettu Ponnu from 15 November 2021 to 27 November 2021.
Reception
The show has been a hit since its launch. It is among the most watched serials in the Vijay TV noon band. The onscreen pair of Vetri and Abhi appeals to the audience. The serial is known for its varied shooting locations: Kodaikanal, the sea, Rajashtan, etc.
Adaptations
References
External links
Thendral Vanthu Ennai Thodum at Disney+ Hotstar
Star Vijay original programming
Tamil-language melodrama television series
Tamil-language romance television series
2021 Tamil-language television series debuts
Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series
Television shows set in Tamil Nadu |
7267027 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell%20to%20Sea | Shell to Sea | Shell to Sea () is an Irish organisation based in the parish of Kilcommon in Erris, County Mayo.
It opposes the proposed construction of a natural gas pipeline through the parish, as well as the ongoing construction—by Royal Dutch Shell, Statoil and Vermilion Energy Trust—of a refinery at Bellanaboy intended to refine the natural gas from the Corrib gas field. It proposes instead that the gas be refined at sea, rather than inland, as is done with Ireland's only other producing gas field off County Cork. Shell to Sea believes the proximity of a raw natural gas pipeline is a risk to local residents.
The three stated aims of the campaign, as cited on its website, are that "Any exploitation of the Corrib gas field be done in a safe way that will not expose the local community in Erris to unnecessary health, safety and environmental risks", "To renegotiate the terms of the Great Oil and Gas Giveaway, which sees Ireland's 10 billion barrels of oil equivalent off the West Coast go directly to the oil companies, with the Irish State retaining a 0% share, no energy security of supply and only 25% tax on profits against which all costs can be deducted" and "To seek justice for the human rights abuses suffered by Shell to Sea campaigners due to their opposition to Shell's proposed inland refinery".
Incidents of note include the 2005 jailing of the Rossport Five and the public outcry that followed, the 2007 Goldman Environmental Prize received by Willie Corduff (one of the five), local fisherman Pat O'Donnell's laying of 800 crab pots at sea and Maura Harrington's hunger strike against the Allseas pipe-laying ship Solitaire in 2008, an alleged assault on Corduff in 2009 which was condemned by Desmond Tutu, the 2011 "rape tape" scandal when Gardaí (police) accidentally filmed themselves joking about the imagined rape of two female protestors after arresting them, and the reports of gifts of alcohol worth tens of thousands of euros from Shell to the Gardaí, which broke in 2013.
Timeline
Opposition to the gas consortium and government's plans among local residents grew from 2000 when local residents felt they were not adequately consulted. They opposed planning permission and appealed it to An Bord Pleanála twice. It was felt that government pressure was used to force the planning permission through. They also felt misled about the safety of the gas pipeline which did not require planning permission under the 1976 Gas Act.
2005
The first event organised by Shell to Sea was on the June Bank Holiday weekend in 2005 in support of Rossport residents' protests.
Local landowners in Rossport had previously been told that the raw gas pipeline would be coming through their lands no matter what, and that they would be subject to Compulsory Acquisition Orders if unwilling to reach a deal with Shell. Some agreed to allow Shell on their lands. Others refused, and Frank Fahey, Minister for the Marine and Natural Resources, signed 34 Compulsory Acquisition Orders. Those who had refused were threatened with legal action. Legal action was taken which eventually culminated in four farmers and their former teacher, who had joined them in blocking Shell workers coming on their lands, being jailed on 29 June for civil contempt of court (at the request of Shell) after refusing to give an undertaking not to interfere with Shell's workers. They became known as the Rossport Five.
24-hour pickets on the Shell sites at Rossport, Bellanaboy and Glengad began after their jailing. Rallies in support of the men's stance were held in major towns and cities, and Shell and Statoil filling stations were picketed. From these protests emerged the national Shell to Sea campaign.
The Rossport Five were released on 30 September, after their imprisonment had dominated proceedings in the parliament. Peter Cassells was appointed as a negotiator to arbitrate between the campaigners and Shell. As his remit did not include discussing the refinery, he was regarded as a distraction by Shell to Sea. The pickets at Bellanaboy continued for over a year, during which no work was done by Shell.
2006
On Tuesday 26 September 2006, protesters prevented Shell's employees from entering the site of the intended refinery at Bellanaboy to begin work. Around 150 locals and protesters blocked the entrance to the refinery site and began to recite the rosary. The workers turned back after discussions with Gardaí.
One week later on 3 October, more Gardaí were brought in from around the country, which increased their numbers to around 170. This marked a departure in Garda tactics which they have held to. An editorial in The Irish Times stated: "The Garda baton charges that occurred on Friday morning in Bellanaboy were not the product of Sinn Féin or Provisional IRA machinations; they were the product of abject Government incompetence." A decision to avoid arresting protesters in order to damp down the negative publicity that would ensue was discussed in the Garda magazine, Garda Review. A number of people were injured and one young woman was brought to hospital.
Protesters occupied Shell Ireland HQ in Dublin's Leeson Street and daily protests continued at Bellanaboy with some arrests made.
A second large scale protest march took place on 10 November, the anniversary of the execution of Ken Saro Wiwa and eight other anti-Shell activists in Nigeria in 1995. When protesters worked their way around Gardaí lines, clashes occurred, resulting in several injuries. Small groups of demonstrators who had been unable to get to the refinery attempted to blockade the nearby Lennon's quarry which supplies material for the construction of the site.
There was political controversy in Ireland about the use of such force on a peaceful demonstration. Taoiseach Bertie Ahern, leader of Fianna Fáil, said in a statement that the Irish government's position was clear in relation to the Corrib gas situation - that the negotiating is over and "that is it". In relation to the policing of the protests, he and the Opposition's Enda Kenny, leader of Fine Gael, would only reiterate that "the law must be obeyed".
A further large scale protest at Bellanaboy scheduled for 24 November was cancelled by the protesters for fear of further serious injuries from Gardaí.
2007
On 5 June, five protesters chained themselves together outside the Bord na Móna facility near Bangor Erris where Shell have been dumping the peat removed from Bellinaboy.
On 12 September, a protester charged with public order offences had her case dismissed in Belmullet because of conflicting Garda evidence. The judge dismissed most of the charges and sentenced the five protesters from June to community service for threatening and abusive behaviour. The judge also disclosed that she had received "hate mail".
2008
In April 2008, a new group was set up by people formerly active in S2S. Pobal Chill Chomáin proposed moving the refinery to Glinsk, which would have removed the necessity to transport the gas near people's homes and under roads. The proposal was rejected by both Shell and the government.
In 2008, a new security firm, Integrated Risk Management Services, was brought in to defend Shell's preparations for the landfall of the raw gas pipeline. In August, S2S began training for marine protests in anticipation of the arrival of the Allseas pipe-laying ship Solitaire, the biggest of its kind in the world with a collection of small boats.
In the meantime, a local Porturlin fisherman, Pat O'Donnell, laid 800 crab pots along the intended path of Solitaire, and defended them from Shell survey boats which attempted to remove them. The Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food stated that as both parties had licenses for their activities, they would have to sort it out between themselves. Two Irish Navy ships arrived in Broadhaven Bay to assist the Garda Water Unit in dealing with the protests. Solitaire was boarded by S2S activists in Killybegs. Not long after it arrived to Mayo's coast, the ship's company said it had suffered damage to its crane. It returned to Britain for repairs. Maura Harrington began a hunger strike to coincide with the arrival of Solitaire, the Allseas pipe-laying vessel, in Broadhaven Bay. Harrington, who had recently retired as principal of the local Inver Primary School, continued her protest until the ship left Irish waters.
2009
In March 2009, Maura Harrington was sentenced to a month in Mountjoy Prison, for assaulting a Garda at McGrath's pier. In July 2009, Niall Harnett and Maura Harrington, two leading Corrib gas activists were jailed for four months over demonstrations.
In November 2009, the Garda Ombudsman Commission recommended that disciplinary action be taken against a senior member of the Garda Síochána over the handling of the June 2007 protest. In a separate development, An Bord Pleanála found that up to half of the final section of Shell's proposed route for the onshore pipeline was 'unacceptable' on safety grounds.
2010
Shell failed to meet An Bord Pleanala's deadline in February and applied for an extension of time to put their proposals forward as to how the project might proceed. Pat O'Donnell, from Porturlin, was sentenced to seven months imprisonment in February. In April, Niall Harnett of Kilcommon, was jailed. Little work was carried out by Shell in 2010. The film Pipe Down was a winner in the Waterford Film Festival.
Brian Barrington BL in a report commissioned for Front Line Defenders found serious problems in North Mayo. On Monday 31 May 2010, Shell submitted a third revised EIS to An Bord Pleanala for a revised pipeline route.
2011
In April 2011, it emerged that Gardaí who had just arrested two female protestors had made explicit jokes about raping them. They had inadvertently recorded themselves making the comments on a video camera they had taken from one of the women, which they later returned with the recording on it. The comments were widely criticised. In December the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland upheld a complaint about RTÉ's television reporting of the Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission's interim report. The report confirmed that the tape had recorded Gardaí joking about raping the women. The interim report found no evidence of a criminal offence having been committed by Gardaí and no evidence of a breach of discipline. The complaint, which was upheld, stated that RTÉ's report was inaccurate, lacked fairness, objectivity and impartiality and caused the woman involved undue harm and offence.
Direct actions continued to hamper construction activities throughout 2011 and 2012. In May, 30 to 35 sections of wooden bog road were removed from their positions in the Shell site at Aughoose in a mass direct action by protestors. In June, between 400 and 500 people attended the Party Against the Pipe near the Shell compound in Aughoose, a family friendly gathering with craft workshops, music and food to mark the tenth anniversary of resistance to Shell's activities in Erris. Direct actions continued to hamper construction activities throughout 2011, 2012 and 2013.
2012
Another gathering took place over the June bank holiday weekend. In July, Shell attempted to transport the tunnel boring machine from Dubin Port to Ballinaboy, but were met by many direct actions. Close to the compound, the oversize transport lorry drove off the road and remained stuck in the bog for several days. There were several arrests and assaults of protestors.
In September, Shell to Sea launched a new report on the location of Ireland's oil and gas reserves, which depicted all the areas of oil and gas exploration, oil and gas discoveries and commercial fields for the first time on a single map, as well as publishing the license holding companies' estimates of how much each was worth. The report, entitled 'Liquid Assets: Ireland's oil and gas resources and how they could be managed for the people's benefit', was launched by Paul Murphy, Socialist Party MEP.
2013
In February 2013, with Shell having revealed 2012 profits of €19.6 billion, people blocked trucks on their way to the multinational corporation's tunnelling compound at Aughoose. Campaigner Terence Conway said: "These obscene profits announced by Shell this week come at the expense of communities and the environment where Shell operate". Campaigner Maura Harrington said: "The Government are still willing to force suffering on the people of Ireland through severe cutbacks, yet at the same time give our oil and gas away to multinational companies such as Shell, with no benefit to country. It is time for people to demand that this situation is changed."
2018
In 2018, Shell exited the project, selling its ownership stake to the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board and transferring operatorship to minority owner Vermilion Energy.
Rossport Solidarity Camp
The Rossport Solidarity Camp was originally set up on 'Rossport 5' Philip McGrath's land in early July 2005. The site of the camp was on the proposed pipeline route. Set up at the request of local people who sought outside support in their campaign against the gas project, it houses national and international activists. In Spring 2006, the camp was set up again close to the beach at Glengad near the 'landfall' for Shell's proposed pipeline. Mayo County Council evicted the camp and it closed in December 2007. Since then the "camp" has been organised from the Rossport Solidarity House in Pollathomas. On Saturday 16 August 2008, the camp was set up afresh with two large tents. In August 2008, camp members picketed the Shell compound near the beach at Glengad. It organises informational weekends etc. In the same month they organised a beach party weekend to highlight the Glengad beach landfall site. In June 2009, about 40 Gardaí were stationed below the Camp to prevent activists from accessing either the beach or the sea.
Motivation
The campaign has a diverse support base, including people from many political backgrounds and those with no strong politics at all. Local campaigners include former Fianna Fáil and Fine Gael supporters. Philip McGrath, one of the Rossport Five, was an election agent for Fine Gael leader Enda Kenny. Werner Blau, a physics professor at Trinity College Dublin, and part-time Rossport resident, told his neighbours that the pipeline intended for Rossport would not even comply with United States standards, which he described as "pretty lax". In its rankings of countries' facilitation of oil and gas companies, the World Bank rates Ireland in its highest, "very favourable" category, along with Pakistan and Argentina. By comparison, Nigeria is rated average. Mike Cunningham, a former director of Statoil, said: "No country in the world gives as favourable terms to the oil companies as Ireland." This is a result of legislation created by Ray Burke, who served as Minister of Communications and Energy.
Many people from outside Erris are concerned about aspects of the proposed project leading to widespread opposition. Some specific concerns are use of compulsory orders to acquire property for private companies and over-generous terms given to the oil companies by successive Fianna Fáil governments.
People from the Niger Delta now resident in Ireland have expressed support. A mural of Ken Saro-Wiwa, who was executed after leading a campaign to reduce Shell's influence in Ogoniland, has been painted on a gable in Rossport and a memorial to the Ogoni Nine erected.
In 2006, Shell were accused of trying to influence local business, when the owner of a local adventure centre alleged that Shell offered him €15,000 in return for his support for the construction of the pipeline in 2005. Shell said in response, that at no point was such an offer made as it was against their business principles but that Shell had given a donation of €150 to a windsurfing festival following a request by the businessman.
Criticism
Unsubstantiated allegations abound linking the IRA and Sinn Féin to the Shell to Sea campaign. In 2005, Michael McDowell—using Dáil privilege—claimed that Frank Connolly, an investigative journalist and a brother of one of the Colombia Three, had travelled to Colombia under a false passport. McDowell subsequently leaked the alleged faked passport application to a friend, the journalist Sam Smyth of the Irish Independent, and prejudiced any potential Garda investigation. Although Connolly denied McDowell's accusations, the controversy led to Irish American private donor Chuck Feeney withdrawing funding from the Centre for Public Inquiry, an investigative organisation which of which Frank Connolly was the director had published a report on the Corrib Gas Project, embarrassing the government.
Stories of infiltration by political activists from outside the area and intimidation of project supporters had also been rife, but these were denied by the then independent TD Jerry Cowley and local Fine Gael TD Michael Ring. Ring originally supported S2S, though later changed his position. Gardaí also made allegations of intimidation, though no arrests were made or individuals questioned. The president of Belmullet chamber of commerce told the media that what was described as "intimidation" is actually boycotting of pro-Shell businesses by S2S supporters. He told The Irish Times: "It has never been anything more serious than that, but that is serious enough."
See also
Corrib gas project
Corrib gas controversy
Rossport Five
References
External links
'The Pipe' IMDB page including trailer, released 8 July 2010 - Galway Film Festival
Pipe Down film - Best Feature Documentary - Waterford Film Festival 2010
Shell to Sea website
Shell to Sea Switzerland website in German and French
Shell's page on Corrib gas project
Mayo Gas Information (Pobal le Cheile)
Corrib Gas Pipeline
Civil disobedience
Civil rights protests
Corrib gas controversy
Erris
Environmental protests in the Republic of Ireland
Politics of the Republic of Ireland
Protests in the Republic of Ireland |
170316 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M-86 | CP/M-86 | CP/M-86 is a discontinued version of the CP/M operating system that Digital Research (DR) made for the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088. The system commands are the same as in CP/M-80. Executable files used the relocatable .CMD file format. Digital Research also produced a multi-user multitasking operating system compatible with CP/M-86, MP/M-86, which later evolved into Concurrent CP/M-86. When an emulator was added to provide PC DOS compatibility, the system was renamed Concurrent DOS, which later became Multiuser DOS, of which REAL/32 is the latest incarnation. The FlexOS, DOS Plus, and DR DOS families of operating systems started as derivations of Concurrent DOS as well.
History
Digital Research's CP/M-86 was originally announced to be released in November 1979, but was delayed repeatedly. When IBM contacted other companies to obtain components for the IBM PC, the as-yet unreleased CP/M-86 was its first choice for an operating system because CP/M had the most applications at the time. Negotiations between Digital Research and IBM quickly deteriorated over IBM's non-disclosure agreement and its insistence on a one-time fee rather than DRI's usual royalty licensing plan.
After discussions with Microsoft, IBM decided to use 86-DOS (QDOS), a CP/M-like operating system that Microsoft bought from Seattle Computer Products renaming it MS-DOS. Microsoft adapted it for PC, and licensed it to IBM. It was sold by IBM under the name of PC DOS. After learning about the deal, Digital Research founder Gary Kildall threatened to sue IBM for infringing DRI's intellectual property, and IBM agreed to offer CP/M-86 as an alternative operating system on the PC to settle the claim. Most of the BIOS drivers for CP/M-86 for the IBM PC were written by Andy Johnson-Laird.
The IBM PC was announced on 12 August 1981, and the first machines began shipping in October the same year, ahead of schedule. CP/M-86 was one of three operating systems available from IBM, with PC DOS and UCSD p-System. Digital Research's adaptation of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC was released six months after PC DOS in spring 1982, and porting applications from CP/M-80 to either operating system was about equally difficult. In November 1981, Digital Research also released a version for the proprietary IBM Displaywriter.
On some dual-processor 8-bit/16-bit computers special versions of CP/M-86 could natively run CP/M-86 and CP/M-80 applications. A version for the DEC Rainbow was named CP/M-86/80, whereas the version for the was named CP/M 8-16 (see also: MP/M 8-16). The version of CP/M-86 for the 8085/8088-based Zenith Z-100 supported running programs for both processors as well.
When PC clones came about, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to other companies as well. Experts found that the two operating systems were technically comparable, with CP/M-86 having better memory management but DOS being faster. BYTE speculated that Microsoft reserving multitasking for Xenix "appears to leave a big opening" for Concurrent CP/M-86.
On the IBM PC, however, at per copy for IBM's version, CP/M-86 sold poorly compared to the PC DOS; one survey found that 96.3% of IBM PCs were ordered with DOS, compared to 3.4% with CP/M-86 or Concurrent CP/M-86. In mid-1982 Lifeboat Associates, perhaps the largest CP/M software vendor, announced its support for DOS over CP/M-86 on the IBM PC. BYTE warned that IBM, Microsoft, and Lifeboat's support for DOS "poses a serious threat to" CP/M-86, and Jerry Pournelle stated in the magazine that "it is clear that Digital Research made some terrible mistakes in the marketing".
By early 1983 DRI began selling CP/M-86 1.1 to end users for . Advertisements called CP/M-86 a "terrific value", with "instant access to the largest collection of applications software in existence … hundreds of proven, professional software programs for every business and education need"; it also included Graphics System Extension (GSX), formerly . In May 1983 the company announced that it would offer DOS versions of all of its languages and utilities. It stated that "obviously, PC DOS has made great market penetration on the IBM PC; we have to admit that", but claimed that "the fact that CP/M-86 has not done as well as DRI had hoped has nothing to do with our decision". By early 1984 DRI gave free copies of Concurrent CP/M-86 to those who purchased two CP/M-86 applications as a limited time offer, and advertisements stated that the applications were booters, which did not require loading CP/M-86 first. In January 1984, DRI also announced Kanji CP/M-86, a Japanese version of CP/M-86, for nine Japanese companies including Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Sanyo Electric Co. Ltd., Sord Computer Corp. In December 1984 Fujitsu announced a number of FM-16-based machines using Kanji CP/M-86.
CP/M-86 and DOS had very similar functionality, but were not compatible because the system calls for the same functions and program file formats were different, so two versions of the same software had to be produced and marketed to run under both operating systems. The command interface again had similar functionality but different syntax; where CP/M-86 (and CP/M) copied file SOURCE to TARGET with the command PIP TARGET=SOURCE, DOS used COPY SOURCE TARGET.
Initially MS-DOS and CP/M-86 also ran on computers not necessarily hardware-compatible with the IBM PC such as the Apricot and Sirius, the intention being that software would be independent of hardware by making standardised operating system calls to a version of the operating system custom tailored to the particular hardware. However, writers of software which required fast performance accessed the IBM PC hardware directly instead of going through the operating system, resulting in PC-specific software which performed better than other MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions; for example, games would display fast by writing to video memory directly instead of suffering the delay of making a call to the operating system, which would then write to a hardware-dependent memory location. Non-PC-compatible computers were soon replaced by models with hardware which behaved identically to the PC's. A consequence of the universal adoption of detailed PC architecture was that no more than 640 kilobytes of memory were supported; early machines running MS-DOS and CP/M-86 did not suffer from this restriction, and some could make use of nearly one megabyte of RAM.
Reception
PC Magazine wrote that CP/M-86 "in several ways seems better fitted to the PC" than DOS; however, for those who did not plan to program in assembly language, because it cost six times more "CP/M seems a less compelling purchase". It stated that CP/M-86 was strong in areas where DOS was weak, and vice versa, and that the level of application support for each operating system would be most important, although CP/M-86's lack of a run-time version for applications was a weakness.
Versions
A given version of CP/M-86 has two version numbers. One applies to the whole system and is usually displayed at startup; the other applies to the BDOS kernel. Versions known to exist include:
All known Personal CP/M-86 versions contain references to CP/M-86 Plus, suggesting that they are derived from the CP/M-86 Plus codebase.
A number of 16-bit CP/M-86 derivatives existed in the former East-bloc under the names SCP1700 (), CP/K, and K8918-OS. They were produced by the East-German VEB Robotron Dresden and Berlin.
Legacy
Caldera permitted the redistribution and modification of all original Digital Research files, including source code, related to the CP/M family through Tim Olmstead's "The Unofficial CP/M Web site" since 1997. After Olmstead's death on 12 September 2001, the free distribution license was refreshed and expanded by Lineo, who had meanwhile become the owner of those Digital Research assets, on 19 October 2001.
See also
History of computing hardware (1960s-present)
SpeedStart CP/M-86
DOS Plus
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
The Unofficial CP/M Website, which has a licence from the copyright holder to distribute original Digital Research software.
The comp.os.cpm FAQ
Intel iPDS-100 Using CP/M-Video
CP/M variants
IBM PC compatibles
Microcomputer software
Digital Research operating systems
Discontinued operating systems
Floppy disk-based operating systems
Free software operating systems
X86 operating systems
1981 software |
4887152 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Peduto | Bill Peduto | William Mark Peduto (born October 30, 1964) is an American politician who was the 60th mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania from 2014 until 2022. He was a Democratic member of the Pittsburgh City Council from 2002 to 2014.
Before his election to the city council, Peduto attended Pennsylvania State University, from which he took a leave of absence before completing his degree. He ran a consulting business and later served as chief of staff to his predecessor on the city council, Dan Cohen. Peduto was elected to the council in 2001 and served from 2002 to 2014. During that time, he ran for mayor three times. In 2005, he lost the Democratic primary to Bob O'Connor, who became mayor in 2006. Peduto again ran in a 2007 special election following O'Connor's death, but dropped out before the primary. He ran for mayor for a third time in 2013, winning the Democratic nomination and the general election with 84% of the vote over Joshua Wander and Lester Ludwig. He was inaugurated in January 2014. In the 2017 election, he ran unopposed and was reelected with 96% of the vote. He ran for a third term in May 2021, but lost the Democratic primary to Ed Gainey. Peduto's second term in office ended in January 2022.
Early life and education
Peduto was born on October 30, 1964. He graduated from Chartiers Valley High School in 1983. After a year at Carnegie Mellon University, he transferred to Pennsylvania State University, pursuing a degree in political science and becoming president of the university's chapter of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He dropped out before completing the degree requirements. In 2007, Peduto returned to finish his degree requirements and became the only member of the nine-member Pittsburgh City Council at the time with a bachelor's degree.
Later, Peduto received a master's degree in public policy and management from the University of Pittsburgh.
Career
Peduto operated a political consulting business and served as general consultant, campaign manager, finance director and other roles for several Democratic candidates and elected officials. At 28, he served as a political director for then Acting Governor Mark Singel. He also worked in Washington, D.C. as an intern to then U.S. Representative George Gekas.
Before holding a seat on the city council, Peduto served as chief of staff to former City Councilman Dan Cohen. In 1996 Peduto was Cohen's campaign manager in a challenge to former U.S. Representative Bill Coyne in the Democratic primary. Peduto is reported to have urged Cohen to accuse Coyne of complacency in obtaining federal funding and other resources for the Pittsburgh area. Cohen lost by a wide margin, which some pundits attributed to voter dislike of his negative advertising.
Pittsburgh City Council
In the 2001 election, Peduto ran for the Pittsburgh City Council District 8 seat being vacated by Cohen, which represents the East End neighborhoods of Bloomfield, Friendship, Oakland, Point Breeze, Shadyside and Squirrel Hill. After being elected to a four-year term, he assumed office in January 2002. He was reelected in 2005 and 2009.
On the city council, Peduto chaired the Committee on General Services, Technology and the Arts, which is in charge of all contracts and purchases as well as city-owned buildings and land. He also oversaw the City Information Systems department, the Cable Bureau and the Art Commission on Council. Peduto has called himself a proponent of progressivism and a "Reform Democrat." He was named one of "100 New Democrats to Watch" by the Democratic Leadership Council in 2003 and one of National Journal's "PA Up and Comers" in 2004 and 2006.
First and second mayoral campaigns
Peduto launched his first campaign for mayor of Pittsburgh in 2005. He lost the primary to eventual general election winner Bob O'Connor. In 2006, after O'Connor died, City Council President Luke Ravenstahl became Mayor. In his second bid for mayor, Peduto mounted a primary challenge to Ravenstahl in the 2007 special election, but ended his campaign before the primary, acknowledging Ravenstahl's popularity. Peduto faced criticism for this decision from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette editorial board, which accused him of "political cowardice."
Peduto became a political opponent of Ravenstahl's, opposing Ravenstahl's proposal to end Act 47 oversight of Pittsburgh's finances, among other issues. After being reelected to the city council in 2009, he again challenged Ravenstahl in the 2013 Democratic primary.
Mayor of Pittsburgh
In December 2012, Peduto officially launched his third mayoral campaign, announcing that he would challenge Ravenstahl in the 2013 mayoral primary, and was immediately endorsed by Allegheny County Executive Rich Fitzgerald. He simultaneously announced that he would not seek reelection to the city council. Ravenstahl announced in March 2013 that he would not seek another term as mayor. Several other candidates launched campaigns, but after Ravenstahl's exit, it became a two-way race between Peduto and former Pennsylvania Auditor General Jack Wagner. In the May 21 primary, Peduto defeated his opponents, receiving 52% of the vote. Wagner, his closest challenger, received 40%.
In November 2013, Peduto defeated Republican candidate Joshua Wander, who lived in Israel at the time of the election, and independent candidate Lester Ludwig, receiving 84% of the vote. He was inaugurated on January 6, 2014.
Early in his term, Peduto made modernizing Pittsburgh's government a priority. Particular focus was given to the newly created Department of Permits, Licenses, and Inspections which replaced the former Bureau of Building Inspection. Prior to 2014, the Department had only 10 computers for 80 staff members and no online permitting. Today, the City of Pittsburgh has a fully online permitting system.
Peduto is an advocate for ride-sharing in Pittsburgh. After the Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission issued cease-and-desist orders in July 2014, Peduto called on the state legislature to allow ride-sharing operators to legally operate in Pittsburgh. Subsequently, ride-sharing service Lyft acquired temporary approval for operation in August 2014 pending a hearing regarding a permanent license.
In July 2014, Peduto and the City of Pittsburgh dropped a lawsuit that Ravenstahl had launched against UPMC, challenging its tax-exempt status. Peduto said the suit impeded progress in ongoing negotiations between UPMC and the city on taxes.
In early September 2014, Peduto announced the hiring of Cameron McLay as Pittsburgh Chief of Police, which resulted from an extended search following the resignation and subsequent conviction of Nate Harper on charges of tax evasion and slush fund conspiracy.
Peduto appeared on the CBS television series Undercover Boss in December 2014 as "Ed Chadwick". Following the premise of the show, Peduto disguised himself as a municipal worker to observe rank-and-file Pittsburgh employees. As is customary in the show, Peduto rewarded those whose performance was judged to be exemplary with monetary donations. These donations came from anonymous sources, since ethics laws bar the use of tax revenue. Common Cause Pennsylvania, a government watchdog group, called on the Peduto administration to disclose the donors shortly after the episode aired.
In a statement on Twitter in the run-up to the 2018 primary elections, Peduto announced his support for the legalization of marijuana for recreational purposes.
In 2019, Peduto introduced multiple proposals to city council to restrict firearms access. The bills were eventually passed by the city council after months of heated debate. The bills were met with heavy resistance with lawsuits being threatened, until the city decided to not enforce the laws they passed.
Peduto's tenure also included record investments in Pittsburgh's parks system. He successfully pushed for the passage of a local parks tax referendum to support capital projects.
Between 2019 and 2020, Peduto announced steps to turn around Pittsburgh's long-troubled Water and Sewer Authority. After making leadership changes and major investments, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority announced its lowest lead levels in 25 years.
On August 18, 2020, Pittsburgh residents protesting police brutality demonstrated outside Peduto's home, staying until 10 am the next day, when police officers declared the assembly unlawful. Later on the 19th, Peduto released a statement criticizing the protests, saying that any demonstration in his residential area "crosses a line that cannot be allowed to continue". The mayor's office later announced that Peduto would be at his home that evening to speak to protesters.
Reelection campaigns
Peduto announced on December 14, 2016, that he was running for reelection in 2017. He faced two challengers in the May primary: John Welch, a progressive minister who challenged Peduto from the left, and city councilwoman Darlene Harris, a longtime foe, who had not filed an official campaign organization. He defeated both to win the Democratic nomination, and did not face any Republican candidate in the general election, as none filed to run in the primary. Peduto was reelected with approximately 96% of the ballots cast on November 7, 2017.
In January 2021, Peduto formally announced his intention to seek a third term in the 2021 election. He lost the May Democratic primary to Ed Gainey.
Post-mayoralty
In April 2022, Carnegie Mellon University announced that Peduto would join the university’s Heinz College of Information Systems and Public Policy as a Distinguished Executive in Residence. His duties included serving as a guest lecturer and co-teaching a course; he served through March 2023.
In April 2023, Peduto was involved in a physical altercation in a bar.
See also
List of mayors of Pittsburgh
City of Pittsburgh
Government of Pittsburgh
References
External links
Bill Peduto for Mayor
|-
1964 births
21st-century American politicians
Carnegie Mellon University trustees
Living people
Mayors of Pittsburgh
Pennsylvania Democrats
Pennsylvania State University alumni
Pittsburgh City Council members
University of Pittsburgh alumni |
2924510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window%20of%20Opportunity%20%28Stargate%20SG-1%29 | Window of Opportunity (Stargate SG-1) | "Window of Opportunity" is the sixth episode from season 4 of the science fiction television series Stargate SG-1, and first aired on the American subscription channel Showtime on August 4, 2000. The episode is based on a time loop scenario, with SG-1 team members Colonel O'Neill and Teal'c repeatedly reliving the same ten hours after a mission on a planet. Since the rest of their team and all personnel at Stargate Command are unaware of the happenings and do not remember the time resets, O'Neill and Teal'c are forced to find a solution on their own.
Penned by Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, "Window of Opportunity" was the writing duo's second script, and their first episode to air. Mallozzi and Mullie later became executive producers of both Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis. The episode's unusual story style caused an unexpected shortage of footage during filming, which director Peter DeLuise compensated for by shooting additional scenes, many of which were humorous. "Window of Opportunity" is widely regarded as a fan favorite.
Plot
On a mission on P4X-639, a planet experiencing strong solar activity, the SG-1 team encounters an alien archaeologist named Malikai (Robin Mossley). When a geomagnetic disturbance hits its peak, the Stargate activates simultaneously on the planet and on Earth, and a flash strikes Malikai, Colonel O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson) and Teal'c (Christopher Judge) near an Ancient altar. Moments later, O'Neill finds himself in the Stargate Command (SGC) cafeteria in the middle of a breakfast conversation with Dr. Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks) and Major Carter (Amanda Tapping), who claim to have no knowledge of the planet. O'Neill and Teal'c later express familiarity with the events, and they are checked and certified to be in perfect health. Before SG-1 can resume their planned mission to the planet, an unscheduled offworld activation of the Earth Stargate, accompanied by flashes, transports O'Neill back to breakfast.
While the events at the SGC repeat themselves, Daniel makes first progress in the translation of writings in the photos of the ancient altar. SG-1 return to the planet where Malikai lets slip he too remembers what's happening, but O'Neill finds himself back at breakfast before the altar's activation can be stopped. With the help of O'Neill's and Teal'c's explanations, Carter devises a plan to break the time loop by preventing an incoming wormhole, which fails. Meanwhile, Daniel attempts to translate the altar's writing loop after loop, but his memory is reset each time along with everyone else's, and he cannot possibly translate it all within just a few hours. Ultimately, O'Neill and Teal'c realize the only solution is to learn and remember the alien language themselves. After many loops of teaching, Daniel makes an offhand remark about events that occur during each loop having no consequences once the loop is over, which inspires O'Neill and Teal'c to indulge in wildly outrageous behavior as a means of dealing with the boredom and frustration of being caught in repeating time. The pair play golf through the active Stargate (much to General Hammond's irritation in at least one loop), Teal'c takes action against the painful starts of his loops by slamming the door back in the face of the airman who accidentally hit him with it in the beginning of each loop, O'Neill tries pottery-making (clearly improving with each progressive loop), bicycles through the base, and just before the end of one loop, resigns from the Air Force whilst wearing an outrageous sweatshirt for the sole purpose of grabbing Carter and kissing her in the seconds before the loop resets.
After what is later believed to have been at least three months, Daniel is finally able to reconstruct the planet's history with the finished translations: the Ancients had attempted to escape a mysterious plague by building a time machine but never got it to work properly. Upon returning to the planet, SG-1 learn of the death of Malikai's wife, whom Malikai wants to visit in the past with the help of the time machine. O'Neill's experience of his son's death convinces Malikai to shut down the device before yet another new loop can start. Back at the SGC, O'Neill, Carter, and Daniel have their first breakfast after the loops, and O'Neill answers Daniel's question about unusual activities in the loops with a long look at Carter.
Production
"Window of Opportunity" was the second Stargate SG-1 script by Joseph Mallozzi and Paul Mullie, and their first episode to air. The writing duo's first script, "Scorched Earth", would air three episodes later. Choosing "Ad Infinitum" as the episode's working title, Mallozzi and Mullie originally pitched "Window of Opportunity" as a darker story from the finished episode. SG-1 would encounter a world whose scientists work feverishly on preventing an imminent apocalypse, but after being unable to find a solution in time, they initiate a time loop that would trap the SG-1 team. Executive producer Brad Wright however noted the similarities to the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Cause and Effect", and writer Robert C. Cooper suggested a lighter direction similar to the feature film Groundhog Day, which O'Neill would briefly reference in the episode. To simplify continuity in the shooting process, Brad Wright encouraged chaos-theory-type fluctuations in the story as early as in the episode's concept meeting. Director Peter DeLuise asked the prop department to glue the Froot Loops to O'Neill's breakfast spoon to have the same loops in the same spots in each take.
According to Paul Mullie, having Froot Loops as O'Neill's breakfast was not scripted, and he is unsure if the loop reference was intentional. This was contradicted by Script coordinator Cath-Anne Ambrose who said "I had to get Froot Loops cleared [by the company that makes them], and so the guy calls me back and says, 'Well how do you feel about Eggo Waffles? Would you consider using Eggo Waffles instead of Froot Loops?' So I go to these guys [the writing department] and ask, 'How do you feel about waffles?' And they're like, 'No! It's Froot Loops! It's a time loop! No!' Waffle sales were down."
The off-world scenes were filmed on an interior sound stage, using occasional lens flares and off-camera fans to simulate weather. A matte painting by the in-house visual effects department later served as a sky replacement for the used greenscreen. The Vancouver-based company GDFX was responsible for almost all visual effects shots, some of which were re-used within the episode to save money. Other visual effects clips were re-used from previous episodes. "Window of Opportunity" was the first episode to feature a rear-screen projection in the briefing room. To speed up the shooting process, scenes were filmed in thematic blocks instead of in a story-chronological order, and short sequences were re-used to help the audience with a visual recall in new scenes. Sound effects were later added to give the wooden altar prop the impression of being made of stone.
It became evident by the third day of production that the episode was going to run significantly short, partly caused by the time-efficient filming style. The scene in which Daniel informs Jack and Teal'c of the opportunity to do whatever they like, was a late pitch by Brad Wright, who had also had the idea for some time to show someone golfing through the Stargate. Preliminary discussions about computer-generating the golf ball to not break the US$100,000 Stargate prop were later overturned, and the actors used a real golf ball. Many of the other humorous scenes in "Window of Opportunity" were improvised on set during filming. With juggling being one of Richard Dean Anderson's earlier careers, director Peter DeLuise filmed the juggling sequence in a last effort to fill the episode's time slot. "Window of Opportunity" has no deleted scenes.
As the first episodes of season 4 addressed the attraction between O'Neill and Carter, its after-effects were chosen to be still noticeable in "Window of Opportunity". The progressing frustration of Teal'c, "the man of infinite patience", is shown by his Kel'no'reem'ing (a fictional meditational state) during the briefing. The episode's main guest star was Robin Mossley as Malikai; Mossley would play a different character in the season 10 episode "Morpheus". Several crew members make cameo appearances in "Window of Opportunity". Nicole Forrest, the show's head of accounting and director Peter Woeste's wife, appears as Malikai's wife on a photographic device. One of Anderson's stand-ins on SG-1, Bill Nikolai, plays the technician in O'Neill's bicycle scene. Director Peter DeLuise briefly appears as an airman who helps Daniel recover from being repeatedly knocked down by Sgt. Siler in each loop. Siler himself is played by stunt coordinator Dan Shea. The name of writer Joseph Mallozzi appears as the author of the book that O'Neill and Teal'c use to study the Ancient language.
Reception
In his book Approaching the Possible, Jo Storm saw the episode's title hinting at an "inevitable" story line about the sexual tension between O'Neill and Carter that has been looming since the beginning of the series. The characters "break[ing] the rules of conduct for their jobs" (fraternization) made the episode "seem completely unnatural", while it allowed the writers to explore possibilities in the narrative. Jo Storm also credited the writers for breaking the "boring" convention of getting either only one or all teammembers caught in a time loop. The producers enjoyed having O'Neill and Teal'c instead of the usual intellectual combination of Carter and Daniel solve the puzzle. Peter DeLuise regarded the episode as "funnier" and "more lighthearted" than usual episodes.
A season 4 DVD review by digitallyobsessed.com gave "Window of Opportunity" 4 out of 5 points, calling it an "enjoyable", "charming", and "unique" episode and "one of the series' most entertaining stories". Other reviewers found the episode "hilarious" and "a fine example of SG-1 at its humorous best". The 2000 XPosé Yearbook ranked "Window of Opportunity" as the second-best episode of science fiction television in the year 2000. A sampling of fan opinions on space.com in 2001 showed the episode as a "clear favorite". In a fan poll conducted in 2007 on the Sci-Fi Channel's website, "Window of Opportunity" was voted the "best episode ever" out of thirty-two preselected Stargate SG-1 episodes, and the majority of participants in a 2007 SG-1 fan poll on MSN Canada named the episode their "favourite of all time."
References
External links
Window of Opportunity at mgm.com
Window of Opportunity at scifi.com
Stargate SG-1 episodes
2000 American television episodes
Television episodes about time travel
Television episodes about multiple time paths
Time loop television episodes |
1772649 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Microbiology%20Laboratory | National Microbiology Laboratory | The National Microbiology Laboratory (NML) is part of the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the agency of the Government of Canada that is responsible for public health, health emergency preparedness and response, and infectious and chronic disease control and prevention.
NML is located in several sites across the country including the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health (CSCHAH) in Winnipeg, Manitoba. NML has a second site in Winnipeg, the JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre on Logan Avenue which serves as a hub for HIV research and diagnostics in Canada. The three other primary sites include locations in Guelph, St. Hyacinthe and Lethbridge.
The CSCHAH is a biosafety level 4 infectious disease laboratory facility, the only one of its kind in Canada. With maximum containment, scientists are able to work with pathogens including Ebola, Marburg and Lassa fever.
The NML's CSCHAH is also home to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency's National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, and thus the scientists at the NML share their premises with animal virologists.
History
The National Microbiology Laboratory was preceded by the Bureau of Microbiology which was originally part of the Laboratory Centre for Disease Control of Health Canada in Ottawa. In the 1980s, Health Canada identified both the need to replace existing laboratory space that was reaching the end of its lifespan and the need for Containment Level 4 space in the country.
Around the same time, Agriculture Canada (prior to the Canadian Food Inspection Agency being formed) also identified the need for new laboratory space including high-containment. Numerous benefits were identified for housing both laboratories in one building and Winnipeg was chosen as the site; an announcement to that effect was made in October 1987.
After some debate, the spot chosen for the site was a city works yard near to the Health Sciences Centre (a major teaching hospital), the University of Manitoba's medical school, and other life science organizations. Construction of the facility that came to be named the Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health (often referred to locally as "the Virology Lab") began with an official ground-breaking in December 1992.
The joint venture design team of Toronto-based Dunlop Architects and Winnipeg-based Smith Carter Architects and Engineers visited 30 laboratories to seek best practices in containment and design. Construction was largely complete by the end of 1997 with the first programs beginning in the spring of 1998 and all laboratories coming on line after that. The official opening took place in June 1999.
Following the SARS outbreak in 2003, the Public Health Agency of Canada was formed in 2004 to provide a stronger focus on public health and emergency preparedness in the country. It is a member of the federal Health Portfolio (along with Health Canada, the Canadian Institute of Health Research, and other organizations).
By 2018 the NML was beginning to use genomics and advanced computing to study microbes at the genetic level in so-called "dry lab" facilities, as opposed to "wet labs" with Petri dishes and cell cultures.
The NML (PHAC) fired Chinese nationals Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng from their jobs as BSL4 infectious disease researchers in January 2021; previously in July 2019 the pair had been dismissed from their positions as unpaid members of the University of Winnipeg for their agency in a mysterious trans-Pacific shipment of BSL4-grade virus materials back to their homeland when the RCMP was called in.
Containment
Human pathogens are classified into risk groups. The criteria to determine the group includes the level of risk to the health of a person or to public health, as well as the likelihood that the human pathogen will actually cause disease in a human, and whether treatment and preventative measures are available. It can depend on the type of work being done as to which level of containment is needed for pathogens from specific risk groups; as an example, culturing (or growing) a virus or bacterium requires higher containment than some diagnostic tests.
NML operates Containment Level 2, 3 and 4 laboratories. In human health infectious disease laboratories, the design and construction of the facility, the engineering controls, and the training and techniques of staff are all focused on protecting lab workers, containing the pathogens, and preventing contamination of materials to ensure accurate diagnosis and research. All of these factors vary depending on the level of containment.
The vast majority (87.7%) of NML's lab space is Containment Level 2 (CL2). This is the same type of laboratory found in doctors' offices, hospitals and universities. In a Level 2 lab, work with infectious materials is done inside a biosafety cabinet (BSC) and appropriate personal protective gear is worn relative to activities (gloves, eye protection, lab coats, gowns, etc.).
Risk Group 2 pathogens worked with in Level 2 can cause disease but are not a serious hazard and they are often circulating in the community. Environmental contamination must be minimized by the use of hand washing sinks and decontamination facilities such as autoclaves. Examples include E-coli; whooping cough; and seasonal influenza.
NML also has Containment Level 3 (CL3) laboratories (8.6% of lab space). Risk Group 3 pathogens may be transmitted by the airborne route, often need only a low infectious dose to produce effects, and can cause serious or life-threatening disease. CL3 emphasizes additional primary and secondary barriers to minimize the release of infectious organisms into the immediate laboratory and the environment. Additional features to prevent transmission of CL3 organisms are appropriate respiratory protection, HEPA filtration of exhausted laboratory air, and strictly controlled laboratory access. Examples include tuberculosis; West Nile virus; and pandemic H1N1 influenza.
A small percentage of laboratory space (3.6%) is devoted to Containment Level 4 (CL4) at NML. These agents have the potential for aerosol transmission, often have a low infectious dose and produce very serious and often fatal disease; there is no licensed treatment or vaccine available. This level of containment represents an isolated unit independent of other areas. CL4 emphasizes maximum containment of the infectious agent by completely sealing the facility perimeter with confirmation by negative pressure testing, isolation of the researcher from the pathogen by an enclosed positive pressure suit, and decontamination of air and all other materials. Examples include Ebola, Nipah, Marburg, and 1918 pandemic influenza.
Structure
NML programs are housed in several facilities across the country. Two of these facilities are in proximity to each other in Winnipeg: The Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health on Arlington Street and the J.C. Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre on Logan Avenue. The other facilities are located in Guelph, ON; St. Hyacinthe, QC and Lethbridge, AB.
NML is divided into five main laboratory divisions which are supported by scientific and administrative services. The primary NML divisions are:
Bacterial Pathogens - focussing on bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis and antibiotic resistant organisms.
Enteric Diseases - focussing on food and water-borne pathogens including E.coli and Salmonella.
Viral Diseases - addressing a range of viral diseases, including hepatitis and other blood-borne pathogens, respiratory viruses and viral exanthemata, such as measles.
Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens - dealing with viral, bacterial and rickettsial zoonoses (diseases transmitted to humans from other species), such as West Nile Virus and Lyme disease, along with risk group 4 agents such as Ebola, Marburg and Lassa fever viruses.
HIV and Retrovirology - providing laboratory services and scientific expertise relating to HIV and emerging retroviruses.
The Science Technology Core and Services Division works with these divisions to provide technological approaches, including genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics.
There is also the Public Health Risk Sciences Division, which is a specialized resource that provides scientific knowledge and solutions to better assess public health risks and enable decisions, with specific attention to infectious disease threats transmitted from food, the animals, or the physical environment.
These science-based divisions are complemented and supported by numerous other units that ensure their ongoing operations such as the Office of Science Planning, Program Support and Services, Scientific Informatic Services, Science Support and Client Services, Surveillance and References Services, the Facility and Property Management Division, and the Biorisk and Occupational Safety Services Division. NML also funds the National Reference Centre for Parasitology in Montreal and has a Laboratory Liaison Technical Officer in most provincial labs.
Workforce
NML employs scientists (MD, PhD, and DVM), biologists, and laboratory technologists, but it also includes informatics specialists, biosafety experts, specialized operations and maintenance staff, and administrative staff, among others. In total, there are approximately 600 staff members as of 2016.
The laboratory has collaborated with scientists from the Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army from at least 2016 to 2020.
Accomplishments
NML is renowned
for its work on a broad spectrum of infectious diseases from seasonal influenza to Ebola and its accomplishments are too many to detail.
Some recent examples of the work done by NML include their involvement in the response to the West African Ebola outbreak. For a period of about 18 months, teams from NML travelled to West Africa to aid in the diagnostics during the outbreak. They worked closely with the World Health Organization and Médecins sans frontières to ensure people were properly diagnosed so that they could be properly cared for and isolated from others to stop the spread. Also during this outbreak, a promising vaccine and treatment for Ebola that were developed at NML, in conjunction with collaborators, were fast tracked into clinical trials so that they could get to the people that needed it as soon as possible.
Another accomplishment was the response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. In April 2009, the Mexican national lab approached NML for assistance with identifying a respiratory virus that was causing outbreaks in Mexico. NML was able to quickly identify the new virus and recognize that it matched the virus that was beginning to circulate in the U.S. As the lead laboratory in Canada, NML rapidly developed diagnostic tests and equipped provincial labs to be able to test for the new virus. NML also assisted Mexico by providing additional testing and sent staff to their national laboratory to enable to help them set up their own testing protocols.
In the international laboratory sector, NML has developed different types of mobile labs: a lab-truck, a lab-trailer, and a "lab in a suitcase". The lab-truck is generally used for in-country deployments at high-profile events such as the 2010 Olympics, the lab-trailer is used for international large-scale events where there may be a threat of bioterrorism or other deliberate acts involving infectious agents, and the lab in a suitcase is frequently used in remote areas of the world with little available infrastructure. An example would be the multiple deployments over the years to combat outbreaks of Ebola in Africa. This model was adopted by many other countries during the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
NML houses the secretariats for both the Canadian Public Health Laboratory Network (CPHLN) and the Global Health Security Action Group – Laboratory Network (GHSAG-LN). The role of CPHLN is to provide a forum for public health laboratory leaders to share knowledge. The GHSAG-LN network's goals are to coordinate the diagnostic capabilities of all participants and contribute to disease surveillance around the world.
The Canadian Network for Public Health Intelligence (CNPHI) is an innovation developed by NML staff. It is a secure web-based system that compiles information from various surveillance systems and issues alerts to users. More than 4,000 public health officials across Canada now subscribe to it. CNPHI tools assist in determining the existence or extent of an outbreak through the recognition of related cases across jurisdictions.
Directors
From 2000 to 2014, Dr. Frank Plummer was the Scientific Director General of the National Microbiology Laboratory. Under Dr. Plummer's guidance, the NML developed into one of the world's premier institutions in the research, detection, and response to global infectious disease and bio-security threats.
Dr. Plummer received his medical degree from the University of Manitoba in 1976. Between 1984 and 2001, Dr. Plummer lived in Nairobi, Kenya where he spearheaded the development of the world renowned "Kenya AIDS Control Program," established by the Universities of Manitoba and Nairobi. This HIV epidemiological work was central to global understanding of the risk factors for HIV transmission and how to prevent its spread. Dr. Plummer was the first to reveal that heterosexual women could also be infected with HIV/AIDS and that a cohort of Nairobi sex workers had a natural immunity to HIV/AIDS. This latter discovery suggested the possibility that a vaccine could eventually be developed.
Dr. Plummer stepped down as the NML's Scientific Director General to take the position as senior adviser to the Agency's Chief Public Health Officer in 2014. He remained as a distinguished professor at the University of Manitoba prior to his death in February 2020.
In 2015, Dr. Matthew Gilmour became the Scientific Director General of the National Microbiology Laboratory and the Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses. Dr. Gilmour spearheaded the partnership that brought these two laboratories together under the National Microbiology Laboratory umbrella. He was previously the Chief, Enteric Diseases and subsequently the Program Director, Bacteriology and Enteric Diseases at the NML.
Dr. Gilmour has won a number of scientific awards including Canadian Society of Microbiologists' Canadian Graduate Student Microbiologist of the Year Award; the Public Health Agency of Canada's Most Promising Researcher Merit Award and Dr. Andrés Petrasovits Public Health Merit Award; and Health Canada's Excellence Award in Collaborative Leadership and Award for Excellence in Science. Dr. Gilmour continues to be an Assistant Professor at the University of Manitoba's Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases as well as the Secretary Treasurer of the Canadian Association for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (CACMID).
See also
VSV-EBOV
ZMapp
Notes and references
External links
National Microbiology Laboratory official website https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/programs/national-microbiology-laboratory.html
Public Health Agency of Canada https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health.html
Laboratories in Canada
Research institutes in Canada
Health Canada
Research institutes in Manitoba
Medical research institutes in Canada
Biosafety level 4 laboratories
Life sciences industry
Virology institutes
1999 establishments in Canada
Organizations based in Winnipeg |
211509 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Vincennes%20%28CA-44%29 | USS Vincennes (CA-44) | USS Vincennes (CL/CA-44) was a United States Navy , sunk at the Battle of Savo Island in 1942. She was the second ship to bear the name.
She was laid down on 2 January 1934 at Quincy, Massachusetts, by the Bethlehem Shipbuilding Company's Fore River plant, launched on 21 May 1936, sponsored by Miss Harriet Virginia Kimmell (daughter of Joseph Kimmell, mayor of Vincennes, Indiana), and commissioned on 24 February 1937, Captain Burton H. Green in command.
The New Orleans-class cruisers were the last U.S. cruisers built to the specifications and standards of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Such ships, with a limit of 10,000 tons standard displacement and 8-inch caliber main guns may be referred to as "treaty cruisers." Originally classified a light cruiser when she was authorized, because of her thin armor, Vincennes was reclassified a heavy cruiser, because of her 8-inch guns. The term "heavy cruiser" was not defined until the London Naval Treaty in 1930. This ship and were a slightly improved version of the New Orleans-class design.
Inter-war period
The new cruiser departed from Boston on 19 April 1937 for her shakedown cruise which took her to Stockholm, Sweden; Helsinki, Finland; Le Havre, France; and Portsmouth, England.
Early in January 1938, Vincennes was assigned to Cruiser Division 7 (CruDiv 7), Scouting Force, and steamed through the Panama Canal to San Diego, California. In March, the ship participated in Fleet Problem XIX in the Hawaiian area before returning to San Pedro, California, for operations off the west coast for the remainder of the year.
Following an overhaul at the Mare Island Navy Yard which lasted through April 1939, the cruiser returned east, transited the Panama Canal on 6 June, in company with , , and and anchored in Hampton Roads on the 13th. For the next two months, she operated out of Norfolk in the vicinity of the Chesapeake lightship and the southern drill grounds. On 1 September 1939, the day on which Adolf Hitler's legions marched into Poland and commenced hostilities in Europe, Vincennes lay at anchor off Tompkinsville, New York. She then began conducting Neutrality Patrols off the east coast, ranging into the Caribbean Sea and the Yucatán Channel, and continued these duties through the spring of 1940.
Late in May, as German troops were smashing Allied defenses in France, Vincennes received orders to immediately transit to the Azores and then, receive further direction. However, the cryptologic code machine failed once Vincennes arrived at Ponta Delgada. Unable to receive follow-on orders, the Vincennes remained in port from 4–6 June 1940 until the code machine was repaired by an enlisted sailor, Lewis Lee Edwards, using an emory board file to remove corrosion from the code machine's electrical contacts. For his actions, Edwards was offered a naval officer's commission.
With her communications reestablished, the Vincennes received urgent orders to proceed to French Morocco to receive a shipment of gold from the French Currency Gold Reserves for transport to the United States preventing it from being captured by Nazi Germany a few days later. While at anchor at Casablanca, the ship received word of Italy's declaration of war upon France, the "stab in the back" condemned by President Franklin Roosevelt soon thereafter. Vincennes commanding officer — Captain John R. Beardall (later to become Naval Aide to the President) — noted subsequently in his official report of the cruise that "it was apparent that the French bitterly resented this [the declaration of war] and despised Italy for her actions." After departing North African waters on 10 June, the cruiser returned to the United States to offload her precious metallic cargo and return to the drudgery of Neutrality Patrols.
Overhauling at Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, into the first week of January 1941, Vincennes departed Hampton Roads on 7 January, in company with , , and , bound for Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. Operating once again in the Caribbean, the heavy cruiser fired battle practice and gunnery exercises in company with Wichita through 18 January, when the two cruisers proceeded for Portland Bight, Jamaica. Conducting Neutrality Patrols from this port, Vincennes patrolled in company with other ships safeguarding neutral waters and America's recently acquired Caribbean bases.
Vincennes joined other Fleet units for landing exercises at Culebra, Puerto Rico, on 4 February 1941 and sent her boats to assist in unloading and troop debarkation drills. She assisted transports and in landing men and material before taking station with Fire Support Group II. The cruiser then fired simulated gunfire support operations with her main and secondary batteries in exercises which foreshadowed her future combat role in the South Pacific.
For the remainder of February, the ship continued her landing support operations with Transport Divisions 2 and 7 (TransDivs 2 and 7), anchoring on occasion at Mayagüez or Guayanilla, Puerto Rico. Conducting operations out of Puerto Rican waters, Vincennes called at Pernambuco, Brazil, on 17 March and got underway for Cape Town, South Africa, on the 20th. Arriving to a warm welcome nine days later, the ship took on a large shipment of gold bullion to pay for arms purchased in the United States by the United Kingdom and then headed home on the 30th. En route to New York, she conducted exercises. After a brief post-voyage period of repairs, the heavy cruiser sailed for the Virginia Capes, where she rendezvoused with and , proceeded on to Bermuda, and dropped anchor in Grassy Bay on 30 April. She patrolled in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of the United States through June.
After continuing her duties with the Neutrality Patrol into the autumn as American naval forces in the North Atlantic found themselves engaged in a de facto war with Germany, Vincennes undertook another mission to South African waters. She left the east coast late in November with Convoy WS-12, American transports carrying British troops. On 7 December 1941, the cruiser fought its way through heavy seas. Walls of water mercilessly pounded the ships of the convoy, and waves battered Vincennes, smashing a motor whaleboat to pieces and ripping a SOC Seagull floatplane from its "moorings" on the storm-lashed well-deck amidships. The plane was battered against the catapult silos and into the hangar doors before it was swept over the ship's side. By that evening, however, the ship learned that she was not only at war with the elements but with Japan as well. Japanese naval air forces had struck Pearl Harbor and plunged the United States into war.
World War II
After having safely convoyed her charges to Cape Town, where she arrived on 9 December, Vincennes departed South African waters on the 16th, bound, via Trinidad, for Hampton Roads. Following her arrival at Norfolk on 4 January 1942, she shifted to New York four days later to be outfitted for war. Late in the month, she joined as the carrier conducted her shakedown training off the east coast of the United States.
Vincennes sailed from New York on 4 March, bound for the Pacific. She transited the Panama Canal on 11 March and, proceeded to San Francisco.
Doolittle Raid
The heavy cruiser, now a part of TF 18, built around Hornet, departed San Francisco on 2 April. The carrier bore a strange deck cargo, 16 Army B-25 Mitchell medium bombers slated to strike at Japan's heart. TF 18 rendezvoused with TF 16, built around , and with the combined might of the two task forces, struck out westward across the Pacific, headed toward Japanese home waters.
On the morning of 18 April, when the American warships were still some from the planned launch point, an unexpected hitch developed. Japanese trawlers sighted and reported the task force. Vice Admiral William Halsey decided to fly off the bombers immediately. Accordingly, all 16 of the heavily loaded Mitchells, laden with bombs and extra fuel, rose from Hornets spray-slicked flight deck and climbed unsteadily into the leaden gray skies. Although the raid inflicted only minimal materiel damage upon the Japanese homeland, it nevertheless packed a powerful morale building "punch". When queried as to the base from whence the bombers had come, President Roosevelt said "from Shangri-La".
The combined Enterprise and Hornet task force retired eastward and made Pearl Harbor on 25 April. Departing again five days later, the ships, still screened by Vincennes, bent on speed toward the Coral Sea. However, they were too late to take part in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
Battle of Midway
Vincennes''' task force returned to Pearl Harbor on 26 May but got underway again on the 29th, bound for waters off Midway Island, which, according to American intelligence reports, a Japanese invasion force was approaching. By 4 June, the heavy cruiser had joined TF16 and was steaming north of Midway.
After American air attacks had crippled three of the four Japanese carriers the Vincennes, together with the cruiser Pensacola and destroyers Benham and Balch was sent over to TF17 to reinforce the carrier Yorktown after it had suffered damage in a dive bombing attack.
At 1640, a group of Nakajima B5N "Kate" torpedo bombers from approached from the north. TF 17's radar soon picked them up out, and launched planes to intercept as her screen deployed to bring an optimum concentration of anti-aircraft fire to bear upon the approaching enemy. Three minutes after the first plane was spotted, Grumman F4F Wildcats from the carrier hit a "Kate". The Japanese torpedo plane spiraled from the sky trailing a long streamer of smoke before crashing into the sea.Vincennes opened fire at 1644 with her /25 cal, 20 mm, and anti-aircraft batteries. Increasing her speed to and slowly turning to starboard, Vincennes kept her port guns trained on the enemy. While combing torpedo tracks, Vincennes hit a "Kate" and it went into the sea off her port bow.
The sharp, bitter action ended as quickly as it had begun. The Japanese had been driven off, but at a high cost for the Americans. Yorktown, mortally hit and listing to port, slowed to a halt. Vincennes followed Astoria around the carrier, screening from further air attacks. However, on 6 June, slipped through a screen of six destroyers and torpedoed Yorktown and , sinking the latter. The carrier went down early on the 7th.
Returning to Pearl Harbor, Vincennes entered the navy yard for repairs and alterations which lasted until early July. She then conducted tactical exercises off the island of Hawaii with other ships of TF 11 before departing Hawaiian waters on 14 July to rendezvous with TFs 16, 18, and 62.
Guadalcanal Campaign
Screening for transport squadron "X-ray", slated to participate in the Guadalcanal landings, Vincennes, in company with and Quincy, joined TF 62 on 26 July. On the 27th, the cruiser conducted approach exercises for landing practice and simulated bombardment drills off Koro Island in the Fiji group. As flagship for Task Group 62.3 (TG 62.3), Vincennes remained on station in the covering force in the transport area before undertaking further approach and landing exercise support drills.
Following replenishing, the heavy cruiser formed up with the American armada making its way to the Solomon Islands. Vincennes, screening transport division "Yoke", arrived off Guadalcanal on 7 August. At daybreak, beneath overcast skies, the ship catapulted her scout planes and then unlimbered her main and secondary batteries to commence shore bombardment. While the thunder of the supporting ships' gunfire reverberated across the waters, Marines disembarked from their landing craft and stormed ashore to meet initially light resistance on the island.
Shortly after 1320, Japanese planes launched a counterstrike. To sunward of the transports, Vincennes found herself in a favorable position to combat the attack and tracked the opposing planes, being among the first ships to open fire on the attackers. Forced to jettison their deadly loads prematurely, the Japanese retired without doing any damage, but not before Vincennes had bagged two of them. After sunset, Vincennes, Quincy, and Astoria, in company with and , retired to conduct screening patrols.
Returning to her covering duties at daylight, Vincennes arrived at transport area "X-ray", off Guadalcanal by daybreak. Two minutes before noon, Japanese bombers, intent on avenging their losses of the day before and disrupting the American landing, swooped down from Rabaul. 27 Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers swept in, in a low-level torpedo attack and ran a gauntlet of gunfire from the transports and their escorting cruisers and destroyers. from the transports, Vincennes, as in the previous day's action, was again in favorable firing position and opened up with every gun in her battery, from to 20 mm, that could bear on the attackers.
During the ensuing melee, the cruiser used her guns effectively, helping to down at least seven "Bettys" which flew at an altitude of only . The shell splashes from the main battery caused Japanese pilots to fly into walls of water or forced them to drastically alter their approaches. Vincennes dodged one torpedo which passed beneath her stern and evaded a bomb which fell off her port quarter. Jarvis, adjacent to the cruiser, took one torpedo hit which ultimately proved fatal to the ship.
Later, during the afternoon hours, aerial reconnaissance reported a Japanese surface force coming down from the base at Rabaul. These flights noted what was thought to be three Japanese cruisers, three destroyers and two gunboats or seaplane tenders steaming south. While Jarvis limped away from Lunga Point, Vincennes and her sisters Quincy and Astoria steamed, as the northern escort force, to a position off Savo Island to screen the vulnerable transports which were still unloading off the invasion beaches. Captain Frederick Lois Riefkohl of Vincennes assumed that the enemy ships reportedly en route from Rabaul were going to launch and support another air attack early the following morning. He accordingly issued orders to be especially vigilant during the midwatch and fully expected an air attack at daybreak.
Loss at the Battle of Savo Island
At about midnight on 8 August, Riefkohl retired to his sea cabin, adjacent to the pilothouse, after having been on the bridge continuously since 0445 that morning. Turning in at 0050 on 9 August, he left his ship in the hands of the executive officer, Commander W. E. A. Mullan.
Nearly an hour later, at about 0145, lookouts spotted flares and star shells to the southward, accompanied by the low rumble of gunfire. The sound of the general quarters alarm soon rang throughout the ship and stirred her to action. Vincennes' lookouts were seeing the elimination of the southern escort group, based around and . Unbeknownst to the men manning the ships to the northward, a powerful enemy force was heading in their direction. Six cruisers and one destroyer under the command of Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa had turned north and were steaming directly towards Vincennes and her two sisters.
The first Japanese cruiser searchlight beams illuminated Vincenness shortly after 0155, and the American cruiser opened fire with her main battery at the troublesome lights. Within a minute, however, Japanese shells bracketed the ship and Vincennes shuddered under the impact of Japanese eight-inch armor-piercing shells. The bridge, carpenter shop, "battle II," and radio antenna trunks all were hit by the first salvo.
Altering course to port, Riefkohl, who had come to the bridge at the alarm, rang down for increased speed. With the ship and internal communications disrupted, it is doubtful that the order was received. Still moving at , the heavy cruiser reeled under the impact of another group of direct hits.
Some of the shells in this group set fire to the volatile aircraft in Vincennes hangar space, and the resultant flames became uncontrollable. A direct hit knocked the aft antiaircraft director overboard. At 0200, Vincennes heeled to starboard in an attempt to evade enemy gunfire, only to be hit by Japanese torpedoes. One or two "Long Lance" torpedoes ripped into the ship's number 4 fireroom and put it out of action. In moments the report came "Both engine rooms are black and dead."
Having lost power and all steering control five minutes later, Vincennes was dead in the water within minutes. The glare of burning fires attracted additional incoming shells which quickly put the ship's own guns out of action. Vincennes shuddered to a halt. Hit at least 85 times by and shells, the ship gradually began to list.
At 0210, the Japanese retired, leaving Savo Island and the burning hulks of three American cruisers in their wakes. As Vincennes list increased to port, Riefkohl issued the order to abandon ship at 0230. Serviceable life jackets and rafts were broken out, and the crew began abandoning ship. At 0240, the captain went down to the main deck and jumped into the waters of what would come to be known as Ironbottom Sound. 322 crewmen were killed in action.
Riefkohl subsequently wrote: "The magnificent Vincennes, which we were all so proud of, and which I had the honor to command since 23 April 1941, rolled over and then sank at about 0250, 9 August 1942, about 2½ miles east of Savo Island … Solomons Group, in some 500 fathoms [910 m] of water."
Rediscovery
The wreck of USS Vincennes was discovered in early 2015 during a sonar mapping project of Iron Bottom Sound led by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen.
Awards Vincennes'' earned two battle stars for her World War II service.
See also
List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
References
Bibliography
Roll of Honor
Account of the gold transfer is in December 1985 issue of USNI Proceedings
External links
Navy photographs of Vincennes
New Orleans-class cruisers
Ships built in Quincy, Massachusetts
1936 ships
World War II cruisers of the United States
Shipwrecks in Ironbottom Sound
Maritime incidents in August 1942
Shipwreck discoveries by Paul Allen
2015 archaeological discoveries |
4945436 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20308 | Peugeot 308 | The Peugeot 308 is a small family car (C-segment car; compact car in North America) produced by French automobile manufacturer Peugeot. It was unveiled in June 2007, and launched in September 2007. The 308 replaced the 307, and positioned below the 508 and above the smallest 208.
The 308 is followed by a coupé cabriolet (the 308 CC) for the 2009 model year, a station wagon (the 308 SW) in March 2008, and a sedan version (the 408) in China for the 2012 model year.
The first generation was largely based on its predecessor, the 307, and utilized modified versions of that car's drivetrain and chassis. The second-generation model was unveiled in 2013, and it was awarded as the 2014 European Car of the Year. The third-generation model was unveiled in 2021 and introduced a hybrid powertrain.
First generation (T7; 2007)
Design
Launched as the replacement for the Peugeot 307 in most international markets, the new vehicle was based upon the old 307's chassis, but has new bodywork and is slightly longer and wider. Developed under the project code "Project T7", ts coefficient of drag is 0.29, and it has a five-star rating on Euro NCAP. Following the facelift of March 2011, the drag factor was reduced to 0.28.
The 308 HDi holds the Guinness world record of the most fuel efficient mainstream car currently in production, having averaged over a distance of , but Peugeot ran foul of British advertising rules by referencing a fuel consumption of in an advert for the car.
The 308 is manufactured in France at the Mulhouse and Sochaux factories. It is also manufactured in Kaluga, Russia, for the local market, since 2010, and El Palomar, Argentina, for the South American market since 2011.
The car attracted minor criticism in right-hand drive markets as the windscreen wiper mechanism was unchanged from the design for left-hand drive vehicles, meaning a large unwiped area was present at the top of the windscreen on the driver's side, but was absent on the passenger side, as the driver's side wiper was shorter, and the passenger wiper "went up" first.
Body styles
Hatchback
The 308 was available as a five-door hatchback, with a three-door limited to a few markets. In May 2010, Peugeot announced the return of a GTi model (known as the GT in the United Kingdom), featuring a turbocharged 1.6 L engine with .
Estate
A station wagon concept version of the 308, the Peugeot 308 SW Prologue, was also unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. The production version was shown at the 78th International Geneva Motor Show in March 2008 and went on sale that summer. The 308 SW (or 308 Touring in Australia) was available in a five or seven-seat versions.
A further variation of the X08 chassis used by the 308 is an SUV or an MPV, named 3008.
Cabriolet
A cabriolet with a retractable hardtop known as the 308 CC replaced the Peugeot 307 CC in February 2009. The roof folds into the boot in twenty seconds, and at up to speeds of . With the roof up the boot space capacity is 465 litres but this reduces to 266 litres with the roof down.
Saloon
In September 2011, Peugeot presented, for the market in China, a four-door saloon (sedan) version of the 308. This version produced for the market in China by Dongfeng is based on 308 facelift, but differs from the model in Europe, with large front grille, more chrome on the hips and different shape of the LED tail lights. The interior is identical to the European model.
The engine range includes a petrol 1.6 16V 110 hp and 143 hp 2.0 16V. The trunk has a volume of 502 litres. The Peugeot 308 sedan, sold at 160.000 units in three years, joins the Peugeot 408 in China, a C segment car with a slightly higher price.
Facelift
A facelifted 308 was released in May 2011, following the public launch at the 2011 Geneva Motor Show, with a new front end and minor changes to the rear of the vehicle. Peugeot also launched the 308 e-HDI micro-hybrid model with stop-start technology, a system to recover energy during deceleration and a hybrid battery that delivers additional energy on startup.
A full hybrid 3008 was also announced at the same time. The version produced in South America is assembled with this facelift. The facelift was also given to the 308 SW and 308 CC.
Second facelift
As the EMP2 platform was not industrialized in South America, the first generation 308 continued to be marketed there and received a second facelift in 2015.
The front bumper is inspired by the 308 II (reduced front lights, Peugeot logo, and text, anti-fog lights, less contoured hood ...).
The interior undergoes some modifications to accommodate some elements of the 308 II. There is a touch screen perfectly integrated with the centre console, instead of the traditional CD / MP3 and empty pockets.
For some years, the 308 I was sold in Argentina alongside the European-built 308 II, locally named 308 S.
As it counterpart the first generation 408, the first generation 308 stayed manufactured in Argentina until 2021, when it was discontinued without any local or imported direct replacement.
Concepts
308 Hybrid
Bosch announced in June 2007 that it was supplying hybrid diesel-electric technology to Peugeot for the 308. A prototype 308 equipped with this technology was displayed in the Frankfurt Motor Show of 2007, and a further 'Prologue' concept car was shown at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, featuring a 1.6 litre HDi engine to turn the front wheels, and an electric motor to turn the rears.
308 RCZ Coupé
Peugeot presented a 2+2 coupé concept car development of the 308, the 308 RCZ, at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show. This coupé concept is 18 mm lower than the standard car. It has similar proportions to the Audi TT. The final production model was unveiled at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show as the RCZ without the 308 name, and went on sale in the spring of 2010.
Awards
In November 2007, the 308 was awarded the Goldene Lenkrad (Golden Steering Wheel) in Germany. A panel of automotive professionals chose the 308 as the best compact family car after it finished first in nine of the 15 criteria.
Second generation (T9; 2013)
The second generation 308 was unveiled on 13 May 2013, with updated style along with the 508 and the 208. Peugeot changed its numbering system where the final digit is fixed: 8 for the mainstream range, and 1 for the models aimed at emerging countries, such as the Peugeot 301. It is built on the PSA EMP2 platform, shared with Citroën C4 Picasso, resulting in weight loss compared to previous generation.
The changes included daytime running lights/DRL at the bottom and the blinker (turn signal indicator) is on the daytime light, advising the pedestrian or other road user to which direction it is moving.
GTi by Peugeot Sport
The Peugeot 308 GTi by Peugeot Sport featured engines producing and . The 250 hp version had full LED headlights, an electronic limited slip differential, 18" alloys, keyless entry, stop/start technology, 11 mm lowered ride height, a coloured reversing camera and twin exhausts.
Additionally, the 270 hp version gets 380 mm Alcon front brakes, massaging leather/Alcantara bucket seats, a Torsen limited-slip differential and 19" lightweight alloy wheels.
Awards
In March 2014, the Peugeot 308 was awarded European Car of the Year, in competition with the BMW i3 and Tesla Model S. The Peugeot 308 was also voted Car of the Year by Auto Europa in Italy, by the Italian automotive journalists association, Car of the Year in Switzerland by Schweizer Illustrierte, and four other magazines.
2017 update
The features include a new bonnet and front bumper design and indicators that scroll, and a newly designed grille that features the famous Peugeot Lion. All models, except Active and GTi, feature the Panoramic roof. New DRLs are matched at the back with the LED Claws lit permanently when the vehicle is running.
A new more powerful 1.5HDi engine with 130 bhp joined the line up from September 2017. All models have TomTom satellite navigation as standard in addition to the central touchscreen update.
2020 update
In July 2020, a revised 308 was announced featuring a number of trim and colour changes, but most significantly, the introduction of the digital i-Cockpit which was first introduced on the Peugeot 3008.
Production of the 308 II ended in May 2021.
Gallery
Third generation (P5; 2021)
The third-generation 308 was unveiled on March 18, 2021, and launched in May 2021. The vehicle is based on the third-generation of the EMP2 platform which made its wheelbase grow by and is shared with the second generation DS 4 as well as the sixth generation Opel Astra. Peugeot has also reduced its height by to create a sleeker silhouette and to achieve a lower drag coefficient of 0.28. It is also the first vehicle to bear the new Peugeot logo. It went to production on 29 September 2021 and went on sale on the same day.
All variants of the third-generation 308 is equipped with LED headlights complemented by vertical LED daytime running lights. These headlights feature the Peugeot Matrix LED Technology on GT and GT Premium variants. It is also equipped with the Drive Assist pack that adds adaptive cruise control with Stop and Go function, lane keeping assistance, semi-automatic lane change, anticipated speed recommendation, and curve speed adaptation. Other features offered as standard or optional include long-range blind-spot monitoring, 360-degree surround-view parking assistance with four cameras, rear cross-traffic alert, heating for the windscreen and steering wheel, and an E-call+ emergency call function.
It is also offered as a plug-in hybrid producing . The version will also be available on the GT version.
The station wagon version was released in June 2021. A crossover derivative was unveiled in June 2022 as the 408.
A battery electric version called the e-308 was introduced in September 2022. It is equipped by a new generation 54 kWh battery pack, with a chemical composition of 80 per cent nickel, 10 per cent manganese and 10 per cent cobalt.
Safety
Euro NCAP
The 308 in its standard European configuration received 4 stars from Euro NCAP in 2022.
Sales and production
Notes
References
External links
Official website
308
Compact cars
Hatchbacks
Station wagons
Convertibles
Euro NCAP small family cars
Front-wheel-drive vehicles
Hardtop convertibles
Cars introduced in 2007
2010s cars
Touring cars |
212782 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius%20Cary%2C%202nd%20Viscount%20Falkland | Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland | Lucius Cary, 2nd Viscount Falkland PC (c. 1610 – 20 September 1643) was an English author and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1640 to 1642. He fought on the Royalist side in the English Civil War and was killed in action at the First Battle of Newbury.
Early life
Cary was born at Burford in either 1609 or 1610 as the son of Sir Henry Cary, afterwards first Viscount Falkland, and his wife Elizabeth, whose father Sir Lawrence Tanfield was at that time Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. Henry Cary, a member of an ancient Devon family, was lord deputy of Ireland from 1622 to 1629. He was made Viscount Falkland and Lord Cary in 1620. His viscountcy, Falkland, was a royal burgh in Scotland, notwithstanding that the Carys were an English family and had no connection with the burgh, though letters patent were later issued naturalising the Viscount and his successors as Scottish subjects.
In 1621 Lucius was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge but in the following year he migrated to Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated BA in 1625. In 1625 he inherited from his grandfather the manors of Great Tew and Burford in Oxfordshire, and, about the age of 21, married Lettice, daughter of Sir Richard Moryson, of Tooley Park in Leicestershire. Following a quarrel with his father, whom he failed to propitiate by offering to hand over to him his estate, he left England to take service in the Dutch army, but soon returned. In 1633, by the death of his father, he became Viscount Falkland. His mother had embraced Roman Catholicism, to which it was now sought to attract Falkland himself, but his studies and reflections led him, under the influence of William Chillingworth, to the interpretation of religious problems rather by reason than by tradition or authority.
In 1634, he sold Burford Priory to William Lenthall.
Great Tew circle
At Great Tew he enjoyed a short but happy period of study, and he assembled a cultured circle, whom the near neighbourhood of the university and his own brilliant qualities attracted to his house. He was the friend of John Hales and Chillingworth, was celebrated by Ben Jonson, John Suckling, Abraham Cowley and Edmund Waller in verse, and in prose by Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, who calls him the "incomparable" Falkland, and draws a delightful picture of his society and hospitality.
Political and military career
Falkland's intellectual pleasures, however, were soon interrupted by war and politics. He felt it his duty to take part on the side of King Charles I as a volunteer under the Earl of Essex in the Bishops' Wars of 1639 against the Scots. In 1640 he was elected Member of Parliament for Newport in the Isle of Wight to the Short Parliament. He was re-elected for Newport for the Long Parliament in November 1640, and took an active part on the side of the opposition. He spoke against the exaction of ship money on 7 December 1640, denouncing the servile conduct of Lord Keeper Finch and the judges.
He supported the prosecution of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, at the same time trying more than once to moderate the measures of the House of Commons in the interests of justice, and voted for the third reading of the attainder on 21 April 1641. On the question of the church he urged, in the debate of 8 February 1641, that the interference of the clergy in secular matters, the encroachments in jurisdiction of the spiritual courts, and the imposition by authority of unnecessary ceremonies, should be prohibited. On the other hand, though he denied that episcopacy existed jure divino, he was opposed to its abolition; fearing the establishment of the Presbyterian system, which in Scotland had proved equally tyrannical. Triennial parliaments would be sufficient to control the bishops, if they meditated any further attacks upon the national liberties, and he urged that "where it is not necessary to change, it is necessary not to change". (This was probably said in reply to John Hampden during the Root and Branch Bill debate that happened later.) Even John Hampden still believed that a compromise with the episcopal principle was possible, and assured Falkland that if the bill taken up to the House of Lords on 1 May 1641, excluding the bishops from the Lords and the clergy from secular offices, were passed, "there would be nothing more attempted to the prejudice of the church". Accordingly, the bill was supported by Falkland.
The times, however, were not favourable to compromise. The bill was lost in the Lords, and on 27 May the Root and Branch Bill, for the total abolition of episcopacy, was introduced in the House of Commons. This measure Falkland opposed, as well as the second bill for excluding the bishops, introduced on 21 October 1641. In the discussion on the Grand Remonstrance he took the part of the bishops and the Arminians. He was now opposed to the whole policy of the opposition, and, being reproached by John Hampden with his change of attitude, replied "that he had formerly been persuaded by that worthy gentleman to believe many things which he had since found to be untrue, and therefore he had changed his opinion in many particulars as well as to things as to persons".
On 1 January 1642, immediately before the attempted arrest of the five members, of which, however, Falkland was unaware, the King offered him the secretaryship of state, and Sir Edward Hyde (later Lord Clarendon) persuaded him to accept it. Falkland thus became involved directly in the king's policy, though evidently possessing little influence in his counsels. He was one of the peers who signed the protestation against making war, at York on 15 June 1642. On 5 September 1642 he carried Charles's overtures for peace to the parliament, when he informed the leaders of the opposition that the king consented to a thorough reformation of religion. The secret correspondence connected with the Waller plot passed through his hands.
Falkland fought for the king at the Battle of Edgehill (23 October 1642) and at the Siege of Gloucester. By this time the hopelessness of the situation had completely overwhelmed him. The aims and principles of neither party in the conflict could satisfy a man of Falkland's high ideals and intellectual vision. His royalism could not suffer the substitution, as the controlling power in the state, of a parliament for the monarchy, nor his conservatism the revolutionary changes in church and state now insisted upon by the opposite faction. The fatal character and policy of the king, the most incapable of men and yet the man upon whom all depended, must have been by now thoroughly understood by Falkland. Compromise had long been out of the question. The victory of either side could only bring misery; and the prolongation of the war was a prospect equally unhappy.
Falkland's ideals and hopes were now destroyed, and he had no definite political convictions such as inspired and strengthened Strafford and John Pym. In fact his sensitive nature shrank from contact with the practical politics of the day and prevented his rise to the place of a leader or a statesman. Lord Clarendon has recorded his final relapse into despair:
Sitting amongst his friends, often, after a deep silence and frequent sighs (he) would with a shrill and sad accent ingeminate the word "Peace, Peace," and would passionately profess that the very agony of the war, and the view of the calamities and desolation the kingdom did and must endure, took his sleep from him and would shortly break his heart.
At Gloucester he had in vain exposed himself to risks. On the morning of the First Battle of Newbury, on 20 September 1643, he declared to his friends, who would have dissuaded him from taking part in the fight, that "he was weary of the times and foresaw much misery to his own Country and did believe he should be out of it ere night." He served during the engagement as a volunteer under Sir John Byron and, riding alone at a gap in a hedge commanded by the enemy's fire, was immediately killed.
His body was stripped and left until recognised by a servant, who took his body back to Great Tew, where he was buried in an unmarked grave in the village churchyard.
Death and legacy
He died at the age of 33 and was succeeded in the title by his eldest son Lucius, 3rd Viscount Falkland. His male descent became extinct in the person of Anthony, 5th viscount in 1694, when the viscounty passed to Lucius Henry (1687–1730), a descendant of the first viscount via another line.
A statue of Falkland sculpted by John Bell in 1845 stands in St Stephen's Hall in the Houses of Parliament. In 1909 a suffragette called Margery Humes chained herself to the statue while protesting for women's right to vote. The authorities were unable to remove her without chipping off much of the spur on the statue's right boot, and as it was never repaired. This lasting damage is considered a symbol of the suffragettes' struggle.
Works
Falkland wrote a Discourse of Infallibility, published in 1646 (Thomason Tracts, E 361), reprinted in 1650, in 1651 (E 634) edited by Triplet with replies, and in 1660 with the addition of two discourses on episcopacy by Falkland. This is a work of some importance in theological controversy, the general argument being that "to those who follow their reason in the interpretation of the Scriptures God will either give his grace for assistance to find the truth or his pardon if they miss it. And then this supposed necessity of an infallible guide (with the supposed damnation for the want of it) fall together to the ground." Also A Letter ... 30 Sept. 1642 concerning the late conflict before Worcester (1642); and Poems, in which he shows himself a follower of Ben Jonson, edited by A. B. Grosart in Miscellanies of the Fuller Worthies Library, vol. iii. (f 871).
John Aubrey attributed to Falkland the title "the first Socinian in England" but later gave that title to John Hales.
Also attributed to Falkland is the dictum, "When it is not necessary to make a decision, it is necessary not to make a decision."
Assessment
According to Clarendon, he was:
In no degree attractive or promising. His stature was low and smaller than most men; his motion not graceful ... but that little person and small stature was quickly found to contain a great heart ... all mankind could not but admire and love him.
Falkland is notable not for his writings or political career, but his intellectual position, his isolation from his contemporaries seeking reformation in the inward and spiritual life of the church and state and not in its outward and material form, and as a leader of rationalism in an age dominated by intolerance and dogmatism.
References
Bibliography
There is a Life and Times by John Arthur Ransome Marriott (1907): see also S. R. Gardiner's History of England; History of the Civil War; the same author's article in the Dictionary of National Biography.
External links
|-
1610s births
1643 deaths
17th-century English writers
17th-century English male writers
17th-century Scottish peers
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Arminian writers
Lucius
People from Burford
Military personnel from Oxfordshire
Deaths by firearm in England
English military personnel killed in action
English MPs 1640 (April)
English MPs 1640–1648
Lords Privy Seal
People killed in the English Civil War
Members of the Privy Council of England
Secretaries of State of the Kingdom of England
Viscounts Falkland
Royalist military personnel of the English Civil War
Lucius |
1624762 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiquan | Yiquan | Yiquan, also known as dachengquan, is a Chinese martial art founded by the xingyiquan master Wang Xiangzhai. Yì (意) means Intent (but not intention), quán (拳) means boxing.
History
Having studied xingyiquan with Guo Yunshen in his childhood, Wang Xiangzhai travelled China, meeting and comparing skills with masters of various styles of kung fu. In the mid-1920s, he came to the conclusion that xingyiquan students put too much emphasis on complex patterns of movement (outer form "xing"), while he believed in the prevalent importance of the development of the mind in order to boost physical martial art skills. He started to teach what he felt was the true essence of the art using a different name, without the xing (form). Wang Xiangzhai, who had a great knowledge about the theory and history of his art, called it "yiquan" (意拳). In the 1940s one of Wang Xiangzhai's students wrote an article about his "school" and named it "dachengquan" (大成拳), which means "great achievement boxing". This name was not used by Wang Xiangzhai. Wang thought the name was a poor choice as it was boastful and not very descriptive of the intent.
In the 1930s in Shanghai, Wang's school became famous. A few of his core students were training with him at that time. Brothers Han Xingqiao and Han Xingyuan, Shao Daosheng (perhaps Wang's most accomplished student), all came together during this period. Han Xingqiao, who was formally adopted by Wang as a son and lived with him for 15 years, was studying One Finger tui na with Qian Yantang, a famous scholar and doctor. Wang Xiangzhai and Qian Yantang hit it off and studied medicine and culture together, becoming brothers in researching many mysteries. It was here that Qian introduced the idea that further exploration of zhan zhuang, a standing practice first and most foundationally taught by Wang's uncle and teacher Guo Yousheng, might be fundamental to the development of yiquan.
Wang Xiangzhai researched this idea in Qian's library, which was full of classic texts. Wang was always changing the practice and method of yiquan, always innovating, based on natural principles. Much of the development of yiquan was done in Shanghai. With the help of Han Xingqiao, Wang set the zhan zhuang in order, creating a system seven stages. Later, the basic eight postures were refined into ju, bao, peng, tui, an, hua, ti and closing with Jia So Su. These basic eight postures are still the core of zhan zhuang.
When Wang Xiangzhai (and later Han Xingqiao) moved to Beijing, Han found that Wang was only teaching three zhuang. Bao is the universal zhuang, and so Wang only really taught bao from that point on. Most of the other practices were dropped as well (for example, push hands and fa li). However, students still tried to use fa li improperly. When the students saw Wang move fast, they thought of it as fa li, or issuing force. There is actually no difference in practicing fast or slow. Wang would tell his students: "To fast movement, better a slow movement, and to slow movement, better no movement at all" There is no force at all. The misconception is caused by the mind. The mind conceives of the result as based in two different states, hard and soft, as well as fast and slow. As long as the mind clings to this dualistic model, the student will break everything into two. But the moment of experience is only one. Wang continued development of his art, but few, if any, could follow. Only those who could grasp the one state, and keep it, can move with it. Schools that were founded by students who never progressed this far are numerous to this day. This has always been the social factor of true transmission.
The style
Yiquan is a martial art of internal expression. It is essentially formless, containing no fixed sets of fighting movements or techniques. Instead, focus is put on developing one's natural movement and fighting abilities through a system of training methods and concepts, working to improve the perception of one's body, its movement, and of force. Yiquan is also set apart from other eastern martial arts in that traditional concepts like qi, meridians, dantian etc., are omitted, the reason being that understanding one's true nature happens in the present, and that preconceptions block this process.
Yiquan is a distillation of the internal aspects at the core of all arts that Wang was exposed to, including Fujian White Crane, tai chi, baguazhang, and liuhebafa. Other arts as well, such as the swimming dragon posture, present in shuai jiao, is transformed through feeling, understanding, and the condition of the practitioner. In fact, typical movements and postures from other systems abound in yiquan. It was the internal core of these other arts that made them effective. This core is what Wang decoded.
Overview
The actual training in yiquan can generally be divided into:
Zhan zhuang Standing pole postures where emphasis is put on natural condition, working to improve listening to the body and on developing hunyuan li, "Natural living force" or "all things that make the whole". Once this is achieved, the practitioner moves onto zhan zhuang'''s six forces, which include "Up", "Down", "Forward", "Backward", "Out" and "In", with these two last ones often referred to as "Separating" and "Joining back together". Basic zhan zhuang begins with the imagining of the hugging of a tree. The idea behind this static, standing meditation is not to use strength at all, only enough to hold the position, whilst the mind is creating the intention of movement. Shi li (試力) Testing force moving exercises, trying to bring the sensations of hunyuan li developed through zhan zhuang into movements. Intention or imagination comes again into play during shi li where the practitioner, in the zhan zhuang position, trains slow movements to integrate the sensation of the static meditation into a slow moving one where the mind imagines different situations within the shi li. One example of basic shi li is imagining being in the water up to one's waist or chest, pushing and then pulling a log which is floating in front of us. This slow, meditative practice aligns the body into moving all its bone and muscle structure at the same time and in one block. The imagining of the water and the log creates the perception of resistance to this movement, which the mind uses to train the muscle structure.
All of the other practices can be put into one of these two methods.
Different schools practice some degree of different footworks, (bufa and moca bu), and different movements leading towards free expression of the collected state.
Principle of Nature: All truth and action occur in shunjian, the split second of now. Everything before and after this moment is wu (the void) and thus, uncontrollable or unknowable. All objective and preconception is fixed and not in accordance with this undetermined state of Nature.
"The Dao that is called the Dao is not the eternal Dao".
Important figures and notable practitioners
Wang Xiangzhai - founder of style
Yao Zongxun (1917-1985), a native of Hangzhou County, Zhejiang Province. A famous martial artist in modern China. Writer of "Yiquan-Chinese Modern Practical Boxing."
Han Xingyuan (1915-1983), a native of Hebei Province with the word Ruoshui, was a disciple of Wang Xiangzhai. He and his brother Han Xingqiao were both inheritors of yiquan and passed yiquan to Hong Kong.
You Pengxi (Professor Pengsi Yu), (1902-1983), professor of medicine, famous for "Empty Force". He is disciple of Wang Xiangzhai and lived in the United States following the Cultural Revolution.
Kenichi Sawai (1903–1988) - Japanese martial artist and associate of Mas Oyama, the founder of Kyokushin Karate. Sawai visited Beijing in 1939 to challenge Wang Xiangzhai. He made several attempts to defeat Wang, but Sawai was soundly defeated each time. Kenichi subsequently applied to study under Wang and Yao Zongxun. Kenichi subsequently returned to Japan, where he introduced a slightly modified version of yiquan which he called "Taikiken".
See also
Xingyiquan''
Chinese martial arts
Kung fu
References
Further reading
External links
Accademia Italiana Yi Quan
About Wang wiangzhai's teaching
Grandmaster Wang Xiang-Zhai (1885-1963)
Wang Xiangzhai - General Principles for dachengquan
Wang Xiangzhai’s directions in verse for dachengquan
Chinese martial arts
Xingyiquan
Neijia |
212011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20antibiotics | Timeline of antibiotics | This is the timeline of modern antimicrobial (anti-infective) therapy.
The years show when a given drug was released onto the pharmaceutical
market. This is not a timeline of the development of the antibiotics themselves.
1911 – Arsphenamine a.k.a. Salvarsan
1912 – Neosalvarsan
1935 – Prontosil (an oral precursor to sulfanilamide), the first sulfonamide
1936 – Sulfanilamide
1938 – Sulfapyridine (M&B 693)
1939 – sulfacetamide
1940 – sulfamethizole
1942 – benzylpenicillin, the first penicillin
1942 – gramicidin S, the first peptide antibiotic
1942 – sulfadimidine
1943 – sulfamerazine
1944 – streptomycin, the first aminoglycoside
1947 – sulfadiazine
1948 – chlortetracycline, the first tetracycline
1949 – chloramphenicol, the first amphenicol
1949 – neomycin
1950 – oxytetracycline
1950 – penicillin G procaine
1952 – erythromycin, the first macrolide
1954 – benzathine penicillin
1955 – spiramycin
1955 – tetracycline
1955 – thiamphenicol
1955 – vancomycin, the first glycopeptide
1956 – phenoxymethylpenicillin
1958 – colistin, the first polymyxin
1958 – demeclocycline
1959 – virginiamycin
1960 – methicillin
1960 – metronidazole, the first nitroimidazole
1961 – ampicillin
1961 – spectinomycin
1961 – sulfamethoxazole
1961 – trimethoprim, the first dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor
1962 – oxacillin
1962 – cloxacillin
1962 – fusidic acid
1963 – fusafungine
1963 – lymecycline
1964 – gentamicin
1964 – cefalotin, the first cephalosporin
1966 – doxycycline
1967 – carbenicillin
1967 – rifampicin
1967 – nalidixic acid, the first quinolone
1968 – clindamycin, the second lincosamide
1970 – cefalexin
1971 – cefazolin
1971 – pivampicillin
1971 – tinidazole
1972 – amoxicillin
1972 – cefradine
1972 – minocycline
1972 – pristinamycin
1973 – fosfomycin
1974 – talampicillin
1975 – tobramycin
1975 – bacampicillin
1975 – ticarcillin
1976 – amikacin
1977 – azlocillin
1977 – cefadroxil
1977 – cefamandole
1977 – cefoxitin
1977 – cefuroxime
1977 – mezlocillin
1977 – pivmecillinam
From 1978
1979 – cefaclor
1980 – cefmetazole
1980 – cefotaxime
1980 – piperacillin
1981 – co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid)
1981 – cefoperazone
1981 – cefotiam
1981 – cefsulodin
1981 – latamoxef
1981 – netilmicin
1982 – ceftriaxone
1982 – micronomicin
1983 – cefmenoxime
1983 – ceftazidime
1983 – ceftizoxime
1983 – norfloxacin
1984 – cefonicid
1984 – cefotetan
1984 – temocillin
1985 – cefpiramide
1985 – imipenem/cilastatin, the first carbapenem
1985 – ofloxacin
1986 – mupirocin
1986 – aztreonam
1986 – cefoperazone/sulbactam
1986 – co-ticarclav (ticarcillin/clavulanic acid)
1987 – ampicillin/sulbactam
1987 – cefixime
1987 – roxithromycin
1987 – sultamicillin
1987 – ciprofloxacin, the first 2nd-gen fluoroquinolone
1987 – rifaximin, the first ansamycin
1988 – azithromycin
1988 – flomoxef
1988 – isepamycin
1988 – midecamycin
1988 – rifapentine
1988 – teicoplanin
1989 – cefpodoxime
1989 – enrofloxacin
1989 – lomefloxacin
1989 – moxifloxacin
1990 – arbekacin
1990 – cefodizime
1990 – clarithromycin
1991 – cefdinir
1992 – cefetamet
1992 – cefpirome
1992 – cefprozil
1992 – ceftibuten
1992 – fleroxacin
1992 – loracarbef
1992 – piperacillin/tazobactam
1992 – rufloxacin
1993 – brodimoprim
1993 – dirithromycin
1993 – levofloxacin
1993 – nadifloxacin
1993 – panipenem/betamipron
1993 – sparfloxacin
1994 – cefepime
1996 – meropenem
1999 – quinupristin/dalfopristin
2000 – linezolid, the first oxazolidinone
2001 – telithromycin, the first ketolide
2003 – daptomycin
2005 – tigecycline, the first glycylcycline
2005 – doripenem
2009 – telavancin, the first Lipoglycopeptide
2010 – ceftaroline
2011 – fidaxomicin
2012 – bedaquiline
2013 – telavancin
2014 – tedizolid
2014 – dalbavancin
2014 – ceftolozane/tazobactam
2015 – ceftazidime/avibactam
2017 - meropenem/vaborbactam
2019 - imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam
2019 - cefiderocol
See also
Timeline of medicine and medical technology
List of antibiotics, grouped by class
References
Antibiotics
Antibiotics
History of pharmacy
Antibiotics, timeline |
5657109 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D.%20%28miniseries%29 | A.D. (miniseries) | A.D. (1985) is an American/Italian miniseries in six parts which adapts the narrative in the Acts of the Apostles. Considered as the third and final installment in a TV miniseries trilogy which began with Moses the Lawgiver (1974) and Franco Zeffirelli's Jesus of Nazareth (1977), it was adapted from Anthony Burgess's 1985 novel The Kingdom of the Wicked, which was itself a sequel to Burgess's book Man of Nazareth, on which was based Zeffirelli's movie. The title is the abbreviation for Anno Domini (Medieval Latin, "In the year of the Lord"), as the events occur in the first years of the Christian Era.
Plot summary
The story tells the life histories about Saints Peter and Paul of Tarsus after the crucifixion of Jesus, and their individual fates in old Rome in the time of the persecution of Christians. Events in the New Testament Book of Acts by Luke and in the Ecclesiastical History of Eusebius are dramatized and interwoven with the contrasting histories of political intrigues in the public and private lives of the Caesars from Tiberius through Nero related in The Twelve Caesars by Suetonius, together with the fictional drama of the lives of two Jews and two Romans: Caleb the Zealot and his sister Sarah, and Julius Valerius the Imperial Guard and Corinna the patrician woman who has chosen to be a gladiator.
After Caleb is condemned to be crucified, his mother is murdered when Roman soldiers carry out Pilate's orders to have Caleb's sisters Sarah and Ruth sent to Sejanus in Rome as "gifts". Caleb is rescued on the way to execution, and goes to Rome to find them. He enlists as a gladiator, takes the name "Metellus", meets and falls in love with Corinna, and is trained as a retiarius. Meanwhile, Ruth, grieving, provokes a Roman soldier to kill her during the voyage to Rome, and Sarah is made a slave in Sejanus' household, until he is executed for treason, and she then becomes part of Caligula's household. Tiberius, after ordering the execution of Sejanus, was himself secretly assassinated by Caligula, who has now become Caesar. Julius Valerius, having met Sarah on Sejanus' estate, has fallen in love with her, and when she is put on the slave block to be sold as part of an imperial fund-raising effort he, with the financial help of his parents and additional funds provided by Aquilla and Priscilla, Jewish tent-makers, buys her for himself and frees her to become his wife. Caleb is informed that Sarah is alive, but he is scandalized that she has married a Roman soldier. He meets Valerius and is soon confronted with the fact that he himself loves a Roman woman, now disinherited and disowned by her father.
Valerius and Caleb participate in the plot to assassinate Caligula, and the stammering Claudius (found hiding) is hailed as the new Caesar. He expels the Jews from Rome, but Sarah is exempt as the wife of a Roman. Caleb/Metellus and Corinna also remain. Aquilla and Priscilla return to Jerusalem. Soon afterward Claudius is poisoned by Agrippina after having designated her son Nero as successor over his own son Britannicus, and she herself is then killed by order of Nero.
Caleb later marries Corinna near her parents' estate under the open sky with "only God as the witnessing Rabbi". The missionary Paul is arrested and Julius Valerius is tasked with escorting the prisoner to Rome; then 2 years later he is set free. Valerius and Sarah convert to Christ and soon become parents of a daughter they name Ruth.
The burning of Rome is used by Nero at the urging of Tigellinus as a pretext to deflect the blame from himself to the Christians. The dramatization of the persecution that follows includes the inverted crucifixion of Peter, the beheading of Paul, and the preparation of Christian children for the arena being dressed in fresh lambskins and led out to be torn to pieces by Roman war dogs. Caleb and Corinna armed with sword, shield, net and trident rush into the arena to fight the dogs to save the children, several of them being killed before the dogs are slain. The crowd is thrilled with the dramatic rescue. During public announcements of more entertainment to come, Valerius enters and grieves over the death of his daughter, only to find afterward that she is still alive and was never in the arena. In grief and rage over Rome's corruption and cruelty, he renounces his military career and his Roman citizenship, and he and Sarah leave Rome.
Linus, long-time family friend of Corinna's, having succeeded Peter, and knowing that Corinna cannot have a child of her own, entrusts a child orphaned by Nero's persecution to her and Caleb, charging them to raise the boy in the faith of his parents. They thank him and depart by ship for Jerusalem. They name him "Joshua".
Cast
Anthony Andrews - Nero
Colleen Dewhurst - Antonia Minor
Ava Gardner - Agrippina the Younger
David Hedison - Porcius Festus
John Houseman - Gamaliel
Richard Kiley - Claudius
James Mason - Tiberius
John McEnery - Caligula
Ian McShane - Sejanus
Jennifer O'Neill - Messalina
Millie Perkins - Mary, mother of Jesus
Denis Quilley - Saint Peter
Fernando Rey - Seneca the Younger
Richard Roundtree - Serpenius
Susan Sarandon - Livilla
Ben Vereen - The Ethiopian
Tony Vogel - Aquila
Jack Warden - Nerva
Anthony Zerbe - Pontius Pilate
Neil Dickson - Valerius
Chris Humphreys (billed as Cecil Humphreys) - Caleb
Amanda Pays - Sarah
Philip Sayer - Paul of Tarsus
Diane Venora - Corinna
Michael Wilding Jr. - Jesus
Vincent Riotta - Saint Stephen
Rebecca Saire - Ruth
Tom Durham - Cleophas
Anthony Pedley - Zacchaeus
Harold Kasket - Caiaphas
Ralph Arliss - Samuel
Mike Gwilym - Pallas
Davyd Harries - Thomas
Bruce Winant - Seth
Jonathan Hyde - Tigellinus
Damien Thomas - Agrippa I
Derek Hoxby - Agrippa II
Angela Morant - Priscilla
Clive Arrindell - Cassius Chaerea
Paul Freeman - Centurion Cornelius
Andrea Prodan - Britannicus
Akosua Busia - Claudia Acte
Vernon Dobtcheff - Titus Flavius Sabinus
Gerrard McArthur - Luke the Evangelist
Jane How - Poppaea Sabina
Jonathan Tafler - Aaron
Richard Kane - Agrippa Postumus
Barrie Houghton - Ananias
Maggie Wickman - Apicata
Alan Downer - Barnabas
Martin Potter - Gaius Calpurnius Piso
Colin Haigh - James the Just
Renato Scarpa - Lucius Marinus
Roderick Horn - Marcellus
John Wheatley - Mark the Evangelist
Joss Buckley - Matthew the Evangelist
David Sumner - Saint Matthias
Stephen Finlay - Nicanor
Katia Thandoulaki - Claudia Octavia
Eddie Grossman - Parmenas
David Haughton - Petronius
John Steiner - Simon Magus
Robert Wentz - Thrasyllus
Philip Anthony - James the Great
Peter Blythe - Procuius
Peter Howell - Atticus
David Rintoul - Pope Linus
Ned Vukovic - Triumvir
W. Morgan Sheppard - Gracchus
Crew
Teleplay by: Anthony Burgess and Vincenzo Labella
Director of photography: Ennio Guarnieri, AIC
Costumes by: Enrico Sabbatini
See also
A.D. The Bible Continues
Seven Deacons
Notes
External links
1985 Italian television series debuts
1985 Italian television series endings
1980s British drama television series
1980s Italian television miniseries
1980s British television miniseries
Television dramas set in ancient Rome
Acts of the Apostles
Television series based on the Bible
Television shows based on British novels
1985 British television series debuts
1985 British television series endings
Works based on the New Testament
1980s American television miniseries
Depictions of Nero on television
Cultural depictions of Agrippina the Younger
Cultural depictions of Claudius
Cultural depictions of Tiberius
Depictions of Caligula on television
Cultural depictions of Messalina
Cultural depictions of Mary, mother of Jesus
Cultural depictions of Seneca the Younger
Cultural depictions of Pontius Pilate
Portrayals of Jesus on television
Cultural depictions of Poppaea Sabina
Cultural depictions of Britannicus
Cultural depictions of Saint Peter
Cultural depictions of Claudia Octavia |
23442760 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian%20Telly%20Awards | Indian Telly Awards | The Indian Telly Awards is an annual award for excellence both on-screen and behind-the-scenes of Hindi-language television. Conceptualised and created by Anil Wanvari, the founder, CEO of media and services group, indiantelevision.com, they are in their 12th edition currently. Wanvari is also on the board of the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (which runs the International Emmy Awards), and has been a semi-final judging host for the awards since 2006.
The awards for Indian television are given in several categories such as best programme or series in a specific genre, most popular actors and awards for technical roles such as writers and directors. The awards are currently managed by a division within indiantelevision.com called ITV2.0 Productions.
History
For the first three years, The Indian Telly Awards were aired on Indian Hindi general entertainment channel Star Plus (2001–2003).
From 2004 to 2009, Sony Entertainment Television was the home of The Indian Telly Awards with the channel commissioning Indiantelevision.com to produce it and acquiring the content to air on its channel Sony. Since its 10th edition, the awards ceremony moved to Viacom 18 Hindi general entertainment channel Colors TV. &TV took over the broadcasting rights, starting the fourteenth edition.
The Indian Telly Awards were first presented on 6 July 2001.
TV and film actor Alyy Khan hosted the first awards, held at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai. Actors Bhakti Barve and Jatin Kanakia received posthumous awards. In 2001 and 2003, the awards were hosted by television Actor Ram Kapoor & his wife Gautami Kapoor
Television actors Ram Kapoor and Roshni Chopra hosted the 2007 awards. In 2008 the awards were anchored by Cyrus Broacha and Mini Mathur. The 2009 awards were hosted by Vishal Malhotra and Mona Singh. In 2010,the Awards were hosted by Ronit Roy and Meghna Malik. The 11th Indian Telly Awards, held in the year 2012, were hosted by Ronit Roy & Ram Kapoor and co-hosted by Manish Paul & Roshni Chopra. In the year 2013, 12th Indian Telly Awards were once again hosted by Ronit Roy and Ram Kapoor and co-hosted by Rashmi Desai, Kavita Kaushik.
Categories
Awards are presented in the following categories:
Technical awards (tc)
These awards are given for specific skills which help enhance – or set new standards of technical quality of a TV programme, be it in the area of cinematography, editing, costume or what have you. An individual or team from a production house/post production house which has excelled in this specific aspect during the specific period can be nominated.
TC 1 -Special/Visual Effects for Television
TC 2 – Art Direction (Fiction)
TC 3 – Art Direction (Non-Fiction)
TC 4 – Videography (Best TV Cameraman – Fiction)
TC 5 – Videography (Best TV Cameraman – Non – Fiction)
TC 6 – Costumes for a TV Programme
TC 7 – Make Up Artist
TC 8 – Stylist
TC 9 – TV Show Packaging (Fiction)
TC 10 – TV Show Packaging (Non-Fiction) On an Entertainment Channel
TC 11 – TV Channel Packaging (Including Channel Ids & Generic Promos)
TC 12 – Editor (Fiction)
TC 13 – Editor (Non-Fiction)
TC 14 – Background Music for a TV Programme (Fiction)
TC 15 – TV Lyricist
TC 16 – Music Director
TC 17 – Title Singer for a TV Show
TC 18 – Director (Soap & Drama)
TC 19 – Director (Sitcom)
TC 20 – Director (Thriller)
TC 21 – Director (Non- Fiction)
TC 22 – Screenplay Writer (Drama Series & Soap)
TC 23 – Dialogue Writer (Drama Series & Soap)
TC 24 – Sitcom/Comedy Writer
TC 25 – Story Writer
TC 26 – Scriptwriter (Non Fiction)
TC 27 – Choreographer
Trade awards (tr)
These awards recognize excellent performances by MSO's and TV production houses during the specific period. A detailed note should specify the achievements of the nominee during the year.
TR 1 – Cable Operator / MSO (Multi Systems Operator)
TR 2 – TV Production House
Programming awards (pr)
Programming awards will be presented to television software producers and channel executives for programmes of various genres.
PR 1 -Edutainment / Science / Knowledge Based Show
PR 2 -Entertainment News Show on an Entertainment Channel
PR 3 -Public Service Programme
PR 4 -Lifestyle & Fashion Show
PR 5 -Talk Show on an Entertainment Channel
PR 6 -Cookery show
PR 7 -Sports Show
PR 8 -Travel Show
PR 9 -Health & Fitness Show
Jury awards (jr)
Jury awards are presented to television Actors and artiste of various shows.
JR 1 – Actor in a Comic Role
JR 2 – Actress in a Comic Role
JR 3 – Actress in a Supporting Role
JR 4 – Actor in a Supporting Role
JR 5 – Actress in a Negative Role
JR 6 – Actor in a Negative Role
JR 7 – Actress in a Lead Role
JR 8 – Actor in a Lead Role
JR 9 – Drama Series
Popular awards
PO 1 – Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste - Female
PO 2 – Indian Telly Award for Best Child Artiste - Male
PO 3 – Indian Telly Award for Best Anchor
PO 4 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Comic Role
PO 5 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role
PO 6 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role
PO 7 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role
PO 8 – Indian Telly Award for Best Television Personality of the Year
PO 9 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role
PO 10 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role
PO 11 – Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Female
PO 12 – Indian Telly Award for Fresh New Face - Male
PO 13 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role
PO 14 – Indian Telly Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role
PO 15 – Indian Telly Award for Best Ensemble Cast
PO 16 – Programme with a Social Message
PO 17 – Daily Serial
PO 18 – Weekly Serial
PO 19 – Continuing TV Programme
PO 20 – Drama Series
PO 21 – Thriller/ Horror Programme
PO 22 – Kid's Programme
PO 23 – Sitcom/Comedy Programme
PO 24 – Best Reality Show
PO 25 – Best Game Show
PO 26 – Dance Talent Show
PO 27 – Singing Talent Show
PO 28 – Comedy Talent Show
PO 29 – Historical/ Mythological Series
PO 30 – Judge Panel on a TV Show
PO 31 – Youth Show – Fiction
PO 32 – Youth Show – Non Fiction
PO 33 – Televised Awards Show
PO 34 – Televised Entertainment Show
PO 35 – Indian Telly Award for Best Onscreen Couple
PO 36 – Indian Telly Awards for Best Actor in a Supporting Role - Comedy
PO 37 – Indian Telly Awards for Best Actress in a Supporting Role - Comedy
See also
List of Asian television awards
11th Indian Telly Awards
References
External links
Indian Telly Awards Official website
IndianTelevision.com website
Indian Telly Awards
2001 establishments in India
Awards established in 2001 |
1257184 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20United%20FC | Adelaide United FC | Adelaide United Football Club is a professional soccer club located in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. The club competes in the A-League Men, holding a license from the Australian Professional Leagues (APL). Established in 2003, the club was formed to replace Adelaide City and West Adelaide in the now-defunct National Soccer League (NSL). Today, it stands as the only A-League team from South Australia. Adelaide United's matches are hosted at Hindmarsh Stadium, which is also referred to as Coopers Stadium.
Adelaide United has the record for the most significant victory in an A-League match, having defeated North Queensland Fury 8-1 at Hindmarsh Stadium on January 21, 2011, during the 2010/2011 season. This game marked the first—and remains the only instance—where two players from the same team, Marcos Flores and Sergio van Dijk, achieved hat-tricks in one match. In 2014, Adelaide United claimed the inaugural FFA Cup, overcoming Perth Glory 1–0 in the final. By 2016, they secured their maiden A-League Grand Final title by besting the Western Sydney Wanderers 3–1, courtesy of goals from Bruce Kamau, Isaías, and Pablo Sanchez. In 2019, they added another feather to their cap by becoming the first squad to seize three FFA Cup championships, outplaying Melbourne City FC in the 2019 FFA Cup Final.
History
2003–2005: A-League transfer
In August 2003 Adelaide City withdrew from the National Soccer League (NSL), leaving Adelaide with no NSL presence for the first time since the beginning of the league in 1977. West Adelaide had previously withdrawn from the NSL in 1999. In response, Adelaide United was created on 12 September 2003, with builder and property developer Gordon Pickard funding the new club and former Soccer Australia and FIFA executive Basil Scarsella as Chairman.
On 13 September former Brisbane Strikers and Newcastle Breakers manager John Kosmina was officially announced as the manager, and within the frame of a few weeks time, a team was cobbled together mostly with the remnants of the Adelaide City squad to compete in the clubs inaugural season. On 17 October 2003 Adelaide United won its first NSL match, against Brisbane Strikers 1–0 in front of a crowd in excess of 16,000 people.
After an impressive home-and-away season, including a seven-match unbeaten streak during November and December 2003, Adelaide United reached the NSL preliminary final, losing to Perth Glory. The NSL came to an end at the completion of the 2003–04 season after 28 seasons with The Reds only competing in the final season as the governing body Australian Soccer Association (later Football Federation Australia) shut down the league in preparation for the launch of the fully professional A-League almost 12 months later, on 26 August 2005.
2005–2010: Miami FC relationship
Adelaide United was announced as one of eight teams to compete in the first season of the A-League, and are, along with the Perth Glory and Newcastle Jets, one of only three teams to survive from the National Soccer League's last season. United began preparation earlier than most of the other clubs and had announced two-thirds of the 20-man squad before February 2005.
The club focused on bringing several Adelaide-born players back to South Australia, such as Angelo Costanzo, Travis Dodd and Lucas Pantelis, who had previously played for Adelaide City SC in the NSL. Shengqing Qu was signed by Chinese club Shanghai Shenhua as the club's "marquee" signing (a ruling allowing each club to pay one player outside the salary cap) in March 2005.
Aurelio Vidmar announced his retirement before the A-League had even started. He was replaced before the fifth round by striker Fernando from Brazil, a former 'player of the year' in the old NSL. By moving to Adelaide, he was reunited with former coach John Kosmina who introduced him to Australian audiences at the Brisbane Strikers.
Adelaide United Director Mel Patzwald established links with American club Miami FC, setting up a 'sister club' relationship—the first of its kind for an A-League club—with whom they played a number of friendlies and leading to the signings of several players. The club signed Diego Walsh and later Brazilian legend Romário for a five-game guest stint in November/December 2006. Cassio then signed with Adelaide and the club won the 2008 AFC Champions League and played in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup, where they finished fifth. A sister club relationship with Shandong Luneng was established as well as part of the state government's ties with Shandong Province. Adelaide's youth team was invited to participate in the Weifang Cup as a result of the relationship.
Continuing their good form from the final season of the NSL, Adelaide United finished as Premiers in the inaugural season of the Hyundai A-League. The Reds were bundled out of the finals race in straight sets losing to Sydney FC in the two-leg semi-final and then Central Coast Mariners 1–0 in the preliminary final at Hindmarsh.
Adelaide United started the season well by winning the A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup, beating reigning champions Central Coast Mariners 5–4 on penalties after 1–1 at the end of extra time. In the premiership season, The Reds finished runners-up to Melbourne Victory. After a successful finals campaign, The Reds advanced to the 2006–07 Grand Final after winning 4–3 on penalties (1–1 AET) against the Newcastle Jets. Adelaide United played Melbourne Victory at the Telstra Dome in the Grand Final on 18 February 2007 losing 6–0. Coach John Kosmina was sacked the following week-however not only because of the grand final disaster but for alleged abuse of 2 Channel 10 reporters.
The 2006–07 season also saw Brazilian international player Romário join the club for a four-game guest player stint.
Adelaide United was selected, along with Sydney FC, as the first Australian representative to play in the 2007 AFC Champions League. They received their Asian berth as A-League premiers. Adelaide was drawn into Group G with Chinese champion Shandong Luneng Taishan, Korean champions Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma and Vietnamese league and Super Cup champions Gach Dong Tam Long An. Adelaide finished 3rd in its group.
The Reds launched into the season by winning the A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup, beating Perth Glory 2–1 at Hindmarsh Stadium. The club finished 6th place in the A-League, missing out on a finals place as they concentrated their energies on maintaining a successful AFC Champions League campaign.
Adelaide United participated in the 2008 AFC Champions League after finishing runner-up in the 2006–07 regular season and finals series to Melbourne Victory. Adelaide was drawn into Group E, along with V-League and Super Cup winners Bình Dương, CSL champions Changchun Yatai, and K-League winners Pohang Steelers.
Adelaide became the first Australian team to progress to the semi-finals of the AFC Champions League. Adelaide drew 2007 Uzbek League Runners-up Bunyodkor in the semi-final after the Uzbeks knocked out Saipa in their quarter-final. In the first leg of the semi-final, Adelaide won 3–0 with Diego, Barbiero, and Cristiano (via a penalty) scoring. The match was witnessed by 16,998 fans at Hindmarsh Stadium. In the second leg of the semi-finals, Adelaide United lost 1–0 to FC Bunyodkor but went through to the final 3–1 on aggregate.
In the two-legged final, they took on Japanese team Gamba Osaka who deposed 2007 champions Urawa Red Diamonds in the other semi-final. Adelaide lost heavily over two legs to Gamba Osaka. The score was 3–0 to Gamba Osaka away and 2–0 to Osaka at home in Adelaide, the Japanese club winning 5–0 on aggregate.
This result ensured that Adelaide would participate in the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup either as the AFC representative or as the highest-placed non-Japanese team – as the rules do not allow more than one Japanese team to participate.
The off-season saw the departure of Socceroo Bruce Djite and Nathan Burns. By the end of round 27, Adelaide had drawn level for first, equalling Melbourne's 38 points on the ladder. Needing to win 2–0 against the Central Coast Mariners away to win the premiership, The Reds only managed to secure a 1–0 win. Adelaide was pushed down to second because of the goal difference. The Reds, along with Melbourne Victory, Queensland Roar and Central Coast Mariners, proceeded to the finals. In the Grand Final at Etihad Stadium in Melbourne, Adelaide United lost 1–0 to Melbourne Victory. The match was marred by the controversial 10th minute sending off of Cristiano which ultimately contributed to the loss.
An early highlight for the season was Adelaide's run to the final of the AFC Champions League against Gamba Osaka. Gamba Osaka entered the FIFA Club World Cup as the winner of the AFC Champion's League, freeing up the tournament's Japanese host position; Adelaide United, as runners-up of the AFC Champion's League, filled this position. Their first match was a play-off against 2007–08 OFC Champions League champions Waitakere United from New Zealand. The Reds defeated Waitakere 2–1 via two set plays from Paul Reid to secure a rematch with ACL rivals Gamba Osaka on 14 December – the third meeting between the two sides in three weeks. The Reds fought valiantly and created many opportunities, in particular Travis Dodd, but lost 0–1 after a 23rd minute shot by Gamba midfielder, Yasuhito Endō. On 18 December, Adelaide played in the fifth-place play-off match against Egyptian club Al Ahly SC, defeating them 1–0 to be rewarded the fifth-place prize of US$1.5 million. Adelaide United were awarded the Fair Play award upon the completion of the tournament, and Cristiano's goal in the fifth-place play-off was selected as goal of the tournament.
After a stellar season in the A-League and internationally, Adelaide United began its pre-season without a financial owner; Nick Bianco relinquished his A-League license back to Football Federation Australia (FFA). Regardless of this situation, the FFA ensured that Adelaide would have the funds available to recruit in the off-season and to maintain the club, whilst they would negotiate the new ownership deals. This however, was still not enough to lift the club up from its 2009–10 wooden spoon status – the club's worst performing season in its short history.
Adelaide competed in the ACL Champions League in 2010 after finishing second on the 2008–09 A-League league table, and runner-up in the Finals series to cross-border rivals, Melbourne Victory. Adelaide were drawn into Group H alongside 2009 Asian Champions Pohang Steelers, Chinese sister club Shandong Luneng and Sanfrecce Hiroshima. Adelaide United managed to hold on to top spot of Group H resulting in a home match in the Round of 16. In an exciting, nerve-racking match, Adelaide lost to Jeonbuk Motors 3–2. Adelaide came back twice in the game, including a goal in the final seconds of the match. Jeonbuk won the match with a goal in the second half of extra time.
2010–2018: Bottom to top
For the first time in the club's history, the Adelaide United was led by an international manager in Rini Coolen, moving away from the Adelaide United tradition of local coaches seen in its prior seasons.
As of 9 September 2010, Adelaide United had made Australian soccer history by becoming the first team to climb from the bottom of the table to the top, whilst the 2009–10 premiers and champions, Sydney FC, remained rooted at the bottom. Adelaide United also claimed the record for longest undefeated streak in A-League history with their win over Wellington Phoenix in Week 11 of the league, consisting of thirteen games stretching back to the penultimate round of the 2009–10 A-League season. This surpassed Central Coast Mariners's previous record of twelve games undefeated set back in the 2005–06 A-League season. Unfortunately for Adelaide United, Brisbane Roar surpassed this newly set record, when the Roar comprehensively won their Week 16 fixture against Central Coast Mariners at Bluetongue Stadium.
Following 18 months under Football Federation Australia (FFA) financial administration, it was announced on 8 November 2010 that a South Australian consortium had taken over ownership of the club with a ten-year licence. New co-owner Greg Griffin steps in as Chairman of the club replacing Mel Patzwald, whilst ex-North Adelaide Football Club CEO, Glenn Elliott replaces Sam Ciccarello, who now takes up a role at the FFA.
On 9 January 2011, Adelaide broke its longest winless streak against its rival club Melbourne Victory by posting a 4–1 away win in Melbourne at AAMI Park. Adelaide United then went on to make A-League history by recording the highest winning margin in the league's history with an 8–1 win over North Queensland Fury on 21 January 2011. This also marked the first time two players from the same side scored hat-tricks in one game (Sergio van Dijk and Marcos Flores), and matched the all-time highest match aggregate score of 9 goals scored in one match.
Adelaide finished the season by winning 2–1 at Adelaide Oval against Melbourne Victory in front of 21,038 spectators – the club's largest crowd of the season. This ensured the club third place in overall standings at the end of the season, and hosting rights for at least the first week of the knock-out Finals Series. Adelaide United went on to defeat Wellington Phoenix in the first week of the Finals under torrential rain, but succumbed to Gold Coast United in the second week and were knocked out of the competition on the back of a 2–3 home loss.
Off-season transfers marked the departure of Captain Travis Dodd, long serving players Lucas Pantelis and Robert Cornthwaite, and of fan favourites Mathew Leckie and Marcos Flores to overseas clubs. In a coup for the club and the A-League, Rini Coolen managed to secure the signatures of Socceroos Bruce Djite, Jon McKain and Dario Vidošić; with the latter being offered the Australian marquee player status at the club for the season.
On 18 December 2011 it was announced that head coach Rini Coolen had been sacked and replaced by former coach John Kosmina as caretaker coach for the rest of the season, including the AFC Champions League group stage of 2012. As part of Kosmina's takeover of the head coaching position, Eugene Galeković was named club captain on 28 December 2011, replacing Jon McKain.
Their fourth appearance in the competition – more times than any other Australian club – Adelaide qualified for the 2012 AFC Champions League playoff round by finishing third in the 2010–11 A-League. They were placed in Group E, quickly dubbed the 'Group of Death' by numerous commentators, alongside Bunyodkor, Gamba Osaka and Pohang Steelers. Adelaide qualified through to the Round of 16 for a third time and then went on to qualify for the quarter-finals with a 1–0 win at home against Nagoya Grampus.
Adelaide faced Bunyodkor in the quarter-finals. Adelaide surrendered a 2–0 lead at home, with Bunyodkor clawing back to end 2–2. The return leg in Tashkent was again locked at 2–2 after 90 minutes of play, requiring the game to go to extra time and possible penalties thereafter. Despite an Iain Ramsay goal in the third minute to give Adelaide the lead, Bunyodkor eventually eliminated Adelaide by scoring in added extra time. Adelaide ended the match with nine men, having Iain Fyfe and Fabian Barbiero both sent off after receiving two yellow cards.
Adelaide United's 2012–13 season was John Kosmina's first full season as permanent coach since being appointed in a caretaker role from Rini Coolen in December 2011. The season was also Kosmina's first in charge at Adelaide since the 2006–07 season. John Kosmina had expressed his desire to the club for a two-year extension to his contract, but rumours publicly emerged of assistant coach Michael Valkanis being offered a contract extension, but not Kosmina. The coach resigned shortly thereafter. Valkanis was appointed as interim coach until the end of the season, with former Adelaide City player Sergio Melta being appointed as his assistant.
The Reds finished the A-League season fourth but were knocked out of Championship contention by Brisbane Roar 2–1 in an elimination final.
On 30 April 2013, Josep Gombau signed a two-season deal as coach, arriving at the club in July 2013. In the winter transfer window, Gombau was quick to add Spanish flavour into the squad. His first two signings were compatriots and Barcelona youth products Sergio Cirio and Isaías Sánchez. Gombau also brought his long-time assistant coach Pau Marti to work alongside existing assistant coach Michael Valkanis. He also added other players including Tarek Elrich and Steven Lustica, Michael Zullo for a season long loan and Brent McGrath as a four-week injury replacement player. Awer Mabil and Jordan Elsey were also promoted from the youth system, each rewarded with two-year contracts. Sergio van Dijk was transferred to Persib Bandung and Dario Vidošić to Sion for a reported $700,000 transfer fee.
The Reds had a shaky start to their season under new manager Gombau. They had only a single win in their first nine games for the season and early calls started for the club to show the door to the new man in charge. Gombau quickly changed the club's fortunes, getting his second win in round 10 against the Central Coast Mariners, with a 4–0 result. The team continued this form to finish sixth on the table after the 27 home-and-away games, which let them into the finals by two points. Adelaide's season was ended by Central Coast in the elimination final, losing 1–0.
The Reds' highest attendance in the 2013–14 season was 16,504 in the round 2 clash with Melbourne Victory at Hindmarsh Stadium which ended in a 2–2 draw.
Carrying over from the previous season, Josep Gombau was quick to implement a possession-based football style at Adelaide, all the way from the grass roots level of local soccer to the senior side. Gombau further reinforced his dogmatic approach by bringing in FC Barcelona legend Guillermo Amor as the club's technical director. While winning the Adelaide fans over, Josep elevated the technical and tactical quality of the local brand, earning the respect and admiration of rival clubs, coaches and the FFA, who unanimously voted him in as coach of the A-League All Stars team for the 2014 A-League All Stars Game against the visiting Juventus. Gombau's United won the inaugural FFA Cup with a 1–0 win against Perth Glory. Gombau left the club in July 2015 to take up a youth coaching role in the United States.
Following the shock resignation of manager Josep Gombau who took up a youth coaching role in the United States shortly before the start of the season, Adelaide United announced Guillermo Amor as his replacement who was serving as the club's technical director and Jacobo Ramallo as his assistant who was in charge as director of Adelaide United's Football School. Eight rounds into the season, Adelaide were without a win leaving them sitting at the bottom of the ladder with only 3 points and 3 goals scored. However, Adelaide then won 13 of their next 18 games losing just once to finish top of the ladder and win the club's second Premier's Plate. Following a week off during which the Elimination Finals were played, Adelaide United defeated Melbourne City 4–1 in a Semi-final at Coopers Stadium to advance to the Grand Final where they would for the first time host the Grand Final at the Adelaide Oval.
In the Grand Final, the Reds finally won their first A-League championship, beating the Western Sydney Wanderers 3–1 in front of a crowd of 50,119.
Adelaide United were eliminated in the first round of the 2016 FFA Cup, suffering a stunning 2–1 loss to National Premier Leagues Queensland team Redlands United FC, with the match labelled the biggest upset in FFA Cup history. Adelaide United had to replace five players from its starting grand final team including Bruce Djite, Craig Goodwin, Pablo Sánchez, Stefan Mauk and Bruce Kamau, but they were replaced with youngsters Jesse Makarounas, Nikola Mileusnic, Ben Garuccio, Marc Marino, Jordan O'Doherty and Riley McGree, experienced pair Henrique and James Holland, and Spanish Striker Sergi Guardiola on loan and South Korean Danny Choi as an injury replacement.
Adelaide United were runners-up in the FFA Cup final against Sydney FC by a 2–1 scoreline. Marco Kurz then had his first A-League game against Wellington Phoenix by a 1–1 draw. Their topscorer was their new signing, Johan Absalonsen who scored 8 goals in all competitions this season. They finish 5th in the A-League until then they lost in the elimination-final against Melbourne Victory by a 2–1 scoreline with a crowd of 15,502.
2018–present: Cup success and beyond
Adelaide United were the FFA Cup champions after defeating Sydney FC 2–1 in the final at Coopers Stadium. On March 19, 2019, the club announced they would not be renewing Marco Kurz' contract. United finished 4th in the regular season. Craig Goodwin was United's leading goalscorer scoring 15 goals across all competitions. The Reds hosted an elimination final against Melbourne City where they came out 1–0 victors with the goal coming from Ben Halloran in the 119th minute. Adelaide United were then eliminated in the semi-finals following a loss to Perth Glory on penalties after playing out a 3–3 draw.
In the 2019 FFA Cup Final, Adelaide defeated Melbourne City 4–0 at home, further increasing their claim to have the most FFA Cup titles with three.
Adelaide United continued to qualify for the A-League finals series in the following seasons, finishing 5th in the 2020–21 season, and 4th in the 2021–22 season, with Craig Goodwin returning to the squad on loan in 2021, before permanently signing with the club until 2025. During these seasons, Adelaide placed a large emphasis on bringing through young players from South Australia, and their NPL squad, notable examples during this period were Joe Gauci, who has since earned a cap for the national team, Bernardo, Mohamed Toure, Yaya Dukuly, Ethan Alagich, Asad Kasumovic, Jonny Yull and Nestory Irankunda.
On 4 April 2023, chairman Piet van der Pol stepped down and was replaced by Ned Morris. The previously anonymous owners were also revealed, being Cor Adriaanse, Rob van Eck and Yu Lidong.
In the 2022–23 season, Adelaide were challenging Melbourne City for the premiership, with many of their young players earning permanent spots in the squad. The eventual champions Central Coast Mariners made a run late in the season to bump Adelaide down to third on the table, and eventually knock Adelaide out of the championship race in a semi-final. Craig Goodwin, who had recently scored against France and Argentina in the 2022 World Cup, won the 2023 Johnny Warren Medal but returned to Al-Wehda FC in the winter of that year. Adelaide signed former Manchester United-listed midfielder Ryan Tunnicliffe in the off-season. Ryan Kitto was made the captain of the club with Goodwin's departure.
Adelaide's 23/24 season has started off with massive success, beating the 22/23 Champions Central Coast Mariners and the Premiers Melbourne City FC with a combined score of 9-0. Highlights of these opening games include a Jamie Maclaren penalty stopped by Joe Gauci, a free kick goal from Nestory Irankunda, and a brace off the bench from Bernardo.
Sponsors
Adelaide United's 2009–10 playing kit didn't feature a sponsor on the front of their kit. Towards the end of the season, United signed a deal with Jim's Group which saw the Jim's Plumbing logo feature on the front of United's home and away kits. The deal only lasted for the remainder of the season as the logo wasn't displayed on Adelaide's home or away kits in the 2010–11 season.
On 16 December 2010, Coopers Brewery announced that their logo would feature on the front of the jersey for the remainder of the season, in a deal worth to be around $200,000.
As of 1 April 2011, all A-League clubs were able to negotiate new kit supplier deals as the previous contract with Reebok had elapsed and as such, Adelaide United negotiated a 3-year deal with Erreà.
On 2 March 2012, the club announced Legea as the official kit suppliers for their 2012 Asian Champions League campaign. Legea are exclusively supplying all of the team's authentic on-field and off-field apparel for the clubs 6 ACL group-stage matches.
Crest
Adelaide United's original strip was made using the three South Australian state colours: red, blue and yellow. The shirt was mainly red with a large yellow stripe down both sleeves with blue being used for the short colour and the stripe running down each side of the top. The badge also uses the state colours in a stylised swoosh, above what appears to be a football made with the Southern Cross, as opposed to the traditional hexagonal panels of a football. The football is similar in appearance to that of the UEFA Champions League logo.
Colours and badge
Since their inception into the A-League, Adelaide United's kits, along with the rest of the league, have been manufactured by Reebok. United's kit has moved towards a predominately all-red kit, both top and shorts, with black trim. Originally, the away strip was predominantly white, with red sleeves and yellow trim however in 2009 the club launched a predominantly black 'clash' strip.
The launch of the new national league also saw Adelaide launch a new badge; while keeping a similar look and feel as its predecessor the new badge takes the form of more traditional football badge with its shield like border.
Adelaide United is most commonly referred to as "The Reds" because of their predominantly red playing kit. In February 2009 the club's head coach, Aurelio Vidmar referred to the City of Adelaide as a "Pissant Town" after suffering a heartbreaking loss. The club's supporters eventually utilised the name "Pissants" as a term of endearment and it became an unofficial nickname of the club between its supporters.
Kit suppliers and shirt sponsors
Stadium
Adelaide United play their home matches at Hindmarsh Stadium, currently known as Coopers Stadium. Previously, two games a year were played at Adelaide Oval, one against interstate rivals Melbourne Victory and traditional rivals Sydney FC. The second match in 2009 saw 23,002 people attend the game. Adelaide United played the 2016 Grand Final at Adelaide Oval, and play early stage cup games at the State Centre for Football in Gepps Cross, and Marden Sports Complex in Marden.
Hindmarsh Stadium seating capacity is 13,500. Adelaide United's first home game in the now-defunct National Soccer League saw over 15,000 supporters watch Adelaide win 1–0 over the Brisbane Strikers.
A-League crowds have averaged 10,947 in 2005–06 and over 12,000 supporters attending in both 2006–07 and 2007–08 seasons. Even with a lack of on-field success, crowds at United's games remained healthy during the 2009–10 season relative to other clubs, largely due to the club's strong community-based initiatives. The record attendance for Hindmarsh Stadium was a full house of 17,000 on 12 November 2008 against Gamba Osaka in the historic second leg of the ACL final.
Support
Adelaide United's main active supporters' group is called the Red Army.
Rivalries
Melbourne Victory FC
Adelaide United's main rivals are Melbourne Victory. Adelaide was again one of two of the leading teams in the 2006–07 season this time against Melbourne that saw an altercation between John Kosmina, the Adelaide United manager, and Kevin Muscat after the Victory captain knocked Kosmina over after entering the technical area to retrieve a ball. Kosmina then jumped up and grabbed Muscat around the throat for a few seconds. Season events culminated in the year's grand final that saw Adelaide captain, Ross Aloisi, sent off and Melbourne winning 6–0. The rivalry went beyond extreme after Melbourne defeated Adelaide United 1–0 in the 2008–09 grand final with United imported striker, Cristiano, given a controversial straight red card. The rivalry then went even further when Adelaide United defeated Melbourne 4–1 at AAMI Park, after United had been suffering a record-breaking 10-game losing streak against the Victory.
Adelaide City FC
Adelaide United was formed after Adelaide City withdrew from the National Soccer League in 2003, leaving the competition without South Australian representation. Adelaide United continued into the A-League assuming Adelaide City's place as South Australia's only professional soccer team. United and City are South Australia's most successful teams, with 3 domestic trophies each and City having won the 1987 Oceania Club Championship. The two sides had never played a competitive fixture against each other, until the 2022 Australia Cup, where the two teams were drawn against each other in the round of 16. Adelaide United won 4–1 on penalties. However, with no promotion and relegation from the A-League, it is unlikely the teams will play each other competitively again in the near future.
Affiliated clubs
Qingdao Red Lions (2018–present)
Both the Adelaide and Qingdao based clubs are owned by current chairman Piet van der Pol and the goal of the partnership is to give more opportunities to Chinese players. Then Director of Football Bruce Djite has said, "The idea is to develop Chinese players to create stronger links between us and Qingdao Red Lions." Chen Yongbin was the first player to sign from Qingdao to Adelaide on a one year deal. He did not make an appearance for the senior side but made appearances in the youth league, he departed following the end to his contract.
Statistics and records
Adelaide United have won one Championship in the A-League Men. They hold the highest number of FFA Cup trophies, with 3. The club is the only team to have won the FFA Cup twice in succession, in 2018 and 2019.
Adelaide United was the first A-League club to appear in the AFC Champions League Final, which they did in 2008. Western Sydney Wanderers are the only team since to achieve the milestone. The Final result had Adelaide losing in a 5–0 loss with both legs having them be defeated by Gamba Osaka 3–0 and 2–0.
Eugene Galekovic holds the record for most Adelaide United appearances, having played 285 first-team matches between 2007 and 2017. Craig Goodwin is the club's top goalscorer with 48 goals in all competitions from three spells from 2014 to 2016, 2018–2019 and 2021 to 2023.
Adelaide United's record home attendance is 50,119 at the A-League Grand Final match against the Western Sydney Wanderers on 1 May 2016 at Adelaide Oval. The record attendance for a home and away A-League Season game is 25,039 for a 1–3 loss against Sydney FC on 28 December 2007, also at Adelaide Oval. Adelaide United's record home attendance of all competitions at Hindmarsh Stadium was 17,000 against Gamba Osaka in the AFC Champions League Final in 2008.
Players
First team squad
Youth
Players to have been featured in a first-team matchday squad for Adelaide United.
Former players
Coaching staff
Club captains
Honours
Domestic
A-League Men Championship
Winners (1): 2016
Runners-up (2): 2007, 2009
A-League Men Premiership
Winners (2): 2005–06, 2015–16
Runners-up (2): 2006–07, 2008–09
Australia Cup
Winners (3): 2014, 2018, 2019
Runners-up (1): 2017
A-League Pre-Season Challenge Cup
Winners (2): 2006, 2007
AFC
AFC Champions League
Runners-up (1): 2008
Worldwide
FIFA Club World Cup
Fifth–place (1): 2008
Other
The Aurelio Vidmar Club Champion (Player of the Year)
Notable players
The following is a list of Adelaide United FC players who have achieved at least two of the following criteria:
Departed the club with a transfer fee
Featured in the squad of sixteen of an A-League or FFA Cup grand final victory
Had international caps for their respective country whilst playing for the club
International notoriety signing
Made over five appearances in an A-League premiership winning season
Made over fifty appearances across all competitions
Was a product of the youth academy
Winner of the A-League grand final man of the match medal, the Johnny Warren Medal
Winner of the best & fairest, the 'Aurelio Vidmar Club Champion'
Australia
Aaron Goulding
Al Hassan Toure
Angelo Costanzo
Aurelio Vidmar
Awer Mabil
Ben Halloran
Bruce Djite
Bruce Kamau
Cameron Watson
Carl Veart
Craig Goodwin
Daniel Mullen
Dario Vidosic
Dylan McGowan
Eugene Galekovic
Fabian Barbiero
George Mells
Iain Fyfe
Isaac Richards
James Jeggo
Jason Spagnuolo
Joe Gauci
John Hall
Jordan Elsey
Joshua Cavallo
Kristian Rees
Lachlan Brook
Louis D'Arrigo
Lucas Pantelis
Matthew Kemp
Michael Marrone
Michael Valkanis
Mohamed Toure
Nathan Burns
Nathan Konstandopoulos
Nigel Boogaard
Nikola Mileusnic
Osama Malik
Paul Izzo
Paul Reid
Riley McGree
Richie Alagich
Ross Aloisi
Ryan Kitto
Ryan Strain
Stefan Mauk
Tarek Elrich
Taylor Regan
Travis Dodd
Argentina
Marcelo Carrusca
Marcos Flores
Brazil
Cássio Oliveira
Denmark
Michael Jakobsen
Indonesia
Sergio van Dijk
Italy
Iacopo La Rocca
Portugal
Fábio Ferreira
Spain
Isaías Sánchez
Pablo Sánchez
Sergio Cirio
See also
Adelaide United Women – Adelaide United FC (W-League)
References
External links
Adelaide United results – latest scores for Adelaide United FC
A-League Men teams
Association football clubs established in 2003
Soccer clubs in Adelaide
National Soccer League (Australia) teams
2003 establishments in Australia |
59415513 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome%20to%20Earth-2 | Welcome to Earth-2 | "Welcome to Earth-2" is the thirteenth episode, and first part of a two-part story arc, of the second season of the American television series The Flash, based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash. It follows a crime scene investigator with super-human speed who fights criminals, including others with superhuman abilities. It is set in the Arrowverse and is a spin-off of Arrow. The episode was written by Katherine Walczak from a story by Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg, and directed by Millicent Shelton.
Grant Gustin stars as Barry, and is joined by principal cast members Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin. The episode sees Barry, Cisco Ramon and Harry Wells travel to the parallel universe Earth-2 to rescue Harry's daughter Jesse from Zoom, while back on Earth-1, Jay Garrick takes over Barry's crime fighting duties when the metahuman Geomancer attacks Central City. The episode sees the majority of main cast members also playing their Earth-2 doppelgängers.
"Welcome to Earth-2" originally aired on The CW on February 9, 2016, and according to Nielsen Media Research, was watched by 3.96 million viewers, the show's largest viewership since February 2015. It was the series' highest rating in the 18–34 demographic since its premiere and highest 18–49 rating since the crossover "Flash vs. Arrow". The episode received a highly positive critical response, and many critics called it the best episode of the series to that point. The arc established in this episode concluded with the following episode, "Escape from Earth-2".
Plot
In Earth-1, Barry Allen closes all of the breaches leading to parallel universe Earth-2, except for the one in S.T.A.R. Labs. Using the last breach, he travels to Earth-2 with Cisco Ramon and Harry Wells to rescue Harry's daughter Jesse, who has been kidnapped by speedster Zoom. However, an energy surge destabilizes the breach, leaving the trio stuck on Earth-2. After seeing his doppelgänger, a non-metahuman forensic scientist, on the news, Barry abducts and renders him unconscious to impersonate him and obtain more information on Zoom. He meets this Earth's Iris West, who works as a police detective and is married to his doppelgänger.
Earth-2's versions of Caitlin Snow and Ronnie Raymond, known as Killer Frost and Deathstorm respectively, are working for Zoom and realize that some breachers have entered Earth-2. Barry and Iris meet Joe West's doppelgänger Joseph, a lounge singer. Frost and Deathstorm find and attack Barry at the lounge; Deathstorm fatally wounds Joseph during the attack. Barry fights Frost and Deathstorm outside; the two metahumans escape after Frost is injured.
Meanwhile, a metahuman named Adam Fells / Geomancer appears in Earth-1 Central City. Joe suggests that Jay Garrick use the serum Velocity-6 to fight Fells. Jay refuses and reveals to Caitlin that he invented Velocity-6 and previously took it to become faster but the side effects caused his loss of speed and are gradually killing him. Caitlin develops Velocity-7, which Jay uses to engage Fells until it wears off. Fells almost kills Jay until Joe shoots at him, and escapes.
Back on Earth-2, Iris, her partner Floyd Lawton and Cisco confront Frost and Deathstorm. Cisco, who has made a weapon to combat Frost, attempts to stop the pair, but is confronted by his own doppelgänger, known as Reverb, who is also working for Zoom and can manipulate sonic vibrations to create powerful shock waves. Cisco calls for Barry, who arrives and uses Cisco's weapon to wound Frost, but is stopped by Reverb and Deathstorm. They use their powers repeatedly on him, despite Frost's objections and Zoom wanting Barry unharmed. Zoom arrives, kills Reverb and Deathstorm for harming Barry, captures him and speeds away. Barry later awakens in a glass cell at Zoom's lair, where there are two other prisoners; Jesse and a man trapped in an iron mask.
Production
Development and writing
The second season of The Flash began to explore the concept of the multiverse, by introducing Earth-2, which features doppelgängers of the inhabitants in Earth-1. In January 2016, it was announced that an upcoming episode in the season would be titled "Welcome to Earth-2", and would focus on Barry Allen travelling to that Earth. The episode, which was the season's thirteenth, was directed by Millicent Shelton and written by Katherine Walczak, Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg.
Kreisberg described "Welcome to Earth-2" as the first part of a two-part story arc that continues with "Escape from Earth-2". The episode also introduces the Earth-2 doppelgängers of various Earth-1 characters. Kreisberg said some of them "are beyond different. What's so interesting is that you've got [Harry] Wells, who is probably the most similar to himself – the one that we saw last year and this one. They seem different until you start seeing the crazy differences between all of our other cast members. Then he's the one who doesn't seem quite so different and crazy anymore." Examples include the fact that Barry Allen is not a metahuman; Iris West is a police detective married to him; Caitlin Snow, Ronnie Raymond and Cisco Ramon are the metahuman criminals Killer Frost, Deathstorm and Reverb respectively; Joe West is a lounge singer who goes by Joseph and dislikes his son-in-law; Nora Allen is alive; David Singh is a criminal; Henry Hewitt is not a metahuman; and Floyd Lawton is a police officer with poor marksmanship skills.
Candice Patton, who plays Iris, called the Earth-2 version hard, tough, and "less emotionally penetrable" than the Earth-1 version. Season two co-showrunner Todd Helbing called the Earth-2 version of Barry "quite a bit different" from the Earth-1 version, describing him as "very entertaining" and "hilarious", as well as "pretty selfish" from Joseph's perspective. The Earth-2 Barry's speed dial features many contacts whose names are references to the civilian names of DC Comics characters such as "Bruce" (Batman), "Diana" (Wonder Woman) and "Hal" (Green Lantern), in addition to "Eddie" (a reference to Eddie Thawne). Season two co-showrunner Aaron Helbing said these were purely "just Easter eggs for fun", with Todd saying those names were chosen from a "giant board of probably 50 ideas".
Casting
Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin appear in the episode as Barry Allen / Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West, Harry Wells and Joe West, respectively. Gustin, Patton, Panabaker, Valdes and Martin also portray the Earth-2 versions of their characters.
The additional guest cast includes Teddy Sears as Jay Garrick / Flash, Violett Beane as Jesse Wells, and Adam Stafford as Adam Fells / Geomancer. Additionally, Robbie Amell, Demore Barnes, Michelle Harrison, Michael Rowe, and Patrick Sabongui reprise their roles as Earth-2 versions of Deathstorm, Henry Hewitt, Nora Allen, Floyd Lawton, and David Singh, respectively. Tony Todd provides the uncredited voice of Zoom.
Arrowverse tie-ins
In the episode, as Barry, Cisco and Harry travel to Earth-2, glimpses of the multiverse are seen, including an image of Supergirl star Melissa Benoist as Supergirl and an image of John Wesley Shipp as the Flash from the 1990 television series. Thus, it implied that the two characters and their respective television series exist on alternate Earths to Earth-1.
Release
"Welcome to Earth-2" was first aired in the United States on The CW on February 9, 2016. It was aired alongside the U.S. broadcast in Canada on CTV, while it was first aired in the United Kingdom on Sky 1 on March 29, 2016. It premiered on Fox8 in Australia on February 10, 2016. The episode, along with the rest of The Flashs second season, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on September 6, 2016. Bonus features include behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel. On October 4, 2016, the episode became available for streaming on Netflix in the United States, along with the rest of the second season.
Reception
Ratings
In the United States, the episode received a 1.6/5 percent share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49, meaning that it was seen by 1.6 percent of all households, and 5 percent of all of those watching television at the time of the broadcast. It was watched by 3.96 million viewers. The episode was the most viewed and highest rated of season two. It had the show's largest audience since February 2015, highest 18–49 rating since the crossover "Flash vs. Arrow" in December 2014, and highest rating in the 18–34 demographic (1.5/6) since its series premiere in October 2014. Within a week of its release the episode was watched by 5.98 million U.S. viewers with a 2.5 rating in the 18–49 demo. The Canadian broadcast gained 1.78 million viewers, the third highest for that night and the ninth highest for the week. The United Kingdom premiere had 1.13 million viewers, and in Australia, the premiere had 147,000 viewers, including 67,000 timeshifted viewers.
Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93% approval rating for the episode, based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 9.21/10. The website's critical consensus read at the time, "Invigorated by a jolt of out-of-this-world fun, 'Welcome to Earth-2' successfully ups the pace and action, while providing plenty of delightful Easter egg moments throughout."
Many critics called "Welcome to Earth-2" the best episode in the series to that point. Jesse Schedeen of IGN rated it 9.7 out of 10, praising the concept of Earth-2, Barry's dramatic moments, the depiction of Deathstorm, Killer Frost and Reverb, but criticized the need to kill off Reverb so soon. He concluded, "The Flash delivered one of its best episodes yet as Barry and friends took a hilarious but emotional trip to Earth-2." Angelica Jade Bastién of Vulture praised the direction, action sequences, and the cast's performances, particularly of Gustin and Patton. She called it "undoubtedly the best episode of the season, and just may be the best episode of The Flash yet." Colliders Dave Trumbore rated the episode four stars out of five, saying, "This was an absolutely insane episode of The Flash, and that's saying something since this show is normally fast-paced and full of Easter eggs even on a relatively slow week."
Entertainment Weeklys Jonathon Dornbush praised the scene where Barry talks to his Earth-2 doppelgänger's mother over phone, saying Gustin "has proved mightily adept at tackling Barry's grief, hope, and the many other emotions swirling around in regard to his mother and her death." Scott Von Doviak of The A.V. Club said, the episode "jump-starts both the [Zoom] storyline and the season as a whole" and concluded, "this is just about as good as The Flash gets." Ed Gross of Empire rated the episode four stars out of five, saying, "The Flash may hit an occasional speed bump (sorry) along the way, but it pretty consistently delivers the goods. Welcome To Earth-2 is a perfect example." Charlie Hall of Polygon gave the episode a mixed review and despite complimenting the premise, said, "it eventually devolved into the same storyline we keep seeing over and over again. It's another instance of Allen's impulsiveness getting the better of him."
References
External links
2016 American television episodes
The Flash (2014 TV series) episodes
Television episodes about parallel universes
Television episodes written by Greg Berlanti
Television episodes written by Andrew Kreisberg |
17580808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20oceanographic%20institutions%20and%20programs | List of oceanographic institutions and programs | This is a list of oceanography institutions and programs worldwide. Oceanographic institutions and programs are broadly defined as places where scientific research is carried out relating to oceanography. This list is organized geographically. Some oceanographic institutions are standalone programs, such as non-governmental organizations or government-funded agencies. Other oceanographic institutions are departments within colleges and universities. While oceanographic research happens at many other departments at other colleges and universities, such as Biology and Geology departments, this list focuses on larger departments and large research centers specifically devoted to oceanography and marine science. Aquaria are not listed here.
International
International oceanographic programs
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, (ICES)
International Hydrographic Organization
International Ocean Discovery Program, formerly called the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program.
InterRidge, an international research collaboration on oceanic seafloor spreading zones.
Mediterranean Science Commission, (CIESM)
North Pacific Marine Science Organization (PICES)
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, part of the International Science Council.
Societies and professional affiliations
American Geophysical Union
Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation
European Geosciences Union
The Oceanography Society
Institutions by country
Australia
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Queensland. AIMS
Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society, a scholarly society. AMOS
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra. CSIRO
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart, Tasmania. IMAS
University of New South Wales, Sydney. Coastal and Regional Oceanography Lab
Bangladesh
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Dhaka. BSMRMU
Bangladesh Oceanographic Research Institute, Ramu, Cox's Bazar. BORI
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong was the country's first marine research institution, inaugurated in 1971.
University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Chattogram. of Oceanography
Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki-8602, Patuakhali. Department of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (MFO)
Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet. Department of Oceanography
Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100. Department of Coastal and Marine Fisheries
University of Dhaka, Department of Oceanography
Belgium
European Global Ocean Observing System, Brussels.
European Marine Board, an international organization based in Oostende, Belgium. European Marine Board
Flanders Marine Institute, Oostende. VLIZ
University of Liège, Interfacultary Center for Marine Research MARE
Belize
Wee Wee Caye Marine Lab on an island off the coast of Stann Creek District.
Bermuda
Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences, an independent science and education institute in Ferry Reach, St. Georges. BIOS
Brazil
Brazilian national programs:
Admiral Paulo Moreira Institute for Marine Studies in Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro is associated with the Brazilian Navy. IEAPM
National Institute for Oceanographic and Waterway Research. INPOH
National Institute for Space Research in São Paulo conducts ocean remote sensing research. INPE
Brazilian universities with oceanography departments or institutes:
Centro Universitário Monte Serrat. Oceanografia, UNIMONTE
Center for Marine Studies in Pontal do Paraná, associated with the Federal University of Paraná.
Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande. FURG
Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo. USP
Universidade do Vale do Itajaí. UNIVALI Oceanography
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Oceanografia, UERJ
Universidade Federal da Bahia. Curso de Graduação em Oceanografia, UFBA
Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Departamento de Ciências do Mar, UNIFESP
Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. UFSC
Universidade Federal do Ceará. UFC
Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo. Oceanografia na UFES
Universidade Federal do Maranhão. UFMA
Universidade Federal do Pará. UFPA
Universidade Federal do Paraná. UFPR
Universidade Federal do Pernambuco. UFPE
Bulgaria
Agricultural Academy Institute of Fish Resources in Varna. Institute of Fish Resources
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in Varna. Institute of Oceanology
Cameroon
National Oceanographic Data Centre of Cameroon. NODC
Canada
Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, a marine research station in Barkley Sound, British Columbia associated with several nearby universities. Bamfield MSC
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, a governmental research facility in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. BIO
Bellairs Research Institute in Barbados is a field station of McGill University. Bellairs
Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. CMOS
Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Oceanography Department
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, organized into seven administrative regions of Canada. Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Institute of Ocean Sciences in British Columbia, operated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Maurice Lamontagne Institute in Mont Joli, Quebec, operated by Fisheries and Oceans Canada.
Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Fisheries and Marine Institute
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Centre in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. NAFC
Ocean Frontier Institute, housed at the Memorial University of Newfoundland and Dalhousie University. OFI
Ocean Networks Canada, an ocean observing program run by the University of Victoria similar to the Ocean Observatories Initiative.
Université du Québec à Rimouski, Institut des Sciences de la mer ISMER
China
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oceanology. Institute of Oceanology
Chinese Academy of Sciences, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology. SCSIO
East China Normal University's State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research SKLEC
Ocean University of China in Qingdao, Shandong. OUC
State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics in Hangzhou. SOED
State Oceanic Administration, First Institute of Oceanography. FIO
State Oceanic Administration, Second Institute of Oceanography. SIO.
The University of Hong Kong's Swire Institute of Marine Science on the Cape d'Aguilar Peninsula on Hong Kong Island. SWIMS
Colombia
Colombian national programs:
Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del Caribe, General Maritime Directorate. CIOH
Centro de Investigaciones Oceanográficas e Hidrográficas del Pacífico, General Maritime Directorate. CCCP
José Benito Vives de Andréis Marine and Coastal Research Institute in Santa Marta, Magdalena. INVEMAR
Colombian universities with oceanography programs:
Colombian Naval Academy: Escuela Naval de Cadetes "Almirante Padilla" in Cartagena, Oceanography program.
EAFIT University in Medellín, Marine Sciences Group.
National University of Colombia’s School of Mines in Medellín, Oceanography and Coastal Engineering Research Group. OCEANICOS
Universidad Jorge Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Dynamics and Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems program DIMARCO
University of Antioquia offers Oceanography undergraduate program and Marine Sciences doctorate program.
Croatia
Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries in Split is supported by the Croatian Science Foundation. IOR
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Center for Marine Research in Rovinj. CMR
University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research. IMP-DU
Denmark
Danish Maritime Safety Administration in Copenhagen. DaMSA
Technical University of Denmark in Copenhagen.
Copenhagen University's Research Centre on Ocean, Climate, and Society. ROCS
Ecuador
Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral has programs in Marine Engineering, Biological Sciences, and Natural Resources. FIMCBOR
Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada, part of the Ecuadorian Navy, in Guayaquil. INOCAR
Finland
Finnish Environment Institute's Marine Research Center. SYKE
Finnish Institute of Marine Research in Helsinki.
Finnish Meteorological Institute's Marine Research unit. FMI
France
Académie de Marine, originally the Royal Naval Academy of France. Académie de Marine
Banyuls-sur-Mer Oceanographic Observatory, also called Laboratoire Arago. OOB
European University Institute of Marine Sciences in Brest. IUEM
French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea in Brest. IFREMER
Institut océanographique de Paris, associated with an organization with the same name in Monaco.
Institute of Environmental Geosciences in Grenoble, associated with the Grenoble Alps University. IGE
Laboratory of Space Geophysical and Oceanographic Studies in Toulouse. LEGOS
Lille University of Science and Technology's Wimereaux Marine Station
Marine Biological Station and Concarneau Marinarium, associated with the French National Museum of Natural History. Station Marine de Concarneau
Marine Station of Arcachon, associated with the University Bordeaux, on Arcachon Bay. Station marine d'Arcachon
Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography in Marseille. MIO
Naval Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service in Brest. SHOM
Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche-sur-Mer on the French Riviera. [www.obs-vlfr.fr Obs-Vlfr]
Oceanography and Climate Laboratory in Paris LOCEAN
Paul Ricard Oceanographic Institute on the island of Embiez near Six-Fours-les-Plages.
Roscoff Marine Station, associated with Sorbonne University, is the oldest marine research station in the world. SB-Roscoff
Germany
Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven. AWI
Center for Marine Environmental Sciences in Bremen. MARUM
GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel. GEOMAR
German Marine Research Consortium in Berlin. KDM
Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon in Geesthacht, part of the Helmholtz Association, has research programs in marine sciences. HZG
Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment in Oldenburg, Wilhelmshaven. ICBM
Integrated School of Ocean Sciences at Kiel University. ISOS
Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde .IOW
Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research in Bremen. ZMT
Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg. MPI-M
Senckenberg by the Sea in Wilhelmshaven. Senckenberg am Meer
The Future Ocean, a collaborative research group based out of Kiel.
University of Hamburg's Institute of Oceanography. IfM
Greece
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research in Anavyssos. HCMR
University of the Aegean in Mytilene, Lesvos. Department of Marine Sciences
Iceland
Marine and Freshwater Research Institute in Hafnarfjörður, associated with the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. MFRI
University of Iceland's Marine Academic Research in Iceland group in Reykjavik. MARICE
India
Indian national programs:
Center for Marine Living Resources in Kerala, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. CMLRE
Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala, under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. CMFRI
National Centre for Ocean Information Services in Pragathi Nagar, Hyderabad. ESSO-INCOIS
National Institute of Oceanography in Goa.
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory in Andhra, Pradesh. NARL
National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research in Goa. NCAOR
National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. NCSCM
National Institute of Ocean Technology in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. NIOT
National Center for Coastal Research in Chennai, under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. NCCR
National Centre for Earth Science Studies in Kerala. NCESS
Indian universities with oceanography programs:
Central:
University of Allahabad, K. Banerjee Centre for Atmospheric and Ocean Studies. KBCAOS
Eastern:
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur’s Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL) in West Bengal.
Berhampur University, Department of Marine Sciences, Odisha.
University of Calcutta, Department of Marine Science, Kolkata. MarineSc
Jadavpur University, School of Oceanographic Studies, Kolkata. Ocean-JU
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Odisha. IIT Bhubaneswar OC
Northern:
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences. CAS
Central University of Punjab, Bathinda.
Southern:
Academy of Maritime Education and Training in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
Andhra University, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography.
Anna University, Institute of Ocean Management, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. IOM
Annamalai University, Center of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Tamil Nadu. CASMB
Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu. Department of Fisheries Science Department of Oceanography and Coastal Area Studies, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu.
Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli. Department of Marine Science
Cochin University of Science and Technology in Kerala. has several departments in its School of Marine Sciences. SMSCUSAT
Indian Institute of Science ‘s Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences in Bengalaru. CAOS
Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies in Kochi, Kerala.
Madurai Kamaraj University, School of Energy Environment & Natural Resources, Tamil Nadu. SEENR
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Rajakkamangalam, Kanyakumari. CMST
M.E.S. Ponnani College, Ponnani, Malappuram, Kerala. Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Microbiology
Nansen Environmental Research Centre India, Kerala, established by joint Norwegian and Indian partners, now a research center of Kerala University. NERCI
Pondicherry University, Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Center for Ocean and Island Studies
St. Albert's College, Kochi, Kerala. Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture
University of Hyderabad, Center for Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, formerly called the formerly Centre for Earth and Space Sciences. CEOAS
University of Kerala, Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries.
University of Madras, Centre for Ocean and Coastal Studies, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. COCS
Western:
Goa University, Department of Marine Sciences. Department of Marine Sciences
Indonesia
Bandung Institute of Technology has programs in Oceanography under the Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology and Ocean Engineering under the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
Bogor Agricultural Institute, Department of Marine Science and Technology.
Diponegoro University, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Semarang, Central Java.
Indonesian Institute of Sciences’s Research Center for Oceanography, Jakarta. Puslit Oseanografi LIPI
University of Riau, Marine Science Department, Pekanbaru.
Iran
Tarbiat Modares University, Marine Science Faculty, Tehran.
Iranian National Institute for Oceanography and Atmospheric Science, Tehran.
Khorramshahr Marine Science and Technology University, Khorramshahr. KMSU
Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Faculty of Marine Science and Technologies.
Ireland
Marine Institute Ireland, a state agency in Galway.
National University of Ireland, Galway, Ryan Institute for Environmental, Marine and Energy Research. The Ryan Institute
University College Cork, SFI Research Centre for Energy, Climate and Marine research and innovation. MaREI
Israel
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences
Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Institute, which has research centers in Haifa, Kinneret, and Eilat. IOLR
University of Haifa, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences in Haifa. MarSci Haifa
Italy
Italian National Research Council, Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment. CNR-IAS
Italian National Research Council, Institute for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology. CNR-IRBIM
Italian National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences. CNR-ISMAR
National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale) in Sgonico. OGS
National Inter-University Consortium of Marine Sciences, a collaboration between 35 Italian Universities. CoNISMa
Japan
Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology in Onna, Okinawa, includes Marine Science as one subject in the multi-disciplinary research profile of the graduate program. OIST
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Yokosuka, Kanagawa. JAMSTEC
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology in Koto, Tokyo. TUMSAT
Kobe University, Department of Oceanology, Kobe, Hyogo. Faculty of Oceanology
University of the Ryukyus in Nakagami, Okinawa includes Oceanography and Marine Biology as areas of study. Faculty of Science
Usa Marine Biological Institute in Usa, Kochi.
Latvia
Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR” in Riga conducts research in the areas of Environmental Science and Fisheries. BIOR
Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Riga. LIAE
Lithuania
Klaipėda University, Coastal Research and Planning Institute, on the Baltic Sea coast.
Mexico
Autonomous University of Baja California, Ensenada, Institute for Oceanographic Research, and Faculty of Marine Sciences. UABC IIO, UABC Facultad de Ciencias Marinas
Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Faculty of Marine Sciences in Mazatlán.
Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C, under the direction of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico), in La Paz, Baja California Sur. CIBNOR
Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, located in La Paz, Baja California Sur. CICIMAR
El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, in Chetumal, Quintana Roo on the Yucatán Peninsula, under the direction of the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico). ECOSUR
Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education on the Pacific Coast of the Baja Peninsula. CICESE
National Autonomous University of Mexico, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, campuses in México City, Mazatlán and Puerto Morelos. ICMYL
Universidad del Mar, Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca UMAR
University of Colima, Facultad de Ciencias Marinas. FACIMAR
Monaco
Institut océanographique, associated with the organization of the same name in Paris, France. Oceano
Netherlands
Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research on the island of Texel, and in Yerseke. NIOZ
University of Groningen, program in Marine Biology. RUG Marine Biology
New Zealand
Cawthron Institute in Nelson on the South Island. Cawthron
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, whose head office is in Auckland but with several other sites across New Zealand, was formerly part of the N.Z. Oceanographic Institute. NIWA
Victoria University Coastal Ecology Laboratory on the Wellington coast of the North Island. WUCEL
Norway
Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
Norwegian Institute of Marine Research in Bergen.
Norwegian Polar Institute in Tromsø.
University of Tromsø’s Norwegian College of Fishery Science and Department of Arctic and Marine Biology.
Pakistan
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water & Marine Science, Balochistan. LUAWMS
National Institute of Oceanography, part of the Ministry of Science and Technology. NIOPK
Philippines
Marine Science Institute, part of the University of the Philippines, UP Diliman, in Quezon City. MSI
Poland
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Science, Sopok. IO PAN
National Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Gdynia. MIR
University of Gdańsk, Institute of Oceanography. UG Oceanography
Maritime Institute in Gdańsk. IM GDA
Polish Polar Station, Hornsund in Svalbard in the Arctic Ocean.
Portugal
Centre of Marine Sciences in Faro. CCMAR
Hydrographic Institute in Lisbon. Instituto Hidrografico
Department of Oceanography and Fisheries, University of Azores in Horta, Faial.
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research in Matosinhos. CIIMAR
Marine Biology Station of Funchal on the island of Madeira.
Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, a multi-university collaboration. MARE
Russia
Marine Hydrophysical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. MHI
Nikolai M. Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography in Murmansk.
Russian State Hydrometeorological University in St. Petersburg.
Saint Petersburg State University, Department of Oceanography.
Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences.
Pacific Oceanological Institute, Far-Eastern Branch, Russian Acad. of Sciences, Vladivostok.
South Africa
South African Association for Marine Biological Research in KwaZulu-Natal. SAAMBR
Department of Oceanography, University of Cape Town
South Korea
Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology. KIOST
Pusan National University, Department of Oceanography.
Seoul National University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences.
Spain
Andalusian Center for Marine Science and Technology, sponsored by the University of Cádiz. CACYTMAR
Institute of Marine Science of Andalusia. ICMAN
Marine Research units of AZTI, located in multiple cities in the Basque region. AZTI
Marine Sciences Institute in Barcelona. ICM
Marine Technology Unit, part of the Spanish National Research Council. UTM
Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands. PLOCAN
Spanish Institute of Oceanology, Madrid. IEO
Sri Lanka
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency. NARA
Ocean University of Sri Lanka in Colombo.
University of Ruhuna, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences & Technology. FMST
Sweden
Baltic Sea Science Center, Skansen, Stockholm.
Stockholm University’s Baltic Sea Centre, based in Stockholm but with a laboratory in Asko. Baltic Sea Centre
Swedish Maritime Robotics Centre, Stockholm. SMaRC
University of Gothenburg, Department of Marine Sciences, including Kristineberg Marine Research Station and Tjärnö Marine Laboratory. Marina Vetenskaper
Taiwan
China Maritime Institute in Taipei City. Maritime Institute
National Sun Yat-sen University, College of Marine Sciences. Marine NSYSU
National Academy of Marine Research in Kaohsiung.
National Dong Hwa University, Graduate Institute of Marine Biology. NDHU GIMB
National Taiwan Normal University, Institute of Marine Environmental Science and Technology. NTNU
National Taiwan Ocean University in Zhongzheng, Keelung. NTOU
National Taiwan University, Institute of Oceanography. NTU OC
Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Kaohsiung. TORI
Tanzania
Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association, headquartered in Zanzibar.
Turkey
Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, Izmir. DEU
Institute of Marine Sciences, part of Middle East Technical University, Erdemli and Mersin. IMS
Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Sciences and Management. Deniz Bilimleri
Office of Navigation, Hydrography and Oceanography, part of the Turkish Navy. ONHO
United Kingdom
Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences. Ocean Sciences
British Oceanographic Data Centre in Liverpool. BODC
Challenger Society for Marine Science, a learned society.
FSC Millport, formerly known as the University Marine Biological Station Millport, on the Firth of Clyde, Scotland.
Dove Marine Laboratory in North Shields, associated with Newcastle University.
Gatty Marine Laboratory, associated with the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth, Devon.
Marine Scotland Directorate, formerly called Marine Scotland Science, headquartered in Leith, Edinburgh.
Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter. Met Office
National Oceanography Centre including the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.
National Tidal and Sea Level Facility, including the UK National Tide Gauge Network. NTSLF
Plymouth Marine Laboratory in Devon.
Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory in Liverpool.
Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge. SPRI
Scottish Association for Marine Science, Dunstaffnage, Oban. SAMS
United States
National agencies and non-profit organizations:
Integrated Ocean Observing System, a network of regional observing systems.
Ocean Observatories Initiative, a collaboration between WHOI, OSU, UW, and Rutgers.
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program
National Data Buoy Center
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, within which there are several affiliate “joint” programs co-hosted by other institutions.
National Undersea Research Program
Naval Oceanographic Office, Stennis Space Center, Mississippi, also home to the Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command. NAVOCEANO
Schmidt Ocean Institute
Sea Education Association, also known as SEA Semester. SEA
University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System. UNOLS
Universities with oceanography programs:
Northeast:
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences in Maine. Bigelow
University of Maine, School of Marine Sciences based in Orono and the Downeast Institute at the Machias campus.
Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory associated with Columbia University in Palisades, New York.
Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, associated with the University of Chicago. MBL
Northeastern University, Marine Science Center, East Point, Nahant, Massachusetts. Marine Science Center
Stony Brook University, School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, on Long Island, New York State. SoMAS
Princeton University’s Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, New Jersey.
Rutgers University, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, is based in New Brunswick, New Jersey with other marine science field stations in New Jersey.
University of Connecticut, Department of Marine Sciences, at the Avery Point campus near Groton, Connecticut, also host to the National Undersea Research Center for the North Atlantic and Great Lakes. DMS
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. WHOI
University of Delaware, College of Earth, Ocean and Environment, which has a campus in Lewes, Delaware. CEOE
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, School for Marine Science & Technology. SMAST
University of New Hampshire’s School of Marine Science and Ocean Engineering, Center for Coastal & Ocean Mapping, and Shoals Marine Laboratory.
University of New England (United States) has programs in marine science at the Biddeford, Maine campus. Marine Programs.
University of Rhode Island’s Graduate School of Oceanography, also has a Center for Ocean Exploration and Archaeological Oceanography.
Southeast:
Duke University Marine Laboratory near Beaufort, North Carolina. Duke Marine Lab
Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography at Nova Southeastern University, Florida.
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution at Florida Atlantic University in Fort Pierce, Florida. HBOI
Florida Institute of Technology, School of Marine and Environmental Technology in Melbourne, Florida.
Florida State University, Department of Earth, Ocean & Atmospheric Science in Tallahassee and Coastal Marine Laboratory in St. Teresa. EOAS
Old Dominion University, department of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Norfolk, Virginia. OES
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Florida. RSMAS
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, Georgia. SKIO
University of Georgia Marine Institute on Sapelo Island. UGAMI
University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Center for Marine Science. UNCW CMS
University of South Carolina, School of the Earth, Ocean and Environment headquartered in Columbia, South Carolina, as well as the Baruch Institute, a research station near Georgetown, South Carolina. SEOE
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, located in Gloucester Point, Virginia, part of William & Mary. VIMS
Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, part of the University of Florida, in Saint Augustine. Whitney Laboratory
Gulf Coast:
Dauphin Island Sea Lab on the barrier island where Fort Gaines is located, part of the University of South Alabama. DISL
Florida Institute of Oceanography, housed at the University of South Florida St. Petersburg. FIO
Louisiana State University, College of the Coast & Environment. CCE
Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, based in College Station, Texas but with a campus in Galveston, Texas. TAMU Oceanography
University of Southern Mississippi, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, with locations in Long Beach, Ocean Springs, and the Stennis Space Center. SOSE
University of Texas Marine Science Institute in Port Aransas, Texas. UTMSI
West Coast:
Cal Poly Humboldt, Marine Sciences program, Arcata, California. Humboldt Marine Sciences
Center for the Blue Economy in Monterey, California, managed by the Middlebury Institute of International Studies.
Hawaii Pacific University in Honolulu and Kaneohe, Hawaii.
Hatfield Marine Science Center in Newport, Oregon is operated by Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences. CEOAS
Hopkins Marine Station, run by Stanford University, in Monterey, California. Hopkins
Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute in Monterey, California. MBARI
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, run by the California State University system, in Moss Landing, California. MLML
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. NPS
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, part of NOAA, split between Newport, Oregon and Seattle, Washington. PMEL
San Diego State University operates the Coastal Waters Laboratory in San Diego, California.
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, associated with the University of California San Diego, in La Jolla, California. Scripps
Southern California Marine Institute, a multi-campus research station on Terminal Island in the Los Angeles area.
University of Alaska Fairbanks, College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, which also houses the Cooperative Institute for Arctic Research, is based in Fairbanks, Alaska and also has a small station in Seward, Alaska. CFOS
University of California Davis, Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, which also runs the Bodega Marine Laboratory and Bodega Marine Reserve in Sonoma County, California. UCDavis Marine Science
University of California Santa Barbara, Marine Science Institute. UCSB MSI
University of California Santa Cruz Coastal Science Campus, Institute of Marine Sciences. UCSC IMS
University of Hawaii at Manoa’s School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology houses the Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education and the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory. SOEST
University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, Washington. UW Ocean
Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center, Anacortes, Washington. SPMC
Inland and Great Lakes:
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado.
University of Colorado Boulder, which houses the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences and the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research.
University of Michigan, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Oceanography program. U-M
Venezuela
Oceanographic Institute of Venezuela in Cumana.
Vietnam
Institute of Marine Environment and Resources in Haiphong, part of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. IMER
Institute of Marine Geology and Geophysics in Hanoi, part of the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology. IMGG
International Centre for Interdisciplinary Science and Education in Quy Nhon, Binh Dinh. ICISE
Nha Trang Oceanography Institute in Khánh Hòa Province. VNIO
University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Water-Earth-Environment Program. WEO
See also
:Category:Oceanographic organizations
:Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes
Earth science
List of environmental research institutes
List of research vessels by country
Oceanography
Outline of Earth sciences
Outline of oceanography
References
Geography-related lists
Earth sciences
Environmental science
Lists of places
Lists of universities and colleges
Maritime organizations
Oceanography |
20967229 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/63rd%20Bombardment%20Squadron | 63rd Bombardment Squadron | The 63d Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit that was last assigned to the 43rd Bombardment Wing at Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, where it was inactivated on 31 January 1970.
The squadron was first activated in January 1941, as one of the original squadrons of the 43rd Bombardment Group. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron participated in antisubmarine patrols until January 1942, when it moved to Australia and the Southwest Pacific Theater. It moved forward with US forces through New Guinea and the Philippines, moving to Ie Shima shortly before V-J Day for operations against Japan. It earned two Distinguished Unit Citations and a Philippine Presidential Unit Citation for combat operations. The squadron was inactivated in the Philippines in April 1946.
The squadron was activated again in October 1946, when it assumed the resources of another unit. It operated propeller-driven Boeing B-29 Superfortresses and Boeing B-50 Superfortresses until 1954, when it upgraded to the jet Boeing B-47 Stratojet. In 1960, the squadron moved to Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, where it became one of the Air Force's first supersonic Convair B-58 Hustler units. It continued to operate the Hustler until it was inactivated.
History
World War II
Initial organization and training
The squadron was first activated at Langley Field, Virginia as one of the original four squadrons of the 43d Bombardment Group, in the buildup of the United States military forces prior to the American entry into World War II. It was equipped with a variety of aircraft, not only the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress that it would fly in combat, but also Douglas B-18 Bolos and North American B-25 Mitchells for training.
The squadron moved to Army Air Base Bangor, Maine at the end of August. Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the squadron conducted antisubmarine patrols off the Atlantic coast, with the LB-30 export version of the Consolidated B-24 Liberator until January 1942, when it began moving to reinforce American forces in the Southwest Pacific Theater.
Combat in the Pacific
The squadron reached Australia via Cape Town in March 1942. It was originally equipped with B-17s for combat operations. The squadron operated from bases in Australia until January 1943, when it moved to New Guinea. Between May and September 1942 the squadron replaced its B-17s with Consolidated B-24 Liberators, believed to be more suited to the long ranges of many Pacific missions. It attacked Japanese shipping in the Netherlands East Indies and the Bismarck Archipelago. It experimented with skip bombing and used this technique during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March 1943. During this battle, it made repeated attacks against an enemy convoy bringing reinforcements to Japanese forces in New Guinea. For this action, the squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation. During this period, the squadron also provided air support for ground forces in New Guinea. It attacked airfields and enemy installations in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, Celebes, Halmahera, Yap, Palau, and the southern Philippines.
In November 1944 the squadron moved to the Philippines, helping the ground campaign on Luzon as well as conducting bombing missions against airfields, industrial installations and enemy installations in China and Formosa. In July 1945 it moved to Ie Shima Airfield, from which it flew missions over Japan, attacking railroads and airfields, as well as shipping in the Seto Inland Sea until V-J Day. After ceasing operations, the squadron sent its aircraft to the Philippines for reclamation and relocated to Fort William McKinley as a paper unit. It was finally inactivated in April 1946.
Strategic Air Command operations
Reactivated under Strategic Air Command at Davis-Monthan Field, Arizona on 1 October 1946 and, along with the other squadrons of the 43rd Group, absorbed the personnel and Boeing B-29 Superfortresses of the 40th and 444th Bombardment Groups, which were simultaneously inactivated. One of the first operational B-29 squadrons of SAC, the squadron was not fully manned or equipped until 1948. It trained for strategic bombardment missions during the postwar years; began upgrading to the improved Boeing B-50 Superfortress, an advanced version of the B-29 in 1948. The B-50 gave the unit the capability to carry heavy loads of conventional weapons faster and farther as well as being designed for atomic bomb missions if necessary.
By 1951, the emergence of the Soviet MiG-15 interceptor in the skies of North Korea signaled the end of the propeller-driven B-50 as a first-line strategic bomber. It replaced them with new Boeing B-47E Stratojet swept-wing medium bombers in 1954, capable of flying at high subsonic speeds and primarily designed for penetrating the airspace of the Soviet Union. In the late 1950s, the B-47 was considered to be reaching obsolescence, and was being phased out of SAC's strategic arsenal. In preparation for receiving the new Convair B-58 Hustler supersonic medium bomber, sending the last of its B-47s to the Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMARC) in early 1960.
B-58 operations
The squadron moved to Carswell Air Force Base without personnel or equipment on 15 April 1960, and was not manned or equipped until August. Then it took over personnel and equipment from the 3958th Combat Crew Training Squadron and the 6592d Test Squadron, which were discontinued. The squadron immediately began training crews on the Convair B-58 Hustler. The squadron was equipped with experimental and training models of the Hustler, along with Convair TF-102 Delta Daggers, to perform Category II and III evaluations of the new bomber, along with its training responsibilities. The evaluations of the Hustler ended in 1962.
At the beginning of the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962, Only six B-58s in the entire SAC inventory were on alert. Even these aircraft were "second cycle" (follow on) sorties. Crew training was suspended, and the squadron, along with SAC's other B-58 squadrons, began placing its bombers on alert. By the first week of November, 84 B-58s were standing nuclear alert, and as SAC redeployed its Boeing KC-135 Stratotankers, 20 of these were "first cycle" sorties. Within a short time, this grew to 41 bombers. By 20 November, SAC resumed its normal alert posture, and half the squadron's aircraft were kept on alert.
In September 1964, the 43d Wing and the squadron moved to Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas. In December 1965, Robert S. McNamara, Secretary of Defense announced a phaseout program that would further reduce SAC's bomber force. This program called for the mid-1971 retirement of all B-58s and some Boeing B-52 Stratofortress models. With the removal of the B-58 from SAC's bomber force, the squadron was inactivated at the end of January 1970.
Lineage
Constituted as the 63d Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 20 November 1940
Activated on 15 January 1941
Redesignated 63d Bombardment Squadron, Heavy on 21 September 1943
Inactivated on 29 April 1946
Redesignated 63d Bombardment Squadron, Very Heavy and activated, on 1 October 1946
Redesignated 63d Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 2 July 1948
Inactivated 31 January 1970
Assignments
43rd Bombardment Group, 15 January 1941 – 29 April 1946
43rd Bombardment Group, 1 October 1946
43rd Bombardment Wing, 16 June 1952 – 31 January 1970
Stations
Langley Field, Virginia, 15 January 1941
Army Air Base, Bangor, Maine, 28 August 1941 – 17 February 1942
Sydney Airport, Australia, 28 March 1942
Charleville Airport, Australia, 15 June 1942
Longreach Airport Torrens Creek, Australia, 3 August 1942
Mareeba Airfield, Australia, 20 August 1942
Jackson Airfield, Port Moresby, New Guinea, 23 January 1943
Dobodura Airfield, New Guinea, 29 October 1943
Nadzab Airfield, New Guinea, April 1944
Owi Airfield, Schouten Islands, Netherlands East Indies, 20 July 1944
Tacloban Airfield, Leyte, Philippines, 23 November 1944
Clark Field, Luzon, Philippines, 19 March 1945
Ie Shima Airfield, Okinawa, 25 July 1945
Fort William McKinley, Luzon, Philippines, 10 December 1945 – 29 April 1946
Davis-Monthan Field (later Davis-Monthan Air Force Base), Arizona, 1 October 1946
Carswell Air Force Base, Texas, 15 March 1960
Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, 1 September 1964 – 31 January 1970
Aircraft
Douglas B-18 Bolo 1941–1942
North American B-25, 1941–1942
Consolidated LB-30 Liberator, 1941–1942
Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, 1941–1942, 1942–1943
Consolidated B-24 Liberator, 1942–1945
Boeing B-29 Superfortress, 1946–1950
Boeing B-50 Superfortress, 1948–1954
Boeing B-47 Stratojet, 1954–1960
Convair B-58 Hustler, 1960–1970
Awards and campaigns
See also
United States Army Air Forces in Australia
B-17 Flying Fortress units of the United States Army Air Forces
B-24 Liberator units of the United States Army Air Forces
List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force
References
Notes
Explanatory notes
Citations
Bibliography
(subscription required for web access)
063
063
Strategic bombing squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces
Military units and formations established in 1941
Units and formations of Strategic Air Command |
1133682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friend%20of%20Dorothy | Friend of Dorothy | A "friend of Dorothy" (FOD) is a euphemism for a gay man, first used in LGBT slang, and is more broadly used to describe any LGBTQ person. Stating that, or asking if someone is a friend of Dorothy, is a furtive way of suggesting sexual orientation while avoiding hostility. The term was likely based on the character Dorothy Gale of the Oz series of novels, which have been interpreted as including much queer subtext. Actress Judy Garland, who portrayed Dorothy in the 1939 Wizard of Oz film, is considered a gay icon. Writer and critic Dorothy Parker is thought to be another potential origin of the term. The "friend of Dorothy" euphemism was commonly used throughout the 20th century, but its use has declined in recent decades as LGBT acceptance has advanced.
Dorothy from Oz and Judy Garland
Dorothy from Oz
The precise origin of the term is unknown. Some believe that it is derived from The Road to Oz (1909), a sequel to the first novel, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (1900). The book introduces readers to Polychrome who, upon meeting Dorothy's travelling companions, exclaims, "You have some queer friends, Dorothy", and she replies, "The queerness doesn't matter, so long as they're friends." There are numerous references to LGBTQ characters and relationships, including a possible innuendo about bisexuality – when Dorothy asks Scarecrow which way to go on the yellow-brick road he says, "Of course some people go both ways" – although it is unknown whether they were intentionally included. For instance, in a case that may be seen as changing gender identity, or being transgender, Ozma, while still an infant, the baby daughter of the former King Pastoria of Oz, was given to the witch Mombi of the North by the Wizard of Oz. Mombi transformed Ozma into a boy and called him "Tip" (short for Tippetarius) in order to prevent the rightful ruler of Oz from ascending to the throne. Thus, Ozma spent her entire childhood with Mombi in the form of the boy Tip, and had no memory of ever having been a girl. Later, Princess Ozma would be the ruler of the fictional land of Oz. Princess Ozma has been referred to as “one of the first transgender characters in literature." This storyline was revived in Emerald City (2017).
The Wizard of Oz
More commonly, it is stated that friend of Dorothy refers to the derivative 1939 film The Wizard of Oz because Judy Garland, who starred as the main character Dorothy, is a gay icon. In the film, Dorothy is accepting of those who are different. For example, the "gentle lion" giving the line, "I'm afraid there's no denyin', I'm just a dandy lion." The Wizard of Oz has a "particular resonance in the culture of the queer community". The struggles faced by Dorothy, Toto, and friends, especially against the Wicked Witch of the West and her flying monkeys can metaphorically mirror the difficulties of coming out. How the group of outcasts worked together likewise mirrors LGBTQ people who create new chosen families. Researchers also note there is an absence of a heteronormative male–female romance, and Dorothy and her friends "do not need to change themselves to become who they want to be". Many see Garland's portrayal as a "queer journey, an escape from the puritanical, morally rigid, black-and-white small-town life to Technicolor city existence with fabulous friends".
Additionally relevant is the classic song "(Somewhere) Over the Rainbow" that Dorothy (Judy Garland) sings, which was possibly "the most memorable performance" of Garland's career, and the song "contributed to the evolution of the rainbow flag as a gay icon". The song "act[ed] as a cultural catalyst, propelling the eventual embrace of the rainbow symbol by the world's LGBTQ communities". Time magazine, in its August 18, 1967, review of Garland's final engagement at New York's Palace Theatre, observed: "A disproportionate part of her nightly claque seems to be homosexual. The boys in the tight trousers roll their eyes, tear at their hair and practically levitate from their seats, particularly when Judy sings ['Over the Rainbow']."
Judy Garland
LGBTQ people could also empathize with the personal struggles of Judy Garland, as a persecuted people they identified with suffering. Garland's problems, "the drinking and divorcing, all the pills and all the men, all the poundage come and gone", were documented in the media. She was among the first stars to have her "dirty laundry" aired publicly. She was the "archetype of the triumphant/tragic diva, paving the way for the stormy trajectories of superstars Elizabeth Taylor, Whitney Houston, Amy Winehouse, and Lindsay Lohan". Biographer Gerald Clarke thinks she was likely bipolar, "explaining her many suicide attempts and use of alcohol and pills to self-medicate." Her mental health problems were likely related to childhood trauma, possibly untreated complex PTSD, a common shared experience with LGBTQ+ people. In the face of these challenges she pressed forward, "explaining her enduring popularity among LGBTQ fans". She also endured "self-doubts about her capabilities, suffered crippling stage fright", yet beamed on stage. Onstage "she 'came out', expressing through her skills the real person she was meant to be". LGBTQ people notice this, "admiring her courage and resilience, adopting it as their own". One psychiatrist's explanation: "Judy was beaten up by life, embattled and ultimately had to become more masculine. She has the power that homosexuals would like to have, and they attempt to attain it by idolizing her."
Gay men, particularly older ones, were among her biggest fans:
According to United Press International's Marilyn Malara, "In the 1950s and 1960s, Garland acted as an unofficial mascot for a generation of gay men, who flocked to Garland's many performances, referring to themselves as 'friends of Dorothy.'"
In September 2019, in reporting on the resurgence of interest in Garland due to the biopic Judy starring Renée Zellweger, Louis Staples analyzed Garland's story, to "understand how and why some gay men look to famous women to help them navigate the world." Both Dorothy and Garland are taken from ordinary lives into the spectacular, LGBTQ people perceiving themselves as abnormal, different, or "other" could relate to not being ordinary. Once in the Hollywood movie business, Garland's body was a battleground for never being sexy enough, or slim enough; LGBTQ people can relate to dealing with "body dysmorphia, harm[ing] their bodies, attempt[ing] suicide and suffer from eating disorders." Richard Dyer argues that, after her artistic success in, but commercial failure of A Star Is Born (1954) "Garland's work and life tells a story of survival, and of someone trying to assert some form of control in a world that was set up to destroy her."
Garland also had a number of gay men in her life including her father Frank Gumm who "preferred the company of very young men". There was speculation for years in the entertainment community that her second husband Vincente Minnelli was gay or bisexual. A biography, Vincente Minnelli: Hollywood's Dark Dreamer, claims he lived as an openly gay man in New York prior to his arrival in Hollywood, where the town pressured him back into the closet. According to the biographer: "He was openly gay in New York – we were able to document names of companions and stories from Dorothy Parker. But when he came to Hollywood, I think he made the decision to repress that part of himself or to become bisexual." Garland's fourth husband, Mark Herron, was gay and in a long-lasting relationship with fellow actor Henry Brandon, which was only briefly interrupted by his marriage to Garland. The two men remained together until Brandon's death in 1990. Garland's daughter Liza Minnelli's first husband, Peter Allen, was discovered by Herron while Allen was performing in Hong Kong. Garland took the act, the Allen Brothers, under her care becoming manager and booking agent, and had them open her concerts in Britain and the United States. Garland also introduced Allen to her daughter, but Allen was having affairs with men before the marriage, he later came out as gay.
Garland's death (June 22, 1969), and funeral held in New York City, happened days before the Stonewall Riots, the spark that started the modern LGBTQ rights movement, took place, although reports are that the riots were spontaneous and not related to her passing.
Dorothy Parker
Predating The Wizard of Oz origins of the phrase (although not connected to the L. Frank Baum novels) is New York City's celebrated humorist, critic and "defender of human and civil rights" Dorothy Parker, whose social circles in the 1920s and 1930s included gay men. The two origin stories are not mutually exclusive, both could be somewhat true depending on how one learned of the phrase, or even separately where it derived. The socialite would throw "famous parties at Garden of Allah's lavish celebrity villas", gay men would use the phrase for entry. Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933, when social alcohol consumption was generally illegal, prompted all forms of illegal activities to circumvent the ban, including the speakeasies during the Roaring Twenties, also known as the Jazz Age. Parker would invite gay men, who would in turn invite other gay men to her gatherings using the code phrase to gain entry. Parker had many gay fans, and was well known for her quick wit and use of sarcasm as well as social activism.
Official bans on gays serving in the military first surfaced in the early 20th century. The U.S. introduced a ban in a revision of the Articles of War of 1916 and the UK first prohibited homosexuality in the Army and Air Force Acts in 1955. During World War II (1940s) many U.S. and British servicemen started meeting and forming friendships while serving in Europe. Living in fear of discovery and persecution, many began using the code language that Parker used commonly in her writings as a form of social networking including "friend of Dorothy". In conversation and in letter writing, phrases like "simply divine", "fabulous" and "nelly" began to be used by men, who later brought its use back to the United States. By the 1960s and onward the social stigma of being gay was slowly lifting, including the Stonewall Riots in 1969 which launched the modern LGBTQ rights movement, the phrase wasn't needed as much.
Usage
Starting in the late 1980s, on several cruise lines, gay and lesbian passengers began approaching ship staff, asking them to publicise gatherings in the daily cruise activity list. As the cruise lines were hesitant to announce such things so blatantly in their daily publications, they would list the gathering as a "Meeting of the Friends of Dorothy". The use of this phrase likely comes from the cruise directors who were also familiar with and using the "Friends of Bill W." phrase in their programs to tell members of Alcoholics Anonymous that there were support group meetings on the trip.
In recent years the use of FOD on cruise ships has largely been replaced by LGBTQ Gathering/Meetup, or PRIDE Gathering/Meetup.
Such meetings have expanded in popularity and frequency over the years. Now, many cruise lines will have multiple FOD events, sometimes as many as one each night. Despite this, many FOD meetings have low turnout rates.
Misunderstanding
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Naval Investigative Service (NIS) was investigating homosexuality in the Chicago area. Agents discovered that gay men sometimes referred to themselves as "friends of Dorothy". Unaware of the historical meaning of the term, the NIS believed that there actually was a woman named Dorothy at the center of a massive ring of homosexual military personnel, so they launched an enormous and futile hunt for the elusive "Dorothy", hoping to find her and convince her to reveal the names of gay service members.
Friend of Mrs. King
Similar to friend of Dorothy is friend of Mrs. King (i.e., Queen, in the meaning of "gay man"). This was used in England, mostly in the first half of the 20th century.
See also
Judy Garland as a gay icon
LGBT slang
Rufus Does Judy at Carnegie Hall
Notes
References
Further reading
(Twenty-nine essays covering aspects of the gay and lesbian world from ancient to contemporary times.)
(Explores the use of language to define gay and lesbian culture by examining stereotypes as access points into history.)
External links
Cruise Critic on "Friends of Dorothy"
Euphemisms
Cultural depictions of Judy Garland
LGBT slang
Male homosexuality
Oz (franchise)
1900s neologisms |
6404171 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt%20the%20Warchild | Crypt the Warchild | Marcus Albaladejo (born August 18, 1980), better known by his stage name Crypt the Warchild, is an underground rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Albaladejo is one half of the rap duo OuterSpace and is a member of Army of the Pharaohs. Crypt the Warchild is the older brother of rapper King Syze, who is also a member of Army of the Pharaohs.
Biography
1995-1999: Early Career
Crypt the Warchild started rapping with high school friends Mario Collazo and Richard Cruz. The trio later went on to form the group OuterSpace. The group originally started to form in the early 1990s and eventually lead to an alliance with fellow Philadelphians Jedi Mind Tricks and their label Superegular Recordings. In 1998, Superegular released their debut single "We Lyve" which was met with critical praise for its complex, scientific rhymes and ethereal, seemingly other-worldly beats.
Outerspace appeared on several JMT tracks and in 1999 the Illegaliens EP was released in on the Wordsound label. Soon thereafter, Outerspace hooked up with DJ SAT ONE and began recording with Jazzy Jeff's production company A Touch of Jazz. This collaboration proved fruitful with the release of the SAT ONE produced Danger Zone 12" on Soulspazm Records.
2000-2004: Blood and Ashes
Crypt continued to work alongside as a rap duo with OuterSpace and appeared on Jedi Mind Tricks' albums through the early 2000s and became a part of Paz's supergroup Army of the Pharaohs. Crypt the Warchild appeared on the track The Rage of Angels on the album Visions of Gandhi in 2003. He was also featured on Army of the Pharaohs compilation album; Rare Shit, Collabos and Freestyles. In May 2004, Outerspace released Jedi Mind Tricks Presents OuterSpace A collection of Outerspace's 12" and previously unreleased tracks from the Superegular label era, loyalists were treated to unreleased music, while new fans were given the chance to experience the tracks that established Outerspace's underground presence. After OuterSpace moved with Jedi Mind Tricks over to Babygrande Records, they went on to release their debut studio album Blood and Ashes, in July 2004. The Album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Immortal Technique, Sadat X from Brand Nubian and fellow A.O.T.P. members 7L & Esoteric, Celph Titled, Des Devious & King Syze.
2005-2007: Blood Brothers and work with Army of the Pharaohs
In 2005, it was announced that Army of the Pharaohs were working on their debut studio album. OuterSpace members were due to be on te album. On March 21, 2006 The Torture Papers was released on Babygrande Records. Artists including Crypt the Warchilds brother; King Syze, Jedi Mind Tricks frontman; Vinnie Paz, JuJu Mob members; Chief Kamachi & Reef the Lost Cauze, The Demigodz members; Apathy and Celph Titled and other artists including 7L & Esoteric, Des Devious & Faez One were also on the album. An Army of the Pharaohs collaboration album was rumoured to be in the works for years, but was often delayed due to separate projects and internal problems, however a mixtape titled The Bonus Papers was released shortly after the release of the album because it was thought some songs didn't fit the artistic design of the album while others were known to have been extremely political and were possibly held back to reduce controversy. Another mixtape titled After Torture There's Pain was released early in 2007.
In 2006, OuterSpace released their second studio album Blood Brothers, it was released on September 5, 2006, by Babygrande Records. The album features guest appearances from Vinnie Paz of Jedi Mind Tricks, Sheek Louch and Royce da 5'9". The album's lead single is "Street Massacre" b/w "U Don't Like Me". OuterSpace were seen on Army of the Pharaohs second studio album Ritual of Battle, it was officially released on September 21, 2007, . The album also features group members Vinnie Paz, Jus Allah, Chief Kamachi, Reef the Lost Cauze, Esoteric, Celph Titled, King Syze, Des Devious, Doap Nixon, Demoz, and King Magnetic. Although he was prominently featured on the group's debut album The Torture Papers, Apathy does not appear on Ritual of Battle. Crypt was featured on his younger brother and Army of the Pharaohs affiliate, King Syze debut solo album Syzemology on the song Band of Brothers.
2008-2010: God's Fury and The Torture Papers
On September 30, 2008 OuterSpace released their third studio album titled; God's Fury. It was released via Babygrande Records. The album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Sick Jacken & Cynic of Psycho Realm, and fellow A.O.T.P. members Doap Nixon, Reef The Lost Cauze, Des Devious, King Syze, Celph Titled, and Chief Kamachi. OuterSpace were also seen collaborating with Doap Nixon on his debut LP Sour Diesel on the song Warning Shot alongside brother King Syze.
OuterSpace returned to work on the third studio album with Army of the Pharaohs titled The Unholy Terror. The official street release date was March 30, 2010, but the album was released early on March 19, 2010 on UGHH.com. In 2011, Crypt the Warchild was featured on Apathys album Honkey Kong on the track Army of the Gods which featured both Demigodz and Army of the Pharaohs members; Blacastan, Celph Titled, Esoteric, Motive, Reef the Lost Cauze, Planetary and Vinnie Paz. Crypt was also featured on Heavy Metal Kings song Devils Rebels.
2011-2014: My Brothers Keeper, In Death Reborn and Lost in Space
On August 23, 2011, OuterSpace released their fourth studio album titled My Brother's Keeper. It was released by Enemy Soil. The Album features collaborations by Jedi Mind Tricks member Vinnie Paz, Ill Bill, Doap Nixon, Apathy, Blacastan, Esoteric, Sick Jacken, King Syze and V-Zilla. On November 30, 2013, Vinnie Paz revealed that two new Army Of The Pharaohs albums would be released in 2014. In Death Reborn is slated for a release on 22 April and the second LP is expected to drop in November. OuterSpace duo Crypt the Warchild and Planetary are both confirmed to be on the upcoming albums. New members including Blacastan of The Demigodz and Zilla from Houston, Texas are said to be joining the group. In 2012, they announced they were working on their fifth studio album titled Lost in Space. The album was originally set to be released in August, 2012 but has been pushed back and it is said to be released somewhere in 2014. They released two singles of the album, one called Manolo produced by Stu Bangas and one called Never Enough produced by Snowgoons.
Crypt the Warchild was featured alongside A.O.T.P. members King Magnetic Planetary and Reef The Lost Cauze for the single Ready for War by The Returners. In 2014, he collaborated with rapper Manage on the song War Cry, this song was later featured on his album The Memory hole.
Cancer
On January 27, 2013 Crypt the Warchild was diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. He shared the news in a post on Facebook; "To all my family, friends and fans. I'd like to give everyone a heads up on what exactly it is that I am going through. January 27th I was diagnosed with Stage 3b Hodgkins Lymphoma (sic). I have been sick for a long time and really had no idea. I base my life on hard work and dedication to my family and friends. I would like to thank everyone for the support and genuine concern for my well being. F**k cancer, I will get through this. Thank you for everything."
In July, 2013 he posted an update on jedimindtricks.com on how he was getting along with his cancer, stating that ” It's been awhile since I gave an update on me and the situation I'm going thru. It has been a crazy journey both physically and mentally but it looks like my darkest days are almost behind me. I still have ways to go but I am getting better. Once again thank you to all who stayed in my corner during this battle, true colors show when you are at your worst. I'm still amazed from all the love and support I’ve received from everyone. This is my 7th inning stretch, I’ma shut this bitch down. Peace to all. Warchild..”
Discography
OuterSpace
2004:Blood and Ashes
2006:Blood Brothers
2008:God's Fury
2011:My Brother's Keeper
2014:Lost in Space
TBA (with Brutal Music) (TBA)
Army of the Pharaohs
2006: The Torture Papers
2007: Ritual of Battle
2010: The Unholy Terror
2014: In Death Reborn
References
External links
Official Website
American male rappers
Army of the Pharaohs members
Living people
Rappers from Philadelphia
Underground rappers
21st-century American rappers
21st-century American male musicians
1980 births |
26680983 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%20Amar | Armand Amar | Armand Amar (born 1953) is a French composer, who grew up in Morocco. He won the 2008 César Award for Best Music for Le Concert (Radu Mihăileanu).
Life and career
Armand Amar is a French composer living in Paris. In 1968, he began playing the congas. He also practiced the tabla and the zarb in the following years.
In 1976 he met South African choreographer Peter Goss, who introduced him to dance. In the subsequent years, he worked with a number of choreographers in contemporary dance.
His works are focused particularly on Eastern music. He is the author of several ballets and soundtracks films such as The Trail, Days of Glory, Live and Become, The First Cry, Earth from Above, Bab'Aziz and Home. Since Amen., he has also collaborated with Costa-Gavras scoring all of his subsequent films.
He founded the label Long Distance in 1994 with his partners Alain Weber and Peter Gabriel.
Compositions
Films
2002: Amen. by Costa-Gavras
2004: Earth from Above by Renaud Delourme
2004: Tabous (Zohre & Manouchehr) by Mitra Farahani
2005: Live and Become by Radu Mihăileanu
2005: The Axe by Costa-Gavras
2006: La Piste by Éric Valli
2006: Bab'Aziz by Nacer Khémir
2006: Days of Glory by Rachid Bouchareb
2006: Blame It on Fidel by Julie Gavras
2007: Cartouches gauloises by Mehdi Charef
2007: The Colonel by Laurent Herbiet
2007: The First Cry by Gilles de Maistre
2007: Comme ton père by Marco Carmel
2008: La Jeune Fille et les Loups by Gilles Legrand
2008: Sagan by Diane Kurys
2009: Welcome by Philippe Lioret
2009: Eden Is West by Costa-Gavras
2009: Moi, Van Gogh by Peter Knapp and François Bertrand
2009: Home by Yann Arthus-Bertrand
2009: Le Concert by Radu Mihăileanu
2009: London River de Rachid Bouchareb
2010: Comme les cinq doigts de la main by Alexandre Arcady
2010: Ao, le dernier Néandertal by Jacques Malaterre
2010: Hors la loi by Rachid Bouchareb
2011: You Will Be My Son by Gilles Legrand
2011: Les Hommes libres by Ismaël Ferroukhi
2011: The Source by Radu Mihăileanu
2012: Ce que le jour doit à la nuit by Alexandre Arcady
2012: Capital by Costa-Gavras
2012: Mon bel oranger by Marcos Bernstein
2012: Planète Océan by Yann Arthus-Bertrand and Michael Pitiot
2012: Amazonia Eterna by Belisario Franca
2013: For a Woman by Diane Kurys
2013: Belle and Sebastian by Nicolas Vanier
2013: A Thousand Times Good Night by Erik Poppe
2014: Red Line by Andrea Kalinl
2014: The Nightingale by Philippe Muyl
2014: 24 jours by Alexandre Arcady
2014: Cartoonists - Foot Soldiers of Democracy by Stéphanie Valloatto
2015: L'Odeur de la mandarine by Gilles Legrand
2015: Belle & Sebastian: The Adventure Continues by Christian Dugay
2015: Human by Yann Arthus-Bertrand
2015: Lake Como by Yann Arthus-Bertrand
2016: The History of Love by Radu Mihăileanu
2017: L'école buissonnière by Nicolas Vanier
2018: Mia and the White Lion by Gilles de Maistre
Television
1997: Miracle in the Eldorado (Philippe Niang)
2006: Earth from Above (Yann Arthus-Bertrand)
2007: Marie Humbert, the secret of a parent (Marc Angelo)
2009: Great Reporters (Gilles de Maistre)
2009: London River (Rachid Bouchareb)
2010: Marion Mazzano (Marc Angelo)
2011: Voir le pays du matin calme (Gilles de Maistre)
2013: Crime d'état (Pierre Aknine)
2014: Ce soir je vais tuer l'assassin de mon fils (Pierre Aknine)
2014: Jusqu'au dernier (François Velle)
2015: No Second Chance (François Velle)
Other creations
1976 à 1991: musiques de ballet pour le chorégraphe sud-africain Peter Goss
1976: "Entre l'air et l'eau" au théâtre des Champs-Élysées, puis est présentée au Festival d'Avignon et au Festival d'Apt.
1978: "Sable mouvant" est créé au Théâtre des Champs-Élysées.
1979: "A transformation mystery" au Théâtre de la Bastille puis au Festival de Vienne.
1980: "Quatuor et Side by side" au Théâtre Mogador
1981: "Marécage" au Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, Festival de Montpellier, Festival de Toulon, Festival d'Annecy, Festival de la Culture Juive.
1982: "Below and Above"; créé dans le cadre du Festival des Bouffes du Nord.
1983: "L'aube portée par les ailes du vent"; Théâtre de la porte Saint-Martin – Festival de Turin.
1984: "Ties" pour le Théâtre des Amandiers à Nanterre
1985: "Seajoy et Gamos" dans le cadre du Festival d'Automne au Centre Georges Pompidou
1986: "Aller-retour" et "Y"; Festival de Turin, Tournées en Argentine, Espagne, Italie, Allemagne.
1987: "Steellight" ;Biennale du Val-de-Marne.
1988: "Le Pouvoir du silence"; Festival Vignale Danza.
1989: "Circumanbulatoire" à Choisy-le-Roi. Tournées en Italie et à la Réunion.
1990: "Le Poids des anges"; Festival de Caseres.
1991: "Arbre de pluie"; Allemagne, Italie, Belgique...
1987 à 1998: Musiques pour des spectacles de la Cathédrale d'Images aux Baux-de-Provence (ces 5 spectacles ont été réalisés par Hans-Walter Müller):
1987: Hymne à la Vie
1992: Les Portes de l'Europe
1993: Les Forêts de l'Espoir
1995: L'Or des Alpilles
1997: Images Paroles du Monde
1992: "The Other Side" au Conservatoire national supérieur de Paris
1994 à 1996: "Nomades Dance" et "Paroles d'Anges" avec les musiciens du Rajasthan et les gitans de Perpignan pour Montpellier danse et la biennale de Lyon
1997 à 2001: création pour Philippe Talard au théâtre national de Mannheim
2005: Inanna, un ballet de Carolyn Carlson
2006: Souviens toi de Marie-Claude Pietragalla et Julien Derouault
2009: Marco Polo de Marie-Claude Pietragalla et Julien Derouault
2010: Bande annonce du Printemps du cinéma (extrait de la bande son du film The First Cry).
2010: Bande annonce de La rentrée du cinéma (extrait de la bande son du film La Jeune Fille et les Loups).
2011: Leylâ et Majnűn, ou l'amour mystique; oratorio Mundi pour 40 musiciens et chanteurs. Il est interprété au Festival de Fès des Musiques Sacrées du Monde le 3 juin 2011 et à la Salle Pleyel en avril 2014.
2014: Falen pour le Ballet Boy, danse
2014: Steel par Russel Maliphant, danse
2014: pixel par Mourad Merzouki, danse
Awards
Awards
2009: IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Documentary Feature Film for Home (Yann Arthus-Bertrand)
2010: Gopo Award for Best Music for Le Concert (Radu Mihăileanu)
2010: César Award for Best Original Music for Le Concert (Radu Mihăileanu)
2014: Amanda Award for Best Score for A Thousand Times Good Night (Erik Poppe)
Nominations
2003: César Award for Best Original Music for Amen. (Costa-Gavras)
2006: César Award for Best Original Music for Live and Become (Radu Mihăileanu)
2007: César Award for Best Original Music for Days of Glory (Rachid Bouchareb)
2007: IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Documentary Feature Film for The First Cry (Gilles de Maistre)
2015: IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Documentary for Human (Yann Arthus-Bertrand)
References
External links
1953 births
Living people
French film score composers
Moroccan emigrants to France
Erato Records artists |
61660944 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980%20Andalusian%20autonomy%20initiative%20referendum | 1980 Andalusian autonomy initiative referendum | A referendum on the initiative of the Andalusian autonomy process was held in Andalusia on Thursday, 28 February 1980. Voters were asked whether they ratified a proposed initiative for the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville to organize themselves into an autonomous community of Spain throughout the legal procedure outlined in Article 151 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978.
The referendum resulted in 94.2% of valid votes in support of the bill on a turnout of 64.2%. However, the "Yes" vote failed to reach the required 50% majority in the province of Almería—garnering 42.3% of the electorate under a turnout of 51.1%—resulting in a deadlock of several months until an inter-party agreement resulted in legal amendments allowing the autonomy process to continue as envisaged under Article 151.
Legal framework
Articles 143 and 151 of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 provided for two ordinary procedures for regions to access autonomy status:
The "slow-track" route of Article 143, whose initiative required the approval of the corresponding Provincial or Island Councils as well as two-thirds of all municipalities which comprised, at least, a majority of the population in each province or island. Devolution for autonomous communities constituted through this procedure was limited for a period of at least five years from the adoption of the Statute of Autonomy.
The "fast-track" route of Article 151, whose initiative required the approval of the corresponding Provincial or Island Councils; three-fourths of all municipalities which comprised, at least, a majority of the population in each province or island; as well as its subsequent ratification through referendum requiring the affirmative vote of at least the absolute majority of all those eligible to vote. This procedure was also provided under Article 8 of the Organic Law 2/1980, of 18 January, on the regulation of the different forms of referendums. Transitory Provision Second of the Constitution waived off these requirements for the "historical regions" which had statutes of autonomy approved by voters during the Second Spanish Republic, namely: Catalonia (1931), the Basque Country (1933) and Galicia (1936).
Once initiated, failure in securing the requirements laid out in each of these procedures determined a five-year period during which the corresponding provinces or islands would not be able to apply for autonomy under the same Article. Additionally, Article 144 provided for an exceptional procedure under which the Cortes Generales could, because of "national interest reasons": a) Authorize the constitution of an autonomous community when its territorial scope did not exceed that of a province and did not meet the requirements of Article 143; b) Authorize the approval of statutes of autonomy for territories not integrated into the provincial organization; and c) Replace the local councils' initiative referred to in Article 143.
The electoral procedures of the referendum came regulated under Royal Decree-Law 20/1977, of 18 March, and its related legal provisions. Voting was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over eighteen, registered in the provinces of Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Granada, Huelva, Jaén, Málaga and Seville and in full enjoyment of their civil and political rights. The question asked was "Do you agree to the ratification of the initiative, provided for in Article 151 of the Constitution, for the purpose of transacting it by the procedure provided in that article?" ().
Background
The Andalusian autonomic process had its roots in a number of events throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries that fueled Andalusian nationalism: the 1868 Glorious Revolution, the 1873 Cantonal Revolution, the 1883 Federal Constitution for Andalusia (nicknamed as the "Constitution of Antequera") and the Blas Infante-led autonomist movement between 1910 and 1936, with the 1918 Assembly of Ronda adopting a regional flag and emblem, the 1919 Assembly of Córdoba or the Centros Andaluces (). The proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic led to the 1932 meetings of the Provincial Council of Seville, when a draft statute of autonomy was written to comply with the regulations provided under the Spanish Constitution of 1931; however, this initial process of autonomy died down with the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War and the execution of Infante by Francoist forces.
Prospects for attaining autonomy returned after Francisco Franco's death in 1975 and the start of the Spanish transition to democracy. On 12 October 1977, an Assembly of Parliamentarians was constituted based on that year's general election results in the region—7 seats for the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), 7 for the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), 2 for the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) and 2 for independent progressive groups—with the intent of establishing a pre-autonomic regime for Andalusia. Massive pro-autonomy demonstrations on 4 December 1977—1.4 million attended throughout the eight Andalusian provinces—set a turning point in the autonomic aspirations of the Andalusian people. After some initial delay, a pre-autonomic Regional Government of Andalusia () was adopted in April 1978, with Socialist Plácido Fernández Viagas being elected as the first president of Andalusia. On 4 December 1978, all political parties committed to achieving the greatest possible level of devolution for Andalusia in the shortest possible timeframe within the scope of the newly-approved Spanish Constitution of 1978, in what was to be known as the "Pact of Antequera" ().
Poor progress on the issue of the Andalusian autonomy resulted in significant gains for the nationalist Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA) in the 1979 general and local elections, as well as in a change of leadership in the pre-autonomic government, as Fernández Viagas was replaced by PSOE's Rafael Escuredo on 2 June 1979. Under Escuredo, the region initiated the procedures for applying to autonomy through the "fast-track route" set down in Article 151 of the Constitution, including the drafting of a new statute of autonomy, as well as the approval of the autonomy initiative by the municipalities of all eight Andalusian provinces. By December 1979, 100% of the municipalities of the provinces of Seville, Cádiz, Córdoba and Jaén, 96.03% of Almería's, 94% of Huelva's, 93.37% of Granada's and 92.9% of Malaga's had approved the initiative for applying through the procedure of Article 151.
As the governing UCD's stance started to swing against a general application of Article 151, the PSOE-led regional government launched a campaign in support of Andalusian autonomy and self-government. The obstacles put forward by Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez's party and government to Andalucia accessing autonomy through the route of Article 151 were denounced, such as delaying the date for holding the mandatory referendum on the autonomy initiative, or the questioning of the draft Statute which had been negotiated by the parties. Finally in January 1980, seeking to "rationalize" the autonomic process of all future autonomous regions over concerns that all would attempt to achieve maximum devolution within a short timeframe, the UCD officially made public its stance not to support the route of Article 151 for regions other than the Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia, instead suggesting the application of the "slow-track" route of Article 143; a decision which included Andalusia.
Date
The date for the referendum on the autonomy initiative to be held was negotiated by the various parties with representation in the pre-autonomic Andalusian institutions, PSOE, UCD, PCE and PSA. Originally scheduled for some point in late 1979, such as 25 October (concurrently with the Basque and Catalan Statute of Autonomy referendums) or 4 December (the second anniversary of the 1977 demonstrations), the date was moved into early 1980, either on 28 February or 1 March.
The UCD government had announced that the date was still dependent on the final approval by the Cortes Generales of the Referendum Law—providing the legal framework for referendums on autonomy initiatives as the one scheduled for Andalusia—with the implication that the referendum could be delayed beyond 28 February, leading Andalusian president Rafael Escuredo to threaten with his resignation, conditional on the referendum not being held as scheduled. Mounting pressure on the national government led to the approval of the Referendum Law in time for the Andalusian vote to be held as scheduled, with plans maintained after UCD's rejection to support the autonomy initiative increasing the hardships for it to be successful.
The referendum was formally called upon the publication of the specific decree in the Official State Gazette on 28 January 1980, with the date being confirmed for Thursday, 28 February.
Campaign
After the UCD's u-turn on the autonomy process in January 1980, when it advocated for voters to either abstain or cast blank ballots in the autonomy initiative referendums held under the provisions of Article 151 of the Constitution, internal differences emerged within the regional party as some members—including former minister of Culture and regional party president Manuel Clavero—came out in support of Article 151 by announcing a "Yes" vote, while others adhered to the national party's stance.
The PSOE government of Andalusia came to criticize the UCD over alleged obstacles in the referendum campaign, including the short duration of the propaganda campaign—15 days—the ambiguity of the question (abstent of words such as "autonomy" or "Andalusia", in what would be later described as an attempt to promote confusion and abstention), a shortage in public funding for the institutional campaign and limitations in the allocation and broadcasting of media spaces in the public RTVE corporation, which was seen as discriminatory compared to the campaigns for the Basque and Catalan referendums. The Spanish government defended its position on the referendum question and campaign's duration out of "technical and legal rigor" reasons while justifying the limitations to the use of RTVE broadcasting media over an alleged lack of institutional neutrality of the Regional Government's campaign, oriented in favor of the "Yes" vote. This stance would lead to a three-day hunger strike from President Rafael Escuredo, terminated as a result of a stark worsening in Escuredo's health. Accusations on the UCD national government's attempts to undermine the referendum's logistics would keep going over further limitations in public funding for institutional advertising to 125 million Pta, a delay in the regulation of postal voting and the introduction of a different model of ballot to those used in the Basque and Catalan votes.
The Spanish government's decree on complementary regulations for the referendum, approved on 8 February, showed differences with those provided for the Basque and Catalan referendums, such as a limitation of the free spaces awarded to political parties in nationwide media or a restriction in the regional president of Andalusia's possibilities of making use of RTVE media—mainly Televisión Española and Radio Nacional de España—for campaigning in favour of the "Yes" vote. Despite these shortcomings, the Andalusian government organized an institutional campaign under the Vota Andalucía nuestra slogan () to encourage turnout in the referendum, including the placement of advertisements and billboards throughout the entire region, informative car caravans in the rural areas and the personal involvement in the campaign of Escuredo himself. Delays in the payment of the promised campaign public funding from the national Treasury were compensated through loans or economic help offered by other institutions.
The parties supporting the "Yes" campaign (mainly the PSOE, PCE and PSA) launched a massive effort with more than 1,000 announced rallies, billboards in the eight Andalusian provincial capitals, radio spots, press announcements, posters and distribution of millions of stickers and leaflets, with a particular focus in the easternmost province of Almería, where the success of the "Yes" campaign was more dubious over fears of not meeting the legal electorate requirements for ratification. The Assembly of Parliamentarians had convened on 9 February with the attendance of PSOE, PCE and PSA members and the absence of UCD, ahead of the start of official campaigning, to approve a joint resolution denouncing the national government's policy of boycott to the "Yes" campaign and urging voters to throw their support behind it. UCD and AP, defenders of abstention in the referendum, initially limited their campaigns to the use of their legal rights in the media—mainly their corresponding press, radio and television free spaces—to present their arguments contrary to Article 151. The only party campaigning for the "No" vote was the far-right New Force (FN), which claimed that the proposed autonomy was "marxist and separatist", instead advocating for an "agile and efficient administrative decentralization".
Several UCD members and local groupings unheeded their party's official stance and campaigned for either the "Yes" vote or for encouraging turnout, while others abandoned the party outright—including former UCD regional leader Manuel Clavero—as criticism of the Spanish government's administrative obstacles kept increasing throughout the campaign. Public perception of a "Yes" success increased as the campaign progressed, with the UCD changing its strategy by doubling its advertising against Article 151 and sending about half of its ministers to Andalusia to campaign in favour of abstention, while engaging in a more organized propaganda campaign, increasingly aware that the referendum had turned into an electoral test on the Suárez government as many Andalusian voters, previously indifferent or neutral on the issue of autonomy, were being driven to protest against the tactics of the ruling party against the "Yes" campaign.
Results
Overall
Results by province
Aftermath
Despite early predictions of a defeat of the "Yes" campaign in up to four provinces, the higher-than-expected turnout and the early counts confirmed an outright victory for the "Yes" vote in six out of the eight provinces, with doubts over the definitive results in Almería and Jaén. Initial tallies showing a defeat of the initiative in these two provinces were met with satisfaction within the UCD as an endorsement to their Article 143 policy, whereas the Regional Government of Andalusia regarded the outcome as "a political and moral victory" and the PSOE considered the results as the manifestation of a unanimous desire for broad self-government. However, later analyses on the high turnout revealed that many UCD voters had not adhered to their party's call for abstention, with results being interpreted as a massive blow to the governing party in Spain, leading to a plummeting of the party's public image in the region. Days after the referendum, the UCD executive committee acknowledged "errors" in the management of its campaign.
The results in Almería and Jaén were contested by the "Yes" supporters: in the former, it was claimed that a large number of deceased people was shown as registered, inflating the census data and thus preventing the success of the initiative; whereas in the later, the closeness of results—with the "Yes" vote at 49.3% of the electorate—led to claims over counted ballots in several wards. As the UCD sought to initiate procedures for the application of Article 143, "Yes" supporters rejected these plans and advocated for results to be declared void in Almería and for a new vote to be held in the province, with renewed calls after an official recount resulted in the "Yes" vote surpassing the 50% threshold in the province of Jaén.
The deadlock, which threatened to bog down the entire autonomic process, was resolved in October 1980 through two legal amendments under the cover of Article 144 of the Constitution: the first, a modification of the Referendum Law allowing for the approval of the Article 151 autonomy initiative in the provinces having met the 50%-over-electorate threshold, and the possibility to make the initiative extendable to those provinces within the same region not meeting this requirement—such as the case of Almería—as long as it was requested by a majority of the elected members of that province within the Cortes Generales; the second, an organic law approving this mechanism for the province of Almería by applying it retroactively to the 28 February referendum result. Both amendments would be definitely approved by the Cortes Generales on 11 November 1980, leading to the final phase of negotiations over the draft Statute and its subsequent ratification in the 1981 referendum. Attempts to avoid similar political clashes in the future over the devolution issue led to the so-called "rationalization" of the autonomic process, through the signing of the first autonomic pacts between UCD and PSOE on 31 July 1981, agreeing for a joint calendar of devolution for the remaining regions. This would be embodied through the approval, in 1982, of the Organic Law of Harmonization of the Autonomic Process (LOAPA).
The outcome of the 1980 referendum would have a long-lasting impact in Andalusia. Despite the UCD later acknowledging its "Andalusian mistake" of rejecting the route of Article 151 for the Andalusian autonomy, the Spanish government's tactics throughout the referendum campaign and the outcome of the vote would see the party's popularity in the region destroyed, never to recover. In the Spanish Senate by-elections held on 27 November 1980 in the provinces of Almería and Seville, the UCD vote collapsed as the PSOE emerged as the largest party in both elections, whereas the first Andalusian regional election in May 1982 would see the establishment of a PSOE regional hegemony that would last for decades to come and the obliberation of UCD as a valid government alternative. 28 February would be institutionalized as the new Andalusia Day from 1982 onwards, in remembrance of the referendum outcome and the success of the autonomy process.
See also
1979 Basque Statute of Autonomy referendum
1979 Catalan Statute of Autonomy referendum
1980 Galician Statute of Autonomy referendum
1981 Andalusian Statute of Autonomy referendum
References
1980 referendums
Referendums in Andalusia
February 1980 events in Europe
Andalusia |
24587308 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable%20cardioverter%20defibrillator | Wearable cardioverter defibrillator | A wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) is a non-invasive, external device for patients at risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). It allows physicians time to assess their patient's arrhythmic risk and make appropriate plans. It is a leased device. A summary of the device, its technology and indications was published in 2017 and reviewed by the EHRA Scientific Documents Committee.
Description
A wearable cardioverter defibrillator (WCD) is an external device with a built-in defibrillator. The WCD is worn directly on the body by patients who are at transient risk for sudden cardiac death (SCD) for short-term risk mitigation and it does not require surgery for use. A WCD is also a temporary therapeutic option in case an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) cannot be implanted immediately. The WCD enables patients to continue their normal life without constantly worrying about their risk for SCD.
The WCD is a non-invasive medical device. It consists of a vest, an electrode belt and a monitor. The vest with the electrode belt is worn under the clothing during the entire day. The WCD should only be removed when taking a shower or bath. The monitor can either be worn around the waist or over a shoulder strap. The electrodes and wires, placed on the inner sides of the vest and electrode belt, lie directly on the skin. The monitor constantly records heart rate and rhythm. If life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) are detected, the defibrillator delivers one or more treatment shock(s) in order to restore a normal heart rhythm. Since the time between a cardiac arrest and defibrillation is directly linked to survival, a treatment shock must be delivered within a few minutes after an event to be effective. With every passing minute without treatment, the chances of patient survival is reduced by 7-10%. From detecting a life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia to automatically delivering a treatment shock, the WCD usually needs less than a minute. The first treatment shock success rate for resuscitating patients from SCD is 98%. Intervention from bystanders or emergency personnel is not required for the WCD to work.
The use of the WCD is recommended for the prevention of SCD in the 2006 international joint guidelines from the American College of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and European Society of Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC), European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines from 2015 and 2021, and American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society (AHA/ACC/HRS) guidelines from 2017. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) recommends wearable external defibrillators as a bridge therapy for patients waiting for a heart transplant in their Guidelines for the Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates. In the United Kingdom (UK) the WCD LifeVest® from ZOLL is available for temporary use on a monthly rental basis since 2017.
The WCD is a temporary therapeutic option for patients waiting for an ICD, patients with an ICD that had to be removed (e.g., due to infection), or patients who can't have an ICD but are at transient risk for SCD. The WCD allows physicians time to assess their patient's cardiac arrhythmic risk, make appropriate treatment plans and monitor cardiac output before or after an invasive cardiac procedure (such as bypass surgery, stent placement or heart transplant) or in patients at high risk for SCD after myocardial infarction (MI).
Usual wearing time of a WCD is about 3 months but depends on the patient's needs and the prescription of the treating physician.
History
The use of cardiac defibrillation started in 1947 - first in an open chest and ten years later through a closed chest with high energy levels. In 1972, cardiac defibrillation with intracardiac electrodes delivering much less energy of as low as 30 joules was established, following the development of portable units delivering high energy levels of up to 1000 volt. At Johns Hopkins University, doctors Mirowski, Mower and colleagues started developing implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), and were able to implant an ICD in the first human by 1980. Over the years, the ICD was further improved and is now a standard outpatient procedure. There are limiting factors for direct prophylactic implantation of an ICD. For example, a diagnosed high risk for SCD may be temporary, which would oppose an implantation intended for lifetime use. Per current guidelines (e.g., the ESC guidelines from 2015 and 2021) a patient has to wait at least 40 to 90 days after the cardiac event (e.g., myocardial infarction or newly diagnosed heart failure with reduced left ventricular function) before the decision to implant an ICD should be made. An external, wearable cardioverter-defibrillator with defibrillation features similar to an ICD could be a solution to be used as “bridge” to protect these patients from SCD.
In 1986, M. Stephen Heilman and Larry Bowling founded LIFECOR and started the development of the first wearable cardioverter-defibrillator (WCD). It was named LifeVest®. This WCD was extensively tested for three years in multi-centre and multinational clinical trials (WEARIT and BIROAD) in the United States and Europe. The results were used to improve the WCD and were also the basis for FDA approval in 2001 for use of the WCD for adult patients who are at high risk for SCD, who are not suitable candidates for an ICD or who refuse to have one. 14 years later (2015), FDA approval was received for the use of the WCD in children, who are at high risk for SCD and are not candidates for an ICD or do not receive one due to lack of parental consent. In 2000, prior to the FDA approvals, the WCD had already received the European CE-certification.
In 1986, M. Stephen Heilman and Larry Bowling founded Lifecor and along with a team of former Intec employees who developed the first implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) began development of the WCD. The WCD was extensively tested for three years in 17 major medical centers across the United States and Europe. The clinical data collected from those trials allowed Lifecor to obtain FDA approval for use of the WCD in the United States.
In 2001, the FDA approved the LifeVest wearable cardioverter defibrillator (model 2000). The Lifecor business was acquired by ZOLL Medical Corporation in 2006 and Asahi Kasei in 2012. As of 2015, the LifeVest was available in the United States, Europe, Japan, Australia, Israel and Singapore.
ZOLL Medical Corporation, meanwhile an Asahi Kasei Group Company, acquired the LIFECORE business in 2006. The WCD LifeVest® is marketed in the United Kingdom, United States, Europe, Japan, and several other countries worldwide. According to ZOLL, the LifeVest® has been prescribed to more than 200,000 patients worldwide.
Insurance coverage in the United States
The WCD is covered by most health plans in the United States, including commercial, state, and federal plans as Durable Medical Equipment (DME) for those patients at high risk of cardiac arrest, including:
Primary prevention [Ejection fraction (EF) ≤35% and Myocardial Infarction (MI), Non Ischemic Cardiomyopathy (NICM), or other Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)] including:
After recent MI (Coverage during the 40-day ICD waiting period)
Before and immediately after CABG or PTCA (Coverage during the 90-day ICD waiting period)
Listed for cardiac transplant
Recently diagnosed NICM (Coverage during the three-to-nine month ICD waiting period)
New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class IV heart failure
Terminal disease with life expectancy of less than one year
ICD indications when patient condition delays or prohibits ICD implantation
ICD explantation
Working Mechanism of the WCD
The WCD consists of a comfortable, lightweight washable vest, an electrode belt and a monitor.
The battery-powered monitor can be worn over a shoulder strap or in a holster around the waist (Fig. 1 and 2). The monitor collects the data from the electrocardiography (ECG) electrodes and performs the appropriate calculations according to the pre-planned settings, which are programmed by the treating physician. It also contains the capacitors for the defibrillation energy. The default setting is: 1) VT detection 150-199 beats/minute; 2) VF detection ≥200 beats/minute. An alarm module on the monitor alerts the patient with an audible, visual and tactile (vibration) escalation alarm sequence, in case of a life-threatening cardiac event (arrhythmia).
In the electrode belt, four dry, non-adhesive ECG electrodes continuously monitor the patient's heart rhythm. Three defibrillation electrodes are placed in the vest, one on the chest (approximately at the level of the apex of the heart) and two on the back (between the shoulder blades). The ECG electrodes are placed at inside of the vest on the chest providing two independent ECG leads. Prior to delivering a therapeutic shock, the dry defibrillator electrodes automatically deploy conductive gel to protect the skin from possible injury from the treatment. The WCD can deliver up to five consecutive shocks per sequence. Life-saving therapy typically occurs within a minute of the onset of an arrhythmia.The patient is warned when a treating sequence has been started e.g. by siren alarms and spoken information. By pressing two response buttons on the monitor simultaneously, an unjustified shock delivery can be prevented by the patient as long as she/he is conscious. If the patient fails to respond, e.g., because the patient has lost consciousness due to an arrhythmia, gel is automatically ejected from under the defibrillation electrodes. If the arrhythmia resolves on its own, no treatment shock is delivered. Action from bystanders is not required, but they are warned by voice information not to touch the patient during defibrillation and to call the emergency doctor.
The patient receives two batteries for the WCD. One will be used to operate the monitor, the other will be placed in the charging station for daily replacement. The charging station contains the electronic features for data transmission over a mobile phone network to a protected database from the manufacturer. Conspicuous ECG sequences or treatments are automatically transmitted to a secure server. The treating physician can view and analyze them via password-protected access. Before a WCD is handed to a patient, the WCD is fitted to the patient's waist for accurate ECG signal detection and the patient receives detailed training to ensure correct handling of the WCD.
The efficacy and effectiveness of the WCD has been tested in clinical trials and several international post-marketing studies. If the WCD is worn correctly and ECG signal detection is optimal, the success rate of the first shock is approximately 98%. Hence, the WCD is as effective as an ICD in treating VT and VF. Long term follow-up studies showed that approximately 90% of all patients treated with the WCD are still alive one year after the heart failure incident.
Since the WCD is a non-invasive garment, no injuries or scars remain after use and shock delivery. For effective protection, the WCD should be worn 24 hours a day and should only be removed for personal hygiene.
Comparison of the WCD to Automated External Defibrillator (AED) and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD)
1. Automated external defibrillators (AED) are portable electronic devices designed to analyse the heart rhythm and inform the operator whether defibrillation is required. They are intended for persons of the general population with an unknown risk for heart failure and are usually available in public places and first responder ambulances. AEDs are designed for use by laypersons and provide simple audio and visual instructions for the operator to follow. Electrode pads, placed by an operator on the chest of the patient, are for monitoring and defibrillation. In contrast to the ICD and WCD, an AED needs the immediate activity of a bystander in order to prevent the SCD.
2. WCDs are intended for patients with a known transient risk for SCD and meant for temporary use as described above.The WCD is the ideal therapeutic option to prevent SCD in patients until it is clear that a patient's heart issues are indeed permanent and long-term protection with an ICD must be applied.[36]
3. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD) are electronic devices implanted in the chest with a lead to the right ventricle of the heart. They are intended for patients with permanent risk for SCD. An ICD is, like a WCD, designed to detect and terminate cardiac arrhythmias by emergency defibrillation. An extensive invasive surgery is necessary for implantation of the ICD, which is associated with a number of risks and morbidity. Therefore, the decision for an ICD should be carefully taken. The WCD is the ideal therapeutic option to prevent SCD in patients until it is clear that a patient's heart issues are indeed permanent and long-term protection with an ICD must be applied.
Temporary living with the WCD
The WCD allows patients at high risk for SCD who are discharged from the hospital to return to most of the normal daily activities without constantly worrying about their heart issues and possible fatal outcomes. A retrospective study investigating quality of life in patients who had been fitted with a WCD found that the majority did not feel any impairment in terms of mobility (68%), self-care (83%), daily routine (75%), pain (64%) and mental health (57%). Another prospective study evaluating depression and anxiety in patients eligible for WCD found a trend for better improvement of depression scores in patients who actually received the WCD.
Currently a study on the use of the WCD started in UK.
In case of questions concerning which activities are possible, the manufacturer recommends consulting with the treating physician. The manufacturer also advises to avoid activities in loud and/or high vibration environments due to the possibility of missing an alert from WCD.
Assessment of usefulness
The wearable cardioverter defibrillator is an option for patients who are at risk for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) and are not candidates for or who refuse an implantable defibrillator. Some cardiologists agree that a wearable cardioverter defibrillator is medically only necessary, compared to standard medical treatment for a subset patients at risk for SCA, however medical guidelines give a clear understanding of the right diagnosis with benefits for the WCD.
In January 2018, the FDA issued a Safety Alert related to a known malfunction in some units which could prevent the WCD from delivering a treatment shock. Zoll had previously issued (in September 2017) a communication instructing users to return the devices for replacement if a specific error message was visible, this indicating the malfunction. Copies of the alert were included in all subsequent shipments of the device.
The results of a randomized controlled trial were presented at the American College of Cardiology’s 67th Annual Scientific Session (in the spring of 2018). The study results apparently did not show sufficient evidence in the primary outcome to show the WCD reduced sudden cardiac death in post-heart attack patients. In the group that wore the WCD, 1.6% died from sudden cardiac arrest, and in the group that didn't wear the WCD, 2.4% died, which is arguably not a statistically significant difference.
Indications for receiving a WCD
The WCD is generally recommended as temporary therapy for all patients who are at risk of SCD and can be prescribed in UK as a monthly rental device.
According to the international guidelines of ACC/AHA/ESC in 2006, the ESC in 2015 and 2021 as well as AHA/ACC/HRS in 2017 patients that may benefit from a WCD include:
Patients with reduced left ventricular pump systolic function (LVEF) of ≤ 35%
In the first 40 days after a myocardial infarction (MI) without revascularization
In the first 90 days after coronary revascularization with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
In the first 90 days after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Newly diagnosed Ischemic Heart Failure Patient with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF)
For at least 90 days of optimal medical therapy
Patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF) or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT)
Spontaneous or inducible
Occurring later than 48 hours after MI
Patients on the waiting list for a heart transplantation
Bridging the waiting time for patients
With indicated or interrupted ICD therapy (e.g., ICD explanted due to infection or intolerance and pending potential re-implantation, delayed implantation due to medical reasons including infection, recovery from surgery)
With ongoing heart failure medication that needs adjustment
With inflammation of the myocardium/myocarditis and waiting for resolution
With familial or genetic risk for SCD if diagnostics have not yet been completed and/or an ICD has been ruled out
Newly diagnosed non-ischemic heart failure patient with reduced ejection fraction, including dilated cardiomyopathies (DCM) and New York Heart Association (NYHA) stage II-III heart failure patients
Patients in a risk phase of pregnancy cardiomyopathy (peripartum CM/PPCM)
The ISHLT has listed the WCD as a class I recommendation in its Guidelines for the Care of Cardiac Transplant Candidates since 2006. This means that patients waiting for a heart transplantation who are discharged from hospital should receive a wearable defibrillator to bridge the waiting time until receiving the transplant. The WCD is one of the procedures or treatments for which there is evidence and general agreement that it is beneficial, useful and effective in the given condition.
WCD has also been used in the specific circumstance where patients have an ICD but require temporary explantation for radiotherapy in the location of the ICD generator.
Clinical trials on the efficacy of the WCD
After European CE-certification and FDA approval of WCD (LifeVest®), a number of retrospective and prospective registries verified the efficacy and safety of the WCD. Data from more than 30,000 patients who have used the WCD are published for an expansive variety of indications. In the following only an excerpt is presented.
Meta-analyses
A meta-analysis of 11 comparable studies with approximately 20,000 non-overlapping patients in different indications was published by Nguyen et al. They found an overall mortality rate of 1.4%, a VT/VF rate of 2.6% and a VT/VF-related mortality rate of only 0.2% across all patients. 1.7% of the patients (9.1 patients/100 patient years) had received an appropriate treatment, which was successful in 96%. The inappropriate shock rate was <1.0%.
A systematic cross-indication review and meta-analysis of studies reporting treatment rates of WCD was conducted by Masri et al. in 2019. They analysed 28 studies and over 30,000 patients. Over a period of 3 months, 5 per 100 patients received appropriate WCD treatment shocks, and only 2 per 100 patients received inappropriate treatment shocks. Analyses of selection or publication bias (e.g., Egger-test) revealed, that there were no differences between independent and manufacturer-sponsored studies, and no differences between prospective and retrospective studies. According to the authors, the rate of patients, who were appropriately treated with the WCD over 3 months of follow-up, was substantial and much higher in observational studies compared to the RCT included in the analysis. The mortality rate was very low at 0.7 per 100 patients over 3 months.
Randomized controlled trial data
The first and to this date only randomized controlled trial (RCT) on WCD use with post-MI patients is the VEST Trial, which was first published by Olgin et al. in 2018. In total 2,302 patients were included in the intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis. The primary outcome of the VEST-study, arrhythmic mortality, was 1.6% in the WCD group vs. 2.4% in the control group. The difference was not significant despite a 33% relative risk reduction (RRR). The secondary outcome of the VEST-study, all-cause mortality, was 3.1% in the WCD group and 4.9% in the control group. The difference was significant with a 36% reduction in mortality (RRR). Notably, in this study the average daily wearing time was only 14 to 18 hours/day, hence much lower than supposed according to observational studies. An additional as-treated analysis (ATT) provided as supplemented appendix to the original publication, revealed statistical significance in all mortality endpoints, thus positive results for the use of the WCD. In a per protocol analysis (PPA) published in 2020, the reduction in arrhythmic mortality was 62% and in all-cause mortality 75%, both significant results, which is comparable to the results shown in the ATT analysis.
These results indicated that the WCD is highly effective in reducing mortality rates in patients with a high risk for SCD. Essential factors in successful WCD therapy in everyday clinical practice are high wearing compliance and the use of the monitoring system provided by the manufacturer (ZPM Network).
Health technology assessments (HTA)
Aidelsburger and colleagues published the results of an HTA in 2020. The authors analysed data from 49 studies and concluded the WCD is a safe and effective intervention in cases of sudden cardiac arrest during the time needed for determination of long-term risk management strategies, that the WCD is reliable in detecting VT/VF events and shows a high rate of appropriate shocks which lead to a high rate of successful VT/VF terminations.
Cortesi and colleagues published the results from another HTA in 2021. They focused on cost-efficacy comparing the WCD to “standard of care” in patients at risk for SCD after MI or ICD explantation. The authors found that the WCD is a cost-effective treatment option in patients after MI using the data from the VEST study. In patients after ICD explantation the WCD provided even a cost saving of €1,782 compared to 3 weeks hospitalization in a low intensity hospital (standard of care) using data from the Italian NHS. The authors concluded that for the Italian NHS the WCD use contributes to a more effective utilization of resources and to the improvement of patient care in clinical practice.
Currently an HTA is planned to be conducted in UK.
Notes
References
Reek et al., “Clinical Efficacy of the Wearable Defibrillator in Acutely Terminating Episodes of Ventricular Fibrillation Using Biphasic Shocks,” PACE, 2002, 25 (4, part II):577.
Wase, “Wearable Defibrillators: A New Tool in the Management of Ventricular tachycardia/Ventricular Fibrillation,” EP Lab Digest, 2005; 12:22–24
Feldman et al., “Use of a Wearable Defibrillator in Terminating Tachyarrhythmias in Patients at High Risk for Sudden Death: Results of WEARIT/BIROAD”, PACE, 2004, 27:4 L–9.
Reek et al., “Clinical Efficacy of the Wearable Defibrillator in Acutely Terminating Episodes of Ventricular Fibrillation Using Biphasic Shocks,” PACE, 2002, 25(4, part II):577.
Keller et al., “Using the LifeVest as a Bridge to ICD implantation: One Urban Community Hospital’s Experience,” EP Lab Digest, 2008; Vol. 8, Issue 8.
Elrod, “Measuring the Effectiveness of Wearable Defibrillators and Implantable Devices: EP Lab Digest Speaks with Jeffrey Olgin, MD about the VEST/PREDICTS study,” EP Lab Digest, 2008; Vol. 8, Issue 7.
Medical equipment
Cardiology |
39663503 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work%20Capability%20Assessment | Work Capability Assessment | The Work Capability Assessment (WCA) is used by the British Government's Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) to decide whether and to what extent welfare benefit claimants are capable of doing work or work-related activities. The outcome of the assessment also determines whether claimants are entitled to "new style" Employment and Support Allowance (ESA) and potentially additional elements of Universal Credit (UC).
Assessment process
The process is ultimately a legal one that uses social security legislation as its main reference point (which is why appeals are made to tribunals overseen by the Ministry of Justice). The standard of proof used is 'the balance of probabilities': a claim should be accepted if it is more likely than not that the claimant has a significant disability.
The main assessment process starts as soon as can be arranged after 13 weeks from the initial claim, when a healthcare professional approved by the DWP scrutinises the claim form and decides whether to seek further evidence from the claimant's GP or another appropriate source. From July 2022 nurses, occupational therapists, pharmacists, and physiotherapists as well as doctors can legally certify fit notes across England, Scotland and Wales.
If the evidence shows that, on balance, according to the legally-defined criteria of the test, the claimant could not reasonably be expected to work or prepare for work, then a face-to-face assessment should not be necessary, the claimant should be recommended for the Support Group, and the higher rate of ESA usually granted. Otherwise, the healthcare professional arranges a face-to-face assessment – usually in an examination centre, but occasionally in the claimant's home.
Since 2015, testing has been performed by the US outsourcing firm Maximus. The DWP pays Maximus £200 for each report.
At the face-to-face assessments, the assessors – who are nurses, doctors or physiotherapists – are guided and prompted by a computer programme, designed by Atos in conjunction with the DWP, called the 'Logic-integrated Medical Assessment' or 'LiMA'. A large amount of lifestyle data and some clinical information is obtained from the claimant and is entered into the computer by the assessor, mostly by selecting pre-determined 'one click' options from an on-screen menu. As the assessment progresses, LiMA tries to gauge both the impact of the disability on the person's daily life and the person's fitness for work – but while LiMA suggests options to the assessor, it is ultimately the healthcare professional who is responsible for making the recommendations. The healthcare professional also draws on their medical knowledge gained from working in a clinical environment earlier in their career to:
Answer factual questions that have a bearing on eligibility, such as: "Is the claimant receiving intravenous therapy?"
Explore the medical history
Deliver clinical judgements, such as on whether the claimant is at substantial risk or terminally ill
Estimate the date of any future recovery
The strength of a claim is largely determined by comparing the claimant's problem with a framework of set criteria, known as 'descriptors', which are divided into 'functional' and 'non-functional' descriptors.
The healthcare professional's main role is to select the most appropriate descriptor for each activity printed on the ESA claim form that the claimant has marked as being difficult for them in their day-to-day life. To do this, assessors draw on their training in the field of 'functional assessment' — a subspecialty concerned with gauging the practical impact of an impairment on a person's daily life and, in the context of the WCA, on their ability to work.
As well as taking a clinical history and exploring the claimant's 'Typical Day', the healthcare professional will make general observations of the claimant's hearing, mobility and posture, etc. and there may be a short physical examination. The claimant's mental state will to a large degree become apparent as the interview progresses, but specific questions might be asked in order to elucidate any disordered thinking, abnormalities of perception or cognitive impairment. If assessors are unsure how to apply the test's criteria in specific cases, telephone advice is available.
During the face-to-face assessment, if it becomes clear that the claimant qualifies for the Support Group on the grounds of severe functional disability, the interview should be brought to an early close and the finding recorded as a short note on the claimant's file as a recommendation to the DWP decision-maker.
Functional descriptors
Each functional descriptor comes with a score of 6, 9 or 15 points that is intended to reflect the relative severity of the disability. A total score of 15 points or more will qualify the claimant for ESA. If the healthcare professional deems that none of the functional descriptors apply, the total score will be zero.
Descriptors are grouped into 17 activities. For example, the activity 'Manual Dexterity' – hand function – comes with the following descriptors for the assessor to choose from:
The claimant cannot use a computer keyboard or mouse (9 points)
The claimant cannot use a pen (9 points)
The claimant cannot pick up a small object (15 points)
The claimant cannot press a button or turn a page (15 points and a place in the Support Group)
Only one descriptor may be chosen for each activity, and it should be the highest-scoring option that still accurately describes the loss of function. Someone who can pick up a small object like a coin but cannot use a pen to make a simple mark will score 9 points for that activity.
If a claimant is capable of carry out a particular action but cannot do so reliably, repeatedly, in a timely manner, safely and without significant pain, they should be treated as being incapable of carrying out that action.
The physical functional descriptors cover these activities:
Mobilising
Standing and sitting
Reaching
Picking up and moving an object
Manual dexterity
Making yourself understood
Understanding others
Finding your way around
Continence
Consciousness
The mental functional descriptors cover:
Learning tasks
Hazard awareness
Planning and problem-solving
Coping with change
Getting about
Coping with other people
Behaviour
A 'top score' in one activity will usually qualify the claimant for the Support Group.
Non-functional descriptors
The non-functional descriptors have no points attached but instead have a simple 'yes' or 'no' answer:
Is the claimant unable to eat or drink?
Is the medical condition life-threatening and uncontrollable?
Will the claimant probably die within 12 months?
Would the claimant's health be at substantial risk if they were found fit for work or for work-related activity?
Other factors that might be taken into account here include:
The claimant is pregnant
There is a risk to others
Intravenous therapy is being administered
The claimant has cancer
A 'yes' answer to a non-functional descriptor question will usually lead to the claimant being treated as though they were in the Support Group.
Outcomes
After the interview and any examination the findings are summarised in free text using Standard English prose and the report, constructed mainly from the LiMA options selected by the assessor during the interview phase of the assessment, is sent electronically to the DWP. The whole report attempts both to record all the findings and to justify the recommendation on fitness for work. It shows the total points score and ends with a statement on whether significant disability is likely or unlikely, and a prognosis. After the assessment, a report from an official at the DWP decides on entitlement to Employment and Support Allowance (or to an enhanced rate of Universal Credit). The process also decides whether a successful claimant is able to take part in 'work-related activity'. In this way, the process sorts claimants into three groups:
Fit for work
Unfit for work, but fit for 'work-related activity' (the Work-Related Activity Group)
Fit for neither work nor 'work-related activity' (the Support Group)
Results
The core WCA generated high volumes of 'fit for work' recommendations from its inception. As the reassessment programme gathered steam, the proportion disregarded by decision-makers grew: 8% of 'fit for work' recommendations were disregarded in 2012; this almost doubled to 15% in 2013 and then increased again in 2014 to 20%.
With initial decisions, almost two-thirds of claimants were declared 'fit for work' by the DWP in 2009 and 2010. This dropped to around half once the reassessment programme got underway in 2011; by 2013, it was a third; by 2014, only a quarter of claimants were declared 'fit for work' by the DWP at the first stage of the decision-making process.
DWP data for the first quarter of 2016 showed that 9% of WCAs carried out at that point in time were reassessments of old Incapacity Benefit claims, while 21% were reassessments of successful ESA claims and the remaining 70% were new assessments of fresh claims. The outcomes, before any reconsiderations or appeals, were:
After Incapacity Benefit reassessments, 93% of claimants were found to be unfit for work
After ESA reassessments, 89% of claimants were found to be unfit for work
After assessments of new claims, 54% of claimants were found to be unfit for work
History
The WCA was introduced in 2008. Prior to this, only a small number of Incapacity Benefit claimants were required to undergo assessment. In its last term of office New Labour began to phase out Incapacity Benefit and replace it with a new benefit: Employment and Support Allowance. The policy objectives for the new test were: to accentuate the positive by "looking at what you can do, not what you can't do"; to take into account new disability legislation, changes in the workplace and developments in occupational health; to make the test more stringent; to assess most new claims in person rather than on paper; and, once the new test had bedded in, to use it to re-evaluate virtually every established sickness benefit recipient. To facilitate these last two objectives testing capacity was increased fivefold by employing nurses and physiotherapists to work alongside doctors, and a semi-structured interview technique based on a computer-generated template was used for the first time.
Initially, only fresh claims for ESA were assessed, but the sickness benefit caseload increased — partly a consequence of the banking crisis and its effect on the economy and on jobs. An overhaul of the test began soon afterwards. The Labour Welfare Secretary at the time, James Purnell, wrote that these and other changes would ensure that "only those who are genuinely incapable of work" would get full ESA. The DWP's in-house medical experts piloted the new criteria in 2010 and parliament gave them legal force in March 2011. Some of these changes would make it easier for some claimants with specific conditions to receive ESA, but most were intended to toughen up the test. The WCA then became the fulcrum for a reassessment of all recipients of Incapacity Benefit and all disabled people on Income Support.
In 2011, after an external review by Professor Malcolm Harrington, Atos designated some of their assessors as 'mental function champions', who would provide mainly telephone advice to other assessors on mental health issues as they related to the WCA's criteria As well as this, in 2011 the DWP began to send decision-makers justifications to the claimants, which explained how the decision was made in plain English.
In 2017, the DWP said that henceforth claimants placed in the Support Group after their WCA who have a "severe, lifelong disability" (as judged by the DWP) would no longer have to undergo periodic reassessment.
See also
Employment Support Allowance
Criticism of Employment Support Allowance
References
Social security in the United Kingdom
Controversies in the United Kingdom
Disability in the United Kingdom |
13050283 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Kursk%20order%20of%20battle | Battle of Kursk order of battle | The Battle of Kursk order of battle is a list of the significant units that fought in the Battle of Kursk between July and August 1943.
Units smaller than division size and Soviet aviation divisions are not shown in this order of battle.
German
Army Group Centre (Günther von Kluge)
2nd Army (Walter Weiß)
VII Corps (Ernst-Eberhard Hell)
26th Infantry Division
68th Infantry Division
75th Infantry Division
88th Infantry Division
XIII Corps (Erich Straube)
82nd Infantry Division
327th Infantry Division
340th Infantry Division
9th Army (Walther Model)
XX Corps (Rudolf Freiherr von Roman)
45th Infantry Division
72nd Infantry Division
137th Infantry Division
251st Infantry Division
XLVI Panzer Corps (Hans Zorn)
7th Infantry Division
31st Infantry Division
102nd Infantry Division
258th Infantry Division
XLVII Panzer Corps (Joachim Lemelsen)
2nd Panzer Division
9th Panzer Division
20th Panzer Division
6th Infantry Division
XLI Panzer Corps (Josef Harpe)
18th Panzer Division
86th Infantry Division
292nd Infantry Division
XXIII Corps (Johannes Frießner)
216th Infantry Division
383rd Infantry Division
78th Assault Division
Army Reserve
4th Panzer Division
10th Panzergrenadier Division
12th Panzer Division
2nd Panzer Army (Erich-Heinrich Clößner)
XXXV Corps (Lothar Rendulic)
34th Infantry Division
56th Infantry Division
262nd Infantry Division
299th Infantry Division
LIII Corps (Friedrich Gollwitzer)
208th Infantry Division
211th Infantry Division
293rd Infantry Division
25th Panzergrenadier Division
LV Corps (Erich Jaschke)
110th Infantry Division
134th Infantry Division
296th Infantry Division
339th Infantry Division
Army Reserve
112th Infantry Division
Army Group Reserve
5th Panzer Division
8th Panzer Division
Army Group South (Erich von Manstein)
4th Panzer Army (Hermann Hoth)
LII Corps (Eugen Ott)
57th Infantry Division
255th Infantry Division
332nd Infantry Division
XLVIII Panzer Corps (Otto von Knobelsdorff)
3rd Panzer Division
11th Panzer Division
Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland
167th Infantry Division
II SS Panzer Corps (Paul Hausser)
1st SS Panzergrenadier Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler
2nd SS Panzergrenadier Division Das Reich
3rd SS Panzergrenadier Division Totenkopf
Army Detachment Kempf (Werner Kempf)
III Panzer Corps (Hermann Breith)
6th Panzer Division
7th Panzer Division
19th Panzer Division
168th Infantry Division
XI Army Corps (Erhard Raus)
106th Infantry Division
320th Infantry Division
XLII Corps (Franz Mattenklott)
39th Infantry Division
161st Infantry Division
282nd Infantry Division
Army Group Reserve
XXIV Panzer Corps (Walter Nehring)
5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking
17th Panzer Division
Luftwaffe
Luftflotte 4 (4th Air Fleet) (Otto Deßloch as both commander-in-chief and chief of staff) - Air support for Army Group South
VIII Fliegerkorps (8th Air Corps)
Luftflotte 6 (6th Air Fleet) (Robert Ritter von Greim as commander-in-chief and Friedrich Kless as chief of staff) - Air support for Army Group Center
1. Flieger Division (1st Air Division)
Soviet
Western Front
The following units were included in the Western Front, commanded by Colonel General Vasily Sokolovsky.
50th Army
The 50th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Ivan Boldin and included the following units.
38th Rifle Corps (Major General Alexey Tereshkov)
17th Rifle Division
326th Rifle Division
413th Rifle Division
49th Rifle Division
64th Rifle Division
212th Rifle Division
324th Rifle Division
11th Guards Army
The 11th Guards Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Ivan Bagramyan, and included the following units.
8th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Pyotr Malyshev)
11th Guards Rifle Division
26th Guards Rifle Division
83rd Guards Rifle Division
16th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Afanasy Lapshov (killed 13 July), Major General Ivan Fedyunkin from 22 July)
1st Guards Rifle Division
16th Guards Rifle Division
31st Guards Rifle Division
169th Rifle Division
36th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Alexander Ksenofontov)
5th Guards Rifle Division
18th Guards Rifle Division
84th Guards Rifle Division
108th Rifle Division
217th Rifle Division
8th Breakthrough Artillery Corps (Lieutenant General Nikolai Salichko)
3rd Breakthrough Artillery Division
6th Breakthrough Artillery Division
14th Artillery Division
14th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
17th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
48th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
1st Air Army
The 1st Air Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Mikhail Gromov, included the following units.
2nd Assault Aviation Corps (Major General Vasily Stepichev)
2nd Fighter Aviation Corps (Lieutenant General Alexey Blagoveshchensky)
8th Fighter Aviation Corps (Major General Fyodor Zherebchenko)
Front assets
The following units were directly subordinated to the front.
371st Rifle Division
1st Tank Corps (Major General Vasily Butkov)
5th Tank Corps (Major General Mikhail Sakhno)
Bryansk Front
The Bryansk Front was commanded by Colonel General Markian Popov, and consisted of the following units.
3rd Army
The 3rd Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Alexander Gorbatov, and included the following units.
41st Rifle Corps (Major General Viktor Urbanovich)
235th Rifle Division
308th Rifle Division
380th Rifle Division
269th Rifle Division
283rd Rifle Division
342nd Rifle Division
20th Breakthrough Artillery Division
24th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
61st Army
The 61st Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Pavel Belov and included the following units.
9th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Arkady Boreyko)
12th Guards Rifle Division
76th Guards Rifle Division
77th Guards Rifle Division
97th Rifle Division
110th Rifle Division
336th Rifle Division
356th Rifle Division
415th Rifle Division
13th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
63rd Army
The 63rd Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Vladimir Kolpakchi, and included the following units.
35th Rifle Corps (headquarters only, Major General Viktor Zholudev)
40th Rifle Corps (headquarters only, Major General Vladimir Kuznetsov)
5th Rifle Division
41st Rifle Division
129th Rifle Division
250th Rifle Division
287th Rifle Division
348th Rifle Division
397th Rifle Division
28th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
15th Air Army
The 15th Air Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Nikolai Naumenko, and included the following units.
1st Guards Fighter Aviation Corps (Lieutenant General Yevgeny Beletsky)
3rd Assault Aviation Corps (Major General Mikhail Gorlachenko)
Front Assets
The following units were directly subordinated to the front.
25th Rifle Corps (Major General Pyotr Pererva)
186th Rifle Division
283rd Rifle Division
362nd Rifle Division
1st Guards Tank Corps (Major General Mikhail Panov)
2nd Breakthrough Artillery Corps (to 63rd Army, Lieutenant General Mikhail Barsukov)
13th Breakthrough Artillery Division
15th Breakthrough Artillery Division
3rd Guards Mortar Division
7th Breakthrough Artillery Corps (to 61st Army, Major General Pavel Korolkov)
16th Breakthrough Artillery Division
17th Breakthrough Artillery Division
2nd Guards Mortar Division
Central Front
The Central Front was commanded by Army General Konstantin Rokossovsky, and consisted of the following units:
13th Army
The 13th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Nikolai Pukhov, and included the following units:
17th Guards Rifle Corps (Lieutenant General Andrei Bondarev)
6th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Dmitry Onuprienko)
70th Guards Rifle Division
75th Guards Rifle Division
18th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Ivan Afonin)
2nd Guards Airborne Division
3rd Guards Airborne Division (Colonel Ivan Konev)
4th Guards Airborne Division
15th Rifle Corps (Major General Ivan Lyudnikov)
8th Rifle Division
74th Rifle Division
148th Rifle Division
29th Rifle Corps (Major General Afanasy Slyshkin)
15th Rifle Division
81st Rifle Division
307th Rifle Division (Major General Mikhail Yenshin)
4th Breakthrough Artillery Corps (Major General Nikolai Ignatov)
5th Breakthrough Artillery Division
12th Breakthrough Artillery Division
5th Guards Mortar Division
1st Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
25th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
48th Army
The 48th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Prokofy Romanenko, and including the following units:
42nd Rifle Corps (Major General Konstantin Kolganov)
16th Rifle Division
202nd Rifle Division
399th Rifle Division
73rd Rifle Division
137th Rifle Division
143rd Rifle Division
170th Rifle Division
16th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
60th Army
The 60th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Ivan Chernyakhovsky and included the following units:
24th Rifle Corps (Major General Nikolay Kiryukhin)
42nd Rifle Division
112th Rifle Division
30th Rifle Corps (Major General Grigory Lazko)
121st Rifle Division
141st Rifle Division
322nd Rifle Division
55th Rifle Division
65th Army
The 65th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Pavel Batov, and was composed of the following units:
18th Rifle Corps (Major General Ivan Ivanov)
69th Rifle Division
149th Rifle Division
246th Rifle Division
27th Rifle Corps (Major General Filipp Cherokmanov)
60th Rifle Division
193rd Rifle Division
37th Guards Rifle Division
181st Rifle Division
194th Rifle Division
354th Rifle Division
70th Army
The 70th Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Ivan Galanin, and included the following units:
28th Rifle Corps (Major General Alexander Nechayev)
132nd Rifle Division
211th Rifle Division
280th Rifle Division
102nd Rifle Division
106th Rifle Division
140th Rifle Division
162nd Rifle Division
175th Rifle Division
1st Guards Artillery Division
12th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
2nd Tank Army
The 2nd Tank Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Alexey Rodin, who was replaced by Lieutenant General Semyon Bogdanov on 2 August. It consisted of the following units:
3rd Tank Corps (Major General Maxim Sinenko)
16th Tank Corps (Major General Vasily Grigoryev)
16th Air Army
The 16th Air Army was commanded by Lieutenant General Sergei Rudenko, and included the following units:
3rd Bomber Aviation Corps (Major General Afanasy Karavatsky)
6th Mixed Aviation Corps (Major General Ivan Antoshkin)
6th Fighter Aviation Corps (Major General Yevgeny Erlykin)
Front Assets
The following units were directly subordinated to the front:
9th Tank Corps (Major General Semyon Bogdanov)
19th Tank Corps (Major General Ivan Vasilyev)
10th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
Voronezh Front (Nikolai Vatutin)
6th Guards Army (Ivan Chistyakov)
22nd Guards Rifle Corps
67th Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Aleksei Baksov)
71st Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Ivan Sivakov)
90th Guards Rifle Division
23rd Guards Rifle Corps
51st Guards Rifle Division
52nd Guards Rifle Division
375th Rifle Division
Independent 89th Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Mikhail Seryugin)
7th Guards Army (Mikhail Shumilov)
24th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Nikolai Vasilyev)
15th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Yemelyan Vasilenko)
36th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Mikhail Denisenko)
72nd Guards Rifle Division (Major General Anatoly Losev)
25th Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Gany Safiullin)
73rd Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Semyon Kozak)
78th Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Aleksandr Skvortsov)
81st Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Ivan Morozov)
Independent 213th Rifle Division (Colonel Ivan Buslayev)
38th Army (Nikandr Chibisov)
50th Rifle Corps
167th Rifle Division
232nd Rifle Division
340th Rifle Division
51st Rifle Corps (Petr Avdeenko)
180th Rifle Division
240th Rifle Division
Independent 204th Rifle Division
40th Army (Kirill Moskalenko)
47th Rifle Corps (Afanasy Gryaznov)
161st Rifle Division (Major General Pyotr Tertyshny)
206th Rifle Division (Colonel Viktor Rutko)
237th Rifle Division (Major General Pyotr Dyakonov)
52nd Rifle Corps (Frants Perkhorovich)
100th Rifle Division (Colonel Nikolai Bezzubov (mw), Colonel Pyotr Tsygankov)
219th Rifle Division (Major General Vasily Kotelnikov)
309th Rifle Division (Colonel Dmitry Dryomin)
Independent 184th Rifle Division (Colonel Samuil Tsukarev)
69th Army (Vasily Kryuchenkin)
48th Rifle Corps (Major General Zinovy Rogozny)
107th Rifle Division (Colonel Pyotr Bezhko)
183rd Rifle Division (Major General Aleksandr Kostitsyn)
305th Rifle Division (Colonel Aleksandr Vasilyev)
49th Rifle Corps (Major General Gury Terentyev)
111th Rifle Division (Colonel Mikhail Bushin)
270th Rifle Division (Colonel Ivan Belyayev)
1st Tank Army (Mikhail Katukov)
6th Tank Corps (Andrei Getman)
31st Tank Corps
3rd Mechanized Corps (Semyon Krivoshein)
2nd Air Army (Stepan Krasovsky)
1st Bombing Aviation Corps
1st Assault Aviation Corps
4th Fighter Aviation Corps
5th Fighter Aviation Corps
Front Assets
35th Guards Rifle Corps
92nd Guards Rifle Division
93rd Guards Rifle Division
94th Guards Rifle Division
2nd Guards Tank Corps
5th Guards Tank Corps
Steppe Front
The following units were part of the Steppe Front, commanded by Ivan Konev. The front was formed from the Steppe Military District on 9 July, to serve as a reserve if the German attack broke through and to provide fresh troops for a counterattack to begin as soon as the German attack was halted. This order of battle does not show the complete composition of the Steppe Front. In addition to the units listed below, there were also the 4th Guards, 27th, 47th and 53rd Armies. The 4th Guards, 27th, 47th, and the 53rd Armies were held in reserve during the battle and thus did not participate. The 5th Guards Army and the 5th Guards Tank Army were both committed to the counterattack in the Battle of Prokhorovka, where they fought as part of the Voronezh Front.
5th Guards Army
The following units were part of the 5th Guards Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Alexey Zhadov. The 10th Tank Corps was directly subordinated to the front on 7 July and became part of the 1st Tank Army on 8 July. Also on 8 July, the 5th Guards Army was transferred to the Voronezh Front.
32nd Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Aleksandr Rodimtsev)
13th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Gleb Baklanov)
66th Guards Rifle Division (Major General Akim Yakshin)
6th Guards Airborne Division (Colonel Mikhail Smirnov)
33rd Guards Rifle Corps (Major General Iosif Popov)
95th Guards Rifle Division (Colonel Andrey Lyakhov)
97th Guards Rifle Division(Colonel Ivan Antsiferov)
9th Guards Airborne Division (Colonel Aleksandr Sazonov)
Independent 42nd Guards Rifle Division
Independent 10th Tank Corps (Major General Vasily Burkov)
Independent 29th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
5th Guards Tank Army
The 5th Guards Tank Army consisted of the following units, under the command of Lieutenant General Pavel Rotmistrov. The 18th Tank Corps joined the army from the Reserve of the High Command on 7 July. The army was transferred to the Voronezh Front on 11 July.
5th Guards Mechanized Corps (Major General Boris Skvortsov)
18th Tank Corps (Major General Boris Bakharov)
29th Tank Corps (Major General Ivan Kirichenko)
Independent 6th Anti-Aircraft Artillery Division
5th Air Army
The 5th Air Army included the following units, and was commanded by Lieutenant General Sergei Goryunov. It entered combat in mid-July.
7th Mixed Aviation Corps (Major General Pyotr Arkhangelsky)
8th Mixed Aviation Corps (Major General Nikolai Kamanin)
3rd Fighter Aviation Corps (Major General Yevgeny Savitsky)
7th Fighter Aviation Corps (Major General Aleksandr Utin)
Citations
References
World War II orders of battle |
20389686 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxbe%20fix | Saxbe fix | The Saxbe fix ( ), or salary rollback, is a mechanism by which the president of the United States, in appointing a current or former member of the United States Congress whose elected term has not yet expired, can avoid the restriction of the United States Constitution's Ineligibility Clause. That clause prohibits the president from appointing a current or former member of Congress to a civil office position that was created, or to a civil office position for which the pay or benefits (collectively, "emoluments") were increased, during the term for which that member was elected until the term has expired. The rollback, first implemented by an Act of Congress in 1909, reverts the emoluments of the office to the amount they were when that member began his or her elected term.
To prevent ethical conflicts, James Madison proposed language at the Constitutional Convention that was adopted as the Ineligibility Clause after debate and modification by other Founding Fathers. Historically, a number of approaches have been taken to circumvent or adhere to the restrictions; these have included choosing another nominee, allowing the desired nominee's elected term of office to expire, ignoring the clause entirely, or reducing the offending emoluments to the level prior to when the nominee took office. Although Congress passed the mechanism reducing emoluments in 1909, the procedure was named "Saxbe fix" after Senator William Saxbe, who was confirmed as attorney general in 1973 after Congress reduced the office's salary to the level it had been before Saxbe's term commenced. The Saxbe fix has subsequently become relevant as a successful—though not universally accepted—solution for appointments by presidents of both parties of sitting members of the United States Congress to the United States Cabinet. Members of Congress have been appointed to federal judgeships without any fix being enacted; court challenges to such appointments have failed.
There were four Saxbe fixes for appointees of presidents prior to Barack Obama. The first two rollbacks concerned appointees of Republicans William Howard Taft and Richard Nixon, and the last two were implemented for appointees of Democrats Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Congress approved two more in the weeks preceding Obama's presidency in preparation for his designated Cabinet nominees. Since the 1980s, Saxbe fixes have only been temporary, extending to the conclusion of the term for which the sitting member of Congress was elected. The Clause has received relatively little scholarly or judicial attention; the sparse extant debate centers on whether the reduction of salary satisfies the Ineligibility Clause, or whether affected members of Congress are ineligible for appointment in spite of the reduction.
Background
In his notes of the Philadelphia Convention in 1787, James Madison expressed the fear that members of Congress would create new federal jobs, or increase the salaries for existing jobs, and then take those jobs for themselves. Madison wrote that corrupt legislative actions, in the form of the unnecessary creation of offices and the increase of salaries for personal benefit, were one of his greatest concerns. The delegates who were present agreed that no member of Congress should be eligible to be appointed to an executive position while serving in Congress. Madison originally proposed a one-year length on such a bar. However, Nathaniel Gorham, James Wilson, and Alexander Hamilton wanted no bar at all at the conclusion of congressional service. Eventually, Madison proposed a compromise: "that no office ought to be open to a member, which may be created or augmented while he is in the legislature"; this led to extensive debate.
The delegates eliminated the prohibition on a member of Congress's assuming holding state office based on the rationale that there might be times when it might be in the best interest of the nation to allow such service. They eliminated the one-year ban because they judged it to be ineffective in protecting the Constitution. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney moved that the states vote and the prohibition carried by vote of 8 states to 3. Robert Yates noted that the clause "which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased" was an amendment passed in his absence, and that he did not place much faith in it as he felt unscrupulous politicians would circumvent it by creating new positions for persons who would subsequently place a member of Congress in a vacancy that they and not Congress created. Madison moved that the phrase "or the Emoluments whereof shall have been augmented by the legislature of the United States, during the time they were members thereof, and for one year thereafter." This motion failed 2–8, with one state divided. The clause was limited to "civil" offices so as not to restrict military service. Accordingly, the clause was passed in its current form without an explicit time consideration.
Article 1, Section 6, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution therefore prohibits self-dealing legislation and is intended to protect the "separation of power" of the various branches of government. Corruption such as previously seen in the British Parliament was a consideration during debate by the framers of the Constitution. Legal scholars have accorded this clause little attention in their academic writings and there have been no cases which directly applied the clause, as no plaintiff has been able to establish legal standing. In fact, some general guides to Constitutional research, such as the clause-by-clause The Constitution of the United States: A Guide and Bibliography to Current Scholarly Research, do not discuss the Ineligibility clause. Most scholarly texts on the Constitution ignore the clause. Although the Saxbe fix is named for Nixon nominee William Saxbe, the device's first intentional use predates him by several decades. As a matter of historical tradition, the Saxbe fix is considered sufficient to remove the disqualification of the Ineligibility Clause.
History
The Ineligibility Clause has interfered with appointments as far back as 1793. President George Washington attempted to appoint William Paterson to the Supreme Court on February 27, 1793, after the resignation of Associate Justice Thomas Johnson. However, Paterson, who was serving as Governor of New Jersey, had previously been elected to serve a Senate term that would expire at noon on March 4, 1793. Washington withdrew the nomination and withheld it until the afternoon of March 4, when the term for the disqualifying office had expired.
19th century
In 1882, a formal opinion by the Attorney General concluded that resignation from Congress does not free a member to be appointed to civil office because the Clause speaks to the term for which a member was elected, and that term still exists, even if a member resigns. Therefore, as in the Paterson matter nine decades earlier, Iowa Governor Samuel J. Kirkwood, who had resigned a Senate seat with a term that did not expire until March 1883, was ineligible for appointment to the position of United States Tariff Commissioner. In 1896, the Comptroller of the Treasury determined, after the fact, that former Senator Matthew Ransom's appointment as Minister to Mexico was invalid, as that office's salary had been increased during Ransom's term; the belated discovery precluded Ransom from drawing a salary.
The practice of barring members of Congress from serving in other civil offices was not without exception. Ransom, after all, was in fact appointed. In another case, there may have been an inadvertent Saxbe fix. Senator Lot M. Morrill began serving a six-year term in 1871, and in 1873, as part of the Salary Grab Act, Congress increased Cabinet officers' salaries from $8,000 to $10,000; it repealed the increase in 1874, and two years later—before the end of his term—Morrill was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury. The repeal of the "salary grab" was motivated by reaction to public outrage rather than concerns about a member's eligibility for office, but Acting United States Attorney General Robert Bork would later cite the Morrill case in his opinion about the Saxbe appointment.
20th century
In 1909, President-elect Taft announced his intent to nominate Senator Philander C. Knox to be Secretary of State. Shortly after the announcement, the Clause emerged as a problem that caught those involved by surprise: Knox had been elected to serve a term that would not end until 1911, and during that term Congress had voted to increase executive branch pay. Members of Congress considered reverting the fix after the appointed nominee had resigned and assumed the post so that Knox would not have to forgo any emoluments. Members of Congress also discussed reverting the salaries of all United States Cabinet members. At the suggestion of the Senate Judiciary Committee, Congress passed a bill reducing only the Secretary of State's salary to the level it had been at before Knox's term began, believing this would cure the problem. The Senate passed the bill unanimously, but there was much more opposition in the U.S. House of Representatives, where the same measure failed to get a required two-thirds vote under a motion to suspend the rules and pass, a procedure normally reserved for uncontroversial matters. After a different procedural rule was applied, it passed by a 173–115 majority vote and President Roosevelt subsequently signed the bill. On March 4, the first Saxbe fix became effective when the salary of the Secretary of State (but not that of other Cabinet members) was reverted from $12,000 to $8,000. The Senate confirmed all of Taft's Cabinet appointees on March 5, and Knox took office on March 6.
In 1922, the boundaries of the Clause were further defined when Senator William S. Kenyon was allowed to accept an appointment by President Warren G. Harding as circuit judge for the Eighth Circuit. Attorney General Harry M. Daugherty concluded that no disqualifying event had occurred because the increase in emoluments to that office had occurred in a term prior to the one Kenyon was serving at the time of the nomination. (Daugherty's opinion would later be reaffirmed by the Clinton administration when Representative Bill Richardson was nominated as U.N. Ambassador.) No rollback was attempted when Senator Hugo Black was appointed to the Supreme Court, and in Ex parte Levitt, the court rejected, for lack of legal standing, an attempt to prevent Black from taking his seat based on Ineligibility Clause objections. The movant in the Black case, Albert Levitt, only had an interest in the case as a United States Citizen and a member of the Supreme Court bar, which the Court found to be insufficient.
The Nixon administration skirted the Ineligibility Clause during its first year, when Nixon named Representative Donald Rumsfeld as Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969. Although the salary for that office had been increased to $42,500 during Rumsfeld's term in Congress, Rumsfeld was not paid a salary for the position. Rather, Rumsfeld was dually employed as Assistant to the President at the same $42,500 salary, a position presumably outside the scope of the Clause.
The rollback device gained its name when President Richard Nixon sought to appoint Senator William Saxbe as Attorney General following the Saturday Night Massacre. Elliot Richardson resigned on October 20, 1973, and Nixon nominated Saxbe on November 1. Saxbe was chosen in large part because, despite the confrontations of the ongoing Watergate scandal, Nixon felt the Senate would want to confirm one of their own. Saxbe had been a senator in 1969 when the Congress passed a pay increase from $35,000 to $60,000 for Cabinet members. According to , "After considering the report and recommendations of the Commission submitted under section 357 of this title, the president shall transmit to Congress his recommendations with respect to the exact rates of pay, for offices and positions within the purview of subparagraphs (A), (B), (C), and (D) of section 356 of this title, which the president considers to be fair and reasonable ..." The president transmitted "Salary Recommendations For 1969 Increases" to Congress on January 15, 1969 following the first Commission Report submitted to him under in December 1968. (34 F.R. 2241; ). Saxbe had become a Senator on January 3, 1969 and on February 14 the legislation became law when Congress took no action to veto the proposal that raised the salary of top executive branch officials, the judicial branch and members of Congress.
As with the Knox instance, the clause complication caught both Saxbe and the Nixon administration by surprise after the nomination had been announced. In early November 1973 Nixon requested a reduction in emoluments to pre-1969 levels as a remedy to the problem. The Senate Judiciary Committee held several days of hearings on how to properly interpret the Ineligibility Clause, with conflicting opinions being given by constitutional law professors about whether the proposed remedy was constitutional. The Senate then acted upon the advice of acting Attorney General Robert Bork that reducing the Attorney General's salary to its pre-1969 level by enacting () would cure the ineligibility. passed in the Senate by a 75–16 roll-call vote on November 28 after it was approved by the Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee and sharply criticized by the Senate Judiciary Committee.
Although passage in the House was less controversial than it was in the Senate because the constitutional issues did not dominate consideration, the bill met with other procedural obstacles. At the time, Congress was under siege for what was widely perceived as abuse of members' franking privileges. In April, the House had approved H.R. 3180 to clarify what was and was not proper use of franking, and the Senate amended the bill on October 11. The House requested a conference, but the Senate delayed. Supposedly, Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee Chairman Gale McGee was delaying the franking bill until the Senate-passed post card voter registration bill () was put to a House vote. Thus, at first the House inserted franking language in its Saxbe fix bill. On December 3, it suspended its rules to pass the bill 261–129. The Senate then passed the Saxbe fix bill () on December 6 without the franking language. The House agreed to the amended bill on December 7. On December 10, Nixon officially submitted the Saxbe nomination. The Judiciary Committee approved Saxbe on December 13 and the full senate confirmed him on December 17 by a 75–10 vote. Ten Democratic senators cited constitutional concerns in opposing this move. Senator Robert C. Byrd, who felt the bar was not avoidable by legislation, explained his position at the time: "[The Clause is] so clear that it can't be waived. ... We should not delude the American people into thinking a way can be found around the constitutional obstacle." Saxbe did not resign his Senate seat until January 4, 1974, when his wife became eligible for survivor benefits after the completion of his fifth year of service. This delayed his transition to the Cabinet because the Clause expressly prohibits dual service. Saxbe later wrote that although he needed the additional salary he lost (he was earning $42,500 per year as a senator), he was still willing to serve as Attorney General and would get by financially. His biggest fear was that the fix would be ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court several months after he had been in office, and he would have to repay salary already spent.
Subsequently, Jimmy Carter became the first Democratic president to use a Saxbe fix when he appointed Senator Edmund Muskie as his Secretary of State. Cyrus Vance had resigned on April 28, 1980. (Ironically, Muskie had been one of the ten senators voting against Saxbe's confirmation.) Carter nominated Muskie on April 29, and the Senate confirmed Muskie on May 7 by a 94–2 vote. Unlike the Knox and Saxbe fixes, the salary reduction to allow Muskie's appointment was temporary, reducing the salary only for the duration of Muskie's tenure. When Carter appointed Representative Abner Mikva to the D.C. Circuit, a lawsuit challenging the appointment based on Ineligibility Clause objections again failed for lack of standing.
Upon the retirement of Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. in 1987, President Ronald Reagan considered appointing Senator Orrin Hatch to fill his seat. But Congress had, during the term which he was still serving, enacted a salary increase for the judiciary. In July 1987, Bork was nominated instead, although it is not clear how important a role the Ineligibility Clause issue played in the selection. Two months later, Assistant Attorney General Charles J. Cooper rejected the Saxbe fix in a written opinion, concluding that it did not resolve the Ineligibility Clause issue. (The Bork nomination was rejected by the Senate, and the seat ultimately went to Anthony Kennedy.) According to Jan Crawford Greenberg, the Justice Department had previously done the same to Senator Hatch the year prior when Hatch put forth his name as a replacement for retiring Chief Justice Warren Burger. According to Greenburg, Michael Carvin used the Ineligibility Clause as a pretext to allow the White House to quietly say no to Hatch.
On January 5, 1993, , a bill to reduce the salary of the Treasury Secretary from $148,400 to $99,500 (the pre-1989 level), passed by a voice vote in the Senate and by the House on January 6. On January 19, President George H. W. Bush signed a bill enacting a temporary Saxbe fix so that Senator Lloyd Bentsen could move from the Senate to take the job of Treasury Secretary during the newly elected Clinton administration. S.J. RES. 1 (1993), which canceled emolument increases for the remainder of Bentsen's term, a term set to expire at noon on January 3, 1995, had been passed by both Houses without objection. However, in a law review article, University of Minnesota Law School Professor Michael Stokes Paulson rejected the Bentsen fix as unconstitutional. In 1994, President Bill Clinton received approval to use a Saxbe fix to appoint United States Senate Majority Leader George J. Mitchell to the Supreme Court, but Mitchell withdrew his name from consideration for reasons unrelated to his eligibility.
21st century
The term "Saxbe fix" reentered the public lexicon in 2008 with the speculation that Senator Hillary Clinton was President-elect Barack Obama's preferred nominee to be Secretary of State, fueled by Obama's confirmation of his intent to nominate Clinton December 1, 2008. Clinton's relevant Senate term began with the seating of the 110th United States Congress on January 3, 2007, following her 2006 re-election. During that time, United States Cabinet salaries were increased from $186,600 to $191,300 in January 2008, and to $196,700 in January 2009. These pay raises were by executive order in accordance with cost of living adjustment statutes, as noted by legal scholar Eugene Volokh on his blog, The Volokh Conspiracy. Before the January 2009 pay increases, secretaries made $191,300 compared to Members of Congress who earned $169,300.
Without a Saxbe fix, Clinton would have been ineligible to serve in the Cabinet until the conclusion of the 112th United States Congress in January 2013, near the end of Obama's elected term. The Senate passed Saxbe-fix legislation on December 10, 2008, acting by unanimous consent to reduce the Secretary of State's salary back to its January 1, 2007 level of $186,000, taking effect at 12:00 noon on January 20, 2009. President George W. Bush signed the resolution into law on December 19, cancelling all emolument increases made or to be made during Clinton's Senate term between noon of January 3, 2007, and noon of January 3, 2013.
The conservative advocacy group Judicial Watch announced after the nomination that it believed a Saxbe fix was unconstitutional and that Clinton could not become Secretary of State until 2013 at the earliest. After the Saxbe fix was passed, Judicial Watch said it might seek to halt Clinton's appointment via litigation. On January 29, 2009, a week after Clinton had been sworn into the position, Judicial Watch filed the lawsuit Rodearmel v. Clinton in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, on behalf of David Rodearmel, a U.S. Foreign Service Officer and State Department employee. The suit claims that Clinton is "constitutionally ineligible" to serve as Secretary of State due to the Ineligibility Clause and that Rodearmel cannot be forced to serve under her, as it would violate the oath he took as a Foreign Service Officer in 1991 to "support and defend" and "bear true faith and allegiance" to the U.S. Constitution. On February 6, a panel of three judges was appointed to hear the case. On May 20, the Obama administration Office of Legal Counsel filed an opinion with the district court saying that Clinton's appointment did not violate the Ineligibility Clause, and that an "on net" view of the Clause "presents an entirely natural interpretation of the [Constitution's] language." On October 30, 2009, the District Court dismissed the case, stating "Because Rodearmel has failed to allege that Clinton has taken any action—much less an action that has aggrieved him—he does not come within the 'zone of interests' protected by the Secretary of State Emoluments Act."
Senator Ken Salazar, the Secretary of the Interior, also required a Saxbe fix by the 111th United States Congress. Salazar was given a temporary Saxbe fix on January 6, 2009 as part of . This resolution rolled back the salary of the Secretary of the Interior to the January 1, 2005 level, effective January 20, 2009. The resolution canceled all emolument increases for this office made or to be made between noon of January 3, 2005, and ending at noon of January 3, 2011. The bill was sponsored by Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, was introduced on January 6, 2009, and became the first public law enacted by the 111th Congress (). During Obama's first term there were three Cabinet members serving who were sitting members of the House or Senate when appointed, two of whom (Clinton and Salazar) required Saxbe fixes. The May 2009 Office of Legal Counsel brief also asserted the constitutionality of Salazar's appointment.
Legality
Over time, the Saxbe fix has become politically uncontroversial. Both Democratic and Republicans Administrations have used the fix, and indeed Republican outgoing President George H. W. Bush helped Democratic incoming President Bill Clinton execute the fix by signing it into law on the eve of Clinton's inauguration. The fixes that have been enacted for Obama's cabinet have passed in both the House and the Senate without amendment and by unanimous consent. Outgoing Republican President George W. Bush signed the Saxbe fixes for both Hillary Clinton and Ken Salazar into law for the incoming Democratic Obama administration.
The constitutionality of the fix has been much debated, however, and the U.S. Supreme Court has never directly ruled on it. Critical review of the clause begins with a study of the terms in the plain language of the clause: "No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time . ... " All of the terms have been at issue in past controversies and many of the terms have been well-settled. Historically, the excluded class of individuals affected by the clause has not been an issue: all scholars have agreed that the clause refers exclusively to all members of Congress. The clause uses the verb "elected". If a senator serving under an appointment to fill a vacancy in an unexpired term accepted a nomination to federal office before the expiration of his or her term, this might be an issue.
The phrase "During the time for which he was elected" has not been controversial. Justice Joseph Story has expounded in his Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States that the disqualifying event expires at the conclusion of the elected term in which it occurred. This view is commonly accepted. Moreover, Department of Justice memoranda, outlining official opinions by United States Attorney General, hold that "the Ineligibility Clause covers only increases during the term that a Member of Congress is [or would be] currently serving". This principle was applied, for example, to the question of whether President Clinton could appoint Representative Bill Richardson as Ambassador to the United Nations despite a salary increase prior to his current term, and whether President Harding could appoint Senator William Kenyon as a Judge despite the Congressional increase of judicial salaries during his previous term. Opinions issued by the Clinton administration Office of Legal Counsel often presupposed the application of the clause, and conceded that "[t]he tradition of interpreting the Clause has been 'formalistic' rather than 'functional". Another clarification came in 1969, when newly re-elected Representative Melvin Laird was President-elect Nixon's choice for Secretary of Defense and Congress was expected to raise the pay of Cabinet members in the new term. Attorney General Ramsey Clark gave an official opinion, which Laird followed, that Laird could be sworn in and serve in the new term from January 3 to January 20 (when Nixon would take office) without running afoul of the Clause, as long as he joined the cabinet before the pay raise went into effect.
Arguments for its constitutionality
One way to interpret the clause is by the intentionalist view. As stated by University of North Carolina School of Law professor Michael J. Gerhardt, this is the position that "the critical inquiry is not whether the letter of the law has been broken (it has) but rather whether the problem that the clause exists to preclude—conflicts of interest in nominating a member of Congress who has been able to vote himself or herself a raise—has been avoided". The commonly used term for this spirit of the law argument is "net increases". According to conservative constitutional law attorney Bruce Fein, "The so-called fix fits the purpose of the clause like a glove."
If the Saxbe fix is a solution for the primary problem of self-dealing, a relevant fact is that Congress has not voted to increase any Cabinet salary or benefits since the 1990s, when it granted that power to the president in the form of an across-the-board cost of living adjustment by executive order. However, the Ineligibility Clause does not distinguish between increases in emoluments by legislation and increases by executive order. Perhaps the most lenient interpretation of self-dealing was made during the 1973 Saxbe hearings by Duke University School of Law professor William Van Alstyne, who argued that the ineligibility clause only applied to new offices created during a congressional term, not to appointments to existing offices.
Some scholars think that the phrase "shall have been increased during such time" is ambiguous and allows different interpretations. For instance, it could be interpreted as meaning either "shall have been increased at least once" or "shall have been increased on net". In the latter case the Saxbe fix would be constitutional.
Arguments against its constitutionality
Another way to interpret the clause is through the lens of textualism, that is, giving primary consideration to what the law says rather than to its purpose. Most legal scholars who take this view argue that the Saxbe fix does not address the constitutional problem. Because to textualism advocates the language of the rule is an absolute prohibition, law professor and textualist Michael Paulsen has said, a "'fix' can rescind the salary, ... but it cannot repeal historical events. The emoluments of the office had been increased. The rule specified in the text still controls." Most textualists agree that the spirit of the Ineligibility Clause would be addressed by a Saxbe fix, but they dispute that a clause's "spirit" overrides its text.
This view is not confined to textualists; for example, law professors Jack Balkin and Mark Tushnet share it, with Tushnet observing that the Saxbe fix "smacks of clever manipulation" and does not adequately address the issue because "rescinding the increase does not mean that the salary 'shall not have been increased'; it simply means that the salary shall have been both increased and reduced during the term." Some intentionalists interpret the Ineligibility Clause as a safeguard against escalation of the size and scope of the federal government and its corresponding budget, in addition to being a safeguard against self-enrichment. They argue that reverting salary increases does not prevent members of Congress from engaging in conduct that would bloat the government.
Another argument presented during the Saxbe nomination hearings was that the constitutional framers wrote the Ineligibility Clause to prevent Congress from enacting laws to benefit one of its own members. Any Saxbe fix is such a law and should be disallowed based on this fact alone.
Challenges
Once Congress approves a salary reduction and the nominee is confirmed, legal experts conclude that in practice it is unlikely that an appointment would be successfully challenged in the courts. The most likely claimant would be an individual who has been adversely affected by a discretionary decision under the nominee's authority—for example someone denied a passport. It is unlikely that anyone would be found to have standing to contest the appointment. The Supreme Court has become less solicitous of standing since retreating from the most expansive level of United States v. SCRAP. In particular, it has been unwilling to grant standing for a generalized constitutional injury other than to a plaintiff who is protected by a statute or when a statute grants standing.
It has already proven difficult to be recognized as having standing when a fix is not used for a controversial appointment. The courts have dismissed suits contesting the appointments of Justice Hugo Black (Ex parte Levitt, 302 U.S. 633 (1937)) and Judge Abner Mikva (McClure v. Carter, 454 U.S. 1025 (1981)). Black and Mikva were members of Congress (Black of the Senate, Mikva of the House of Representatives) prior to appointment and were appointed without a Saxbe fix. In both cases, the courts held that the plaintiff lacked standing to challenge the appointment. Other than these cases, most attempts to gain standing have been considered frivolous lawsuits brought by fringe groups.
Precedents
There are several nuances to the Ineligibility Clause that determine the necessity of fixes in specific situations:
It applies to those members who have actually taken their seats, not to those who were elected but not yet sworn in.
According to Marbury v. Madison, "appointed" means at the moment of nomination for civil office, not at the time of approval. Although Chief Justice John Marshall stated that appointments by the president are completely voluntary, there are restrictions on his statutory authority. For example, the duty to commission officers of the United States is enjoined by the constitution and he must nominate with the advice and consent of the Senate.
The bar cannot be evaded by resignation from Congress. In a written opinion of Attorney General Benjamin H. Brewster, the clause applies for the term "for which he was elected," not the time during which the member actually holds office.
According to United States v. Hartwell, "Civil office" is one in which the appointee exercises an authoritative role. It does not apply to temporary, honorific, advisory, or occasional postings. The terms civil office and civil officer are used only once each in the Constitution and civil office is never defined therein.
According to McLean v. United States, "Emoluments" means not only salary, but also includes other benefits such as forage and rations.
Under presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter, the United States Department of Justice determined that it did not matter when Congress passed legislation increasing the salary for an office, so long as the former member of Congress was nominated before the salary increase went into effect.
Notes
References
Political terminology of the United States
Legislative branch of the United States government
United States constitutional law
Cabinet of the United States
Legal history of the United States |
412847 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver%20Cowdery | Oliver Cowdery | Oliver H. P. Cowdery (October 3, 1806 – March 3, 1850) was an American religious leader who, with Joseph Smith, was an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement between 1829 and 1836. He was the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormon's golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles and the Assistant President of the Church.
In 1838, as Assistant President of the Church, Cowdery resigned and was excommunicated on charges of denying the faith. He had claimed that Smith had been engaging in a sexual relationship with Fanny Alger, a teenage servant in his home. Cowdery became a Methodist, but was rebaptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in 1848.
Biography
Early life
Oliver Cowdery was born October 3, 1806, in Wells, Vermont; his father, William, moved the family to the nearby town of Poultney when Cowdery was three years old. His mother, Rebecca Fuller Cowdery, died on September 3, 1809. In his youth, Cowdery hunted for buried treasure using a divining rod, a common practice at the time.
At age 20, Cowdery left Vermont for upstate New York, where his older brothers had settled. He clerked at a store for just over two years and in 1829 became a school teacher in Manchester. Cowdery lodged with different families in the area, including that of Joseph Smith, Sr., who was said to have provided Cowdery with additional information about the golden plates of which Cowdery said he had heard "from all quarters."
Book of Mormon scribe and witness
Cowdery met Joseph Smith, Jr. on April 5, 1829—a year and a day before the official founding of the Church of Christ—and heard from him how he had received golden plates containing ancient reformed Egyptian writings. Cowdery told Smith that he had seen the golden plates in a vision before the two had met.
Before meeting Cowdery, Smith had virtually stopped translating after the first 116 pages had been lost by Martin Harris. Working with Cowdery, however, Smith completed the manuscript of what would become the Book of Mormon in a remarkably short period (April 7–June 1829), during what Richard Bushman later called a "burst of rapid-fire translation." Cowdery also unsuccessfully attempted to translate part of the Book of Mormon by himself.
Cowdery and Smith claimed that on May 15, 1829, they received the Aaronic priesthood from the resurrected John the Baptist, after which they baptized each other in the Susquehanna River. Cowdery said that he and Smith later went into the forest and prayed "until a glorious light encircled us, and as we arose on account of the light, three persons stood before us dressed in white, their faces beaming with glory." One of the three announced that he was the Apostle Peter and said the others were the apostles James and John.
Later that year, Cowdery reported sharing a vision, along with Smith and David Whitmer, in which an angel showed him the golden plates. Harris said he saw a similar vision later that day. Cowdery, Whitmer and Harris signed a statement to that effect and became known as the Three Witnesses. Their testimony has subsequently been published in nearly every edition of the Book of Mormon.
Second Elder of the church
When the Church of Christ was organized on April 6, 1830, Smith became "First Elder" and Cowdery "Second Elder." Although Cowdery was technically second in authority to Smith from the organization of the church through 1838, in practice Sidney Rigdon, Smith's "spokesman" and counselor in the First Presidency, began to supplant Cowdery as early as 1831. Cowdery held the position of Assistant President of the Church from 1834 until his excommunication in 1838. He was also a member of the first presiding high council of the church, organized in Kirtland, Ohio, in 1834.
On December 18, 1832, Cowdery married Elizabeth Ann Whitmer, the daughter of Peter Whitmer, Sr. and sister of David, John, Jacob and Peter Whitmer, Jr. They had six children, of whom only one daughter survived to maturity.
Cowdery helped Smith publish a series of revelations first called the Book of Commandments and later, as revised and expanded, the Doctrine and Covenants. He was also the editor, or on the editorial board, of several early church publications, including the Evening and Morning Star, the Messenger and Advocate and the Northern Times.
When the church created a bank known as the Kirtland Safety Society (KSS) in 1837, Cowdery obtained the money-printing plates. Sent by Smith to Monroe, Michigan, he became president of the Bank of Monroe, in which the church had a controlling interest. Both banks failed that same year. Cowdery moved to the newly founded Latter Day Saint settlement in Far West, Missouri, and suffered ill health through the winter of 1837–38.
Early written history of the church
In 1834 and 1835, with the help of Smith, Cowdery published a contribution to an anticipated "full history of the rise of the church of Latter Day Saints" as a series of articles in the Messenger and Advocate. His version was not entirely congruent with the later official history of the church. For instance, Cowdery ignored Smith's first vision but described an angel (rather than God the Father or Jesus Christ) who called Smith to his work in September 1823. He placed the religious revival that inspired Smith in 1823 (rather than 1820) and stated that this revival experience had caused Smith to pray in his bedroom (rather than the woods of the official history). Further, after first asserting that the revival had occurred in 1821, when Smith was in his "fifteenth year", Cowdery corrected the date to 1823 and stated that it was in Smith's seventeenth year (though 1823 was actually Smith's eighteenth year).
1838 split with Smith
By early 1838, Smith and Cowdery disagreed on three significant issues. First, Cowdery competed with Smith for leadership of the new church and "disagreed with the Prophet's economic and political program and sought a personal financial independence [from the] Zion society that Joseph Smith envisioned." Then, in March 1838, Smith and Rigdon took over the Far West church, which had been under the presidency of W. W. Phelps and Cowdery's brothers-in-law, and initiated policies that Cowdery, Phelps, and the Whitmers believed violated the separation of church and state. Finally, in January 1838, Cowdery wrote his brother Warren that he and Smith:
"had some conversation in which in every instance I did not fail to affirm that which I had said was strictly true. A dirty, nasty, filthy affair of his and Fanny Alger's was talked over in which I strictly declared that I had never deserted from the truth in the matter, and as I supposed was admitted by himself."
Alger, a teenage maid living with the Smiths in Kirtland, may have been Smith's first plural wife, a practice Cowdery opposed.
On April 12, 1838, a church court excommunicated Cowdery after he had failed to appear at a hearing on his membership and sent a letter of resignation instead. David Whitmer was also excommunicated from the church at the same time, and apostle Lyman E. Johnson was disfellowshipped; John Whitmer and Phelps had been excommunicated for similar reasons a month earlier.
Cowdery and the Whitmers became known as "the dissenters" but continued to live in and around Far West, where they owned a great deal of property. On June 17, 1838, Rigdon announced to a large Latter Day Saint congregation that the dissenters were "as salt that had lost its savor" and that it was the duty of the faithful to cast them out "to be trodden beneath the feet of men." The Salt Sermon was seen as a threat of violence and an implicit instruction to the Danites, a secret vigilante group.
The Danite Manifesto, a letter addressed to Cowdery and the other dissenters, was signed by some eighty-four Latter Day Saints (but not Smith). It warned:
you shall have three days after you receive this communication to you, including twenty-four hours in each day, for you to depart with your families peaceably; which you may do undisturbed by any person; but in that time, if you do not depart, we will use the means in our power to cause you to depart.
Cowdery and the dissenters fled the county. Reports about their treatment circulated in nearby non-Mormon communities and increased the tension that led to the 1838 Mormon War, which ultimately resulted in the Latter Day Saints' expulsion from Missouri.
1838–48
Between 1838 and 1848, Cowdery studied and practiced law in Tiffin, Ohio, where he became a civic and political leader. He joined the local Methodist church and served as secretary in 1844. Cowdery, also edited the local Democratic newspaper until it was learned that he was one of the Three Witnesses, at which time he was reassigned as assistant editor. He was nominated as his district's Democratic Party candidate for the Ohio State Senate in 1846, but was defeated when his Mormon background was discovered. Some contemporary Mormons believed that Cowdery had denied his testimony of the Book of Mormon, while others believed he may have repeated his testimony even while estranged from the church. There is no evidence for either scenario.
After the Smith's death on June 27, 1844, a succession crisis split the Latter Day Saint movement. Cowdery's father and brother were followers of James J. Strang, who pressed his claim as the movement's new "Prophet, Seer, and Revelator" by claiming that he had found and translated ancient records engraved upon metal plates, similar to the golden plates Smith had translated in the 1820s. In 1847, Cowdery and his brother moved to Elkhorn, Wisconsin, about twelve miles away from Strang's headquarters in Voree. In Elkhorn he entered law practice with his brother and became co-editor of the Walworth County Democrat. In 1848 he ran for state assemblyman but was again defeated when his Mormon ties were disclosed.
LDS Church member
In 1848, Cowdery traveled to the frontier settlement of Winter Quarters (in present-day Nebraska) to meet with followers of Brigham Young and the Quorum of the Twelve, asking to be reunited with the church. The Twelve referred the application to the high council in Pottawattamie County, Iowa, which convened a meeting with all high priests in the area to consider the matter. After Cowdery convinced the meeting attendees that he no longer maintained any claim to leadership within the church, his application for rebaptism was unanimously approved. On November 12, 1848, Cowdery was rebaptized by Orson Hyde of the Quorum of the Twelve into—what had become following the succession crisis—the LDS Church in Indian Creek at Kanesville, Iowa.
After his rebaptism, Cowdery desired to relocate to the State of Deseret (present-day Utah) in the coming spring or summer, but due to financial and health problems he decided that he would not be able to make the journey in 1849. Because he was not with the LDS settlement in the State of Deseret, he was not immediately given a position of responsibility in the church. However, in July 1849, Young wrote Cowdery a letter inviting him to travel to Washington, D.C., with Almon W. Babbitt to press the State of Deseret's desire for statehood and to draft a formal application. Cowdery's deteriorating health did not allow him to accept this assignment, and within eight months he had died.
In 1912, the official church magazine Improvement Era published a statement by Jacob F. Gates, son of early Mormon leader Jacob Gates, who had died twenty years prior. According to the recollection by his son, the elder Gates had visited Cowdery in 1849 and inquired about his witness testimony concerning the Book of Mormon. Cowdery reportedly reaffirmed his witness:
"Jacob, I want you to remember what I say to you. I am a dying man, and what would it profit me to tell you a lie? I know," said he, "that this Book of Mormon was translated by the gift and power of God. My eyes saw, my ears heard, and my understanding was touched, and I know that whereof I testified is true. It was no dream, no vain imagination of the mind—it was real".;
On March 3, 1850, Cowdery died in David Whitmer's home in Richmond, Missouri.
As purported co-author of the Book of Mormon
Critics who doubt the origin theory of the Book of Mormon have speculated that Cowdery may have played a role in the work's composition. LDS scholar Daniel Peterson, however, has noted that the original manuscript of the Book of Mormon seems to corroborate Smith's story in that it was in its majority dictated to Cowdery, with aural errors in it; and the Printer's Manuscript, in which Cowdery participated in producing, contains copyist errors with his calligraphy, rendering him unlikely of being aware of the content beforehand.
Speculation of pre-1829 connection between Cowdery and Smith
Cowdery was a third cousin of Lucy Mack Smith, Joseph Smith's mother. There is also a geographical connection between the Smiths and the Cowderys. During the 1790s, both Joseph Smith, Sr. and Lucy Mack Smith, and two of Cowdery's relatives were living in Tunbridge, Vermont.
New Israelites
Joseph Smith, Sr. and Cowdery's father, William, may have been members of a Congregationalist sect known as the New Israelites, organized in Rutland County, Vermont. The Cowdery family lived in Rutland County in the early 19th century and later attended a Congregationalist church in Poultney, Vermont. Witnesses from Vermont connected William Cowdery to the sect before these witnesses could have known that his son, Oliver, was a dowser.
Vermont residents interviewed by a local historian said that Joseph Smith, Sr. was also a member of the New Israelites and was one of its "leading rods-men". But although residents said that he lived in Poultney, Vermont, "at the time of the Wood movement here", there are no other records placing Smith closer than about 50 miles away. On the other hand, Smith's involvement with the New Israelites would be consistent with his links to Congregationalism and the report from James C. Brewster than in 1837 Smith, Sr. admitted that he entered the money digging business "more than thirty years" ago.
Cowdery and View of the Hebrews
For several years, Cowdery and his family attended the Congregational Church in Poultney, Vermont, when its minister was the Rev. Ethan Smith, author of View of the Hebrews, an 1823 book suggesting that Native Americans were of Hebrew origin, a not uncommon speculation during the colonial and early national periods. In 2000, David Persuitte argued that Cowdery's knowledge of View of the Hebrews significantly contributed to the final version of the Book of Mormon, a connection first suggested as early as 1902. Fawn Brodie wrote that it "may never be proved that Joseph saw View of the Hebrews before writing the Book of Mormon, but the striking parallelisms between the two books hardly leave a case for mere coincidence." Richard Bushman and John W. Welch reject the connection and argue that there is little relationship between the contents of the two books.
Footnotes
References
Brooke, John L. The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994.
Cowdrey, Wayne L. Davis, Howard A. Vinik, Arthur Who Really Wrote the Book of Mormon? The Spalding Enigma Concordia Publishing House: St. Louis, 2005.
Gunn, Stanley R. Oliver Cowdery, Second Elder and Scribe. Bookcraft: Salt Lake City, 1962. 250–51.
Legg, Phillip R., Oliver Cowdery: The Elusive Second Elder of the Restoration, Herald House: Independence, Missouri, 1989.
Mehling, Mary, Cowdrey-Cowdery-Cowdray Genealogy p. 181, Frank Allaben: 1911.
Quinn, D. Michael, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, Revised and enlarged (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998), 36–39.
Smith, Joseph, B. H. Roberts, ed., History of the Church (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1902), seven volumes.
Vogel, Dan, ed., Early Mormon Documents [EMD] (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1998), five volumes.
Welch, John W. and Morris, Larry E., eds., Oliver Cowdery: Scribe, Elder, Witness (Provo, UT: The Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship, 2006); .
Further reading
External links
Oliver Cowdery, by Dale R. Broadhurst, at olivercowdery.com
Oliver Cowdery's Genealogy, at olivercowdery.com
Oliver Cowdry legal documents, MSS SC 355 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Oliver Cowdrey stipulation in estate settlement, MSS SC 258 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Oliver Cowdery notarized affidavit, MSS SC 1035 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
Oliver Cowdery docket book, MSS 4029 at L. Tom Perry Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University
1806 births
1850 deaths
American Latter Day Saint leaders
American Latter Day Saint missionaries
Angelic visionaries
Apostles of the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Book of Mormon witnesses
Converts to Mormonism
Doctrine and Covenants people
Editors of Latter Day Saint publications
Latter Day Saint missionaries in the United States
Leaders in the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
Members of the First Presidency (LDS Church)
Official historians of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
Ohio Democrats
People excommunicated by the Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)
People from Elkhorn, Wisconsin
People from Wells, Vermont
Religious leaders from Vermont
Wisconsin Democrats |
3587038 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Praise%20of%20Love%20%28film%29 | In Praise of Love (film) | In Praise of Love () is a 2001 French film written and directed by Jean-Luc Godard. The black-and-white and color drama was shot by Julien Hirsch and Christophe Pollock. Godard has famously stated that "a film should have a beginning, a middle and an end, but not necessarily in that order." This aphorism is illustrated by In Praise of Love (Éloge de l'amour), which reverses the order of past and present. It was selected as the Swiss entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 74th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
In Praise of Love polarized film critics. While some prominent reviewers were highly negative toward the work, others consider it to be one of the best films of its decade.
Plot
The first half of the film, shot on black and white film, follows a man named Edgar who is working on an undefined "project" about what he considers the four stages of love: meeting, physical passion, separation, and reconciliation, involving people at three different stages of life: youth, adulthood, and old age. Edgar keeps flipping through the pages of an empty book, staring intently as if waiting for words to appear. He is unsure whether the project should be a novel, a play, an opera, or a film. In Paris, he interviews potential participants from all walks of life (including those people Victor Hugo dubbed les misérables, whom Edgar considers important to the project), but is continually dissatisfied. The person Edgar really wants is someone he met two years ago, a woman who "dared speak her mind." At the urging of his financial backer Mr. Rosenthal, an art dealer whose father once owned a gallery with Edgar's grandfather, Edgar tracks down the woman, named Berthe, where she is working at night cleaning passenger cars at a railroad depot. Berthe remembers Edgar (and marvels at his memory) but emphatically does not want to be involved in his project. She holds down several jobs and also cares for her three-year-old son. Edgar continues to interview people, to his continuing dissatisfaction. He is able to visualize the stages of youth and old age but keeps having trouble with adulthood.
Edgar runs into Berthe at a lecture at a Parisian bookstore by expatriate American journalist Mark Hunter about the Kosovo War. Edgar makes it a point to tell Berthe that Hunter is an example of a "good American." Afterwards, the two wander the city of signs and monuments, talking through the night and into the next day, eventually stopping at an abandoned Renault plant, where they contemplate the collapse of the workers movement. They part company, and later Berthe speaks with Edgar over the phone; they talk about when they first met and she questions him as to why he has stopped talking about his project. They end the conversation with an air of finality. Edgar visits a homeless shelter and selects a man sleeping in one of the beds. In a tender but brief moment, Edgar directs two young people, to whom he had earlier assigned the roles of Perceval and his love Eglantine, to bathe the man in a shower. Mr. Rosenthal is there to witness the scene, but the status of "the project" is unclear. In the final scene of the black and white section, Edgar goes to meet a man who has some news for him about Berthe.
The second section of the film is shot in DV video with over-saturated color. An intertitle announces that it is two years earlier. Edgar arrives in Brittany and is met by the same man he has just seen at the end of part one. The man, a minister of culture for the area, is there to take Edgar to meet Jean Lacouture, whom Edgar proceeds to interview about the role of Catholics in the French Resistance, in connection with a cantata he is writing for Simone Weil. This encounter leads Edgar to meet an elderly couple who fought in the Resistance and have been together ever since. The couple is meeting with delegates from the American state department who are helping to broker a deal on behalf of "Spielberg Associates." The company wants to purchase the rights to the couple's story for a film written by William Styron and starring Juliette Binoche. The couple's granddaughter, in training to be a lawyer, is attempting to get them out of the contract, as they are afraid they have been shortchanged. The granddaughter is Berthe, and this is when she and Edgar first meet. Berthe attempts to nullify the contract by arguing that the signatories are not members of a defined nation, referring to themselves simply as "Americans," when "America" is a term that encompasses two continents with many countries – but it is a futile effort.
After spending time with Berthe, Edgar takes the train back to Paris, and reflects on his encounters. When you think of something ("de quelque chose"), he muses, you are always thinking of something else. If you see a landscape that is new to you, for example, you are comparing it to a landscape you already know. What Edgar cannot know is what awaits him in the future, about which he is informed at the end of the first part of the film – that Berthe commits suicide.
Cast
Bruno Putzulu as Edgar
Cecile Camp as Elle (Berthe Samuel)
Jean Davy as Grandfather
Françoise Verny as Grandmother
Audrey Klebaner as Eglantine
Jérémie Lippmann as Perceval
Claude Baignières as Mr. Rosenthal
Remo Forlani as Mayor Forlani
Mark Hunter as U.S. journalist
Jean Lacouture as himself (historian)
Bruno Mesrine as magician
Philippe Loyrette as Philippe, Edgar's assistant
Marie Desgranges as woman on bench
Jean-Luc Godard as man on bench
Reception
Critical response
The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 52% of mainstream critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 73 reviews, with an average score of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Jean-Luc Godard remains a challenging filmmaker with admirable ambition, but In Praise of Love is too self-indulgent and bereft of stylistic pleasure to engage beyond the auteur's most patient fans." Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 64 out of 100, based on 31 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
The film critic for The New York Times, A.O. Scott, while praising the film also found its anti-American content polemical. He wrote, "In Praise of Love, it must be said, is the most elegant and coherent feature he has made since the mid-1980s. His visual command -- of the velvety shadows of black-and-white 35-millimeter film and the thick, supersaturated tones of digital video -- still has the power to astonish, and his debonair gloom remains seductive. But to continue with the notebook analogy, the decorous prose, graceful penmanship and impressive paper stock cannot disguise the banality of what is written." Film Comment named it one of the top 50 films of the decade (2000s).
Film critic Charles Taylor criticized Godard for "talking about Americans having no stories of their own, no past of their own (he claims we don't even have a name)" and questioned "How can a man who, along with his colleagues in the French new wave, did more than anyone to alert America to the art of its movies, the art we always took for granted, suddenly turn around and proclaim the whole culture worthless?" Film critic Roger Ebert, who gave the film one out of four stars, took issue with scenes in the film in which Godard accuses filmmaker Steven Spielberg of never paying Emilie Schindler for her contributions to his 1993 film Schindler's List, and leaving her impoverished in Argentina. Ebert wrote, "One muses: (1) Has Godard, having also used her, sent her any money? (2) Has Godard or any other director living or dead done more than Spielberg, with his Holocaust Project, to honor and preserve the memories of the survivors?" The claim that Emilie Schindler was living in poverty was also disputed by Thomas Keneally, author of Schindler's Ark, who verified that he had sent her a check himself.
Richard Brody of The New Yorker declared In Praise of Love the greatest film of the 2000s, stating that it is "one of the most unusual, tremulous, and understated of love stories, as well as the story of love itself; ... Godard’s third first film, thus something of a rebirth of cinema." Japanese film critic Shigehiko Hasumi also listed the film as one of the best of the decade, and it was voted one of the thirty best films of the 2000s in a British Film Institute poll for Sight & Sound.
Accolades
Wins
Valladolid International Film Festival: Jury Special Prize, Jean-Luc Godard; Tied with Va savoir; 2001.
Fajr Film Festival: Crystal Simorgh, International Competition: Best Film, Jean-Luc Godard; 2002.
Nominations
Cannes Film Festival: Golden Palm, Jean-Luc Godard; 2001.
Valladolid International Film Festival: Golden Spike, Jean-Luc Godard; 2001.
Swiss Film Prize: Swiss Film Prize, Best Film (Bester Spielfilm), Jean-Luc Godard; 2002.
See also
List of submissions to the 74th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Swiss submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
2001 films
2001 drama films
French black-and-white films
Films directed by Jean-Luc Godard
Films set in Paris
2000s French-language films
French nonlinear narrative films
French drama films
2000s French films |
19245898 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Bromley | Daniel Bromley | Daniel W. Bromley (born 1940) is an economist, the former Anderson-Bascom Professor of applied economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and since 2009, Emeritus Professor. His research in institutional economics explains the foundations of property rights, natural resources and the environment; and economic development. He has been editor of the journal Land Economics since 1974.
Career
Bromley graduated from Utah State University in 1963 with a degree in Ecology. He then received an M.S. (1967) and PhD (1969) in natural resource economics from Oregon State University, where his major professor was Emery Castle.
Bromley began working as a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1969 and retired after 40 years. He served two terms as chair of the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics in the University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Agricultural and Life Sciences. In 2014 he published Wisconsin Becoming: The Careful Creation of Prosperity, which covers the history of the Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics and its relation to economic development in the state of Wisconsin.
Since 2009, Bromley has been a visiting professor at the Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture of the Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany. In 2011 he was honored with the Reinhard-Lust-Preis for International Transfer of Science and Culture awarded jointly by the German Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung and the Fritz Thyssen-Stiftung.
For three years, Bromley served Chair of the U. S. Federal Advisory Committee on Marine Protected Areas. Bromley also served on a special committee of the National Academy of Sciences on climate change in the United States. Bromley is a consultant, advising the Global Environment Facility, the World Bank, the Ford Foundation, the U.S. Agency for International Development, the Asian Development Bank, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Ministry for the Environment in New Zealand, and the Aga Khan Foundation. His has consulted with the Government of National Unity in Sudan on economic recovery in the south and in Darfur and the government of Jordan on institutional reform in the water sector.
In 2016, Juha Hiedanpää and Bromley published Environmental Heresies: The Quest for Reasonable, which reframes environmental conflicts and which advances a pragmatic, deliberative approach.
Contributions to economics
Bromley has been the editor of the journal Land Economics for more than 41 years. His scholarship has been concerned with more effective fisheries, economic development, and environmental policy. In an influential article, "The ideology of efficiency: Searching for a Theory of Policy Analysis", Bromley challenged conventional notions that economic efficiency analysis is "objective", finding an absence of consistency and coherence in the logical positivism of economic welfare analysis.
In the 2006 book, Sufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions, Bromley challenged the prevailing economic microeconomic models of rational choice; he offered a competing evolutionary model of pragmatic human action where individuals "work out" their desired choices and actions as they learn what choices are available. Bromley's perspective on volitional pragmatism builds on the philosophical and institutional economics work of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Friedrich Nietzsche, Charles Sanders Peirce, John Dewey, John R. Commons, Thorstein Veblen, and Richard Rorty.
Awards
Who's Who in Economics
American Men and Women of Science
Fellow American Agricultural Economics Association
Fellow Association of Environmental and Resource Economists
Reimar Lüst Prize from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Germany, 2011
Veblen-Commons Award from the Association for Evolutionary Economics, 2016
Selected works
Books
Economic Interests and Institutions: The Conceptual Foundations of Public Policy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989.
Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
Making the Commons Work: Theory, Practice, and Policy. (ed.), San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992.
Handbook of Environmental Economics. (ed.) Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
Sustaining Development: Environmental Resources in Developing Countries. Cheltenham, UK: Elgar, 1999.
Economics, Ethics, and Environmental Policy: Contested Choices. (ed.) Oxford: Blackwell, 2002. (with Juoni Paavola)
Sufficient Reason: Volitional Pragmatism and the Meaning of Economic Institutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.
Vulnerable People, Vulnerable States: Redefining the Development Challenge. London: Routledge, 2012. (with Glen Anderson)
Institutions and the Environment. (ed.) Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014.
Environmental Heresies: The Quest for Reasonable. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. (with Juha Hiedanpää)
Possessive Individualism: A Crisis of Capitalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
Assuring the Future of South Sudan: Coherent Governance and Sustainable Livelihoods. Africa World Books, 2020. (with Lual A. Deng, Santiono Ayuel Longar, Bishop (Emeritus) Enock Tombe Stephen)
Articles
"The Village Against the Center: Resource Depletion in South Asia". American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 66(5):868–873 (1984). (with Devendra P. Chapagain).
"Property Relations and Economic Development: The Other Land Reform". World Development, 17(6):867-77 (June 1989).
"Private Property Rights and Presumptive Policy Entitlements: Reconsidering the Premises of Rural Policy". European Review of Agricultural Economics, 17:197–214 (Spring 1990). (with Ian Hodge)
"Property Rights, Externalities, and Resource Degradation: Locating the Tragedy," Journal of Development Economics, 33(2): 235–62, 1990. (with Bruce Larson)
"The Ideology of Efficiency: Searching for a Theory of Policy Analysis". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 19(1):86–107 (July 1990).
"The Commons, Common Property, and Environmental Policy". Environmental and Resource Economics, 2:1–17 (1992).
"Regulatory Takings: Coherent Concept or Logical Contradiction". Vermont Law Review, 17(3):647-82 (1993).
"Choices Without Prices Without Apologies". Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 26(2):129-48 (March 1994). (with Arild Vatn)
"Externalities: A Market Model Failure". Environmental and Resource Economics, 9:135-51 (1997). (with Arild Vatn)
"Indigenous Land Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: Appropriation, Security and Investment Demand". World Development, 25(4):549-62 (1997). (with Espen Sjaastad)
"Constitutional Political Economy: Property Claims in a Dynamic World". Contemporary Economic Policy, 15(4):43–54 (October 1997).
"Modeling Population and Resource Scarcity in 14th Century England". Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56(2):217-37 (2005). (with Jean-Paul Chavas).
"Volitional Pragmatism". Ecological Economics, 68:1–13 (2008).
"Resource Degradation in the African Commons: Accounting for Institutional Decay". Environment and Development Economics, 13(5):539-63, 2008.
"Formalising Property Relations in the Developing World: The Wrong Prescription for the Wrong Malady". Land Use Policy, 26(1):20–27 (2009).
"Abdicating Responsibility: The Deceits of Fisheries Policy". Fisheries, 34(6):280-90 (2009).
"Volitional Pragmatism: The Collective Construction of Rules to Live By". The Pluralist, 10(1):6–23 (2015).
"Where is the Backward Russian peasant? Evidence against the superiority of private farming, 1883–1913". Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(2):425-47 (2015) (with Michael Kopsidis and Katja Bruisch).
"The French Revolution and German Industrialization: Dubious Models and Doubtful Causality". Journal of Institutional Economics, 12(1):161–190 (2016). (with Michael Kopsidis).
"Institutional Economics". Journal of Economic Issues, 50(2, June):309-325 (2016).
"Rights-Based Fisheries and Contested Claims of Ownership: Some Necessary Clarifications". Marine Policy, 72(October):231–236 (2016).
"Rationality and Fatalism: Meanings and Labels in Pre-Revolutionary Russia". Mind and Society, 20:103-05 (2021).
"Opening Up is Not Showing Up: Human Volition after the Pandemic". Mind and Society, 20(2):195-99 (2021).
"The Confusions of Democracy: The Arab Spring and Beyond". World Development, 158(October) (2022).
References
1940 births
Living people
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
20th-century American economists
21st-century American economists |
17221035 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Justin | John Justin | John Justin (24 November 1917 – 29 November 2002) was a British stage and film actor.
Early life
John Justinian de Ledesma was born in Knightsbridge, London, England, the son of a well-off Argentine rancher. Though he grew up on his father's estancia, he was educated at Bryanston School in Bryanston, Dorset. He developed an interest in flying and became a qualified pilot at the age of 12, though he was not allowed to fly solo at the time because of his age.
Acting career
He became interested in acting at a young age. By the age of 16, he had joined the Plymouth Repertory. In 1937, he briefly trained with the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, but did not like it and soon joined the repertory company of John Gielgud. Among the plays he appeared in was Dear Octopus.
The Thief of Bagdad
In 1938, he auditioned for and was cast the role for which he is perhaps best remembered, Ahmad in the 1940 version of The Thief of Bagdad, opposite Sabu. To do so, he had to sign a seven-year contract with Alexander Korda.
Second World War
The Second World War broke out during the film's production. After completing the picture, Justin joined the Royal Air Force, serving as a test pilot and flying instructor. He was injured in a crash.
He was given leave to work on two films, The Gentle Sex (1943) with Leslie Howard, and Journey Together (1944), an RAF feature film with a cast led by Richard Attenborough, Jack Watling, David Tomlinson, and Edward G. Robinson. Bessie Love, whose career began in the silent era, also appeared in the cast.
Post-war
With the war's end, Justin returned to acting. In 1948, he did a stint at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford-on-Avon, appearing in King John, The Merchant of Venice, The Winter's Tale, Othello, Hamlet, and Troilus and Cressida. He also made the film Call of the Blood (1948).
In 1949, he appeared on stage in Peter Pan and was in Antigone on the BBC. Justin was in Return to Tyassi (1950) on the West End and appeared in The Angel with the Trumpet (1950).
Justin appeared in the film The Sound Barrier (1952) and played the lead in Hot Ice (1952). After appearing in Uncle Vanya (1952) on stage, he focused on film work.
He was in The Village (1953), a Swiss film; Melba (1953), a biopic; King of the Khyber Rifles (1954), a Hollywood film with Tyrone Power for 20th Century Fox; Seagulls Over Sorrento (1954) with Gene Kelly. Then he had two leading roles, in The Teckman Mystery (1954) with Margaret Leighton and The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955) with Moira Shearer.
Fox called him back for Untamed (1955) and Warwick Films used him in Safari (1956) with Victor Mature. Justin had a good role in Fox's Island in the Sun (1957), romancing Dorothy Dandridge.
In 1957, he appeared on stage in Dinner with the Family. In 1959 he joined the Old Vic, where his plays included The Double Dealer, As You Like It, and The Importance of Being Earnest.
He made his Broadway debut in 1960 in the play Little Moon of Alban and was in The Spider's Web (1960). He was later in stage productions of Much Ado About Nothing (1963), Death of a Salesman (1965), and As You Like It (1965).
Between 1963 and 1970 he made no film appearances. In 1968 he played Thorin Oakenshield in the BBC Radio adaptation of The Hobbit.
Later career
On stage he was in Lulu (1971), toured South Africa in Who Killed Santa Claus? (1971), was in Old Fruit (1974), A Man And His Wife (1974)
Later films included Ken Russell's Savage Messiah (1972), Lisztomania (1975) and Valentino (1977).
In 1979, he played the ghoulish lover in the BBC's Christmas ghost story Schalcken the Painter, based on the 1839 story Strange Event in the Life of Schalken the Painter by Sheridan Le Fanu.
His love was for the stage. He called his film career "a mistake".
Personal life
Justin was married three times, first to dancer and choreographer Pola Nirenska. His second marriage, to actress Barbara Murray, lasted from 1952 to 1964; they had three daughters. From 1970 to his death in 2002, he was married to Alison McMurdo.
Complete filmography
The Thief of Bagdad (1940) - Ahmad
The Gentle Sex (1943) - Flying Officer David Sheridan
Journey Together (1945) - Flying Instructor, Flying Grading School
No Alibi (1947, Short) - Pilot
Ridgeway's Late Joys (1947, TV)
Call of the Blood (1949) - David Erskine
Antigone (1949, live TV drama) - Haemon
The Angel with the Trumpet (1950) - Paul Alt
The World of Light (1950, live TV drama) - Bill Hamblin
Rush Job (1951, live TV drama) - Tom Stevenson
The Sound Barrier (1952) - Philip Peel
Hot Ice (1952) - Jim Henderson
The Village (1953) - Alan Manning
Melba (1953) - Eric Walton
King of the Khyber Rifles (1953) - Lt. Geoffrey Heath
Sacrifice to the Wind (1954, live TV drama) - Ulysses
Seagulls Over Sorrento (1954) - Lt. Roger Wharton
The Teckman Mystery (1954) - Philip Chance
The Man Who Loved Redheads (1955) - Mark St. Neots, Lord Binfield
Untamed (1955) - Shawn Kildare
Guilty? (1956) - Nap Rumbold
Safari (1956) - Brian Sinden
Island in the Sun (1957) - Denis Archer
The Widow of Bath (1959, TV series) - Hugh Everton
The Spider's Web (1960) - Henry Hailsham-Brown
Les hommes veulent vivre (Man Wants to Live) (1961) - Carter
Candidate for Murder (1962) - Robert Vaughan
La Salamandre d'or (1962) - Vandoeuvre
Savage Messiah (1972) - Lionel Shaw
La redada (Barcelona Kill) (1973) - Comisario Mendoza
Lisztomania (1975) - Count d'Agoult
Valentino (1977) - Sidney Olcott
The Big Sleep (1978) - Arthur Geiger
Schalcken the Painter (1979, TV Movie) - Vanderhausen
Very Like a Whale (1980, TV Movie) - Party Guest
Timon of Athens (1981, TV Movie) - Second Senator
Trenchcoat (1983) - Marquis De Pena
Good at Art (1983, TV Movie) - Mr. Jones (final film role)
Sabu: The Elephant Boy (1993, documentary) - Himself
References
External links
1917 births
2002 deaths
20th-century English male actors
Alumni of RADA
English people of Argentine descent
British people of Argentine descent
English male stage actors
English male film actors
English test pilots
Male actors from London
People educated at Bryanston School
Royal Air Force pilots of World War II |
477207 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas%20F3D%20Skyknight | Douglas F3D Skyknight | The Douglas F3D Skyknight (later designated F-10 Skyknight) is an American twin-engined, mid-wing jet fighter aircraft designed and manufactured by the Douglas Aircraft Company.
It was designed in response to a requirement issued the United States Navy in 1945 for a jet-powered, radar-equipped, carrier-based night fighter. Douglas designed the aircraft around the bulky air intercept radar systems of the era, resulting in a wide, deep, and roomy fuselage that accommodated its two-man crew. An initial contract was issued to Douglas on 3 April 1946. The XF3D-1 prototype performed its maiden flight on 23 March 1948. During June 1948, a production contract for 28 F3D-1 production aircraft was received. It was equipped with a Westinghouse AN/APQ-35 fire control system, which incorporated three separate radars and was an essential component of its night fighter operations.
The F3D saw service with the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. Its primary mission was to locate and destroy enemy aircraft at night. The Skyknight was not produced in great numbers, yet it achieved numerous firsts in its role as a night fighter during the Korean War, where the type frequently escorted Boeing B-29 Superfortresses on night bombing missions. While it never achieved the fame of the North American F-86 Sabre, it downed several Soviet-built MiG-15s as a night fighter over Korea. It only sustained a single air-to-air loss against a Chinese MiG-15, which occurred on the night of 29 May 1953. A total of 237 F3D-2s were completed before production was terminated on 23 March 1952.
The Skyknight played an important role in the development of the radar-guided AIM-7 Sparrow missile, which led to further guided air-to-air missile developments. It also served as an electronic warfare platform in the Vietnam War as a precursor to the EA-6A Intruder and EA-6B Prowler. The aircraft is sometimes unofficially called "Skynight", dropping the second "k". The unusual, portly profile earned it the nickname "Willie the Whale". Some Vietnam War U.S. Marine veterans have referred to the Skyknight as "Drut", whose meaning becomes obvious when read backwards. This may be in reference to its age, unflattering looks, or the low-slung air intakes that made it vulnerable to foreign object damage (FOD).
Design and development
Origins
The F3D was not intended to be a typical sleek and nimble dogfighter, but as a standoff night fighter, being outfitted with a powerful radar system and a second crew member. It originated in 1945 with a US Navy requirement for a jet-powered, radar-equipped, carrier-based night fighter. The Douglas team led by Ed Heinemann designed the aircraft around the bulky air intercept radar systems of the time, placing the pilot and radar operator in side-by-side seating. The result was an aircraft with a wide, deep, and roomy fuselage. Aviation author Joe Copalman observed that the F3D was a relatively conventional aircraft, despite its use of jet propulsion, the design team having opted for features such as a straight wing and traditional tail unit.
A large and relatively flat forward windshield was used; while not conducive to high speed flight, it provided distortion-free external visibility, something that was particularly valued for a night fighter at that time. The design team opted not to use tip tanks due to the fuselage already permitting sufficient fuel capacity and the difficulty involved in properly combining the tanks with a folding wing mechanism. The use of ejection seats was also considered but decided against as their inclusion would have necessitated a jettisonable canopy, made pressurizing the cockpit more difficult, and added weight. Instead, an escape tunnel was used, similar to the arrangement used in the Douglas A-3 Skywarrior. The stick was extendable so that more force could be exerted upon it by the pilot as a fallback measure in the event of a hydraulic failure.
The XF3D-1 was selected over a competing submission, Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation's G-75 twin-seat, four-engined, Westinghouse J30-powered night fighter design (similar layout to their Tigercat), leading to an initial contract being issued on 3 April 1946. The US Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) also issued a contract to Grumman for two G-75s (BuAer designation XF9F-1) experimental aircraft on 11 April 1946 in case the Skyknight encountered problems. Shortly thereafter, Grumman recognised that the G-75 would not be a successful aircraft, instead, the company had been working on a completely different single-engined day fighter, initially known as the G-79; it would later become the Grumman F9F Panther.
Into flight
On 23 March 1948, the XF3D-1 performed its maiden flight from Douglas' El Segundo facility with test pilot Russell Thaw at the controls. While wind tunnel testing had indicated the need for aerodynamic changes, such as the addition of wing fences, flight testing provided these to be unnecessary. Flight testing continued at El Segundo up until October 1948, after which the three prototypes were transported to Muroc Air Force Base (later renamed Edwards Air Force Base) to participate in service trials. These units were powered by a pair of Westinghouse J34-WE-24 turbojets, capable of thrust, which were installed underneath the roots of then-standard straight wings of the early jet era. During June 1948, a production contract for 28 F3D-1 production aircraft, powered by improved J34-WE-32 engines, was issued; relatively little external changes were made between the prototype and production aircraft, save for the enlargement of the engine nacelles. The first production aircraft made its first flight on 13 February 1950. That same month, shore-based testing was concluded.
As a night fighter that was not expected to be as fast as smaller daylight fighters, the expectation was to have a stable platform for its radar system and the four 20 mm cannon mounted in the lower fuselage. Yet, the F3D was capable of outturning a MiG-15 jet fighter. The fire control system in the F3D-1 was the Westinghouse AN/APQ-35. The AN/APQ-35 was advanced for the time, a combination of three different radars, each performing separate functions: an AN/APS-21 search radar, an AN/APG-26 tracking radar, both located in the nose, and an AN/APS-28 tail warning radar. The AN/APS-21 was capable of detecting aircraft at distances up to 20 miles away while the AN/APG-26 could achieve a weapons lock up to 2.25 miles away and the AN/APS-28 was effective up to 10 miles away. The complexity of this vacuum tube-based radar system, produced before the advent of semiconductor electronics, required intensive maintenance to keep it operating properly.
The F3D-1 was followed by the F3D-2, which was first ordered in August 1949. This model was intended to have Westinghouse J46 engines in enlarged nacelles to replace the J34-WE-32 engines of the F3D-1; however, on account of development problems with the J46, the F3D-2 was initially fitted with J34-WE-36 engines instead. Higher-thrust J34-WE-38 engines were installed later, noticeably increasing the aircraft's performance. Additional changes on the F3D-2 included the incorporation of an improved Westinghouse AN/APQ-36 fire control system, autopilot, air conditioning, and a bulletproof windscreen. A total of 237 F3D-2s were built prior to production being terminated on 23 March 1952. At one stage, a higher performance F3D-3 variant, equipped with swept wings and J46 engines, was planned, yet work was cancelled after the J46's development was so troublesome that officials opted to terminate work.
Operational history
Korean War
The 28 F3D-1s produced were primarily used to train F3D crews, as such, this model did not see combat in the Korean War. The F3D-2 Skyknight was only operated in the Korean theatre by United States Marine Corps (USMC) land–based squadrons, beginning in August 1952. The first aircraft to arrive in Korea were initially unable to commence operations due to a lack of gun barrel extensions, which were necessary to safely fire the aircraft's cannons; the first aircraft to be modified was on 9 August 1952, permitting live operations to commence in the following weeks. Prior to this, exercises were conducted to develop closer coordination with ground controllers, upon whom the F3D-2s were dependent upon during their night time operations.
From the onset of operations, hostile jamming from inside North Korea proved to be effective against onboard radar. This factor contributed to Skyknight pilots often experiencing difficulty when attempting to close in, identify, and lock onto suspected hostile aircraft. Ground-based anti-aircraft artillery, which was often equipped with radar-guided search lights, proved to be more of a threat to night time operations over Korea than the occasional MiG-15; such aircraft often acted as bait, attempting to draw the Skyknights into coordinated traps. According to Copalman, the AN/APS-28 tail warning radar unit proved quite advantageous in terms of situational awareness.
The Skyknight was responsible for downing more enemy aircraft over Korea than any other single type of naval aircraft. The first air-to-air victory was recorded on the night of 2 November 1952 by a USMC F3D-2 piloted by Major William T. Stratton Jr., and his radar operator, Master Sergeant Hans C. Hoglind of VMF(N)-513 Flying Nightmares, Major Stratton shot down what he believed was a Yakovlev Yak-15 (even though no Yak-15s were reported in Korea) which was the first successful night radar interception by a jet of another jet. The Skyknight claimed its first MiG-15 kill on 8 November 1952, when Captain O.R. Davis and Warrant Officer D.F. "Ding" Fessler downed a MiG-15 northwest of Pyongyang. USMC pilot Lt. Joseph Corvi and his radar operator Sergeant Dan George set another record with the Skyknight on the night of 10 December 1952, when they downed the first aircraft by an aircraft with a radar track and lock-on and without visual contact. They performed the feat by using their radar to lock onto a Polikarpov Po-2 biplane. They were also credited with another probable kill that night.
In January 1953, the number of USMC Skyknights in Korea was doubled to 24; this increase allowed them to effectively escort B-29 Superfortresses on night bombing missions. On 12 January 1953, an F3D-2 of VMF(N)-513 that was escorting B-29s on a night bombing mission was vectored to a contact and shot down the fourth aircraft by a Skyknight. By the end of the war, Skyknights had claimed six enemy aircraft (one Polikarpov Po-2, one Yakovlev Yak-15 and four MiG-15s).
In May of 1953, Composite Squadron 4 Detachment 44N was deployed to Korea via the U.S.S. Lake Champlain. They sailed through the Mediterranean Sea and on to the eastern Korean coast. After arriving, VC-4 flew a few patrols from the ship, but it was soon apparent that the planes were not well suited for the ships wooden deck. The exhaust nozzles on the F3D were angled slightly down and during take-off, the jet's exhaust scorched the Teac Deck of the ship. After each take-off the deck hands would rush out onto the deck and put out the smoldering fires. After several of these fire drills, the Ship's Captain insisted that VC-4 be transferred to the mainland and join up with VMF(N) 513.
On 23 June 1953, VC4 (DET44N) joined with VMF(N) 513 at K-6 Airbase south of Seoul. The mission of VC-4 DET44N as directed by Commander Task Force NINETY-ONE and as employed as an integral part of Marine All Weather Fighter Squadron 513 based ashore, providing night fighter escort for U.S. Air Force medium bomber (B-50) strikes on targets in North Korea and providing night combat air patrols in the Chodo Island area, extending from the Haeju peninsula to the Yalu River.
One F3D, piloted by LTJG Bob Bick and his RO, Chief Petty Officer Linton Smith, was lost to enemy fire on 2 July 1953. This aircraft was part of the detachment from Fleet Composite Squadron FOUR (VC-4) at NAS Atlantic City.
Operational Comments June 1953 through July 1953
The following are excerpts from Carrier Air Group FOUR, Action Report of VC-4 Detachment 44N for period 19 June 1953 to 27 July 1953.
1. The radar equipment in the F3D-2 is excellent, however the relatively low speed and slow rate of climb of the aircraft prohibits exploiting the advantage of the excellent radar coverage against high speed enemy jets.
2. The extreme visibility of the glow from the engines' tailpipes offers an easy target for a pursuer and a detriment to the evasiveness of the aircraft.
3. The near vertical forward windshield and the lack of windshield wipers, limits the visibility of the pilot, on a final GCA approach in heavy rain, to the curved side panel. Under such conditions of heavy rain, forward visibility is extremely poor.
While the Skyknight lacked the swept wings and high subsonic performance of the MiG-15, its powerful fire control system enabled it to find and shoot down other fighters at night, while most MiG-15s could only be guided by ground-based radar.
Post Korean War
Following the Korean War, the F3D was gradually replaced by more powerful aircraft with better radar systems. Its stability and spacious fuselage made the aircraft easily adaptable to other roles. The F3D (under the designations F3D-1M and F3D-2M) was used to support development of a number of air-to-air missile systems during the 1950s, including the Sparrow I, II, and III and Meteor missiles. The Sparrow missile was developed at Pacific Missile Test Center and early test firings were conducted at Naval Ordnance Test Station China Lake. During 1954, the F3D-2M became the first Navy jet aircraft to be fitted with an operational air-to-air missile, the Sparrow I, an all weather day/night beyond-visual-range missile that used beam riding guidance for the aircrew to control the missile's track. Only 28 aircraft (12 F3D-1Ms, and 16 F3D-2Ms) were modified to use the missiles.
In the late 1950s, a number of Marine F3D-2s were re-configured as electronic warfare aircraft and were accordingly redesignated F3D-2Q (later EF-10B). Several aircraft were also converted for use as trainers and were thus redesignated F3D-2T. Some of these aircraft were outfitted with a single 10" photography camera, mounted in the tail section, for aerial reconnaissance.
During 1959, Ed Heinemann proposed that Douglas refurbish retired F3Ds for civil use, reasoning that the former military aircraft could be offered at a much lower price than newly designed business jets such as the Lockheed JetStar. Some work on the initiative was undertaken, but it was canceled after it was determined that the stored aircraft were in a generally poor condition, making their refurbishment more costly than forecast.
When the U.S. Navy issued a requirement for a fleet defense missile fighter in 1959, Douglas responded with the F6D Missileer, which was essentially an updated and enlarged F3D that would carry the AAM-N-10 Eagle long-range air-to-air missile, with its most important characteristics being its large fuel capacity, its considerable time-on-station, a crew of two and sophisticated electronics, rather than speed or maneuverability. This concept, which retained the straight wings in an age of supersonic combat aircraft, was soon cancelled as it was felt that the aircraft would not be able to effectively defend itself against more nimble fighters. The supersonic General Dynamics-Grumman F-111B was subsequently developed to carry long-range missiles, was cancelled due to excessive weight and changing tactical requirements. The Grumman F-14 Tomcat later entered service in this role.
Skyknights continued in service through the 1960s in a gull white color scheme, by which point many of their contemporaries had long since been retired. During 1962, at which point the U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force unified their designation systems, the F3D-1 was redesignated F-10A while the F3D-2 was redesignated F-10B.
Vietnam War
The Skyknight was the only Korean War jet fighter that also flew in Vietnam. EF-10Bs served in the Electronic warfare role during the Vietnam War until 1969. The large interior provided ample room for electronic equipment. U.S. Marine Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron One (VMCJ-1) Golden Hawks began operating the EF-10B on 17 April 1965 under Lt. Col Wes Corman at Da Nang Air Base Republic of Vietnam with six aircraft. No more than 10 EF-10Bs were in Vietnam at one time. The Electronic Warfare (EW) Skyknight was a valuable Electronic countermeasure (ECM) asset to jam the SA-2 surface-to-air missiles (SAM) tracking and guidance systems. VMCJ-1 made history when its EF-10Bs conducted the first USMC airborne radar jamming mission on 29 April 1965 to support a USAF strike mission. On 27 July 1965, four EF-10Bs also supported a massive strike on the SAM sites outside Hanoi.
Many U.S. aircraft were lost to SA-2s in Vietnam. The electronic attack on the associated radar systems was known as "Fogbound" missions. The F3D also dropped chaff over the radar sites. The first EF-10B lost in Vietnam was to an SA-2 on 18 March 1966, while four more EF-10Bs were lost in Vietnam to accidents and unknown causes. Their mission was gradually assumed by the more capable EA-6A "Electric Intruder", an Electronic Warfare/Electronic Countermeasures (EW/ECM) variant of the Grumman A-6 Intruder attack bomber. The EF-10B Skyknight continued to fly lower–threat EW missions until they were withdrawn from South Vietnam in October 1969. The U.S. Navy's EKA-3 Skywarrior and the USAF's Douglas RB-66 Destroyer also assumed EW missions.
During May 1970, the U.S. Marine Corps retired the last of its EF-10Bs.
Post Vietnam
The U.S. Navy continued to use the F-10s for avionics systems testing. The F-10 was used as a radar testbed to develop the APQ-72 radar. The nose of an F-4 Phantom was added to the front of an F-10B. Another F-10 had a modified radome installed by the radar manufacturer Westinghouse. Yet another TF-10B was modified with the nose from an A-4 Skyhawk. In 1968, three Skyknights were transferred to the U.S. Army. These aircraft were operated by the Raytheon Corporation at Holloman AFB where they were used testing at the White Sands Missile Range into the 1980s; they were the last flyable Skyknights.
Variants
XF3D-1
Prototype aircraft, two Westinghouse J34-WE-24 turbojet engines of , APQ-35 search and target acquisition radar, four 20mm cannon, three built.
F3D-1
Two-seat all-weather day or night-fighter aircraft, powered by two Westinghouse J34-WE-32 turbojet engines, tail warning radar, ECM, and other electronics that added over of weight, 28 built. First flight: 13 February 1950.
F3D-1M
12 F3D-1s were converted into missile-armed test aircraft, used in the development of the AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missile.
F3D-2
Second Production version, initially powered by two Westinghouse J34-WE-36 and later by two Westinghouse J34-WE-38 turbojet engines, at , equipped with wing spoilers, autopilot and an improved Westinghouse AN/APQ-36 radar, 237 built. First flight: 14 February 1951.
F3D-2B
One F3D-1 was used for special armament test in 1952.
F3D-2M
16 F3D-2s were converted into missile armed aircraft. The F3D-2Ms were armed with AIM-7 Sparrow air-to-air missiles.
F3D-2Q
35 F3D-2s were converted into electronic warfare aircraft.
F3D-2T
Five F3D-2s were converted into night fighter training aircraft.
F3D-2T2
55 F3D-2s were used as radar-operator trainers and electronic warfare aircraft.
F3D-3
Unbuilt project, intended to be an advanced version incorporating swept wings.
F-10A
1962 re-designation of the F3D-1.
F-10B
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2.
EF-10B
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2Q.
MF-10A
1962 re-designation of the F3D-1M.
MF-10B
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2M.
TF-10B
1962 re-designation of the F3D-2T2.
Operators
United States Army
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy
Aircraft on display
F3D-2
BuNo 124598 – National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola, Florida.
BuNo 124629 – Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan AFB in Tucson, Arizona.
BuNo 124630 – Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum at MCAS Miramar, California.
BuNo 125807 – Combat Air Museum in Topeka, Kansas.
BuNo 125870, (repainted as BuNo 127039) – Korean War and Vietnam War memorial in Del Valle Park in Lakewood, California. Originally displayed in 1950s-era dark blue coloring, the aircraft was repainted in 1963 to the grey and white color scheme of Marine Corps aircraft at the time. With this repainting, the aircraft had the tail code "7L," which was the 1960s-era tail code for Marine Corps Air Reserve and Naval Air Reserve aircraft at nearby Naval Air Station Los Alamitos, California. In 2015, the aircraft was refurbished and painted in grey and white to depict a late 1950s-era Skyknight of VMFT(N)-20 with tail code "BP."
F3D-2Q
BuNo 124618 – National Museum of the Marine Corps, in Quantico, Virginia.
BuNo 124620 – Quonset Air Museum at Quonset State Airport (former NAS Quonset Point) in Quonset Point, Rhode Island.
BuNo 125850 – Air Force Flight Test Center Museum at Edwards AFB, California. This aircraft served until 1970 as part of VMCJ-3 (U.S. Marine Composite Reconnaissance Squadron 3) based at Marine Corps Air Station El Toro, California, carrying tail code "TN."
F3D-2T
BuNo 127074 – Empire State Aerosciences Museum (ESAM) near Schenectady, New York. This F3D was operated by Raytheon in Massachusetts for electronics tests until it was donated to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, New York. It was displayed at the museum from 1987 until April 2012, when it was one of three aircraft moved to the ESAM to make room for the Space Shuttle Enterprise. It is painted in the livery of U.S. Marine Night Fighter Squadron 513 (VMF(N)-513) as flown during the Korean War.
Specifications (F3D-2)
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
External links
Boeing "McDonnell Douglas History, Skyknight, F3D (F-10)"
GlobalSecurity "F3D (F-10) Skyknight"
"US Navy BuNo 125807 on display" at Combat Air Museum
F3D Skyknight
Douglas FD3 Skyknight
Twinjets
Carrier-based aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948 |
4877668 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need%20for%20Speed%20III%3A%20Hot%20Pursuit | Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit | Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit is a 1998 racing video game developed for PlayStation by EA Canada and Microsoft Windows by EA Seattle, and published by Electronic Arts. It is the third major installment in the Need for Speed franchise, incorporating police pursuits as a major part of gameplay. Hot Pursuit remains focused on racing using exotic sports cars, but features races that primarily take place in locations within North America, including varied settings and climates. Police AI is improved over the first game, utilizing several tactics to stop both the player and opponent. The PlayStation version was released on March 25, 1998, while the Windows version was released on October 12 the same year. The game received critical success, with praise for its graphics and customization options. It received a direct sequel in 2002 and a reboot in 2010.
Gameplay
With police pursuits reintegrated into the game, Hot Pursuits gameplay now consists of two categories. The first encompasses standard racing, as it has been in its predecessors, The Need for Speed and Need for Speed II, in which the player is allowed to race against one (including split-screen races) or seven other racers in normal circuit racers, knockouts, or tournaments (which allow the player to unlock bonus vehicles and a bonus track). The second category is dubbed "Hot Pursuit", where police pursuits are included in races; the mode allows the player to select a standard sports car to race against a single opponent in a police-scattered track. The PC version also contains a role reversal variation in which players select a police version of a sports car to pursue and stop all six racers before they complete the race. Completing the Hot Pursuit challenges in both roles in the PC version on every track of the game unlocks additional police sports cars.
Two modes were introduced in the game. The two-player split-screen mode allows two players to race using the same computer. The "Knockout" mode consists of seven races with eight racers on randomly chosen tracks, in which conditions such as selected difficulty, weather, and so on that the player has chosen before starting the race-series will apply. Each race consists of two laps where the driver who finishes last will be eliminated from the race lineup. All other drivers advance to the next round and carry on with the battle until there is only one player left, who technically wins the knockout competition. The standard "Tournament" mode consists of eight opponents in a four-lap race on randomly selected tracks and choices made by the player as in the knockout mode take effect when the tournament is started. The game supports network play through a serial port, modem, or IPX, and online gaming through TCP/IP protocol. It also allowed spawn installations of itself to be installed on other machines.
Racing tracks range from desert canyons to countryside villages, as well as snow-capped mountain ranges. Most tracks contain one or more secret shortcuts.
Car tuning was also introduced, which allowed any car's handling to be customized by adjusting low or high-end properties for engine tuning and gear ratios, front or back brake balance, slow or fast braking speed, soft or stiff suspension, low or high aerodynamics as well as rain or racing tires. Any of these options could be modified via sliders to offer a digit-sensitive, percentage-based effect to the selected car's overall performance. Higher-end engine and gear tuning, for example, will compromise acceleration for better top speed. Rear-based brake balance and slow braking speeds make for wider, drifting turns, and aerodynamics provide even higher speeds at the loss of handling.
Pursuit system
Hot Pursuits pursuit system has been significantly improved in terms of AI and police tactics over The Need for Speed. The game now requires that the racer only stops near a pursuing police car to be ticketed or arrested by the police, as opposed to being overtaken by a police car, forcing the racer to pull over for the same punishments. Accordingly, police cars are now programmed with the ability to block a racer's car in an attempt to halt them. In addition, whereas the original Need for Speed would only have a single police car chasing a racer in each pursuit, Hot Pursuit allows more police cars to pursue a racer, opening up the opportunity for them to collectively ambush the racer's car.
Tactical aspects of the police pursuits have also been improved. The police have the ability to deploy roadblocks which has computer-controlled police cars form a wall across the road, and spike strips which puncture the tires of a racer's car, bringing it to a halt. Both tactics present weaknesses, specifically gaps in the blockade that can be used by a racer to avoid collisions with police cars, or tire punctures from a spike strip which is only deployed on one side of the road. The player may also listen to police radio chatter on the pursuits' statuses, revealing to them the current locations of racers, police cars, as well as roadblocks and spike strips. The radio chatter also reveals reactions to specific events, such as a racer's collision with a parked police car, as well as referencing the racer's passing speed and the occurrence of the race itself ("It looks like the cars are racing!"). Furthermore, if a computer-controlled racer's driving conduct proves to be more dangerous (also chosen by the player) than that of the racer's, the police may relent their pursuit of the player and chase the AI instead.
Reception
The PlayStation version of Need for Speed III: Hot Pursuit received "favorable" reviews, just two points shy of "universal acclaim", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Next Generation called it "an excellent racer for both novice and expert enthusiasts. Hopefully EA will continue to improve the engine so that NFSIV offers a great two-player experience as well." They explained that the game's two-player mode suffers from a severe drop in frame rate. The magazine said of the PC version, "Add the fine 3D-accelerated graphics, lightning-fast response to the controller, incredible weather effects, and impressively valued terrain, and you've got a winner." James Price of Official UK PlayStation Magazine said, "While certainly accomplished, Need for Speed 3 is hamstrung – in a direct head-to-head with Gran Turismo, EA's title just can't compete. It's a great shame because it's one of the most playable racing games released in the past year."
All four reviewers on Electronic Gaming Monthly hailed Need For Speed III as a strong comeback for the series after the disappointments of Need for Speed II, Need for Speed: V-Rally, and the PlayStation/Saturn revision of the original game, particularly commenting on the outstanding power-sliding and the variety of cars and play modes available. GameSpot likewise said that it was the first truly outstanding game in the Need for Speed series since the original 3DO release, citing its stunning graphical effects and effective customization, and contradicted Next Generation by remarking, "The two-player split-screen mode is one of the best two-player modes I have seen in a driving game." GamePro took a middle ground on the two-player mode, saying that "while the two-player split-screen mode suffers from a little slowdown, it's definitely playable." They criticized the lack of variety in the tracks, noting that some of them are merely palette swaps of others, but lauded the game as one of the best racers on the PlayStation for its graphics, tight simulation, and thrilling Hot Pursuit Mode.
AllGames Shawn Sackenheim said, "All things considered, Need for Speed 3 is a blast! A bit hard at first in the tournaments but the hot pursuit and two player modes will have you racing well into the night for weeks on end." Jonathan Sutyak calling it "a great game because of the ability to play as the police and take part in multiplayer games. Take away those two modes and you have a basic racing game with great graphics." However, Edge said that it "doesn't manage to regain the 'rawness' of the first installment, remaining a fun title that will undoubtedly gain admirers at the expertise of most racing afficionados."
The game was heralded for its customization options, beautiful graphics, and smooth control. Edge praised the design of the game's tracks and challenging police pursuits, but criticized the weightlessness of some cars for "failing to convince the player of any realistic dynamics at work." IGN regarded all the numerous play modes as highly enjoyable, especially the Pursuit Mode, and said the game's impressive graphical effects enhance the experience and atmosphere of the racing.
The game reached number 10 in the UK charts. In the US, the PC version sold 276,000 copies during 1999 alone, at an average of $25. In February 1999, the PC version received a "Gold" sales award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD), indicating sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
The PC version was a finalist for Computer Games Strategy Plus 1998 "Racing Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to Motocross Madness. The staff said that the game offers "great looks, and excellent racing action." PC Gamer US likewise nominated the game as the best racing game of 1998, although it lost again to Motocross Madness. They wrote, "For pure arcade rush, it's hard to beat Electronic Arts' thrilling Need for Speed III." Hot Pursuit won "PC Simulation Game of the Year" at AIAS' 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, "Best Driving" award at Computer Gaming Worlds 1999 Premier Awards, and "Driving Game of the Year" at GameSpots Best & Worst of 1998 Awards. It also received nominations for Best Multiplayer Game and Best Racing Game at the 1998 CNET Gamecenter Awards, for "Console Racing Game of the Year" at AIAS' 2nd Annual Interactive Achievement Awards, for "Best Racing Game" at the 1998 OPM Editors' Awards, and for "Best Racing Game of the Year" at IGNs Best of 1998 Awards; all nods were ultimately awarded to StarCraft, Grand Prix Legends, Gran Turismo, and Powerslide, respectively.
Notes
References
External links
1998 video games
Electronic Arts games
Manley & Associates games
03
PlayStation (console) games
Split-screen multiplayer games
Video games about police officers
Video games developed in Canada
Video games scored by Rom Di Prisco
Video games scored by Saki Kaskas
Windows games
Video games set in the United States
Video games developed in the United States |
52857825 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forchheim%20Castle | Forchheim Castle | The castle in Forchheim (), also referred to as a royal palace or Kaiserpfalz, was an important urban castle under the bishops of Bamberg in the town of Forchheim in the south German state of Bavaria. The castle was built in the late 14th century. After comprehensive archaeological and architectural-historical investigation it has become one of the best researched castles of this period in Central Europe. Today it houses the Archaeological Museum of Upper Franconia.
The oldest part of the castle is in the west wing where the cabinet (Kemenate) of the Schultheiß has survived, a room which was built onto the old town wall in 1339.
Site of the early medieval Kaiserpfalz?
From the 9th to the early 11th centuries there was a Frankish royal court (Königshof) and a palace (Pfalz) in Forchheim (see the history of Forchheim). Its exact location is, however, not known. In the late 19th century it was thought to be on the site of the episcopal urban castle, which was also referred to as the Pfalz ("palace") or Kaiserpfalz ("imperial palace"). However, archaeological investigations carried out during the renovation of the castle from 1998 to 2004 uncovered no remains of an early medieval settlement at all. Nevertheless, even in recent literature by Tillman Kohnert (2008), the Pfalz is still seen as the direct predecessor to the episcopal castle. And the castle still retains the name of Kaiserpfalz, a name which has been adopted for decades and is used as the official name of the castle.
The castle around 1400
From the late 14th century the bishops of Bamberg, especially Bishop Lambert of Buren, built an urban castle that became their most important residence outside of the immunity of Bamberg Cathedral. The centrepiece of the castle is the so-called Great Cabinet (Große Kemenate), the former residence, which was built in the east of the castle from 1391.
In the cabinet an extensive stone chamber forced-air heating system has survived. Of great art-historical significance are the Gothic murals, some of which are even by Bohemian masters.
Description
Exterior
The almost square castle site is surrounded by moats. Until around 1550 the fortress at the northwest corner of the town was incorporated into the town fortifications. North of the castle, is the only surviving medieval town gate, the Saltor Tower (Saltorturm). In the 16th century a modern bastioned fortification, based on Italian designs, was constructed in front of the remains of the medieval town wall. North and west of the castle district, two large casemated "Old Italian" bastions escaped the fate of demolition that other parts of Forchheim Fortress suffered in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Large parts of the main house and the courtyard buildings go back to the 14th century.
The eastern part of the main house is joined to the courtyard buildings on the west side by walls and timber-framed passageways. The two upper storeys of the northwest wing have also been executed in a simple, timber-framed style as far as the castle courtyard.
In the middle of the 16th century the urban castle was remodelled. It was at that time that the picturesque, timber-framed walkways on the curtain walls were constructed. In 1603 work began on building an octagonal staircase tower in front of the four-storey main house. The mighty half-hipped roof of the main house dates to the 18th century. Originally the east wing was covered by a gable roof with crow-stepped gables. Since 1768–69 a sandstone bridge has spanned the moat in front of the gateway on the south side. Previously access had been protected by a drawbridge. Next to it, a rectangular Renaissance oriel with a shed roof enhances the architectural impression. The rather austere south front of the ensemble is brought to life mainly by the timber framing (Sichtfachwerk) above the gateway. A typical Franconian motif is the frieze made of numerous, small curved St. Andrew's crosses underneath the window area.
On the east façade of the main wing are three reliefs depicting coats of arms. On the second storey is the official coat of arms of Prince-Bishop John Philip of Gebsattel. The third storey bears the coat of arms of Bishop Lamprecht of Brunn and the Hochstift. A high medieval sculpture of a basilisk has been engraved into the south wall; it has been dated to the 12th century.
The addition of a modern, steel and glass staircase and lift tower in the north of the east wing has been highly controversial. This feature was needed to turn the castle into a museum.
Interior rooms
East Wing
The East Wing of the castle is divided into two parts by a transverse wall running the width of the building. The north part is somewhat larger than the south part. The barrel-roofed cellar goes back to the 14th century. The ceilings of the two halls on the ground floor are borne on sandstone columns.
The flat ceiling of the north room rests on a round column and a wooden beam. The south part was vaulted later, resulting in a twin-aisled hall comprising four bays that are covered by cross vaults. In former times a passageway led from here to St. Mary's Chapel. On the walls of the hall fragments of fresco-secco (painting on dry plaster) from the period around 1400 have survived, which are stylistically related to contemporary Bohemian art. A fragment shows the Biblical and historical figure of King David of ancient Israel. Like the murals in the other halls these paintings are among the most important Gothic murals in South Germany.
The chapel was originally located in the southern part of the first floor. The vaulting was done in the early modern period; and the hall was divided by an internal dividing wall. The murals of the old chapel have survived and indicate its original function and arrangement. It includes depictions of the prophets, the Adoration of the Magi, the Annunciation and the Last Judgement. Two paintings with secular content have been interpreted by H. Kehrer as referring to the weak king, Wenceslaus. The paintings were clearly done by different masters. The Adoration of the Magi, again, appears to be derived from the field of Bohemian art. The Last Judgement, by contrast, is in the latest Forchheim style, which was derived from the Nuremberg art of the early 15th century. The northern hall, like that on the ground floor, is covered by a flat ceiling which, however, rests on wooden beams.
On the second floor of the northern end of the wing is also a twin-aisled, flat-ceiling hall with a wooden centre beam. The architectural paintings were done by Jakob Ziegler in the years 1559–60. The south room is likewise a two-aisled hall. The flat ceiling is supported on an octagonal centre frame. The murals, of various themes, were also created by Jakob Ziegler. One of the paintings shows Saints Henry II and Cunigunde with the model of Bamberg Cathedral (drawn in 1599, south wall).
The third floor was conceived as a storage area and currently serves as a museum depot. The old staircase tower hides a stone circular staircase which opens into the northern part of the east wing.
West Wing
The West Wing, the former side wing, acts as offices for the castle museums. No significant historical interior features have survived here.
Literature
Paul Oesterreicher: Geschichtliche Darstellung des alten Königshofes Forchheim - nebst einem Verzeichnisse aller bekannten Königshöfe (Neue Beiträge zur Geschichte, 2). Bamberg, 1824
Hugo Kehrer: Die gotischen Wandmalereien in der Kaiser-Pfalz zu Forchheim - ein Beitrag zur Ursprungsfrage der fränkischen Malerei (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse: Abhandlungen, 26,3). Munich, 1912
Katharina Sitzmann: Stadt Forchheim (Denkmäler in Bayern, Vol. IV.53/1). Schnell & Steiner, Munich, Zurich, 1989,
Daniel Burger: Burg und Festung Forchheim (Burgen, Schlösser und Wehrbauten in Mitteleuropa, 19). Regensburg, Schnell & Steiner, 2004,
Die Wandmalereien in der Kaiserpfalz Forchheim. Forchheim, Förderkreis Kaiserpfalz, 2007,
Tillman Kohnert: Die Forchheimer Burg genannt Pfalz. Geschichte und Baugeschichte einer fürstbischöflich-bambergischen Stadtburg (Schriften des Deutschen Burgenmuseum Bd. 4). Imhof-Verlag, Petersberg 2008,
External links
Foracheim: Die Forchheimer Kaiserpfalz
Castles in Bavaria
Forchheim (district)
Heritage sites in Bavaria |
1028355 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20longest%20rivers%20in%20the%20United%20States%20by%20state | List of longest rivers in the United States by state | This is a list of longest rivers in the United States by state. It includes rivers that pass through the state or compose a portion of the state's border, as well as rivers entirely contained within the state.
Alabama
Tennessee River –
Chattahoochee River –
Alabama River –
Coosa River –
Tallapoosa River –
Tombigbee River –
Conecuh River –
Elk River –
Cahaba River –
Black Warrior River –
The Alabama River is the longest river that is entirely within Alabama. See also List of rivers of Alabama.
Alaska
Yukon River –
Kuskokwim River –
Porcupine River –
Tanana River –
Innoko River –
Koyukuk River –
Noatak River –
Porcupine River –
Stikine River –
Colville River –
The Kuskokwim River is the longest river that is entirely within Alaska. See also List of rivers of Alaska.
Arizona
Colorado River –
Gila River –
Little Colorado River –
Salt River –
Santa Cruz River –
Verde River –
Puerco River –
Virgin River –
San Francisco River –
San Pedro River –
The Little Colorado River is the longest river that is entirely within Arizona. See also List of rivers of Arizona.
Arkansas
Mississippi River –
Arkansas River –
Red River –
White River –
Ouachita River –
St. Francis River –
Bayou Bartholomew –
Black River –
Little River –
Bayou Macon –
The Saline River () is the longest river that is entirely within Arkansas. See also List of rivers of Arkansas.
California
Colorado River –
Sacramento River –
San Joaquin River –
Klamath River –
Pit River –
Eel River –
Amargosa River –
Owens River –
Salinas River –
Trinity River –
The Sacramento River is the longest river that is entirely within California. See also List of rivers of California.
Colorado
Rio Grande –
Arkansas River –
Colorado River –
Canadian River –
Green River –
North Platte River –
Cimarron River –
Smoky Hill River –
South Platte River –
San Juan River –
The Yampa River () is the longest river that is entirely within Colorado. See also List of rivers of Colorado.
Connecticut
Connecticut River –
Housatonic River –
Quinebaug River –
Farmington River –
Quinnipiac River –
Scantic River –
Naugatuck River –
Pawcatuck River –
Shepaug River –
Still River –
The Farmington River is the longest river that is entirely within Connecticut. See also List of rivers of Connecticut.
Delaware
Delaware River –
Choptank River –
Pocomoke River –
Nanticoke River –
Marshyhope Creek –
Christina River –
Sassafras River –
Murderkill River –
Brandywine Creek –
White Clay Creek –
The Murderkill River is the longest river that is entirely within Delaware. See also List of rivers of Delaware.
Florida
Chattahoochee River/Appalachicola River –
St. Johns River –
Suwannee River –
Ochlockonee River –
Alapaha River –
Conecuh River –
Pea River –
Indian River –
Choctawhatchee River –
Withlacoochee River (central Florida) –
The St. Johns River is the longest river that is entirely within Florida. See also List of rivers of Florida.
Georgia
Chattahoochee River –
Flint River –
Savannah River –
Ogeechee River –
Coosa River –
Tallapoosa River –
Ocmulgee River –
Suwannee River –
Satilla River –
Oconee River –
The Flint River is the longest river that is entirely within Georgia. See also List of rivers of Georgia (U.S. state).
Hawaii
Wailuku River –
South Fork Kaukonahua Stream –
North Fork Kaukonahua Stream –
Hanalei River –
Kolekole Stream –
North Fork Wailua River –
Waimea River –
Kaukonahua Stream –
Anahulu River –
All of Hawaii's rivers and streams are entirely within the boundaries of the state. See also List of rivers of Hawaii.
Idaho
Snake River –
Kootenai River –
Salmon River –
Bear River –
Owyhee River –
Clark Fork –
Palouse River –
Bruneau River –
Big Wood River –
Blackfoot River –
The Salmon River is the longest river that is entirely within Idaho. See also List of rivers of Idaho and List of longest streams of Idaho.
Illinois
Mississippi River –
Ohio River –
Wabash River –
Illinois River –
Rock River –
Kaskaskia River –
Sangamon River –
Little Wabash River –
Fox River –
Embarras River –
The Illinois River is the longest river that is entirely within Illinois. See also List of rivers of Illinois.
Indiana
Ohio River –
Wabash River –
White River –
St. Joseph River –
East Fork White River –
Tippecanoe River –
Patoka River –
Great Miami River –
Maumee River –
Kankakee River –
The White River is the longest river that is entirely within Indiana. See also List of rivers of Indiana.
Iowa
Missouri River –
Mississippi River –
Des Moines River –
Big Sioux River –
Cedar River –
Iowa River –
Wapsipinicon River –
Little Sioux River –
Grand River –
Chariton River –
The Iowa River is the longest river that is entirely within Iowa. See also List of rivers of Iowa.
Kansas
Missouri River –
Arkansas River –
Cimarron River –
Smoky Hill River –
Neosho River –
Republican River –
Saline River –
Big Blue River –
Verdigris River –
South Fork Solomon River –
The Saline River is the longest river that is entirely within Kansas. See also List of rivers of Kansas.
Kentucky
Mississippi River –
Ohio River –
Cumberland River –
Tennessee River –
Green River –
Licking River –
Kentucky River –
North Fork Kentucky River –
Levisa Fork –
Tug Fork –
The Green River is the longest river that is entirely within Kentucky. See also List of rivers of Kentucky.
Louisiana
Mississippi River –
Red River –
Ouachita River –
Sabine River –
Pearl River –
Bayou Bartholomew –
Bayou Macon –
Boeuf River –
Calcasieu River –
Tensas River –
The Calcasieu River is the longest river that is entirely within Louisiana. See also List of rivers of Louisiana.
Maine
Saint John River –
Androscoggin River –
Kennebec River –
Saco River –
West Branch Penobscot River –
Aroostook River –
Penobscot River –
Moose River –
East Branch Penobscot River –
Saint Francis River –
The Kennebec River is the longest river that is entirely within Maine. See also List of rivers of Maine.
Maryland
Susquehanna River –
Potomac River –
Youghiogheny River –
Patuxent River –
North Branch Potomac River –
Conococheague Creek –
Choptank River –
Pocomoke River –
Nanticoke River –
Monocacy River –
The Patuxent River is the longest river that is entirely within Maryland. See also List of rivers of Maryland.
Massachusetts
Connecticut River –
Housatonic River –
Merrimack River –
Charles River –
Deerfield River –
Hoosic River –
Quinebaug River –
Westfield River –
Millers River –
Blackstone River –
The Charles River is the longest river that is entirely within Massachusetts. See also List of rivers of Massachusetts.
Michigan
Grand River –
Muskegon River –
St. Joseph River –
Manistee River –
River Raisin –
Au Sable River –
Huron River –
Kalamazoo River –
Shiawassee River –
Menominee River –
The Grand River is the longest river that is entirely within Michigan. See also List of rivers of Michigan.
Minnesota
Mississippi River –
Red River of the North –
Des Moines River –
Minnesota River –
Cedar River –
Wapsipinicon River –
Little Sioux River –
Roseau River –
Red Lake River –
Otter Tail River –
Saint Louis River –
The Minnesota River is the longest river that is entirely within Minnesota. See also List of rivers of Minnesota and List of longest streams of Minnesota.
Mississippi
Mississippi River –
Tennessee River –
Pearl River –
Big Black River –
Hatchie River –
Chickasawhay River –
Tombigbee River –
Yazoo River –
Leaf River –
Yalobusha River –
The Pearl River is the longest river that is entirely within Mississippi. See also List of rivers of Mississippi.
Missouri
Missouri River –
Mississippi River –
White River –
Des Moines River –
St. Francis River –
Black River –
Gasconade River –
Osage River –
Meramec River –
Chariton River –
The Gasconade River is the longest river that is entirely within Missouri. See also List of rivers of Missouri.
Montana
Missouri River –
Milk River –
Yellowstone River –
Kootenai River –
Bighorn River –
Powder River –
Musselshell River –
Clark Fork –
Tongue River –
Frenchman River –
The Musselshell River is the longest river that is entirely within Montana. See also List of rivers of Montana.
Nebraska
Missouri River –
North Platte River –
White River –
Niobrara River –
Republican River –
South Platte River –
Big Blue River –
Platte River –
Elkhorn River –
The Platte River is the longest river that is entirely within Nebraska. See also List of rivers of Nebraska.
Nevada
Colorado River –
Owyhee River –
Humboldt River –
Amargosa River –
Reese River –
Virgin River –
Bruneau River –
White River –
Carson River –
Salmon Falls Creek –
The Humboldt River is the longest river that is entirely within Nevada. See also List of rivers of Nevada.
New Hampshire
Connecticut River –
Androscoggin River –
Saco River –
Merrimack River –
Contoocook River –
Pemigewasset River –
Ashuelot River –
Ammonoosuc River –
Lamprey River –
Magalloway River –
The Contoocook River is the longest river that is entirely within New Hampshire. See also List of rivers of New Hampshire.
New Jersey
Hudson River –
Delaware River –
Raritan River (including the length of the South Branch) –
Wallkill River –
Passaic River –
Great Egg Harbor River –
Mullica River –
South Branch Raritan River –
Musconetcong River –
Hackensack River –
The Raritan River is the longest river that is entirely within New Jersey. See also List of rivers of New Jersey.
New Mexico
Rio Grande –
Pecos River –
Canadian River –
Cimarron River –
Gila River –
San Juan River –
Rio Puerco –
Puerco River –
San Francisco River –
Carrizo Creek –
The Rio Puerco is the longest river that is entirely within New Mexico. See also List of rivers of New Mexico.
New York
Saint Lawrence River –
Susquehanna River –
Allegheny River –
Hudson River –
Delaware River –
Genesee River –
Mohawk River –
Raquette River –
Oswegatchie River –
Black River –
The Hudson River is the longest river that is entirely within New York State. See also List of rivers of New York.
North Carolina
Roanoke River –
New River –
Neuse River –
Pee Dee River –
Catawba River –
Tar River –
Yadkin River –
Dan River –
French Broad River –
Cape Fear River –
The Neuse River is the longest river that is entirely within North Carolina. See also List of rivers of North Carolina.
North Dakota
Missouri River –
James River –
Yellowstone River –
Sheyenne River –
Little Missouri River –
Red River of the North –
Souris River –
Pembina River –
Wild Rice River –
Maple River –
The Sheyenne River is the longest river that is entirely within North Dakota. See also List of rivers of North Dakota.
Ohio
Ohio River –
Wabash River –
Scioto River –
Great Miami River –
Maumee River –
Sandusky River –
Tuscarawas River –
Raccoon Creek –
Auglaize River –
Mahoning River –
The Scioto River is the longest river that is entirely within Ohio. See also List of rivers of Ohio.
Oklahoma
Arkansas River –
Red River –
Canadian River –
Cimarron River –
Neosho River –
North Canadian River –
Verdigris River –
Washita River –
North Fork Red River –
Salt Fork Arkansas River –
The North Canadian River is the longest river that is entirely within Oklahoma. See also List of rivers of Oklahoma.
Oregon
Columbia River –
Snake River –
Owyhee River –
John Day River –
Klamath River –
Deschutes River –
Rogue River –
Malheur River –
Willamette River –
Grande Ronde River –
The John Day River is the longest river that is entirely within Oregon. See also List of rivers of Oregon and List of longest streams of Oregon.
Pennsylvania
Ohio River –
Susquehanna River –
Allegheny River –
Delaware River –
West Branch Susquehanna River –
Genesee River –
Schuylkill River –
Youghiogheny River –
Monongahela River –
Raystown Branch Juniata River –
The West Branch Susquehanna River is the longest river that is entirely within Pennsylvania. See also List of rivers of Pennsylvania.
Rhode Island
Blackstone River –
Pawcatuck River –
Wood River –
Moosup River –
Ten Mile River –
Mill River –
Woonasquatucket River –
Sakonnet River –
Ponaganset River –
Pawtuxet River –
The Woonasquatucket River is the longest river that is entirely within Rhode Island. See also List of rivers of Rhode Island.
South Carolina
Savannah River –
Pee Dee River –
Catawba River –
Edisto River –
Saluda River –
Black River –
Broad River –
Santee River –
Lynches River –
Lumber River –
The Edisto River is the longest river that is entirely within South Carolina. See also List of rivers of South Carolina.
South Dakota
Missouri River –
James River –
White River –
Little Missouri River –
Big Sioux River –
Cheyenne River –
Moreau River –
Belle Fourche River –
Little White River –
Bad River –
The Moreau River is the longest river that is entirely within South Dakota. See also List of rivers of South Dakota.
Tennessee
Mississippi River –
Cumberland River –
Tennessee River –
Clinch River –
Duck River –
Hatchie River –
French Broad River –
Elk River –
Hiwassee River –
Caney Fork –
The Duck River is the longest river that is entirely within Tennessee. See also List of rivers of Tennessee.
Texas
Rio Grande –
Red River –
Pecos River –
Canadian River –
Colorado River –
Brazos River –
Trinity River –
Sabine River –
Neches River –
Nueces River –
The Colorado River is the longest river that is entirely within Texas. See also List of rivers of Texas.
Utah
Colorado River –
Green River –
San Juan River –
Sevier River –
Bear River –
Dolores River –
Blacks Fork –
Virgin River –
White River –
Price River –
The Sevier River is the longest river that is entirely within Utah. See also List of rivers of Utah.
Vermont
Connecticut River –
Otter Creek –
Winooski River –
Lamoille River –
Missisquoi River –
Deerfield River –
Hoosic River –
White River –
Batten Kill –
West River –
Otter Creek is the longest river that is entirely within Vermont. See also List of rivers of Vermont.
Virginia
Roanoke River –
James River –
New River –
Potomac River –
Clinch River –
Dan River –
Rappahannock River –
Levisa Fork –
Tug Fork –
Appomattox River –
The James River is the longest river that is entirely within Virginia. See also List of rivers of Virginia.
Washington
Columbia River –
Snake River –
Yakima River –
Grande Ronde River –
Kettle River –
Palouse River –
Crab Creek –
Skagit River –
Pend Oreille River –
Similkameen River –
The Yakima River is the longest river that is entirely within Washington State. See also List of rivers of Washington.
West Virginia
Ohio River –
New River –
Potomac River –
Greenbrier River –
Elk River –
Little Kanawha River –
Guyandotte River –
Tug Fork –
South Branch Potomac River –
Tygart Valley River –
The Greenbrier River is the longest river that is entirely within West Virginia. See also List of rivers of West Virginia.
Wisconsin
Mississippi River –
Wisconsin River –
Rock River –
Wolf River –
Oconto River –
Fox River (Green Bay tributary) –
Fox River (Illinois River tributary) –
Pecatonica River –
Saint Louis River –
Chippewa River –
The Wisconsin River is the longest river that is entirely within Wisconsin, though its source is a lake that is partially in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. See also List of rivers of Wisconsin.
Wyoming
Snake River –
Green River –
North Platte River –
Yellowstone River –
Niobrara River –
Little Missouri River –
Wind River/Bighorn River –
Powder River –
Bear River –
Cheyenne River –
The Wind River is the longest river that is entirely within Wyoming (its name changes to the Bighorn River at the Wedding of the Waters, on the north side of the Wind River Canyon). See also List of rivers of Wyoming.
See also
List of longest rivers of the United States (by main stem)
List of U.S. rivers by discharge
References |
9988537 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophets%20of%20Christianity | Prophets of Christianity | In Christianity, the figures widely recognised as prophets are those mentioned as such in the Old Testament and the New Testament. It is believed that prophets are chosen and called by God.
The first list below consists of only those individuals that have been clearly defined as prophets, either by explicit statement or strong contextual implication, (e.g. the purported authors of the books listed as the major prophets and minor prophets) along with the biblical reference to their office. The second list consists of those individuals who are recorded as having had a visionary or prophetic experience, but without a history of any major or consistent prophetic calling. The third list consists of unnamed prophets. The fourth list contains the names of those described in the Bible as prophets, but who are presented as either misusing this gift or as fraudulent. The final list consists of post-biblical individuals regarded as prophets and of post-biblical individuals who are claimed to have had visionary or prophetic experience.
Main list (68)
A
Aaron (Exodus )
Abel (Luke )
Abraham (Hebrews )
Adam (Genesis )
Ahijah (1 Kings )
Amos (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Anna (Luke - Dedication of Jesus) Luke 2:36-38
Agabus (Acts of the Apostles )
Asaph (2 Chronicles )
Azariah (2 Chronicles )
Azur (Jeremiah )
D
Daniel (Matthew )
David (Hebrews )
Deborah (Judges )
E
Elijah (1 Kings )
Eber (Genesis )
Elisha (2 Kings )
Enoch (Jude )
Ezekiel (Ezekiel )
Ezra (Ezra )
G
Gad (1 Samuel )
Gideon ( through )
H
Habakkuk (Habakkuk 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Haggai (Haggai 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Hanani (2 Chronicles )
Hosea (Hosea 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Huldah (2 Kings )
I
Iddo (2 Chronicles )
Isaac (Genesis )
Isaiah (2 Kings )
Ishmael (Genesis )
J
Jacob (Genesis )
Jehu (1 Kings )
Jeremiah (Jeremiah 20:2
Jethro (Exodus )
Joel (Joel 1:1) (Acts 2:16) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
John the Baptist (Luke )
John of Patmos (Revelation )
Jonah (Jonah 1:1) (2 Kings ) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Joshua (Joshua )
Judas Barsabbas (Acts )
Job (Job )
L
Lamech (father of Noah) (Genesis )
Lucius of Cyrene (Acts 13:1)
Lot (Genesis )
M
Malachi (Malachi 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Manahen (Acts 13:1)
Melchizedek ()
Micah (Micah 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Micaiah (1 Kings )
Miriam (Book of Exodus )
Moses (Deuteronomy )
N
Nahum (Nahum 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Nathan (2 Samuel )
Noah (Genesis )
O
Obadiah (Obadiah ) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Oded (2 Chronicles ) Father of Azariah the prophet
Oded (2 Chronicles )
P
Philip the Evangelist (Acts ) Note: His four daughters also prophesied (Acts 21:8, )
Paul the Apostle (Acts of the Apostles )
S
Samuel (1 Samuel )
Shemaiah (1 Kings )
Silas (Acts )
Simeon Niger (Acts 13:1)
T
Two Witnesses (Revelation 11:3)
U
Urijah (Jeremiah )
Z
Zechariah, son of Berechiah (Zechariah 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Zechariah, son of Jehoiada ()
Zephaniah (Zephaniah 1:1) (one of the 12 Minor Prophets)
Biblical people with claimed prophetic experiences
Ananias of Damascus (Acts )
Eldad (Numbers )
Eliezer (2 Chronicles )
Elisabeth, mother of John the Baptist (Luke )
Elihu (Job )
Jahaziel (2 Chronicles )
Joachim (Luke )
Joseph (Genesis )
Joseph, fosterfather of Jesus (Matthew 1:20)
Mary, mother of Jesus (Luke )
Medad (Numbers )
King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon (Daniel )
Saul, the first king to unite Israel (1 Samuel )
Simeon of Jerusalem (Luke )
Solomon (1 Kings )
Zechariah, father of John the Baptist (Luke )
Unnamed prophets and men of God
A prophet (Judges )
A man of God (1 Samuel )
A man of God from Judah (1 Kings )
An old prophet from Bethel (1 Kings )
A prophet (1 Kings )
A man of God (1 Kings )
One of the sons of the prophets (1 Kings )
A man of God (2 Chronicles )
A prophet (2 Chronicles )
The seventy elders of Israel (Numbers )
False prophets and prophets of Baal
Ahab, son of Kolaiah (Jeremiah )
Antichrist (1 John )
Elymas (a.k.a. Bar-Jesus) ()
Hananiah (Jeremiah )
Jezebel (Revelation) (Revelation ) (not to be confused with the Jezebel of the Old Testament)
The false prophet of the Book of Revelation (, , )
The false prophets of Baal (1 Kings )
Noadiah (Nehemiah )
Shemaiah the Nehelamite (Jeremiah )
Simon Magus ()
Zedekiah, son of Maaseiah (Jeremiah )
Zedekiah, son of Chenaanah (1 Kings )
Claimed post-biblical prophets
The following persons are considered by some Christians to be prophets, or to have had prophetic experiences.
Quadratus of Athens (2nd century, sometimes considered one of the seventy apostles)
Montanus, Prisca, and Maximilla (2nd century, founders of Montanism)
Quintilla (3rd century, founder of an offshoot movement from Montanism)
Iarlaithe mac Loga (6th century, founder of the School of Tuam)
Merlin (6th century, likely invented by Geoffrey of Monmouth from older legends, first appears in the Prophetiae Merlini)
Palladius of Embrun (6th century, Bishop of Embrun)
Columba (521–597, credited with spreading Christianity in Scotland)
Saint Malachy (1094–1148, Archbishop of Armagh and author of Prophecy of the Popes)
James Salomoni (1231-1314)
Joan of Arc (1412–1431)
Nostradamus (1503–1566)
Justus Velsius (1510-1571, Dutch faith healer who debated against John Calvin)
Eleanor Davies (poet) (1590–1652)
Ann Bathurst (17th century, member of the Philadelphians)
Martha Hatfield (17th century, Puritan)
John Bull (prophet) and Richard Farnham (17th century, claimed to be the two witnesses of the Book of Revelation)
Margareta i Kumla (17th century, claimed to have seen angels and demons fight over her soul)
John Robins (prophet) (17th century, Ranter rescued from Roundhead recourse by recanting his revelations)
Anne Wentworth (prophetess) (17th century, persecuted by Baptists)
John Reeve (religious leader) (1608-1658, co-founder of Muggletonianism)
Lodowicke Muggleton (1609-1698, co-founder of Muggletonianism)
Mary Cary (prophetess) (1621-1653, supporter of the Fifth Monarchists)
Eva Margareta Frölich (1650–1692) (Millennialist, pietist author and critic of the Church of Sweden)
Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772, founder of Swedenborgianism)
Joanna Southcott (1750-1814, author of prophecies kept in a box to be opened in times of national crisis, claimed judgement day would happen in 2004)
Public Universal Friend (1752–1819, preacher who claims to have died and been reborn without gender)
George Rapp (1757-1847, founder of the Harmony Society)
John Ward (prophet) (1781–1837, claimed successor of Joanna Southcott)
William Miller (preacher) (1782–1849, founder of Adventism)
John Wroe (1782–1863, founder of the Christian Israelite Church)
Bernhard Müller (1788-1834, founder of an offshoot from the Harmony Society, that would later start the Germantown Colony)
Helena Ekblom (1790–1859, Swedish preacher who was put in an asylum for refusing to comply with the Church of Sweden's doctrines)
Joseph Smith (1805–1844, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement)
Hong Xiuquan (1814-1864, founder of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom)
John Bosco (1815–1888, founder of the Salesians of Don Bosco)
Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910, founder of Christian Science)
Ellen G. White (1827–1915, co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church)
John Alexander Dowie (1847–1907, founder of the Christ Community Church)
Nona L. Brooks (1861-1945, founder of the Church of Divine Science)
Siener van Rensburg (1864-1926, advisor to Koos de la Rey, influenced the Suidlanders)
E. W. Kenyon (1867–1948, possible line of transmission between the New Thought and Word of Faith movements)
Helena Konttinen (1871-1916, a "Sleeping preacher" who started a revivalist movement)
Felix Manalo (1886-1963, founder of the Iglesia ni Cristo)
Padre Pio (1887–1968, Catholic saint, purportedly predicted the papacy of John Paul II)
William M. Branham (1909–1965, influence on televangelism)
A. A. Allen (1911–1970, Pentecostal evangelist and faith healer)
Kenneth Hagin (1917–2003, pioneer of the Word of Faith movement)
Oral Roberts (1918–2009, considered the godfather of the charismatic movement, founder of the Oral Roberts Evangelistic Association and Oral Roberts University)
T. L. Osborn (1923–2013, Pentecostal evangelist and musician)
Pat Robertson (1930–2023, chairman of the Christian Broadcasting Network, host of The 700 Club, noted for controversial statements)
David Wilkerson (1931–2011, author of The Cross and the Switchblade and founder of the Teen Challenge)
Reverend Ike (1935-2009, noted for his slogan "You can't lose with the stuff I use!")
Kenneth Copeland (1936–present day, televangelist noted advocate of prosperity theology, and for claiming to have ended the COVID-19 pandemic)
Robert Tilton (1946–present day, televangelist noted for his prosperity theology infomercials and questionable fundraising practices).
Roch Thériault (1947-2011, founder of a polygamous doomsday cult called the Ant Hill Kids)
John Paul Jackson (1950-2015, author noted for dream interpretation)
Benny Hinn (1952–present day, televangelist noted for faith healing and prosperity theology)
David Koresh (1959–1993, leader of the Branch Davidians during the Waco siege)
Creflo Dollar (1962–present day, televangelist noted for prosperity theology)
T. B. Joshua (1963–2021, televangelist and founder of Synagogue, Church of All Nations)
Joshua Iginla (1969–present day, televangelist, prosperity theology preacher, and megachurch pastor)
Jeremiah Omoto Fufeyin (1972–present day, founder of the Christ Mercyland Deliverance Ministry, criticized for flamboyant ministry)
Daniel Obinim (1977–present day, minister noted for controversial actions and statements)
See also
Bible prophecy
Biblical and Quranic narratives
List of Book of Mormon prophets
List of people in both the Bible and the Quran
Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament
Prophets and messengers in Islam
Prophets in Judaism
Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions
References
Bible-related lists of people |
347761 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whydah%20Gally | Whydah Gally | Whydah Gally (commonly known simply as the Whydah) was a fully rigged ship that was originally built as a passenger, cargo, and slave ship. On the return leg of her maiden voyage of the triangle trade, Whydah Gally was captured by the pirate Captain Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy, beginning a new role in the Golden Age of Piracy.
Bellamy sailed Whydah Gally up the coast of colonial America, capturing other ships as he went along. On 26 April 1717, Whydah Gally was caught in a violent storm and wrecked off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Only two of Whydah Gallys crew survived, along with seven others who were on a sloop captured by Bellamy earlier that day. Six of the nine survivors were hanged, two who had been forced into piracy were freed, and one Indian crewman was sold into slavery.
Whydah Gally and her treasure of captured pirate gold eluded discovery for over 260 years until 1984, when the wreck was found off the coast of Cape Cod, buried under of sand, in depths ranging from deep, spread for four miles, parallel to the Cape's easternmost coast. With the discovery of the ship's bell in 1985 and a small brass placard in 2013, both inscribed with the ship's name and maiden voyage date, Whydah Gally is the only fully authenticated Golden Age pirate shipwreck ever discovered.
Slave ship
Whydah Gally was commissioned in 1715 in London, England, by Sir Humphrey Morice, a member of parliament (MP), who was known as 'the foremost London slave merchant of his day'. A square-rigged three-masted galley ship, she measured in length, with a tonnage rating at 300 tuns burthen, and could travel at speeds up to .
Christened Whydah Gally after the West African slave-trading Kingdom of Whydah, the vessel was configured as a heavily armed trading and transport ship (which included the Atlantic slave trade). She set out for her maiden voyage in early 1716, carrying a variety of goods from different businesses to exchange for delivery, trade, and slaves in West Africa. After traveling down the West African coast, through modern-day Gambia and Senegal to Nigeria and Benin, where its namesake port was located, she left Africa with an estimated 500 slaves, gold, including Akan jewelry, and ivory aboard. She traveled to the Caribbean, where she traded and sold the cargo and slaves for precious metals, sugar, indigo, rum, logwood, pimento, ginger, and medicinal ingredients, which were to then be transported back to England. She was fitted with a standard complement of 18 six-pound cannons, which could be increased to a total of 28 in time of war.
Pirate ship
In late February 1717, Whydah Gally, under the command of Captain Lawrence Prince (not to be confused with the buccaneer who served under Sir Henry Morgan), was navigating the Windward Passage between Cuba and Hispaniola when she was attacked by pirates led by "Black Sam" Bellamy. At the time of Whydah Gallys capture, Bellamy was in possession of two vessels, the 26-gun galleon Sultana and the converted 10-gun sloop Marianne, captained by Bellamy's friend and investor Paulsgrave Williams. After a three-day chase, Prince surrendered his ship near the Bahamas with only a desultory exchange of cannon fire.
Bellamy decided to take Whydah Gally as his new flagship; several of her crew remained with their ship and joined the pirate gang. Pirate recruitment was most effective among the unemployed, escaped bondsmen, and transported criminals, as the high seas made for an instant leveling of class distinctions. They were freed African slaves, displaced English seamen, Native Americans, and a scattering of social outcasts from Europe and elsewhere.
In a gesture of goodwill toward Captain Prince who had surrendered without a struggle—and who in any case may have been favorably known by reputation to the pirate crew—Bellamy gave Sultana to Prince, along with £20 in silver and gold ().
Whydah Gally was then fitted with 10 additional cannons by its new captain, and 150 members of Bellamy's crew were detailed to man the vessel. They razeed the ship by clearing the top deck of the pilot's cabin, removing the slave barricade, and getting rid of other features that made her top heavy.
Bellamy and his crew then sailed on to the Carolinas and headed north along the eastern coastline of the American colonies, aiming for the central coast of Maine, looting or capturing additional vessels on the way. Whydah Gally was caught up in a storm, which heavily damaged it and broke one of its masts. Patch-ups and repairs were effected until they reached the waters near Nantucket Sound, where greater repairs were effected, possibly at Block Island or Rhode Island. At some point during his possession of Whydah Gally, Bellamy added another 30+ cannon below decks, possibly as ballast. Two cannon recovered by underwater explorer Barry Clifford in August 2009 weighed , respectively.
Accounts differ as to Whydah Gallys destination in her last few days. Some blame Whydah Gallys route on navigator error. In any case, on 26 April 1717, near Chatham, Massachusetts, Whydah Gally approached a thick, gray fog bank rolling across the water—signaling inclement weather ahead.
On 26 April the pirates captured the ship Mary Anne with a hold full of Madeira wine. The captain of Mary Anne refused Bellamy's request to pilot them up the coast, so Bellamy arrested the captain and five of his crew and brought them aboard Whydah Gally, leaving three of the original crew aboard Mary Anne. Then Bellamy sent 7 of his own men onboard of Mary Anne—one of whom was the carpenter Thomas South, who had been forced by Bellamy and his crew to make repairs; not wanting to join the pirate crew, he had been offered release by Bellamy after work was completed, but the surviving pirates later testified to the court that they had over-ruled Bellamy's decision and forced South to stay due to his much whimpering and complaining. South testified that it was his choice to accompany the 6 pirates going aboard Mary Anne in hopes of escaping, possibly by jumping overboard and swimming ashore as they drew near to the Cape. Sometime around sunset that evening, the winds completely died, and a massive fog bank made visibility virtually nil. The four ships in Bellamy's fleet lost sight of one another. Bellamy's ships Anne (captained by his quartermaster Richard Noland) and Fisher moved out to sea (eventually making it to Damariscove Island with heavy damage). Williams had turned Marianne away earlier, putting into Block Island to visit relatives but agreeing to meet Bellamy later off Maine.
Shipwreck
That weather turned into a violent nor'easter, a storm with gale force winds out of the east and northeast, which forced the vessel dangerously close to the breaking waves along the shoals of Cape Cod. The ship was eventually driven aground at what today is Marconi Beach at Wellfleet, Massachusetts. At midnight she hit a sandbar, bow first in of water about from shore. Pummeled by winds and waves, the main mast snapped, pulling the ship into about of water, where she violently capsized,<ref name="Webster1">{{Cite journal|last=Webster|first=Donovan|date=May 1999|title=Pirates of the Whydah|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/whydah/story.html|journal=National Geographic Magazine|quote=Bellamy signaled his fleet to deeper water, but it was too late for the treasure-laden Whydah Gally'''. Trapped in the surf zone within sight of the beach, the ship slammed stern first into a sandbar and began to break apart. When a giant wave rolled her, her cannon fell from their mounts, smashing through overturned decks along with cannonballs and barrels of iron and nails. Finally, as the ship's back broke, she split into bow and stern, and her contents spilled across the ocean floor.}}</ref> sending over of silver and gold, more than 60 cannons and 144 people to the ocean floor. The 60+ cannon on board ripped through the overturned decks of the ship and quickly broke her apart, scattering parts of the ship, 102 human bodies, and thousands of objects over a length of coast. One of the two surviving members of Bellamy's crew, Thomas Davis, testified in his subsequent trial that "In a quarter of an hour after the ship struck, the Mainmast was carried by the board, and in the Morning she was beat to pieces."
By morning, hundreds of Cape Cod's notorious wreckers (locally known as "moon-cussers") were already plundering the remains. Hearing of the shipwreck, governor Samuel Shute dispatched Captain Cyprian Southack, a local salvager and cartographer, to recover "Money, Bullion, Treasure, Goods and Merchandizes taken out of the said Ship." When Southack reached the wreck on 3 May, he found that part of the ship was still visible breaching the water's surface, but that much of the ship's wreckage was scattered along more than of shoreline. On a map that he made of the wreck site, Southack reported that he had buried 102 of the 144 Whydah Gally crew and captives lost in the sinking (though technically they were buried by the town coroner, who surprised Southack by handing him the bill and demanding payment).Mary Anne was also wrecked, ten miles south at Pochet Island. According to surviving members of the crew at the time of her sinking, Whydah Gally carried from four and a half to five tons of silver, gold, gold dust, and jewelry, which had been divided equally into 180 sacks and stored in-between the ship's decks. Though Southack did salvage some nearly worthless items from the ship, little of the massive treasure hoard was recovered. Southack wrote in his account of his findings, that, "The riches, with the guns, would be buried in the sand." With that, the exact location of the ship, its riches and its guns were lost, and came to be thought of as nothing more than legend.
Survivors
Of the 146 souls aboard Whydah Gally, only two men—the ship's pilot, 16-year-old Miskito Indian John Julian, and Welsh carpenter Thomas Davis—are known to have made it to the beach alive. All seven of Bellamy's men on board Mary Anne survived, as did Mary Anne's three original crewmen. Including the seven men aboard Mary Anne, nine of Bellamy's crew survived the wrecking of the two ships. They were all quickly captured by Justice Joseph Doane and his posse and locked up in Barnstable Gaol. On 18 October 1717, six were tried in Boston for piracy and robbery. The following were found guilty and sentenced to death by hanging: John Brown of Jamaica, Thomas Baker and Hendrick Quintor of the Netherlands; Peter Cornelius Hoof of Sweden; John Shaun of France; and Simon van der Vorst of New York.
Carpenters Thomas South and Thomas Davis, who were tried separately, had been conscripted by Bellamy—forced to choose between a life of piracy or death. Therefore, they were acquitted of all charges and spared the gallows. John Julian was not tried, but instead was sold as a slave (to the great-grandfather of John Quincy Adams) after his capture and finally hanged 16 years later.
On 15 November 1717, the famous Puritan minister Cotton Mather accompanied the six condemned men as they were rowed across Boston Harbor to Charlestown. All six men confessed and repented in the presence of Mather, but they were still hanged.
Recovery
Barry Clifford found the Whydah Gallys wreck in 1984, relying heavily on Southack's 1717 map of the wreck site—a modern-day, true-to-life "pirate treasure map" leading to what was at that time a discovery of unprecedented proportions. That Whydah Gally had eluded discovery for over 260 years became even more surprising when the wreck was found under just of water and of sand.
The ship's location has been the site of extensive underwater archaeology, and more than 200,000 individual pieces have since been retrieved. One major find in the fall of 1985 was the ship's bell, inscribed with the words "THE WHYDAH GALLY 1716". With that, Whydah Gally became the first ever pirate shipwreck with its identity having been established and authenticated beyond doubt.
Work on the site by Clifford's dive team continues on an annual basis out of Provincetown, Massachusetts. Clifford opened The Whydah Sea-Lab & Learning Center in Provincetown after discovering the wreck and the center operated on MacMillan Pier until its move in 2016. Selected artifacts from the wreck are now displayed at The Whydah Pirate Museum in West Yarmouth, Massachusetts and at Real Pirates in Salem, Massachusetts.
Archaeological evidence
Famously, the youngest known member of Whydah Gallys crew was a boy by approximately 10 or 11 years old, named John King. Young John actually chose to join the crew on his own initiative the previous November, when Bellamy captured the ship on which he and his mother were passengers. He was reported to have been so insistent, that he threatened to hurt himself or his own mother if he wasn't allowed to join Bellamy. Among Whydah Gallys artifacts recovered by Clifford was a child-sized, black, leather shoe together with a silk stocking and fibula bone, later determined to be that of a child between 8 and 11 years old. His mother's account to local port authorities on what John's description was like, and especially of note, what he had been dressed in the day of his "kidnapping" by Bellamy's crew, included long silk stockings.
Reaction
A museum exhibition called "Real Pirates: The Untold Story of The Whydah from Slave Ship to Pirate Ship" toured the United States from 2007 to 2014. Venues included: Cincinnati Museum Center, Cincinnati, OH; The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, PA; The Field Museum, Chicago, IL; Nauticus, Norfolk, VA; St. Louis, MO; Houston, TX; the Science Museum of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN; and Union Station, Kansas City, MO. The venue includes videos, artifacts, educational live personal narrations to include supplementary audio programs, interactive activities, a 3/4 scale mock-up of the rear of the vessel and is supported by costumed actors portraying real-life historical pirates from the ship. A walking tour takes between 1–4 hours depending upon level of interest. The display/show is currently transitioning in preparation for exhibition in CA. In one instance Whydah Gallys brief participation in the Atlantic slave trade was a source of controversy. The Museum of Science and Industry in Tampa, Florida announced the exhibit and linked it to the 2007 release of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End. After being criticized for trivializing the ship's role in slavery while glorifying its role in piracy, the museum canceled the exhibit.
On 27 May 2007 a UK documentary/reality show titled Pirate Ship ... Live! followed a team of divers, including comedian Vic Reeves, in live coverage of a dive at the Whydah Gally site.
On 7 January 2008 the National Geographic Channel aired a 2-hour documentary about the ongoing excavation of the wreck. It included detailed interviews with Clifford.
Bibliography
References
External links
Official site of the expedition Whydah''.
1710s ships
1984 archaeological discoveries
Age of Sail individual ships
Archaeological sites in Massachusetts
Beninese-American history
Gambian-American history
Maritime incidents in 1717
Pirate ships
Provincetown, Massachusetts
Senegalese-American history
Shipwrecks of the Massachusetts coast
Slave ships
Ships built on the River Thames
Treasure from shipwrecks
Underwater archaeology
Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Ships attacked and captured by pirates
18th-century pirates
Maritime folklore
Captured ships |
395374 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michiru%20Yamane | Michiru Yamane | is a Japanese video game composer and pianist. Yamane's musical style draws on baroque, classical and rock traditions, with both Johann Sebastian Bach and Yellow Magic Orchestra as prominent influences. She is best known for her two decades of work at the gaming company Konami, with her compositions for the Castlevania series among her most recognized work.
Yamane grew an interest in music at an early age, practicing on the electric organ and piano. She studied composition in college and began working as a composer for Konami in 1988. As a member of the Konami Kukeiha Club, she collaborated with other musicians on many Konami video games. Her breakthrough work came with the Castlevania games Bloodlines (1994) and Symphony of the Night (1997).
Early life and education
Yamane was born in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, on September 23, 1963. She began learning electric organ around the age of four, on her family's Yamaha Electone. She also soon began learning piano. Yamane enjoyed playing popular rock music on the organ, but grew a fascination with classical music with her piano studies. She began composing around eight years old, and realized by her teenage years that she wanted to write songs for movies or commercials, or be a jazz pianist. She attended a music high school that specialized in advanced piano courses, and focused her studies around harmonic rhythm, counterpoint, and music theory. Around this time, she also began playing video games at various local arcades. She decided not to compete at performance with virtuoso players, so decided to attend the Aichi Prefectural University of the Arts and focus on their composition courses they offered. In college, she learned how to write music for large orchestras, and did her thesis on German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. She also continued gaming on a friend's Famicom at the time.
Career
Konami
Yamane started working for Konami in 1988, shortly before her fourth year at college. She held a teaching license at the time, and was teaching part-time, though she felt the job did not suit her. She applied to Konami after finding an open position through her college recruitment office, and was hired. She had never considered specifically becoming a game composer, although she liked games and music.
At Konami, Yamane was a member of the Konami Kukeiha Club, the company's sound team. She was nervous she would be required to do frequency modulation programming, but she was only a composer at first. She would later be introduced to computer music sequencing programs in graduate school. Yamane's first work at the company were the main themes for King's Valley II and Risa no Yōsei Densetsu (1988). She also became involved with the Track and Field games, composing short victory jingles. Following that, she worked on several Game Boy, Famicom, MSX, and arcade games. Many of the first projects she collaborated on were shoot 'em ups, including the Nemesis series and Detana!! TwinBee. She compared the synchronicity of sound in shooters to that of Disney animated films. Yamane felt these games were a good introduction to the "Konami sound" and helped build her foundation. At first, she found it limiting working with only three simultaneous sound channels on the Famicom, given her orchestra composition background, but she grew to enjoy working around the limit over time. She drew motivation from Bach's "Inventions and Sinfonias", which also only used two or three simultaneous notes.
Yamane's first job as a lead composer was with Ganbare Goemon 2 (1989). With this game, she learned how to edit programmable sound generator samples from senior sound programmers. Although she is credited in some Contra games, Yamane does not have any memory of composing music for the series. She believes it is possible she contributed a few pieces as the sound team was busy with multiple projects at the time. She also worked on Rocket Knight Adventures (1993) and its two sequels; writing music for Sparkster and creating sound effects for Sparkster: Rocket Knight Adventures 2. Akira Yamaoka joined Konami around this time, and worked with Yamane on the latter.
Castlevania
Yamane is primarily known for her work on the Castlevania series. After moving to Konami's Tokyo office from Kobe, her boss thought she would be a good fit for the Castlevania game in development, Castlevania: Bloodlines (1994). Since the series was already popular and known for good music, she felt pressure to perform well. She was asked to write music based on pre-existing themes introduced in earlier games. Yamane felt there was a link with the game's vampiric themes and the classical music she had grown up with. She worked to integrate her classical style with the rock themes previously introduced in the series. When working on Mega Drive games, Yamane was required to program the music into the game, on top of composition. GamesRadar+ called Bloodlines her first "breakthrough" game soundtrack.
The next game in the series, Castlevania: Symphony of the Night (1997), was developed for the PlayStation. The art director, Osamu Kasai, requested Yamane to join the team. Because it used CD-ROMs, the system was capable of much higher quality music and sound. Yamane felt more expressive freedom as she was no longer limited to FM chips and could use real sounds. For Symphony of the Night, she drew heavy inspiration from concept artwork by Ayami Kojima. She used an Akai sampler connected to a computer running Logic Pro and Pro Tools to record music. The soundtrack was the first time she attempted placing rock music in a game. It remains one of her most popular soundtracks. In addition to the soundtrack, she also produced all the sound effects due to a shortage of staff.
Yamane continued to remain deeply involved with Koji Igarashi and the Castlevania development team after Symphony of the Night, reviewing artwork and scenario writings for further games. She worked on Lament of Innocence (2003) and Curse of Darkness (2005), which made for challenging compositions. She also composed for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS games, which had note limitations like older home consoles. She broadened her listening habits to gain more inspiration and prevent her music from becoming repetitive. On Portrait of Ruin (2006), she collaborated with Yuzo Koshiro. The last Castlevania score she wrote was for Order of Ecclesia (2008), which she worked on with Yasuhiro Ichihashi. She says that her favorite scores were for Aria of Sorrow (2003), Portrait of Ruin, and Order of Ecclesia.
While working on the Castlevania series, Yamane also composed for other games. She contributed to Suikoden III (2002) and Suikoden IV (2004), following in the tracks of Miki Higashino's work on the first two games. After Sota Fujimori joined Konami in 1998, Yamane worked with him on Gungage (1999) and Elder Gate (2000), mixing her classic symphonic style with his modern electronic music. She also worked on the Winning Eleven series and The Sword of Etheria (2005).
Freelance
After writing music for over 40 games at Konami, Yamane left the company in 2008 to become a freelance composer. She came to this decision after getting a pet cat, and growing a desire to slow down her career and move to working from home. She desired to have more freedom to do projects she wanted, and manage her own time. Since becoming a freelance composer, Yamane has continued to compose for video games, as well as films, commercials, television, and anime. She has considered making a solo album. Games that she has composed for include Otomedius Excellent (2011) and Skullgirls (2012). Although no longer working directly for Konami, she has continued working with the company on Castlevania music. She has also composed for Koji Igarashi's Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night.
Yamane occasionally performs in live concerts. Her first live performance was a song from Symphony of the Night at the Symphonic Game Music Concert in Leipzig in 2006. She wrote music for a Castlevania arrangement box set, and played live at Castlevania: The Concert in Stockholm in 2010. In 2015, she played with other Japanese composers at the Game Sound Maniax concert in China.
Musical style and influences
Game Developer magazine called Yamane's music "old, gothic, Victorian style". Yamane feels she grew an interest in dark classical through her Bach studies in college. She has also drawn inspiration from other composers including Mozart, Beethoven, Ravel, Debussy, Rachmaninoff, and Chopin. In high school, Yamane listened to Kraftwerk, Ryuichi Sakamoto, and Yellow Magic Orchestra (YMO), with the latter being considered a major influence on many Japanese game composers. She has also drawn inspiration, and enjoys listening to Dream Theater. She has expressed inspiration from many genres including techno pop, progressive rock, film scores, folk, jazz, rock, bossa nova, and contemporary classical music. She enjoys film scores by composers such as Jerry Goldsmith, and enjoyed American pop in her youth from artists like Barry Manilow, Burt Bacharach, Eric Carmen, The Doobie Brothers, and The Eagles.
Yamane has expressed enjoying music from other game composers, particularly Nobuo Uematsu, Hitoshi Sakimoto, Yoko Kanno, and Motoi Sakuraba. She also explained that Tomb Raider and its sequel influenced the way she thought about sound design.
Works
Yamane contributed music to over 40 games at Konami. As a member of the Konami Kukeiha Club, Yamane frequently collaborated with other composers, arrangers, and sound programmers.
References
External links
1963 births
Aichi Prefectural University of the Arts alumni
Castlevania
Concert band composers
Freelance musicians
Japanese music arrangers
Japanese women composers
Japanese women musicians
Japanese women organists
Japanese women pianists
Konami people
Living people
Musicians from Kagawa Prefecture
Video game composers |
11288497 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate%20Dogg%20discography | Nate Dogg discography | The discography of American recording artist Nate Dogg consists of three studio albums, one compilation album, one collaboration album, 5 singles as the main artist, and 35 singles as a featured artist.
Albums
Studio albums
Collaborative albums
Compilation albums
Essentials (2002)
Singles
As lead artist
As featured artist
Promotional singles
Other guest appearances
Nate Dogg has also appeared on several tracks released by the following artists:
213 - "Falling In Love Again"
213 - "She Wasn't Feelin Me"
2Pac - "All About U" (featuring Nate Dogg, Fatal-n-Felony, Dru Down, Snoop Doggy Dogg) (1996)
2Pac - "Skandalouz" (featuring Nate Dogg) (1996)
2Pac - "Changed Man" (featuring Big Syke, Nate Dogg) (1996) (Unreleased)
2Pac - "Changed Man (Johnny J Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg, Big Syke) (Unreleased)
2Pac - "All About U (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg, Fatal-n-Felony, Dru Down, Top Dogg) (1998)
2Pac - "Teardrops And Closed Caskets (Original) (featuring Nate Dogg, Outlawz) (1999)
2Pac - "Hold Up" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2003)
2Pac - "Thugs Get Lonely Too" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2004)
5 Footaz - "Dip" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2001)
50 Cent - "21 Questions" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2003)
Anderson .Paak - "What Can We Do?" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2019)
Baby Bash - "That's My Lady" (Money) (featuring Nate Dogg) (2005)
Bad Azz - "Don't Hate" (featuring Nate Dogg, Tray Deee, R.G.) (2001)
Big Syke - "Come Over" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2002)
Big King - "Keep Doin What They Hate" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Bishop Brigante - "It's Fo' Twenty" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Bishop Lamont - "I'm Faded" (featuring Nate Dogg SonReal)
Black Rob - "The Game" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Brian McKnight - "Don't Know Where to Start" (featuring Nate Dogg)
C-Murder - "Ghetto Millionaire" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Nate Dogg)
Charlie Wilson - "Big Pimpin" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Cee-Lo - "Enjoy Yourself" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Chico & Coolwadda - "High Come Down" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Chingy - "All the Way to St. Lou'" (featuring Nate Dogg, David Banner)
Crooked I - "Crook in Me" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Damizza - "Can't Knock The Hustle" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Daz Dillinger - "Boyz n the Hood" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Daz Dillinger - "Come Close" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Daz Dillinger - "O.G." (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Deuce Poppi - "O Wee O" (featuring Nate Dogg)
DFC - "Things in tha Hood" (featuring Nate Dogg)
DFC - "Things in tha Hood (remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg)
DJ Quik - "Black Mercedes" (featuring Nate Dogg)
DJ Quik - "Medley For a 'V'" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Hi-C, AMG, 2nd II None)
DJ Quik - "What They Think" (featuring Nate Dogg)
The D.O.C. - "Concrete Jungle" (featuring Nate Dogg, Six-Two, Jazze Pha, Up Tight)
Doggy's Angels - "Curious" (featuring Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg)
Dove Shack - "The Dove Shack is Back" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Dr. Dre - "Deeez Nuuuts" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Daz Dillinger, Nate Dogg, Warren G)
Dr. Dre - "The Next Episode" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Nate Dogg)
Dr. Dre - "Xxplosive" (featuring Hittman, Kurupt, Nate Dogg, Six-Two)
Dresta - "Victims of Reality" (featuring Nate Dogg)
D-Shot - "Money, Sex & Thugs" (featuring E-40, Nate Dogg, Butch Cassidy)
Down A.K.A. Kilo - "I'm Coming Home To You" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2007)
E-40 - "Nah, Nah" (featuring Nate Dogg)
E-40 - "Sinister Mob" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Eminem - "Bitch Please II" (featuring Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit, Nate Dogg)
Eminem - "'Till I Collapse" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Eminem - "Never Enough" (featuring Nate Dogg, 50 Cent)
Eminem - "Shake That" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Eminem - "Shake That (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg, Obie Trice, Bobby Creekwater Lil Skeeter)
Eve - "Hey Y'all" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Fabolous - "Can't Deny It" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Fabolous - "Popo" (featuring Nate Dogg, Paul Cain)
Fat Tone - "Money Rules" (featuring E-40, Nate Dogg, Butch Cassidy)
Fat Tone - Let's Get It Crackin' (featuring Nate Dogg)
Fatboy Chubb - "Money In The Hood" (featuring Nate Dogg, J-Young)
Freeway - "All My Life" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Guce - "Game Dont Wait" (featuring Messy Marv, Nate Dogg)
Guerilla Black - "What We Gonna Do" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Hi-C - "I Don't Wanna Know" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Hush - "Hush is Coming" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Jadakiss - "Time's Up" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Jadakiss - "When Kiss is Spittin'" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Jermaine Dupri - "Ballin Outta Control" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Jermaine Dupri - "Whatever" (featuring Nate Dogg, R.O.C., Skeeter Rock, Tigah, Katrina)
Joe Budden - "Gangsta Party" (featuring Nate Dogg)
JS - "Good Life" (featuring Nas, Nate Dogg)
K-Mel - "Reflexions" (featuring Nate Dogg)
K-Mel - "Reflexions (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Knoc-turn'al - "Him or Me" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Knoc-turn'al - "Str8 West Coast (Remix)" (featuring Xzibit, Warren G, Nate Dogg, Shade Sheist)
Knoc-turn'al - "Twisted" (featuring Nate Dogg, Drastic, Armed Robbery)
Knoc-turn'al - "What We Do" (featuring Xzibit, Nate Dogg, Warren G)
Kokane - "You Could Be" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Tha Eastsidaz, Nate Dogg)
Kontrafakt - "Polnočná Pičakolada" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Kurupt - "Behind the Walls" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Kurupt - "Girls All Pause" (featuring Nate Dogg, Roscoe)
Kurupt - "Neva Gonna Give It Up" (featuring Nate Dogg, Warren G, Tray Deee, Snoop Dogg, Soopafly)
Kurupt - "Lay It On Back" (featuring Fred Durst, Nate Dogg)
Kurupt - "Space Boogie" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Kurupt - "The Hardest Muthafuckaz" (featuring Nate Dogg, MC Ren, Xzibit)
Lethal Interjection - "Eff Grandad" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Lil' Flip - "Take You There" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Lil' Jon - "Bitches Ain't Shit" (featuring Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Suga Free)
Lloyd Banks - "Til The End" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Lloyd Banks - "Warrior Part 2" (featuring Eminem, Nate Dogg, 50 Cent)
Ludacris - "Child of the Night" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Ludacris - Good Relationships (featuring Katt Williams, Snoop Dogg Nate Dogg)
Mack 10 - "Like This" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Mariah Carey - "If We" (featuring Ja Rule, Nate Dogg)
Mariah Carey - "If We (Remix)" (featuring Shade Sheist, Ja Rule, Nate Dogg)
Mark Ronson - "Ooh Wee" (featuring Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God Nate Dogg)
Mark Ronson - "Ooh Wee (Remix)" (featuring Ghostface Killah, Trife Da God, Nate Dogg, Saigon, Freeway)
Mastacraft - "One Night Stand (European Version)" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Memphis Bleek - "You Need Dick in Your Life" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Messy Marv - "Oh No, Pt. 2" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Mic Little - "Golden State" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Mista Grimm - "Indo Smoke" (featuring Nate Dogg, Warren G)
Mister D - "Should Of Been Mine" (featuring Nate Dogg, Sleepy Malo)
Mobb Deep - "Have a Party" (featuring Nate Dogg, 50 Cent)
Mobb Deep - "Dump" (feat Nate Dogg)
Mos Def - "Oh No" (featuring Nate Dogg, Pharaohe Monch)
Mr. Capone-E - "Came to Me in a Dream" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Mr. Capone-E - "I Like It" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Mr. Criminal - "Mami Mira" (featuring Nate Dogg & Mr.Capone-E)
Ms. Jade - "Dead Wrong" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Nelly - "L.A." (featuring Snoop Dogg & Nate Dogg)
N.U.N.E. - "Gangstafied Lady" (featuring Nate Dogg)
N.U.N.E. - "Gangstafied Lady (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Obie Trice - "Look in My Eyes" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Obie Trice - "All of My Life" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Obie Trice - "The Set Up" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Obie Trice - "The Set Up (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg, Redman, Jadakiss, Lloyd Banks)
OG Daddy V - "Trouble" (featuring Nate Dogg, E-White & RBX)
Outlawz - "Teardrops & Closed Caskets" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Play-n-Skillz - "Do Me" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Proof - "Sammy Da Bull" (featuring Nate Dogg, Swift)
Psy 4 de la Rime - "A l'Ancienne" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Rappin' 4-Tay - "If It Wasn't 4 You" (featuring Nate Dogg, Suga Free)
Ras Kass - "4 Much" (featuring Nate Dogg, Bad Azz, Tash)
Ray J - "Smokin Smokin" (featuring Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Shorty Mack)
Redman - "Merry Jane" (featuring Snoop Dogg Nate Dogg)
Redd Soul - "What U Wanna Be" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Rock - "Walk Like a G" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Roscoe - "Nasty Girl" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Shade Sheist - "Cali Diseaze" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Shade Sheist - "Everybody Wants 2b da Man" (featuring N.U.N.E, Nate Dogg, Grath, Shade Sheist)
Shade Sheist - "Gangstafied Lady" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Shade Sheist - "Gangstafied Lady (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Shade Sheist - "Hey Yo" (featuring Nate Dogg, N.U.N.E., Eddie Kane Jr.)
Shade Sheist - "Playmate" (featuring Nate Dogg, N.U.N.E, Shade Sheist)
Shade Sheist - "Sex Sells" (featuring Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Redrum, Eddie Kane Jr., Shade Sheist, N.U.N.E.)
Shade Sheist - "Steady Wastin" (featuring Shade Shiest, Nate Dogg, Nitty Black, Lieutenant)
Shade Sheist - "Wake Up" (featuring Nate Dogg, Warren G)
Shade Sheist - "Walk a Mile" (featuring Nate Dogg, Vita, Nune)
Shade Sheist - "What Would You Do" (featuring N.U.N.E., Nate Dogg, Mariah Carey)
Shade Sheist - "Where I Wanna Be" (featuring Nate Dogg, Kurupt)
Shaquille O'Neal - "Connected" (featuring Nate Dogg, W.C.)
Shyne - "Behind The Walls (Remix)" (featuring Kurupt, Nate Dogg)
Simon Vegas - "One Night Stand" (featuring Nate Dogg)
SNBRN - "Gangsta Walk" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Ain't No Fun" (featuring Nate Dogg, Kurupt, Warren G)
Snoop Dogg - "Bitch Please" (featuring Xzibit, Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Boss' Life" remix (featuring Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Crazy" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Don't Fight The Feelin'" (featuring Nate Dogg, Cam'ron, Lady May, Soopafly)
Snoop Dogg - "Don't Tell" (featuring Warren G, Mausberg, Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Eastside Party" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Family Reunion" (featuring Nate Dogg, Bad Azz, Warren G, Soopafly)
Snoop Dogg - "Gangsta Wit It" (featuring Nate Dogg, Butch Cassidy)
Snoop Dogg - "Groupie" (featuring Tha Dogg Pound, Warren G, Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Lay Low" (featuring Nate Dogg, Butch Cassidy, Tha Eastsidaz, Master P)
Snoop Dogg - "LBC'n It Up" (featuring Nate Dogg, Lil' 1/2 Dead)
Snoop Dogg - "Lollipop" (featuring Soopafly, Nate Dogg, Jay-Z)
Snoop Dogg - "Long Beach 2 Brick City" (featuring Redman, Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Rollin Down The Highway" (featuring Nate Dogg, Warren G)
Snoop Dogg - "Santa Claus Goes Straight to the Ghetto" (featuring Bad Azz, Daz Dillinger, Nate Dogg, Tray Deee)
Snoop Dogg - "Wannabes" (featuring Young Jeezy, Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "Set It Off" (featuring MC Ren, Ice Cube, Lady of Rage, Nate Dogg, Kurupt)
Snoop Dogg - "St. Ides" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Snoop Dogg - "The Game's Play'd Out" (featuring Nate Dogg, Prince Ital Joe)
Snoop Dogg - "Wintertime in June" (featuring Nate Dogg & James Fauntleroy) (2019)
Snoop Dogg - "Outside the Box" (featuring Nate Dogg) (2022)
Soopafly - "Number 1" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Daz Dillinger)
Steady Mobb'n - "Let's Get It Crackin" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tamia - "Can't Go For That" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Warren G)
The Game - "Special" (featuring Nate Dogg)
The Game - "Where I'm From" (featuring Dr. Dre, Nate Dogg)
The Game - "Too Much" (featuring Nate Dogg)
The Notorious B.I.G. - "Runnin' Your Mouth" (featuring Fabolous, Nate Dogg, Busta Rhymes, Foxy Brown Snoop Dogg)
The Team - "Feel the Music" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Dogg Pound - "A Dogg'z Day Afternoon" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Big Pimpin" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Cheat'n Ass Lover" (featuring Soopafly, Nate Dogg & Dru Drown)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Don't Sweat It" (featuring Nate Dogg, RBX)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Hard on a Hoe" (featuring Nate Dogg, RBX)
Tha Dogg Pound - "I Don't Like to Dream About Gettin' Paid" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Just Doggin'" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Let's Play House" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Dogg Pound - "Real Soon" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Tha Eastsidaz - "Cool" (featuring Butch Cassidy, Nate Dogg)
Tha Eastsidaz - "Eastside Ridaz" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Eastsidaz - "Ghetto" (featuring Kokane, Kam, Nate Dogg)
Tha Eastsidaz - "Let's Go" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Tha Eastsidaz - "Welcome to the House" (featuring Nate Dogg)
The Click - "Rock Ya Body" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound)
Thug Life - "How Long Will They Mourn Me" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Various Artist (Music for relief Charity) - "Forever in Our Hearts"
Warren G - "Annie Mae" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "100 Miles & Runnin" (featuring Nate Dogg Raekwon) 2009
Warren G - "Clownin" (featuring Nate Dogg) 2007
Warren G - "Gangsta Love" (featuring Kurupt, Nate Dogg, RBX)
Warren G - "Havin Thangs" (featuring Jermaine Dupri, Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "Here Comes Another Hit" (featuring Nate Dogg, Mistah Grimm)
Warren G - "I Need a Light" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "Mid-Nite Hour" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "PYT" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "Regulate" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "The Game Don't Wait" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "The Game Don't Wait (Remix)" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, Xzibit)
Warren G - "What U Wanna Do" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Warren G - "Yo Sassy Ways" (featuring Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg)
WC - "Paper Trippin'" (featuring Nate Dogg)
WC - "The Streets" (featuring Nate Dogg)
WC - "The Streets (Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg)
Westside Connection - "Gangsta Nation" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Westside Connection - "Gangsta Nation (Fredwreck Remix)" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Xzibit - "Been a Long Time" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Xzibit - "Multiply" (featuring Nate Dogg)
Xzibit - "My Name" (featuring Eminem, Nate Dogg)
Yukmouth - "So Ignorant" (featuring Nate Dogg, Kokane, Kurupt)
References
External links
Nate Dogg at AllMusic
Hip hop discographies
Discographies of American artists |
3201624 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Sharon%20Beshenivsky | Murder of Sharon Beshenivsky | PC Sharon Beshenivsky (née Jagger; 14 January 1967 – 18 November 2005) was a West Yorkshire Police constable shot and killed by a criminal gang during a robbery in Bradford on 18 November 2005, becoming the seventh female police officer in Great Britain to be killed on duty. Her colleague, PC Teresa Milburn, was seriously injured in the same incident. Milburn had joined the force less than two years earlier; Beshenivsky had served only nine months as a Constable in the force at the time of her death, having been a Community Support Officer before.
Closed-circuit television cameras tracked a car rushing from the scene and used an automatic number plate recognition system to trace its owners. This led to six suspects being arrested; three were later convicted of murder, robbery, and firearms offences; two of manslaughter, robbery, and firearms offences; and one of robbery. Another suspect (Piran Ditta Khan) was arrested in Pakistan more than 14 years later.
In April 2023, Piran Ditta Khan was extradited to the United Kingdom from Pakistan following the work of specialist prosecutors and Pakistani counterparts. He has been charged with the murder, and is set to go before Westminster Magistrates Court.
Background
Beshenivsky had been serving as a police officer for nine months. She had previously been a police community support officer (collar #268) with West Yorkshire Police. Having been a constable for just nine months, she was classed as a probationer under the supervision of an experienced colleague.
Murder
On the afternoon of 18 November 2005, Beshenivsky and Milburn responded to reports that an attack alarm had been activated at a travel agent on Morley Street in Bradford. Upon arrival the officers encountered three men who had robbed the agent of £5,405; two were armed with a gun, another with a knife. One of the gunmen fired at them immediately at point-blank range, fatally wounding Beshenivsky in the chest and also hitting Milburn in the chest, before all three men made a getaway in a convoy of cars.
Beshenivsky was the seventh female officer to die in the line of duty in England and Wales and the second female officer to be fatally shot (the first was Yvonne Fletcher in London in 1984).
She had three children and two stepchildren and died on her youngest daughter's fourth birthday. Beshenivsky's funeral took place on 6 January 2006 at Bradford Cathedral.
Arrests
On 25 November 2005 police named Somali brothers Mustaf Jama, aged 25, and Yusaf Jama, aged 19, as well as 24-year-old Muzzaker Imtiaz Shah as prime suspects. Yusaf Jama was arrested in Birmingham the following day and was subsequently charged with murder and robbery. On 12 December Shah was arrested in Newport, South Wales; he was later also charged with murder. Mustaf Jama had fled to Somalia but was extradited two years later. The use of recently installed automatic number plate recognition technology in Bradford city centre played a vital role in identifying the suspects prior to their arrest.
More than 14 years after the crime, in January 2020, another suspect was arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan. Piran Dhitta Khan, age 71 at the time of his arrest, was reported to be wanted for masterminding the robbery. British police were granted his extradition in April 2023.
Convictions
On 18 December 2006, Yusuf Jama was found guilty of all charges against him, including the murder of Beshenivsky. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 35 years. This was expected to keep Yusuf Jama imprisoned until at least 2040 and the age of 60.
Shah was also sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 35 years, which was also expected to keep him in prison until at least 2040 and the age of 60.
Faisal Razzaq, a 25-year-old from London, was cleared of murder but found guilty of manslaughter. He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 11 years before being considered for parole. This was expected to keep him imprisoned until at least 2017 and the age of 36. He had driven the lead car of the gang's convoy from Leeds to Bradford and acted as a lookout during the robbery.
On 2 March 2007, Hassan Razzaq, the 26-year-old brother of Faisal, was also convicted of manslaughter and was sentenced to 20 years in prison. He had also acted as a lookout. Raza Ul-Haq Aslam was a 3rd lookout and was sentenced to eight years in prison for a single robbery offence.
All of the suspects except Aslam were also found guilty of robbery and a series of firearms offences.
On 1 November 2007 Mustaf Jama was extradited from Somalia, after a Home Office funded snatch operation that involved his Land Rover being ambushed by 15 local militiamen and then Jama being flown by private plane to the UK via Dubai and taken into police custody at Bridewell police station in Leeds. He was charged the next day with the murder of Beshenivsky, appeared before Leeds magistrates, and was remanded into custody. On 22 July 2009 at Newcastle Crown Court, Mustaf Jama was found guilty of murder and was also told that he would serve at least 35 years in prison, which is expected to keep him in prison until 2044 and the age of 64. It later transpired that he had been released from prison (having been convicted of burglary and robbery offences) just six months before Beshenivsky's murder and that he had been considered for deportation to his native Somalia.
Appeals
Yusuf Jama and Muzzaker Shah appealed for their sentences to be reduced. The High Court heard their appeals but agreed with the trial judge's recommended minimum term for both men and rejected the appeals. In 2010 Mustaf Jama made an application for permission to appeal his sentence. The Court of Appeal rejected his application in 2011.
Hewan Gordon was jailed for 18 months in 2007 for helping Shah evade capture. In 2010 he won an appeal against a government bid to deport him back to Somalia. His appeal was understood to have been made on human rights grounds.
Additional suspect
The alleged mastermind of the robbery, Piran Ditta Khan, fled to Pakistan. A reward of £20,000 was offered for information leading to his arrest.
In 2014, police renewed their appeal for information that might lead to Khan's arrest. Detective Superintendent Simon Atkinson said: "This investigation is not yet complete and will not be until everyone involved in any way in the murder of PC Beshenivsky is brought to justice. We have not, and will not leave any stone unturned in our search for justice. The £20,000 reward on offer remains and I would like to take this opportunity to appeal again to the people of Pakistan or to anyone who knows where this man is to get in contact."
Khan was arrested in Pakistan on 14 January 2020. He appeared in court in Islamabad the following day and was remanded in custody until 29 January.
In April 2023 Khan was extradited to the UK and taken to a West Yorkshire police station, where he was charged with murder, robbery, two counts of possessing a firearm with intent to endanger life and two counts of possessing a prohibited weapon. He was remanded in custody to appear at Westminster Magistrates' Court on 13 April 2023.
Subsequent events
In June 2007, Shah had nine years added to his sentence for firearms offences committed during a car chase in 2004. Faisal Razzaq had seven-and-a-half-years added to his sentence in June 2007 for possession of firearms in 2004.
In December 2007, Yusuf Jama was also convicted of conspiracy to rape and had 12 years added to his sentence. The case related to the gang rape of a woman at a house party in Birmingham some days after Beshenivsky's murder.
In March 2008, both Shah and Yusuf Jama had a further four years added to their sentences for wounding with intent after they stabbed another inmate at Frankland prison in Brasside, County Durham.
On 18 August 2006, the rugby league club Bradford Bulls made a presentation on the pitch at their home stadium during the half-time interval of a match with Castleford Tigers, in Beshenivsky's honour. Her widower Paul, along with the Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police Colin Cramphorn, were guests as Bradford Bulls chairman Peter Hood unveiled a memorial bench in her honour, which was to be placed in the club's reception area. On 8 May 2009 a memorial to Beshenivsky was unveiled at the location of her death. At the unveiling, Prime Minister Gordon Brown paid tribute to the officer's "dedication, professionalism and courage". Michael Winner, chairman of the Police Memorial Trust, also praised Beshenivsky and police officers across the country, saying: "Take them away and there's total anarchy and we are devoured by the forces of evil."
In November 2008, the British National Party was condemned for using the murder as an example of racially motivated crime in a piece of literature which was circulated to voters. Opponents of the party's policies were keen to point out that there was no obvious racial motive to the murder, and that the killers would obviously have killed anyone of any ethnic background who might have attempted to foil them.
See also
List of British police officers killed in the line of duty
References
External links
2005 in England
2005 murders in the United Kingdom
2000s in West Yorkshire
Crime in Bradford
Deaths by person in England
Murder in West Yorkshire
November 2005 crimes
November 2005 events in the United Kingdom
Robberies in England
Violence against women in England
Violent non-state actor incidents in Europe |
5682341 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances%20Kellor | Frances Kellor | Frances Alice Kellor (October 20, 1873 – January 4, 1952) was an American social reformer and investigator, who specialized in the study of immigrants to the United States and women.
Early life and education
Kellor was born October 20, 1873, in Columbus, Ohio. During Kellors’ childhood, her father left the family, forcing her mother to move to Michigan to work as a laundress. Kellor could not afford to finish high school, leading her to work at a local news company where she eventually became an investigative reporter at the company. It was there that two sisters, Mary and Frances Eddy, took notice of her and helped fund Kellors’ college education. She received her law degree in 1897 from Cornell Law School, and received a scholarship to study sociology and social work at the University of Chicago. It was at the University of Chicago that she wrote her first scholarly article about equality among women and men in physical education. Kellor also began her study of prisons while at University of Chicago, which would lead to her first book Experimental Sociology (1901.)
Career
She was secretary and treasurer of the New York State Immigration Commission in 1909 and chief investigator for the Bureau of Industries and Immigration of New York State in 1910–13. She became managing director of the North American Civic League for Immigrants and a member of the Progressive National Committee. She also oversaw the American Association of Foreign Language Newspapers.
She directed the National Americanization Committee (NAC), the most important private organization promoting Americanization during World War I. Speaking for the NAC in 1916, proposed to combine efficiency and patriotism in her Americanization programs. It would be more efficient, she argued, once the factory workers could all understand English and therefore better understand orders and avoid accidents. Once Americanized, they would grasp American industrial ideals and be open to American influences and not subject only to strike agitators or foreign propagandists. The result, she argued would transform indifferent and ignorant residents into understanding voters, to make their homes into American homes, and to establish American standards of living throughout the ethnic communities. Ultimately, she argued it would "unite foreign-born and native alike in enthusiastic loyalty to our national ideals of liberty and justice."
Unlike African American social reformers of the time, Kellor believed that enslavement made it impossible for African American women to lead moral, respectable lives. Kellor and her cohort of white reformers focused on improving recently emancipated African American women's efficiency, rather than attempt to challenge the racially restrictive segregationist practices of the Northern society.
In 1916, she became the chairman of the Women's Committee for the National Hughes Alliance, headquartered in the Hotel Astor. The goal of the Hughes Alliance was to organize the women of the country to support Charles E. Hughes in his bid for President of the United States in 1916.
Women's activism
Kellor focused her works on Women's Rights on studying the treatment of women in education and the work force. Kellor did her work on Women's Rights by completing field work at various locations including studying women in prison, women in the Hull-House in Chicago, women employees, and women in educational settings. In 1904 Kellor published the book Out of Work, in which she discusses immigrant unemployment in the United States. In it Kellor notes that little data had been taken on women's unemployment due to the social opinion that unemployment had little to do with women. She also discussed reasons why women employees had not been able to attain the same standards through union organization as men, the helplessness of unemployed women, and unemployed women and prostitution. Kellor argued for equal treatment of women in educational settings, specifically in physical education. In 1909 she published a book in collaboration with Gertrude Dudley called Athletic Games in the Education of Women, in which they argued that participating in sports could have positive effects for women, since it would allow to them to leave the confines of the home and would make them more socially active.
Immigrant rights
Kellor was secretary and treasurer of the New York State Immigration Commission in 1909 and chief investigator for the Bureau of Industries and Immigration of New York State in 1910–13. She was brought on by Theodore Roosevelt's 1912 presidential campaign, to help write the Progressive Party's platform. This election marked the first time the party had taken up immigration as a key issue. The platform promised to provide immigrants more opportunities to succeed, as well as reverse policies that neglected immigrants and their rights. Roosevelt lost the election to Woodrow Wilson, but Kellor continued her fight for immigrant rights. At the time, Kellor was the director of the North American Civic League. She began advocating for increased collaboration between private, state, and national efforts, aimed at assimilating, educating, and protecting the rapidly growing immigrant population. In 1914, she left the American Civic League and formed the Committee for Immigrants in America. This committee fought for immigrant rights and education. Kellor's efforts resulted in more than 13% of non-English-speaking immigrants enrolling in citizenship classes by 1915. The movement continued to make progress, but Kellor was not satisfied. She began pressuring the federal government to act and aide immigrants in regards to protection, education, and opportunity. Kellor organized and promoted the National Americanization Day, to be held on July 4, 1915. Over 150 cities nationwide partook in this holiday, which celebrated and welcomed naturalized immigrants . She also oversaw the American Association of Foreign Language Newspapers She directed the National Americanization Committee (NAC), an important private organization promoting Americanization during World War I. Speaking for the NAC in 1916, she proposed Americanization programs that to combined efficiency and patriotism. It would be more efficient, she argued, once the factory workers could all understand English and therefore better understand orders and avoid accidents. Once Americanized, immigrants would grasp American industrial ideals and be open to American influences. This would make them less subject to strike agitators or and foreign propagandists. The result, she argued would transform less knowledgeable residents into understanding voters, making their homes into American homes, and to establishing American standards of living throughout the ethnic communities. Ultimately, she argued it would "unite foreign-born and native alike in enthusiastic loyalty to our national ideals of liberty and justice."
Prisons
Kellor felt that crime was due to poor education and unemployment, which ran contrary to the popular belief of the time that criminality was biological. She published several articles on the American prison systems as well as one book, Experimental Sociology: Descriptive and Analytical. In her research Kellor examined race and the many conditions that led Southern African Americans criminals to engage in crime. In her articles Kellor also discussed the effect of prison life on crime and placed special emphasis on how debilitating it could be for the social life of African Americans, which in turn could perpetuate crime. She felt that two of the solutions to this issue would be rehabilitation as well as reintegration programs.
Personal life
Kellor never married. She maintained a long-term relationship with another woman, Mary Dreier, one of several wealthy, progressive Brooklyn-born sisters who played leading roles in the progressive movement in New York: the artists Katherine Sophie Dreier and Dorothea Dreier, and activist Margaret Dreier. Kellor and Mary shared a home from 1905 until Kellor's death.
She died in New York City on January 4, 1952, and is buried alongside Mary Dreier at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York.
Selected works
Books
Experimental Sociology: Descriptive and Analytical (1901)
Out of Work (1904) with Gertrude Dudley
Athletic Games in the Education of Women (1909)
Notaries Public and Immigrants (1909)
Straight America: A Call to National Service (1916)
Immigration and the Future (1920) Kellor discusses how views on immigration changed over time, most specifically before and after World War 1. The book delves into how immigration policy will impact flows of people to America. The book discusses the economic implications of open immigration and how a dual economic system was born separating foreign born and native born Americans. The book continues, covering immigration's impact on American business, investment, and assimilation.
The Federal Administration and the Alien (1921)
Articles
"Arbitration and the Legal Profession" (undated)
"Sex and Crime" in International Journal of Ethics (October 1898)
"Immigration and Household Labor" in Charities (1904)
"Where Slave Girls are Sold" in The New York Herald (February 14, 1904)
"Emigration From the South – The Women" in Charities (October 1905)
"The Immigrant Woman" in The Atlantic Monthly (September 1907)
"Criminal Anthropology in Its Relation to Jurisprudence" (January 1899)[4]
"Criminal Anthropology in Its Relation to Jurisprudence II" (March 1899)[4]
"Psychological and Environmental Study of Women Criminals I" (January 1900)[4]
"Psychological and Environmental Study of Women Criminals II" (March 1900)[4]
"The Criminal Negro: I. A Sociological Study" (January–June 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: II. Southern Conditions that Influence Negro Criminality" (February 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: III. Some of His Characteristics" (March 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: IV. Advantages and Abuses of Southern Penal Systems" (April 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: V. Physical Measurements of Females" (January–June 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: VI. Psychological Tests of Females" (July 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: VII. Childhood Influences" (September 1901)[3]
"The Criminal Negro: VIII. Environmental Influences" (November 1901)[3]
References
Sources
Barbara Sicherman and Carol Hurd Green, eds., Notable American Women: The Modern Period: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 4 (Radcliffe College, 1980), 393–5, available online
External links
1922 passport photo(flickr)
Many links to resources concerning Kellor can be found at www.franceskellor.com
1873 births
1952 deaths
Writers from Columbus, Ohio
Cornell Law School alumni
American motivational writers
Women motivational writers
American sociologists
LGBT people from Ohio
American LGBT writers
American LGBT scientists
American women sociologists
American women non-fiction writers |
25698110 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884%20Michigan%20Wolverines%20football%20team | 1884 Michigan Wolverines football team | The 1884 Michigan Wolverines football team represented the University of Michigan in the 1884 college football season. The team compiled a 2–0 record and outscored its opponents by a combined score of 36 to 10. The team captain was Horace Greely Prettyman. Prettyman played a record eight years on the Michigan Wolverines football team between 1882 and 1890. The team's manager and starting center was Henry Killilea. Killilea was one of the five men who founded baseball's American League as a major league in 1899. He also owned the Boston Red Sox from 1903 until 1904. Quarterback Thomas H. McNeil went on to become the 30th Grand Chancellor of the Knights of Pythias.
Schedule
Season summary
Pre-season
In early October 1884, The Michigan Argonaut (a University of Michigan weekly newspaper) wrote that prospects looked good for Michigan's rugby team. (The game of American football was evolving in 1884 and was sometimes referred to as rugby and sometimes as football.) The Argonaut noted that many students were gathering daily at the northeast corner of campus to practice for the fall games. With several key players returning, including Olcott, Prettyman, and Killilea, and many new prospects, the paper concluded "there is no reason why an eleven cannot be made up which will equal any Rugby team the University ever had."
The football team was managed by the university's Rugby Association. In early October, the Association met and elected Edward Adolphus Rosenthal as the president, Frank G. Higgins as the vice president, Ross L'Estrange Mahon as the treasurer, Edward Lester Dorn as the corresponding secretary, and James S. Skinner as the recording secretary. Henry Killilea was appointed as the manager. At a meeting held on the Tuesday before the Chicago game, Horace Greely Prettyman was elected as the team's captain.
In late October and early November, The Chronicle urged "every student who takes an interest in Rugby" to participate in the "scrub" or "practice" games or to try their hand at umpiring. Several lines above the notice about the scrub game, the introduction of a new technology was rumored: "There is rumor of the introduction of incandescent lights into Ann Arbor."
During the first week of November, the Albion College team invited the Michigan eleven to play a game at Albion on November 7. The team was unable to accept the invitation because the required permission from the faculty could not be secured. The Chronicle expressed its hope that a game with Albion could be arranged. Such a game was arranged for the following week in Ann Arbor.
Albion
The 1884 football team played its first game on November 15, 1884, against the team from Albion College. The game was the first meeting between the two programs. As Albion was the only other college in Michigan at that time with a football program, Michigan played Albion on a regular basis. The two programs played 16 games between 1884 and 1905, with Michigan winning 15 of those games.
Michigan won the inaugural game by a score of 18–0 in a match that was limited to a single inning. Michigan's 18 points were scored on three goals. The Chronicle (a weekly newspaper at the University of Michigan) wrote: "The Albion team was only recently organized, but nevertheless did some good playing. They proved themselves a gentlemanly set of fellows, and expressed their satisfaction at the treatment received."
The game was played at the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds and was part of university's annual field day. The program for the field day included a ten-mile walk, three-mile walk, “collar and elbow,” standing long jump, half mile run, “hop, step and jump,” heavyweight boxing (won by Higgins), tug-of-war, Indian club swinging (won by W. J. Olcott), hammer throw, "catch-as-catch-can wrestling," "passing rugby ball" (won by Thomas H. McNeil with a distance of 116 feet), drop-kick, 100 yard dash, sprint exhibition by Michigan's national collegiate sprint champion Fred N. Bonine, baseball throwing, “chasing greased pig,” obstruction race, lawn tennis, and the rugby game at 4:15 pm
The Detroit Free Press wrote that "[t]he game of Rugby between the University and Albion College [was] for the championship of Michigan." The Free Press wrote that growing interest in the new game was creating a market for weights in Ann Arbor stores:"As a result of the field-day Rugby games a new invasion of villainous looking Indians clubs and weighty dumb bells occupies a conspicuous place in nearly all the stores resorted to by students. It is no uncommon thing to see a sprig of youth walk calmly into a store and come out again in a few minutes lugging a pair of dumb bells having enough iron to last a foundry a week; and he never fails to take his way homeward through the principal streets."
The Michigan team that played in the Albion game consisted of Prettyman, Brock, Wilson, Killilea, Goss, Dorn and Duff as "rushers"; McNeil as quarterback; Olcott and Jaycock as halfbacks; and Duffy as goalkeeper. Frank G. Higgins was reportedly "severely injured" in the game. The Chronicle reported a week later that Higgins "has been unable to attend lectures and can barely get out of his room by the aid of a crutch."
Chicago
On November 22, 1884, Michigan played its second and final game of the season, an 18–10 victory over a Chicago city team reportedly "composed of business men." The Chronicle reported that the Chicago city team was "made up almost wholly of Englishmen who learned to kick shins at the English public schools." The game began at 2:15 pm and was played before 200 spectators at the Ann Arbor Fairgrounds. In the first inning of play (the halves were referred to as "innings"), Goss scored a quick touchdown for Michigan, but Duffy missed the kick for goal. The game was played according to "American college rules" which put the Chicago team (nine of whom were Englishmen) at a disadvantage due its practice of playing under the English rugby rules. After Michigan's touchdown, the game was paused briefly to allow the Chicago team to receive instruction on the American rules. After the break, Chicago scored a touchdown and kicked the goal to take a 6–4 lead. Michigan kicked a field goal (six points) and scored another touchdown (four points) and led 14–6 at the end of the first inning. In the second inning, Chicago scored a quick touchdown to narrow Michigan's lead to 14–10. Michigan scored a final touchdown in the second inning but missed the kick for goal.
The Detroit Free Press called it a "very exciting and hotly contested game," but the paper criticized the poor condition of the playing field: "[I]t is due the Chicagoans to say that they played at a disadvantage on account of the unevenness of the field, which the home team were accustomed to." The Chicago Daily Tribune called it "A Fine Game of Foot-Ball." The Chronicle wrote: "The game was by far the finest ever witnessed in Ann Arbor and has greatly increased the interest in Rugby. Of the home team, Killilea, Olcott, Prettyman, and McNeil ought to be noticed for their fine playing.". The Chronicle also credited Duffy with "some good playing as goal-keeper" against Chicago.
Michigan's lineup against Chicago was Goss, Dorn, Duff, Prettyman, Beach, Schemm and Killilea (rushers), McNeil (quarterback), Olcott and Jaycox (halfbacks), and Duffy (goal keeper). A Michigan player, Higgins, was the umpire for Michigan. Wild was the umpire for Chicago.
Killilea was "severely hurt" in the game and was still carrying his arm in a sling two weeks later. He was replaced in the game by Charles E. Everett from the Class of 1887. A return game had been planned against the Chicago team for Thanksgiving Day in Chicago. However, the team did not make the trip due to the weather.
Players
Varsity letter winners
Raymond Walter Beach, Atwood, Michigan – forward
Edward L. Dorn, Ann Arbor, Michigan – forward
William J. Duff, Oswego, New York – forward
John L. Duffy, Ann Arbor, Michigan – goalkeeper
Dwight Goss, St. Johns, Michigan – forward
John M. Jaycox, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – halfback
Henry Killilea, Milwaukee, Wisconsin – center and manager
Thomas H. McNeil, Burdette, Montana – quarterback
William J. Olcott, Ishpeming, Michigan – halfback
Horace Greely Prettyman, Bryan, Ohio – forward and captain
Others
Charles Nathan Banks, Saline, Kansas – included in team portrait above, captain of class football team
Henry Z. Brock, Holly, Michigan – substitute and member of the Rugby Association Executive Committee
John A. Couch, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania – substitute
Charles E. Everett, Lansing, Michigan
Frank G. Higgins – substitute and member of the Rugby Association Executive Committee
George Christoph Schemm, Saginaw, Michigan – substitute
Wilson
Coaching staff
Coach: no coach
Captain: Horace Greely Prettyman
Manager: Henry Killilea
References
External links
1884 Football Team – Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Athletics History
The Michigan Argonaut, 1884–1885
The Chronicle, 1884–1885
Michigan
Michigan Wolverines football seasons
College football undefeated seasons
Michigan Wolverines football |
2050232 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Thomas%20Calman | William Thomas Calman | William Thomas Calman (29 December 1871 – 29 September 1952) was a Scottish zoologist, specialising in the Crustacea. From 1927 to 1936 he was Keeper of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History) (now the Natural History Museum).
Life
He was born in Dundee, the son of Thomas Calman, a music teacher, and Agnes Beatts Maclean.
He studied at the High School of Dundee.
In the scientific societies in Dundee, he met D'Arcy Thompson. He later became Thompson's lab boy, which allowed him to attend lectures at University College, Dundee for free. A. D. Peacock, one of Thompson's successors to the chair of Natural history at Dundee, believed this appointment came about following a letter sent by Calman in 1891 asking Thompson's advice as to applying for a post in Edinburgh. After his graduation with distinction in 1895, he took on a lecturership at the university, where he remained for eight years. When Thompson died, Calman, along with Douglas Young, wrote his obituary notice in the Royal Society of Edinburgh Yearbook.
He later worked at the Natural History Museum, where he was appointed assistant curator of Arachnida in 1904 (replacing Pocock), became assistant curator of Crustacea and Pycnogonida and Keeper of Zoology. In 1909, he wrote the Crustacea section in Lankester's Treatise on Zoology, where he introduced the superorders Eucarida, Peracarida and Hoplocarida as well as the concept of the caridoid facies, a hypothetical ancestral malacostracan. He wrote several of the entries about crustacea for the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition. He also established the current division of the Branchiopoda into the four orders Anostraca, Notostraca, Conchostraca and Cladocera. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1921, being the first graduate of the University of Dundee to be so. Calman retired to Tayport in 1936, but returned to teaching during the Second World War at Queen's College, Dundee and St Andrews. He was president of the Quekett Microscopical Club from 1926 to 1928, president of the Linnean Society from 1934 to 1937, and was awarded the Linnean Medal in 1946.
He was awarded CB in 1935. St Andrews University awarded him an honorary doctorate (LLD) in 1937.
He died in Coulsdon in Surrey on 29 September 1952.
Publications
The Life of Crustacae (1911)
The Classification of Animals (1949)
Taxa named by Calman
Taxa named by W. T. Calman include:
Acanthephyra faxoni Calman, 1939
Anaspidacea Calman, 1904
Anchicolurus occidentalis (Calman, 1912)
Anoplodactylus cribellatus Calman, 1923
Anthracocaris Calman, 1933
Aristaeomorpha woodmasoni Calman, 1925
Ascorhynchus extenuata (Calman, 1938)
Atyella brevirostris Calman, 1906a
Atyella longirostris Calman, 1906a
Atyella Calman, 1906a
Austropallene tibicina Calman, 1915
Austroraptus juvenilis Calman, 1915
Austroraptus praecox Calman, 1915
Bankia australis (Calman, 1920)
Bathycuma longicaudatum Calman, 1912
Bathycuma longirostre Calman, 1905
Bathypallenopsis annandalei (Calman, 1923)
Bathyzetes extenuata (Calman, 1938)
Bodotria parva Calman, 1907
Bodotria similis Calman, 1907
Bodotria sublevis Calman, 1907
Bresilia atlantica Calman, 1896
Bresilia Calman, 1896
Bresiliidae Calman, 1896
Bresilioidea Calman, 1896
Brevitalitrus hotulanus (Calman, 1912)
Callipallene pectinata (Calman, 1923)
Calocarcinus africanus Calman, 1909
Calocarcinus Calman, 1909
Campylaspis antarctica Calman, 1907
Campylaspis orientalis Calman, 1911
Campylaspis platyuropus Calman, 1911
Campylaspis rostrata Calman, 1905
Campylaspis spinosa Calman, 1906
Campylaspis vitrea Calman, 1906
Caridella cunningtoni Calman, 1906a
Caridella minuta Calman, 1906a
Caridella paski Calman, 1928
Caridella Calman, 1906a
Caridina indistincta indistincta Calman, 1926
Caridinides wilkinsi Calman, 1926
Caridinides Calman, 1926
Ceratocuma horridum Calman, 1905
Ceratocuma Calman, 1905
Ceratocumatidae Calman, 1905
Cilunculus sewelli Calman, 1938
Colossendeis drakei Calman, 1915
Colossendeis scotti Calman, 1915
Colossendeis wilsoni Calman, 1915
Colurostylis lemurum Calman, 1917
Colurostylis pseudocuma Calman, 1911
Colurostylis Calman, 1911
Cryptocnemus haddoni Calman, 1900
Cumella australis Calman, 1907
Cumella clavicauda Calman, 1911
Cumella forficula Calman, 1911
Cumella gracilima Calman, 1905
Cumella hispida Calman, 1911
Cumella laevis Calman, 1911
Cumella leptopus Calman, 1911
Cumella serrata Calman, 1911
Cumellopsis helgae Calman, 1905
Cumellopsis puritani Calman, 1906
Cumellopsis Calman, 1905
Cyclaspis cingulata Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis coelebs Calman, 1917
Cyclaspis costata Calman, 1904
Cyclaspis elegans Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis herdmani Calman, 1904
Cyclaspis hornelli Calman, 1904
Cyclaspis longipes Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis persculpta Calman, 1905
Cyclaspis picta Calman, 1904
Cyclaspis sibogae Calman, 1905
Cyclaspis similis Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis thomsoni Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis triplicata Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis unicornis Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis uniplicata Calman, 1907
Cyclaspis varians Calman, 1912
Diastylis alaskensis Calman, 1912
Diastylis argentata Calman, 1912
Diastylis aspera Calman, 1912
Diastylis bidentata Calman, 1912
Diastylis dalli Calman, 1912
Diastylis insularum (Calman, 1908)
Diastylis koreana Calman, 1911
Diastylis mawsoni Calman, 1918
Diastylis nucella Calman, 1912
Diastylis planifrons Calman, 1912
Diastylis sulcata Calman, 1912
Diastylopsis crassior Calman, 1911
Diastylopsis elongata Calman, 1911
Dipteropeltis hirundo Calman, 1912
Dodecolopoda mawsoni Calman & Gordon, 1933
Dodecolopoda Calman & Gordon, 1933
Ekleptostylis walkeri (Calman, 1907)
Endeis flaccida Calman, 1923
Eocuma affine Calman, 1904
Eocuma dollfusi Calman, 1907
Eocuma latum Calman, 1907
Eocuma longicorne Calman, 1907
Eocuma stelliferum Calman, 1907
Eocuma taprobanicum Calman, 1904
Eucarida Calman, 1904
Eudorella monodon Calman, 1912
Eudorella similis Calman, 1907
Eudorellopsis biplicata Calman, 1912
Eudorellopsis resima Calman, 1907
Gennadas capensis Calman, 1925
Gennadas gilchristi Calman, 1925
Gennadas gilchristi Calman, 1925
Glyphocrangon mabahissae Calman, 1939
Glyptelasma hamatum (Calman, 1919)
Gynodiastylis bicristata Calman, 1911
Gynodiastylis carinata Calman, 1911
Gynodiastylis costata Calman, 1911
Gynodiastylis Calman, 1911
Hemileucon comes Calman, 1907
Hemileucon uniplicatus Calman, 1907
Hemileucon Calman, 1907
Heteroleucon akaroensis Calman, 1907
Heteroleucon Calman, 1907
Heteromysoides cotti (Calman, 1932)
Holthuisana wollastoni (Calman, 1914)
Hoplocarida Calman, 1904
Hyastenus uncifer Calman, 1900
Lamprops beringi Calman, 1912
Leucon heterostylis Calman, 1907
Leucon siphonatus Calman, 1905
Lioxanthodes alcocki Calman, 1909
Lioxanthodes Calman, 1909
Litogynodiastylis laevis (Calman, 1911)
Litoscalpellum juddi (Calman, 1918)
Lophopilumnus cristipes (Calman, 1900)
Makrokylindrus cingulatus (Calman, 1905)
Makrokylindrus fistularis (Calman), 1911
Makrokylindrus tubulicauda (Calman, 1905)
Namlacium crepidatum (Calman, 1925)
Nannastacus agnatus Calman, 1911
Nannastacus brevicaudatus Calman, 1905
Nannastacus gibbosus Calman, 1911
Nannastacus gurneyi Calman, 1927
Nannastacus minor Calman, 1911
Nannastacus pardus Calman, 1905
Nannastacus reptans Calman, 1911
Nannastacus stebbingi Calman, 1904
Nannastacus tardus Calman, 1911
Nannastacus zimmeri Calman, 1911
Nebaliacea Calman, 1904
Nematobrachion boopis (Calman, 1905)
Nematobrachion Calman, 1905
Nymphon andamanense Calman, 1923
Nymphon arabicum Calman, 1938
Nymphon foxi Calman, 1927
Nymphon proximum Calman, 1915
Oxyurostylis smithi Calman, 1912
Oxyurostylis Calman, 1912
Pallenopsis alcocki Calman, 1923
Pandalina Calman, 1899
Paradiastylis brachyura Calman, 1904
Paradiastylis longipes Calman, 1905
Paradiastylis Calman, 1904
Paralamprops orbicularis (Calman, 1905)
Paraleucon suteri Calman, 1907
Paraleucon Calman, 1907
Paralimnoria andrewsi (Calman, 1910)
Parapallene challengeri Calman, 1937
Parapallene longipes Calman, 1938
Parapotamon spinescens (Calman, 1905)
Peracarida Calman, 1904
Periclimenaeus arabicus (Calman, 1939)
Periclimenaeus crassipes (Calman, 1939)
Pigrogromitus timsanus Calman, 1927
Pigrogromitus Calman, 1927
Platycuma holti Calman, 1905
Platycuma Calman, 1905
Plesionika minor Calman, 1939
Polycheria osborni Calman, 1898
Pontonides unciger Calman, 1939
Potamonautes warreni (Calman, 1918)
Procampylaspis bonnieri Calman, 1906
Propallene kempi (Calman, 1923)
Pseudione giardi Calman, 1898
Pseudodiastylis ferox Calman, 1905
Pseudodiastylis Calman, 1905
Pseudolambrus confragosus (Calman, 1900)
Pseudoleptocuma minus (Calman, 1912)
Pycnogonum africanum Calman, 1938
Rouxana ingrami (Calman, 1908)
Rouxana plana (Calman, 1914)
Scherocumella brachydactyla (Calman, 1905)
Scherocumella gurneyi (Calman, 1927)
Scherocumella lepturus Calman, 1911
Schizotrema bifrons Calman, 1911
Schizotrema depressum Calman, 1911
Schizotrema sordidum Calman, 1911
Schizotrema Calman, 1911
Seguapallene echinata (Calman, 1938)
Sesarma boulengeri Calman, 1920
Spinoserolis beddardi (Calman, 1920)
Squilla brasiliensis Calman, 1917
Styloptocuma gracillimum (Calman, 1905)
Sympodomma diomedeae (Calman), 1912
Sympodomma weberi (Calman, 1905)
Teloscalpellum ecaudatum (Calman, 1918)
Thaumastocheles japonicus Calman, 1913
Trachycaris Calman, 1906b
Trianguloscalpellum annandalei (Calman, 1918)
Tropichelura insulae (Calman, 1910)
Typhlocaris Calman, 1909
Typhlocaris galilea Calman, 1909
Vaunthompsonia arabica Calman, 1907
Zanclopus cephalodisci Calman, 1908
Zanclopus Calman, 1908
Zygosiphon mortenseni Calman, 1907
Zygosiphon Calman, 1907
References
External links
1871 births
1952 deaths
People from Dundee
People educated at the High School of Dundee
Alumni of the University of Dundee
Scottish zoologists
Employees of the Natural History Museum, London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Linnean Society of London
British carcinologists
Academics of the University of Dundee
Academics of the University of St Andrews
Scottish marine biologists
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Companions of the Order of the Bath |
24930369 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Chiuariu | Tudor Chiuariu | Tudor-Alexandru Chiuariu (born 13 July 1976) is a Romanian lawyer and politician. An independent, he served as Justice Minister in the Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu cabinet from April to December 2007. He represented Bacău County in the Romanian Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2012, and has represented Mehedinți County in the Romanian Senate since 2012.
Biography
Origins, early career and political activity
Chiuariu was born in Botoșani to Carmen, a schoolteacher, and Alexandru, an economist, and has an older brother. The family moved to Suceava when Tudor was four; his father died three years later. His mother's parents taught in Cernăuți until 1940, when the area was occupied by Soviet troops, and they fled to near Rădăuți–a background Chiuariu cites as a motivation for measures he took while Justice Minister to simplify procedures for members of the Romanian diaspora to regain citizenship. His father was from Grămești, Suceava County, born into a family of small landowners (răzeși). From 1995 to 1999, Chiuariu attended the Law Faculty of the University of Iași.
Since 2000, he has worked as a lawyer, and is a member of the Iași bar. He took additional law courses at Bucharest's Alexandru Ioan Cuza Police Academy in 2002-2003, and since 2004 has been pursuing a doctorate in penal law at Iaşi. From 2000 to 2007, he taught law at the Petre Andrei University of Iași, where he has also been involved in research since 2000 and in editing its law review since 2006. In 2008 he lectured at the National Institute of Administration, and since that year he has been associate lecturer at the George Bacovia University of Bacău. He has written a number of journal articles in his field. Chiuariu is unmarried.
Chiuariu joined the National Liberal Party (PNL) in 1997. From that year until 2002, he was vice president of the Iași National Liberal Youth chapter, and in 2001-2002 he was a member of the permanent bureau of the Iaşi PNL chapter. From 2002 to 2005, he was vice president of the party's committee on justice and human rights, while from 2005 to 2007, he was vice president of its court of honour and arbitration. Since December 2007, elected as such immediately after his resignation as Justice Minister, he has been adjunct general secretary of the PNL, and became its spokesman in September 2008. This was an interim assignment for the parliamentary election; in January 2009, he was replaced on a permanent basis by Bogdan Olteanu. He held a number of positions within the Romanian Government between 2005 and 2008, when the PNL held the office of Prime Minister. From 2005 to 2007, he was a member in the council for coordinating implementation of the government's National Anti-corruption Strategy. Also, from January 2005 to April 2007, he was a state secretary at the prime minister's chancellery, as head of the government's anti-fraud department. From 2005 to 2006, he was president of the inter-ministerial commission meant to finalise a uniform system for paying civil servants' salaries.
As Justice Minister
In April 2007, Chiuariu was named Justice Minister following Tăriceanu's dismissal of Monica Macovei; the prime minister had been feuding for some time with her and with President Traian Băsescu, a strong Macovei supporter. Chiuariu's appointment was viewed by some with suspicion; multiple press reports identified him as a former lawyer of "local baron" Relu Fenechiu, although Chiuariu denied it. His term in office was marked by controversy almost from the start. He began by dismissing Macovei's state secretaries and advisers, among whom judges were well represented, replacing them for the most part with Iași lawyers, some of whom had no experience as judges. Less than a month after his investiture, the National Anticorruption Directorate (DNA) opened a case against him, alleging he had illegally consented to a governmental decision transferring an over- parcel of public land on Calea Victoriei in central Bucharest into the private control of Poșta Română; a 300-room hotel was planned. The decision reputedly came in order to cover up ties forged illegally in 2005 between Poșta Română and a private real estate group. One civil servant had resigned rather than approve the transfer, which was then done by a Chiuariu aide; anonymous Justice Ministry employees charged that Tăriceanu had asked the same of Macovei but been turned down multiple times. In May, he asked the Supreme Council of Magistracy (CSM) to dismiss Doru Țuluș, a DNA prosecutor and head of the section investigating his own case; this stirred loud protests within the judicial system, including inside Chiuariu's ministry, and was rejected in October.
Also in May, he became embroiled in a conflict with DNA chief attorney Daniel Morar, who accused him of telephoning to request being informed about DNA activities before the press, and not to complete files on certain politicians at the time, when a presidential impeachment campaign was ongoing. Chiuariu denied the accusations, but the CSM later found he had applied "a certain amount of pressure" on DNA. At the end of June, Chiuariu sent a letter to the European Commission, then finalising a country report on Romania, asking it to eliminate laudatory passages regarding DNA's work; this too was rejected. At the same time, he accused his predecessor of acting against Romania's interests by sending negative reports to the Commission regarding the progress of judicial reform.
In October, he initiated an emergency decree effectively blocking criminal investigations into eight current and former ministers, including himself—the committee that then advised the president on the matter was replaced with another. Once the DNA case was initiated, Chiuariu became a lightning rod of criticism directed at the government by Băsescu. He pointed to Chiuariu's case while fighting impeachment in May, and called the minister "a shield, a protection for potential lawbreakers" and "an impudent young mafioso". In late November, Băsescu asked Tăriceanu to dismiss Chiuariu, but the latter said he had "other priorities". The following month, Băsescu publicly asked for his resignation, and was poised to suspend Chiuariu and approve a criminal investigation against him, following a ruling by the Constitutional Court allowing him to do so without recourse to any committee. The latter preemptively announced his resignation on December 10, denouncing the "masquerade" promoted by Băsescu, and the "institutions distorted by servility" subjecting him to a "ridiculous farce". The resignation was welcomed by Democratic Party president Emil Boc and Liberal Democratic Party vice president Valeriu Stoica, while Chiuariu's PNL colleague and party vice president Ludovic Orban said he had no reason to quit, and Greater Romania Party vice president Lucian Bolcaș praised his battle with DNA.
Subsequent career
From January to December 2008, he returned to the prime minister's chancellery as an adviser on matters of justice, home affairs and anti-fraud. He first appeared before DNA that February, insisting after an hour-long meeting with prosecutors on the political nature of the charges. That November, he was elected to the Chamber, where he serves on the justice, discipline and immunity committee, as well as on the joint committee on European affairs.
He has remained a critic of the president, for instance accusing him of responsibility for the "paralysis" in the country's judicial system in September 2009, after magistrates effectively went on strike to protest against the reduction of their salaries by 50–60%.
At the 2012 election, Chiuariu won a Senate seat. Upon taking office, he became president of that body's judiciary committee, as well as a member of the joint committee for revising the Constitution. In January 2014, together with former ministerial colleague Zsolt Nagy, he was convicted by the High Court of Cassation and Justice in a case involving a building on Calea Victoriei belonging to Poșta Română. The two were found to have conspired in the sale of the building to a private company at a price €3.6 million below market value. Chiuariu received a suspended sentence of 3½ years' imprisonment, prompting him to resign his chairmanship of the judiciary committee. In January 2015, he was removed from the PNL, formally because of non-payment of dues but unofficially because of his involvement in corruption cases; the following month, he also lost his seat on the judiciary committee.
See also
List of corruption scandals in Romania
Romanian judicial reform
Notes
1976 births
Living people
People from Botoșani
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University alumni
National Liberal Party (Romania) politicians
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania)
Romanian Ministers of Justice
21st-century Romanian lawyers
Romanian public relations people
Romanian politicians convicted of corruption |
16197280 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway%20privatisation%20in%20Argentina | Railway privatisation in Argentina | Railway privatisation in Argentina was a process which began in 1993 under the presidency of Carlos Menem, following a series of neoliberal economic reforms. This primarily consisted of breaking up the state-owned railway company Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA) and allowing the former lines to be operated by private companies instead of the state. This policy was met with widespread criticism and proved catastrophic for the Argentine railways whose service worsened significantly in the years that followed, with entire lines closing and infrastructure deteriorating beyond repair. Privatisation was ultimately reversed in 2015 with the creation of Nuevos Ferrocarriles Argentinos.
Background
Since railway nationalisation in 1948, during the presidency of Juan Perón, the network had been operated by the state-owned company Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA) which comprised the six relatively independent divisions, Sarmiento, Mitre, Urquiza, San Martín, Belgrano and Roca.
By the time President Carlos Menem's administration took over in 1989, FA had a serious economic deficit, with no investment projected and a high amount of social charges owed to the state. The amount of freight services had considerably decreased between 1970 and 1990, going from 13,500 million tons to 7,500 million twenty years later, almost a 55% decrease. The infrastructure and rolling stock were seriously deteriorated, with the exception of the central network. The majority of the locomotives and coaches had become obsolete, therefore maintenance costs also increased. The aim was to reduce FA's deficit previous to a major restructuring of the company.
With the railway network's chronic deficit having risen to US$355 million per year (about US$1 million per day), the National Congress adopted Law 23,696 (named ) which began the privatisation process in 1989.
The law allowed president Menem to declare a state of emergency over any state-owned company with the objective to proceed to a privatisation or closure of that company. In November 1989, Menem pronounced his famous threat to any rail workers contemplating strike action: "" ("A line that goes on strike is a line that will be closed").
Freight services
Although FA supported the idea of operating the freight line in competition with private companies, the Ministry of Public Works (assisted by the World Bank) excluded FA from the activity, allowing only private concessionaires to operate the lines. In 1990 a program of restructuring was signed by FA, the Ministry and the World Bank. That agreement was the first official document to suggest the possibility to exclude FA from the operation of public transport.
The government granted concessions for a term of 30 years, extendable to 10 years. It was also established that investments made by private operators became property of the state when the contract of concession finished. The concessionaire only kept the rolling stock or other goods acquired during the term of concession.
For freight transport, the government established zones of interest according to traffic. The first section was Rosario–Bahía Blanca with a traffic estimated in 2,000,000 tons per year along its 5,300-km length. The second section was the Urquiza Railway with 1,200,000 tons per year along a length of 2,700 km. The third section was Mitre Railway with 2,500,000 tons (also considering the possibility of passenger services) along a length of 4,800 km. The San Martín Railway was included as the fourth section, with a length of 4,700 km.
The majority of Roca Railway was granted in concession to Ferrosur Roca, property of Loma Negra, the largest cement producer in Argentina. The San Martín was granted to Buenos Aires al Pacífico S.A., while Sarmiento was granted to Ferroexpreso Pampeano (owned by Techint), Urquiza to Ferrocarril Mesopotámico, and Mitre to Nuevo Central Argentino.
Only the Belgrano Railway freight service remained under the control of the state due to lack of interest from private investors. Nevertheless, the railway would be granted to Belgrano Cargas S.A., a consortium established by the railway union Unión Ferroviaria in 1999. That same year, Brazilian company América Latina Logística (ALL) took over the Urquiza and San Martín lines, replacing Ferrocarril Mesopotámico and BAP respectively.
Freight services were granted in concession as follows:
Passenger services
Commuter rail (Buenos Aires)
In March 1991 the government separated the urban passenger rail services and metro operating within the city of Buenos Aires from the rest of the rail network, and to this end created the holding company Ferrocarriles Metropolitanos S.A. (FEMESA). Whilst the freight concessionaires were expected to make a profit, it was recognized that the operation of these services would require public subsidy. Concessions were granted to the bidder who would require the lowest subsidy. Four companies bid successfully for the seven lines originally operated by the six divisions of Ferrocarriles Argentinos, together with the Subte, as shown below:
The concessions were mainly for 10 years, with an optional 10-year extension, except for the Metro and the Línea Urquiza which were for an initial term of 20 years. As in the case of the freight concessions, the government maintained ownership of the assets, whilst the concessionaires undertook the operation of their services as described in their original bids. Maximum fares were set by the government but were subject to automatic increases according to service quality and the prevailing rate of inflation. Financial penalties would be levied if agreed levels of service were not achieved.
In spite of these companies receiving large government subsidies, the services operated by Metropolitano deteriorated to a point where the concession for the operation of Línea San Martín was revoked in 2004 and concessions for the operation of the other two lines by the company were revoked in 2007. All three lines were subsequently operated by transitional private consortium UGOFE.
Trenes de Buenos Aires operated the Mitre and Sarmiento lines until the concession was revoked after the Once rail disaster on February 22, 2012, at Once Station, Buenos Aires, in which 51 people died and at least 703 people were injured, TBA was placed under federal intervention on February 28; its concessions to operate the Mitre and Sarmiento lines were ultimately revoked on May 24. After the cancellation of the contact, both lines were taken over by transitional consortium Unidad de Gestión Operativa Mitre Sarmiento (UGOMS). Metrovías took over the operation of the Buenos Aires Subte, the Buenos Aires Premetro, and the Urquiza Line in 1994, and established an earlier closing time of 23:00 on all three systems in order to conduct extensive maintenance and reconstruction, which was retained even after the reconstruction was completed. Numerous proposals to extend the operating hours of all three Metrovías-operated services have failed.
When UGOFE and UGOMS were dissolved, Corredores Ferroviarios (a company part of Grupo Roggio, which also owns Metrovías) and Argentren took over the Mitre/San Martín and Belgrano Sur/Roca lines, respectively.<ref>[http://www.clarin.com/politica/privadas-volveran-operar-mayoria-ferroviarias_0_1083491853.html "Las privadas volverán a operar la mayoría de las líneas ferroviarias", Clarín, 12 Feb 2014]</ref>"De a uno por línea, para mejor control", Página 12, 12 Feb 2014 The company operated both lines until the government rescinded the agreement with the company in March 2015."Estado rescindió contrato de trenes a privados y avisó que no pagará indemnizaciones", Ambito Financiero, 2 Mar 2015Resolution N° 171/2015 - Official Bulletin of Argentina
Apart from Corredores Ferroviarios, other private company, Argentren S.A., was granted concession to operate the Roca and Belgrano Sur lines. The contract was also revoked by the government in March 2015.
Other rail services
On 20 May 1992 the government announced that all inter-city passenger services, other than Buenos Aires to Mar del Plata, would be discontinued on January 1, 1993, unless provincial authorities either agreed to assume responsibility for them or selected a private concessionaire to operate them on their behalf.
Provincial governments that took over the services to avoid closures were:
Buenos Aires, establishing state-owned company Ferrobaires (1993 to present)
Chaco Province operated trains through state-owned Servicios Ferroviarios del Chaco (1999-2010)
Tucumán also operated a railway service to Buenos Aires to keep the line active. Services started in 1992 but ceased in 1997.
Río Negro created its own company named Tren Patagónico to operate trains from Viedma to Bariloche that had been under concession since 1993.
On the other hand, La Trochita was never privatised and closed in 1992 due to the lack of interest of private investors. Nevertheless, the line would be later reopened, being currently cooperatively operated by the governments of Río Negro and Chubut provinces.
Long-distance and tourist services granted to private companies are listed below:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
| colspan="5" style= "background: #cccccc; color: #00000" |
|-
! width=250px| Concessionaire
! width=170px| Division
! width=60px| Gauge (mm)
! width=60px| Length (km)
! width=100px| Period
|-
| Tucumán Ferrocarriles || rowspan=2| Retiro–Tucumán || rowspan=2| 1,676 || rowspan=2| 1,260 || 1997–2000
|-
| Ferrocentral || 2004–2014
|-
| Ferrocarriles Mediterráneos || Córdoba–Villa María || 1,676 || 150 || 1992–2004
|-
| Ferrocentral || Tren de las Sierras || 1,000 || 150 || 2007–13
|-
| Servicios Ferroviarios Patagónico || Viedma–Bariloche || 1,676 || 826 || 1993–?
|-
| Trenes Especiales Argentinos || F. Lacroze–Posadas || 1,435 || 1,060 || 2003–2011
|-
| (unknown) || Southern Fueguian || 0,500 || 7 || 1994–present
|-
| (unknown) || rowspan=2| Tren a las Nubes {{efn|group=group3|Taken over by the Government of Salta after the last concession was revoked.}} || rowspan=2| 1,000 || rowspan=2| 217 || 1991–2005
|-
| EcoTren || 2005–2014
|}
See also
Railway nationalisation in Argentina
Rail transport in Argentina
Ferrocarriles Argentinos
Ferrocarriles Argentinos (2015)
Bibliography
Reshaping Argentina's Railways by Jorge H. Kogan & Louis S. Thompson – Japan Railway Review
References
P
Economic history of Argentina
Privatization in Argentina |
5426277 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suellyn%20Scarnecchia | Suellyn Scarnecchia | Suellyn Scarnecchia is a clinical law professor at the University of Michigan. She previously served as the general counsel and vice president at the University of Michigan from 2008 to 2012. From 2003 to 2008 she was the dean of the University of New Mexico School of Law, the first woman to fill that position.
Education and Practice
Scarnecchia received her bachelor's degree from Northwestern University and her J.D. degree from the University of Michigan Law School. After graduation, Scarnecchia spent six years focusing on employment law at the Battle Creek, Michigan law firm of McCroskey, Feldman, Cochrane & Brock.
Career at the University of Michigan
After private practice and prior to coming to UNM, Scarnecchia returned to the University of Michigan Law School, where she was a member of the faculty and Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs and taught in the Child Advocacy Law Clinic.
For 12 years, she worked in the University of Michigan Child Advocacy Law Clinic, concentrating on civil child abuse and neglect. One of the cases that came into the clinic involved Jan and Roberta DeBoer, an Ann Arbor couple who were trying to adopt a child known as Baby Jessica. The case attracted national attention because the baby's biological parents sought the return of the 2-year-old girl. After a long court battle, the Michigan Supreme Court ordered the DeBoers to return the child to her parents in Iowa. Ever since, Scarnecchia has occasionally provided advocacy in similar cases across the country.
Additional courses she taught at Michigan included Women and the Law Clinic, Civil Clinic, Child Abuse and Neglect Interdisciplinary Seminar, Negotiation, Access to Justice and Family Law.
At Michigan, Scarnecchia suggested a position be created to oversee all of the clinics at that law school. The school's administrators agreed, and she became the first person to serve as clinic coordinator, a position she held for two years before being named Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs. Scarnecchia received the additional title of Associate Dean for Law School Administration for two years. Her management interests spread to the central university where, for eight months in 2002, she worked on special assignment to the provost's office, handling the duties of assistant provost for academic and faculty affairs.
Scarnecchia has served on the board of directors of the Clinical Legal Education Association and was a panelist on the Michigan Attorney Disciplinary Board until she moved to New Mexico. She was a technical adviser on the Michigan Supreme Court Task Forces on Gender and Race Bias in the Courts and was board president of the Battle Creek Area Organization Against Domestic Violence, which she helped establish. Scarnecchia is a past president of the Women Lawyers Association of Michigan.
Deanship at the University of New Mexico School of Law
At the University of New Mexico School of Law, Scarnecchia succeeded a long line of distinguished deans at the school. These former deans include Vern Countryman, an avid civil rights activist who later retired as a Harvard law professor, as well as Frederick Hart (still on the faculty), who in the early 70s made it his mission to hire more women and minority faculty, to give clinical law professors full tenure status, and to start a program that led the number of Native American attorneys nationwide to grow from 300 to 4,000.
Controversy has attended Dean Scarnecchia's tenure at the law school, culminating in an editorial in the Albuquerque Journal by Christina Hoff Sommers in October, 2006. The editorial reported that while the students at the University of New Mexico law school are politically diverse, the faculty contains no conservative or Republican voices whatsoever. Furthermore, the editorial alleges, students who do not share the law faculty's political complexion frequently find themselves isolated and marginalized by the law faculty—who, for example, explicitly discourage students from joining the Federalist Society. Dean Scarnecchia, the editorial implied, played an important role in a recent decision wherein the faculty dissolved the "DA Law Clinic", which allowed students to work with the District Attorney's Office. According to the editorial, many law faculty were so extreme in their political radicalism that they were not comfortable allowing their students to work prosecuting criminals.
At the law school, Dean Scarnecchia presided over a student body of human rights advocates and athletes, environmentalists, those interested in Indian Law, natural resources advocates, and those interested in business law, particularly with respect to small businesses.
Recent graduates include Jason Marks, the head of the New Mexico Public Regulation Commission, and many law school classes include mayors and other public officials, doctors, and other second-career students.
The school has some of the smallest law school classes in the country, including first-year sections of 36 students, and mandatory clinic classes with 8 students or less.
Encouraging Inquiry and Debate: "Difficult Dialogues"
One of Scarnecchia's stated goals for her deanship is promoting respectful but rigorous and vigorous debate among students, faculty, and members of the law school community on divisive issues in the law.
To that end, she created and taught a course called "Difficult Dialogues" or "Legal Dialogues." The dialogues were organized by law student organizations to "create a discussion about significant legal, social and political issues." Among other things, each "dialogue" was intended to provoke students into thinking about how political and legal debates "can best be conducted in a public/professional setting." The overall goal of the course was to "further public dialogue and problem solving skills, as well as to take advantage of the diverse backgrounds and views in our community to enrich the life of the law school."
The challenges faced and progress made by Scarnecchia in achieving this objective of promoting rigorous but respectful political debate at the UNM School of Law were highlighted by Christina Hoff Sommers in an October 2006 editorial in the Albuquerque Journal. Sommers, a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute criticized Scarnecchia and the UNM School of Law for "liberal bias" after being invited to speak at UNM and hosted by Scarnecchia. The editorial reported that the students at the University of New Mexico law school were politically diverse, but cited a previous survey by the UNM College Republicans that alleged that there were no registered Republicans at the time on the law faculty. Furthermore, the editorial alleged, students who did not share the law faculty's political complexion frequently found themselves isolated and marginalized. Sommers cited one example of a student group that explicitly discouraged students from joining the Federalist Society, a prominent national organization that brings conservative and libertarian students, scholars and lawyers together to discuss and debate legal issues. The editorial also criticized a decision to discontinue the "DA Law Clinic", which allowed students to work with the District Attorney's Office. According to the editorial, "professors were uncomfortable with a program that prosecuted— – rather than defended—accused criminals". The criticisms and allegations in the Sommers editorial closely resembled previous editorials she authored criticizing other higher educational institutions. Scarnecchia wrote a later editorial responding to Sommers and challenging some of the assertions in Sommers' letter.
Public Service in New Mexico
While dean at the law school, Scarnecchia served as a board member for the UNM Science and Technology Corporation. She chaired all Judicial Selection Commissions in New Mexico, a role that the dean of the law school is given by the New Mexico Constitution. Dean Scarnecchia served on the New Mexico Supreme Court Task Forces on Professionalism and Access to Justice. She was a member of the ABA New Deans Workshop Committee, the Association of American Law Schools' Resource Corps and Committee on Recruitment and Retention of Minority Faculty, and the Law School Admissions Council's Minority Affairs Committee.
The Governor of New Mexico also appointed Scarnecchia to serve on several state commissions. As one example, Scarnecchia served in 2006 as co-chair of the "Governor's Task Force on Ethics Reform," which conducted public hearings and authored a report detailing a "comprehensive approach to reforming New Mexico's ethics and campaign finance laws.".
Awards
In 2019 Scarnecchia was awarded the John W. Reed Michigan Lawyer Legacy Award by the State Bar of Michigan. The award goes to "an educator whose influence on lawyers has elevated the quality of legal practice in our state."
References
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
American legal scholars
Deans of law schools in the United States
Women deans (academic)
Northwestern University alumni
University of Michigan Law School alumni
University of Michigan Law School faculty
University of New Mexico faculty
American academic administrators
American women legal scholars |
5297538 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon%20Kakka | Demon Kakka | , previously known as , is a Japanese musician, songwriter, entertainer, journalist, sumo commentator, actor and voice actor. He first gained fame in the 1980s as vocalist of the heavy metal band Seikima-II, before starting a solo career in 1990 and branching out into other forms of entertainment. His real name is not publicly known and he is noted for always working entirely in character, which includes wearing face paint.
Early life and education
Demon attended kindergarten up through his first year of elementary school in New York City. He moved to Tokyo for second grade of elementary school, before moving to Nishi-ku, Hiroshima in 1971 for three years. Returning to Tokyo, Demon grew up there from 6th grade on.
Between 1982 and 1983, Demon attended an acting school in Tokyo.
In March 1986, Demon graduated with honors from Waseda University with a degree in social science. A fan of sumo since childhood, he was a member of the university's sumo club. He was also a member of their folk song club.
Career
Music
When Sunplaza Nakano-kun left the Waseda University rock band Super Slump to form Bakufu Slump, Demon replaced him as vocalist.
Demon and fellow Waseda University student Damian Hamada formed the heavy metal band Seikima-II in December 1982. The band saw numerous lineup changes in their career, with Demon being the only constant member. They signed to CBS/Sony and released their first album Seikima II – Akuma ga Kitarite Heavy Metal in 1985. Seikima-II went on to release 12 studio albums and sell over 10 million records. In accordance to their fictional "prophecy" and after completing their "world conquest", Seikima-II disbanded at the end of the century on December 31, 1999 at 23:59:59. They have held various limited time reunions since 2005, and released their first album of new material in 23 years in 2022.
Demon released his first solo album in 1990, and after Seikima-II disbanded focused on his solo career.
In 1994, Demon appeared on Larry King Live, becoming the first Japanese musician to do so.
In January 2007, Demon released Girls' Rock, a cover album of rock songs by female artists. He released a follow-up, Girls' Rock √ Hakurai, in January 2008 and supported it with a national tour from April to May. A third female rock cover album, Girls' Rock ~Tiara~, was released on February 11, 2009. The compilation album Girls' Rock Best, collecting songs from these three albums and some new covers, was released on January 20, 2010.
Demon released Mythology, his first original studio album in nine years, on May 16, 2012. It features several guests, including Yuki Koyanagi and May J., and a song composed by Tetsuya Komuro. The album's June tour featured Koyanagi at every date, while its final day also saw the other contributors perform.
Demon wrote and composed the 2013 song for the idol group Kamen Rider Girls.
For his March 2017 album Existence, Demon had two Akutagawa Prize winning authors (Keisuke Hada and Yū Nagashima) and Terra Formars author Yū Sasuga write song lyrics. His November 2017 album Utadama was built around folk instruments, pianos and other unplugged instruments and includes covers of songs such as "Furusato" and "Kimigayo".
His November 2019 album Uta Dokuro: Gekida☆Shinkansen Gekichūka-shū is a collaboration with the theater company Gekida☆Shinkansen, with whom he has written lyrics for and performed songs with since at least 1995. The album features Demon singing 12 songs he wrote for the company's plays over the last 24 years with some altered lyrics.
Demon collaborated with Arika Takarano (Ali Project) for the May 13, 2020 single , which is the opening theme of the anime adaptation of The 8th Son? Are You Kidding Me?. That same year, he provided the song "Naked Men Miro, Hadaka no Oretachi o!" to the stage adaptation of Reiko Okano's sumo manga series Ryōgoku Hananishiki Tōshi.
Sumo
Demon dedicated a section of his radio program Demon Kogure no All Night Nippon to sumo. The section, called , often featured interviews with active rikishi, most notably Daitetsu Tadamitsu, who became friends with Demon.
Demon wrote a column for the sumo magazine Van Van Sumo Club for 13 years, and was a regular guest commentator on the J Sports TV show Gekisen! Ōzumō for five years. But he was asked not to enter the Ryōgoku Kokugikan in costume so as not to cause a distraction, and complied. However, in 2005 Demon was asked by the Japan Sumo Association to be a guest on Dosukoi FM, the live in-house radio broadcast of sumo tournaments, and to come in costume, ending the ban.
The following year Demon was a guest commentator for NHK's television broadcast of the January 2006 honbasho, and became the first guest to commentate an entire sumo tournament.
Demon was a guest commentator on day 8 of the January 2009 tournament alongside his close friend and former yokozuna Hiroshi Wajima. When Wajima died in December 2018, Demon sang a song he wrote at the funeral and was a pallbearer.
On day 2 of the January 2011 tournament Demon caused some controversy when he opined publicly on NHK that Kotomitsuki Keiji, who was expelled by the JSA in July 2010 for gambling, should be reinstated.
In April 2012, Demon's alma mater Waseda University appointed him a special counselor of their sumo club which was struggling to recruit new members.
Other activities
Demon hosted the weekly radio program on Mondays from 25:00 to 27:00 (technically Tuesday mornings) on National Radio Network from April 6, 1987 to May 14, 1990 as part of All Night Nippon.
In 2008, Demon wrote, directed and acted in the short film .
Demon voiced the character Zatan in the 2012 Kamen Rider × Kamen Rider Wizard & Fourze: Movie War Ultimatum film. He also wrote and performed its theme song, "Forest of Rocks".
In 2017, Demon was selected by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications to educate the public on and bring awareness to the harm of illegal radio waves.
In February 2018, Demon took part in a symposium alongside singer Kaori Kishitani, athlete Dai Tamesue and the representative director of the Federation of Music Producers Japan speaking on the problem of ticket scalping. That year Demon provided the voice of the character Dr. Tetsuji Kanie in the anime adaptation of Hinomaru Sumo.
In 2019, Demon was appointed an ambassador for good medical care by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.
Demon leant his voice to Capcom's 2023 video game Street Fighter 6 as a real time commentator for fights.
Persona
Like the other members of Seikima-II, Demon adopted the stage persona of an Akuma ("demon") from the futuristic hyper-evolved dimension Makai ("demon world"), where he was the former Vice Emperor. They all wear face paint and elaborate stage outfits. The band preaches a demonic religion called Akumakyō through heavy metal music to conquer the Earth. Originally using the name , he began using in 2000, and in 2010 changed his name to Demon Kakka. He has also released material under the name and the symbol !, which is read as "Exclamation".
On December 10, 2014, a supporter of politician Daisuke Sakamoto (Party for Japanese Kokoro) dressed as Demon during a public event supporting Sakamoto in the 2014 Japanese general election to represent Hiroshima 7th district. When news of the cosplay spread on the internet and TV, Demon wrote a blog post stating that because it was not made clear that it was a fake, any similar acts in the future would result in legal action. Sakamoto apologized stating that it was a "careless" decision.
Discography
Studio albums
Singles
Compilation albums
Home videos
Other work
Video games
Filmography
Bibliography
References
External links
Official English website
Official blog
Japanese heavy metal singers
Japanese male pop singers
Japanese television personalities
Japanese male voice actors
21st-century Japanese writers
Japanese film directors
Sports commentators
Avex Group artists
1962 births
Living people
Unidentified musicians
Musicians from Shibuya
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese male actors
English-language singers from Japan
Waseda University alumni
Musicians with fictional stage personas
Sumo people |
64180031 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20pandemic%20in%20U.S.%20immigration%20detention | COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention | The COVID-19 pandemic in U.S. immigration detention has been covered extensively since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. More than 38,000 people were detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) at the time of the outbreak of COVID-19 in the United States. ICE's response to the outbreak in detention facilities has been widely characterized as substandard and dangerous. Harmful practices have been reported in numerous facilities managed by third-party private contractors with ICE. For example, reports found that HDQ Neutral disinfectant was used over 50 times per day in un-ventilated areas, which caused pain, bleeding, and severe illness to numerous people held in Adelanto Detention Center, a private prison managed by GEO Group Inc.
ICE and the Trump administration have been heavily criticized for its lack of transparency during the COVID-19 pandemic, after it banned oversight tours by U.S. Congress and stakeholder groups at all detention facilities and further restricted attorney access. Detained people have reported that they are being forced into unsafe, unsanitary, and harmful conditions. People who are critically ill have been denied testing and medical attention by detention officers. Serious irregularities in ICE's testing data have been reported, while ICE has blocked coronavirus testing information at its facilities from being released to the public. The American Civil Liberties Union referred to the COVID-19 pandemic in US immigration detention as "an unquestionable public health disaster."
Conditions
The conditions of immigration detention facilities in the United States have been identified as contributing to the spread of COVID-19. Sources recognized that ICE (1) provided "dangerously substandard" medical care, (2) lacked transparency, accountability, and oversight, (3) engaged in frequent transfers of detainees between facilities, and (4) had crowded housing with a lack basic access to soap or masks. ICE's notoriously poor handling of previous outbreaks in their facilities, such as a 2018 mumps outbreak, which began with fives cases at two Texas detention facilities before spreading to 57 facilities in 19 states, have been cited as a proven track record. A study in the Journal of Urban Health projected that 72 percent of those in immigration detention would be infected with the coronavirus 90 days after a detention center had five infected cases as an optimistic projection, and that about 100 percent of the population would be infected as a pessimistic projection.
Deaths
Sources report that ICE may not be accurately reporting infections or deaths from COVID-19, citing ICE's handling of previous outbreaks. Two deaths have been reported.
On May 6, the death of Carlos Ernesto Escobar Mejía, a 57-year-old Salvadoran man, was widely reported. Escobar Mejia was the first immigrant to die from COVID-19 in the custody of ICE and the 11th immigrant to die in government custody in the fiscal year. Escobar Mejía was denied bond on April 15, when he was "still well," by immigration judge Lee O'Connor, which is credited as resulting in his death. Senator Dianne Feinstein called for a federal investigation into the conditions at Otay Mesa detention center, managed by CoreCivic, a private prison corporation, where Escobar Mejía had been detained. ICE and the United States Department of Homeland Security were criticized for their actions and an investigation was called regarding Escobar Mejia's death.
On May 24, Santiago Baten-Oxlaj, a 34-year-old man from Guatemala died at Piedmont Regional Hospital after being transferred from the Stewart Detention Center, a private prison run also run by CoreCivic under contract with ICE. Baten-Oxlaj had been granted a voluntary departure to Guatemala, and was awaiting departure from the United States at the time of his death. His death prompted human rights groups to call for the release of all people detained by ICE.
Timeline
March
In March, ICE reportedly began to assess "vulnerable" detainees, including those over 60 or pregnant. However, at the end of March it was reported that "the agency has not changed its detention practices in response to the pandemic." On March 31, a federal judge ordered the immediate release of ten chronically ill immigrants in government custody, saying that it would be "unconscionable and possibly barbaric" to keep them detained. U.S. district Judge John E. Jones III agreed with activist demands, stating that conditions in US immigration detention facilities, in which people "are unable to keep socially distant while detained by ICE and cannot keep the detention facilities sufficiently clean to combat the spread of the virus" will cause "a very real risk of serious, lasting illness or death." At this time, ICE had already found that four immigrants in New Jersey jails had tested positive for COVID-19.
April
On April 9, detained men and women at the Irwin County Detention Center, in south Georgia, began organizing a protest to raise awareness of the harmful conditions they were being forcefully kept under as the threat of COVID-19 spread throughout ICE detention facilities.
Between February 3 and April 24, 2020, ICE carried out 232 deportation flights to Latin America and Caribbean countries, which contributed to the spread of COVID-19. In an article published in The Washington Post, it was reported that the US was "sending infected migrants back to vulnerable countries," including Mexico, Haiti, El Salvador, and Guatemala. It was later confirmed that some of these migrants had tested positive. In Mexico, an outbreak at a shelter in Tamaulipas was linked to a migrant whom the US had deported. Dozens of migrants tested positive for the virus after being deported to Guatemala.
May
On May 16, federal judges ordered the release of nearly 400 ICE detainees, "citing the preexisting medical conditions of the immigrants released and the potential for life-threatening complications from COVID-19." U.S. representatives Carolyn Maloney and Jamie Raskin noted that "despite our repeated attempts to secure information, ICE has failed to fully respond to our requests, casting serious doubt on its preparedness for this crisis." ICE reportedly released an additional 900 people detained in US immigration detention facilities. 1,201 people in US immigration detention had tested positive for COVID-19 out of 2,394 who have been tested at this time.
On May 19, the Department of Homeland Security's inspector general launched an investigation into ICE's handling of the coronavirus pandemic.
On May 21, a complaint was filed at Adelanto Detention Center after "a slew of interviews with inmates describing the poor conditions in the facility." Several accounts reported that guards were "spraying HDQ Neutral every 15 to 20 minutes all over communal areas with devastating consequences on those imprisoned." Manufacturer of the toxic chemical Spartan Chemical warns that HDQ Neutral "can cause skin burns and serious eye damage when inhaled." The chemical was sprayed by GEO Group Inc., who manages the facility under ICE contract, in un-ventilated areas every 15–20 minutes. One detainee stated: "When I blow my nose, blood comes out. They are treating us like animals. One person fainted and was taken out, I don't know what happened to them. There is no fresh air." Since May 11, at least nine inmates had fallen seriously ill because of the spraying. There was widespread outrage by activists, such as the media advocacy strategist at Freedom for Immigrants, who stated, "to us, this is an apparent act of retaliation for publicly reporting that GEO staff was previously only cleaning with water."
On May 22, the Bluebonnet Detention Center in rural West Texas, just five months after opening following the establishment of a lucrative agreement between local officials and ICE, became the site of one of the biggest outbreaks among immigration detention facilities in the country. The facility, run by a for-profit prison contractor, had approximately 111 confirmed cases, more than a quarter of the total population, which was the second-highest among immigration detention facilities at the time. The larger Otay Mesa Detention Center had the highest number of cases, with 155 as of May 22. Legal fellow at the Texas Civil Rights Project Carrie O'Connor commented: "What we're seeing is the number of detainees testing positive in Texas and across the country is exploding. The government is slow-walking their response. That slow walk is illegal and it's putting everybody at risk."
As of May 30, only 3,113 people in ICE detention had been tested–about ten percent of the total population. More than 1 in 5 immigrants, or 78 of the 379 immigrants held at the Houston Contract Detention Facility, had tested positive and the rate of infection had nearly tripled in the facility, up from 21 people the previous week.
June
On June 1, more than 1,406 immigration detainees had tested positive for the coronavirus, according to ICE. It was reported that the number of cases was "much higher given the relatively low number that ICE has reported testing – fewer than 12 percent of detainees."
On June 3, three detained people provided live, first-hand details of their time in a South Florida immigration detainment facility to U.S. District Court Judge Marcia G. Cooke virtually, while in the presence of an unmasked guard. One of the individuals was Deivys Perez Valladares, a diabetic 25-year-old Cuban national, who revealed that "the ICE official who is here with me, he doesn't have a mask on." When asked, Valladares revealed that the official was standing less than six feet away from him: "Much less. We're super close, like two or three feet." Valladares also "recounted to the court how he was transferred to and from three different detention centers within a week, and in one instance placed in a cramped 'hielera'—Spanish for icebox—for 13 hours with 17 other detainees." Icebox is a nickname detainees assign to "the frigid, cramped holding cells they are placed in prior to a transfer." ICE did not refute Valladares' claims. Steve Cooper, a Jamaican national, and Alejandro Ferrera Borges, a Cuban national, also testified. The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment formally listed that an outbreak had occurred at a north Aurora immigration detention center managed by GEO Group Inc.
On June 4, The Human Rights Watch called for the United States to suspend deportations immediately in order to cease contributing to the spread of COVID-19 globally. Nicole Austin-Hillery, US program director at Human Rights Watch, stated: "Despite outbreaks of Covid-19 in US immigration detention centers and government travel restrictions the world over, the US has continued deportations with little regard for the consequences. With these reckless deportations, the Trump administration is contributing to the spread of Covid-19 and endangering public health globally."
The same day, it was announced that new detainees booked into one of twenty-two immigration detention facilities managed by ICE's in-house medical provider Health Services Corps. would begin being tested for coronavirus, after a reported surge in cases. However, despite the spread of COVID-19 in US immigration detention facilities, the 200 other facilities operated by third-party contractors have not begun testing detainees at intake. An influx of COVID-19 cases were reported At the Otero County Processing Center, with 92 total. An interview was denied by ICE. The nearby Otero County Prison Facility, a non-ICE facility, also reported a surge in cases and one death. The first confirmed case at Imperial Regional Detention Center in Calexico, a 22-year-old Bangladeshi national, was reported.
People detained in the Mesa Verde ICE Processing Center in Bakersfield, California held a hunger strike in protest of the murder of George Floyd, the shootings of Breonna Taylor, Oscar Grant, and Tony McDade, and the deaths of "Carlos Mejia, who died in ICE custody at Otay Mesa, and Choung Woong Ahn, our friend who died in ICE custody at this detention center," and the harmful conditions presented by the COVID-19 pandemic in US immigration detention.
By mid-June, cases were reportedly unable to be contained at the Eloy Detention Center in Arizona, as cases soared in the state. Marisol Mendoza, a diabetic immigrant in ICE custody at the Eloy Detention Center sued ICE and CoreCivic for her release. Mendoza was denied and instead a federal judge ordered ICE to improve her conditions and make them constitutional. This was not followed by ICE and within two weeks Mendoza tested positive for COVID-19.
July
References
COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Immigration detention centers and prisons in the United States
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
Prison healthcare |
40366510 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Pritzker | Jennifer Pritzker | Jennifer Natalya Pritzker (born James Nicholas Pritzker; August 13, 1950) is an American investor, philanthropist, and member of the Pritzker family. Pritzker retired as a lieutenant colonel from the Illinois Army National Guard (ILARNG) in 2001, and was later made an honorary Illinois colonel. Founder of the Tawani Foundation in 1995, Tawani Enterprises in 1996, and the Pritzker Military Library in 2003, Pritzker has been devoted to civic applications of inherited and accrued wealth, including significant donations to broaden understanding and support for "citizen soldiers."
In August 2013, Pritzker released a statement to employees at Tawani Enterprises and the Pritzker Military Library that subsequently received wide media coverage, indicating the change from "J. N." to "Jennifer Natalya" to reflect her status as a transgender woman, making her the first and only openly transgender billionaire.
She is the cousin of current Illinois governor J. B. Pritzker and former US Secretary of Commerce Penny Pritzker.
Early life
She was born James Nicholas Pritzker to Robert Pritzker and Audrey (née Gilbert) Pritzker in Chicago, Illinois. She grew up as a member of the Jewish Pritzker family as the granddaughter of family patriarch A.N. Pritzker. She has two siblings, Linda Pritzker (b. 1953) and Karen Pritzker Vlock (b. 1958). Her parents divorced in 1979, and she has two half-siblings, Matthew Pritzker and Liesel Pritzker Simmons, from the remarriage of her father, Robert, to Irene Dryburgh in 1980. (Her mother also remarried, to Albert B. Ratner in 1981).
Military career
Pritzker says her most memorable experiences in life were in Israel in October 1973 when she witnessed events of the Yom Kippur War. Pritzker enlisted in the U.S. Army on February 8, 1974, and served with the HQ Troop, and with the B Troop, 1st Squadron, 17th Cavalry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division based at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, rising to the rank of Sergeant. Pritzker's roles while enlisted included aviation repair parts clerk, rifleman, and fire team leader.
After completing military service in February 1977, Pritzker enrolled at Loyola University of Chicago, majoring in history, and entered its Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. Pritzker graduated with a BA in History in May 1979, and received commission as an Army officer that same month.
Pritzker first served with the 1st Battalion, 503rd Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division based at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, with duty assignments that included leading rifle and TOW platoons, and time in the Commandant Division, and the Anti-Armor School. Pritzker served as a staff officer with the VII Corps at Kelley Barracks, in Germany, from 1984–1985. Her active duty ended in 1985. After 16 years in the Army Reserves and Illinois Army National Guard, Pritzker retired from the Army National Guard as a lieutenant colonel, in 2001. After retiring, Pritzker was made an honorary Illinois colonel.
While serving, Pritzker was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal, the Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Army Achievement Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the Good Conduct Medal, the Army Reserve Components Achievement Medal with 3 Oak Leaf Clusters, the National Defense Service Medal with Star, the Antarctic Service Medal, the Outstanding Military Volunteer Service Medal, the Armed Forces Reserve Medal with 20 year Device, the NCO Professional Development Ribbon, the Army Service Ribbon, the Army Reserve Component Overseas Training Ribbon, the State of Louisiana Legion of Merit, the State of Illinois Long and Honorable Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster, the State of Illinois Military Attendance Ribbon with Numeral 7, the U.S. Army Parachute Badge and the Air Assault Badge.
Pritzker earned airborne badges from Israel, Russia, Canada, the Netherlands, and Great Britain, as well as from Poland; according to Steven Mrozek, "Most memorable of these was a parachute jump at the North Pole with the Russians in 1993."
Business career
Pritzker has founded or served with a number of business and philanthropic organizations. In 1996, she incorporated Tawani Enterprises, where she served as president and CEO, a business entity with current stated purpose as a "private wealth management company established to manage the personal wealth, philanthropic endeavors, and military interests ... " Interests of the company include significant Chicago real estate holdings. In 1995, Pritzker created the Tawani Foundation, and in 2003, she founded the Pritzker Military Library, both dedicated to the understanding and support of the "citizen soldier." In addition, Pritzker serves as Chairwoman of the Board of the Connecticut-based private equity firm Squadron Capital LLC, in which she has been identified a principal investor. Finally, Pritzker has served as Special Projects Director for the National Strategy Forum, as Chairman of the Board and co-owner of National Security Ltd. (1988–1995), and is active in number of further philanthropic enterprises.
In 2016, Jennifer Pritzker was presented the Bonham Centre Award from The Mark S. Bonham Centre for Sexual Diversity Studies, University of Toronto, for her contributions to the advancement and education of issues around sexual identification.
Family businesses
Jennifer Pritzker's father Robert, and Robert's brothers Jay and Donald, built and diversified a Chicago-based family business, the Marmon Group, into a holding company of more than 60 diverse industrial corporations; they also created the Hyatt Hotel chain in 1957, and owned Braniff Airlines from 1983–1988. The family later began divesting of many of these assets. In 2006, the family sold Conwood, a smokeless tobacco company, for $3.5 billion to cigarette company Reynolds American Inc. In 2007, the family sold a 60% stake, and sold control of the Marmon Group to Berkshire Hathaway for $4.5 billion, a sale that it completed in 2013. In 2010, the family sold its majority stake in Transunion, the Chicago-based credit reporting company, to Chicago-based private-equity firm Madison Dearborn Partners for an undisclosed amount. As a member of the Robert's line of the Pritzker family, Jennifer Pritzker has inherited and accumulated wealth that is estimated at US$1.7 billion.
Philanthropy
Pritzker created the Tawani Foundation in 1995, which aims "to enhance the awareness and understanding of the importance of the Citizen Soldier; to preserve unique sites of significance to American and military history; to foster health and wellness projects for improved quality of life; and to honor the service of military personnel, past, present and future." In 2003, the Tawani Foundation made a $1.35 million donation to the Palm Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, to study the feasibility of transgender people serving in the military and in the ranks of police and fire departments. In 2013, the Foundation donated $25 million to Norwich University, in Northfield, Vermont, the school credited with developing and establishing the first Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) program in the country. So closely tied is this founder to the Foundation, that news reports of the Foundation's gifts refer to Jennifer Pritzker and the Foundation, interchangeably, as being the donor (e.g., in the Norwich gift). In 2016, through her Foundation, Pritzker gave a $2 million donation to create the world's first endowed academic chair of transgender studies, at the University of Victoria in British Columbia; Aaron Devor was chosen as the inaugural chair.
Political causes
Pritzker was a Republican, and major donor to candidates and organizations such as the NRA, John McCain, and Mitt Romney. However, as of 2019, she is reevaluating her support, citing the Trump Administration's transgender military ban and other anti-LGBTQ policies: "When the GOP asks me to deliver six- or seven-figure contributions for the 2020 elections, my first response will be: why should I contribute to my own destruction?”.
In August 2020, Pritzker donated $2,000 to the presidential campaign of Joe Biden.
In October 2020, Pritzker donated $100,000 to the Lincoln Project, led by Republican Strategists, some of whom endorse Joe Biden to prevent the re-election of Donald Trump.
During the 3rd quarter of 2020, Pritzker was recognized as a member of the Chairman's Circle, signifying a $25,000 contribution to the Libertarian Party.
Personal life
Pritzker has a daughter, Tal Hava Pritzker (b. 1982), from a first marriage to Ayelet ben Mordechai, and two sons, Andrew (b. 1991) and William, from her marriage to Lisa I. Goren. , she was divorced.
On August 16, 2013, a statement was released to employees at Tawani Enterprises and the Pritzker Military Library indicating Pritzker to be the world's first transgender billionaire; the announcement read:
On October 31, 2020, Jennifer N. Pritzker married Erin E. Solaro.
References
External links
Colonel (Hon.) (IL) Jennifer N. Pritzker at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library
Tawani Foundation
1950 births
American billionaires
American LGBT military personnel
American nonprofit executives
American women company founders
American company founders
American transgender people
Businesspeople from Chicago
Female billionaires
American philanthropists
Illinois National Guard personnel
Illinois Republicans
LGBT conservatism in the United States
LGBT people from Illinois
Living people
Loyola University Chicago alumni
National Guard (United States) officers
Philanthropists from Illinois
Jennifer N.
Transgender Jews
Transgender military personnel
Transgender women
United States Army officers
United States Army soldiers
21st-century American Jews
21st-century American women |
3490895 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20von%20Martens | Eduard von Martens | Eduard von Martens (18 April 1831 – 14 August 1904) also known as Carl or Karl Eduard von Martens, was a German zoologist.
Born in Stuttgart in 1831, von Martens attended university in Tübingen, where he graduated in 1855. He then moved to Berlin, where he would be based for the remainder of his career, both at the Zoological Museum of the Berlin University (from 1855) and, from 1859 on, at the .
In 1860, he embarked on the Thetis expedition of the Prussian expedition to Eastern Asia. When the expedition returned to Europe in 1862, von Martens continued to travel around Maritime Southeast Asia for 15 months. He published the results of the "Thetis" expedition in two volumes, constituting the Zoologischer Theil of the "Preussische Expedition nach Ost-Asien." Vol. ii, consisting of 447 pages and 22 plates, contained a very full account of the land molluscs.
Back in Berlin, von Martens was curator of the malacological and other invertebrate sections until his death.
Von Martens described 155 new genera (150 of them molluscs) and almost 1,800 species (including around 1,680 molluscs, 39 crustaceans, and 50 echinoderms).
He was a foreign member of the Linnean Society of London, and a corresponding member of the Zoological Society of London.
Bibliography
Besides many memoirs, von Martens wrote over 200 separate papers in scientific publications. Besides his work on Mollusca, von Martens wrote upon all branches of zoology, but especially upon Crustacea and Echinoderms..
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1878. Kaukasische Conchylien. In: Naturwissenschaftliche Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Kaukasusländer, auf Grund seiner Sammelbeute, Schneider, O. ed., 11–34
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1894. Description of a new Limicolaria. In: W.Kobelt, Die Genera Livihacia, Pseudachatina, Perideris, Limicolaria, und Homorus. In: Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz, vol. 1, 72
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1894. Mollusken. In. Zoologische Forschungsreisen in Australien und dem malayischen Archipel, ser. Denkschriften der medicinisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft zu Jena, 8, vol. 5 Semon, R. ed., 83–96
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See also
:Category:Taxa named by Eduard von Martens
References
Obituary notes in Journal of Molluscan Studies 6.6 (1905): 315-318
External links
German malacologists
German carcinologists
1831 births
1904 deaths
19th-century German zoologists
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Scientists from Stuttgart
University of Tübingen alumni |
27479210 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate%20speech%20laws%20in%20France | Hate speech laws in France | The hate speech laws in France are matters of both civil law and criminal law. Those laws protect individuals and groups from being defamed or insulted because they belong or do not belong, in fact or in fancy, to an ethnicity, a nation, a race, a religion, a sex, a sexual orientation, or a gender identity or because they have a handicap. The laws forbid any communication which is intended to incite discrimination against, hatred of, or harm to, anyone because of his belonging or not belonging, in fact or in fancy, to an ethnicity, a nation, a race, a religion, a sex, a sexual orientation, or a gender identity, or because he or she has a handicap.
Blasphemy
France abolished the offence of blasphemy in 1791; but the offence persisted in the regions of Alsace and Moselle as Articles 166 and 167 of the local penal code until 2016. The articles persisted as a holdover from the German criminal code of 1871. Validated by La loi du 17 Octobre 1919 and le Décret du 25 Novembre 1919, the articles forbade public blasphemy against God. No convictions under Articles 166 and 167 were registered.
Freedom of the press
The Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881 guarantees freedom of the press, subject to several prohibitions. Article 24 prohibits anyone from publicly inciting another to discriminate against, or to hate or to harm, a person or a group for belonging or not belonging, in fact or in fancy, to an ethnicity, a nation, a race, a religion, a sex, or a sexual orientation, or for having a handicap. The penalty for violating this prohibition is up to a year of imprisonment and a fine of up to €45,000, or either one of those, as well as the suspension of some civil rights in some cases.
Articles 32 and 33 prohibit anyone from publicly defaming or insulting a person or group for belonging or not belonging, in fact or in fancy, to an ethnicity, a nation, a race, a religion, a sex, or a sexual orientation, or for having a handicap. The penalty for defamation is up to a year of imprisonment and a fine of up to €45,000, or either one of those punishments. The penalty for insult is up to six months of imprisonment and a fine of up to €22,500, or either one of those punishments.
La loi du 29 juillet 1881 allows the public prosecutor to initiate criminal proceedings against a violator of the law either upon the complaint of a victim or upon his own initiative. A victim may choose to undertake a civil action against a violator. Such a civil action must obey rules prescribed for a criminal proceeding, and a court may assess both civil damages and criminal penalties at the same time. Article 48-1 permits civil-rights organizations to seek damages for violations of the law.
Holocaust
Act 90-615 of 13 July 1990 or the Gayssot Act (named for its sponsor in the National Assembly) introduced a right to respond for any person who considers that a newspaper or other print medium has damaged his honor on the grounds of his ethnicity, nationality, race or religion. The Gayssot Act sets a punishment of five years' imprisonment and a €45,000 fine for the public expression of ideas that challenge the existence of the crimes against humanity committed by Nazi Germany during World War II as defined in the appendix to the London Agreement of 8 August 1945.
Penal code
The non-public insult of a person or a group of people because of their origin or their membership or their non-membership, true or supposed, to an ethnic group, a nation, sexual identity, gender identity, disability, a race or a specific religion is punishable by a fine of €500 euros, or up to €3000 for a repeat offence.
Other fields of law
By legislation adopted in 1972, France may ban groups that advocate racism.
Online hate speech
In March 2019, Laetitia Avia drafted legislation () that is similar to Germany's NetzDG. The law required the regulation of hateful content online. In July 2019, the National Assembly passed the bill to enforce these rules to limit hateful content online. These rules may apply to all hateful content and extremism. Those who fail to comply face up to 75,000 to 250,000 euros per fine.
On 13 May 2020, the National Assembly was passed the legislation and would likely to go effect in 18 June.
On 18 June 2020, the French Constitutional Council struck down core provisions of the law.
Selected cases
In 1984, a judge of first instance prohibited a poster that advertised the film Ave Maria by Jacques Richard. The poster showed a young woman, covered only at the waist, with her arms and feet tied to a cross. No appeal was made.
In 1985, three organizations asked a court in Paris to ban the film Je vous salue, Marie by Jean-Luc Godard. The film put the biblical story of Mary and Joseph in a modern setting. The organizations said the film insulted their religion. The court refused to ban the film.
In 1988, a court refused to ban the film The Last Temptation of Christ by Martin Scorsese. Several organizations argued that the film insulted Christians, but the trial judge allowed the film to be shown if it contained the warning—and if its advertising contained the warning—that the film was not an adaptation of the Bible.
In 1989, a court in Paris refused to ban the novel The Satanic Verses by Salman Rushdie for being an insult to Muslims because the novel was not forced on anyone.
In 1994, the newspaper Le quotidien de Paris published the article L'obscurité de l'erreur by journalist, sociologist, and historian Paul Giniewski. The article was a reaction to the publication of the papal encyclical Veritatis Splendor. In the article, Giniewski criticizes the Pope, and states that "Catholic doctrine abetted the conception and the realization of Auschwitz". A Catholic organization initiated criminal proceedings on the ground that the article was an insult to a group because of its religion. The court of first instance convicted the newspaper, but the first court of appeal annulled the conviction. The Catholic organization launched a civil action. The court of first instance decided that the article constituted a defamation of Catholics. The first court of appeal disagreed. The Supreme Court of Appeal held that the first court of appeal had made an error, and referred the matter back to that court. The first court of appeal then held Giniewski liable for defaming Catholics. Giniewski appealed, but the Supreme Court of Appeal rejected his contention that his aim was not to insult Catholics but to present an opinion in good faith. Giniewski appealed to the European Court of Human Rights. The European Court held that the courts of France were wrong.
In 1997, a Christian organization asked for the removal of a poster which advertised the film The People vs Larry Flynt by Miloš Forman. The poster depicted a miniature Woody Harrelson—the actor who played the role of porn-tycoon Larry Flynt—in a loincloth made from the American flag, and suspended as though crucified upon the pubic area of a bikini-clad woman. A court rejected the organization's contention that the poster insulted Christians.
In 1998, a Christian organization asked to ban caricatures published by the satirical magazine La Grosse Bertha. One of its covers represented the Christ dying with the inscription: I suck (in French, "je suçe", which pronounces similarly to "Jesus") was his name by Robert Obscene and Alain Porno from the Acadébite (a play on the words Academy and penis), on inside page a cartoon with the Christ saying Why have you forsaken Me Jerk? and the apostles at the foot of the cross carrying banners: pension forced to 33 years, Job insecurity, in back page, a drawing titled miscellaneous news item illustrated with a disemboweled slept naked woman a crucifix crashed in the vagina and on another cover under the title: the Pope at the transvestites, a drawing representing Pope John-Paul II sodomized by a transvestite who exclaims: welcome to Brazil. The courts of first instance and appeal decided that they didn't constitute an incitement to hatred towards the Catholics. The Supreme Court of Appeal held that the first court of appeal had made a procedural error, and referred the matter back to another court which confirmed the absence of conviction decided by the lower courts and considered that mockery of the Catholic religion, the faiths, the symbols and the rites of the religious practice had not caused any state of mind for incitement to discrimination, hatred or violence and was no justification to restrict the liberty of the press.
In 2002, a Christian organization asked for the removal of a poster which advertised the film Amen by Costa Gavras. The poster depicted a cross and a swastika, a priest and a Nazi officer. The organization said the poster was an insult to Catholics. A court found otherwise.
In 2002, a court in Paris considered a complaint by several civil-rights organizations about a remark by Michel Houellebecq, the author of the novel Platforme. During an interview, Houellebecq remarked that Islam is "the stupidest religion." The court decided the remark could neither be considered a racial insult to Muslims nor an incitement to religious or racial hatred.
In 2002, several civil-rights organizations initiated civil and criminal proceedings against Oriana Fallaci and her publisher for the novel La Rage et l'Orgueil. The organizations argued that the novel insulted Arabs, Muslims, and Islam, and incited discrimination, hatred, and violence on religious and racial grounds. The legal proceedings foundered for procedural reasons.
In March 2005, Marithé François Girbaud, a brand of women's clothing, had a billboard—40 metres long—placed on a building on the Avenue Charles-de-Gaulle in Neuilly-sur-Seine. The billboard featured a photograph of twelve beautiful, well-dressed women and one shirtless man posed round a table in the manner of the characters in the painting Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci. A Catholic organization complained that the billboard insulted a group of people because of their religion. The court of first instance convicted Girbaud, and ordered the billboard removed. In April 2005, a higher court upheld the conviction. In November 2006, the Supreme Court of Appeal annulled the conviction.
On 25 April 2005, the daily newspaper Libération published a depiction of Christ—naked except for a big condom—on a cloud above a gathering of bishops. Text on the drawing has a white bishop telling a black bishop that Christ would have used a condom. A Catholic organization complained that the drawing insulted a group of people because of their religion. In November 2005, the court of first instance acquitted Libération. In May 2006, a higher court confirmed the decision of the lower court. In May 2007, the Supreme Court of Appeal confirmed the decisions of the lower courts.
In 2005, the organization Aides Haute-Garonne organized La nuit de la Sainte-Capote (the night of the Holy Condom), an informative evening about the prevention of the human immunodeficiency virus. To announce the event, the organization handed out a prospectus. The prospectus contained a head-and-shoulders image of a woman wearing a nun's bonnet. Near that image was the image of two pink condoms. The prospectus's text asked for the protection of Sainte Capote. A Catholic organization initiated proceedings on the ground that the prospectus insulted a group because of its religion. The court of first instance convicted Aides Haute-Garonne. The first court of appeal, the Court of Toulouse, upheld the conviction. In February 2006, the Supreme Court of Appeal annulled the conviction.
In 2006, the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo released a special issue which featured cartoons pertinent to Islam, including some from the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. A Muslim organization initiated criminal proceedings against Philippe Val, editor-in-chief of Charlie Hebdo, for insulting a group of people because of their religion. In March 2007, the court of first instance acquitted Val. The first court of appeal confirmed the lower court's judgment on the ground that the cartoons targeted only terrorists or fundamentalists—not the whole Muslim community.
On 18 January 2007, a tribunal in Lyon sentenced Bruno Gollnisch to a three-month, suspended prison-term and a fine of €5,000 for the offense of contesting information about the Holocaust. The court also ordered him to pay €55,000 in damages to the plaintiffs and to pay for the judgment to be published in the newspapers that originally printed his remarks.
In 2007, the Supreme Court of Appeal considered a remark by a comedian during an interview published in the journal Lyon Capitale. The comedian said that "Jews are a sect, a fraud". The court said the remark was an insult to a group defined by their place of origin.
In 2008, legendary French actress Brigitte Bardot was convicted for the fifth time for inciting hatred. The Movement Against Racism and for Friendship between Peoples (MRAP) filed the charge against Bardot because, in a letter to the government about throat-cutting of animals during the Muslim festival of Eid al-Adha, she complained about "this population that leads us around by the nose, [and] which destroys our country."
In 2013 Bob Dylan was placed under judicial investigation in France for allegedly provoking ethnic hatred of Croats. It followed a legal complaint lodged by a Croat association in France over a 2012 interview Dylan gave to Rolling Stone magazine.
In April 2014, the case against Dylan himself was dropped, but the director of Rolling Stones French edition was ordered to stand trial.
References
Law of France
Hate speech
Censorship in France |
11216149 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music%20of%20Final%20Fantasy%20IX | Music of Final Fantasy IX | The music of the video game Final Fantasy IX was composed by regular series composer Nobuo Uematsu. It was his last exclusive Final Fantasy score. The Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack, a compilation of all music in the game, was originally released on four Compact Discs by DigiCube in 2000, and was re-released by Square Enix in 2004. A Best Of and arranged soundtrack album of musical tracks from the game entitled Final Fantasy IX: Uematsu's Best Selection was released in 2000 by Tokyopop Soundtrax. Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS, an album of music from the game's full motion videos and extra tracks, was released by DigiCube in 2000 and re-released in 2004, and a collection of piano arrangements of pieces from the original soundtrack arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi and performed by Louis Leerink was released as Piano Collections Final Fantasy IX in 2001.
The game's soundtrack is best known for "Melodies of Life," the theme song of the game, performed by Emiko Shiratori in Japanese and English. The song was released as a single by King Records in 2000. The soundtrack was based around a theme of medieval music, and was heavily inspired by previous Final Fantasy games, incorporating themes and motifs from earlier soundtracks. The music was overall well received; reviewers found the soundtrack to be both well done and enjoyable, though opinions were mixed as to the reliance on music of previous games. Several tracks, especially "Melodies of Life", "Roses of May", "Vamo' Alla Flamenco" and "Not Alone" remain popular today, and have been performed numerous times in orchestral concert series, as well as being published in arranged and compilation albums by Square as well as outside groups.
Creation and influence
In discussions with director Hiroyuki Ito, Uematsu was told: "It'd be fine if you compose tracks for the eight characters, an exciting battle track, a gloomy, danger-evoking piece, and around ten tracks or so". However, Uematsu spent an estimated year composing and producing "around 160" pieces for Final Fantasy IX, with 140 appearing in the game.
Uematsu composed with a piano, and used two contrasting methods: "I create music that fits the events in the game, but sometimes, the event designer will adjust a game event to fit the music I've already written". Uematsu felt previous games Final Fantasy VII and VIII had a mood of realism, but that IX was more of a fantasy, so "a serious piece as well as silly, fun pieces could fit in". He felt the theme was medieval music, and was given a two-week break to travel in Europe for inspiration, such as looking at old castles in Germany and other locations. However, the music was not entirely composed in the medieval mode, as Uematsu claims that "it would be unbalanced" and "a little boring". He aimed for a "simple, warm" style and included uncommon instruments such as a kazoo and dulcimer. Uematsu also included motifs from older Final Fantasy games "because Final Fantasy IX was returning to the roots, so to speak" and incorporated ideas such as "the old intro for battle music" and arranged the Volcano theme from Final Fantasy and the Pandemonium theme from Final Fantasy II, as well as others from the series. Uematsu has claimed several times that Final Fantasy IX is his favorite work, as well as the one he is most proud of. He also stated in the liner notes for the Final Fantasy IX: Original Soundtrack album that he was "glad that [he] was able to join this project".
Albums
FINAL FANTASY IX Original Soundtrack
Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack is a soundtrack album containing musical tracks from the game, composed, arranged and produced by Nobuo Uematsu. It spans four discs and 110 tracks, covering a duration of 4:46:31. It was first released on 30 August 2000 by DigiCube, and subsequently re-released on 10 May 2004 by Square Enix. The lyrics for the theme song to the game, "Melodies of Life", were written by Hiroyuki Ito for the Japanese version and Alexander O. Smith for the English version. The song was performed in both languages by Emiko Shiratori.
The album reached #4 on the Japan Oricon charts, and sold 101,000 copies as of January 2010. The album was well received; many reviewers found that it was a "good" soundtrack, though not without faults. Josh Bizeau and Roko Zaper of Soundtrack Central especially liked it, finding it to be "a blessing for Final Fantasy music", and both Patrick Gann of RPGFan and Isaac Engelhorn of Soundtrack Central felt it was Uematsu's second-best work to date, behind only the soundtrack of Final Fantasy VI. Ben Schweitzer of RPGFan, however, found that the heavy reliance of the soundtrack on music and themes from previous Final Fantasy soundtracks resulted in a sense of "stretched creativity" and "a bit of blandness", though he still felt it was not "a bad soundtrack... [but] not really a great soundtrack". Other reviewers such as Engelhorn and Tyler Schulley of "Final Fantasy Symphony", enjoyed the fact that it pulled from previous soundtracks, feeling that it gave the album "the classic feel of the older Final Fantasies" while still being "original and beautiful".
Track listing
Literal translation of the original titles appear in (brackets) if different.
Final Fantasy IX: Uematsu's Best Selection
Final Fantasy IX: Uematsu's Best Selection is a soundtrack album composed of popular musical tracks from the Final Fantasy IX: Original Soundtrack album. It was arranged by Nobuo Uematsu, Shirō Hamaguchi, Kunihiko Kurosawa, and Haruo Kondo. Vocals were again performed by Emiko Shiratori for "Melodies of Life". It spans 33 tracks and covers a duration of 74:16. The first 32 tracks correspond to tracks on the Final Fantasy IX: Original Soundtrack album, while the last track, an arranged version of "A Place to Call Home", can only be found on this album. It was first released on August 21, 2000 worldwide by Tokyopop Soundtrax, with English track names. The release bears the catalog number TPCD 0201-2.
Reviewers were much less pleased with Final Fantasy IX: Uematsu's Best Selection than with the original soundtrack, finding it to have a "great track listing" but that it felt as if "[they] tried to get as many tracks on the disc as they could", with the result that many tracks were cut too short.
FINAL FANTASY IX Original Soundtrack PLUS
Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS is a soundtrack album consisting of pieces that did not appear on the original soundtrack. The album was composed by Nobuo Uematsu and orchestrated by Shirō Hamaguchi. Emiko Shiratori supplied the vocals for "The Song of Zidane and Dagger" and "Melodies of Life (Silent Mix)". The album contains music from the majority of the game's full motion videos and several extra tracks that did not appear in the game, which appear as tracks 34 through 41 on the album. It also contains a bonus track, an English version of "Melodies of Life" entitled "Melodies of Life (Silent Mix)", found at the last track on the album. The album spans 42 tracks and covers a duration of 66:30. It was first published by DigiCube on December 6, 2000, and subsequently re-published by Square Enix on October 20, 2004. The original release bears the catalog number SSCX-10047 and the reprint SQEX-10035.
Final Fantasy IX Original Soundtrack PLUS sold over 4,100 copies. It was very well received, with reviewers finding the tunes to have "great dynamics" and "incredibly well made", and that the "orchestrations work wonders with Uematsu's incidental music". It reached #58 on the Oricon charts.
Piano Collections: FINAL FANTASY IX
Piano Collections: Final Fantasy IX is a collection of Final Fantasy IX music composed by Nobuo Uematsu, arranged for the piano by Shirō Hamaguchi, and performed by Louis Leerink. It spans 14 tracks and covers a duration of 53:44. It was first released on January 24, 2001, in Japan by DigiCube, and subsequently re-released on July 22, 2004, by Square Enix. The original release bears the catalog number SSCX-10048 and the re-release bears the catalog number SQEX-10027. The album was well received, with reviewers finding the album "enjoyable" and "a pleasant surprise", although they did find some of the arrangements to be "a bit on the simple side".
"Melodies of Life"
"Melodies of Life" is the theme song of Final Fantasy IX, and consists primarily of two themes that were frequently used in the game itself: the Overworld theme ("Crossing Those Hills") and a lullaby that is sung by Garnet. It was performed by Emiko Shiratori in both the Japanese and English versions, arranged by Shirō Hamaguchi, and composed, like the rest of the game, by Nobuo Uematsu. The lyrics were written by game director Hiroyuki Ito (credited as Shiomi) in the Japanese version and Alexander O. Smith in the English version. The song was released as a single by King Records on August 2, 2000, and contains both the English and Japanese versions, an instrumental version, and a bonus track named "Galway Sky". The single covers a duration of 23:17 and has a catalog number of KICS-811. Melodies of Life reached #10 on the Oricon charts, and sold 100,000 copies.
Legacy
The Black Mages have arranged four pieces from Final Fantasy IX. These are "Hunter's Chance" and "Vamo' Alla Flamenco" from the album The Skies Above, published in 2004, and "Assault of the Silver Dragons" and "Grand Cross" from the album Darkness and Starlight, published in 2008. Additionally, Uematsu continues to perform certain pieces in his Dear Friends: Music from Final Fantasy concert series. The music of Final Fantasy IX has also appeared in various official concerts and live albums, such as 20020220 music from FINAL FANTASY, a live recording of an orchestra performing music from the series including "Vamo' Alla Flamenco". Additionally, "Vamo' Alla Flamenco" was performed by the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra and the Chicagoland Pops Orchestra for the Distant Worlds: Music from Final Fantasy concert tour, while "Not Alone" was performed by the New Japan Philharmonic Orchestra in the Tour de Japon: Music from Final Fantasy concert series. "Melodies of Life" was performed at the Press Start -Symphony of Games- 2008 concerts in Tokyo and Shanghai. "Vamo' Alla Flamenco" was played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30, 2010. Independent but officially licensed releases of Final Fantasy IX music have been composed by such groups as Project Majestic Mix, which focuses on arranging video game music. Selections also appear on Japanese remix albums, called dojin music, and on English remixing websites.
References
External links
Nobuo Uematsu's official website
Square Enix's official music store
Final Fantasy IX
Final Fantasy music
Video game soundtracks
Video game music discographies |
24647063 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Joseph%20Davye | John Joseph Davye | John Joseph Davye (October 19, 1929 – September 25, 2007) was an American choral conductor and a composer of choral and chamber music. He finished his career as a teacher, composer, director, and festival adjudicator as Professor Emeritus of Music at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA. He held degrees from the University of Miami (FL) 1952 and Ithaca College (NY) 1965 where he studied composition with Warren Benson. His compositions, both published and unpublished, were played at a wide variety of universities and churches, and on the radio; his work was funded in part by the National Endowment for the Arts as well as the arts commissions of Virginia and Norfolk.
Works and Biography
For almost 40 years John J. Davye had his music published by Associated Music Publishers, Inc. (NYC/London); Augsburg Publishing House (Minneapolis, Minn.); Crystal Spring Music Publishers, Inc. (Roanoke, VA); Mark Foster Music Co. (Champaign, Ill.); muSic eSpreSS, inc. (Tempe, AZ) and World Library Publications, Inc. (Cincinnati, Ohio).
Prior to publication his compositions had been performed on the campuses of Capital University (Ohio); East Carolina University (N.C.); Hollins College (VA); University of Kansas; James Madison University (VA); Manhattan School of Music (NYC); ODU; Penn State University; University of South Florida; St. Olaf College (Minn.); Tennessee Tech University, and West Virginia University, among others.
Professor Davye's larger works include, Cry of Anguish, Song of Praise (Psalm 22) for chorus of Mixed Voices, Organ and Brass Quartet, which was commissioned by the First Lutheran Church of Norfolk in commemoration of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther; Symphony in One Movement, commissioned by ODU in celebration of its Golden Anniversary, and Four Days From My Life, a ballet in five scenes which had its premiere performances funded partially by the National Endowment for the Arts, Virginia Commission for the Arts, and the Norfolk Commission on the Arts and Humanities.
For nearly 30 years Professor Davye was a renowned choral director at University and High School levels.
Before coming to ODU in 1966, Professor Davye was for 11 years a public school music educator at the secondary level. Nine of those years as director of one of the most highly rated and acclaimed high school music programs in New York state, while teaching at Owego Free Academy, Owego, N.Y. There he directed 5 choirs that had a total enrollment of 250, in a school that had a student population of 800. Listed among many prestigious appearances, his group's broadcast around the world over Voice-of -America Radio; performed in two different years in the New York State Pavilion at the New York World's Fair, and appeared in Concert for the United States Senate in Washington, D.C.
For 17 years (1966–83) Professor Davye was the Director of the ODU Concert-Choir. During this time the Choir made numerous appearances with the Norfolk Symphony Orchestra; performed several times over 7 of the world's largest radio networks; appeared at state, regional, national and international conferences and conventions.
In 1975-76 the ODU Choir performed at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington, D.C. as part of the Bicentennial Parade of American Music, and also at the Loyola University Bicentennial Collegiate Choral Festival in New Orleans, LA. The Choir regularly toured in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey and New York.
He was a member of the American Choral Directors Association, American Society of University Composers, American Association of University Professors, Music Educators National Conference, and an honorary life member of Iota Tau chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity. John Davye is included in several biographical sources, among them International Who's Who in Music and Musicians Directory, 1990/91 and Who's Who in American Music: Classical.
In the fall of 1967, Davye founded the Tidewater Chorale which he directed until 1976. Professor Davye was one of nine original founding members of the Tidewater Composer's Guild in 1979.
In 1985 he founded the Composition program at the newly established Governor's School for the Arts, in Norfolk, VA. Professor Davye was also a frequent festival adjudicator throughout the eastern U.S. and Canada.
On December 31, 1997 Professor Davye suffered a stroke.
On September 25, 2007, Professor John J. Davye died in his home in Norfolk, Virginia.
Published and Unpublished Compositions
Ballet
FOUR DAYS FROM MY LIFE -1990
Ballet in five scenes (chamber orch. of 11)
Premiere performances funded partially by the National Endowment for the Arts, Virginia Commission for the Arts, and the Norfolk Commission on the Arts and Humanities
Chamber
CANONIC FANTASY FOR TWO FLUTES -1974
FANFARE for Trumpets and Timpani -1992 (DHQ)
Commissioned by the Office of the president, Old Dominion University for the dedication of the Fine and Performing Arts Center and the Visual Arts Building
SONATINA FOR CLARINET, VIOLIN AND CELLO
THREE EPISODES FOR BRASS CHOIR -1975
Choral
A CHILD IS BORN TO US -1968 (AMP)
Christmas Choral Cycle for full chorus of Treble Voices
CRY OF ANGUISH, SONG OF PRAISE - Psalm 22 -1983
for chorus of Mixed Voices, Organ and Brass Quartet. Commissioned by the First Lutheran Church, Norfolk, VA, in commemoration of the 500th Anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther
MISSA BREVIS -1967 (AMP)
Mass for chorus of Mixed Voices
PSALM 93 – 1957 (APH)
Introit for the first Sunday after Christmas for Chorus or Solo Voices of any combination
PRAYER OF SAINT FRANCIS -1995
for Four-Part Choir of Mixed Voices, Two-Part Ensemble of Treble Voices and Organ. Commissioned for the choirs of St. Mary Magdalene Roman Catholic Church and School, Melvindale, Michigan. Composed for the February 1–8, 1996 appearances in Italy at St. Peter's, Basilica-Vatican City, Rome for the high Mass with Pope John Paul II, at the Basilica of St. Francis-Assisi and the church of St. Ignatius Loyola- Rome
TENEBRAE FACTAE SUNT - Darkness Fell on the Earth -1960 (AMP)
for Men's Chorus
THE SPIRIT OF THE LORD GOD IS UPON ME -1962 (MFM)
Concert Anthem for chorus of Mixed Voices
THY GLORY DAWNS, JERUSALEM, AWAKE -1969 (WLSM)
Palm Sunday Anthem for chorus of Mixed Voices and organ
Orchestral
ELEGIAC AIR AND DANCE FOR STRING
for youth orchestra
SINFONIETTA FOR STRING ORCHESTRA -1976
SYMPHONY IN ONE MOVEMENT -1980
Commissioned by Old Dominion University for the Golden Jubilee Celebration of the University
Piano
PARTITA PICCOLA -1981 (CSMP)
for youth. Commissioned for the Hollins College (VA) Preparatory Division of the Department of Music
RONDO VARIATIONS - 1975
SONATINE FOR TWO PIANOS -1978
Commissioned by the Portsmouth (VA.) Music Study Club
Vocal
TWO PSALMS OF MEDITATION -1978 (muS. espr.)
for high Voice and Organ
Miscellaneous
CANTUS -1985
solo instrument, non-keyboard:Cello
SONATA BREVE -1995
for Organ
THE WISDOM OF SOLOMON -1957
SOLILOQUY FOR BRASS AND WOOD WINDS -1958
COMMUNION SERVICE -1957
SPIRITUALS FOR ORCHESTRA – 1956
LORD WHO SHALL DWELL IN THY TABERNACLE -1956
GO YE THEREFORE AND TEACH -1956
Legacy
The John Davye Collection in the Diehn Composers Room of the Old Dominion University Library contains seventeen seven inch audio reels, three five inch ones, and one tape cassette, spanning the years from 1971 to 1992.
References
American male composers
1929 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American composers
20th-century American male musicians |
1558475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy%20Sands%20%28American%20singer%29 | Tommy Sands (American singer) | Thomas Adrian Sands (born August 27, 1937) is an American pop music singer and actor. Working in show business as a child, Sands became an overnight sensation and instant teen idol when he appeared on Kraft Television Theater in January 1957 as "The Singin' Idol". The song from the show, "Teen-Age Crush", reached No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on Cashbox.
Early life
Sands was born into a musical family in Chicago, Illinois; his father, Ben, was a pianist, and his mother, Grace, a big-band singer. He moved with the family to Shreveport, Louisiana. He began playing the guitar at eight and within a year had a job performing twice weekly on a local radio station. At the beginning of his teen years, he moved to Houston, Texas, where he attended Lamar High School and joined a band with "Jimmie Lee Durden and the Junior Cowboys", consisting of Sands, Durden, and Billy Reno. They performed on radio, at county fairs, and did personal appearances. He was only 15 when Colonel Tom Parker heard about him and signed him to RCA Records.
Career
In 1957 Sands was featured on Hometown Jubilee on KTLA television in Los Angeles.
The Singin' Idol
Sands's initial recordings achieved little in the way of sales but in early 1957 he was given the opportunity to star in an episode of Kraft Television Theatre called "The Singing Idol". He played the part of a singer who was very similar to Elvis Presley, with guitar, pompadour hair, and excitable teenage fans.
On the show, his song presentation of a Joe Allison composition called "Teen-Age Crush" went over big with the young audience and, released as a single by Capitol Records, it went to No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 record chart and No. 1 on the Cashbox chart. It became a gold record.
His track, "The Old Oaken Bucket", peaked at No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart in 1960.
He released his debut album Steady Date with Tommy Sands (1957).
Sands' sudden fame brought an offer to sing at the Academy Awards show. He did another episode of Kraft Television Theatre, "Flesh and Blood" (1957), playing the son of a gangster. He also made "The Promise" for Zane Grey Theatre (1957), playing the son of a character played by Gary Merrill.
20th Century Fox
Sands' teen idol looks landed him a motion-picture contract with 20th Century Fox to star in a 1958 musical drama called Sing, Boy, Sing, the feature film version of "The Singin' Idol". Fox had enjoyed success with films starring other teen idols such as Elvis Presley and Pat Boone but Sing, Boy, Sing was a financial failure.
Sands appeared on CBS Television on January 9, 1958, in an episode of Shower of Stars, and played another singing star in "The Left-handed Welcome" for Studio One in Hollywood (1958).
Sands supported Pat Boone in a musical for Fox, Mardi Gras (1958), which was a moderate hit. He also released the albums Sands Storm (1958), This Thing Called Love (1959), and When I'm Thinking of You (1959).
Sands appeared in the 1960 episode of Wagon Train titled "The Larry Hanify Story", as well as Wagon Train''' episodes in 1963, "The Gus Morgan Story", and in 1964 "The Bob Stuart Story". His later albums included Sands at the Sands (1960) and Dream with Me (1960). From May to November 1960, he served in the United States Air Force Reserves.
Later films
Sands' second lead role in a feature was in the teen comedy Love in a Goldfish Bowl (1961) with Fabian Forte, which was not a success. More popular was a fantasy musical he made at Disney, Babes in Toyland (1961), co-starring Annette Funicello. That year he and Funicello sang the Sherman Brothers' title song from the Walt Disney release of The Parent Trap.
Sands guested starred on "The Inner Panic" for The United States Steel Hour and was one of several pop stars who played US Rangers in Fox's The Longest Day (1962).
Sands had married Nancy Sinatra whose father Frank offered Sands a role in Come Blow Your Horn but he turned it down. Sands studied acting in New York.
Sands appeared alongside Fred Astaire in "Blow High, Blow Clear" for Alcoa Theatre (1963). On May 14, 1963, Sands appeared, along with Claude Akins and Jim Davis, in "Trapped", one of the last episodes of NBC's Laramie western series. In the story line, series character Slim Sherman (John Smith) finds an injured kidnap victim in the woods, portrayed by Joan Freeman. Dennis Holmes, as series regular Mike Williams, rides away to seek help, but the kidnappers reclaim the hostage. Slim pursues the kidnappers but is mistaken as a third kidnapper by the girl's father, played by Barton MacLane. Sands played the girl's boyfriend, who had been ordered by her father to stop seeing her.
Later in 1963, Sands made several appearances on Wagon Train including "The Davey Baxter Story", "The Larry Hanify Story," "The Gus Morgan Story" (with Peter Falk), and "The Bob Stuart Story".
Sands had a support role in the feature film Ensign Pulver (1964) at Warners. He guest starred on Slattery's People ("Question: Why the Lonely?... Why the Misbegotten?") and had a support role in the war feature None But the Brave (1965), starring and directed by Frank Sinatra.
Sands guest starred on Kraft Suspense Theatre ("A Lion Amongst Men", which earned him good reviews), Combat! ("More Than a Soldier"), Valentine's Day ("For Me and My Sal"), Mr Novak ("Let's Dig a Little Grammar", "And Then I Wrote..."), Branded ("That the Brave Endure"), Bonanza ("The Debt"), and Hawaii Five-O ("No Blue Skies").
Career decline
Sands divorced Nancy Sinatra in 1965. "The doors to Hollywood seemed to slam shut after the divorce from Nancy", he said. "I couldn't get acting roles, my singing career on TV and in films was over."
His last feature to date was The Violent Ones (1967) in which Sands had a supporting role. He moved to Hawaii in 1967.
Hawaii
In Hawaii, Sands operated the Tommy Sands Nightclub Tour for five years, and performed at the Outrigger Hotel in Waikiki. His later appearances included episodes of Hawaii Five-O ("No Blue Skies", "Hit Gun for Sale", "A Sentence to Steal"), and The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries ("Mystery on the Avalanche Express"). He occasionally returned to the mainland to work, appearing in dinner theatre.
Sands returned permanently to the mainland of the US in 1981, settling in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He toured regularly performing concerts.
Personal life
Tommy Sands and singer Nancy Sinatra married in 1960 and divorced in 1965. His career had declined significantly by 1965, triggering speculation that Frank Sinatra had him "blacklisted" in the entertainment industry after their divorce. Such reports were denied by both Sands and Sinatra. In 1974, Sands married Sheila Wallace, a secretary, in Honolulu, where he had relocated in an attempt to revive his career.
Filmography
Film
Television
Discography
US singles discography
Love Pains / Transfer – RCA 1953
Life Is So Lonesome / A Dime and a Dollar – RCA 1954
Don't Drop It / A Place For Girls Like You – RCA 1954
Something's Bound To Go Wrong / Kissin' Ain't No Fun – RCA 1955
Teen-Age Crush / Hep Dee Hootie (Cutie Wootie) – Capitol 1957 (U.S. No. 2, 2 wks.; No. 10 R&B; Cashbox #1)
My Love Song / Ring-A-Ding-Ding – Capitol 1957 No. 62 U.S. A-Side, No. 50 U.S. B-Side
Love Paris / Don't Drop It – RCA 1957
Goin' Steady / Ring My Phone – Capitol 1957 No. 16 U.S.
Let Me Loved / Fantastically Foolish – Capitol 1957
Man, Like Wow! / A Swingin' Romance – Capitol 1957
Sing Boy Sing / Crazy 'Cause I Love You – Capitol 1957 No. 24 U.S.
Teen-Age Doll / Hawaiian Rock – Capitol 1958 No. 81 U.S.
After The Senior Prom / Big Date – Capitol 1958
Blue Ribbon Baby / I Love You Because – Capitol 1958 No. 50 U.S.
The Worryin' Kind/Bigger Than Texas – 1958 No. 69 U.S.
Is It Ever Gonna Happen / I Ain't Gittin' Rid of You – Capitol 1959
Sinner Man / Bring Me Your Love – Capitol 1959
I'll Be Seeing You / That's The Way I Am – Capitol 1959 No. 51 U.S.
You Hold The Future / I Gotta Have You – Capitol 1959
That's Love / Crossroads – Capitol 1960
The Old Oaken Bucket / These Are The Things You Are – Capitol 1960 No. 73 U.S. No. 25 U.K.
On And On / Doctor Heartache – Capitol 1960
The Parent Trap / Let's Get Together – Buena Vista 1961 (Annette Funicello And Tommy Sands)
I Love My Baby / Love in a Goldfish Bowl – Capitol 1961
Remember Me (To Jennie) / Rainbow – Capitol 1961
Jimmy's Song / Wrong Side of Love – Capitol 1961
A Young Man's Fancy / Connie – ABC-Paramount 1963
Only Cause I'm Lonely / Cinderella – ABC-Paramount 1963
Ten Dollars and a Clean White Shirt / Won't You Be My Girl – ABC-Paramount 1964
Kisses (Love Theme) / Something More – ABC-Paramount 1964
Love's Funny / One Rose Today, One Rose Tomorrow – Liberty 1965
The Statue / Little Rosita – Liberty 1965
It's The Only One I've Got / As Long As I'm Travellin'- Imperial 1966
Candy Store Prophet / Second Star to the Left – Imperial 1967
Seasons in the Sun / Ain't No Big Thing – Superscope 1969
U.S. LP discography
Steady Date with Tommy Sands, Capitol 848, 1957
Sing Boy Sing, Capitol 929, 1958
Sands Storm, Capitol 1081, 1958
This Thing Called Love, Capitol 1123, 1959
When I'm Thinking of You, Capitol 1239, 1959
Sands at the Sands, Capitol 1364, 1960 (live)
Dream with Me, Capitol 1426, 1960
Babes in Toy Land, Buena Vista 3913/4022, 1961 (soundtrack)
The Parent Trap, Vista 3309, 1961 (soundtrack)
Seasons in the Sun'', Superscope 3A009, 1969
References
External links
Official Tommy Sands Web Site
Tommy Sands at Rockabilly Hall of Fame
Interview with Tommy Sands
Tommy Sands Interview at Elvis2001.net
1937 births
Living people
American male pop singers
American male film actors
American male television actors
Male actors from Chicago
Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana
RCA Victor artists
Capitol Records artists
Disney people
Liberty Records artists
Singers from Los Angeles
ABC Records artists
Male actors from Los Angeles
Actors from Shreveport, Louisiana
Singers from Louisiana
American rockabilly musicians |
2526864 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes%20of%20francium | Isotopes of francium | Francium (87Fr) has no stable isotopes. A standard atomic weight cannot be given. Its most stable isotope is 223Fr with a half-life of 22 minutes, occurring in trace quantities in nature as an intermediate decay product of 235U.
Of elements whose most stable isotopes have been identified with certainty, francium is the most unstable. All elements with atomic number of 106 (seaborgium) or greater have most-stable-known isotopes shorter than that of francium, but as those elements have only a relatively small number of isotopes discovered, the possibility remains that undiscovered isotopes of these elements may have longer half-lives.
List of isotopes
|-
| 197Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 110
| 197.01101(6)
| 2.3(19) ms
| α
| 193At
| (7/2−)
|
|-
| 198Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 111
| 198.01028(3)
| 15(3) ms
| α
| 194At
| 3+#
|
|-
| 199Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 112
| 199.00726(4)
| 16(7) ms
| α
| 195At
| 1/2+#
|
|-
| 200Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 113
| 200.00657(8)
| 24(10) ms
| α
| 196At
| 3+#
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 200mFr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 60(110) keV
| rowspan=2|650(210) ms
| α
| 196At
| rowspan=2|10−#
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (rare)
| 200Fr
|-
| rowspan=2|201Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 114
| rowspan=2|201.00386(8)
| rowspan=2|67(3) ms
| α (99%)
| 197At
| rowspan=2|(9/2−)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (1%)
| 201Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|202Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 115
| rowspan=2|202.00337(5)
| rowspan=2|290(30) ms
| α (97%)
| 198At
| rowspan=2|(3+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (3%)
| 202Rn
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 202mFr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 330(90)# keV
| rowspan=2|340(40) ms
| α (97%)
| 198At
| rowspan=2|(10−)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (3%)
| 202Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|203Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 116
| rowspan=2|203.000925(17)
| rowspan=2|0.55(2) s
| α (95%)
| 199At
| rowspan=2|(9/2−)#
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (5%)
| 203Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|204Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 117
| rowspan=2|204.000653(26)
| rowspan=2|1.7(3) s
| α (96%)
| 200At
| rowspan=2|(3+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (4%)
| 204Rn
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 204m1Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 50(4) keV
| rowspan=2|2.6(3) s
| α (90%)
| 200At
| rowspan=2|(7+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (10%)
| 204Rn
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 204m2Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 326(4) keV
| 1.7(6) s
|
|
| (10−)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|205Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 118
| rowspan=2|204.998594(8)
| rowspan=2|3.80(3) s
| α (99%)
| 201At
| rowspan=2|(9/2−)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (1%)
| 205Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|206Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 119
| rowspan=2|205.99867(3)
| rowspan=2|~16 s
| β+ (58%)
| 206Rn
| rowspan=2|(2+, 3+)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (42%)
| 202At
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 206m1Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 190(40) keV
| 15.9(1) s
|
|
| (7+)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 206m2Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 730(40) keV
| 700(100) ms
|
|
| (10−)
|
|-
| rowspan=2|207Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 120
| rowspan=2|206.99695(5)
| rowspan=2|14.8(1) s
| α (95%)
| 203At
| rowspan=2|9/2−
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (5%)
| 207Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|208Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 121
| rowspan=2|207.99714(5)
| rowspan=2|59.1(3) s
| α (90%)
| 204At
| rowspan=2|7+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (10%)
| 208Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|209Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 122
| rowspan=2|208.995954(16)
| rowspan=2|50.0(3) s
| α (89%)
| 205At
| rowspan=2|9/2−
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (11%)
| 209Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|210Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 123
| rowspan=2|209.996408(24)
| rowspan=2|3.18(6) min
| α (60%)
| 206At
| rowspan=2|6+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (40%)
| 210Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|211Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 124
| rowspan=2|210.995537(23)
| rowspan=2|3.10(2) min
| α (80%)
| 207At
| rowspan=2|9/2−
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (20%)
| 211Rn
|-
| rowspan=2|212Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 125
| rowspan=2|211.996202(28)
| rowspan=2|20.0(6) min
| β+ (57%)
| 212Rn
| rowspan=2|5+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| α (43%)
| 208At
|-
| rowspan=2|213Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 126
| rowspan=2|212.996189(8)
| rowspan=2|34.14(6) s
| α (99.45%)
| 209At
| rowspan=2|9/2−
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (.55%)
| 213Rn
|-
| 214Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 127
| 213.998971(9)
| 5.0(2) ms
| α
| 210At
| (1−)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 214m1Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 123(6) keV
| 3.35(5) ms
| α
| 210At
| (8−)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 214m2Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 638(6) keV
| 103(4) ns
|
|
| (11+)
|
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 214m3Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 6477+Y keV
| 108(7) ns
|
|
| (33+)
|
|-
| 215Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 128
| 215.000341(8)
| 86(5) ns
| α
| 211At
| 9/2−
|
|-
| rowspan=2|216Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 129
| rowspan=2|216.003198(15)
| rowspan=2|0.70(2) μs
| α
| 212At
| rowspan=2|(1−)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β+ (2×10−7%)
| 216Rn
|-
| 217Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 130
| 217.004632(7)
| 16.8(19) μs
| α
| 213At
| 9/2−
|
|-
| 218Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 131
| 218.007578(5)
| 1.0(6) ms
| α
| 214At
| 1−
|
|-
| rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" | 218m1Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 86(4) keV
| rowspan=2|22.0(5) ms
| α
| 214At
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| IT (rare)
| 218Fr
|-
| style="text-indent:1em" | 218m2Fr
|
| colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" | 200(150)# keV
|
|
|
| high
|
|-
| 219Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 132
| 219.009252(8)
| 20(2) ms
| α
| 215At
| 9/2−
|
|-
| rowspan=2|220Fr
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 133
| rowspan=2|220.012327(4)
| rowspan=2|27.4(3) s
| α (99.65%)
| 216At
| rowspan=2|1+
| rowspan=2|
|-
| β− (.35%)
| 220Ra
|-
| rowspan=3|221Fr
| rowspan=3|
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=3 style="text-align:right" | 134
| rowspan=3|221.014255(5)
| rowspan=3|4.9(2) min
| α (99.9%)
| 217At
| rowspan=3|5/2−
| rowspan=3|Trace
|-
| β− (.1%)
| 221Ra
|-
| CD (8.79×10−11%)
| 207Tl14C
|-
| 222Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 135
| 222.017552(23)
| 14.2(3) min
| β−
| 222Ra
| 2−
|
|-
| rowspan=2|223Fr
| rowspan=2|Actinium K
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 87
| rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" | 136
| rowspan=2|223.0197359(26)
| rowspan=2|22.00(7) min
| β− (99.99%)
| 223Ra
| rowspan=2|3/2(−)
| rowspan=2|Trace
|-
| α (.006%)
| 219At
|-
| 224Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 137
| 224.02325(5)
| 3.33(10) min
| β−
| 224Ra
| 1−
|
|-
| 225Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 138
| 225.02557(3)
| 4.0(2) min
| β−
| 225Ra
| 3/2−
|
|-
| 226Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 139
| 226.02939(11)
| 49(1) s
| β−
| 226Ra
| 1−
|
|-
| 227Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 140
| 227.03184(11)
| 2.47(3) min
| β−
| 227Ra
| 1/2+
|
|-
| 228Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 141
| 228.03573(22)#
| 38(1) s
| β−
| 228Ra
| 2−
|
|-
| 229Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 142
| 229.03845(4)
| 50.2(4) s
| β−
| 229Ra
| (1/2+)#
|
|-
| 230Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 143
| 230.04251(48)#
| 19.1(5) s
| β−
| 230Ra
|
|
|-
| 231Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 144
| 231.04544(50)#
| 17.6(6) s
| β−
| 231Ra
| (1/2+)#
|
|-
| 232Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 145
| 232.04977(69)#
| 5(1) s
| β−
| 232Ra
|
|
|-
| 233Fr
|
| style="text-align:right" | 87
| style="text-align:right" | 146
| 233.052518(21)
| 900(100) ms
| β−
| 233Ra
| 1/2+ #
|
References
Isotope masses from:
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources.
Francium |
4692770 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooke | Tooke | Tooke is an Old English name originally found predominantly in the East Anglia region of the United Kingdom.Tooke is said to be derived "from the Old Swedish (pre 7th century Old Scandinavian origin) personal name "Toki". Toki remained a personal name from the Old Scandinavian, through the Anglo-Norman, and Middle English periods.
Etymology
Tooke is said to be derived "from the Old Swedish (pre 7th century Old Scandinavian origin) personal name "Toki", itself claimed to be short form (in Latin a diminutive or in Greek a hypocoristicon) of "Thorkettill" translating as "Thors cauldron", although some sources suggest the derivation is from "Tiodgeir", meaning "people-spear".". Toki remained a personal name from the Old Scandinavian, through the Anglo-Norman, and Middle English periods.
Two runestone inscriptions contain the personal name Toki: the Gunderup Runestone and the Sjörup Runestone. The personal name Thorkell is mentioned in two sagas: Hrafnkel's Saga and the Laxdale Saga.
"Thorkettill" translating as "Thors cauldron" is a reference to the Norse myth that thunder was made by Thor riding around in a chariot full of kettles.
"According to Helene Adeline Guerber, "in Southern Germany the people, fancying a brazen chariot alone inadequate to furnish all the noise they heard, declared it was loaded with copper kettles, which rattled and clashed, and therefore often called him, with disrespectful familiarity, the kettle-vendor."".
Also in the Norse sagas there is a story in which Thor is looking for a "kettle large
enough to brew ale for all the Æsir at one time.".
Distribution
Tooke in 1881 census (in individuals)
Tuck in 1881 census (in individuals)
The Old-Swedish source of Tooke seems to be confirmed by its distribution in England. Tooke is overwhelmingly prevalent in Norfolk, then Suffolk; areas that were part of the Viking Danelaw. References to Thor hit a "high popularity during the Viking Age". Compared with their Anglo- Saxon neighbours, the Vikings favoured Thor, instead of Woden. Also, Tooke is derived from "Old Swedish" (pre-7th-century Old Scandinavian origin) rather than the related "Old English".
Tuck is far less localized; its largest concentration is also in Norfolk, but it is found throughout England. It is also far more common a surname than Tooke.
There are few records in the Norman period of English history. However we do have the Domesday Book of 1086. The book was a survey of the land, and land ownership before and after the Norman conquest. In the database provided by PASE Domesday there are twenty three people of the name Toki and its variants to be found in the Domesday records. These are only men who held land, which was only a small segment of the population.
History
Tuck and Tooke, of East Anglia: Norfolk, and Suffolk
The Tookes from Norwich appear to associate themselves (using their arms) with the landed Toke family of Godinton Kent, which claims descent from Robert de Toke, who was present with Henry III at the Battle of Northampton (1264).
Most Norfolk Tookes would be more of local origin. Dr. Robert Liddiard in his thesis Landscapes of Lordship: Norman Castles and the Countryside in Medieval Norfolk, 1066-1200 suggests there were "a maximum of five and a minimum of three individuals called Toki who held land in Norfolk on the eve of the [Norman] conquest".
One Toki (in particular) was rather prominent Toki 11 antecessor of William de Warenne. "Toki was one of England's wealthiest lords, ranking fortieth in terms of wealth as recorded in Domesday Book TRE."
Toki and his family lost their position, after the fall of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings.
Lords and Communities in Early Medieval East Anglia describes that he was a King's Thane A Thane was "a rank of nobility in pre-Norman England, roughly equivalent to baron.". "The thanes in England were formerly persons of some dignity; there were two orders, the king's thanes, who attended the kings in their courts and held lands immediately of them, and the ordinary thanes, who were lords of manors and who had particular jurisdiction within their limits. After the [Norman] Conquest, this title was disused, and baron took its place.".
Toka of Norfolk
The Ketts of Norfolk, a yeoman family suggests that the Ketts are descended from a Toka/i "francigena" and his family who held numerous lordships of the manor in Norfolk in the reign of Edward the Confessor, as mentioned above.
More on Toka: Deep ancestral history
"The Danish origin of the Ketts is indicated in the name of Godwin, and the pedigree goes back to him. Having regard to the date 1225, it would make 1140 a probable date for Godwin's birth. It seems unlikely that any documentary evidence now exists that will prove an earlier generation. We have Domesday compiled 1086. From the scarcity of surnames in that record no clear reference to the Ketts of East Anglia is forthcoming, but christian names similar to those of the earliest recorded members of the Kett family have been found. They have been abstracted from the Norfolk Domesday and closely analysed. It is worth noting that the association of one group of Godwins, Hughs, and Huberts indicates a probable derivation from Toka, a " francigena " or foreigner (another word is used for Frank or Frenchman). This Toka was born about 960 A.D. These men were tenants of the de Morleys and the previous holders of de Morley lands. The following pedigree is appended, for what it is worth, as being reasonably probable...".
Toka "francigena"
Born about 960
Godwin Tokesone (Godwine son of Toki)
Born about 1000 ; held land at Wooton, county Norfolk
(246 b.), under Gert, from the King, brother of Harold,
1042–1060; aka called the "Other Godwin"; Domeday, fo. 33 b., " son of Toka," Suffolk.
Godwin Godwine
Born about 1030 ; held land at "Wooton under Godwin
Tokesone, and in Panxford and Plumstead, county Norfolk, under Gert, 1042–1066.
Godwin, a freeman, of Panxford and Godwine of Plumstead,
Hugh
Born about 1060 ; succeeded to Godwin's land in
Panxford and Plumstead, which he held in 10S6.
Hugh also then held land in Morley and Aslactou.
Hugh
Born about 1100. Father of Godwin. (Early Norfolk Fine.)
Godwin
Born about 1140. Son of Hugh. Held land in Wilchingham, county Norfolk, 1202. ? Godwin Ket, father
of Hubert Kett of Morley, about 1200. (Early Norfolk Fine.)
Hubert Kett wife Katherine.
Chartulary, "Wymondham Abbey. Born
about 1170; of Morley, 1200. His
services were granted to Wymondham
Abbey, 1200, by Eobert de Morley.
Hugh Kett. Born about 1200.
(See Pedigree A)
Source: The Ketts of Norfolk, a yeoman family & The Pedigree of Kett of Wymondham, Co. Norfolk, A.D. 1180-1913: Shewing the Ancestry, Kindred and Descendants of Robert, William and Thomas Kett, Leaders of the Rebellion in East Anglia, 1549, and of Francis Kett, the Martyr, Burnt at the Stake at Norwich Castle, 1589
Notable Tookes
Andrew Tooke (1673–1732), English scholar, headmaster, and translator of Tooke's Pantheon
Charles Emery Tooke, Jr. (1912–1986), U.S. attorney and politician from Louisiana
George Tooke (1595–1675), English soldier and writer
John Horne Tooke (1736–1812), English clergyman, politician, and philologist
John Tooke (born 1949), English professor of medicine and medical reform advocate
Thomas Tooke (1774–1858), English economist and economic statistician, son of William Tooke (1744–1820), brother of William Tooke (1777–1863)
William Tooke (1744–1820), British clergyman and historian of Russia, father of William Tooke (1777–1863) and Thomas Tooke
William Tooke (1777–1863), British lawyer, son of William Tooke (1744–1820), brother of Thomas Tooke
Bilbo Baggins, Frodo Baggins and Meriadoc Brandybuck are all descendants of the Took line of the Thains of the Shire.
See also
Took (surname)
Tuke (disambiguation)
Tuque
References
Surnames of English origin |
57807752 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moustache%20Mountain | Moustache Mountain | Moustache Mountain was a British professional wrestling tag team consisting of Trent Seven and Tyler Bate, Bate is currently signed to WWE where he performs on the NXT brand and Seven worked for WWE until his release in August 2022. They are one-time NXT UK Tag Team Champions and NXT Tag Team Champions. Created in 2015, they previously worked for other promotions, most notably Chikara and Progress Wrestling. They are also known as part of the three-men stable British Strong Style together with Pete Dunne, also in WWE.
The team debuted on 6 February 2015 in the Chikara promotion. Both Seven and Bate signed with WWE in late 2016 to be a part of the first United Kingdom Championship Tournament, which was won by Bate who became the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion. Both wrestlers then joined the NXT brand as singles wrestler, while continuing to team up outside WWE; after Bate lost the title to Dunne in 2017, Moustache Mountain made their debut in WWE the following year, and defeated The Undisputed Era at the NXT U.K. Championship event to win the NXT Tag Team Championship, although they lost it back to The Undisputed Era two days later on NXT. After signing a full-time contract with WWE, the two, together with Dunne, became central figures of NXT UK after its premiere in 2018, unsuccessfully trying to become the inaugural NXT UK Tag Team Champions at NXT UK TakeOver: Blackpool; they would eventually win the titles on 9 December 2021, making them the first individuals to win both the NXT and NXT UK Tag Team Championships.
Career
Chikara (2015–2016)
In early 2015, Bate and Seven, debuted in the American promotion Chikara as part of their tour of the United Kingdom, teaming up to defeat The Hunter Brothers (Jim Hunter and Lee Hunter) in a dark match on 3 April. and losing to the Devastation Corporation (Max Smashmaster and Blaster McMassive) in another dark match on 6 April. In their final dark match on the tour, Seven and Bate teamed with Clint Margera to take on Pete Dunne, Damian Dunne and Jimmy Havoc in a losing effort.
On 4, 5 and 6 September, they teamed up with Daniel Moloney to represent the Fight Club: Pro promotion in the 2015 King of Trios tournament; they defeated Bruderschaft des Kreuzes (Jakob Hammermeier, Nøkken and Soldier Ant) in the first round, and United Nations (Juan Francisco de Coronado, Mr. Azerbaijan and The Proletariat Boar of Moldova) in the quarterfinals, before losing to Bullet Club (A.J. Styles, Matt Jackson and Nick Jackson) in the semi-finals.
In 2016, Seven and Bate began competing more regularly in Chikara, and on 21 August, they defeated The Devastation Corporation (Blaster McMassive and Flex Rumblecrunch), Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream and Ice Cream Jr.) and N_R_G (Hype Rockwell and Race Jaxon) in a double elimination tag team match to win the vacant Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas; they were later stripped of the title the following December for unspecified reasons.
In September 2017, Bate, Seven and Pete Dunne, teaming up as House Strong Style (after they created British Strong Style in Progress Wrestling), competed in the 2017 King of Trios. They defeated House Whitewolf (A-Kid, Adam Chase and Zayas), House Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Mark Angelosetti and Simon Grimm) in the quarterfinals, House Rot (Frightmare, Hallowicked and Kobald) in the semifinals via forfeit, and House Sendai Girls (Cassandra Miyagi, Dash Chisako and Meiko Satomura) in the finals to win the tournament.
Progress Wrestling (2016–2019)
Moustache Mountain had their first match in Progress at Chapter 28 on 6 April 2016, losing to Damian and Pete Dunne. At Chapter 33 on 31 July, after a loss to Damian Dunne and Pete Dunne, Seven turned heel, attacking Bate and aligning himself with Pete Dunne, thus and forming British Strong Style. This marked the beginning of a feud seeing Bate and Damian Dunne go against Seven and Pete Dunne (although Bate and Seven were still teammates in Chikara at the same time), until 27 November at Chapter 39, when Bate return to join British Strong Style, making it a trio. On 16 December 2016, Dunne, who was Progress Tag Team Champion with Seven, attempted to pass his half of the tag team titles to Bate; as the result, Progress management vacated the titles. On 30 December, Moustache Mountain defeated CCK (Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos) and London Riots (Rob Lynch and James Davis) in a three-way tag team match to win the vacant titles. They lost the titles to CCK on 25 June 2017 before regaining them on 9 July in a six-man tag team match in which Dunne was their partner, and Travis Banks was CCK's; they lost the titles back to CCK in a ladder match on 10 September.
Other independent promotions (2016–2019)
Moustache Mountain had its first match outside of Chikara or Progress Wrestling on 15 September 2016 at the WhatCulture Pro Wrestling event Loaded #11, losing to Los Perspectiva (El Hijo De Gracie and Lucha Archer) in a three-way tag team match that also included Johnny Moss and Liam Slater.
Competing in the Revolution Pro Wrestling promotion, the two won the British Tag Team Championship on 23 October 2017 at the RevPro Monday Night Mayhem event by defeating Chris Brookes and Travis Banks of CCK They lost the titles of Minoru Suzuki and Zack Sabre Jr. of Suzuki-gun on 20 January 2018.
Moustache Mountain became the inaugural FCP Tag Team Champions in the Fight Club: Pro promotion on 1 April 2018; they lost the titles to Chris Brookes and Kid Lykos of CCK on 27 July 2018, and won them a second time by defeating Schadenfreude (Chris Brookes & Kyle Fletcher) on 28 September 2019.
On the Attack! Pro Wrestling event ATTACK! Sunglasses After Dark on 22 July 2018, they defeated Team White Wolf (A-Kid and Adam Chase) to win the ATTACK! Tag Team Championship, losing it later the same day to Brookes and Fletcher. The duo also competed in the Canadian promotion International Wrestling Syndicate, where they won the IWS World Tag Team Championship in October 2017.
WWE
UK Championship Tournament and NXT (2017–2018)
On 15 December 2016, it was revealed that Bate, Seven and Dunne would be among of 16 men competing in the upcoming United Kingdom Championship Tournament on 14 and 15 January 2017 to crown the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion. Bate defeated Tucker in the first round to advance to the quarter-finals, before defeating Jordan Devlin to advance to the semi-finals. Seven would defeat H.C. Dyer in the first round and lose to Wolfgang in the quarterfinals, while Bate defeated Tucker in the first round, Jordan Devlin in the quarterfinals, Wolfgang in the semifinals, and Dunne in the finals to win the tournament and become the inaugural champion. After the tournament, both Bate and Seven signed contracts with WWE, which allowed them to continue taking independent bookings with some restrictions. Bate would then compete on the NXT brand, where he defended his title; he eventually lost it to Dunne at NXT TakeOver: Chicago, in an acclaimed match which later earn them the NXT Year-End Award for Match of the Year.
During day one of the second annual United Kingdom Championship Tournament event on 18 June, British Strong Style defeated The Undisputed Era (Adam Cole, Kyle O'Reilly and Roderick Strong) in a six-man tag team match. The next day, Moustache Mountain defeated O'Reilly and Strong to capture the NXT Tag Team Championship, but lost the titles back to O'Reilly and Strong on 11 July episode of NXT in a critically acclaimed match which drew five stars from Dave Meltzer. At NXT Takeover: Brooklyn 4, they failed to regain the championships.
NXT UK (2018–2022)
Both Bate and Seven were part of the original roster of the NXT UK brand upon the debut of the NXT UK show on 17 October 2018; they competed in a four-teams tournament to crown the inaugural NXT UK Tag Team Champions; they defeated Gallus (Mark Coffey and Wolfgang) in the first round on 24 November (aired 2 January 2019), and lost to James Drake and Zack Gibson (later known as Grizzled Young Veterans) in the finals at NXT UK TakeOver: Blackpool on 12 January. After their loss, Bate and Seven kept on competing mostly as singles wrestler while continuing to team up occasionally; Bate notably unsuccessfully challenged Walter for the WWE United Kingdom Championship at NXT UK Takeover: Cardiff in a highly acclaimed match which earned a 5.25 star rating from Meltzer, making it the third match in WWE history to break the 5 star rating system. On the 9 December 2021 episode of NXT UK, Moustache Mountain defeated Pretty Deadly to win the NXT UK Tag Team Championship, making them the first team to win both the NXT and NXT UK Tag Team Championships. On the 2 June 2022 episode of NXT UK, they lost the tag titles to Ashton Smith and Oliver Carter in a triple threat match that also involved Die Familie (Teoman and Rohan Raja). On the 16 June 2022 episode of NXT UK, Seven turned on Bate by hitting him with a low blow from behind after making a fake retirement speech. Seven then slapped Bate across the face and declared that he never needed him, before finishing the attack with a Burning Hammer, leaving Bate lying in the middle of the ring.
Championships and accomplishments
Attack! Pro Wrestling
Attack! 24/7 Championship – Bate (1)
Attack! Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Chikara
Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas (1 time)
King of Trios (2017) - with Pete Dunne
Fight Club:Pro
FCP Tag Team Championship (2 times)
Insane Championship Wrestling
ICW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time) – Seven
International Wrestling Syndicate
IWS World Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Kamikaze Pro
Relentless Division Championship (1 time) – Bate
Over the Top Wrestling
OTT Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Progress Wrestling
Progress Tag Team Championship (3 times) – Seven with Pete Dunne (1), as a duo (2)
Progress Atlas Championship (1 time) - Seven
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Ranked Bate No. 50 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2017
Ranked Seven No. 168 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2018
Revolution Pro Wrestling
RPW Undisputed British Tag Team Championship (1 time)
Westside Xtreme Wrestling
wXw Shotgun Championship (1 time) – Bate
WWE
NXT Tag Team Championship (1 time)
NXT UK Tag Team Championship (1 time)
WWE United Kingdom Championship (1 time) – Bate
NXT UK Heritage Cup (1 time) - Bate
WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament (2017) – Bate
NXT Tag Team Championship Invitational (2018)
NXT Year-End Award (1 time)
Match of the Year (2017) – Bate
References
External links
Independent promotions teams and stables
WWE NXT teams and stables |
6730477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panar%C3%A1%20people | Panará people | The Panará are an Indigenous people of Mato Grosso in the Brazilian Amazon. They farm and are hunter-gatherers.
Name
They were formerly called the Kreen-Akrore. Other names for the Panará include Kreen Akarore, Kren Akarore, Krenhakarore, Krenhakore, Krenakore, Krenakarore or Krenacarore, and "Índios Gigantes" ("Giant Indians") – all variants of the Mẽbêngôkre name Krã jàkàràre , meaning "roundlike cuthead", a reference to their traditional hair style which identifies them.
Language
The Panará speak the Panará language, which is classified as a Goyaz Jê language, belonging to the Jê language family (Macro-Jê). It is written in the Latin script.
Origin
The Panará are the last descendants of the Southern Kayapó, a large ethnic group which inhabited a vast area in Central Brazil in the 18th century, from the northern borders of the state of São Paulo, Triângulo Mineiro and south of Goiás, stretching eastwards from Mato Grosso, eastern and southeastern portion of Mato Grosso do Sul. Latest researches indicate that Southern Kayapó and Panará are in fact one single language. Linguistically, the Panará (and the Southern Kayapó) are a Jê-speaking group of Central Brazil; their language is most closely related to the Northern Jê group, which encompasses Mẽbêngôkre, Kĩsêdjê, Tapayúna, Apinajé, and Timbira languages.
Contact
In 1961 a British explorer by the name of Richard Mason was killed by the Panará people while exploring a previously unexplored region, which was assured to be free of indigenous individuals. The Panará people in 1967 approached a Brazilian airbase on the Cachimbo range. They were interested in the airplanes, because they believed them to be living creatures. The group was reported to be made up of women and children and non hostile, was considered a war party by the military. The soldiers were ordered to fire over the heads of the “wild Indians” and a soon landing plane was used to successfully terrify the Panará into fleeing.
In 1970 an expedition was formed to make contact with the Panará headed by the Villas-Bôas brothers. Claudio and Orlando worked for the government at the indigenous reserve, Xingu National Park, in Brazil, and were interested in learning more upon hearing of the capture of one of the Panará tribes children by a rival tribe, as well as their hopes that contact with Panará would prevent conflict when they learned that the (Cuiabá-Santarém) road BR-163 planned to cut straight through their territory. The leaders of the expedition gathered members of other tribes who had once been isolated but who now lived on in Parque do Xingu and set out on to make contact. Despite many months of leaving intended gifts for the Panará at one of their banana and maize plantations the expedition was unable to make any real contact with them other than a few visual encounters as well as few gifts which the Panará left them in return. After the expedition was over, The Panará lived in relative isolation until three years later in 1973 when the government project (Cuiabá-Santarém) road BR-163 was built through their territory. As a result, the tribe was decimated by newly introduced diseases and suffered from the environmental degradation of their land. Of the more than 350 members of the Panará tribe, more than 250 perished in the first twelve months after their first contact with colonizers.
Life in Xingu
On 12 January 1975, the 79 surviving members of the tribe were transferred by the government to the indigenous reserve Xingu National Park, and forced to live in proximity with former enemies, under state supervision. A working team from the Escola Paulista de Medicina examed 27 of the 29 newcomers, adults over 20 years old. The average height was 1.67m (~5’6”), which corresponded to the average height of those from the Jê group, a little taller than the those from Alto Xingu.
Twenty years later the Panará began negotiations to move home to their original territory. However, much of their old land had been degraded by prospectors, gold panning, settlement or cattle breeding (six out of eight of their old villages had been destroyed), but one large stretch of unspoiled dense forest could still be identified. In 1994 the tribe elders met with Xingu Park leaders and FUNAI to demand the right to move back to their original territory, and were eventually allowed 4,950 square kilometres from their ancient traditional territory along the Iriri River located on the border of Mato Grosso and Pará states.
Between 1995 and 1996, the Panará gradually moved to a new village called Nãsẽpotiti in their traditional land, and on 1 November 1996 the Justice Minister declared the Panará Indigenous Land a "permanent indigenous possession". By 2004 the number of Panará was around 250, and in 2008 they were 374. In 2010 there were 437 Panará.
They have expanded to four villages in the Panara indigenous land, (2012) some have moved up river to build the village of Sõnkwêê. In (2014) Sõkârãsâ was nearing its final stage of completion. (2016) Kôtikô was built on the Ipiranga river in the opposite corner of their indigenous land. The population of the Panará people is estimated to be around 500-600 as of 2018.
The Panará hunt in the Xingu with traditional methods along with the additional firearms, often favouring traditional bows and arrows when it comes to small water game. They utilize slash and burn agriculture which has been a part of their culture before the introduction of new tools to assist and crops to use. Modern equipment has displaced some traditional tools, metal tools are used side by side with traditional, including firearms. However, for certain activities, like small game fishing, Bows are still preferred.
The Panará use a well known method to contain and utilize the Fire resistance Flora via to alter the landscape in their favour as well as acquire sapé grass to be used for thatch housing. They also burn crop waste and around paths to keep them clear of plant life or help clear out bees to collect honey. They are also observed to leave fires from cooking lit to burn out naturally as even in the height of dry season, they extinguish.
Village Orientation and Matralienal Structure
Households follow matrilineal lines within each of the four clans with the village houses also arranged into four quarters for each of the clans. They also follow a uxorilocal habitation, where the male moves into the household of the woman when they marry, as well as the man becoming a member of his wife's clan especially after the first child is born. Marrying into the same clan, or having any romance between clan members is seen as “unthinkable” by the Panará. Furthermore, they live in villages in a circular structure around the inkâ, meaning “men’s house”; the surrounding structures' entrances face the inside towards the inkâ where meetings and discussions about the community take place. It is called the “men’s house” as the unmarried adult men sleep there traditionally.
In popular culture
On Paul McCartney's 1970 album McCartney, the closing track is called "Kreen-Akrore". Alcatrazz's 1983 album No Parole from Rock 'n' Roll also contains a song, 'Kree Nakoorie'.
They appeared in The Amazon Trail game where Claudio Villas Boas sends the player on a mission to find them and ask them to join his park, naturally they refuse, just as he had thought.
They were the subject of a documentary named "The Tribe That Hides From Man."
See also
Villas Boas brothers
Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Xingu National Park
References
External links
The Panará: A Story of Hope
National Geographic: effects of logging in the Amazon Basin
Resources on the Panará language at Etnolinguistica.Org
The Tribe That Hides From Man (1970) YouTube documentary chronicling the search for the Kreen-Akrore prior to first contact.
Indigenous peoples in Brazil
Indigenous peoples of the Amazon
Hunter-gatherers of South America |
386613 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport%20Pagnell | Newport Pagnell | Newport Pagnell is a town and civil parish in the City of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. The Office for National Statistics records Newport Pagnell as part of the Milton Keynes urban area.
The town is separated from the rest of the urban area by the M1 motorway, on which Newport Pagnell Services, the second service station to be opened in the United Kingdom, is located.
The town is more widely known for having the only remaining vellum manufacturer in the United Kingdom, and being the original home of the exclusive sports car manufacturer Aston Martin.
History
The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Neuport, Old English for 'New Market Town', but by that time, the old Anglo-Saxon town was dominated by the Norman invaders. The suffix 'Pagnell' came later when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family. It was the principal town of the "Three Hundreds of Newport", a district that had almost the same boundary as the modern City of Milton Keynes UA.
The Grade I listed Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouzel (or Lovat), was built in 1810. It is one of just a few cast iron bridges in Britain that still carry modern road traffic. Near the footbridge at the side, there is a plaque placed by Newport Pagnell Historical Society that gives details of its history and construction. The Ouzel joins the Great Ouse nearby, and a large set of sluice gates, used to control downstream flooding, is located near the bridge.
Between 1817 and 1864, the town was linked to the Grand Junction Canal at Great Linford via the Newport Pagnell Canal. In 1862, the canal owners sold the route to the London and North Western Railway. For a hundred years (1867 to 1967), Newport Pagnell was served by Newport Pagnell railway station, the terminus on the Wolverton to Newport Pagnell branch line. (The route is now a rail trail, part of the Milton Keynes redway system.)
The population of Newport Pagnell and its hinterland at the 1801 Census was 17,576; by 1911 it had grown to 14,428. The population of Newport Pagnell Urban District alone is first recorded at the 1911 Census as 4,238 and had reached 4,743 by 1961.
Industry
From 1954 until 2007, the town was the home to the sports car manufacturer Aston Martin. The Newport Pagnell factory was considered outdated and a new production facility was built near Gaydon in Warwickshire. There is still a service facility in Newport Pagnell, but the factory on the north side of Tickford St has since been demolished apart from the engine shop, board room and offices that are listed buildings. The land behind these has been developed by a housing developer. The buildings at the front, including the house used as a board room, have been restored and will be used as commercial sites. In 2012, Aston Martin completely modernised the service facility and the site also houses a bespoke sales department.
Notable industries in the town include the only remaining vellum manufacturer in the United Kingdom, William Cowley, located at Parchment Works, 97 Caldecote Street.
Over the past 50 years, Newport Pagnell has attracted an increasing amount of investment and of economic growth, due to its fortunes being intertwined with the growth of Milton Keynes. This has led to a number of new housing developments in the area.
Churches
The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the Church of England ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.
Education
The town is home to four primary schools - Tickford Park Primary School, Cedars, Green Park Primary School, and Portfields Primary School - and three pre-schools - River Meadows, Lovat Hall and Northern Pastures. It is also home to one of two campuses of Ousedale School (the other one being in nearby Olney), which serves students from across the town and its surrounding villages, and is one of the best performing secondary schools in the City of Milton Keynes.
Location and transport
The town is located at the north-eastern corner of the Milton Keynes urban area, overlooking the rural parts of the Unitary Authority area. It is served by the M1 motorway from Junction 14 ( to the south) via the A509 which, along with the A422 and Wolverton Road, connects it with (the rest of) the Milton Keynes BUA. To the east of the town, the A422 and A509 multiplex northwards to form the Newport Pagnell Eastern Bypass, providing links to Bedford, Wellingborough and Kettering. The historic Newport Pagnell-Northampton road (B526) runs through the centre of the town, linking rural villages to the north, and provides a secondary route to Northampton.
In February 2021, developers presented to Milton Keynes City Council proposals for the development of a new community to the south of Newport Pagnell, with the construction of approximately 5,000 homes. In planning documents, the new area is called "Milton Keynes East", and is proposed to include a local centre with two primary schools and a secondary school. It is to have direct road links to Newport Pagnell town centre, and Central Milton Keynes via an expansion of the Milton Keynes grid road system. In September 2023, construction of the development initiated, with MK City Council closing the A509 London Road (between M1 J14 and Tickford Roundabout to the south of the town) which is currently in place for up to 18 months, with a new "Eastern Relief Road" and bridge across the M1 planned to be built.
It was proposed in January 2021 that, with the money that had been given to Milton Keynes City Council as part of the UK Government's Active Travel Fund, Tongwell Lane in Newport Pagnell would be converted into a redway, which would better link the town with the rest of the city. Since its completion in March 2021, the town has been served by three connections to the wider redway network of Milton Keynes, all heading westwards into Blakelands first: Tongwell Lane, Stanmore Gardens and the Wolverton-Newport Pagnell railway walk.
Rail
The closest passenger rail service is at Wolverton railway station (approximately distant), with inter-city services accessible from Milton Keynes Central (approximately distant).
Bus
Bus 21 (Red Rose) operates an hourly service from Monday to Friday, connecting the town with Olney and Lavendon to the north, and Central Milton Keynes to the south-west. Operating roughly every 30 mins from Monday to Friday are the Arriva-operated Bus 1 (serving Willen and CMK), and Bus 2/2A (serving Crownhill).
Governance
There are two tiers of local government covering Newport Pagnell, at parish (town) and unitary authority level: Newport Pagnell Town Council and Milton Keynes City Council. The town council has its offices and meeting place at 80 High Street. In City Council elections, the town is divided between the Newport Pagnell South, and Newport Pagnell North and Hanslope wards.
Newport Pagnell became the headquarters of Newport Pagnell Rural District under the Local Government Act 1894. In 1897, Newport Pagnell became the sole civil parish within the newly created Newport Pagnell Urban District. Both the urban and rural district were abolished in 1974, merging with neighbouring districts to become the (then) Borough of Milton Keynes. The former urban district was an unparished area from 1974 to 1985, governed directly by Milton Keynes Borough Council. The civil parish of Newport Pagnell was re-established in 1985, with its council adopting the name Newport Pagnell Town Council.
Demography
Although Newport Pagnell was excluded from the 1967 designated area of Milton Keynes, its growth has been at a similar level to that of the constituent towns of the latter; the two now join at the M1 and there are no other practical distinctions between them. As of 2001, the Office for National Statistics records Newport Pagnell as part of the Milton Keynes Urban Area. By the 2001 census, its population had increased significantly from 6,000 in 1971 to 15,020. In 2006, the Borough Council projected that the population will remain broadly stable at this level, and by the 2011 census, the population had increased very little to 15,118.
Sport and leisure
Newport Pagnell has a Non-League football team Newport Pagnell Town F.C., nicknamed the Swans, who play at The Pavilion on Willen Road. An ITF Taekwon-Do club, Kicks Taekwon-Do Academy, trains at Cedars Primary School, Bury Street, and a swimming pool. Between 1959-1960 it was the headquarters of the Aston Martin F1 team.
Newport Pagnell Lawn Bowls
Bowls has been played in Newport Pagnell for over 400 years as maps of the Town dating from the mid 17 Century show a public House called “The Bowling Green”. The Newport Pagnell Bowling Club was founded in 1905 and the club used the Bowling Green behind the George pub in Tickford Street (currently The Magic Wok 2019). The game was developing locally due to the Railways, with clubs at Wolverton existing already and Olney forming in 1906. After the Great War, the Club purchased a plot of land known as “The Bully” and the Club remains at this site in Castle Meadow to the current day.
Notable people
Lawrence Humphrey (ca.15271590), English theologian, President of Magdalen College, Oxford and Dean successively of Gloucester and Winchester cathedrals.
Francis Annesley, 1st Viscount Valentia (ca.15851660), statesman and MP; lived in Newport Pagnell.
Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey (16141686) royalist statesman, created Baron Annesley of Newport Pagnell in 1661.
Lewis Atterbury (16561731), a churchman, a royal chaplain to two monarchs.
William Bull (b. 1738 in Irthlingborough1814), minister to the Independent Church, now United Reformed Church. He established the Newport Pagnell Academy in 1783 to train dissenting preachers.
George Walters (18291872) won the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Inkermann in 1854.
Frederick Woodward Branson (18511933), chemist, glassblower, instrument maker and X-ray pioneer.
Charles Sanford Terry (1864–1936), historian, musicologist and authority on J. S. Bach
Nigel Benson (born 1955) author, illustrator and fine artist specializing in oils and pastels
Richard Hopkins (1964–2012), TV producer of Big Brother and Strictly Come Dancing
Letitia Dean (born 1967), actress; went to Cedars School in the town.
Richard Meredith (born ca.1970), writer of adventure travel novels, lives in Newport Pagnell.
Kelly George (born 1970), actor; star of BBC children's television series Grange Hill, lived and educated in the town.
Gordon Moakes (born 1976), bassist of Indie band Bloc Party, educated in Newport Pagnell.
Tom Austin (born 2000), stage name Niko B, YouTuber and rapper, lives in Newport Pagnell.
Sport
Henry Bull (1843–1905), first-class cricketer, played 21 games.
David Oldfield (born 1968) footballer with 678 club caps, lived in Newport Pagnell.
Steve Brooker (born 1981), footballer with 261 club caps.
James Nash (born 1985), World Touring Car Championship driver, lives in Newport Pagnell.
Leah Williamson (born 1997), footballer, plays for Arsenal W.F.C., captains England.
References
External links
Newport Pagnell Town Council
Populated places on the River Great Ouse
Towns in Buckinghamshire
Milton Keynes
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire |
17407003 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20Depot%20%28film%29 | Union Depot (film) | {{Infobox film
| name = Union Depot
| image = Union Depot.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Title card
| director = Alfred E. Green
| producer =
| based_on =
| screenplay = Kenyon NicholsonWalter DeLeon
| writer = Dialogue:Kubec GlasmonJohn Bright
| starring =
| music = Leo F. Forbstein
| cinematography = Sol Polito
| editing = Jack Killifer
| studio = First National Pictures
| distributor = Warner Bros.
| released = {{Film date|1932|01|30|US'}}
| runtime = 65 minutes
| budget = $284,000
| gross = $637,000
| language = English
}}Union Depot is a 1932 American pre-Code film directed by Alfred E. Green for Warner Bros., starring Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Joan Blondell, and based on an unpublished play by Joe Laurie Jr., Gene Fowler, and Douglas Durkin. The film, an ensemble piece for the studio's contract players, also features performances by Guy Kibbee, Alan Hale, Frank McHugh, David Landau, and George Rosener. In the United Kingdom it was released under the title Gentleman for a Day.
Plot
Charles "Chic" Miller (Douglas Fairbanks Jr.) is a hobo released from jail for vagrancy, along with fellow drifter "Scrap Iron" Scratch (Guy Kibbee). The two men walk to the local railroad station to hop a train out of town. Through a series of chance encounters at Union Depot, Chic becomes, in his words, a "gentleman for a day".
At the depot Chic finds in a public washroom a suitcase left by a drunk passenger. In the suitcase are toiletries and a nice double-breasted man's suit with cash in one pocket. After changing into the suit, Chic uses the money to buy a much-needed meal at the depot's diner. Soon he meets Ruth Collins (Joan Blondell) sitting on a bench in the terminal. She tells him she is an out-of-work chorus girl and is desperate to raise $64 for train fare to Salt Lake City, where a job is waiting for her. Initially, he thinks she is a prostitute, although he begins to believe her after she shows him a telegram with her job offer. She then confides to him that she is worried about a "madman" following her, a Dr. Bernardi (George Rosener), who resides in the same boarding house she recently left. She adds that the strange doctor has "bad eyes" and once paid her to read to him in the evenings. Now feeling sorry for Ruth, Chic tells her he will give her the money she needs "with no strings attached".
Back inside the depot, a crook named "Bushy" Sloan (Alan Hale) is impersonating a German musician and is carrying a violin case full of counterfeit money. Bushy checks the case into the station's temporary storage for baggage, but a pickpocket soon steals his wallet, which contains the baggage-claim ticket. The pickpocket discards the wallet in an alleyway after removing its cash. While waiting for Chic outside the depot, Scrap Iron finds the wallet with the ticket. Later he gives the ticket to Chic, who reclaims the violin case. Initially, Chic plans to pawn the case until he opens it and is stunned to see it is full of money, not realizing it is counterfeit. He hides the case and most of the bogus cash in a small coal bin near the depot, and he instructs Scrap Iron to guard it while he leaves to ponder what to do. Chic sees Ruth again and gives her some of the counterfeit cash to buy new clothes at a shop in the station. She too is unaware that the money is not genuine.
While Chic is away, Dr. Bernardi sends Ruth a passenger ticket and a message to meet him in the train's designated compartment. Believing the ticket is from Chic, Ruth goes there and begins screaming when she sees Bernardi. Chic has returned to the dress shop to discover from the saleslady about the ticket Ruth was sent. He rushes to the train, but the counterfeiter tries to stop him. He boards the rail car, hears Ruth screamin and breaks through the train car's locked door, but Bernardi escapes. As he runs across an adjacent railroad track, he is struck by a passing train and killed. Meanwhile, the dress shop clerk who sold clothes to Ruth becomes suspicious of the cash she used and takes it to the station master. Both Ruth and Chic are then taken into custody by government agents (David Landau, Earle Foxe) searching for criminals exchanging phony money. Unfortunately, the investigators have no description of Bushy, but they believe Ruth might be his associate. To clear her, Chic goes with one of the agents to retrieve the hidden violin case. The men are followed by Bushy, who shoots the agent and flees with the case. Chic chases and catches the crook. All is reconciled and Ruth has a bittersweet parting from Chic as she boards the train to Utah. The film ends with Chic and Scrap Iron walking together along a railroad track, away from Union Depot and back to their lives as hobos.
Cast
Douglas Fairbanks Jr. as Charles "Chic" Miller
Joan Blondell as Ruth Collins
Guy Kibbee as "Scrap Iron" Scratch
Alan Hale as "The Baron", Bushy Sloan
David Landau as Kendall, government agent
George Rosener as Dr. Bernardi
Earle Foxe as Detective Jim Parker
Frank McHugh as The Drunk
Adrienne Dore as Sadie
Uncredited:
Mary Doran as Daisy
George MacFarlane as train caller
George Chandler as panhandler who asks for a dollar
Irving Bacon as waiter in private room
Charles Lane as baggage handler
Charles Coleman as Rev. Harvey Pike
Production
Production on Union Depot began in mid-October 1931.
The high cost of constructing the large, elaborate train-station set for Union Depot proved in the long run to be worthwhile for Warner Bros., which had purchased First National Pictures several years prior to the production of Union Depot. An article on the Turner Classic Movies site notes "...the film did leave one legacy at the studio. The impressive train station set built for this picture would resurface in Warners' films for years to come, helping keep production costs down in the time-honored Warner Bros. fashion."Erikson, Hal (ndg) "Union Depot (1932)" (synopsis) AllMovie. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
Because Union Depot was produced prior to the rigid enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code, the film's storyline contains many topics that would have, by the latter half of 1934, jeopardized the certificate of approval needed for a production's release in the United States. Some of these forbidden topics in Union Depot include the following:
Ruth reads what is implied to be very lewd or "off-color" stories to Dr. Bernardi.
Though Chic stops short of taking advantage of Ruth's plight, she makes it clear that she has "been around" and is willing to do whatever is necessary for the price of a train ticket. Despite this, she emerges unscathed, which ran counter to one of the Hays Code's requirements that "sympathy of the audience should never be thrown to the side of the crime, wrongdoing, evil or sin"."The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry (1930-1968)"
Chic, who demonstrates that he is a thief, liar and someone quite willing to purchase sexual services, is ultimately neither held accountable for his actions nor "punished" in any way by the end of Union Depot; in fact, he emerges as the film's hero.
Critical reception
The film had its New York City premiere at the Winter Garden Theater on January 14, 1932. The New York Times movie critic, Mordaunt Hall, characterized Union Depot as an "ingenious, rather than artistic" melodrama recalling the contemporary Broadway play Grand Hotel, which was later adapted for the screen. He noted that some of the dialogue was at times unnecessarily "raw" and that Fairbanks appeared to have "taken a leaf from James Cagney's book, judging by his talk and the way he slaps a girl's face". He also questioned the realism of a hobo speaking with Fairbanks' excellent elocution.
The entertainment trade publication Variety complimented the performances of Blondell and Fairbanks in what it described as a "bing-bing, action melodrama". Variety'' also praised the "capital bit of technique" employed in the series of brief scenes at the beginning of the film to establish the plot's tongue-in-cheek attitude toward human behavior.
References
Informational notes
Citations
External links
The Production Code of the Motion Picture Industry (1930-1968)
Union Depot - A Rediscovery (Movie Morlocks)
1932 films
1932 drama films
American black-and-white films
American drama films
American films based on plays
Films directed by Alfred E. Green
Films with screenplays by Kubec Glasmon
First National Pictures films
Rail transport films
Counterfeit money in film
1930s English-language films
1930s American films |
43821529 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland%20at%20the%202016%20Summer%20Olympics | Poland at the 2016 Summer Olympics | Poland competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Since the nation's official debut in 1924, Polish athletes have appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games except the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, because of the Soviet boycott.
Medalists
| style="text-align:left; width:78%; vertical-align:top;"|
| style="text-align:left; width:22%; vertical-align:top;"|
Competitors
| width=78% align=left valign=top |
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing and handball are not counted as athletes.
Archery
One Polish archer qualified for the women's individual recurve by obtaining one of the eight Olympic places available from the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Athletics
Polish athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event):
On May 6, 2016, the Polish Olympic Committee had selected the first batch of track and field athletes for the Games, featuring double Worlds champion and London 2012 Olympian Paweł Fajdek (hammer throw) and Beijing 2008 silver medalist Piotr Małachowski (discus throw).
Track & road events
Men
Women
Field events
Men
Women
Combined events – Men's decathlon
Badminton
Poland has qualified five badminton players for each of the following events into the Olympic tournament. Adrian Dziółko was selected among the top 34 individual shuttlers in the men's singles, while the men's (Cwalina & Wacha) and mixed doubles (Mateusiak & Zięba) had claimed their Olympic spots each with a top 16 finish in the BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016.
Boxing
Poland has entered two boxers to compete in each of the following weight classes into the Olympic boxing tournament. Tomasz Jabłoński was the only Polish boxer to be selected to the Olympic team with a top two finish of his respective division in the World Series of Boxing. Meanwhile, world no. 1 seed Igor Jakubowski had claimed an Olympic place as the winner and sole recipient of the men's heavyweight division at the 2016 AIBA World Qualifying Tournament in Baku.
Canoeing
Slalom
Polish canoeists have qualified a maximum of one boat in each of the following classes through the 2015 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships. The slalom canoeing team was named to the Polish roster at the conclusion of the 2016 European Canoe Slalom Championships on May 18, 2016.
Sprint
Polish canoeists have qualified one boat in each of the following events through the 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships.
Men
Women
Qualification Legend: FA = Qualify to final A (medal); FB = Qualify to final B (non-medal)
Cycling
Road
Polish riders qualified for the following quota places in the men's and women's Olympic road race by virtue of their top 15 national finish in the 2015 UCI World Tour (for men) and top 22 in the 2016 UCI World Ranking (for women).
Men
Women
Track
Following the completion of the 2016 UCI Track Cycling World Championships, Polish riders have accumulated spots in the men's team sprint, the women's team pursuit, and the women's omnium. As a result of their place in the men's team sprint, Poland has won the right to enter two riders in both the men's sprint and keirin.
The full track cycling team was named to the Polish roster for the Games on July 7, 2016, with Damian Zieliński leading the nation's riders on the velodrome at his third Olympics.
Sprint
Team sprint
Pursuit
Keirin
Omnium
Mountain biking
Polish mountain bikers qualified for two women's quota places into the Olympic cross-country race, as a result of the nation's seventh-place finish in the UCI Olympic Ranking List of May 25, 2016. First-time Olympian Katarzyna Solus-Miśkowicz and Beijing 2008 runner-up Maja Włoszczowska were named to the Polish mountain biking team for the Games on May 30, 2016.
Equestrian
Poland has received a spare berth freed up by Switzerland to send an eventing rider to the Games, as the next highest-ranked eligible athlete, not yet qualified, outside the group selection in the individual FEI Olympic Rankings.
Eventing
Fencing
Polish fencers have qualified a full squad in the women's team sabre by picking up the spare berth freed up by Africa for being the next highest ranking nation in the FIE Olympic Team Rankings. Hanna Łyczbińska secured a spot on the Polish team in the women's foil by virtue of a top two placement from Europe outside the world's top 14 in the FIE Adjusted Official Rankings. The fencing team was officially named to the Olympic roster on June 29, 2016.
Gymnastics
Artistic
Poland has entered one artistic gymnast into the Olympic competition. This Olympic berth had been awarded to the Polish female gymnast, who participated in the apparatus and all-around events at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro.
Women
Handball
Summary
Men's tournament
Poland men's handball team qualified for the Olympics by virtue of a top two finish at the first meet of the Olympic Qualification Tournament in Gdańsk.
Team roster
Group play
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Bronze medal match
Judo
Poland has qualified a total of eight judokas for each of the following weight classes at the Games. Maciej Sarnacki, along with London 2012 Olympians Katarzyna Kłys and Daria Pogorzelec, were ranked among the top 22 eligible judokas for men and top 14 for women in the IJF World Ranking List of May 30, 2016, while Arleta Podolak at women's lightweight (57 kg) earned a continental quota spot from the European region as the highest-ranked Polish judoka outside of direct qualifying position.
Modern pentathlon
Poland has qualified a total of three modern pentathletes for the following events at the Games. Oktawia Nowacka and London 2012 Olympian Szymon Staśkiewicz secured their selection in the men's and women's event, respectively, by virtue of a top eight individual finish at the European Championships, while Anna Maliszewska was ranked among the top 10 modern pentathletes, not yet qualified, based on the UIPM World Rankings as of June 1, 2016.
Rowing
Poland has qualified a total of eight boats for each of the following rowing classes into the Olympic regatta. Six rowing crews had confirmed Olympic places for their boats at the 2015 FISA World Championships in Lac d'Aiguebelette, France, while rowers competing in men's eight and women's pair were further added to the Polish roster with their top four finish at the 2016 European & Final Qualification Regatta in Lucerne, Switzerland.
Men
Women
Qualification Legend: FA=Final A (medal); FB=Final B (non-medal); FC=Final C (non-medal); FD=Final D (non-medal); FE=Final E (non-medal); FF=Final F (non-medal); SA/B=Semifinals A/B; SC/D=Semifinals C/D; SE/F=Semifinals E/F; QF=Quarterfinals; R=Repechage
Sailing
Polish sailors have qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships, the individual fleet Worlds, and European qualifying regattas.
Men
Women
M = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race
Shooting
Polish shooters have achieved quota places for the following events by virtue of their best finishes at the 2015 ISSF World Cup series, and the European Championships, as long as they obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) as of March 31, 2016. The entire shooting squad was named to the Polish roster on July 5, 2016, with rifle markswomen Agnieszka Nagay and London 2012 silver medalist Sylwia Bogacka returning for their fourth Olympics.
Qualification Legend: Q = Qualify for the next round; q = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)
Swimming
Polish swimmers have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of 2 swimmers in each event at the Olympic Qualifying Time (OQT), and potentially 1 at the Olympic Selection Time (OST)): To assure their selection to the Olympic team, swimmers must attain the Olympic qualifying cut in each of the individual events at the 2015 World Championships and at the 2016 Polish Championships & Olympic Trials in Szczecin (May 27 to 30).
Men
Women
Table tennis
Poland has fielded a team of six athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. 2012 Olympian Li Qian secured one of ten available Olympic spots in the women's singles by winning the group final match at the European Qualification Tournament in Halmstad, Sweden. London 2012 Olympians Wang Zengyi and Katarzyna Grzybowska, along with Jakub Dyjas, were automatically selected among the top 22 eligible players in their respective singles events based on the ITTF Olympic Rankings.
Daniel Górak and Paralympian Natalia Partyka were each awarded the third spot to build the men's and women's teams for the Games by virtue of the top 10 national finish in the ITTF Olympic Rankings.
Men
Women
Taekwondo
Poland entered two athletes into the taekwondo competition at the Olympics. Piotr Paziński and 2015 European Games silver medalist Karol Robak secured spots in the men's lightweight (68 kg) and welterweight category (80 kg) respectively by virtue of their top two finish at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament in Istanbul, Turkey.
Tennis
Poland has entered seven tennis players (three men and four women) into the Olympic tournament. London 2012 Olympian Agnieszka Radwańska (world no. 3) qualified directly for the women's singles as one of the top 56 eligible players in the WTA World Rankings, while Jerzy Janowicz (world no. 120) had claimed one of six ITF Olympic men's singles places, as Poland's top-ranked tennis player outside of direct qualifying position in the ATP World Rankings as of June 6, 2016. Going to his fourth straight Games, Marcin Matkowski teamed up his new partner Łukasz Kubot to compete in the men's doubles, and were subsequently added to the Polish tennis team by virtue of their combined ATP ranking.
Due to the withdrawal of several tennis players from the Games, Magda Linette, along with Klaudia Jans-Ignacik and Paula Kania received spare ITF Olympic places to compete in the women's singles and doubles, respectively.
Men
Women
Mixed
Triathlon
Poland has entered one triathlete to compete at the Games. London 2012 Olympian Agnieszka Jerzyk was ranked among the top 40 eligible triathletes in the women's event based on the ITU Olympic Qualification List as of May 15, 2016.
Volleyball
Beach
Three Polish beach volleyball teams (two men's pairs and one women's pair) qualified directly for the Olympics by virtue of their nation's top 15 placement in the FIVB Olympic Rankings as of June 13, 2016.
Indoor
Men's tournament
Poland men's volleyball team qualified for the Olympics by virtue of a top three national finish at the first meet of the World Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Tokyo, Japan.
Team roster
Group play
Quarterfinal
Weightlifting
Polish weightlifters have qualified four men's quota places for the Rio Olympics based on their combined team standing by points at the 2014 and 2015 IWF World Championships. A single women's Olympic spot had been added to the Polish roster by virtue of a top six national finish at the 2016 European Championships. The team must allocate these places to individual athletes by June 20, 2016.
Wrestling
Poland has qualified a total of eight wrestlers for each of the following weight classes into the Olympic tournament. Three of them had booked Olympic spots with their semifinal triumphs at the 2016 European Qualification Tournament. Meanwhile, the other half of the Polish roster had claimed the remaining Olympic slots in separate World Qualification Tournaments; two of them each in the men's freestyle 86 & 125 kg at the initial meet in Ulaanbaatar, and two more in the women's freestyle 48 & 63 kg at the final meet in Istanbul.
On May 11, 2016, United World Wrestling decided to revoke an Olympic license from Poland in men's freestyle 65 kg, due to doping violations at the European Qualification Tournament, but the license was reinstated two months later, following the recent meldonium guidelines released by IOC and WADA.
Men's freestyle
Women's freestyle
See also
Poland at the 2016 Summer Paralympics
References
External links
Olympics
Nations at the 2016 Summer Olympics
2016 |
377410 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia%20Maesa | Julia Maesa | Julia Maesa (7 May before 160 AD – AD) was a member of the Severan dynasty of the Roman Empire who was the grandmother of emperors Elagabalus and Severus Alexander, elder sister of empress Julia Domna, and mother of Julia Soaemias and Julia Mamaea. She wielded influence during the reigns of her grandsons as Augusta of the Empire from 218 to her death, especially on their elevation to emperors.
Born in Emesa, Syria (modern day Homs), to an Arab family of priests of the deity Elagabalus, Maesa and her sister Domna were the daughters of Julius Bassianus. Through her sister's marriage, Maesa became sister-in-law to Septimius Severus and aunt of Caracalla and Geta, who all became emperors. She married fellow Syrian Julius Avitus, who was of consular rank. They had two daughters, Soaemias and Mamaea, who became mothers of Elagabalus and Severus Alexander, respectively.
As one of the Severan dynasty's prominent women, Maesa sought to return to power after her sister's suicide. She was closely involved in raising her grandson Elagabalus, and after his murder, another grandson, Severus Alexander, as emperors, which resulted in the restoration of the Severan dynasty to the Roman throne after the assassination of Caracalla and the usurpation of the throne by Macrinus. Sometime after Alexander's accession, she died in Rome. She was later deified in Syria along with her sister.
Early life and marriage
Julia Maesa was born on 7 May before 160 AD, the elder daughter of the priest Julius Bassianus in Emesa, Syria, modern day Homs, as part of the Emesan dynasty. She had a younger sister, Julia Domna, who would later become Roman empress after her marriage to Septimius Severus, who was, by the time of their marriage, a senator.
As Maesa was an Arab, her cognomen, Maesa, is the feminine agent noun of the Arabic verb masa (), which signifies walking with a swinging gait. This would be an appropriate female name, as the verb from which it was derived was used by Arab poets to describe the figures of the women they wrote about. Although no written account describing her appearance survives, her sharp and formidable features, which contradict the soft and sensitive ones of her sister, are well displayed on the coins minted during the reign of her grandchildren.
Maesa later married a fellow Syrian, Julius Avitus, a consul who also served as provincial governor in the empire. They had two daughters; her eldest daughter, Julia Soaemias, was born around 180 AD or some time before, and was followed by another daughter, Julia Mamaea, not long after.
Life in Rome
After her sister's arrival in Rome and the beginning of her tenure as empress consort, Maesa, accompanied by her family, travelled to Rome where they took up residence in the imperial court, although her husband, Julius Avitus, who held several important posts, did not stay in Rome for long and had to make many journeys across the empire; she did not accompany him on the journeys.
During their time in Rome, Maesa and her family amassed great wealth and fortune, and rose to high positions in the Roman government and court of Septimius Severus and later, his son and successor, Caracalla. Her two daughters attained prominent positions in the court while their Syrian husbands held important posts as provincial governors and consuls, with Maesa's husband, along with that of her daughter rising from the Equestrian rank to reach Senatorial rank.
Return to Emesa
In 217 AD, after the murder of emperor Caracalla and the usurpation of the throne by Macrinus, Maesa's sister Domna, now suffering from breast cancer and bereft of the power and influence she had held during the reigns of her husband and her son, having lost both of her children, chose to commit suicide by starvation.
Maesa and her family, who had resided in Rome for the last two decades, were spared and ordered by Macrinus to leave Rome and return to their home town of Emesa in Syria, likely because Macrinus wanted to avoid any action that would seem disloyal to Caracalla's memory and thus avoid any reprisals from the Roman army. Macrinus left Maesa's great wealth, amassed over a period of over twenty years, intact. Maesa arrived in Emesa some time between spring 217 and spring 218.
Restoration of the Severan dynasty
Macrinus was in a difficult position after Caracalla's assassination and was struggling to gain legitimacy and maintain loyalty to his rule. This situation encouraged Maesa to act against Macrinus. Being located in Emesa, she was close to a military base where many soldiers still held the Severans in high esteem and were loyal to the dynasty. The soldiers were also discontented with Macrinus' peace with the Parthians, making Emesa an excellent location to launch a coup to restore her family to power.
Her first step was to choose a male candidate from within the family to replace the usurper, Macrinus. Maesa's husband died in Cyprus shortly before 217, as had her eldest daughter's husband. Julia Soaemias had a 14-year-old son, Varius Avitus Bassianus, who was the hereditary priest of the Emesan sun god Elagabalus. But Maesa had a different future in mind for him. He had begun attracting the soldiers of the Legio III Gallica stationed near Emesa, who would visit the city's temple occasionally to view what they considered to be the extravagant yet amusing religious rituals of Bassianus.
Maesa proceeded with her plot of trying to challenge the legitimacy of emperor Macrinus, and she did so by claiming that Bassianus, who greatly resembled Caracalla, was indeed the former emperor's bastard son and that Caracalla had slept with both her daughters. The claim that Bassianus was the love child of Caracalla and Soaemias, despite almost certainly being untrue, was not so easily refuted, as aside from the young boy's resemblance to the emperor, Soaemias had been living in the Roman court at the time of Caracalla's reign. Maesa did not seem to mind that this claim would be sacrificing the honour and reputation of her daughters.
Julia Maesa began offering to distribute her great wealth and fortune to the Roman soldiers based in Emesa in exchange for their support. This news spread throughout the army camps. Maesa, her daughter and Bassianus were taken into the army camp at night where the 14-year-old boy was immediately acknowledged and hailed as emperor by the soldiers and clad in imperial purple.
Historian Cassius Dio narrates a slightly different version of events. He mentions a certain Gannys, who is not mentioned as partaking in the plot in any other source, as the main instigator of the revolt. Allegedly a 'youth who has not yet reached manhood', Dio claims he was raised by Maesa and was Soaemias' lover and the protector of her son. On a certain night, Bassianus was dressed in clothes worn by Caracalla as a child. Without the knowledge of either Soaemias or Maesa, Gannys then took him to the army camp and claimed he was the murdered emperor's son.
It is unlikely that Maesa and Soaemias, with much to gain from Bassianus becoming emperor, would have been completely unaware of the actions of Gannys. On the other hand, it is also unlikely that Maesa alone orchestrated the young boy's ascension. In her plan she probably had the support of many important figures from the city of Emesa and even some figures in Rome's ruling elite.
Reaction of Macrinus
With the support of an entire legion, other legionaries, prompted by discontent over pay, deserted Macrinus and joined Elagabalus' ranks as well. In response to the growing threat, Macrinus sent out a cavalry force under the command of Ulpius Julianus to try to regain control of the rebel soldiers. Rather than capturing the rebel forces, the cavalry instead killed Ulpius and defected to Elagabalus.
Following these events, Macrinus travelled to Apamea to ensure the loyalty of Legio II Parthica before setting off to march against Emesa. According to Dio, Macrinus appointed his son Diadumenian to the position of Imperator, and promised the soldiers 20,000 sesterces each, with 4,000 of these to be paid on the spot. Dio further says that Macrinus hosted a dinner for the residents of Apamea in honour of Diadumenian. At the dinner, Macrinus was supposedly presented with the head of Ulpius Julianus who had been killed by his soldiers. In response, Macrinus left Apamea and headed south.
Macrinus and Elagabalus' troops met somewhere near the border of Syria Coele and Syria Phoenice. Despite Macrinus' efforts to quell the rebellion at this engagement, his whole legion defected to Elagabalus forcing Macrinus to retire to Antioch. Elagabus took to the offensive and marched on Antioch.
Battle of Antioch
Elagabalus' armies, commanded by the inexperienced but determined Gannys, engaged Macrinus' Praetorian Guard in a pitched battle. Gannys commanded at least two full legions and held numerical superiority over the fewer levies that Macrinus had been able to raise. Macrinus had ordered the Praetorian Guard to set aside their scaled armour breastplates and grooved shields in favour of lighter oval shields prior to the battle. This made them lighter and more manoeuvrable and negated any advantage light Parthian lancers had. The Praetorian Guards broke through the lines of Gannys' force, which turned to flee. During the retreat, however, Julia Maesa and Soaemias, in a surprising act of heroism joined the fray, leaping from their chariots to rally the retreating forces, while Gannys charged on horseback headlong into the enemy. These actions effectively ended the retreat with the troops resuming the assault with renewed morale, thus turning the tide of battle. Fearing defeat, Macrinus fled back to the city of Antioch. He attempted to escape north but was captured and executed in Cappadocia, while his son Diadumenian was captured in Zeugma and executed as well.
Elagabalus entered Antioch as effectively Rome's new emperor. He stopped the soldiers from sacking the city and sent a message to the senate who were forced to accept the young boy as their new emperor. Upon ascension as emperor he took the name Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus.
Reign of Elagabalus
Although now declared emperor, Elagabalus' claim was not uncontested, as several others laid claim to the Roman throne. These included Verus, the commander of Legio III Gallica, who ironically was the first to proclaim Elagabalus as emperor, and Gellius Maximus, the commander of Legio IV Scythica. These rebellions were quashed and their instigators executed.
Elagabalus spent the winter of 218–219 in Nicomedia before he set off for Rome. Maesa allegedly urged him to enter the capital draped in Roman clothes, but instead, he had a painting of him made as a priest making offerings to the Emesene deity El-Gabal. The painting was hung right above the statue of Victoria in the senate, putting senators in the awkward position of having to make offerings to the Syrian deity whenever they wanted to make offerings to Victoria.
Both Maesa and her daughter Soaemias are featured heavily in all literary accounts of his reign, and are credited with having a significant influence over the young emperor. Julia Maesa was honoured with the titles of 'Augusta, mater castrorum et senatus' (Augusta, mother of the camp and the senate) and 'avia Augusti' (grandmother of the emperor). She and her daughter Soaemias received senatorial titles and later appeared in the Senate beside Elagabalus during his adoption of Severus Alexander, an honour previous imperial women had not received.
Soon, the young emperor lost his popularity with the praetorian guards, who did not approve of his behaviour and his unusual religious rituals. Considering how their support was crucial for his rule to survive, this was an extremely dangerous development. Julia Maesa decided to take measures to prevent things from getting too out of hand. When she opposed his move to raise his lover Hierocles to caesar, he threatened her life. However, she convinced her grandson to adopt his cousin, her grandson Alexander, and declare him caesar, with the argument that it would leave more time for Elagabalus to devote himself to religious matters. The adoption of the 12 years old Alexander provided a strategic shift for the supporters of Elagabalus, as some of the supporters felt it was no longer wise to tie their fate with that of the priest-emperor and now saw an alternative in his adopted son.
Rivalry was soon increasing between the two boys and Elagabalus regretted adopting his more popular cousin. The soldiers began to look favourably upon Elagabalus' cousin, and the allies and supporters of the dynasty as well as the imperial family itself became divided, with Elagabalus and Soaemias on one side, and Mamaea, Maesa and Alexander on the other.
By the beginning of 222, Alexander and Elagabalus had become so estranged from each other that they no longer appeared together in public. An assassination attempt against Alexander by Elagabalus enraged the praetorian guards who demanded an assurance of Alexander's safety from Elagabalus and the dismissal of certain officials. Elagabalus broke his promise to do so, prompting the praetorian guard to slay Elagabalus and his mother, cutting their heads off and throwing aside their bodies. Alexander was now proclaimed emperor.
A traditionally held belief is that while Elagabalus was mainly involved in religious matters, Julia Maesa and her daughter were the ones effectively running the state. This claim has been treated with caution by contemporary historians such as Barabara Levick, as in ancient Rome, politics and religion were intertwined and the rule of Elagabalus and the supremacy of his particular deity broke this relationship. In any case it is certain that Maesa had influence over the young boy, but Elagabalus' disagreements and dismissal of Maesa's advice, who was an advocate of Roman traditionalism, can be seen as the primary cause of his downfall.
Julia Maesa may have been involved in the assassination of her daughter and grandson by conspiring with the praetorian guards, or at least she tolerated it. However, it may have helped her to retain her family's grip on power and preserve the empire's stability.
Reign of Severus Alexander
Alexander ascended the throne at the age of around 14, and he was kept in check by his mother and grandmother who were determined to erase the negative impression left by Elagabalus' rule. Alexander was given the name Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander to emphasize his relationship to Septimius Severus, the founder of the dynasty.
Julia Mamaea and Julia Maesa also helped guide the smooth running of the empire in Alexander's minority. The inscriptions carrying the emperor's name referred to him as Juliae Mamaeae Aug(ustae) filio Juliae Maesae Aug(ustae) nepote (the son of Julia Mamaea and grandson of Julia Maesa), showing their status. The changes introduced by Maesa and her daughter included selecting a council of sixteen chosen for their moderation and experience to control the affairs of the administration and provide advice to the young emperor, restoring an aristocratic and non-tyrannical form of government. Under the new regime, new measures reversing Elagabalus' policies were introduced. The eastern religious practices introduced by the former emperor were eradicated in Rome and his religious edicts were reversed, the sacred stone of El-Gabal was returned to Emesa and the vast temple which had been dedicated to him by Elagabalus was re-dedicated to Jupiter.
Death
Maesa likely died between November 224 and 227. Her death deprived her daughter, Julia Mamaea, not only of a mother but also of a political mentor and colleague, and Julia Mamaea was now alone in her family in guiding her son's rule.
Deification
Like her sister Julia Domna, Julia Maesa was deified. In the Feriale Duranum, the list of religious observances of the Cohors XX Palmyrenorum, dating to AD, Maesa is subject to a supplication on her birthday (7 May). Coins commemorating her deification show her borne aloft on the back of a peacock. The coins are undated, but she also appears deified on the Acta Fratrum Arvalium of 7 November 224, which lists the number of gods and goddesses the Arval Brethren made sacrifices to on that certain date.
Severan dynasty family tree
See also
Emesan dynasty
Julia Domna
Elagabalus
References
Citations
Bibliography
Augustae
Severan dynasty
Deified ancient Roman women
2nd-century Roman women
3rd-century Roman women
2nd-century Arab people
3rd-century Arab people
150s births
224 deaths
People from Homs
Emesene dynasty
Julii |
3975 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%20United%20Kingdom%20general%20election | 2001 United Kingdom general election | The 2001 United Kingdom general election was held on Thursday 7 June 2001, four years after the previous election on 1 May 1997, to elect 659 members to the House of Commons. The governing Labour Party was re-elected to serve a second term in government with another landslide victory with a 167 majority, returning 412 members of Parliament versus 418 from the 1997 general election, a net loss of six seats, though with a significantly lower turnout than before—59.4%, compared to 71.6% at the previous election. The number of votes Labour received fell by nearly three million. Tony Blair went on to become the only Labour Prime Minister to serve two consecutive full terms in office. As Labour retained almost all of their seats won in the 1997 landslide victory, the media dubbed the 2001 election "the quiet landslide".
There was little change outside Northern Ireland, with 620 out of the 641 seats in Great Britain electing candidates from the same party as they did in 1997. Factors contributing to the Labour victory included a strong economy, falling unemployment, and public perception that the Labour government had delivered on many key election pledges that it had made in 1997.
The opposition Conservative Party, under William Hague's leadership, was still deeply divided on the issue of Europe and the party's policy platform had drifted considerably to the right. The party put the issue of European monetary union (and in particular, the prospect of the UK joining the Eurozone) at the centre of its campaign, but it failed to resonate with the electorate. The Tories briefly had a narrow lead in the polls during the 2000 fuel strikes, but Labour successfully resolved them by year end. Furthermore, a series of publicity stunts that backfired also harmed Hague, and he immediately announced his resignation as party leader when the election result was clear, formally stepping down three months later, therefore becoming the first leader of the Conservative and Unionist Party in the House of Commons since Austen Chamberlain nearly eighty years prior not to serve as prime minister.
The election was largely a repeat of the 1997 general election, with Labour losing only six seats overall and the Conservatives making a net gain of one seat (gaining nine seats but losing eight). The Conservatives gained a seat in Scotland, which ended the party's status as an "England-only" party in the prior parliament, but failed again to win any seats in Wales. Although they did not gain many seats, three of the few new MPs elected were future Conservative Prime Ministers David Cameron and Boris Johnson and future Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne; Osborne would serve in the same Cabinet as Cameron from 2010 to 2016. The Liberal Democrats made a net gain of six seats.
The 2001 general election is the last to date in which any government has held an overall majority of more than 100 seats in the House of Commons, and the second of only two since the Second World War (the other being 1997) in which a single party won over 400 MPs. Notable departing MPs included former Prime Ministers Edward Heath (also Father of the House) and John Major, former Deputy Prime Minister Michael Heseltine, former Liberal Democrat leader Paddy Ashdown, former Cabinet ministers Tony Benn, Tom King, John Morris, Mo Mowlam, John MacGregor and Peter Brooke, Teresa Gorman, and then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone.
Change was seen in Northern Ireland, with the moderate unionist Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) losing four seats to the more hardline Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). A similar transition appeared in the nationalist community, with the moderate Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) losing votes to the more staunchly republican and abstentionist Sinn Féin.
Exceptionally low voter turnout, which fell below 60% for the first (and so far, only) time since 1918, also marked this election. The election was broadcast live on BBC One and presented by David Dimbleby, Jeremy Paxman, Andrew Marr, Peter Snow, and Tony King.
The 2001 general election was notable for being the first in which pictures of the party logos appeared on the ballot paper. Prior to this, the ballot paper had only displayed the candidate's name, address, and party name.
Overview
The election had been expected on 3 May, to coincide with local elections, but on 2 April 2001, both were postponed to 7 June because of rural movement restrictions imposed in response to the foot-and-mouth outbreak that had started in February.
The elections were marked by voter apathy, with turnout falling to 59.4%, the lowest (and first under 70%) since the Coupon Election of 1918. Throughout the election the Labour Party had maintained a significant lead in the opinion polls and the result was deemed to be so certain that some bookmakers paid out for a Labour majority before election day. However, the opinion polls the previous autumn had shown the first Tory lead (though only by a narrow margin) in the opinion polls for eight years as they benefited from the public anger towards the government over the fuel protests which had led to a severe shortage of motor fuel.
By the end of 2000, however, the dispute had been resolved and Labour were firmly back in the lead of the opinion polls. In total, a mere 29 parliamentary seats changed hands at the 2001 Election.
2001 also saw the rare election of an independent. Richard Taylor of Independent Kidderminster Hospital and Health Concern (usually now known simply as "Health Concern") unseated a government MP, David Lock, in Wyre Forest. There was also a high vote for British National Party leader Nick Griffin in Oldham West and Royton, in the wake of recent race riots in the town of Oldham.
In Northern Ireland, the election was far more dramatic and marked a move by unionists away from support for the Good Friday Agreement, with the moderate unionist Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) losing to the more hardline Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). This polarisation was also seen in the nationalist community, with the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) vote losing out to more left-wing and republican Sinn Féin. It also saw a tightening of the parties as the small UK Unionist Party lost its only seat.
Campaign
For Labour, the last four years had run relatively smoothly. The party had successfully defended all their by election seats, and many suspected a Labour win was inevitable from the start.
Many in the party, however, were afraid of voter apathy, which was epitomised in a poster of "Hague with Margaret Thatcher's hair", captioned "Get out and vote. Or they get in." Despite recessions in mainland Europe and the United States, due to the bursting of global tech bubbles, Britain was notably unaffected and Labour however could rely on a strong economy as unemployment continued to decline toward election day, putting to rest any fears of a Labour government putting the economic situation at risk.
For William Hague, however, the Conservative Party had still not fully recovered from the loss in 1997. The party was still divided over Europe, and talk of a referendum on joining the Eurozone was rife, and as a result "Save The Pound" was one of the key slogans deployed in the Conservatives' campaign. As Labour remained at the political centre, the Tories moved to the right. A policy gaffe by Oliver Letwin over public spending cuts left the party with an own goal that Labour soon exploited.
Thatcher gave a speech to the Conservative Election Rally in Plymouth on May 22, 2001, calling New Labour "rootless, empty, and artificial." She also added to Hague's troubles when speaking out strongly against the Euro to applause. Hague himself, although a witty performer at Prime Minister's Questions, was dogged in the press and reminded of his speech, given at the age of 16, at the 1977 Conservative Conference. The Sun newspaper only added to the Conservatives' woes by backing Labour for a second consecutive election, calling Hague a "dead parrot" during the Conservative Party's conference in October 1998.
The Tories campaigned on a strongly right-wing platform, emphasising the issues of Europe, immigration and tax, the fabled "Tebbit Trinity". They also released a poster showing a heavily pregnant Tony Blair, stating "Four years of Labour and he still hasn't delivered". However, Labour countered by asking where the proposed tax cuts were going to come from, and decried the Tory policy as "cut here, cut there, cut everywhere", in reference to the widespread belief that the Conservatives would make major cuts to public services in order to fund tax cuts. Labour also capitalised on the strong economic conditions of the time, and another major line of attack (primarily directed towards Michael Portillo, now Shadow Chancellor after returning to Parliament via a by-election) was to warn of a return to "Tory Boom and Bust" under a Conservative administration.
Charles Kennedy contested his first election as leader of the Liberal Democrats.
Controversy
During the election Sharron Storer, a resident of Birmingham, criticised Prime Minister Tony Blair in front of television cameras about conditions in the National Health Service. The widely televised incident happened on 16 May during a campaign visit by Blair to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham. Sharron Storer's partner, Keith Sedgewick, a cancer patient with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and therefore highly susceptible to infection, was being treated at the time in the bone marrow unit, but no bed could be found for him and he was transferred to the casualty unit for his first 24 hours. On the evening of the same day Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott punched a protestor after being hit by an egg on his way to an election rally in Rhyl, North Wales.
Endorsements
Labour received endorsements from The Sun, The Daily Express, The Times (for the first time in its history), The Daily Mirror, The Financial Times, The Economist, and The Guardian.
The Independent endorsed Labour and/or the Liberal Democrats.
The Conservatives were endorsed by the Daily Mail and The Daily Telegraph.
Opinion polling
Results
The election result was effectively a repeat of 1997, as the Labour Party retained an overwhelming majority, with the BBC announcing the victory at 02:58 on the early morning of 8 June. Having presided over relatively serene political, economic and social conditions, the feeling of prosperity in the United Kingdom had been maintained into the new millennium, and Labour would have a free hand to assert its ideals in the subsequent parliament. Despite the victory, voter apathy was a major issue, as turnout fell below 60%, 12 percentage points down on 1997. All three of the main parties saw their total votes fall, with Labour's total vote dropping by 2.8 million on 1997, the Conservatives 1.3 million, and the Liberal Democrats 428,000. Some suggested this dramatic fall was a sign of the general acceptance of the status quo and the likelihood of Labour's majority remaining unassailable.
For the Conservatives, the huge loss they had sustained in 1997 was repeated. Despite gaining nine seats, the Tories lost seven to the Liberal Democrats, and one even to Labour. William Hague was quick to announce his resignation, doing so at 07:44 outside the Conservative Party headquarters. Some believed that Hague had been unlucky; although most considered him to be a talented orator and an intelligent statesman, he had come up against the charismatic Tony Blair in the peak of his political career, and it was no surprise that little progress was made in reducing Labour's majority after a relatively smooth parliament.
Staying at what they considered rock bottom, however, showed that the Conservatives had failed to improve their negative public image, had remained somewhat disunited over Europe, and had not regained the trust that they had lost in the 1990s. Hague's focus on the "Save The Pound" campaign narrative had failed to gain any traction; Labour's successful countertactic was to be repeatedly vague over the issue of future monetary union - and said that the UK would only consider joining the Eurozone "when conditions were right". But in Scotland, despite flipping one seat from the Scottish National Party, their vote collapse continued. They failed to retake former strongholds in Scotland as the Nationalists consolidated their grip on the Northeastern portion of the country.
The Liberal Democrats could point to steady progress under their new leader, Charles Kennedy, gaining more seats than the main two parties—albeit only six overall—and maintaining the performance of a pleasing 1997 election, where the party had doubled its number of seats from 20 to 46. While they had yet to become electable as a government, they underlined their growing reputation as a worthwhile alternative to Labour and Conservative, offering plenty of debate in Parliament and representing more than a mere protest vote.
The SNP failed to gain any new seats and lost a seat to the Conservatives by just 79 votes. In Wales, Plaid Cymru both gained a seat from Labour and lost one to them.
In Northern Ireland the Ulster Unionists, despite gaining North Down, lost five other seats.
:
|}
All parties with more than 500 votes shown.
The seat gains reflect changes on the 1997 general election result. Two seats had changed hands in by-elections in the intervening period. These were as follows:
Romsey from Conservative to Liberal Democrats. The Liberal Democrats held this seat in 2001.
South Antrim from Ulster Unionists to Democratic Unionists. The Ulster Unionists won this seat back in 2001.
The results of the election give a Gallagher index of dis-proportionality of 17.74.
Results by constituent country
Seats changing hands
MPs who lost their seats
Voter Demographics
MORI interviewed 18,657 adults in Great Britain after the election which suggested the following demographic breakdown...
Manifestos
Labour (Ambitions for Britain)
Conservative (Time for Common Sense)
Liberal Democrat (Freedom, Justice, Honesty)
UK Independence Party
British National Party (Where we stand!)
Green Party of England and Wales
Ulster Unionist Party
Progressive Unionist Party
Social Democratic and Labour Party (It's working – let's keep building)
Plaid Cymru
Scottish National Party (Heart of the Manifesto 2001)
ProLife Alliance
The Democratic Party (The will of the people NOT the party)
Kidderminster Health Concern
Monster Raving Loony Party (Vote for insanity – you know it makes sense)
The Stuckist Party
Scottish Socialist Party
Left Alliance
Communist Party of Britain (People's need before corporate profit greed)
Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist)
See also
List of MPs elected in the 2001 United Kingdom general election
List of MPs for constituencies in Wales (2001–2005)
List of MPs for constituencies in Scotland (2001–2005)
2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak
2001 United Kingdom general election in Northern Ireland
2001 United Kingdom general election in England
2001 United Kingdom general election in Scotland
2001 United Kingdom general election in Wales
2001 United Kingdom local elections
References
Bibliography
Butler, David and Dennis Kavanagh. The British General Election of 2001 (2002), the standard scholarly study
External links
BBC News: Vote 2001 – in depth coverage.
Catalogue of 2001 general election ephemera at the Archives Division of the London School of Economics.
2001 elections in the United Kingdom
2001
June 2001 events in the United Kingdom
Tony Blair |
303603 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier%20of%20Fortune%20%28magazine%29 | Soldier of Fortune (magazine) | Soldier of Fortune (SOF), subtitled The Journal of Professional Adventurers, is a daily web magazine published by Susan Katz Keating. It began as a monthly U.S. periodical published from 1975 to 2016 as a magazine devoted to worldwide reporting of wars, including conventional warfare, low-intensity warfare, counter-insurgency, and counter-terrorism. It was published by Omega Group Ltd., based in Boulder, Colorado. In May 2022, author, editor, and security journalist Susan Katz Keating bought the publication from founder Robert K. Brown. A longtime contributor to the magazine, Keating grew up around conflict during The Troubles in Northern Ireland. She reported from there for The Washington Times, and also covered conflict zones in the Balkans and terrorist acts and communities within the United States.
History
Soldier of Fortune magazine was founded in 1975, by Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Reserve, (Ret.) Robert K. Brown, a Green Beret who served with Special Forces in Vietnam. After retiring from active duty, Brown began publishing a “circular”, magazine-type publication with few pages which contained information on mercenary employment in Oman, where the Sultan Qaboos had recently deposed his father and was battling a communist insurgency. Brown's small circular soon evolved into a glossy, large-format, full-color magazine.
In 1970, Brown co-founded Paladin Press in conjunction with Peder Lund. The company published non-fiction books and videos covering a wide range of specialty topics, including personal and financial freedom, survivalism and preparedness, firearms and shooting, various martial arts and self-defense, military and police tactics, investigation techniques, spying, lockpicking, sabotage, revenge, knives and knife fighting, explosives, and other "action topics". After five years, he left in 1975 to start SOF magazine.
Significant to the early development of SOF was its recruitment of foreign nationals to serve in the Rhodesian Security Forces, during the Rhodesian Bush War (1964–79). During the late 1970s and the 1980s, the success and popularity of a military magazine such as SOF led to the proliferation of like magazines such as Survive, Gung Ho!, New Breed, Eagle, Combat Illustrated, Special Weapons and Tactics, and Combat Ready. SOF was published by the Omega Group Ltd., in Boulder, Colorado. It currently is published by Soldier of Fortune LLC, and is based in Tampa, Florida. At the height of its circulation in the early 1980s the magazine had 190,000 subscribers. The April 2016 issue of Soldier of Fortune was the final print edition; further editions have been published online.
Mainstream news media frequently portrayed the print magazine as extremist and dangerous—but nonetheless contacted the magazine’s staff for insider information on military and law-enforcement issues.
"Gun for Hire" lawsuits
Grievous injury
During the late 1980s, Soldier of Fortune was sued in civil court several times for having published classified advertisements of services by private mercenaries. In 1987, Norman Norwood, of Arkansas, sued SOF magazine, because of injuries he suffered during a murder attempt by two men hired via a "Gun for Hire" advertisement in the magazine. The US District Court denied the magazine's motion for summary judgment based upon the Constitutional right of free speech under the First Amendment. The Court said, "reasonable jurors could find that the advertisement posed a substantial risk of harm" and that "gun for hire" ads were not the type of speech intended for protection under the First Amendment. In the end, Norwood and Soldier of Fortune magazine settled his lawsuit out of court.
Wrongful death
On February 20, 1985, John Wayne Hearn, a Vietnam veteran, shot and killed Sandra Black for a $10,000 payment from her husband, Robert Vannoy Black Jr., also a Vietnam veteran. Black communicated with Hearn through a classified advertisement published in Soldier of Fortune, wherein Hearn solicited "high-risk assignments. U.S. or overseas". In 1989, Sandra Black's son Gary and her mother Marjorie Eimann filed a wrongful-death lawsuit against SOF magazine and its parent publishing company Omega Group Ltd., seeking $21 million in redress of their grievance. While he was on death row, Black's lawyer attempted to use his client's post-traumatic stress disorder as a defense, citing trauma from bombing civilians and watching fellow soldiers die.
Robert Black was executed for Sandra's murder in 1992. John Wayne Hearn received a life sentence. He received two additional life sentences for separate murders committed in South Carolina and Florida. On January 6, 1985, Hearn shot Cecil Batie, the ex-husband of his girlfriend's sister, Marlene Sims. On February 2, 1985, he murdered his girlfriend Debra Ann Banister's husband, John Joseph Banister, who was also a Vietnam veteran. Hearn avoided execution after agreeing to become a witness for the prosecution. Also charged were Debra's sister, Marlene Hearn, as well as their parents, Franklin and Iris Sims.
In 1985, Debra was found guilty of second degree murder for her role in John Banister's death. She received a concurrent 30-year sentence for conspiracy to commit first degree murder after pleading no contest in Batie's death. She was released from prison in 2004. Marlene Sims pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit first degree murder and arson, for burning down her grandmother's home along with her sister to get insurance money. She was sentenced to 5.5 years in prison, and was released in 1988. Franklin and Iris Sims were each sentenced to five years of probation and fined $5,000 after pleading no contest to being accessories after the fact to murder.
The jury found Soldier of Fortune grossly negligent in publishing Hearn's classified ad for implicit illegal activity (murder) and awarded the plaintiffs $9.5 million in damages. However, in 1990 the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reversed the verdict, saying that the standard of conduct imposed upon the magazine was too high, because the advertisement was ambiguously worded.
Contract killing
In 1989, four men were convicted of conspiracy to commit murder in the 1985 contract killing of Richard Braun, of Atlanta, Georgia. The killers were hired through a classified services advertisement published in SOF magazine that read: "GUN FOR HIRE". Braun's sons filed a civil lawsuit against the magazine and a jury found in their favor, awarding them $12.37 million in damages, which the judge later reduced to $4.37 million. Nonetheless, in 1992 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit upheld the judgement of the jury, saying "the publisher could recognize the offer of criminal activity as readily as its readers, obviously, did". The Brauns and SOF magazine settled the wrongful-death lawsuit for $200,000. One consequence of the lost lawsuits was that the magazine suspended publication of classified advertisements for mercenary or related work, either in the U.S. or overseas.
Editors
Jim Graves, former managing editor and columnist.
Susan Katz Keating, editor and publisher (as of March 30, 2022).
Notable contributors
Col. David "Hack" Hackworth, US Army (ret./deceased)
Ltc. Robert C. MacKenzie, US Army (ret./deceased)
Ltc. Oliver North, US Marine Corps (ret.)
Dale Dye, US Marine Corps (ret.)
Al J Venter
John Plaster, US Army (ret.)
See also
Soldier of Fortune (video game)
References
Further reading
Lamy, Philip. "Millennialism in the Mass Media: The Case of 'Soldier of Fortune' Magazine." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 31, No. 4, December 1992, pp. 408-424. . .
External links
1975 establishments in Colorado
Online magazines published in the United States
Monthly magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1975
Magazines published in Colorado
Mercenaries
Military magazines published in the United States
Magazines disestablished in 2016
Defunct magazines published in the United States
Online magazines with defunct print editions
Mass media in Boulder, Colorado |
4628682 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefesh%20B%27Nefesh | Nefesh B'Nefesh | Nefesh B'Nefesh (), or Jewish Souls United, a nonprofit organization, promotes, encourages and facilitates aliyah (Jewish immigration to Israel) from the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The organization aims to remove or minimize the financial, professional, logistical, and social obstacles that potential olim (Jewish immigrants) face. Nefesh B'Nefesh works in close cooperation with the Jewish Agency for Israel, the Government of Israel and major Jewish organizations across various denominations, and assists people of all ages in the pre- and post-aliyah process, offering resources such as financial aid, employment guidance and networking, assistance navigating the Israeli system, social guidance and counseling. Since 2002 Nefesh B'Nefesh has brought over 60,000 olim to Israel. In 2011 Nefesh B'Nefesh co-founder Yehoshua Fass received the Moskowitz Prize for Zionism on behalf of the organization.
History
Nefesh B'Nefesh was originally conceived by Rabbi Yehoshua Fass after a family member was killed in a terrorist attack in Israel on 28 March 2001. Realizing that there were many people who wanted to immigrate to Israel but were concerned about certain obstacles, Rabbi Fass and Florida businessman and philanthropist Tony Gelbart decided to create an organization which would try to make it easier for American Jews to make aliyah.
In the summer of 2002, Nefesh B'Nefesh organized its first chartered aliyah flight. In November 2005, Prime Minister Ariel Sharon authorized government funding for Nefesh B'Nefesh on a trial basis. In May 2006, in response to numerous requests from British Jews interested in aliyah, services were expanded to also include the UK. In December 2006, Nefesh B'Nefesh brought its 10,000th oleh.
In January 2008, Nefesh B'Nefesh, in conjunction with Legacy Heritage Fund, announced provision of significant fellowship grants for physicians making aliyah in order to help counteract a projected shortage of physicians in Israel. In March 2008, with the help of Nefesh B'Nefesh, a Knesset "Lobby for the Encouragement for Aliya from the West" was established. The lobby aims to raise awareness of the unique needs of Western olim and further remove obstacles that they may face during the initial stages of their acclimation.
In August 2008, the Jewish Agency for Israel and Nefesh B'Nefesh created a "one-stop shop" designed to streamline the aliyah process and make it easier for olim. Under the new "collaborative venture" Nefesh B'Nefesh is the primary source responsible for marketing and promoting the concept of aliyah to Jews in North America. The Jewish Agency is responsible for the aliyah eligibility process with the appropriate authorities in Israel. In September 2008, the Israeli government officially recognized Nefesh B'Nefesh in a decision designed to enhance aliyah from Western countries.
In December 2008, Nefesh B'Nefesh, in cooperation with the Israeli government and the Jewish Agency, and with the support of the Russell Berrie Foundation, launched the "Go North" initiative. The initiative presents prospective immigrants with an unprecedented benefits package to help new olim move to Northern Israel. In 2009, oil tycoon Guma Aguiar donated $8 million to the organization. In September 2009, Erez Halfon became Vice Chairman of Nefesh B'Nefesh. Prior to joining the organization, he served as Director General of the Ministry of Immigrant Absorption from 2006 to 2008.
In February 2010, the Office of the Prime Minister, Ministry of Immigrant Absorption and Ministry for the Development of the Negev and Galilee agreed to intensify their partnerships with Nefesh B'Nefesh. In September 2013, Nefesh B'Nefesh's Bonei Zion Prize was established, "in order to formally recognize the achievements of outstanding Anglo olim and their contribution to the State of Israel." A prize is awarded in each of the following categories: Community & non-profit, education, Israel advocacy, science & medicine, young leadership, and culture, art & sports.
Funding
In 2021, Nefesh B'Nefesh received more than 10 million shekels in grants from the Israeli Ministry of Aliyah and Integration.
Services
Since 2019, Nefesh B'Nefesh holds an annual “MedEx” event in the United States, at which medical professionals, who are in the process of making Aliyah, can meet representatives from the Israeli Ministry of Health licensing division, the Israel Medical Association (IMA), Israel's National Health Funds (Kupot Holim), and Israeli hospitals. As of 2023, more than 3800 medical professionals from various specialties have made Aliyah through Nefesh B'Nefesh.
In 2021, Nefesh B'Nefesh created UpGrade, an employment program offering career training courses for olim.
Nefesh B'Nefesh provides assistance with Israeli bureaucratic procedures and helps olim overcome cultural gaps. The Government Advocacy Department works with governmental and institutional bodies, such as the Ministries of Interior and Immigrant Absorption. The department provides information for olim, such as guides for dealing with government offices and agencies, and information regarding benefits.
Nefesh B'Nefesh runs several special programs such as Soldier aliyah Fund and Physician aliyah Program. Nefesh B'Nefesh provides chartered and group aliyah flights with El Al Airlines, Israel's official airline. In 2019, the organization launched a 'MedEx' track for prospective immigrants to help smooth the process for medical professionals who were moving to Israel.
Go Beyond-North program
The Go Beyond-North program aims to encourage Jews from North America and the UK to immigrate directly to the northern part of Israel, including the following regions: Galilee, Golan Heights, Jezreel Valley and Upper Jordan Valley. The city of Haifa and its neighboring suburbs (Krayot) are not part of the program. The program dealt with overcoming the concerns that the long distance from the country's center area and lack of development might arouse absorption issues. By ongoing employment assistance, tailor-fitted social programming and a personal guidance system by the local Go Beyond-North staff the transition chances are higher. Applications for the program are reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
Due to the joint venture of the Jewish Agency for Israel and Nefesh B'Nefesh, an oleh can take advantage of a "one-stop shop" offering both aliyah approval and the Go Beyond-North application services.
The budget for the initiative stands on the total sum of $10 million US dollars. A major source of the budget is The Russell Berrie Foundation donation, with additional funding from the Government of Israel and the Jewish National Fund.
In 2013, Nefesh B'Nefesh, KKL and JNF-USA created "Go South," incentivizing olim moving to southern Israel.
The Ori program assists Lone National Service Volunteer olim with their needs during their year of service. In its first year, 2019, Ori helped 150 girls from all over the world, who completed their national service in medical institutions, educational facilities, and government organizations.
Criticism
In late 2012, the Haaretz newspaper published an investigation that made claims against Nefesh B'Nefesh alleging that the organization has not significantly increased aliyah since its founding, that it has double-billed the government for olim who arrived with the assistance of other organizations, and that its employee salaries were bloated. Nefesh B'Nefesh denied Haaretzs accusations and maintained that government audited figures showed a 140% increase of aliyah in the ten years of the organization's operation, and that another five-year comprehensive government audit found no irregularities or duplication in Nefesh B'Nefesh's invoicing protocol. Nefesh B'Nefesh also stated that its salaries were well within comparative norms and counter claimed that the Haaretz article was politically motivated.
In 2014, writing for The Times of Israel, Haviv Rettig Gur claimed the recent raise in aliyah had "nothing to do with the organization's laudable work which eased the aliya process for immigrants' but did nothing to increase their numbers." Gur criticized Nefesh B'Nefesh for taking credit for an increase in aliyah that was already on the rebound. He backed up his claim with official statistics that showed American aliyah was just as high in the mid 1990s and that the post year 2000 peak simply "marked an American aliya that had recovered from the terrorism-driven dip of the previous decade."
Partners
Nefesh B'Nefesh works in partnership with the following organizations:
Friends of the Israel Defense Forces
Jewish Agency for Israel
Jewish National Fund
Marcus Foundation
Ministry for the Development of the Negev and Galilee
Ministry of Immigrant Absorption
Prime Minister's Office
See also
American Zionist Movement
Birthright Israel
Zionist Organization of America
Yom Haaliyah
References
Further reading
External links
Nefesh B'Nefesh at the Jewish National Fund
Nefesh B'Nefesh at Arutz Sheva
501(c)(3) organizations
Aliyah
Diaspora organizations
Immigrant services organizations
International organizations based in Israel
Jewish charities based in Israel
Non-profit organizations based in Israel
Organizations based in Jerusalem
Organizations established in 2001
Zionist organizations |
69656005 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20West%20constituency%20%28Saint%20Petersburg%29 | South West constituency (Saint Petersburg) | The South West constituency (No.212) was a Russian legislative constituency in Saint Petersburg from 1993 to 2007. The constituency covered southern Saint Petersburg, as well as the cities of Kolpino and Pavlovsk. In 2016 most of former South West constituency was moved into Southern constituency.
Members elected
Election results
1993
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:#EA3C38"|
|align=left|Mark Goryachev
|align=left|Civic Union
|
|18.44%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Sergey Andreyev
|align=left|Independent
| -
|14.68%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
1995
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Sergey Popov
|align=left|Yabloko
|
|20.28%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Mark Goryachev (incumbent)
|align=left|Independent
|
|14.05%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vatanyar Yagya
|align=left|Independent
|
|8.27%
|-
|style="background-color:#00A44E"|
|align=left|Pyotr Filippov
|align=left|Bloc '89
|
|8.22%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Yelena Drapeko
|align=left|Independent
|
|7.55%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vasily Ivanov
|align=left|Union of Patriots
|
|6.31%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Valery Anokhin
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party
|
|3.39%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vladimir Shkrabak
|align=left|Agrarian Party
|
|3.36%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Boris Blotner
|align=left|Independent
|
|3.16%
|-
|style="background-color:#1A1A1A"|
|align=left|Valery Bunkin
|align=left|Stanislav Govorukhin Bloc
|
|3.14%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Viktor Pravdyuk
|align=left|Independent
|
|2.94%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Potapov
|align=left|Independent
|
|2.22%
|-
|style="background-color:#DA2021"|
|align=left|Aleksey Pozdyshev
|align=left|Ivan Rybkin Bloc
|
|0.98%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vladimir Kopeykin
|align=left|Revival
|
|0.96%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Manayev
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.90%
|-
|style="background-color:#000000"|
|colspan=2 |against all
|
|11.32%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
1999
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Sergey Popov (incumbent)
|align=left|Yabloko
|
|24.82%
|-
|style="background-color:#FCCA19"|
|align=left|Yury Boldyrev
|align=left|Congress of Russian Communities-Yury Boldyrev Movement
|
|20.49%
|-
|style="background-color:#3B9EDF"|
|align=left|Boris Kiselev
|align=left|Fatherland – All Russia
|
|13.11%
|-
|style="background-color:#D50000"|
|align=left|Yury Terentyev
|align=left|Communists and Workers of Russia - for the Soviet Union
|
|9.89%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Mikhail Ayvazov
|align=left|Independent
|
|4.61%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Gennady Ravdis
|align=left|Independent
|
|2.64%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Nikolay Kuznetsov
|align=left|Liberal Democratic Party
|
|2.03%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vadim Kuznetsov
|align=left|Independent
|
|1.90%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Mikhail Zlydnikov
|align=left|Our Home – Russia
|
|1.37%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Grigoryev
|align=left|Independent
|
|1.32%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vladimir Kalashov
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.90%
|-
|style="background-color:#084284"|
|align=left|Vladislav Vinogradov
|align=left|Spiritual Heritage
|
|0.79%
|-
|style="background-color:#020266"|
|align=left|Ivan Kravchenko
|align=left|Russian Socialist Party
|
|0.65%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Andrey Levitsky
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.55%
|-
|style="background-color:#000000"|
|colspan=2 |against all
|
|13.76%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
2003
|-
! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Candidate
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;vertical-align:top;" |Party
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Votes
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Sergey Popov (incumbent)
|align=left|Yabloko
|
|29.25%
|-
|style="background-color:#00A1FF"|
|align=left|Viktor Yevtukhov
|align=left|Party of Russia's Rebirth-Russian Party of Life
|
|20.86%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vadim Voytanovsky
|align=left|Rodina
|
|11.63%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Aleksandr Salayev
|align=left|Independent
|
|11.47%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Svyatoslav Sokol
|align=left|Communist Party
|
|6.46%
|-
|style="background-color:#14589F"|
|align=left|Aleksey Dudevich
|align=left|Development of Enterprise
|
|3.52%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Dmitry Matveyev
|align=left|Independent
|
|2.26%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Oleg Titov
|align=left|Independent
|
|1.17%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Gennady Ravdis
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.81%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Yelena Fomina
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.62%
|-
|style="background-color:#CACBFB"|
|align=left|Vitaly Bronikov
|align=left|Union of People for Education and Science
|
|0.31%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Yury Yakovlev
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.61%
|-
|style="background-color:"|
|align=left|Vadim Sergiyenko
|align=left|Independent
|
|0.25%
|-
|style="background-color:#000000"|
|colspan=2 |against all
|
|10.17%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="3" style="text-align:left;" | Total
|
| 100%
|-
| colspan="5" style="background-color:#E9E9E9;"|
|- style="font-weight:bold"
| colspan="4" |Source:
|
|}
References
Obsolete Russian legislative constituencies
Politics of Saint Petersburg |
314333 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire%20Hathaway | Berkshire Hathaway | Berkshire Hathaway Inc. () is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Its main business and source of capital is insurance, from which it invests the float (the retained premiums) in a broad portfolio of subsidiaries, equity positions and other securities. The company has been overseen since 1965 by its chairman and CEO Warren Buffett and (since 1978) vice chairman Charlie Munger, who are known for their advocacy of value investing principles. Under their direction, the company's book value has grown at an average rate of 20%, compared to about 10% from the S&P 500 index with dividends included over the same period, while employing large amounts of capital and minimal debt.
The company's insurance brands include auto insurer GEICO and reinsurance firm General Re. Its non-insurance subsidiaries operate in diverse sectors such as confectionery, retail, railroads, home furnishings, machinery, jewelry, apparel, electrical power and natural gas distribution. Among its partially owned businesses are Pilot Flying J (80%), Kraft Heinz Company (26.7%), American Express (18.8%), Paramount Global (15.4%), Bank of America (11.9%), The Coca-Cola Company (9.32%) and Apple (5.57%).
Berkshire is the seventh largest component of the S&P 500 index and the top-ranked company in the Forbes Global 2000, which takes into account both market value and fundamental data. The company is one of the largest American-owned private employers in the United States. Its class A shares have the highest per-share price of any public company in the world, reaching $500,000 in March 2022, because Buffett chooses not to split the stock.
History
Berkshire Hathaway traces its roots to a textile manufacturing company established by Oliver Chace in 1839 as the Valley Falls Company in Valley Falls, Rhode Island. Chace, who was a carpenter, started working for Samuel Slater, the founder of the first successful textile mill in America. Chace founded his first textile mill in 1806. In 1929, the Valley Falls Company merged with the Berkshire Cotton Manufacturing Company established in 1889, in Adams, Massachusetts. The combined company was known as Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates.
In 1955, Berkshire Fine Spinning Associates merged with the Hathaway Manufacturing Company which had been founded in 1888 in New Bedford, Massachusetts, by Horatio Hathaway with profits from whaling and the China Trade. Hathaway had been successful in its first decades, but it suffered during a general decline in the textile industry after World War I. At this time, Hathaway was run by Seabury Stanton, whose investment efforts were rewarded with renewed profitability after the Great Depression. After the merger, Berkshire Hathaway had 15 plants employing over 12,000 workers with over $120 million in revenue, and was headquartered in New Bedford. However, seven of those locations were closed by the end of the decade, accompanied by large layoffs.
In 1962, Warren Buffett began buying stock in Berkshire Hathaway after noticing a pattern in the price direction of its stock whenever the company closed a mill. Eventually, Buffett acknowledged that the textile business was waning and the company's financial situation was not going to improve. In 1964, Stanton made an oral tender offer to buy back Buffett's stake in the company for $11 per share. Buffett agreed to the deal. A few weeks later, Warren Buffett received the tender offer in writing, but the tender offer was for only $11. Buffett later admitted that this lower, undercutting offer made him angry. Instead of selling at the slightly lower price, Buffett decided to buy more of the stock to take control of the company and fire Stanton (which he did). However, this made Buffett the majority owner of a failing textile business.
Buffett initially maintained Berkshire's core business of textiles, but by 1967, he was expanding into the insurance industry and other investments. Berkshire first ventured into the insurance business with the purchase of National Indemnity Company. In the late 1970s, Berkshire acquired an equity stake in the Government Employees Insurance Company (GEICO), which forms the core of its insurance operations today (and is a major source of capital for Berkshire Hathaway's other investments). In 1985, the last textile operations (Hathaway's historic core) were shut down.
In 2010, Buffett claimed that purchasing Berkshire Hathaway was the biggest investment mistake he had ever made, and claimed that it had denied him compounded investment returns of about $200 billion over the subsequent 45 years. Buffett claimed that had he invested that money directly in insurance businesses instead of buying out Berkshire Hathaway (due to what he perceived as a slight by an individual), those investments would have paid off several hundredfold.
Senior leadership (since 1970)
Chairman and CEO: Warren Buffett (1970– )
Vice Chairman: Charlie Munger (1978– )
Corporate affairs
Berkshire's class A shares sold for $465,725 as of January 5, 2022, making them the highest-priced shares on the New York Stock Exchange, in part because they have never had a stock split and have only paid a dividend once since Warren Buffett took over, retaining corporate earnings on its balance sheet in a manner that is impermissible for mutual funds. Shares closed over $100,000 for the first time on October 23, 2006. Despite its size, Berkshire had for many years not been included in broad stock market indices such as the S&P 500 due to the lack of liquidity in its shares; however, following a 50-to-1 split of Berkshire's Class B Shares in January 2010, and Berkshire's announcement that it would acquire the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation, parent of BNSF Railway, Berkshire replaced BNSF in the S&P 500 on February 16, 2010.
Buffett's letters to shareholders are published annually. Barron's said Berkshire was the most respected company in the world in 2007, based on a survey of American money managers.
In 2008, Berkshire invested in preferred stock of Goldman Sachs as part of a recapitalization of the investment bank. Buffett defended Lloyd Blankfein's decisions as CEO of Goldman Sachs.
, Buffett owned 31.7% aggregate voting power of Berkshire's shares outstanding and 18.0% of the economic value of those shares. Berkshire's vice-chairman, Charlie Munger, also holds a stake big enough to make him a billionaire, and early investments in Berkshire by David Gottesman and Franklin Otis Booth Jr. resulted in their becoming billionaires as well. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is a large shareholder of Berkshire, owning 4.0% of Class B Shares.
Berkshire Hathaway has never split its Class A shares because of management's desire to attract long-term investors as opposed to short-term speculators. However, Berkshire Hathaway created a Class B stock, with a per-share value originally kept (by specific management rules) close to of that of the original shares (now Class A) and of the per-share voting rights, and after the January 2010 split, at the price and the voting rights of the Class-A shares. Holders of class A stock are allowed to convert their stock to Class B, though not vice versa. Buffett was reluctant to create the class B shares but did so to thwart the creation of unit trusts that would have marketed themselves as Berkshire look-alikes. As Buffett said in his 1995 shareholder letter: "The unit trusts that have recently surfaced fly in the face of these goals. They would be sold by brokers working for big commissions, would impose other burdensome costs on their shareholders, and would be marketed en masse to unsophisticated buyers, apt to be seduced by our past record and beguiled by the publicity Berkshire and I have received in recent years. The sure outcome: a multitude of investors destined to be disappointed."
The salary for Buffett is $100,000 per year with no stock options, which is among the lowest salaries for CEOs of large companies in the United States.
Annual shareholders' meetings
Berkshire's annual shareholders' meetings take place at the CHI Health Center in Omaha, Nebraska. Attendance has grown over the years with 2018 numbers totaling over 40,000 people. The 2007 meeting had an attendance of approximately 27,000. The meetings, nicknamed "Woodstock for Capitalists", are considered Omaha's largest annual event along with the baseball College World Series. Known for their humor and light-heartedness, the meetings typically start with a movie made for Berkshire shareholders. The 2004 movie featured Arnold Schwarzenegger in the role of "The Warrenator" who travels through time to stop Buffett and Munger's attempt to save the world from a "mega" corporation formed by Microsoft-Starbucks-Wal-Mart. Schwarzenegger is later shown arguing in a gym with Buffett regarding Proposition 13. The 2006 movie depicted actresses Jamie Lee Curtis and Nicollette Sheridan lusting after Munger. The meeting, scheduled to last 6–8 hours, is an opportunity for investors to ask Buffett and Munger questions.
Governance
The current members of the board of directors of Berkshire Hathaway are Warren Buffett (Chairman), Charlie Munger (Vice Chairman), Greg Abel (Vice Chairman), Ajit Jain (Vice Chairman), Chris Davis, Susan Alice Buffett (Warren's daughter), Howard Graham Buffett (Warren's son), Ronald Olson, Kenneth Chenault, Steve Burke, Susan Decker, Meryl Witmer, Charlotte Guyman.
On March 13, 2020, Bill Gates announced that he was leaving the board of directors of both Microsoft and Berkshire Hathaway in order to focus more on his philanthropic efforts.
Succession plans
In May 2010, three months away from his 80th birthday, Buffett said he would be succeeded at Berkshire Hathaway by a team consisting of a CEO and three or four investment managers, each of the latter would be responsible for a "significant portion of Berkshire's investment portfolio". Five months later, Berkshire announced that Todd Combs, manager of the hedge fund Castle Point Capital, would join them as an investment manager. On September 12, 2011, Berkshire Hathaway announced that 50-year-old Ted Weschler, founder of Peninsula Capital Advisors, will join Berkshire in early 2012 as a second investment manager.
In Berkshire Hathaway's annual shareholder letter dated February 25, 2012, Buffett said that his successor as CEO had been chosen internally but not named publicly. While the intent of this message was to bolster confidence in the leadership of a "Buffett-less Berkshire", critics have noted that this strategy of choosing a successor without a concrete exit strategy for the sitting CEO often leaves an organization with fewer long term options, while doing little to calm shareholder fear.
In June 2014, the firm's cash and cash equivalents rose past $50 billion, the first time it finished a quarter above that level since Buffett became chairman and chief executive officer. At the end of 2017, the firm's cash and cash equivalent holdings rose to $116 billion.
On January 10, 2018, Berkshire Hathaway appointed Ajit Jain and Greg Abel to vice-chairman roles. Abel was appointed vice chairman for non-insurance business operations, and Jain became vice chairman of insurance-operations. While Buffett has not further elaborated on his succession plans, he praised his two top executives in an annual shareholder letter, fuelling speculation that Jain and Abel are the logical successors.
On May 3, 2021, Warren Buffett chose Greg Abel to be his successor as CEO of Berkshire Hathaway.
Finance
For the fiscal year 2019, Berkshire Hathaway reported earnings of 81.4 billion, with an annual revenue of 254.6 billion, an increase of 2.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Berkshire Hathaway's market capitalization was valued at over 496 billion in September 2018. , Berkshire Hathaway is ranked third on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.
Businesses and investments
Insurance group
Insurance and reinsurance business activities are conducted through approximately 70 domestic and foreign-based insurance companies.
GEICO – Berkshire acquired GEICO in January 1996. GEICO is headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland, and its principal insurance subsidiaries include; Government Employees Insurance Company, GEICO General Insurance Company, GEICO Indemnity Company, and GEICO Casualty Company. Over the past five years, these companies have offered primarily private passenger automobile insurance to individuals in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. GEICO markets its policies primarily through direct response methods in which applications for insurance are submitted directly to the companies via the Internet or by telephone.
Gen Re – Berkshire acquired General Re in December 1998. General Re held a 91% ownership interest in Cologne Re . General Re subsidiaries currently conduct global reinsurance business in approximately 72 cities and provide global reinsurance coverage. General Re operates the following reinsurance businesses: North American property/casualty, international property/casualty, which principally consists of Cologne Re and the Faraday operations, and life/health reinsurance. General Re's reinsurance operations are primarily based in Stamford, Connecticut, and Cologne, Germany. General Re is one of the largest reinsurers in the world based on net premiums written and capital.
National Indemnity Company is based in Omaha, Nebraska, and founded in 1940 by Jack Dabney Ringwalt. Berkshire bought the company in 1967. It is Berkshire's oldest operating subsidiary. In 2012, the company acquired Worker's Compensation insurer GUARD for $221,000,000.
Between September 2019 and August 2020, Berkshire Hathaway purchased more than 5% of the outstanding stock of each of the five largest Japanese general trading companies, i.e. Itochu, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Marubeni, through National Indemnity Company. These stakes were worth a total of over $6 billion as of August 2020.
NRG (Nederlandse Reassurantie Groep) – Berkshire acquired NRG, a Dutch life reinsurance company, from ING Group in December 2007.
Berkshire Hathaway Assurance – Berkshire created a government bond insurance company to insure municipal and state bonds. These types of bonds are issued by local governments to finance public works projects such as schools, hospitals, roads, and sewer systems. Few companies are capable of competing in this area.
On June 8, 2017, it was announced that Berkshire Hathaway had settled with California's insurance regulator, allowing its Applied Underwriters unit to sell a revised version of its "controversial" compensation insurance policies for workers in the state. Berkshire Hathaway sold Applied Underwriters in 2019.
On March 21, 2022, Berkshire Hathaway announced it was buying insurance company Alleghany for $11.6 billion. This would have expanded its presence in the insurance space and allowed it to own a holding company much like Berkshire itself. There was speculation a bidding war could erupt for the company, with Barron's citing Markel, W.R. Berkley, Chubb, and Loews along with Pershing Square as potential suitors. Barron's also reported on an analysis that suggested the company could be worth $1,000 a share, compared to the offer of $848.02. This move was touted as an example of Warren Buffett's "disdain" for investment bankers.
Utilities and energy group
In 2008, Berkshire owned 85 million shares of ConocoPhillips. Later, in one of Buffett's interviews, he described this as "a major mistake" as the price of oil collapsed. Berkshire offloaded most of its shares but held 472 thousand shares until 2012. In that year, ConocoPhillips spun off a subsidiary, Phillips 66, of which Berkshire owned 27 million shares. Berkshire later sold back $1.4 billion worth of shares to Phillips 66 in exchange for Phillips Specialty Products. Buffett frequently referred to Phillips 66 as one of the best businesses Berkshire invested in because of its consistent dividends and share buyback programs. Despite this, Berkshire sold its entire holdings in 2020.
Berkshire currently holds 92% of Berkshire Hathaway Energy. At the time of purchase, Berkshire's voting interest was limited to 10% of the company's shares, but this restriction ended when the Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 was repealed in 2005. A major subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway Energy is Northern Powergrid, which operates in the UK.
Until a name change on April 30, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway Energy was known as MidAmerican Energy Holdings Co.
Manufacturing, service and retailing
Recreational vehicles
On June 21, 2005, Berkshire Hathaway agreed to purchase Forest River Inc., the world's largest seller of recreational vehicles, from Pete Liegl.
Clothing
Berkshire's clothing businesses include manufacturers and distributors of a variety of clothing and footwear. Businesses engaged in the manufacture and distribution of clothing include Union Underwear Corp. – Fruit of the Loom, Garan, Russell Corporation and Fechheimer Brothers. Fechheimer Brothers is made up of two brands, Flying Cross and Vertx. Flying Cross manufacturers public safety uniforms and Vertx is a civilian tactical clothing company. Berkshire's footwear businesses include H.H. Brown Shoe Group, Acme Boots, Brooks Sports and Justin Brands. Justin Brands is made up of Chippewa Boots, Justin Boots, Justin Original Workboots, Nocona Boots, and Tony Lama Boots. Berkshire acquired Fruit of the Loom on April 29, 2002, for $835 million in cash. Fruit of the Loom, headquartered in Bowling Green, Kentucky, is a vertically integrated manufacturer of basic clothing. Berkshire acquired Russell Corporation on August 2, 2006, for $600 million.
Building products
In August 2000, Berkshire Hathaway entered the building products business with the acquisition of Acme Building Brands. Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, Acme manufactures and distributes clay bricks (Acme Brick), concrete block (Featherlite), and cut limestone (Texas Quarries). It expanded its building products business in December 2000, when it acquired Benjamin Moore & Co. of Montvale, New Jersey. Moore formulates, manufactures, and sells architectural coatings that are available primarily in the United States and Canada.
In 2001, Berkshire acquired three additional building products companies. In February, it purchased Johns Manville which was established in 1858 and manufactures fiberglass wool insulation products for homes and commercial buildings, as well as pipe, duct, and equipment insulation products. In July, Berkshire acquired a 90% equity interest in MiTek Inc., which makes engineered connector products, engineering software and services, and manufacturing machinery for the truss fabrication segment of the building components industry and is headquartered in Chesterfield, Missouri. Finally in 2001, Berkshire acquired 87 percent of Dalton, Georgia-based Shaw Industries, Inc. Shaw is the world's largest carpet manufacturer based on both revenue and volume of production and designs and manufactures over 3,000 styles of tufted and woven carpet and laminate flooring for residential and commercial use under approximately 30 brand and trade names and under certain private labels. In 2002, Berkshire acquired the remaining 12.7 percent of Shaw.
On August 7, 2003, Berkshire acquired Clayton Homes, Inc. Clayton, headquartered near Knoxville, Tennessee, is a vertically integrated manufactured housing company. At year-end 2004, Clayton operated 32 manufacturing plants in 12 states. Clayton's homes are marketed in 48 states through a network of 1,540 retailers, 391 of which are company-owned sales centers. On May 1, 2008, Mitek acquired Hohmann & Barnard, a fabricator of anchors and reinforcement systems for masonry and on October 3 of that year, Mitek acquired Blok-Lok, Ltd. of Toronto, Canada. On April 23, 2010, Mitek acquired the assets of Dur-O-Wal from Dayton Superior.
Flight services
In 1996, Berkshire acquired FlightSafety International Inc. (or FSI), founded in 1951 by Albert Lee Ueltschi. FSI's corporate headquarters is located at LaGuardia Airport in Flushing, New York. It supplies high technology pilot training to aircraft operators in the fields of military, governmental, corporate, and regional or mainline flying. FlightSafety is the world's leading provider of professional aviation training services. According to its website, the company has 1,800 instructors and offers more than 4,000 individual courses for 135 aircraft types, using more than 320 flight simulators to serve customers from 167 countries.
In 1998, Berkshire Hathaway acquired NetJets Inc., formerly Executive Jet Aviation. NetJets is the world's leading provider of fractional ownership programs for general aviation aircraft. In 1986, NetJets created the fractional ownership of aircraft concept and introduced its NetJets program in the United States with one aircraft type. In 2019, the NetJets program operated more than 10 aircraft types with a fleet size of greater than 750.
Retail
The home furnishings businesses are Homemakers Furniture, Nebraska Furniture Mart, Jordan's Furniture, Inc., RC Willey Home Furnishings, and Star Furniture Company. CORT Business Services Corporation was acquired in 2000 by an 80.1% owned subsidiary of Berkshire and is the leading national provider of rental furniture, accessories and related services in the "rent-to-rent" segment of the furniture rental industry.
In May 2000, Berkshire purchased Ben Bridge Jeweler, a chain of jewelry stores established in 1912 with locations primarily in the western United States. This joined Berkshire's other jeweler acquisition, Helzberg Diamonds. Helzberg is a chain of jewelry stores based in Kansas City that began in 1915 and became part of Berkshire in 1995.
In 2002, Berkshire acquired The Pampered Chef, Ltd., the largest direct seller of kitchen tools in the United States. Products are researched, designed, and tested by The Pampered Chef, and manufactured by third-party suppliers. From its Addison, Illinois, headquarters, The Pampered Chef utilizes a network of more than 65,000 independent sales representatives to sell its products through home-based party demonstrations, principally in the United States.
See's Candies produces boxed chocolates and other confectionery products in two large kitchens in California. See's revenues are highly seasonal with approximately 50% of total annual revenues being earned in the months of November and December.
Dairy Queen, based in Edina, Minnesota, services a system of approximately 6,000 stores operating under the names Dairy Queen, Orange Julius, and Karmelkorn. The stores offer various dairy desserts, beverages, prepared foods, blended fruit drinks, popcorn, and other snack foods.
In November 2012, Berkshire announced they would acquire the Oriental Trading Company, a direct marketing company for novelty items, small toys, and party items.
On October 3, 2017, it was announced that Berkshire Hathaway will acquire 38.6% of truck stop chain Pilot Flying J, with plans to increase its stake to 80% in 2023. The Haslam family and FJ Management will retain ownership stakes until then, upon which the Haslam family will retain the remaining 20% and FJ Management will withdraw altogether. The Haslam family will retain control of day-to-day operations of the company.
Media
In 1977, Berkshire Hathaway purchased the Buffalo Evening News and resumed publication of a Sunday edition of the paper that had ceased in 1914. After the morning newspaper Buffalo Courier-Express ceased operation in 1982, the Buffalo Evening News changed its name to The Buffalo News and began to print morning and evening editions. It now prints only a morning edition. In 2006, the company bought Business Wire, a U.S. press release agency.
The company began its BH Media Group subsidiary with a purchase of the Omaha World-Herald in December 2011, which included six other daily newspapers and several weeklies across Nebraska and southwest Iowa. In June 2012, Berkshire purchased 63 newspapers from Media General, including the Richmond Times-Dispatch and Winston-Salem Journal, for $142 million in cash.
In 2012, Berkshire Hathaway bought Texas dailies The Eagle in Bryan-College Station and the Waco Tribune-Herald. In 2013, the company purchased the Tulsa World, the Greensboro, North Carolina-based News & Record, Virginia's Roanoke Times, and Press of Atlantic City. , BH Media owned 28 daily and 42 non-daily newspapers.
On March 12, 2014, it was announced that Graham Holdings Company would divest its Miami television station, ABC affiliate WPLG to BH Media in a cash and stock deal.
On January 29, 2020, Lee Enterprises announced an agreement with Berkshire Hathaway to acquire BH Media Group's publications and The Buffalo News for $140 million in cash.
Real estate
Berkshire Hathaway Energy's HomeServices of America (see complete list of companies) is a residential real estate brokerage firm based in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and founded in 1998. HomeServices has operations in 28 states and over 22,000 sales associates. In addition to brokerage services, these real estate companies provide mortgage loan originations, title and closing services, home warranties, property and casualty insurance and other related services. By the end of 2013 Berkshire Hathaway entered the residential real estate brokerage sector under the name of HomeServices of America.
In late June 2017, Berkshire Hathaway indirectly acquired Home Capital Group Inc for $400 million giving lifeline to the Toronto-based embattled mortgage lender.
Also in June 2017, Berkshire's $377 million investment and 10 percent purchase in Store Capital makes it the company's third-largest investor, after Vanguard Group and Fidelity Investments. Scottsdale-based Store Capital is a real-estate investment trust, holding more than 1,700 properties across 48 states.
Berkshire's other investments tied to real estate include Clayton Homes, which makes manufactured housing. Despite these numerous investments and Charlie Munger's active involvement in the real estate development business, Berkshire Hathaway usually stays away from real estate preferring corporations with dividend based income to real estate investments.
Other non-insurance
In 2002, Berkshire acquired Albecca Inc. Albecca is headquartered in Norcross, Georgia, and primarily does business under the Larson-Juhl name. Albecca designs, manufactures, and distributes custom framing products, including wood and metal molding, matboard, foamboard, glass, equipment, and other framing supplies. Berkshire acquired CTB International Corp. in 2002. CTB, headquartered in Milford, Indiana, is a designer, manufacturer, and marketer of systems used in the grain industry and in the production of poultry, hogs, and eggs. Products are produced in the United States and Europe and are sold primarily through a global network of independent dealers and distributors, with peak sales occurring in the second and third quarters.
Berkshire acquired McLane Company, Inc., in May 2003 from Walmart, which brought on other subsidiaries such as Professional Datasolutions, Inc., and Salado Sales, among others. McLane provides wholesale distribution and logistics services in all 50 states and internationally in Brazil to customers that include discount retailers, convenience stores, quick-service restaurants, drug stores and movie theatre complexes.
In 1986, Scott Fetzer Companies, a diversified group of 32 brands that manufactures and distributes a significant number of products for residential, industrial, and institutional use, was acquired. The two most significant of these businesses are Kirby home cleaning systems and Wayne Water Systems and Campbell Hausfeld products. Today, Campbell Hausfeld is no longer held by Scott Fetzer, having been sold to Marmon, also a Berkshire subsidiary in 2015. Scott Fetzer also manufactures Ginsu knives and World Book Encyclopedia.
On March 30, 2007, Berkshire Hathaway announced TTI, Inc., to be part of the Berkshire Hathaway Group. Headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, TTI is the largest distributor specialist of passive, interconnect, and electromechanical components. TTI's extensive product line includes; resistors, capacitors, connectors, potentiometers, trimmers, magnetic and circuit protection components, wire and cable, identification products, application tools, and electromechanical devices. On December 25, 2007, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Marmon Group. Previously, it was a privately held conglomerate owned by the Pritzker family for over fifty years, which owned and operated an assortment of manufacturing companies that produce railroad tank cars, shopping carts, plumbing pipes, metal fasteners, wiring and water treatment products used in residential construction. In September 2020, BNSF Railway, among Berkshire Hathaway's largest entities, hired its first female CEO, Kathryn Farmer.
On October 2, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway Automotive, an auto dealership subsidiary, was created through the acquisition of Van Tuyl Group, the remaining largest auto dealer in the nation and independently owned up to that date. It is the fifth-largest with ownership of 81 dealerships and revenues of $8 billion. On November 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway announced that it would acquire Duracell from Procter & Gamble for $4.7 billion in an all-stock deal.
Finance and financial services
Berkshire Hathaway acquired Clayton Homes, a maker of modular homes, storage trailers, chassis, intermodal piggyback trailers and domestic containers.
Clayton's finance business, (loans to manufactured home owners), earned $206 million down from $526 million in 2007. Loan losses remain 3.6% up from 2.9%.
Investments
As well as owning companies outright, Berkshire maintains a concentrated portfolio of equities and investments which has historically been managed by Warren Buffett. Since 2010, Todd Combs and Ted Weschler also work alongside Buffett in managing investments. Buffett has spoken very highly of both in public interviews and in the 2015 letter to shareholders he described hiring them both as "one of my best moves". In the 2016 letter to shareholders, Warren revealed that each of them independently manages greater than $10 billion on behalf of Berkshire.
As of July 2023, roughly 75% of Berkshire's equity securities were concentrated in five companies: American Express Company ($26.5 billion), Apple Inc. ($174.5 billion), The Coca-Cola Company ($24.07 billion), Chevron Corporation ($20.89 billion), and Bank of America Corporation ($30.55 billion). After a selloff of IBM stock in February 2018, on May 4, 2018, Buffett announced that Berkshire had completely sold its stake in IBM, and purchased more of Apple.
In 2006, Berkshire Hathaway acquired Russell Corporation for $600 million, in fact getting most shares and brands in many sports leagues – including Spalding NBA official basketballs, BIKE Athletic Company protections, AAI (American Athletic) Gymnastics' tables, bars, rings, horses or Dudley softball balls and accessories.
At the peak of the financial crisis in September 2008, Berkshire invested $5 billion in preferred stock in Goldman Sachs to provide it with a source of funding when capital markets had become constrained. The preferred stock yielded an annual interest rate of 10% earning Berkshire $500 million in interest income per year. Berkshire also received warrants to purchase 43.5 million shares with a strike price of $115 per share, which were exercisable at any time for a five-year term. Goldman maintained the right to purchase back the preferred stock and in March 2011 exercised this right paying $5.5 billion to Berkshire (the preferred stock could only be purchased back at a 10% premium). The warrants have been exercised and Berkshire holds 3% of the share capital of Goldman Sachs. Profit on the preferred stock was estimated at $1.8 billion and exercising the warrants has yielded a profit of more than $2 billion, although Berkshire's continued ownership of shares in Goldman Sachs means the entire profit cannot be quantified.
On August 26, 2011, Berkshire Hathaway purchased $5 billion of preferred shares in Bank of America. The investment has an annual interest cost of 6% earning Berkshire $300 million in annual interest. Alongside the preferred stock investment, Berkshire obtained warrants allowing Berkshire to buy 700 million common shares at $7.14 per share any time before September 2, 2021. Based on the share price in June 2017, this position has yielded a profit of more than $10 billion excluding the annual interest earned from the preferred stock.
In 2008, Berkshire purchased preferred stock in Wrigley, Goldman Sachs, and GE totaling $14.5 billion.
In September 2008, MidAmerican Energy Holdings, a subsidiary of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway Inc., invested about US$230 million for a 10% (or 9.89%) share of BYD @ HK$8/share.
On November 3, 2009, Berkshire Hathaway announced that using stock and cash totaling $26 billion, it would acquire the remaining 77.4 percent of the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation, parent of BNSF Railway, that it did not already own. This was the largest acquisition to date in Berkshire's history.
On March 14, 2011, Berkshire Hathaway announced that it would acquire the Lubrizol Corporation for $9 billion in cash, a deal that was described as one of the largest deals ever for Berkshire Hathaway.
On March 25, 2011, Berkshire Hathaway made its first foray into the Indian insurance sector with its non-direct subsidiary BerkshireInsurance.com.
On February 14, 2013, Berkshire Hathaway Inc and 3G Capital announced plans to purchase H.J. Heinz Co. for $72.50 per share or $28 billion including debt. The company became a majority owner of Heinz on June 18, 2015, after exercising a warrant to acquire 46.2 million shares of common stock for a total price of $462 million increasing its stake to 52.5%.
Berkshire owns 1.74 million shares of Gannett. The company also holds part of newspaper publisher Lee Enterprises after buying some of Lee's debt after its bankruptcy filing.
On August 10, 2015, the boards of directors of Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and Precision Castparts Corp. unanimously approved a definitive agreement for Berkshire Hathaway to acquire, for $235 per share in cash, all outstanding PCC shares.
In the second quarter of 2020, Berkshire added a position of more than 20 million shares in mining company Barrick Gold, and in the third quarter the company agreed to buy Dominion Energy's natural gas transmission and storage operations.
Between September 2019 and August 2020, Berkshire purchased more than 5% of the outstanding stock of each of the five largest Japanese general trading companies (Itochu, Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, and Marubeni) through its National Indemnity subsidiary. These stakes were worth a total of over $6 billion as of August 2020. By April 2023, Berkshire increased its stake in each of those companies to 7.4%.
On April 6, 2022, Berkshire Hathaway disclosed in its regulatory filing that the company had bought 121 million shares of HP Inc. valued at more than $4.2 billion. In May 2022, Berkshire Hathaway acquired a $2.6 billion stake in Paramount Global.
In the third quarter of 2022, Berkshire purchased 60 million shares in semiconductor manufacturing company TSMC, acquiring a $4.1 billion stake. Berkshire divested 86.2% of its stake by the next quarter citing geopolitical tensions.
Investments in Amazon.com Inc.
On May 2, 2019, Warren Buffett told CNBC that one of Berkshire's investment managers, either Todd Combs or Ted Weschler, had been purchasing Amazon shares. "One of the fellows in the office that manage money [...] bought some Amazon so it will show up in the 13F," Buffett told CNBC. Buffett continued; "Yeah, I've been a fan, and I've been an idiot for not buying. But I want you to know it's no personality changes taking place."
Investment in Apple Inc.
In May 2016, it was revealed in a regulatory filing that Berkshire had acquired a stake in Apple Inc. The initial position was for 9.8 million shares (0.2% of Apple) worth $1 billion. By the end of June 2016, this stake had increased to 15.2 million shares (0.3% of Apple). Berkshire then restarted buying Apple stock again between September and December. By December 31, 2016, Berkshire had built up a stake of 57.4 million shares (1.1% of Apple) with an estimated average acquisition price of $110 per share (before the 2020 4:1 split). Aggressive stock purchases continued and by March 31, 2017, Berkshire had amassed a stake of 129 million shares (2.5% of Apple). In the 2017 annual report, Berkshire Hathaway disclosed its total position by December 31, 2017, to be 166 million shares (3.3% of Apple). Berkshire owns 5.8% of Apple with 915.6 million shares, according to the company's February 14, 2023, 13G filing.
In media reports, Buffett says that Apple has developed an ecosystem and level of brand loyalty that provides it with a competitive moat, and that consumers appear to have a degree of price insensitivity when it comes to the iPhone. While Buffett has famously avoided tech stocks, he has said that Apple is a consumer products company and that he understands consumer products businesses.
Prior investments
Berkshire previously held a considerable stake in Tesco Plc, the UK grocery retailer. Berkshire made its first investment in Tesco in 2006 and in 2012 raised this stake to over 5% of the company with a cost for the investment of $2.3 billion. Buffett sold around 30% of this stake in 2013 when he "soured somewhat on the company's then-management" realizing a profit of $43 million. As Tesco's problems mounted through 2014, Berkshire sold all the remaining shares with Buffett saying to shareholders that the delay in selling shares was costly. Berkshire made an after-tax loss of $444 million on the Tesco investment.
In 2016, Berkshire surprised investors by making large equity investments in the major US airlines. Buffett had previously described airlines as a "deathtrap for investors". Buffett had made an investment in US Airways in 1989 which, although he sold for a profit, almost lost Berkshire a substantial sum of money. In 2017, Berkshire was the largest shareholder in United Airlines and Delta Air Lines and a top 3 shareholder in Southwest Airlines and American Airlines. Buffett himself has described this as a "call on the industry" rather than a choice in an individual company. American Airline's CEO Doug Parker is said to have won over Ted Weschler in arguing that the airline industry had consolidated sufficiently and rationalized supply such that longer-term profitability could be achieved in an industry that has historically been loss-making in aggregate. In April 2020 Berkshire sold all shares in US Airlines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
In 2022, Berkshire Hathaway disclosed that it has sold its remaining stakes with Wells Fargo during the first quarter.
Subsidiaries and equity holdings
See also
List of Berkshire Hathaway publications
References
External links
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52329 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegany%20County%2C%20New%20York | Allegany County, New York | Allegany County is a county in the Southern Tier of the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2020 census, the population was 46,456. Its county seat is Belmont. Its name derives from a Lenape word, applied by European-American settlers of Western New York State to a trail that followed the Allegheny River; they also named the county after this.
The county is bisected by the Genesee River, flowing north to its mouth on Lake Ontario. During the mid-nineteenth century, the Genesee Valley Canal was built to link southern markets to the Great Lakes and Mohawk River. The county was also served by railroads, which soon superseded the canals in their capacity for carrying freight. Part of the Oil Springs Reservation, controlled by the Seneca Nation, is located in the county.
History
For centuries, Allegany County was the territory of the Seneca people, at the westernmost nation of the Five Nations of the Haudenosaunee, a confederacy of Iroquoian languages-speaking peoples. European-American permanent settlement did not take place until after the American Revolutionary War and the forced cession by the Seneca of most of their lands in western New York. New York State sold off the lands cheaply to attract new European-American settlers and agricultural development.
Allegany County was created by the state legislature on April 7, 1806, when Genesee County, New York, was partitioned to set aside some to the new county. The first County Seat was established at Angelica, New York, where it remained for half a century. It was later moved to Belmont, a village located along the Genesee River. On March 11, 1808, the borders were adjusted so that of Steuben County passed to Allegany County, and of Allegany County passed to Genesee County. This established the current border between Genesee and Steuben counties, and reduced the size of Allegany County to . On June 12, 1812, the legislature authorized the attachment of Cattaraugus County, New York, to Allegany County for administration reasons, but for practical reasons this action did not take place at that time. However, on April 13, 1814, the eastern half of Cattaraugus County was so attached and administered from Belmont. This attachment was ended on March 28, 1817. With continued settlement through the mid-nineteenth century, the legislature periodically adjusted county borders as new counties were organized in western New York. On April 1, 1846, Allegany County lost to Wyoming County, reducing the size of Allegany County to , and establishing the current border between Allegany and Wyoming counties. On May 11, 1846, Allegany County lost to Livingston County, reducing the total to , and establishing the western portion of the current border with Livingston County. On March 23, 1857, Allegany County lost another to Livingston County, passing the Ossian, New York, area to Livingston County, and establishing the current border between them.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.5%) is water.
Allegany County is in the southwestern part of New York State, along the Pennsylvania border. Allegany County does not lie along the Allegheny River, as its name would suggest. The highest point in the county is Alma Hill, with an elevation of above sea level. This is the highest point in the state west of the Catskill Mountains. The highest point of Interstate 86 is located in the town of West Almond with an elevation of 2,110 feet. This is also believed to be the highest point of any interstate in the New York. The county is unique from a watershed perspective as it is providing water to three major watersheds of North America: The eastern part near Alfred has Canacadea Creek that goes into the Canisteo River, Susquehanna River and eventually to Chesapeake Bay.
The Genesee River bisects the county from south to north, flowing north out of the County through Letchworth State Park with its three waterfalls on to Rochester over three more waterfalls to its mouth on Lake Ontario and then on to the St. Lawrence River and Atlantic Ocean. The southwestern part of the County flows into the Allegheny River that flows into the Ohio and then to the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico.
In June 1972 the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the area, dropping more than of rain. Flooding took place in the valley communities of Wellsville, Belmont, Belfast, and others in the county.
Long a necessary transportation waterway for the Seneca and other Native Americans, and successive European-American settlers, since the late 20th century, the Genesee River has been extremely popular with canoeists. The river is also favored by fishermen as it abounds in smallmouth bass, trout and panfish.
Adjacent counties
Livingston County – northeast
Steuben County – east
Potter County, Pennsylvania – southeast
McKean County, Pennsylvania – southwest
Cattaraugus County – west
Wyoming County – northwest
Major highways
Interstate 86 (Southern Tier Expressway)
New York State Route 17 (Southern Tier Expressway)
New York State Route 19
New York State Route 21
New York State Route 305
New York State Route 417
Demographics
As of the census of 2020, there were 46,456 people. Based on earlier (2000) censuses, there were 18,009 households, and 12,192 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 24,505 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 97.03% White, 0.72% Black or African American, 0.28% Native American, 0.72% Asian, 0.37% from other races, and 0.88% from two or more races. 0.91% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 22.3% identified as being of German, 16.6% English, 13.8% Irish, 11.9% American and 7.0% Italian ancestry according to Census 2000. 96.5% spoke English and 1.3% Spanish as their first language.
There were 18,009 households, out of which 31.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.20% were married couples living together, 9.00% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.30% were non-families. 26.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.30% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.40% under the age of 18, 15.50% from 18 to 24, 23.90% from 25 to 44, 22.20% from 45 to 64, and 14.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 99.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.10 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $32,106, and the median income for a family was $38,580. Males had a median income of $30,401 versus $21,466 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,975. About 10.50% of families and 15.50% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.20% of those under age 18 and 7.50% of those age 65 or over.
2020 census
Government and politics
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Allegany County is considered a conservative county, routinely supporting Republican national and state candidates. In 2004, it voted for George W. Bush over John Kerry 63% to 34%, and in 2008 it voted for John McCain over Barack Obama 59% to 39%. It has been reported that in the last 170 years, the only Democratic candidates to win were Franklin Pierce in 1852 and Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.
Even in 1964, when Republican nominee Barry Goldwater lost the county by 14 points, he still managed to carry the towns of Centerville, Caneadea, Granger, Hume, and Rushford.
In 2006, neither Democrat Eliot Spitzer or Hillary Clinton carried it in their otherwise landslide elections for governor and US senator, respectively. Eliot Spitzer lost 48.98% to John Faso's 49.03%. Hillary Clinton lost the county by 3 points. In 2010, Andrew Cuomo lost by a wide margin while Senator Chuck Schumer carried it by a narrow margin of 49.46% to Jay Townsend's 48.86% a margin of 78 votes. It was one of only two counties that Senator Kirsten Gillibrand lost to Wendy Long in 2012.
Allegany is part of New York's 23rd congressional district, which has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+6. In the New York State Senate, it is part of the 57th district and is represented by Republican George M. Borrello and the 58th district and is represented by Thomas F. O'Mara. In the New York State Assembly, the county is in the 148th Assembly District represented by Republican Joseph Giglio.
The Allegany Board of Legislators consists of 15 members from five three-member districts. , the Board consists of 15 Republicans. The current chairman is W. Brooke Harris. The County Administrator is Carissa M. Knapp.
Allegany County is divided into 29 towns and 10 villages. There are no cities as designated by New York State Law. The border between Allegany and Steuben County runs through the Village of Almond. The towns and villages by County Legislative District are as follows:
District I: Angelica, Belfast, Caneadea, Centerville, Granger, Hume, Rushford, and the village of Angelica.
District II: Amity, Clarksville, Cuba, Friendship, New Hudson, Ward, and the villages of Belmont and Cuba.
District III: Alma, Bolivar, Genesee, Independence, Scio, Willing, Wirt, and the villages of Bolivar and Richburg.
District IV: Andover, Wellsville and the villages of Andover and Wellsville.
District V: Alfred, Allen, Almond, Birdsall, Burns, Grove, West Almond and the villages of Alfred, Almond, and Canaseraga.
The Oil Springs Reservation is an Indian reservation of the Seneca Nation shared with Cattaraugus County having a total area of only . This is the site of the famed spring described by the Franciscan Missionary Joseph DeLa Roch D'Allion in 1627, the first recorded mention of oil on the North American Continent. In 1927, the New York State Oil Producers Association sponsored the dedication of a monument at the site describing the history of the oil industry in North America. There is a small park with parking and a foot bridge to the monument. The remainder of the reservation is mostly utilized for cottages on Cuba Lake, Seneca run gas stations and woodlands.
Education
Higher education facilities include Alfred University, the New York State College of Ceramics (a member of SUNY), Alfred State College, and Houghton University. The county has twelve school districts with their buildings in the county and parts of an additional six districts. Districts include: Alfred-Almond Central, Canaseraga Central that are part of the Greater Southern Tier BOCES with a facility in Hornell. Districts in association with the Cattaraugus-Allegany BOCES include: Andover Central, Whitesville Central, Wellsville Central, Bolivar-Richburg Central, Scio Central, Genesee Valley Central, Belfast Central, Fillmore Central, Friendship Central, and Cuba-Rushford Central. Districts with their buildings outside the County include Portville, Pioneer, Letchworth, and Keshequa. There are two private schools: Immaculate Conception in Wellsville and Houghton Academy in Houghton. There are also two Montessori Schools in Wellsville and Alfred.
Communities
Allegany County comprises 29 towns and 10 villages.
† - County seat
‡ - Not wholly in this county
Towns
Alfred
Allen
Alma
Almond
Amity
Andover
Angelica
Belfast
Birdsall
Bolivar
Burns
Caneadea
Centerville
Clarksville
Cuba
Friendship
Genesee
Granger
Grove
Hume
Independence
New Hudson
Rushford
Scio
Ward
Wellsville
West Almond
Willing
Wirt
Hamlets
Black Creek
McGrawville
Petrolia
Indian reservations
Oil Springs Reservation (part)
See also
List of counties in New York
National Register of Historic Places listings in Allegany County, New York
Allegany (town), New York
Allegany (village), New York
Alleghany County (disambiguation)
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
Alfred University
Alfred State College
Houghton College
Allegany County Tourism Information
Allegany County Data and Information Resource
Links to historical information about Allegany County
Historical summary of Allegany County and its subdivisions
1806 establishments in New York (state)
Populated places established in 1806
Counties of Appalachia
New York placenames of Native American origin |
32573098 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lottery%20Fever | Lottery Fever | {{Infobox television episode
| series = Family Guy
| image =
| caption =
| season = 10
| episode = 1
| airdate =
| production = 9ACX01
| writer = Andrew Goldberg
| director = Greg Colton
| guests = *Randy Crenshaw as Eduard Khil
Judy Greer as Pregnant showgirl
Christine Lakin as Joyce Kinney
Chris O'Dowd as Butler
Tara Strong as Anna Paquin
Fred Tatasciore
Wendee Lee| season_article = Family Guy (season 10)
| episode_list = List of Family Guy episodes
| prev = It's a Trap!
| next = Seahorse Seashell Party
}}
"Lottery Fever" is the first episode of the tenth season of the American animated television series Family Guy. The 166th episode of the series overall, it originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on September 25, 2011. The episode follows the Griffin family after they win the state lottery, and go on to spend the money with no regard. Peter becomes power hungry, and demands that Quagmire and Joe perform tasks for him when he invests in one of their projects. This ultimately causes the group to end their friendship, to the dismay of Peter's wife, Lois, who tells her husband that the money has changed him for the worse. After continually wasting the money on various expenditures, the family discovers that they have gone broke, and return to their lives as a lower middle class family. Peter also apologizes to Quagmire and Joe, repairing his broken friendships.
The episode was written by Andrew Goldberg and directed by Greg Colton. "Lottery Fever" received mixed reviews from television critics for its storyline and cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 7.69 million homes in its original airing. The episode featured guest performances by Randy Crenshaw, Judy Greer, Christine Lakin, Chris O'Dowd, Tara Strong, Wendee Lee, and Fred Tatasciore, along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series.
Plot
During the show's theme song, one of the female dancers interrupts the theme song, and says that she is pregnant, and is then taken away by security. In the episode itself, the Griffin family must begin living on a stricter budget. A local news story on the lottery influences Peter to buy a ticket in hopes that he will win and set the family on a better financial platform. Peter reveals to his family that he has bought several thousand lottery tickets, admitting that he has taken out a second mortgage on the house in order to buy them. After watching the results of the lottery that night, they spend three days searching for the lottery tickets, only to discover that the lottery tickets were, in fact, printed by Peter. When the real batch arrives, they discover that they have indeed won it. The family are unable to decide how they should spend all the money, though Lois states that she does not want it to change their lifestyle. Defiant, Peter decides to begin living lavishly, and quits his job.
After Peter agrees to invest in Quagmire's projects and gives money to Joe for Bonnie's birthday, he demands that they hang out with him in order to pay him back, and perform random, often painful or humiliating tasks. Joe brings the first season of True Blood to show Peter boob. He shouts at Joe for not knowing that "Anna Paquin boob doesn't count as real boob", then shouts at Anna for being on a terrible show. Peter tells Quagmire to take a huge bite out of a Popsicle, which leaves him in agony. Quagmire and Joe finally get fed up with Peter's demands and both decide to end their friendship with Peter when he makes them both perform a musical duet on "making whoopie" for his entertainment and shoots them with a BB gun, causing Joe to get shot in the eye and Quagmire getting shot in the throat. Peter continues to spend the money with no regard, and Lois warns him that he is changing for the worse, along with the other family members. Peter tells her that they no longer have to worry about expenses, and presents her with a blood diamond, winning her over. When they go to a restaurant, Peter discovers his credit card got declined, and his money disappeared. After buying more lottery tickets, winning again, and then blowing it again, the family is distraught over losing their fortune, and Peter returns to the local bar later that day to repair his friendship with Joe and Quagmire. He admits that the money caused him to forget who his real friends are; Quagmire and Joe accept his apology, and offer him money from the investment that he had given them. The family then goes back to living comfortably at their home in Quahog, despite being depressed over having everything and then losing it.
Production and development
The episode was first announced on July 27, 2011, during a "sweepstakes" hosted by 20th Century Fox. The sweepstakes reportedly would provide the winner with $3,000, as well as the announcement of the winner's name during the episode's premiere in the United States. It was directed by series regular Greg Colton, who had previously directed several of the Road to... episodes, including the Emmy Award winning episodes "Road to the Multiverse" and "Road to the North Pole". The episode was written by series regular Andrew Goldberg, who joined the show in its sixth season. Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors, with Andrew Goldberg, Alex Carter, Spencer Porter, Anthony Blasucci, Mike Desilets and Deepak Sethi serving as staff writers for the episode. Composer Walter Murphy, who has worked on the series since its inception, returned to compose the music for "Lottery Fever". The episode first premiered at an advance screening in Chicago, Illinois at the Kerasotes Theatre.
In addition to the regular cast, voice actor Randy Crenshaw, actress Judy Greer, actress Christine Lakin, comedian Chris O'Dowd, voice actress Tara Strong and voice actor Fred Tatasciore guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Alexandra Breckenridge, voice actor John G. Brennan, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin, and writer John Viener made minor appearances. Recurring guest voice actor Adam West made another appearance in this episode.
Cultural references
At the beginning of the episode, Peter, Brian and Chris are watching Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan as edited for goats on TV; the live action scene involving Khan saying he's marooned for all eternity is shown, in which Kirk yells "Khan" as "BAA!". Peter forces Joe to watch True Blood. Peter jumping in a room full of gold coins is a reference to the animated series DuckTales. The bar scene in which the waiter Peter likes starts to sing, is a reference to the "Trolololol" internet meme featuring Eduard Khil.
Jenner reference
The beginning of the episode shows a cutaway gag of Peter performing on a USO Tour (presumably using Bob Hope's comedy routine as his own) to the United States Navy before introducing Caitlyn Jenner (then Bruce), who performs burlesque to the tune of The Stripper. While the reference at the time was to the fact that Jenner's then-wife Kris Jenner "wore the pants" in their marriage, in a bit of life imitating art, the clip would resurface in 2015 when reports surfaced that Jenner was transitioning to a trans woman following her divorce from Kris. It would also be referenced in the season 7 episode "We Love You, Conrad".
Reception
"Lottery Fever" was broadcast on September 25, 2011, as a part of an animated television night on Fox, and was preceded by the season premiere of The Simpsons ("The Falcon and the D'ohman") and Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane's spin-off series The Cleveland Show ("BFFs"). It was followed by MacFarlane's other series American Dad!. It was watched by 7.69 million viewers, according to Nielsen ratings, despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on ABC, The Good Wife on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC. The episode also acquired a 4.1/9 rating in the 18–49 demographic, beating all three shows, in addition to significantly edging out The Cleveland Show and American Dad! in total viewership. The episode's ratings decreased significantly from the previous season's premiere episode, "And Then There Were Fewer".
The episode received mixed reviews. Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club graded the episode a C, stating "I would have less of a problem with the typically shallow excuse for a plot if there was more funny material, but even by Family Guy'' standards, there wasn’t a whole lot in this episode". Kate Moon of TV Fanatic gave a 3/5 rating. She disliked the parts where Peter "[was] acting like a douche to his friends", calling them "[not] interesting enough to watch for 23 minutes". She also stated the episode would have "vastly improved" if the plot was on Brian and Stewie.
The episode debuted in the United Kingdom (and was followed by "Seahorse Seashell Party") on 20 May 2012, with 1.55 million viewers. It was the sixth most watched episode on a single night on the BBC Three channel.
Notes
References
External links
2011 American television episodes
Family Guy (season 10) episodes |
39359419 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%20Reyhanl%C4%B1%20car%20bombings | 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings | The 2013 Reyhanlı car bombings took place on 11 May 2013, when two car bombs exploded in the Turkish town of Reyhanlı, a town of 64,000 people, 5 km from the Syrian border and the busiest land border post with Syria, in Hatay Province, Turkey. At least 52 people were killed and 140 injured in the attack.
Turkish authorities accused the government of Syria of being behind the bombings, and within two weeks had charged 12 Turkish nationals who it said were backed by the Syrian government. The state-run Anadolu news agency reported that in February 2018, a Turkish court sentenced nine suspects to life imprisonment and 13 other people to prison terms of 10 to 15 years for the bombings; and that in September 2018 another suspect was captured in Syria and brought to Turkey by Turkish intelligence.
The Syrian government denied responsibility for the attacks. Other groups proposed as culprits include al-Nusra Front, the Islamic State, and Syrian Resistance.
Following the bombings, hundreds of Syrians fled Reyhanli, and some residents blamed the Turkish government for bringing the Syrian Civil War to the town.
Background
Reyhanlı is a town of 64,000 people in the far south of Turkey in Hatay Province, 5 km from the Turkey-Syria border and close to the busiest land border post with Syria, the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing.
Many Syrian refugees have passed through the town while fleeing from the Syrian Civil War. The nearby Cilvegözü–Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing, which is controlled on the Syrian side by rebels, is the busiest crossing point between the two countries.
On 3 October 2012, mortar fire from Syria killed five people in the Turkish border town of Akçakale. On 11 February 2013, the gate of the Cilvegözü–Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing was the scene of a deadly attack, when an explosion killed 17 people and injured 30 more.
Bombings
Two car bombs were left outside Reyhanlı's town hall and post office. The first exploded at around 13:45 EEST (10:45 UTC), and the second about five minutes later. People attempting to help those injured in the first explosion were caught in the second blast.
A Cumhuriyet journalist reported controversy over the number of fatalities. It was suspected by some news sources that government and local officials had instructed local health care workers to limit the death toll to 50, while the real number was 177.
While some Syrian refugees were caught in the blasts, the majority of the fatalities involved were local Turks. Although there is still no information about the names of the dead, local officials revealed their nationalities, and stated that 5 of 52 people killed by the attacks were Syrian.
Responsibility
Several options have been raised for the responsibility for the attack:
Syrian government – Mukhabarat
On Saturday, 11 May 2013, Turkey's two Deputy Prime Ministers Bülent Arınç and Besir Atalay said "the Syrian Mukhabarat and armed organizations are the usual suspects in planning and the carrying out of such devilish plans", and Turkish sources accused Syria of being "behind the attacks". Syria, according to information minister Omran al-Zoubi, immediately denied responsibility for the attacks, stating: "Syria [...] would never commit such an act because our values would not allow that."
On 11 May, Turkish authorities said they had detained nine Turks with links to the Syrian Mukhabarat (military intelligence service) as suspects in the bombings.
On 13 May, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan said that he held the Syrian government responsible. By 21 May, Turkey had charged 12 Turkish nationals with the attacks, which they alleged were backed by the Syrian government. On 25 May, Erdogan repeated his accusation that the Syrian regime was behind the attack.
Nasir Eskiocak, a Turkish national captured by the Turkish police on 10 June 2013 and for a while the prime suspect of the attack, said the attack was ordered by the Syrian Mukhabarat, and then organized by him.
On 12 September 2018, the Turkish National Intelligence Organization announced that they had captured Yusuf Nazik, who they alleged is one of the main suspects of the 2013 bombing. He was captured by Turkish intelligence in the Syrian regime-controlled city of Latakia. Nazik, born in the Antakya district of the province of Hatay, confessed in a video-recorded confession that he played a key part in the bombing as a coordinator between the bombers and the Syrian regime, which he said masterminded the attack. He referred to a Syrian intelligence officer named Mohammed, who had the codename "Hadji".
Al-Nusra Front / al-Qaeda / ISIL
Al-Nusra: Mehmet Ali Ediboglu (CHP), representing Hatay Province in the Turkish parliament, said on 14 May 2013 he believed the al-Nusra Front (Jabhat al-Nusra) to have planted the bombs, in an attempt "to get Turkey into the war".
al-Qaeda elements: On 25 May 2013, the Turkish hacker group RedHack alleged that leaked or hacked documents of Turkey's Gendarmerie intelligence department linked al-Qaeda-related groups in Syria to the attack, which was denied by Justice and Development Party (AKP) vice president Hüseyin Çelik. Çelik stated that the documents were leaked by a private using a cell phone but its content is unrelated to the bombings and the private is under arrest.On 27 March 2014, also Tacan İldem, Turkey's Ambassador to the OCSE, said 11 May 2013 attack was carried out by "al-Qaeda elements operating out of Syria", which, in May 2013, may have meant either Jabhat al-Nusra or ISIL. That statement was contradicted on 6 April 2014 in a written statement of the Turkish Foreign Ministry who stuck to their conviction that the attack was carried out with support from the Syrian government.
ISIL: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in late September 2013, while threatening Turkey with suicide attacks if Turkey would not reopen its Syrian border crossings at Bab al-Hawa and Bab al-Salameh before 7 October, claimed responsibility for the Reyhanli attack of 11 May 2013.
Acilciler versus Turkish government
Turkish authorities on 12 May 2013 suspected that former Turkish Marxist group Acilciler, now thought to be based in Syria, might have been revived by his leader Mihrac Ural, and might have ordered the attack.
Acilciler was, according to The Huffington Post, long-rumored to have been formed by the Syrian military intelligence service Mukhabarat. The Turkish government on 12 May 2013 believed that Ural and his group, with their ties to pro-government Syrian groups, had carried out the attack. Mihraç Ural, in return, has implicated the Turkish Intelligence Organization.
Gülen movement
In 2015, former Adana prosecutor Özcan Şişman said in a letter to the Cumhuriyet newspaper that he was warned by MIT officers about a planned bombing attack in 2012 and 2013, three days before the Reyhanli attack. And that he was urged by the officers to carry out an operation against the cell. Şişman said he refused to carry out the operation and did not inform the police. Şişman was arrested in the same year and was sentenced 17 years in prison in 2019 for obtaining and exposing state secrets and being a member of the Gülen movement.
Aftermath
There was widespread panic in Reyhanlı following the blasts, with many people attempting to flee the town. Clashes broke out between Turkish and Syrian people in Reyhanlı, and police were forced to intervene by firing into the air to disperse the crowds. Turkish residents of the town reportedly attacked Syrian refugees and automobiles with Syrian license plates.
BBC Journalist Wyre Davies reported from the site of the bombings in Reyhanli that there was 'real anger' among the people on the streets, not just against whoever had carried out the attacks but also against the government in Ankara. Hundreds of Syrian refugees had been forced to leave, 'scapegoats for the crimes of others' in Davies' account, blamed for bringing the Syrian war to the town. The refugees were held to have made the town a target for Assad's agents in Turkey. The media also were unpopular. "Whoever carried out the bombings has deliberately and successfully driven a wedge between two communities who had always coexisted, even before the war, because of cross-border trade and other historic ties", the journalist wrote.
In response to the attacks, the Turkish government sent large numbers of air and ground forces increasing the already heavy military presence in the area.
Protesters clashed with police in the town on Saturday, 18 May, voicing their anger over the government's response to the attack and its decision to take in Syrian refugees fleeing the Syrian conflict.
Turkey sealed the border with Syria for one month in order to stop possible suspects from escaping.
Media ban
The Reyhanlı Court of Peace ordered all voice, written, and visual publications referring to the blasts' aftermath banned, including content describing, and images of, the injured and the dead. The court ruled that the written and visual content would jeopardize the confidentiality and outcome of the ongoing prosecution. On 16 May 2013, the Hatay First Criminal Court cancelled the order issued by the Reyhanlı Court of Peace. Only the state-run Anatolia news agency and Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT) were allowed to cover visits by Justice Minister Sadullah Ergin and Health Minister Mehmet Müezzinoğlu to the injured in Antakya State Hospital. When the main opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, of the Republican People's Party (CHP), visited the victims at the same hospital on Monday, only reporters from Anatolia and TRT were allowed to cover Kılıçdaroğlu's visit, while reporters from the Cihan News Agency, the İhlas News Agency and the Doğan News Agency were not allowed to do so.
Several media unions protested the media ban imposed on the Reyhanlı bombings and appealed to the courts to remove the ban immediately. The media ban was condemned by several journalistic organizations in Turkey. Atilla Sertel, the chairperson of the Journalists Federation of Turkey, stated that such bans would cause major misinformation and would result in misleading the public. The Press Institute Association of Turkey claimed the court order upholding the ban was a censure and a major blow to press freedom.
Reactions
Domestic
Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said, "There may be those who want to sabotage Turkey's peace, but we will not allow that. No one should attempt to test Turkey's power. Our security forces will take all necessary measures." Speaking in Berlin, he said that the bombings were a consequence of global inaction in intervening in the Syrian civil war.
Opposition leader Kemal Kilicdaroglu held Erdogan accountable for the bombings and compared him to Syria's president Assad. Erdogan threatened to sue him in response.
International
Syrian Information Minister Omran al-Zoubi placed responsibility for the attacks on the Turkish authorities and said, "it was the Turkish government that had facilitated the flow of arms, explosives, vehicles, fighters and money across the border into Syria", and thus "had turned the border areas into centres for international terrorism".
The UN Security Council strongly condemned the Reyhanli bombings, stating, "Any acts of terrorism are criminal and unjustifiable, regardless of their motivation, wherever, whenever and by whomsoever committed." NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen also condemned the attack, calling it "despicable", and said that NATO stood by Turkey.
British Foreign Secretary William Hague issued a Twitter statement saying, "My thoughts are with family and friends of the victims. We stand with the people of Turkey." United States Ambassador Francis Ricciardone stated that the U.S. "strongly condemns today's vicious attack, and stands with the people and government of Turkey to identify the perpetrators and bring them to justice."
Investigations
On 11 May, the authorities had immediately detained nine suspected Turks.
By 20 May, 18 people had been detained.
Investigations have revealed that Ankara was the initial target of the recent attacks in Reyhanlı, according to Deputy Prime Minister Beşir Atalay.
In July 2013, several MİT intelligence officials were dismissed for negligence, after an inquiry concluded that MİT had had sufficient information to prevent the attack, but had failed to share it with police quickly enough.
See also
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
2019 Reyhanlı car bombing
Syria–Turkey relations
Syrian–Turkish border incidents during the Syrian civil war
Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War
References
2013 murders in Turkey
Explosions in 2013
Building bombings in Turkey
Car and truck bombings in Turkey
Censorship in Turkey
History of Hatay Province
Mass murder in 2013
21st-century mass murder in Turkey
May 2013 crimes in Asia
May 2013 events in Turkey
Syria–Turkey relations
Terrorist incidents in Turkey in 2013
Attacks in Turkey in 2013 |
4612317 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacup%20and%20Rawtenstall%20Grammar%20School | Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School | Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School (BRGS) is a selective co-educational academy grammar school in Waterfoot, Rossendale, Lancashire, England. The school is named after the two main towns either side of Waterfoot, Bacup and Rawtenstall.
History
The school was founded in the 18th century as Newchurch Grammar School, opening in 1703 on land bequeathed by John Kershaw in 1701. In the 19th century, records conflated Newchurch Grammar School with the National School of St Nicholas Church, also in Newchurch, suggesting that Kershaw (who died in 1701) bequeathed the land in memory of his wife, Anne, who died in 1709, and that it subsequently opened two years later in 1711. Records from the middle of this century, when Newchurch Grammar School was still in operation, clarified the 1703 date. The tombstone of the couple features two inscriptions about the endowment for the school.
The Kershaws' endowment formed a Trust for the education of local children, including building schools. The first school, built in 1701, was sited on Kershaw's Boothfold estate and was operational until 1787, when it was converted into cottages due to an expanded school for the Trust being built at a place called Bridleway nearby. This school itself was rebuilt on site twice, first in 1830 and again several decades later. The latter rebuild saw the 1830 structure demolished in 1889, but the new buildings would not open until 1890, with a temporary building used in the interim. The ambitious 1890 school, at a cost of £2200, was spearheaded by the headmaster, Rev. R. W. Hay, and considered a vast improvement both functionally (to deal with the hillside) and aesthetically (including a bell tower and collegiate architecture). Two of Hay's sons were Military Cross-awarded flying aces: Hugh Hay (born at the school) and Roger Hay.
In 1890, the management of the school formed a new plan to make it more popular and widen its intake, electing a twelve-member governing body comprising two members each selected by the Bacup and Rawtenstall town councils; one selected by the Newchurch School Board; one selected by Victoria University, to which the school was affiliated; and six local gentlemen. In July 1892, Mr. T. E. Jackson became headmaster.
The school moved location again in the 20th century, to its current site in Waterfoot. The foundation stones for the current site were laid by the mayors of Bacup and Rawtenstall on 1 July 1911 and the buildings opened in 1913; the new name, Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School (BRGS), was thusly adopted. The school sits high in the Pennines, with the Edwardian buildings giving a view of the terraces below. It was turbulent in the later 20th century; with no new income following the Second World War, parents' associations at the school petitioned the Secretary of State throughout the following decades to give it control of its finances separate to the local authority, twice being awarded such. In 1989, on the second such occasion, the school accepted the reprieve, and used money to plan buildings for the Sixth Form. In 1988, Martyn Morris had been appointed headmaster; remaining in post into the 21st century, he was only the fifth headmaster over a span of three centuries at the school. In the 1997 Birthday Honours, Martyn Morris, who had been a government adviser on education under four Secretaries of State during his time at BRGS, was made an OBE for services to education.
Martyn Morris retired in December 2004, with Marc Morris (no relation) joining as headmaster in April 2005. Marc Morris then left to become headmaster of Sha Tin College in Hong Kong in July 2011 and the post was taken by Alan Porteous in 2012. Longstanding teacher Trevor Elkington served as interim headmaster.
Previously a foundation school administered by Lancashire County Council, in September 2012 Bacup and Rawtenstall Grammar School converted to academy status. The school then became part of the Star Academies trust in September 2023.
Admissions
One of only four grammar schools in Lancashire following the mass closure under Margaret Thatcher, the school continues its initial aim to educate local children. Pupils applying from Rossendale area primary schools are given preference. The school, a highly popular state school, administers its own entrance examination, rather than the eleven-plus. Highly competitive, it still attracts students who commute from cities and towns around the north of England, including as far as Liverpool and Bradford in the 1990s.
The school is attended by approximately 1,300 students, split between the lower school (Years 7 to 11), which has 180 pupils per year (in six form groups of thirty pupils each), and the sixth form (Years 12 and 13) with approximately 200 pupils per year in several tutor groups.
Entry to the sixth form does not require an examination, but is conditional on the student having gained at least two grade 5 and two grade 6 GCSEs, and at least grade 4 in Maths and English Language. Most of the lower school pupils stay on to become sixth form students, with more students taken from other secondary schools.
Academic performance
In keeping with its grammar school status, BRGS has consistently produced strong academic results throughout its modern history, with GCSE and A-Level pass rates above 80% for the duration; in the 1990s, the success was credited to the majority of staff serving for decades having created stability in standards of teaching.
The school ranks highly in British School league tables. In September 2013 it was rated as a 5 star school by Trinity Mirror. The majority of students continue on to further education, and the school has a long history of sending students to the Russell Group and Oxbridge Universities.
In 2015, BRGS was academically ranked in the top 10 in the country for English Baccalaureate performance.
School life
Extracurricular activities
Sport
BRGS has a long sporting history. Pupils have flourished in a variety of sports, with many going on to play Lancashire League cricket at one point. The school produced six England international hockey players, including a captain, in the 1970s and 80s, and four England international handball players in the 2000s. Still, BRGS is considered "traditionally a soccer school"; it has seen routine success in the sport and sent its boys' teams to train with Valencia CF in the 2010s. Into the 2020s one of its coaches, Mr. Baird, helps to organise the Rossendale Schools' football league.
Pupils have taken part in athletics since the school's 1913 inception. It has had girls' hockey and netball teams, and mixed swimming teams, since at least the 1920s. Since at least the 1930s it has had boys' football and cricket, girls' tennis, and mixed gymnastics teams. Cycling, rugby, rounders, chess, cross-country and basketball were introduced in the 1940s and 50s, as were second teams and age-group teams for many of the established sports, with badminton coming in the 1960s. During teaching disputes, boys' sport suffered, but recovered in the 1990s. In the 1990s, sports began to be organised by year group, with orienteering added, as well as non-competitive clubs for table tennis and climbing.
Sport, both against other schools and inter-form, had been covered in the school newspaper (The Squirrel) since at least 1930, but in the 1970s a separate school magazine dedicated to sport, "Penny Sports", was run. By the 1980s, BRGS sport coverage was again under the remit of The Squirrel. The 1980s also saw the introduction of boys' hockey.
The Sports Hall, for extracurricular sports as well as PE, was opened by Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex in 2005.
Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme
The school is a facilitator of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award. A merit board for gold award recipients hangs in the main hall and was unveiled during a school visit by Prince Edward (a son of the Duke of Edinburgh).
School culture and Ofsted reports
In the 1990s, pupils at the school were said to be "unaffected, delightfully self-contained youngsters with accents stronger than Victoria Wood's".
In 2016, BRGS was rated "outstanding" by education standards overseer Ofsted, the highest possible rating. It was rated outstanding in each sub-discipline, making it the best rating possible. The sixth form also received the highest possible rating, with the report saying that the school's culture creates "well-rounded citizens". There were recommendations, however, to find ways to improve the secondary school pupils' verbal communication skills, and to ensure everyone could take part in extracurricular activities.
In 2022, the school was rated overall "inadequate", the lowest Ofsted rating, and put under special measures with a demand for immediate safeguarding reform. The 2022 report said that while education standards remained high and pupils were successful in extracurricular activities, welfare was terrible. It said that at the school a culture of bullying, racism, misogyny, "harmful sexual behaviour", and homophobia prevailed, and that pupils, students and parents had given up on reporting issues due to staff inaction. One area of education was rated poorly: failings in social and sex education, including at the sixth form, which contributed to the harmful sexual behaviour becoming "an accepted feature of school life" at BRGS. Pupils also failed to recognise that peers different to themselves are their equals. The report concluded that despite good grades and high ambitions, pupils leaving the school and students leaving the sixth form "are ill-prepared to take up their roles as responsible citizens in a modern Britain". A local councillor said that "Young people will have been traumatised by what they have experienced during their time there. They may never get over it".
Notable former pupils and students
Arts and design
Natalie Casey, actress (Hollyoaks, Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps)
Pattie Coldwell, presenter
Agyness Deyn, supermodel and actress, 2007 model of the year
Miles Higson, actor (Hollyoaks)
Betty Jackson, fashion designer, (Absolutely Fabulous, Marks & Spencer Autograph collection)
Phil Lester, BBC Radio 1 presenter and YouTuber
Alwyn Mellor, Royal Opera House soprano
Ernest Tomlinson, light music composer
Holly Haworth-Hurst, Radio and TV personality
Sportspeople
Tommy Bell, rugby union player (Sale Sharks, London Wasps, England U18)
Kristan Bromley, Olympic skeleton racer and coach, Skeleton World Cup champion 2004 & 2008, FIBT World Championships 2008 champion
Mollie Campbell, basketball player (Leicester Riders, England, Great Britain), 2018 Commonwealth Games silver
Nick Clark, hockey player (England, captain) and coach (England U16, U18, U21,)
Ben Hanley, racing driver, 2022 Asian Le Mans Series champion
Rachel Henry, netball player (Loughborough Lightning, England U17 vice captain, U19 vice captain, England)
Gordon Hill, football referee
Jessica Leyden, Olympic rower, 2017 World Rowing Championships bronze, 2022 European Rowing Championships gold, 2022 World Championships bronze
Sam Minihan, footballer (Halifax Town)
Carlo Nash, footballer (Manchester City, Everton)
Winston Place, cricketer (Lancashire, England)
Keira Walsh, footballer (Manchester City, Barcelona, England captain 2018, Great Britain), UEFA Women's Euro 2022 champion
Other
Sir John Egan, industrialist (Jaguar Cars, BAA, Egan Report)
Sophie Lancaster, murder victim
Rt Revd Jack Nicholls, Bishop of Sheffield from 1997 to 2008 and Bishop of Lancaster from 1990-7
Prof Peter Ormerod, physician
John Ashworth Ratcliffe, radio physicist
Sir Paul Stephenson, Metropolitan Police Commissioner 2008–11
A niece of Hermann Göring
Former staff
Notable former teachers
Trevor Park, former MP for South East Derbyshire
Paul Patrick, LGBT rights activist
Headmasters
References
External links
Bacup & Rawtenstall Grammar School website
EduBase
Educational institutions established in 1701
1701 establishments in England
Schools in the Borough of Rossendale
Grammar schools in Lancashire
Academies in Lancashire
Star Academies |
9514043 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20Minnesota%20Twins%20season | 1984 Minnesota Twins season | The 1984 Minnesota Twins season was a season in American baseball. The team spent much of the season contending for the division title, but finished with a record of 81–81, tied for second in the American League West, and three games behind the division winner Kansas City Royals. Their 81–81 record was an 11-game improvement from 1983, and a 21-game improvement from their 102-loss season of 1982 (the third-worst record in franchise history).
1,598,692 fans attended Twins games, a Twins attendance record, but still the fifth-lowest total in the American League. Towards the end of the season, Calvin Griffith sold the club to local investor Carl Pohlad.
Offseason
October 1983: Jeff Little was released by the Twins.
December 7, 1983: Gary Ward and Sam Sorce (minors) were traded by the Twins to the Texas Rangers for John Butcher and Mike Smithson.
January 17, 1984: Mark Grace was drafted by the Twins in the 15th round of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft, but did not sign.
Regular season
May 4 - Oakland's Dave Kingman popped up in the fourth inning. The ball found a drainage hole in the Metrodome's roof and never returned to the playing surface. Kingman was awarded a ground-rule double. In the ninth, he hit another ball out—but this one was just into the seats.
May 8 – Kirby Puckett got four hits in his major league debut, at Anaheim Stadium.
June 29 – Andre David made his major league debut and started in right field for the Twins. In his first at bat in the second inning, he homered off Detroit Tigers pitcher Jack Morris to become the fourth Twin to homer in his first-ever at bat. David joined Rick Renick (1968), Dave McKay (1975) and Gary Gaetti (1981); three of the four were against Detroit pitching. In 2015, Eddie Rosario joins the list when he homers on the very first pitch he sees in the majors.
Only one Twins player made the All-Star Game, catcher Dave Engle.
September 28 – The Twins suffered their biggest blown lead for a loss in team history. Leading Cleveland 10-0 in the third inning, and 10-2 in the sixth, they lost the 9-inning game 11-10. In the ninth, relievers Ron Davis and Ed Hodge loaded the bases. Hodge allowed a walk-off single.
Offense
Kent Hrbek hit .311 with 27 HR and 107 RBI.
Tom Brunansky hit 32 HR and 85 RBI.
Leadoff batter Kirby Puckett hit .296 and scored 63 runs.
Gary Gaetti hit 5 HR and 65 RBI.
Pitching
Starter Frank Viola was 18-12.
Reliever Ron Davis had 29 saves. He also blew 14 saves, to tie a major league record set in 1976 and tied two other times.
Mike Smithson allowed 35 homers, the most in the majors.
Defense
Gary Gaetti led the major leagues playing in 162 games. His 334 assists led all of baseball this season. Outfield teammates Kirby Puckett (center) and Tom Brunansky (right) also led the major leagues in assists.
Season standings
Record vs. opponents
Notable transactions
June 4, 1984: Jay Bell was drafted by the Twins in the 1st round (8th pick) of the 1984 Major League Baseball draft. Jay Bell signed on June 11, 1984.
Roster
Game log
Regular season
|-style=background:#fbb
| 1 || April 3 || 7:35p.m. CST || Tigers || 1–8 || Morris (1–0) || Williams (0–1) || – || 2:10 || 34,381 || 0–1 || L1
|-style=background:#fbb
| 2 || April 5 || 12:15p.m. CST || Tigers || 3–7 || Petry (1–0) || Viola (0–1) || – || 2:33 || 8,373 || 0–2 || L2
|-style=background:#bbb
| — || April 23 || || @ Tigers || colspan=8 | Postponed (Rain) (Makeup date: April 24)
|-style=background:#fbb
| 17 || April 24 || 4:30p.m. CST || @ Tigers || 5–6 || Morris (4–0) || Davis (2–2) || – || 2:16 || N/A || 8–9 || L1
|-style=background:#fbb
| 18 || April 24 || 7:21p.m. CST || @ Tigers || 3–4 || Abbott (1–0) || Viola (0–3) || López (1) || 2:29 || 20,315 || 8–10 || L2
|-
|-
|-style=background:#cfc
| 74 || June 29 || 4:35p.m. CST || @ Tigers || 5–3 || Williams (3–3) || Morris (12–4) || Davis (15) || 2:50 || N/A || 37–37 || W1
|-style=background:#fbb
| 75 || June 29 || 8:00p.m. CDT || @ Tigers || 5–7 || Hernández (4–0) || Filson (4–2) || – || 3:00 || 44,619 || 37–38 || L1
|-style=background:#fbb
| 76 || June 30 || 6:35p.m. CDT || @ Tigers || 3–4 || Petry (11–3) || Schrom (1–3) || Hernández (14) || 2:43 || 48,095 || 37–39 || L2
|-
|-style=background:#cfc
| 77 || July 1 || 12:30p.m. CDT || @ Tigers || 9–0 || Viola (8–7) || Berenguer (4–6) || – || 2:21 || 43,484 || 38–39 || L1
|-style=background:#bbbfff
|colspan="12"|55th All-Star Game in San Francisco, CA
|-style=background:#cfc
| 85 || July 12 || 7:35p.m. CDT || Tigers || 4–2 || Viola (10–7) || Petry (11–4) || Davis (17) || 2:18 || 29,729 || 44–41 || W2
|-style=background:#fbb
| 86 || July 13 || 7:35p.m. CDT || Tigers || 3–5 || Hernández (5–0) || Lysander (0–1) || López (10) || 3:11 || 30,050 || 44–42 || L1
|-style=background:#fbb
| 87 || July 14 || 7:35p.m. CDT || Tigers || 5–6 || Hernández (6–0) || Walters (0–3) || – || 3:40 || 46,017 || 44–43 || L2
|-style=background:#fbb
| 88 || July 15 || 1:15p.m. CDT || Tigers || 2–6 || Rozema (6–1) || Schrom (2–4) || López (11) || 3:00 || 27,965 || 44–44 || L3
|-
|-
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
| Legend: = Win = Loss = PostponementBold = Twins team member
Player stats
Batting
Starters by position
Note: Pos = Position; G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Other batters
Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
Pitching
Starting pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Other pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Relief pitchers
Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
Awards and honors
All-Star Game
Dave Engle, reserve
Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Elizabethton
Notes
References
External links
Player stats from www.baseball-reference.com
Team info from www.baseball-almanac.com
Minnesota Twins seasons
Minnesota Twins season
Minnesota Twins |
3762051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence%20Cannon | Clarence Cannon | Clarence Andrew Cannon (April 11, 1879 – May 12, 1964) was a Democratic Congressman from Missouri serving from 1923 until his death in Washington, D.C. in 1964. He was a notable parliamentarian and chaired the U.S. House Committee on Appropriations. He is the longest-serving member of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Missouri.
Biography
Born in Elsberry, Missouri, the son of John Randolph Cannon, a farmer and merchant, and Ida Glovina Whiteside, a descendant of the Kemper family of Missouri and Germanna. Reflecting his family's influence and his rural, border-state background,
Cannon maintained a lifelong devotion to the Southern Baptist faith and the Democratic party. He also possessed a firm belief in the superiority of the agrarian lifestyle and small-town values. In 1901, Cannon graduated from La Grange Junior College (now known as Hannibal-LaGrange College) in Hannibal, Missouri, from William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri in 1903, and from the law school of the University of Missouri in Columbia in 1908. After working as a high school teacher and principal, he served
as an instructor of history at Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri from 1904 to 1908. Though he retained a lifelong interest in the American past and wrote several books on family and local history, Cannon deemed the academic life too sedentary. Accordingly, he studied law at the University of Missouri while teaching at Stephens College. He earned an LL.B. and joined the bar in 1908. He established a law practice in Troy, Missouri, but soon transferred it to his home town of Elsberry.
Cannon was initiated into the Alpha-Omega chapter of the Kappa Sigma fraternity while an undergraduate at William Jewell in 1903.
In 1906, Cannon married Ida Dawson Wigginton; they had two daughters. The couple formed a close working relationship. Ida Cannon became her husband's most trusted political adviser. Starting in the 1920s, she traveled extensively over the back-country roads of northeastern Missouri campaigning for her spouse, while he remained at his congressional desk in Washington, D.C.
Politics
Cannon eagerly sought elective office, but his first two campaigns, for county school superintendent and state representative, ended in defeat. His political fortunes changed after his congressman, Champ Clark, hired him as a confidential secretary in 1911. When Democrats elected Clark Speaker of the House that year, Cannon found himself near the center of power in Washington.
Enjoying Clark's patronage, Cannon advanced to the positions of House journal clerk from 1914 to 1917 and House parliamentarian from 1917 to 1920. A quick study, he rapidly established himself as a leading authority on parliamentary procedure. His skills proved so impressive that the Republicans retained him after winning the House in 1918. In 1920 he became parliamentarian of the Democratic National Convention, a position he held through 1960. Cannon exercised lasting influence over the workings of Congress through publications such as Procedure in the House of Representatives (1920) and Cannon's Precedents of the House of Representatives (1936). After resigning as House parliamentarian, Cannon returned to his law practice in Elsberry.
Clark was defeated by Republican Theodore W. Hukriede in the 1920 Republican landslide. Cannon challenged Hukriede for his mentor's seat in the House of Representatives in 1922 and won. Popular with his constituents, he repeatedly won reelection, often without opposition, until his death.
Years in Congress
Heeding the concerns of his rural district, Cannon emerged as a leading advocate of agricultural interests. He supported parity payments to maintain farmers' incomes, low-interest federal farm loans, and soil conservation and flood control projects. The latter two were of special concern in Cannon's district, and one of the congressman's most enduring legacies involved securing federal funding for what eventually became the Clarence Cannon Dam and Reservoir in northeastern Missouri. Cannon also played a major role in the establishment of the rural electrification program and in obtaining government funds for agricultural research. "No farm legislation was approved by Congress during the Cannon years," a contemporary observer noted, "that did not bear the impress of Cannon's knowledge of parliamentary procedure and his influence in Congress."
With the notable exception of farm supports, the Missourian primarily gained a reputation as a budget-slashing fiscal conservative, especially after he became chair of the House Appropriations Committee in 1941. Cannon retained this powerful position, except for four years of Republican control, until his death. He urged a quick reduction in military expenditures immediately after World War II, denounced foreign aid as waste, and ridiculed the space program as "moondoggle" (the word had been coined by Norbert Wiener). Cannon's desire to hold tight the nation's purse strings grew with the years. In 1962, he bitterly denounced the first "$100-billion Congress" in a much-publicized speech on the House floor, angering House Speaker John W. McCormack and other fellow Democrats.
Always outspoken, sometimes irascible, Cannon earned a reputation for pugnacity. He once lampooned a fellow House member, "Of all the 'piddlin' politicians that ever piddled 'piddlin' politics on this floor, my esteemed friend, the gentleman from Wisconsin, is the greatest piddler that ever piddled." During an argument in 1945, Cannon punched in the face Representative John Taber of New York, the ranking Republican member of the House Appropriations Committee. Cannon noted gleefully that Taber ran out of the room with a bleeding lip. In 1962, Cannon engaged in an unseemly and well-publicized dispute with U.S. Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona, another octogenarian Democrat, over obscure matters of parliamentary precedent.
Cannon did not sign the 1956 Southern Manifesto, and voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, and 1964, but voted present on the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Cannon's irascibility extended beyond the halls of Congress. In January 1964, Jacqueline Kennedy wrote to him expressing her appreciation for his help in establishing the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, adding, "I know the fight was not easy." Cannon retorted to the recently widowed first lady: "You say the fight was not easy, but on the contrary, we had cooperation from everyone. It was done practically by acclamation."
Death
Cannon died of heart failure at the Washington Hospital Center in Washington, D.C. He had already announced his intention to seek reelection later in the year.
His lengthy service in Congress made him an influential if somewhat contradictory representative. During his 41-year congressional career, he served well his rural Missouri constituents, securing passage of farm supports and funding for local projects that some critics denounced as "pork barrel" politics. At the same time, he advocated stricter fiscal responsibility in other branches of the federal government. Beyond the scope of legislation, Cannon's publications on congressional procedure have achieved the status of holy writ for successive generations of lawmakers. His contributions to agricultural and appropriation policies and parliamentary procedure, enhanced by his colorful personality, have ensured him a place as one of the major congressional figures of the twentieth century.
Legacy
Cannon was the author of A Synopsis of the Procedure of the House (1918), Procedure in the House of Representatives (1920), and Cannon’s Procedure (1928), subsequent editions of the latter being published periodically by resolutions of the House until 1963. He was the editor and compiler of Precedents of the House of Representatives (Cannon's Precedents) by an act of Congress. He also served as regent of the Smithsonian Institution from 1935 to 1964. He is interred in Elsberry City Cemetery, Elsberry, Missouri. The Clarence Cannon Dam, in Ralls County, Missouri, creating Mark Twain Lake, is named in his honor due to his involvement in securing funding for the dam's construction. For several years the airport in Kirksville, Missouri was known as Clarence Cannon Memorial Airport. However, in the 1980s the name was changed to Kirksville Regional Airport. The terminal is still known as the Clarence Cannon terminal in honor of his role in securing and maintaining commercial air service to Kirksville. A high school athletic conference that serves much of his former district is known as the Clarence Cannon Conference.
A National Wildlife Refuge near Annada, Missouri also bears his name: the Clarence Cannon National Wildlife Refuge.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–99)
References
1879 births
1964 deaths
Missouri lawyers
University of Missouri alumni
Stephens College faculty
People from Lincoln County, Missouri
Parliamentarians of the United States House of Representatives
Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Missouri |
251000 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Kutuzov | Mikhail Kutuzov | Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov-Smolensky (; ; – ) was a Field Marshal of the Russian Empire. He served as a military officer and a diplomat under the reign of three Romanov monarchs: Empress Catherine II, and Emperors Paul I and Alexander I. Kutuzov was shot in the head twice while fighting the Turks (1774 and 1788) and survived the serious injuries seemingly against all odds. He defeated Napoleon as commander-in-chief using attrition warfare in the Patriotic war of 1812. Alexander I, the incumbent Tsar during Napoleon's invasion, would write that he would be remembered amongst Europe's most famous commanders and that Russia would never forget his worthiness.
Early career
Mikhail Kutuzov was born in Saint Petersburg on 16 September 1745. His father, Lieutenant-General Illarion Matveevich Kutuzov, had served for 30 years with the Corps of Engineers, had seen action against the Turks and served under Peter the Great. Mikhail Kutuzov's mother came from the noble family of Beklemishev. Given his father's distinguished service and his mother's high birth, Kutuzov had contact with the imperial Romanov family from an early age.
In 1757, at the age of 12, Kutuzov entered an elite military-engineering school as a cadet private. He quickly became popular with his peers and teachers alike, proving himself to be highly intelligent, and showed bravery in his school's numerous horse-races. Kutuzov studied military and civil subjects there, learned to speak French, German and English fluently, and later studied Polish, Swedish, and Turkish; his linguistic skills served him well throughout his career. In October 1759, he became a corporal. In 1760, he became a mathematics instructor at the school.
In 1762, Kutuzov, by then a captain, became part of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, which was commanded by Colonel Alexander Suvorov. Kutuzov studied Suvorov's style of command and learned how to be a good commander in battle. Suvorov believed that an effective order should be simple, direct, and concise, and that a commander should care deeply about the health and training of his soldiers. Kutuzov also adopted Suvorov's conviction that a commander should lead his troops from the front (instead of from the rear) to provide an example of bravery for the troops to follow. Suvorov also taught Kutuzov the importance of developing close relationships with those under his command. Kutuzov followed this advice to the benefit of his career. This advice contributed to Kutuzov's appointment as Commander-in-Chief in 1812.
Late in 1762, Kutuzov became aide-de-camp to the military governor of Reval, the Prince of Holstein-Beck, in which role he showed himself to be a capable politician. In 1768 Kutuzov fought in Poland, after the Polish szlachta—the Polish noble class—rebelled against Russian influence. In this conflict, Kutuzov captured several strong defensive positions, thereby proving his skill on the battlefield.
In October 1768, the Ottoman Empire declared war on the Russian Empress Catherine the Great. Two years later, Kutuzov, now a major, joined the army of the soon-to-be-famous Count Pyotr Rumyantsev in the south to fight against the Turks. Though Kutuzov served valiantly in this campaign, he did not receive any medals, as another officer reported to Rumyantsev that Kutuzov mocked Rumyantsev behind his back. Rumyantsev had Lieutenant-Colonel Kutuzov transferred into Prince Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky's Russian Second Army fighting the Turks and the Tatars in the Crimea. During this campaign Kutuzov learned how to use the deadly Cossack light cavalry, another skill which would prove useful in the defence of Russia against Napoleon's invading armies in 1812. In 1774 he was ordered to storm the well-defended town of Alushta on the southern coast of the Crimean peninsula. When his troops' advance faltered, Kutuzov grabbed the fallen regimental standard and led the attack. While charging forward, he was shot in the left temple—an almost certainly fatal wound at the time. The bullet went right through his head and exited near the right eye. However, Kutuzov slowly recovered, though frequently overcome by sharp pains and dizziness, and his right eye remained permanently twisted. He left the army later that year due to his wound.
Kutuzov's pain did not subside, and so he decided to travel to Western Europe for better medical care. He arrived in Berlin in 1774, where he spent much time with King Frederick the Great of Prussia, who took great interest in Kutuzov. They spent long periods of time discussing tactics, weaponry, and uniforms. Kutuzov then travelled to Leyden, Holland and to London in England for further treatment. In London Kutuzov first learned of the American Revolutionary War. He would later study the evolution of American general George Washington's attrition campaign against the British. The American experience reinforced the lesson that Rumyantsev had already taught Kutuzov; that one does not need to win battles in order to win a war.
Kutuzov returned to the Russian Army in 1776 and again served under Suvorov—in the Crimea—for the next six years. He learned that letting the common soldier use his natural intellect and initiative made for a more effective army. Suvorov also taught him how to use mobility in order to exploit the constantly changing situation on the battlefield. By 1782 Kutuzov had been promoted to brigadier general as Suvorov recognised Kutuzov's potential as a shrewd and intelligent leader. Indeed, Suvorov wrote that he would not even have to tell Kutuzov what needed to be done in order for him to carry out his objective. In 1788 Kutuzov was again wounded in the left temple, in almost exactly the same place as before, and again doctors feared for his life. However, Kutuzov recovered, though his right eye was even more twisted than before and he had even worse head-pains.
In 1784 he became a major general, in 1787 governor-general of the Crimea; and under Suvorov, whose disciple he became, he won considerable distinction in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792), at the taking of Ochakov, Odessa, Bender, and Izmail, and in the battles of Rymnik (1789) and Mashin (July 1791). He became a lieutenant-general (March 1791) and successively occupied the positions of ambassador at Istanbul, commander of Russian forces in Finland, commandant of the corps of cadets at Saint Petersburg, ambassador at Berlin, and governor-general of Saint Petersburg (1801–1802).
Kutuzov was a favourite of Tsar Paul I (reigned 1796–1801), and after that emperor's murder he was temporarily out of favour with the new monarch Alexander I, though he remained loyal.
Napoleonic Wars
In 1805, Kutuzov commanded the Russian corps to oppose Napoleon's advance on Vienna, but the Austrians were quickly defeated at Ulm in mid-October before they could meet up with their Russian allies.
Kutuzov was present at the battle of Austerlitz on 2 December 1805. On the eve of battle, Kutuzov tried to convince the Allied generals of the necessity of waiting for reinforcements before facing Napoleon. Alexander believed that waiting to engage Napoleon's forces would be seen as cowardly. Kutuzov quickly realised that he no longer had any power with Alexander and the Austrian chief of staff General-Major Franz von Weyrother. When he asked Alexander where he planned to move a unit of troops, he was told "That's none of your business." Though Alexander's orders made it clear that the Russians should move off the strategic Pratzen Plateau, Kutuzov stalled for as long as possible as he recognised the advantage that Napoleon would gain from this high ground. Finally, Alexander forced Kutuzov to abandon the Plateau. Napoleon quickly seized the ridge and broke the Allied lines with his artillery which now commanded the battlefield from the Pratzen Plateau. The battle was lost, and over 25,000 Russians were killed. Kutuzov was put in charge of organising the army's retreat across Hungary and back into Russia as Alexander was overcome by grief.
Kutuzov was then put in charge of the Russian army operating against the Turks in the Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812. Understanding that his armies would be badly needed in the upcoming war with the French, he hastily brought the prolonged war to a victorious end and concluded the propitious Treaty of Bucharest, which stipulated the incorporation of Bessarabia into the Russian Empire.
The Patriotic War (1812)
When Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812, Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly (then Minister of War), with his army being outnumbered 2:1, chose to follow the scorched earth principle and retreat rather than to risk a major battle. His strategy aroused grudges among most of the generals and soldiers. As Alexander after the Battle of Smolensk had to choose a new general, there was only one choice: Kutuzov. He was popular among the troops mainly because he was Russian (most of the generals commanding Russian troops at that time were foreign), he was brave, had proven himself in battle, strongly believed in the Russian Orthodox Church, and he looked out for the troops' well-being. The nobles and clergy also regarded Kutuzov highly. Therefore, when Kutuzov was appointed commander-in-chief on the 17th and joined the army on 29 August 1812 at Tsaryovo-Zaymishche, Russians supported his appointment. Only Alexander, repulsed by Kutuzov's physique and irrationally holding him responsible for the defeat at Austerlitz, did not celebrate Kutuzov's commission. The day before he left he met with Madame de Stael a strong opponent of Napoleon.
Within a week Kutuzov decided to give major battle on the approaches to Moscow. He withdrew the troops still further to the east, deploying them for the upcoming battle. Two huge armies clashed near Borodino on 7 September 1812, involving nearly a quarter of a million soldiers, with a ratio about 1.1 French soldiers to 1 Russian soldier. The result of the battle of Borodino was a kind of pyrrhic victory for Napoleon, with near a third of the French army killed or wounded. Although the Russian losses were nearly 50% higher, the Russian army had not been destroyed.
On 10 September the main quarter of the Russian army was situated at Bolshiye Vyazyomy. Kutuzov settled in a manor on the high road to Moscow. The owner was Dmitry Golitsyn, who entered military service again. The next day Tsar Alexander signed a document that Kutuzov was promoted General Field Marshal, the highest military rank. Russian sources suggest Kutuzov wrote a number of orders and letters to Rostopchin, the Moscow military governor, about saving the city or the army. On , the main forces of Kutuzov departed from the village, now Golitsyno and camped near Odintsovo, 20 km to the west, followed by Mortier and Joachim Murat's vanguard. On Sunday afternoon the Russian military council at Fili discussed the risks and agreed to abandon Moscow without fighting.
This came at the price of losing Moscow, whose population was evacuated. After a council at the village of Fili, Kutuzov withdrew to the rich southeast of Moscow. On 19 September Murat lost sight of Kutuzov who changed direction and turned west to Podolsk and Tarutino where he would be more protected by the surrounding hills and the Nara river. On 3 October Kutuzov and his entire staff arrived at Tarutino. He wanted to go even further in order to control the three-pronged roads from Obninsk to Kaluga and Medyn, so that Napoleon could not turn south or southwest. Kutuzov avoided frontal battles involving large masses of troops in order to reinforce his Russian army and to wait there for Napoleon's retreat. This tactic was sharply criticised by Chief of Staff Bennigsen and others, but also by the Autocrat and Emperor Alexander. (Barclay de Tolly interrupted his service for five months and settled in Nizhny Novgorod.) Each side avoided the other and seemed no longer to wish to get into a fight. On 5 October, on order of Napoleon, the French ambassador Jacques Lauriston left Moscow to meet Kutuzov at his headquarters near Tarutino. Kutuzov agreed to meet, despite the orders of the Tsar. On 18 October, at dawn during breakfast, Murat's camp in a forest was surprised by an attack by forces led by Bennigsen, known as Battle of Winkovo. Bennigsen was supported by Kutuzov from his headquarters at distance. Bennigsen asked Kutuzov to provide troops for the pursuit. However, the General Field Marshal refused. Napoleon's goal was to get around Kutuzov, but on the 24th he was stopped at Maloyaroslavets on his way to Medyn and forced to go north on the 26th.
After the Battle of Maloyaroslavets, fought with a 1:1 ratio of French and Russian soldiers, Napoleon decided to avoid a decisive battle and marched north via Mozhaisk to Smolensk into a higher probability of starvation, as it was the devastated route of his advance. The old general "escorted" Napoleon on the more southern roads but attacked him at the Battle of Vyazma, at the Battle of Krasnoi, fought with a ratio of 1 French soldier to 1.4 Russian soldiers, and at the Battle of Berezina, fought with a ratio of 1 French soldier to 1.75 Russian soldiers. In parallel Cossack bands and peasants assaulted isolated French units during their whole retreat. With Kutusov's strategy of attrition warfare, on 14 December the remainder of the French main army left Russia. The only remaining troops were the flanking forces (43,000 under Schwarzenberg, 23,000 under Macdonald), about 1,000 men of the Guard and about 40,000 stragglers. About 110,000 soldiers were all that were left of the 612,000 (including reinforcements) that had entered Russia.
Alexander I awarded Kutuzov the victory title of His Serene Highness Knyaz Golenischev-Kutuzov-Smolensky (Светлейший князь Голенищев-Кутузов-Смоленский, pre-1918: Свѣтлѣйшій князь Голенищевъ-Кутузовъ-Смоленскій) on , for his victory at the Battle of Krasnoi at Smolensk in November 1812.
Death and legacy
Early in 1813, Kutuzov fell ill, and he died on 28 April 1813 at Bunzlau, Silesia, then in the Kingdom of Prussia, now Bolesławiec, Poland. Memorials have been erected to him there, at the Poklonnaya Hill in Moscow and in front of the Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, where he is buried, by Boris Orlovsky. He had five daughters; his only son died of smallpox as an infant. As he had no male heir, his estates passed to the Tolstoy family, as his eldest daughter, Praskovia, had married Count Matvei Fyodorovich Tolstoy.
Today, Kutuzov is still held in high regard, alongside Barclay and his mentor Suvorov.
Alexander Pushkin addressed the Field Marshal in the famous elegy on Kutuzov's sepulchre. The novelist Leo Tolstoy clearly idolised Kutuzov. In his influential 1869 novel War and Peace, the elderly, sick Kutuzov plays a major role in the war sections. He is portrayed as a gentle spiritual man, far removed from the cold arrogance of Napoleon, but with a much clearer vision of the true nature of warfare. Tolstoy wrote of Kutuzov's insight and the national sentiment, "... this sentiment elevated Kutuzov to the high pinnacle of humanity from which he, the general-in-chief, employed all his efforts, not to kill and exterminate men, but to save and have pity on them."
During World War II (known as "The Great Patriotic War" in Russia), the Soviet government established the Order of Kutuzov which, among several other decorations, was preserved in Russia upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, thus remaining among the highest military awards in Russia, only second to the Order of Soviet Marshall Zhukov.
Also, during World War II, one of the key strategic operations of the Red Army, the Orel Strategic Offensive Operation "Kutuzov" was named after the Field Marshal () (12 July – 18 August 1943).
No less than ten Russian towns have been named "Kutuzovo" during the Soviet era in honour of the general. Notable among them is the former German town of Schirwindt (now Kutuzovo in the Krasnoznamensky District of the Kaliningrad Oblast) – the first town in Germany proper that was reached by Soviet infantry in 1945. One of the largest prospekts of Moscow, Kutuzovsky Prospekt, bears Kutuzov's name since 1952.
A Sverdlov-class cruiser named for Kutuzov was commissioned in the Soviet Navy in 1954. It is now preserved, thanks to the efforts of Evgeny Primakov, as a museum ship in Novorossiysk. From May 1813 to 2020, at least 24 ships were identified in United Kingdom, United States, Russian Empire, Soviet Union and Russia, named after Kutuzov.
The monument to Kutuzov in the city of Brody in Western Ukraine was demolished in February 2014 as part of the Euromaidan demonstrations. Due to decommunization policies (although Kutuzov is not related to communism, his image was used by the Soviets for propaganda purposes) the street named after Kutuzov in (Ukraine's capital) Kyiv was renamed after and a lane dedicated to his legacy was renamed after Yevhen Hutsalo (both) in 2016.
Aeroflot named one of its planes after Kutuzov.
Praise and criticism
Napoleon: ...the sly old fox from the north...
Leo Tolstoy: ...a simple, modest and therefore truly great figure...
Suvorov: ...he is crafty. And shrewd. No one will fool him...
Jean Colin: ...Napoleon's audacity succeeded at Austerlitz, but only because Kutuzov was ignored...
Alexander I: ...a hatcher of intrigues and an immoral and thoroughly dangerous character...
Barclay de Tolly: ...get the answer in writing. One has to be careful with Kutuzov...
Clausewitz: ...a true Russian, a slightly reduced Suvorov...
General Bennigsen: ...he, Bennigsen, would be a far better leader for the army...
Alexander's sister: ... the inaction of his army is the result of his laziness...
Wilson: ...Kutuzov was utterly lazy, incompetent and perhaps even a friend of the French...
Richard K. Riehn: ..Napoleon was the master of the short run, Kutuzov understood the long...
Personality
All citations taken from "The Fox of the North" by Roger Parkinson unless otherwise stated:
He was handsome, strong, an excellent horseman and highly intelligent.
He became proficient in mathematics, fortifications and engineering.
He was well-informed in theology, philosophy, law, and social sciences.
He spoke Russian, French, German, Polish, Swedish, English and Turkish.
He was popular, entertaining, brave, quick-witted and efficient.
He displayed courage and decisiveness in the attack.
Kutuzov owned more than 3,000 serfs.
He visited Berlin and discussed tactics with Frederick the Great.
He had an eye treatment in Leiden in 1775.
He studied in London the attrition warfare of the American colonies against the United Kingdom.
He became ambassador in Constantinople and survived his visit of the sultan's harem.
He was a happy grandfather.
After his appointment in 1812 he went into a cathedral, bent his knees grunting from his rheumatism, and prayed.
He was a member of the Moscow Freemason lodges "Sphinx" and "Three Banners."
He was described to Napoleon as a cool and selfish calculator, dilatory, vindictive, artful, pliable, patient, preparing an implacable war with caressing attention.
Kutuzov reported to Alexander I that he had won the Battle of Borodino.
The partisan leader Denis Davydov reported to him in filthy peasant clothing.
He supported Aleksandr Figner despite his barbarism and even increased the guerilla warfare.
He appreciated the value of armed peasant groups.
He sobbed "Russia is saved" when he was informed that Napoleon had left Moscow.
Kutuzow said to Robert Wilson, here simplified: "I am by no means sure that the total destruction of the Emperor Napoleon and his army would be such a benefit to Russia; his succession would fall to the United Kingdom whose domination would then be intolerable."
Philippe Paul, comte de Ségur, reported: ...emerging from the white ice-bound wilderness only 1,000 infantrymen under arms, 20,000 stragglers, dressed in rags, with bowed heads, dull eyes, ashen, cadaverous faces and long ice-stiffened beards. This was the Grande Armee...
See also
Kutuzov (film)
War and Peace (film series)
Notes
References
Sources
External links
Short biography and painting from the Hermitage Museum
History of the memorial at Kutuzov's place of death
The Russian Army during the Napoleonic Wars
1745 births
1813 deaths
Military personnel from Saint Petersburg
People from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd
Characters in War and Peace
Commanders-in-chief of the Russian Army
Field marshals of Russia
French invasion of Russia
Members of the State Council (Russian Empire)
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the First Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Second Degree
Recipients of the Order of St. George of the Third Degree
Russian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
Russian people of the Napoleonic Wars
Russian people of the Polish–Russian War of 1792
University of Strasbourg alumni
Governors-General of Kiev
Governors-General of Lithuania
Russian Freemasons
People of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
Ambassadors of the Russian Empire to the Ottoman Empire
Grand Crosses of the Military Order of Maria Theresa |
2480781 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharine%20Susannah%20Prichard | Katharine Susannah Prichard | Katharine Susannah Prichard (4 December 18832 October 1969) was an Australian author and co-founding member of the Communist Party of Australia.
Early life
Prichard was born in Levuka, Fiji in 1883 to Australian parents. She spent her childhood in Launceston, Tasmania, then moved to Melbourne, where she earned a scholarship to South Melbourne College. Her father, Tom Prichard, was editor of the Melbourne Sun newspaper. She was a governess and journalist in Victoria, then travelled to England in 1908.
Her first novel, The Pioneers (1915), won the Hodder & Stoughton All Empire Literature Prize.
After her return to Australia, the romance Windlestraws and her first novel of a mining community, Black Opal, were published.
Political life and marriage
Prichard moved with her husband, war hero Hugo "Jim" Throssell, VC, to Greenmount, Western Australia, in 1920 and lived at 11 Old York Road for much of the rest of her life. She wrote most of her novels and stories in a self-contained weatherboard workroom near the house. In her personal life she always referred to herself as Mrs Hugo Throssell. Her friends called her Kattie. They had a son, Ric Throssell, later a diplomat and writer.
Prichard was a founding member of the Communist Party of Australia in 1921 and remained a member for the rest of her life. She worked to organise unemployed workers and founded left-wing women's groups. She campaigned in the 1930s in support of the Spanish Republic and other left-wing causes. Although she had frequent arguments with other Communist writers such as Frank Hardy and Judah Waten over the correct application of the doctrine of socialist realism to Australian fiction, she remained supportive of the Soviet Union and its cultural policies when many other intellectuals, such as Eric Lambert and Stephen Murray-Smith, left the party in the 1950s. Her public position as a communist and a female writer saw her harassed by West Australian police and the federal government throughout her life. The official surveillance files opened on Prichard in 1919 were not closed until her death in 1969.
Prichard's commitment to her politics and her position as a woman in the public sphere also saw her socially isolated by the conservative social groups which dominated Perth in this period. She was the subject of constant rumours and frequent anonymous tip offs to Western Australian police of any communist activity. She was also part of a new community of free thinking public intellectuals who, among other things, challenged notions of acceptable sexuality.
Her two major novels, which were to give her national and international prominence, written in Western Australia in the early years of her marriage, were Working Bullocks (1926) which dramatised the physical and emotional traumas of timber workers in the karri country of Australia's south-west, and Coonardoo (1929), a novel which became notorious for its candid portrayal of relationships between white men and Australian Aboriginal women in the north-west.
The far north-west of Australia provided inspiration and setting for her daring play Brumby Innes.
Most of the short stories in the first of her four collections, Kiss on the Lips (1932), were also from the 1920s, her decade of great creative activity. During this time she wrote her most adventurous novels, stories and plays.
Death of husband
While she was visiting the Soviet Union in 1933, her husband Jim Throssell committed suicide when his business failed during the Great Depression.
In 1934 her membership of the Communist Party of Australia and the Movement Against War and Fascism led her to lead the Egon Kisch welcome committee, which rapidly metamorphosed into a committee to defend Kisch from exclusion from Australia.
The novel Intimate Strangers (1937) was a turning point in her life.
Goldfields trilogy
Her extended work The Goldfields Trilogy – The Roaring Nineties (1946), Golden Miles (1948), and Winged Seeds (1950) is a notable reconstruction of social and personal histories in Western Australia's goldfields from the 1890s to 1946.
Her autobiography Subtle Flame, published a few years before her death, exhibited the complex legacy she left behind
Prichard died at her home in Greenmount in 1969. Her ashes were scattered on the surrounding hills.
Her son Ric Throssell committed suicide when his wife Dodie died in 1999. He had fought for many years to clear his name, after being accused of passing classified information to his mother, or actively spying for the Soviet Union. His 1989 book covering this was called My Father's Son.
The centenary of Prichard's birth was celebrated by UWA academics in a collection of essays.
Legacy
The home has now become the Katharine Susannah Prichard Writers' Centre, a foundation promoting humanitarianism, the study of Katharine Susannah Prichard, and encouraging writing in Western Australia, where Prichard spent most of her life.
The Shire of Mundaring public library branch in Greenmount is named after her as well.
The 1996 Australian film Shine depicts the close correspondence between Prichard and Australian pianist David Helfgott. She was played by Googie Withers. Prichard helped to raise money for Helfgott, to enable him to go to London to study music.
A house at Abbotsleigh, a private school on Sydney's North Shore, has been named after her.
Works
Novels
The Pioneers (1915) – filmed in 1916 by Franklyn Barrett and 1926 by Raymond Longford
Windlestraws (1916)
Black Opal (1921)
Working Bullocks (1926)
The Wild Oats of Han (1928)
Coonardoo (1929)
Haxby's Circus (1930)
Intimate Strangers (1939; the basis of a 1981 miniseries)
Moon of Desire (1941)
The Roaring Nineties (1946)
Golden Miles (1948)
Winged Seeds (1950)
Subtle Flame (1967)
Short story collections
Kiss on the Lips and Other Stories (1932)
Potch and Colour (1944)
N'Goola and other Stories (1959)
Tribute : Selected Stories of Katherine Susannah Prichard (1988) edited by Ric Throssell
Drama
Brumby Innes (1929)
the basis of a 1973 television film)
Bid Me to Love (1929)
Reportage
The Real Russia (1934)
Poetry
Clovelly Verses (1913)
The Earth Lover and Other Verses (1932)
Autobiography
Child of the hurricane, (1964)
Selection from collected works
On Strenuous wings (1965)
References
Throssell, Ric (1975), Wild Weeds and Windflowers
Macintyre, Stewart (1998) The Reds
Nathan Hobby, The Red Witch: A Biography of Katharine Susannah Prichard, Melbourne University Press, 2022. .
Notes
External links
Katharine Susannah Prichard Writers' Centre
1883 births
1969 deaths
Australian women short story writers
Fijian emigrants to Australia
Australian Marxist writers
Writers from Western Australia
20th-century Australian novelists
20th-century Australian dramatists and playwrights
20th-century Australian women writers
Communist women writers
Australian socialist feminists
Australian women novelists
Australian women dramatists and playwrights
Fijian people of British descent
People from Launceston, Tasmania
Writers from Melbourne
20th-century Australian short story writers
19th-century Australian women
Communist Party of Australia members |
68328138 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20Workers%27%20Confederation | Brazilian Workers' Confederation | The Brazilian Workers' Confederation (, COB) was the first national trade union center in Brazil, founded in 1908, under the bases of agreement of the First Brazilian Workers' Congress of 1906. Through its newspaper, A Voz do Trabalhador, it allowed a certain coordination and exchange of information within the Brazilian worker movement at the national level. The COB was formed by national industry and craft federations, local and state unions, unions isolated in places where there were no federations and non-federated industries.
During the first years of existence, the COB brought together about 50 unions, especially those organized in the Workers' Federation of Rio de Janeiro (FORJ), in the Workers' Federation of São Paulo (FOSP) and the Workers' Federation of Rio Grande do Sul (FORGS), which were the main support bases of the Confederation, and also those organized in the Bahia Socialist Federation (FSB), in the Local Workers' Federation of Santos (FOLTS), among others.
COB members considered that it should defend the fundamental aspirations of the working class, without distinction of school or party, so that any member of an organization, whether they be social-democratic, socialist, anarchist or another tendency, could accept it entirely. It was considered that the condition for the success of the union was in its autonomy, which would guarantee the suppression of conflicts between the different political trends between the workers.
History
Background
The first years of the 20th century gathered some conditions favorable to the outbreak of workers' demands in Brazil, with an economic environmental conjuncture to obtain gains, with a phase of expansion of the economy initiated in 1903 and the proliferation of workers' organizations focused on trade unionism. Most strikes in the early 1900s had a very circumscribed character, often limited to a single company. It was from 1903 that the movements began to involve entire sectors and sometimes several different sectors. The textile industry strike in the Federal District in August–September of that year was a milestone in this sense, especially for involving a sector submitted to mechanical work, with considerable presence of women and minors, and that did not have the organizational experience of skilled sectors, which were already organized into mutual associations. Another striking aspect of the strike was receiving the adhesion of other sectors, which gave it characteristics of a general strike, bringing together thousands of workers. The strike was preceded by a series of localized mobilizations that gave rise to the first industrial union of the Federal District, the federation of workers in tissue factories. The strike was harshly repressed and none of its demands were met. Despite the defeat, this movement launched the basis of a trade unionism based more in direct action in Rio de Janeiro. At the time, the stoppage was described as "the most important strike movement hitherto held in Brazil". A month after the strike the Federation of Class Associations was founded in the Federal District. Still in 1905 the Workers' Federation of São Paulo (FOSP) was founded. Both institutions illustrate the increase in the number of workers' associations and federations in the period that preceded the realization of first Brazilian worker Congress.
First Brazilian Workers' Congress (1906)
In December 1905, with the rise of the worker organizations, the Federation of Class Associations published in the Brazilian Associations Federation a convocation for the First Brazilian Workers' Congress, to be held in the Federal District in 1906. The call explained that "only Socialists take part in the Congress, the revolutionary elements are forbidden," since beside the intention to create the "General Union of Workers in Brazil, or any other that is chosen", it would be discussed "if the worker must or must not be political." The explicit repulsion to the revolutionary elements manifested tensions between the anarchist and socialist currents, which focused on the Brazilian labor movement at that time. In any case, the anarchists were still present at the Congress.
The Congress was held between April 15 and 22, 1906, in the Galego Center, in Rio de Janeiro, with the presence of 43 delegates representing 28 associations linked to industrial branches and sectores such as stevedores, rail and coffee workers, as well as those working in the service sector. Even if not being in the majority, the anarchists - among them Edgard Leuenroth, Joaquim Mota Assunção, Luiz Magrassi and Alfredo Vasques - managed to assert their theses, influencing the congress significantly. In this way, the approved resolutions reflected the influence of revolutionary syndicalism, the trade unionist conception advocated by Brazilian anarchists in that period. Thus, guidelines raised by anarchist militants including union neutrality, federalism, decentralization, direct action and the general strike, began to form part of the principles of the Congress' signatory unions. The choice of the revolutionary syndicalist option was informed by its ability to unify and the comprehensiveness of its program, which provided for the possibility of diverse political and religious opinions, prioritizing the field of economic struggle as the common interest of all workers, and was considered a victory for the anarchists, insofar as the pretensions of influential reformists of the Brazilian labor movement, as was the case of Pinto Machado, leader of the Workers' Union of Ingenuity, Rio de Janeiro. Congress also decided that a confederation and a union newspaper should be set up to provide assistance to federations and give voice to the collective associations. The objectives of this Confederation would be the promotion of the union of workers for the defense of their moral, material, economic and professional interests; straits of solidarity between the organized proletariat, giving greater strength and cohesion to their efforts; to study and propagate the means of emancipation of the proletariat and publicly defend the economic demands of the workers.
First phase (1908-1909)
The Brazilian Workers' Confederation (, COB) began its activities in Rio de Janeiro in March 1908, two years after the first Brazilian Workers' Congress. According to its constitution, COB started to publish in Rio the journal A Voz do Trabalhador, whose first number appeared at the beginning of the year. During its first years of existence, COB united about 50 unions overall, with the main support bases of the Confederation being organized in the Workers' Federation of Rio de Janeiro (FORJ), in the Workers' Federation of São Paulo (FOSP), in the Workers' Federation of Rio Grande do Sul (FORGS) and in the Bahia Socialist Federation (FSB).
The first phase of the COB lasted until December 1909, when the twenty-first number of A Voz do Trabalhador came out, which then closed the doors. During this period, it presented news from the Confederation and the federated associations, of its meetings, assemblies and strikes; denounced exploitation and working conditions in factories and other workplaces; encouraged the fight for the eight-hour day, also organizing advertising rallies for this purpose. were also held rallies against the Gordo Adolfo Law and the expulsion of immigrants and against a proposed war between Brazil and the Argentina. COB also organized rallies protesting against the Spanish Government's execution of the anarchist pedagogue Francesc Ferrer. During the years 1910, 1911 and part of 1912, COB and the working federations did not have great performance.
Raising and second Brazilian worker Congress (1913)
In August 1912, some unions began a new wave of strikes that would last until the 1914 economic recession. In its first months, the workers obtained a series of victories, as was the case with the salary increase granted to the cobblers of Rio de Janeiro. On several occasions the strikers agreed to return to work, under the promise of bosses to partially meet their demands. The most important of these strikes occurred in Minas Gerais, in Juiz de Fora, where, in August, several sectors ceased their activities and the movement assumed the dimensions of a general strike. In addition to the strikes for the reduction of the workday, between 1912 and 1913, several manifestations occurred against the expulsions of foreigners and campaigns against increases in the cost of living.
The new rise of the workers' movement brought reactions by the authorities, with the intensification of repression and an attempt to expand the terms of the Adolfo Gordo Law. On the other hand, the reformists' collaboration with the President Hermes de Fonseca, elected in 1910, made it possible to carry out another Brazilian Workers' Congress in November 1912, at the seat of the Federal Senate and with the support of the Federal Deputy Mário Hermes. Such a Congress, excluding revolutionary tendencies, aimed at creating a workers' party and a new trade union center, the Brazilian Confederation of Labor (, CBT). A group of militants from Rio Grande do Sul was present and retired after presenting a protest motion in which the purposes of the event were denounced, demanding the exclusive legitimacy of the COB. The resolutions of this congress did not go far beyond the publication of a booklet, having little or no practical result in terms of national articulation, building a new central or working party. On the contrary, the disclosure of their preparations motivated anarchists and revolutionary syndicalists to foster a rearticulation with the workers' movement and, therefore, in 1912, discussion began to emerge between the anarchists on the urgency of a new Brazilian worker Congress to assess the effects of the 1906 deliberations and the definition of new directions to combat the reformist advance. FORJ, practically inactive since 1910, was invigorated by a meeting of various trade unionist leaders in May 1912 and, in the beginning of October, brought together labor leaders from Rio de Janeiro for the purpose of reactivating the COB, preparing a reorganizing committee. The Commission declared in January 1913, the reconstitution of the COB, whose direction included Rosendo dos Santos as General Secretary, and João Leuenroth, brother of Edgard, as treasurer. The journal A Voz do Trabalhador was also reactivated. At the end of 1912, COB's reorganizing committee sent to circular working associations in which they asked them for the appointment of delegates to the Second Brazilian Workers' Congress, to be installed in Rio de Janeiro, and in January 1913 the Commission declared the "reconstitution" of COB.
The second Brazilian Worker Congress took place between 8 and 13 September 1913 at the COB headquarters, located on Rua dos Andradas, No. 87, in Rio de Janeiro. Only associations that were composed exclusively of workers, with a minimum of 25 members, were able to adhere to Congress. 59 associations participated in this Congress, in addition to representatives from newspapers considered defenders of the worker cause, such as Myer Feldman of A Voz do Trabalhador (Rio de Janeiro), Edgard Leuenroth of A Lanterna and Astrojildo Pereira of Germinal (São Paulo), and Antonio Certitião of O Trabalho (Bagé).
Reorganization attempts
In May 1934, during the Government of Getúlio Vargas, anarchist militants of São Paulo tried to reorganize the COB. The Confederation was supported by independent unions from the capital and the interior of São Paulo, the Union of the Workers in Civil Construction from Recife, the Federation of Anti-political Proletarians from Porto Alegre and the Unique Syndicate of Tailors from Uruguaiana. The Pro-COB committee held meetings approving its statutes, however, there was no more news about it after August 1934.
From 1985, with the end of the military dictatorship in Brazil, there were new attempts to reorganize COB, this time, with an anarcho-syndicalist proposal. The initiative was driven by the newspaper O Inimigo do Rei and by militants such as Jaime Cubero. Under the impact of the 1978-1980 strikes at ABC Paulista and the emergence of the so-called "New Unionism", the anarchists articulated around the journal O Inimigo do Rei said:
The COB's rearticulation attempt also had the engagement of many young people from punk and anarcho-punk movement, which played an active role in the organization of pro-COB nuclei. But the initiative lost strength in the mid-1990s. At least until 2005, some pro-COB cores continued activity in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul.
Organizational structure
Following the principles of revolutionary syndicalism, the COB adopted a federative organizational structure. This system guaranteed ample autonomy to individuals in unions, trade unions in their respective federations and, in turn, to the federations belonging to the COB. In this way, the Confederation was made up of national industry or craft federations, local or state unions, unions isolated in places where there were no federations or non-federated industries. Only trade unions formed exclusively by workers, wage earners, and who had the main objective of economic resistance could be part of the Confederation.
The COB's structure adopted collegiate directions and non-hierarchical structures, without the existence of the position of president or paid trade union officials. Each union that adhered had a delegate in the Confederation and contributed to expenses with a monthly quota of 20 reis for each of the members. The Commission responsible for the Confederation was elected for two years and distributed the charges between its members. According to decision of the first Brazilian worker Congress, and following the principles of revolutionary syndicalism, the Confederation was not afforded to any political school or religious doctrine, and could not take part collectively in elections, party or religious manifestations, nor could any use the name of the Confederation or a function of the Confederation in an electoral or religious act.
The COB had its first headquarters initially installed in rua do Hospício (current rua Buenos Aires), nº 144, in the center of Rio de Janeiro. Later, in September 1913, the COB's headquarters would go to the rua dos Andradas, nº 87, the same place as the headquarters of FORJ.
References
Bibliography
1908 establishments in Brazil
1915 disestablishments in Brazil
Trade unions in Brazil
Brazil |
353069 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric%20dilatation%20volvulus | Gastric dilatation volvulus | Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV), also known as gastric dilation, twisted stomach, or gastric torsion, is a medical condition that affects dogs in which the stomach becomes overstretched and rotated by excessive gas content. The word bloat is often used as a general term to mean gas distension without stomach torsion (a normal change after eating), or to refer to GDV.
GDV is a life-threatening condition in dogs that requires prompt treatment. It is common in certain breeds; deep-chested breeds are especially at risk. Mortality rates in dogs range from 10 to 60%, even with treatment. With surgery, the mortality rate is 15 to 33 percent.
Symptoms
Symptoms are not necessarily distinguishable from other kinds of distress. A dog might stand uncomfortably and seem to be in extreme discomfort for no apparent reason. Other possible symptoms include firm distension of the abdomen, weakness, depression, difficulty breathing, hypersalivation, and retching without producing any vomitus (nonproductive vomiting). Many dogs with GDV have cardiac arrhythmias (40% in one study). Chronic GDV in dogs, include symptoms such as loss of appetite, vomiting, and weight loss.
Causes
Gastric dilatation volvulus in dogs is likely caused by a multitude of factors, but in all cases the immediate prerequisite is a dysfunction of the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach and an obstruction of outflow through the pylorus. Some of the more widely acknowledged factors for developing GDV include increased age, breed, having a deep and narrow chest, eating foods, such as kibble, that expand in the stomach, overfeeding, too much water consumption in a small period of time before or after exercise, and other causes of gastrointestinal disease and distress. The risk of bloat in dogs perceived as happy by their owners is decreased, and increased in dogs perceived as fearful. This may be owing to the physiological effects of the dog's personality on the function and motility of the gastrointestinal system. Alternatively, the dogs may become unhappy/uncomfortable as a consequence of the conditions that lead up to exhibiting bloat. Dogs with inflammatory bowel disease may be at an increased risk for bloat.
Dietary factors
One common recommendation in the past has been to raise the food bowl of dogs when they eat, but this may actually increase the risk of GDV. Eating only once daily and eating food consisting of particles less than in size also may increase the risk of GDV. One study looking at the ingredients of dry dog food found that while neither grains, soy, nor animal proteins increased risk of bloat, foods containing an increased amount of added oils or fats do increase the risk, possibly owing to delayed emptying of the stomach.
Pathophysiology
The stomach twists around the longitudinal axis of the digestive tract, also known as volvulus. Gas distension may occur prior to or after the stomach twists. The most common direction for rotation is clockwise, viewing the animal from behind. The stomach can rotate up to 360° in this direction and 90° counterclockwise. If the volvulus is greater than 180°, the esophagus is closed off, thereby preventing the animal from relieving the condition by belching or vomiting. The results of this distortion of normal anatomy and gas distension include hypotension (low blood pressure), decreased return of blood to the heart, ischemia (loss of blood supply) of the stomach, and shock. Pressure on the portal vein decreases blood flow to liver and decreases the ability of that organ to remove toxins and absorbed bacteria from the blood. At the other end of the stomach, the spleen may be damaged if the twisting interrupts its blood supply. If not quickly treated, bloat can lead to blood poisoning, peritonitis, and death by toxic shock.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis of GDV is made by several factors. The breed and history often gives a significant suspicion of the condition, and a physical examination often reveals the telltale sign of a distended abdomen with abdominal tympany. Shock is diagnosed by the presence of pale mucous membranes with poor capillary refill, increased heart rate, and poor pulse quality. Radiographs (X-rays), usually taken after decompression of the stomach if the dog is unstable, shows a stomach distended with gas. The pylorus, which normally is ventral and to the right of the body of the stomach, is cranial to the body of the stomach and left of the midline, often separated on the X-ray by soft tissue and giving the appearance of a separate gas-filled pocket (double-bubble sign).
Treatment
Gastric dilatation volvulus is an emergency medical condition; having the animal examined by a veterinarian is imperative. GDV can become fatal within a matter of minutes.
Treatment usually involves resuscitation with intravenous fluid therapy, usually a combination of isotonic fluids and hypertonic saline or a colloidal solution such as hetastarch, and emergency surgery. The stomach is initially decompressed by passing a stomach tube, or if that is not possible, trocars can be passed through the skin into the stomach to remove the gas, alternatively the trocars may be inserted directly into the stomach following anaesthesia to reduce the chances of infection. During surgery, the stomach is placed back into its correct position, and the abdomen is examined for any devitalized tissue (especially the stomach and spleen). A partial gastrectomy may be necessary if any necrosis of the stomach wall occurs.
Prevention
Recurrence of GDV attacks can be a problem, occurring in up to 80% of dogs treated medically only (without surgery). To prevent recurrence, at the same time the bloat is treated surgically, a right-side gastropexy is often performed, which by a variety of methods firmly attaches the stomach wall to the body wall, to prevent it from twisting inside the abdominal cavity in the future. While dogs that have had gastropexies still may develop gas distension of the stomach, a significant reduction in recurrence of gastric volvulus is seen. Of 136 dogs that had surgery for gastric dilatation-volvulus, six that did have gastropexies had a recurrence, while 74 (54.5%) of those without the additional surgery recurred. Gastropexies are also performed prophylactically in dogs considered to be at high risk of GDV, including dogs with previous episodes or with gastrointestinal disease predisposing to GDV, and dogs with a first-order relative (parent or sibling) with a history of it.
Precautions that are likely to help prevent gastric dilatation-volvulus include feeding small meals throughout the day instead of one big meal, and not exercising immediately before or after a meal.
Prognosis
Immediate treatment is the most important factor in a favorable prognosis. A delay in treatment greater than 6 hours or the presence of peritonitis, sepsis, hypotension, or disseminated intravascular coagulation are negative prognostic indicators.
Historically, GDV has held a guarded prognosis. Although "early studies showed mortality rates between 33 and 68% for dogs with GDV," studies from 2007 to 2012 "reported mortality rates between 10 and 26.8%". Mortality rates approach 10 to 40% even with treatment. With prompt treatment and good preoperative stabilization of the patient, mortality is significantly lessened to 10% overall (in a referral setting). Negative prognostic indicators following surgical intervention include postoperative cardiac arrhythmia, splenectomy, or splenectomy with partial gastric resection. A longer time from presentation to surgery was associated with a lower mortality, presumably because these dogs had received more complete preoperative fluid resuscitation, thus were better cardiovascularly stabilized prior to the procedure.
Epidemiology
As a general rule, GDV is of greatest risk to deep-chested dogs. The five breeds at greatest risk are Great Danes, Weimaraners, St. Bernards, Gordon Setters, and Irish Setters. In fact, the lifetime risk for a Great Dane to develop GDV has been estimated to be close to 37%. Standard Poodles are also at risk for this health problem, as are Irish Wolfhounds, German Shorthaired Pointers, German Shepherds, and Rhodesian Ridgebacks. Basset Hounds and Dachshunds have the greatest risk for dogs less than .
Society and culture
In the novel and film Marley & Me, Marley develops and ultimately dies of "bloat".
In "Dog of Death," an episode of the animated TV series The Simpsons, the family dog Santa's Little Helper develops a "twisted stomach", necessitating surgery.
References
Dog diseases |
22673486 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyokawa%20Inari | Toyokawa Inari | , also known as Toyokawa Inari (shinjitai: 豊川稲荷; kyūjitai: 豐川稲荷), is a Sōtō Zen Buddhist temple located in the city of Toyokawa in eastern Aichi Prefecture, Japan.
Although the temple's main image is that of the thousand-armed form of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Senju Kannon), it is more well-known for its guardian deity Toyokawa Dakini Shinten, a syncretic goddess who assumed characteristics of Inari, the Shinto kami of fertility, rice, agriculture, industry and worldly success. Despite the presence of a torii gate at the entrance (a relic of the amalgamation of Buddhism and native beliefs before the early modern period), the institution is a Buddhist temple and has no overt association with the Shinto religion.
Background
Dakiniten is a Japanese Buddhist deity who originated from the ḍākinī, a type of female spirit in Hinduism and Buddhism. Said in Buddhist belief to have once been a race of malevolent demonesses who preyed on humans, they were eventually subjugated by the buddha Vairocana, who took the form of the wrathful deity Mahākāla (Daikokuten in Japanese) to wean them away from their human-eating habits and lead them to the Buddhist path.
In contrast to Nepalese and Tibetan Buddhism, where 'ḍākinī' eventually came to denote female personifications of enlightenment (e.g. Vajrayoginī) or to human women with a certain amount of spiritual development, ḍākinīs were regarded as members of the retinue of the god Yama (the judge of the dead) upon their introduction to Japan via the esoteric Shingon and Tendai schools before they were eventually coalesced into a single goddess called 'Dakiniten', who gradually developed an independent cult of her own from the end of the Heian period onwards. The ḍākinīs were associated with scavengers such as jackals and foxes, which led to Dakiniten becoming syncretized with the Shinto agricultural kami Inari (as foxes were seen as the messengers of this deity) and her gaining certain traits of the latter. Indeed, Dakiniten's cult and that of Inari became inextricably fused by the medieval period that the name 'Inari' was even popularly applied to places of Dakiniten worship.
Although Dakiniten was commonly depicted as a woman riding a white fox, bearing a sword in one hand and a wish-granting jewel (cintāmaṇi) on the other, the Dakiniten of Toyokawa Inari is shown bearing bundles of rice stalks on a carrying-pole over her right shoulder instead of a sword.
History
Myōgon-ji was founded in 1441 by the Buddhist priest Tōkai Gieki (東海義易, 1412–1497), a sixth generation disciple of Kangan Giin, who was a disciple of Dōgen, the founder of the Japanese Sōtō school.
In 1264, Giin traveled to Song China in order to present Dōgen's recorded sayings, the Eihei Kōroku, to monks in the Caodong lineage of Dōgen's teacher Tiantong Rujing. Legend claims that as Giin was about to leave China in 1267, he experienced a vision of a goddess riding on a white fox, bearing a jewel on one hand and a shoulder pole laden with sheaves of rice on the other. The goddess identified herself as Dakiniten and vowed to become Giin's protector. Upon his return to Japan, Giin made a statue of Dakiniten based on this vision, which eventually ended up years later in Gieki's possession. Gieki enshrined both it and an image of the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Kannon) at the temple he established, designating Dakiniten as the guardian (chinju) of the temple complex. Since then, the goddess was widely revered as a patron against calamity and a bringer of relief and prosperity.
The temple was patronized in the Sengoku period by Imagawa Yoshimoto, Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, and by pilgrims from the merchant classes in the Edo period through the modern period. Other notable devotees of Toyokawa Dakiniten include the Edo period magistrate and daimyō Ōoka Tadasuke, whose residence in Akasaka, Tokyo eventually became Toyokawa Inari's Tokyo branch temple, the painter Watanabe Kazan, and Prince Arisugawa Taruhito, who donated a framed sign (扁額, hengaku) in his own calligraphy of the words "Toyokawa Temple" (kyūjitai: 豐川閣, Toyokawa-kaku; shinjitai: 豊川閣).
The Toyokawa Mantra
Tradition claims that Dakiniten taught Kangan Giin the mantra On shira batta niri un sowaka (唵尸羅婆陀尼黎吽娑婆訶, reconstructed as Oṃ śila bheda nirṛti huṃ svāhā), which is traditionally explained as meaning: "When this spell is chanted, the faith in me reaches everywhere, and by the true power of the Buddhist precepts (śila), evil and misfortune will be abolished and luck and wisdom attained; suffering removed and comfort achieved, and pain transformed into delight." Another possible interpretation is: "I vow to destroy (bheda) all my sufferings (nirṛti?) and overcome temptations with the power of monastic discipline (śila)."
This mantra features prominently in services conducted in the temple and in Toyokawa Dakiniten worship in general.
Tōkai Gieki and Heihachirō
The temple was also known as 'Heihachirō Inari' (平八郎稲荷) due to a story involving its founder Tōkai Gieki.
It is said that when Gieki had was about to establish what would become Myōgon-ji, an old man carrying a small pot or cauldron (kama) appeared before him and offered his services. The old man went on to work at Gieki's temple, using his pot to cook meals for the monks. To the surprise of many, the pot was seemingly magical, in that it continually provided an endless supply of food enough to satisfy tens and even hundreds of people. When asked how he was capable of performing such miraculous feats, the man replied that he had three hundred and one servants at his bidding. The old man stayed by Gieki's side until the latter's death, at which he vanished without a trace, leaving only his pot behind. People then came to revere the old man, dubbed 'Heihachirō' (平八郎), as a servant or avatar of Dakiniten, a fox spirit (kitsune) who assumed human form.
Cultural Properties
Most of the temple was rebuilt in the Meiji period or later; however, the Sanmon dates from 1536 and is the oldest existent building in the complex. The Main Hall was reconstructed in the Tempo period (1830-1843), and several other buildings also date from the Edo period. In terms of registered cultural properties, the temple has a wooden Kamakura period statue of Jizō Bosatsu which is a National Important Cultural Property.
Tōkai Hundred Kannon
The Toyokawa Inari combines with the Mino Thirty-three Kannon in Gifu Prefecture, the Owari Thirty-three Kannon in western Aichi Prefecture, and the Mikawa Thirty-three Kannon (三河三十三観音) in eastern Aichi Prefecture to form a pilgrimage route known as the Tōkai Hundred Kannon.
See also
Dakini
Inari Shrine
Tōkai Hundred Kannon
Mino Thirty-three Kannon
Owari Thirty-three Kannon
Glossary of Japanese Buddhism
Glossary of Shinto
References
Bibliography
Smyers, Karen Ann. The fox and the jewel: shared and private meanings in contemporary Japanese. University of Hawaii Press (1998).
External links
Toyokawa Inari Official Website (in Japanese)
Toyokawa Inari Tokyo Betsuin Official Website
Gyokuhō-ji (Toyokawa Inari Sapporo Betsuin) Official Website (in Japanese)
Religious organizations established in the 15th century
Buddhist temples in Aichi Prefecture
Soto temples
Mikawa Province
Toyokawa, Aichi
Inari temples
Important Cultural Properties of Aichi Prefecture |
22497728 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive%20Kitteridge | Olive Kitteridge | Olive Kitteridge is a 2008 novel by American author Elizabeth Strout. The novel provides a portrait of the title character and a number of recurring characters in the coastal town of Crosby, Maine. It takes the form of 13 short stories that are interrelated but discontinuous in terms of narrative.
It won the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and was a finalist for the 2008 National Book Critics Circle Award. HBO produced a four-part miniseries based on the novel featuring Frances McDormand in the title role, which aired on November 2 and 3, 2014. The series won eight awards at the 2015 Primetime Emmys. A sequel to the novel, titled Olive, Again, was published on October 15, 2019 by Random House.
Stories
"Pharmacy"
The first story centers on Henry Kitteridge, the pharmacist of the town of Crosby and husband of Olive, and his relationship with an employee, Denise Thibodeau. Henry daydreams of taking care of Denise after the death of her husband, though he still loves his cantankerous wife Olive. Jerry McCarthy, the delivery boy, eventually proposes to Denise and the couple move to Texas. Denise maintains contact with Henry through a yearly birthday letter.
"The Piano Player"
Angie O'Meara, who plays piano at the Warehouse Bar and Grill, is an alcoholic who can only perform in front of people when she is drunk. One winter evening she sees her ex-boyfriend Simon in the audience and she calls her married lover, Malcolm, to break off their relationship. Simon later tells Angie that her mother, a prostitute, followed Simon and propositioned him. She thinks he is lying because of his dissatisfaction with his own life.
"A Little Burst"
Olive's only child, Christopher, finally marries at the age of 38. Olive finds the wedding overwhelming since she is very close to Chris. She overhears his new bride, Sue, making fun of the dress Olive is wearing, and implying that Olive is difficult. Infuriated, Olive steals and damages some of Sue's clothes, giving her a little burst of happiness of the kind Olive depends on to make her life worth living.
"Starving"
Harmon, who runs the local hardware store, begins an affair with the widow Daisy Foster after his wife, Bonnie, informs him she is no longer interested in sex. Harmon observes Tim Burnham and his girlfriend Nina and is intrigued by their loose attitudes towards drugs and sex. When Tim leaves Nina, she goes to Daisy for help and reveals she suffers from anorexia. Olive Kitteridge, Harmon and Daisy all try to help Nina, but she eventually suffers a relapse and dies. These events cause Harmon to realize he is in love with Daisy and he rents Tim and Nina's former home, in preparation for leaving Bonnie.
"A Different Road"
Olive reflects on an occasion when she stopped at a small hospital emergency room to use their bathroom. Despite not feeling ill, she was persuaded to have an examination. The delay meant that Olive and Henry were there when two young men invaded the hospital looking for drugs. Held hostage alongside the nurse and the doctor, Henry and Olive began quarreling, with Olive disparaging Henry's mother and Henry taking the nurse's side when Olive rebuked her for praying. After their rescue, tensions remain between the couple and Olive reflects how their relationship has been affected by their experiences at the hospital.
"Winter Concert"
Jane and Bob Houlton, a retired couple, meet the parents of their daughter's friends at a concert. Jane knows that one of their daughters has had an abortion. In conversation, the couple mention seeing Bob at an airport in Miami. At home, Jane confronts Bob, who admits that, four years earlier, his former mistress had contacted him because she had breast cancer. Jane is upset by his betrayal.
"Tulips"
Olive's son Chris and his new wife have moved to California. After a year, Chris announces that they are divorcing but he will be staying in California. Olive and Henry try to adjust to retired life, but Henry suffers a stroke which leaves him unresponsive, forcing him to move to a care home. Olive finds herself contemplating suicide now that she lives alone. After receiving a condolence note, Olive goes to visit Louise Larkin. Louise and her husband have become shut-ins after their son Doyle committed murder. Louise talks about suicide with Olive and mocks her for lying to make her life appear better than it is. Shortly after while visiting Henry, Olive gives him "permission" to die but he continues to live.
"Basket of Trips"
Olive helps set up the wake of Ed Bonney, something Henry would have done were he well. During the wake, Kerry Monroe, the cousin of Ed's widow Marlene, becomes intoxicated and makes a scene. Olive later finds Marlene with Kerry, who has passed out. Marlene confesses to Olive that, since Ed died, Kerry has confessed to having previously had an affair with him. She asks Olive to dispose of a basket filled with pamphlets for vacation packages which Marlene now feels unable to look at.
"Ship in a Bottle"
Winnie's sister Julie is left at the altar by her fiancé Bruce, who tells her he wants to continue dating, but does not want to get married. Julie's mother Anita threatens to kill Bruce and disown Julie if she continues her relationship with him after he left her at the altar. Nevertheless, Julie leaves on a bus to go to Bruce in Boston. Anita finds a note Julie wrote to Winnie asking her to stop her parents finding out and Winnie realizes that something between her and her mother is now broken.
"Security"
Chris has married a second time and is now living in New York City. He asks Olive to visit and she goes, realizing that Chris's invitation is only a way to get her to help out with his two young stepchildren. Olive dislikes Chris's new wife Ann, who smokes and drinks while pregnant, but does her best to help out. After an incident during a trip to get ice cream, Olive tells Chris she wants to leave and they quarrel. Olive leaves New York City and goes home early with neither her son nor daughter-in-law taking her to the airport.
"Criminal"
The penultimate story focuses on Rebecca Brown, the daughter of a minister, who starts to develop kleptomania after her father's death and fantasizes about burning things.
"River"
After Henry's death, Olive meets widower Jack Kennison, a retired professor, after she finds him having fainted on a walking path. Olive and Jack build up a friendship that blossoms into romance despite their different political beliefs. Olive begins a new relationship with him realizing she has found a reason to live again.
Characters
The Kitteridge Family
Olive Kitteridge – an abrasive junior high school math teacher, later a volunteer for a variety of organizations including the American Red Cross and a museum in Portland, Maine.
Henry Kitteridge – Olive's husband, Crosby's town pharmacist.
Pauline Kitteridge – Henry's mother. She and Olive had a bad relationship.
Ora – Olive's aunt.
Christopher "Chris" Kitteridge – Olive and Henry's son, a podiatrist.
Dr. Suzanne "Sue" Bernstein-Kitteridge – Chris's first wife, Jewish, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, persuades him to leave Crosby and move to California, they divorce soon thereafter.
Ann Kitteridge – Chris's second wife, met in a support group for divorcees, encourages him to follow their therapist to New York City.
Theodore – Ann's son by her first marriage.
Annabelle – Ann's daughter, father never identified, apparently the result of a fling after her divorce.
The Thibodeau/McCarthy Family
Denise Thibodeau – works at Henry Kitteridge's pharmacy, the not-so-secret object of his affection.
Henry Thibodeau – Denise's first husband, a former football hero, works as a plumber, killed in a hunting accident by his best friend Tony Kuzio.
Jerry McCarthy – overweight delivery boy at the pharmacy, eventually becomes Denise's second husband, they move to Texas.
Paul McCarthy – Jerry and Denise's teenaged son, obese like his father.
Lounge Patrons and Employees
Angela "Angie" O'Meara – alcoholic piano player.
Malcolm Moody – Crosby's first selectman, having an extramarital affair with Angie.
Joe – bartender.
Betty – waitress.
Walter Dalton – alcoholic regular, former college professor, Malcom Moody calls him a "fairy."
Simon – Angie's former boyfriend, also a piano player, left her to become a real estate lawyer in Boston, Massachusetts.
The Foster Connections
Daisy Foster – goes to church with Henry Kitteridge (whereas Olive will not).
Copper Foster – Daisy's deceased husband, a policeman.
Harmon – surname never given, owns hardware store, has an affair with Daisy.
Bonnie – Harmon's wife, he eventually leaves her for Daisy. They have 4 adult sons, but only two are named.
Kevin – One of Harmon and Bonnie's sons, he keeps in closest contact with his parents.
Derrick – Another of Harmon and Bonnie's sons, more aloof.
Martha – Kevin's wife, a vegetarian.
The Burnham Connections
Timothy "Tim" Burnham – sawmill worker, busted for growing marijuana.
Nina White – Tim's girlfriend, suffers from anorexia, Daisy Foster, Harmon and Olive all try to help her, eventually dies in treatment.
Victoria – Nina's friend who eventually steals Tim from her and worsens her eating disorder.
Kathleen Burnham – Tim's aunt.
The Houlton Family
Jane Houlton – school nurse at junior high school, works with Olive.
Bob Houlton – Jane's husband, apparently has a former mistress in Miami, Florida.
Becky Houlton – Jane and Bob's daughter.
Tim Houlton – Jane and Bob's son.
The Granger Family
Alan Granger – he and his wife are called "The Lydias" by the Houlton family, because their connection is through their daughter.
Donna Granger – the other half of "The Lydias," has eye lift surgery that Jane Houlton finds disturbing.
Lydia Granger – Alan and Donna's daughter, married a veterinarian who bit her.
Patty Granger – another daughter of Alan and Donna.
The Larkin Family
Roger Larkin – a banker.
Louise Larkin – Roger's wife, a guidance counselor at Olive's school, undergoes shock therapy in Portland.
Doyle Larkin – Roger and Louise's son, murders a woman by stabbing her repeatedly.
Suzanne Larkin — Roger and Louse's daughter, now a lawyer living in Connecticut.
The Monroe-Bonney Family
Marlene Monroe Bonney – Olive's former student, also mentioned as a customer at Harmon's hardware store.
Ed Bonney – Marlene's high school sweetheart and eventual husband, owns a grocery, dies after a lengthy illness.
Eddie Bonney – Marlene and Ed's son, serves in the United States Coast Guard.
Lee Ann Bonney – Marlene and Ed's daughter, studying to become a nurse.
Cheryl Bonney – Marlene and Ed's younger daughter.
Kerry Monroe – Marlene's cousin, gets in trouble with the law, briefly tries to seduce Chris Kitteridge, an alcoholic, gets a job at the Bonney grocery, seduces Ed (which she reveals at his funeral before passing out).
The Harwood Family
Anita Harwood – cashier at hospital coffee shop, former "Miss Potato Queen".
Jim/Jimmy Harwood – Anita's husband, school janitor, recovering alcoholic.
Winnifred "Winnie" Harwood – Anita and Jim's daughter.
Julie – Anita's daughter by her first marriage, one of Olive's former students.
Kyle – Winnie's uncle, evidently Anita's brother, supplies the family with tranquilizers.
Ted – Anita's first husband, Julie's father, a carpenter.
Bruce – Julie's fiancé who jilts her on their wedding day, a vacationer from Boston who rented a cottage with his brothers.
The Brown-Caskey Family
Rebecca Brown – one of Olive's former students, a kleptomaniac who can't get a job.
David – Rebecca's live-in boyfriend.
Rev. Carleton Brown – Rebecca's father.
Charlotte Caskey Brown – Rebecca's mother, abandons her family, moves to Tarzana, California where she becomes a follower of Scientology.
Katherine Caskey – Rebecca's aunt.
Rev. Tyler Caskey – Rebecca's grandfather, a Congregational minister.
Townfolk
Bob Beane – encountered Angie O'Meara's ex-boyfriend Simon in Boston.
Andrea Bibber – one of Olive's former students, a Social Worker
Cynthia Bibber – Andrea's mother, suggests Olive and Henry are depressed after hospital incident.
Mary Blackwell – indiscreet nurse who revealed Louise Larkin had undergone shock treatments at the hospital where she used to work in Portland, later takes a job at a local nursing home.
Susan Bradford – attends Ed Bonney's funeral.
Emily Buck – postal clerk.
Cindy – Henry Kitteridge's nurse at the assisted living facility after he has a stroke.
Molly Collins – home economics teacher, she and Olive help Marlene Bonney host a reception after her husband's funeral.
Candy Connelly – Harmon's fourth grade crush.
Harry Coombs – died of lymphoma.
Dr. Kevin Coulson – returns from New York to commit suicide, impulse interrupted by a visit with Olive and a near drowning.
Bessie Davis – old maid, frequent customer at Harmon's hardware store, lonely, talks too much.
Mrs. Granger – cantankerous employee at Henry Kitteridge's pharmacy, dies in her sleep, replaced by Denise Thibodeau.
Matt Grearson – attends Ed Bonney's funeral.
Cecil Green – "slow", he brings coffee and donuts to the reporters who hover around the Larkin home after Doyle murders a woman.
Patty Crane Howe – waitress at the marina, recently miscarried, almost drowns but is rescued by Kevin Coulson and Olive.
Rachel Jones – gets Valium from Henry Kitteridge after her husband leaves her.
Jack Kennison – stuffy Harvard graduate, retired in Crosby with wife, they have one daughter (unnamed) who is a lesbian and lives in California, he and Olive begin dating after they are both widowed, she is shocked to discover he is a Republican.
Mrs. Kettleworth – Daisy Foster stole a pear from her front yard when she was a child.
Tony Kuzio – Henry Thibodeau's lifelong friend, kills him in a hunting accident.
Miss Lampley – Chris Kitteridge's first grade teacher.
Beth Marden – operates a nursery school, Julie's former employer.
Donny Madden – attends Ed Bonney's funeral.
Greg Marston – buys ball bearings at Harmon's hardware store.
Mrs. Merriman – gets her blood pressure medicine at Henry Kitteridge's pharmacy.
Cliff Mott – suffering from heart disease but still shovels snow.
Bill Newton – friend of Henry and Olive Kitteridge.
Bunny Newton – Bill's wife, Olive's confidant.
Karen Newton – Bill and Bunny's daughter, cheats on her husband Eddie.
Jim O'Casey – taught at junior high school with Olive, he picked her and Chris up every morning to drive them to school, spoke of leaving their spouses and running away together but he died in an automobile accident, perhaps while drunk, before acting on this impulse.
Wayne Roote – suffers from dementia.
Betty Simms – close neighbor of Olive and Henry, had five children.
Mrs. Tibbets – gets erythromycin prescription filled at Henry Kitteridge's pharmacy.
Les Washburn – landlord, rents a house first to Tim Burnham and Nina White, but evicts them after a pot bust, later rents the same house to Daisy Foster and Harmon.
Notes
External links
2008 short story collections
American short story collections
Pulitzer Prize for Fiction-winning works
Random House books
English-language books
Novels set in Maine
Novels by Elizabeth Strout |
40654563 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20New%20Jersey%20administrative%20agencies | List of New Jersey administrative agencies | The executive branch of New Jersey's state government executes state law through cabinet-level or principal departments and further by administrative agencies departments, special commissions, or independent entities as defined by statute.
Administrative agencies and offices
Department of Agriculture
The state's Department of Agriculture is overseen by a Secretary of Agriculture selected by the governor on recommendation of the State Board of Agriculture. The department's mission is administered by five divisions.
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
State Soil Conservation Committee and Soil Conservation Districts
Cost-Share Assistance to Farmers for Soil and Water Conservation Projects
Office of Aquaculture Coordination
Agricultural Education program
New Jersey Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)
Division of Animal Health
Division of Food and Nutrition
Division of Marketing and Development
Division of Plant Industry
Department of Banking & Insurance
Division of Banking
Office of Consumer Finance
Office of Depositories
Division of Insurance
Life Bureau
Health Bureau
Valuation Bureau
Bureau of Fraud Deterrence
Office of Captive Insurance
Office for e-HIT
Office of Property and Casualty
Office of Solvency Regulation
New Jersey Real Estate Commission
Bureau of Subdivided Land Sales Control
Office of Public Affairs
Department of Children and Families
Division of Family and Community Partnerships
Office of Early Childhood Services
Office of Family Support Services
Office of School-Linked Services
Division on Women
Office of Adolescent Services
Office of Advocacy
Office of Diversity, Equity & Belonging
Office of Education
Office of Licensing
Office of Performance Management and Accountability
Office of Strategic Development
Child Protection and Permanency
Children's System of Care
Institutional Abuse Investigation Unit
Department of Community Affairs
Division of Codes & Standards
Bureau of Construction Project Review
Bureau of Homeowner Protection
Bureau of Housing Inspection
Bureau of Rooming and Boarding House Standards
Bureau of State and Local Code Inspections
Office of the Director
Office of Regulatory Affairs
Division of Disaster Recovery & Mitigation
Division of Fire Safety
Bureau of Fire Code Enforcement
Bureau of Fire Department Services
Office of Fire Department Preparedness
Regulatory and Legislative Office
Office of Training & Certification
Arson/K-9/Fire Investigation Unit
Community Risk Reduction Unit
Contractor Certification Unit
NFIRS Unit
Inspection Unit
Registration Unit
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Youth Firesetter Prevention Unit
Division of Housing & Community Resources
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Office of Housing Production
Office of Neighborhood Programs
Division of Local Government Services
Local Assistance Bureau
Office of Communications
Office of Legislative Affairs
Office of Local Planning Services
Office of Information Privacy
Department of Corrections
The New Jersey Department of Corrections operates 13 major correctional or penal institutions, including seven adult male correctional facilities, three youth facilities, one facility for sex offenders, one women's correctional institution and a central reception and intake unit; and stabilization and reintegration programs for released inmates.
New Jersey State Parole Board
Division of Programs and Community Services
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Volunteer Services
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Department of Education
Division of Teaching and Learning Services
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Marie H. Katzenbach School for the Deaf
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Department of Environmental Protection
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New Jersey Forest Fire Service
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Office of New Americans
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Office of Program Integrity & Accountability
Office of Contract Policy & Management
Department of Labor & Workforce Development
Department of Law and Public Safety
The New Jersey Attorney General leads the New Jersey Department of Law and Public Safety.
Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control
Division on Civil Rights
Division of Consumer Affairs
Division of Criminal Justice
Division of Gaming Enforcement
Division of Highway Traffic Safety
Division of Law
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Racing Commission
State Athletic Control Board
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Victims of Crime Compensation Office
Department of Military & Veterans Affairs
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New Jersey Air National Guard
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Division of Military/Family Support
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Commissioner
(Office of) Smart Growth
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Other Offices and Divisions
The following are under the Deputy Commissioner.
Assistant Commissioner of Capital Investment Planning and Grant Administration
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Office of Transportation Sustainable Communities
Division of Multimodal Services
Division of Local Aid and Economic Development
Division of Environmental Resources
Division of Capital Investment Planning and Development
Transportation Data and Safety
Assistant Commissioner of Capital Program Management (State Transportation Engineer)
Division of Highway and Traffic Design
Division of Right of Way and Access Management
Division of Capital Program Support
Division of Project Management
Division of Bridge Engineering and Infrastructure Management
Division of Construction Services and Materials
Assistant Commissioner of Operations
Division of Operations North
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Division of Operations South
(Deputy Executive) Division of Operations
Permits, Electrical, and Claims Unit
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Division of Human Resources
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Division of Civil Rights and Affirmative Action
Divisions under the chief financial officer
Division of Budget
Division of Accounting and Auditing
Division of Procurement
Division of Information Technology
Assistant Commissioner of Transportation Systems Management
Division of Traffic Operations
Division of Mobility and Systems Engineering
Division (at the assistant-commissioner level) of Government and Community Relations
Community and Constituent Relations
Communications
Division of Legislative, Administrative, and Regulatory Actions
Legal Services
Department of Treasury
The Department of the Treasury seeks to ensure the most beneficial use of fiscal resources and revenues to meet critical needs, all within a policy framework set by the governor; to formulate and manage the state's budget, generate and collect revenues, disburse the appropriations used to operate New Jersey state government, manage the state's physical and financial assets, and provide statewide support services to state and local government agencies. Its mission is accomplished by the following Divisions and Agencies:
Divisions
Division of Administration
Division of Investment
Office of the Chief Economist/Office of Revenue and Economic Analysis (OREA)
Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
New Jersey Lottery
Division of Pensions and Benefits
Division of Property Management and Construction (DPMC)
Public Contracts Equal Employment Opportunity Compliance Monitoring Program
Division of Public Finance
Division of Purchase and Property
Division of Revenue and Enterprise Services (DORES)
Division of Risk Management
Division of Taxation
Agencies
Board of Public Utilities (BPU)
Casino Control Commission (CCC)
Division of Rate Counsel
New Jersey Economic Development Authority
New Jersey Building Authority (NJBA)
New Jersey Public Broadcasting Authority
Office of Administrative Law (OAL)
Office of Information Technology (OIT)
Office of the Public Defender (OPD)
State Capitol Joint Management Commission (SCJMC)
State House Commission
Unclaimed Property Administration
Independent commissions and agencies
New Jersey Advisory Committee on Police Standards
New Jersey Commission on Brain Injury Research
New Jersey Clean Air Council
New Jersey Commission on Cancer Research
New Jersey Commission on Higher Education
New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology
New Jersey Council on Local Mandates
Delaware River Basin Commission
New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control
New Jersey Election Law Enforcement Commission (Campaign and Lobbying Disclosure)
New Jersey Emergency Management Agency
New Jersey Energy Master Plan Agency
Fort Monmouth Economic Revitalization Authority (FMERA)
Garden State Preservation Trust
New Jersey Governor's Council on Alcoholism and Drug Abuse
Higher Education Student Assistance Authority
New Jersey Highlands Council
New Jersey Historic Trust (NJHT)
New Jersey Homeland Security
New Jersey Housing and Mortgage Finance Agency
New Jersey Housing Resource Center (NJHRC)
New Jersey Inspector General
New Jersey Interstate Environmental Commission
New Jersey Motor Vehicle Commission
New Jersey Educational Facilities Authority (NJEFA)
New Jersey Environmental Infrastructure Trust
New Jersey Health Care Facilities Financing Authority (NJHCFFA)
New Jersey Meadowlands Commission
New Jersey Real Estate Commission
New Jersey Redevelopment Authority (NJRA)
New Jersey Schools Construction Corporation
New Jersey Transit
New Jersey Pinelands Commission
New Jersey Pinelands Development Credit Bank
New Jersey Professional Boards and Advisory Committees
New Jersey Public Employment Relations Commission
New Jersey Commission on Spinal Cord Research
New Jersey State Casino Reinvestment Development Authority
New Jersey State Commission of Investigation
New Jersey State Employment and Training Commission
New Jersey State Ethics Commission
New Jersey State Library
New Jersey State Police
New Jersey Turnpike Authority
New Jersey Victims of Crime Compensation Board
New Jersey Waterfront Commission of New York Harbor
References
External links
State of New Jersey (official website)
Government of New Jersey |
24315158 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Bleich | Jeff Bleich | Jeffrey Laurence Bleich (; born 1961) is an American lawyer and diplomat from California.
A longtime friend of President Barack Obama, Bleich joined the White House staff in March 2009 as Special Counsel to the President and was nominated later that year to become United States Ambassador to Australia. Bleich served as ambassador from 2009 to 2013. After stepping down from his post, he returned to the United States and became a partner and group CEO at the Dentons law firm in San Francisco, and ran in the primary for Lieutenant Governor of California in the 2018 election, before being appointed as a special master for multi-district litigation for the U.S. District Court.
Early life and education
Bleich was born at the U.S. 98th Army Hospital in Germany and grew up in the U.S. state of Connecticut. He graduated from Hall High School in West Hartford, Connecticut. Bleich graduated from Amherst College magna cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science in 1983. Bleich was admitted to study at Harvard University but deferred for a year to take a public policy fellowship at the Coro Foundation in St. Louis, Missouri, where he became involved in juvenile justice issues. At Harvard, Bleich went to the John F. Kennedy School of Government as a 1986 John F. Kennedy Fellow, graduating with a Master of Public Policy. Bleich attended the University of California, Berkeley School of Law and received his J.D. in 1989. He was editor-in-chief of the California Law Review and Order of the Coif. He received a Certificate of Study in Public and Private International Law from the Hague Academy of International Law, Netherlands in 1993.
Bleich also holds three honorary degrees. In May 2011, Bleich was awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from San Francisco State University. In 2014, Flinders University in Adelaide, South Australia awarded him the honorary Degree of Doctor of the University. Griffith University in Queensland, Australia awarded Bleich the honorary Degree of Doctor of the University in 2019.
Legal career
Bleich served as a law clerk to Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1989 to 1990 and to Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1990 to 1991. He was legal assistant to Judge Howard M. Holtzmann of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal at The Hague from 1991 to 1992, and Special Rapporteur to the Permanent Court of Arbitration.
Bleich joined the Los Angeles-headquartered firm Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP in 1992, and was made partner three years later, in December 1995. His practice there was focused primarily on general civil litigation, with emphasis on complex litigation, appellate practice, media law, communications law, and intellectual property. Bleich was recognized as one of the Top 100 Lawyers in California by the Daily Journal, as California Attorney of the Year by California Lawyer, and as one of America's leading "Bet the Company" lawyers by Best Lawyers.
Bleich has also been recognized for his pro bono service to immigrants, homeless and foster youth, veterans, victims of gun violence, survivors of domestic abuse, human rights organizations, religious and racial minorities, gay and lesbian servicemembers, journalists, native Americans, detainees, and others victims of discrimination. These include the Peter Haas Public Service Medal from University of California, Berkeley, the ABA Pro Bono Publico Award, the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights Robert Sproul Award, the American Jewish Committee Learned Hand Award, the One Justice Attorney of the Year Award, and the Ruth Bader Ginsburg Award for Excellence in the Legal Profession, among others.
From 1993-2006 Bleich served as an adjunct lecturer in law at Berkeley Law, teaching constitutional law and upper-level seminar courses in international human rights, habeas corpus, and appellate advocacy.
Bleich served as president of the State Bar of California from 2007 to 2008. He was also president of the San Francisco Bar Association in 2003, and served as president of the Barristers Club of San Francisco, Chair of Legal Services for Children, Co-Chair of the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights for the SF Bay Area. Bleich was elected to the American Law Institute in 2003 and served as chair of the American Bar Association Amicus Curiae Committee from 2006-2009. He also served on an ABA subcommittee on corporate social responsibility and on the ABA Section on International Law. in addition to the Edward J. McFetridge American Inn of Court. He has written over 100 articles and served on some 20 different boards, including the boards of Human Rights Watch and Legal Community Against Violence as well as the Boalt Hall Alumni Association and the Legal Aid Society of San Francisco.
In 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Bleich as Special Counsel to the President in the White House. Among his tasks was to address confirmation and personnel issues and to advise on other sensitive matters. He moderated a discussion on human rights in the new administration at the 2009 American Bar Association's Section of International Law Spring Meeting in April 2009.
Bleich returned to legal practice in 2014. Following the end of his diplomatic service, Bleich rejoined the partnership at the San Francisco office of Munger, Tolles & Olson. In 2016, Bleich joined Dentons LLP and became group CEO. Bleich's practice focused on cybersecurity, trade, and international disputes, as well as on-pro bono work., He was selected in 2014, 2015, and 2016 as one of the leading 500 Lawyers in the U.S. Serving pro bono, he obtained posthumous admission to the California Bar for a Chinese national, Hong Yen Chang, in a petition addressing the unlawful exclusion of Chinese in the 1890s, leading the Court to "right this historic wrong." Bleich also successfully represented a victim of domestic violence in an action against her abuser in a second unanimous decision by the California Supreme Court. In 2016, he was profiled by LawDragon as one of the "rock stars" of law.
Bleich was appointed Special Master for the United States District Court in a multi-district litigation dispute involving international price fixing, and also has served as a neutral in high-stakes technology disputes, including mediating a $650 million settlement the In re Facebooks Biometrics case.
Bleich joined Cruise LLC, the autonomous vehicle company backed by GM, Honda, Softbank, Microsoft, Walmart, and T. Rowe Price as Chief Legal Officer in 2020.
Higher Education and Academic Positions
Bleich served on the board of trustees of California State University, from 2004 to 2009. He served as vice chair from 2006 to 2008 and as chair from 2008 to 2009.
From 2014-2020, Bleich served as a member of the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board and as the Board Chair from 2016-2019.
Bleich serves on the Board of Stanford's Center for the Advanced Study of Behavioral Sciences.
He was elected to the board of his alma mater Amherst College in 2017.
Bleich is an adjunct professor at the University of Sydney's United States Studies Centre.
In 2018, Flinders University named Professor Bleich a Professorial Fellow at it College of Business, Government and Law.
U.S. Ambassador to Australia
Prior to being selected by President Obama to serve as U.S. Ambassador, Bleich had been a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations the Pacific Council on International Policy, the International Law Association, and a member of the advisory board of the American Society of International Law,
The Senate confirmed Bleich to be United States Ambassador to Australia in a voice vote on November 10, 2009. His diplomatic credentials were accepted by the Governor-General of Australia, Quentin Bryce, on November 24, 2009. Bleich's term in Australia was marked by the U.S. "rebalance" to the Asia-Pacific, with Australia being the focal point for that shift.
Bleich joined President Obama at the announcement of the rebalance at a special sitting of Parliament in Canberra before traveling with Obama to Darwin, Northern Territory. Other key achievements included overseeing record growth in trade between the U.S. and Australia, bringing the Defense Trade Cooperation Treaty into force, establishing new alliance agreements for satellites and cyber, executing a new space cooperation agreement that supported the Mars Curiosity rover landing, leading joint U.S.-Australia efforts in Afghanistan's Oruzgan province, and promoting regional efforts to reduce domestic violence.
For his service, Bleich received numerous awards, including the highest civilian honors awarded by the U.S. Secretary of the Navy and Director of National Intelligence. In 2013, he received the State Department's highest award for a non-career ambassador, the Sue M. Cobb Prize for Exemplary Diplomatic Service. Former Prime Minister Paul Keating called Bleich "the best U.S. Ambassador ever sent to Australia" at the John Curtin Lecture in Perth. The Australian called Bleich "Obama’s Superman."
Other Involvement in Politics
During the Clinton administration, Bleich served as director of the White House Council on Youth Violence, formed during the aftermath of the Columbine High School massacre.
Bleich met Barack Obama almost 20 years before Bleich was nominated to become U.S. Ambassador to Australia, when Bleich tried to recruit Obama to become a law clerk to Abner Mikva. The two later became friends. Bleich was in attendance during Obama's keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention and shared breakfast with him two days later.
During Obama's 2008 presidential campaign, Bleich was a founding member and co-chair of Obama's national finance committee, co-chair of Obama's higher education advisory board, and California co-chair. He donated to Hillary Clinton and raised funds for her to retire her campaign's debt after the Democratic primary.
Bleich joined the White House team in March 2009, serving as Special Counsel to the President until his nomination as Ambassador.
Bleich served on the Asia Policy and Cybersecurity Policy teams for Secretary Hillary Clinton, and was a member of National Security Leaders for Biden in 2020 Presidential Campaign. and his National Finance Committee.
On May 30, 2017, Bleich formally launched his campaign to become the 50th lieutenant governor of the U.S. state of California. He lost in the Democratic primary to Eleni Kounalakis who went on to be elected lieutenant governor on November 6, 2018.
Post-diplomatic career and Jeff Bleich Centre
Bleich is the Chair of the Board of Nuix, a publicly traded company on the ASX. Nuix produces forensics and information integrity software that was used in the Panama Papers investigation. It was the largest tech IPO of any company on the ASX in 2020 and one of the largest tech IPOs ever on the ASX.
Bleich previously served as Chair of the Board of PG&E Company during its bankruptcy proceedings from April 2019 to May 2020. Bleich joined PG&E as part of an interim Board to restructure the company following its liability exposure for fires associated with PG&E equipment in 2017 and 2018. Bleich participated in PG&E's reparations to all wildfire victims, the company's acknowledgement of criminal wrong-doing, and its successful emergence from Bankruptcy.
In 2018, Flinders University in Adelaide established the Jeff Bleich Centre for the U.S. Alliance in Digital Technology, Security, and Governance in recognition of Bleich's work in this field. Bleich serves on the Centre's Advisory Board and as a member of the faculty.
Bleich served on the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board after being appointed by President Obama in November 2014, and was later elected vice-chair and then chair for three successive terms.
Bleich currently served by appointment of former secretary of state John Kerry on the board of the East West Center as a member of the executive committee from 2017-2021.
In California, then-Governor Jerry Brown appointed Bleich to the Governor's International Trade and Investment Advisory Council., and then-Attorney General Kamala Harris appointed Bleich to serve on her Blue Ribbon Cyber-Exploitation Panel. Bleich also Chaired Governor Brown's judicial selection advisory committee for the selection of judges from 2014-2018. Bleich was appointed by Chief Justice Tani Cantil-Sakauye to serve as Vice-Chair of the Rules Revision Commission for the State Bar.
Bleich has served on a number of other private company and non-profit Boards since 2014, including RAND Australia, the Pratt Family Advisory Board, Futures Without Violence, the World Affairs Council, the American Security Project, Verified Voting, the San Francisco Symphony, the Folger Shakespeare Library, and the Sorensen Center for International Peace and Justice.
Family and personal life
Bleich's wife is Rebecca Pratt "Becky" Bleich, and they have three children, Jake, Matthew and Abby. He collects Elvis Presley memorabilia.
Bleich is a baseball fan who represents Willie Mays and serves on the board of the Say Hey Foundation. In Australia, he regularly attended home games of the Canberra Cavalry Australian Baseball League team, normally in association with the American-Australian Association.
See also
List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)
References
External links
Official Campaign Site
Official profile from Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP
Official page on Facebook
Official biography from the State Department Bureau of Public Affairs
1961 births
Ambassadors of the United States to Australia
20th-century American Jews
Amherst College alumni
California lawyers
Connecticut lawyers
Harvard Kennedy School alumni
Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Living people
People from West Hartford, Connecticut
UC Berkeley School of Law alumni
California Democrats
People associated with Munger, Tolles & Olson
Hall High School (Connecticut) alumni
21st-century American Jews |
5663640 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton%20A.%20Schwartz | Norton A. Schwartz | Norton Allan Schwartz (born December 14, 1951) is a retired United States Air Force general who served as the 19th Chief of Staff of the Air Force from August 12, 2008, until his retirement in 2012. He previously served as commander, United States Transportation Command from September 2005 to August 2008. He is currently the president and CEO of the Institute for Defense Analyses, serving since January 2, 2020.
Background
Schwartz grew up in Toms River, New Jersey, The first Jewish Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Schwartz was a member of the U.S. Air Force Academy Jewish choir before his 1973 graduation. In 2004, Schwartz was awarded the Jewish Community Center's Military Leadership Award. In accepting the award, Schwartz said he was "proud to be identified as Jewish as well as an American military leader."
Military career
Schwartz graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1973. He is an alumnus of the National War College, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and a 1994 Fellow of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Seminar XXI. He has served as commander of the U.S. Special Operations Command Pacific, as well as Alaskan Command, Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region and the 11th Air Force.
Schwartz is a USAF Command Pilot with more than 4,400 flying hours in a variety of aircraft. He has flown C-130 Hercules and MC-130 Combat Talon I and Combat Talon II aircraft and MH-53 Pave Low III and Pave Low IV, and MH-60 Black Hawk and Pave Hawk special ops helicopters. His operational background goes back to the final days of the Vietnam War; at the time, he was a crew member taking part in the 1975 airlift evacuation of Saigon. By 1991 he was chief of staff of the Joint Special Operations Task Force for Northern Iraq during the first Gulf War. He participated as a crew member in the 1975 airlift evacuation of Saigon, and in 1991 served as chief of staff of the Joint Special Operations Task Force for Northern Iraq in operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. In 1997, he led the Joint Task Force that prepared for the noncombatant evacuation of U.S. citizens in Cambodia. On January 12, 2000, Schwartz was promoted to lieutenant general and received his third-star upon assuming the command of Alaskan Command and Eleventh Air Force.
September 11 Attacks
During the September 11, 2001 Attacks General Schwartz at that time was the commander of Alaskan Command, a joint subordinate unified command of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) which oversee the state of Alaska. At that time of the attacks all of air-traffics above The United States Airspace was grounded and most of the flight are diverted to Canada as part of the Operation Yellow Ribbon in response of the attacks. However one aircraft, a Korean Air Boeing 747-400 Flight 85 which en route to Anchorage International Airport for stopover with final destination to New York, John F. Kennedy International Airport, suddenly reported being hijacked and transmitting the international hijack transponder code. Lieutenant General Schwartz who was in-charge of Alaskan Command at that time ordered to scrambled two F-15s aircraft in-order to intercept the Korean Air Flight 85 and order the F-15 pilot to then established direct radio contact with the Korean Air Flight 85 pilot.
Schwartz then contact the commander in charge of the Canadian NORAD region, Lieutenant General Angus Watt and discuss the possibility of diverting the Korean Air 747 into Whitehorse, Canada since the 747 was running low on fuel and headed into U.S. Territory. Schwartz also guaranteed that the Korean Air 747 will be escorted by U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft all the way until the plane touchdown. Upon receiving approval from the Canadian authority, Watts then allowed the Korean Air Boeing 747 to land on Whitehorse International Airport in condition that the plane have to be escorted by the United States Air Force until its land on Whitehorse International Airport. Immediately after landing on Whitehorse International Airport, the Korean Air Flight 85 Boeing 747 was surrounded by The Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the crew was interrogated by the Canadian authority. It was later confirmed that in-fact, it was not a hijacking, but rather a mistaken signal which was transmitted by the Korean Air Flight 85 pilot. Many praise Schwartz decision in-coordinating with the Canadian Authority in-order to divert the Korean Air Flight 85 into Whitehorse, Canada which eventually saving the lives of 215 passengers on board the Korean Air Flight 85. At that time during the September 11 Attacks all the Air Force Fighter Aircraft which was scrambled and patrolled around the United States Airspace was given the order to shoot down all aircraft that was suspected being hijacked and had the potential to be used to attack several important locations within the United States, knowing that it was hijacked distress signal that was sent by the Korean Air Flight 85 pilot.
Director of the Joint Staff
In October 2002 following the assignment within the Alaskan Command, Lieutenant General Schwartz was promoted into Joint Staff J-3 director for operations which assists the Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff about the current United States Armed Forces operations and plans. In this capacity Schwartz was the senior officer of the Operation Directorate and providing guidance for the Unified Combatant Commanders for every U.S. military operation around the world. In October 2004, following two years assignment as J-3 Operations Directorate, Schwartz was appointed by Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Richard B. Myers to be the Director of the Joint Staff (DJS). In this position Schwartz became the three-star officers which assists the Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff in managing the Joint Staff and headed all of the Joint Staff Directorate.
Commander of the United States Transportation Command
Schwartz was appointed to be The commander of the United States Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) in 2005. Schwartz also received his fourth-star and was promoted into four-star General. As commander of The Transportation Command, General Schwartz oversees the mobilization of all of the service branches and defense agencies transportation and mobility support. General Schwartz also organized the entire Department of Defense transportation network. During his tenured as TRANSCOM Commander General Schwartz also coordinated with commercial airline in cooperation for providing military airlift. Schwartz also held a routine meetings with the Airline CEO in-order to discuss about the Airline company cooperation with the military and the Department of Defense. As a result, many cargo and chartered airline companies help provided so many airlift for military personnel and logistical supports during the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan.
Schwartz also emphasize about the importance of the movement of injured warfighters from the battlefield to medical treatment facilities in-order for them to get immediate and quickly medical treatment. Especially knowing that this was a complex process in which it required close collaboration with doctors, hospitals and evacuation crews. One of General Schwartz major accomplishment as commander of The Transportation Command was the successfully of The United States Transportation Command to transported over 9,900 patients from the United States Central Command area of responsibility which was the key-element area during the Iraq War, War in Afghanistan and War on Terrorism and over 16,000 patients globally to a medical treatment facilities. In 2008 following three years of his tenure as Commander of The United States Transportation Command, General Schwartz was actually set to retired from active-duty. However following the nuclear weapons incident in 2007 which resulted in the relieved of Air Force Chief of Staff General T. Michael Moseley, Schwartz was elevated into the position of The United States Air Force Chief of Staff and named his successor.
Air Force Chief of Staff
In June 2008, after General T. Michael Moseley was relieved from his position as Air Force Chief of Staff, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates nominated General Schwartz to be the next Air Force Chief of Staff. General Schwartz is the first Air Force Chief of Staff with a background as an airlift and special operations aircraft pilot. It is speculated that Secretary of Defense Robert Gates selected him because he did not have a background as a fighter or bomber pilot.
As chief of staff, General Schwartz served as the senior uniformed Air Force officer responsible for the organization, training and equipping of nearly 700,000 active-duty Air Force, Air Force Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian forces serving in the United States and overseas. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Schwartz functioned as a military adviser to the Secretary of Defense, National Security Council and the President.
During his tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff, General Schwartz reaffirmed the importance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), which he believed could be the future of the Air Force. At that time dozens of UAVs were being used in the war on terror, especially in Afghanistan. General Schwartz also estimated that in the future, 85 percent of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles would have a huge role within the Air Force and its operations. In 2011 almost 350 UAV pilots were trained and prepared by the Air Force.
Air-Sea Battle Doctrine
Together with Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Gary Roughead, General Schwartz developed a new battle doctrine in 2010, The Air-Sea Battle Doctrine. The Air-Sea Battle Doctrine was an Air Force and Navy integrated battle doctrine which formed a key component military strategy. The Air-Sea Battle Doctrine was developed to deal with the unique challenges of the Western-Pacific arena. It created an institutional partnership and cooperation between the United States Air Force and the United States Navy. Both General Schwartz and Admiral Roughead saw the need and importance of joint Air Force and Navy cooperation within the Indo-Pacific region that ultimately lead to the initiation of Air-Sea Battle Doctrine, especially in wartime situations within the Indo-Pacific region.
One of the primary goals of Air-Sea Battle Doctrine was interoperability of air and naval forces that could execute networked and integrated in-depth attacks in order to disrupt, destroy and ultimately cripple or defeat the enemy's anti-access/area denial capabilities to sustain and protect the operations area within the Indo-Pacific Region. General Schwartz also emphasized the importance of the air-sea operating space for non-combat operations such as disaster relief. General Schwartz argued that to ensure the success of this doctrine, improved training, tactics and communications technologies between the Air Force, Navy and Marines, would be needed to allow them to work together better, during both wartime and non-combatant operations.
The concept to create a joint Air Force and Navy battle strategy began in the 1990s, when both the Air Force and Navy had institutionalized a joint air operations which eventually led the two services to began exchanging air crews, tacticians and intelligence officers in a joint service partnership following the Gulf War. It created a new cooperative environment that balanced the differences in naval (carrier-based) and Air Force (land-based) air operations, strengthened command and staff relationships, integrated air asset strike operations, and pooled common air resources. In February 2010 the Air-Sea Battle Doctrine became official and in 2015 The Air-Sea Battle doctrine was renamed to Joint Concept for Access and Maneuver in the Global Commons (JAM-GC).
In August 2012, General Schwartz retired after serving four years as Air Force Chief of Staff; he had served a total of 39 years with the Air Force. General Schwartz was succeeded by General Mark A. Welsh who previously served as commander of United States Air Forces in Europe and Africa.
Civilian career
After his retirement from the Air Force, he wrote a memoir entitled Journey: Memoirs of an Air Force Chief of Staff with Susie Schwartz and Ronald Levinson.
In 2013, Schwartz became a member of the board of trustees of the Institute for Defense Analyses. In July 2019, Schwartz was selected to become IDA's president and CEO, effective January 2, 2020.
Education
1973 Bachelor of Science degree in political science and international affairs, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
1977 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
1983 Master of Business Administration degree, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
1984 Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
1989 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
1994 Fellow, Seminar XXI, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Assignments
August 1973 – September 1974, student, undergraduate pilot training, Laughlin AFB, Texas
October 1974 – January 1975, student, C-130 initial qualification training, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas
February 1975 – October 1977, C-130E aircraft commander, 776th and 21st Tactical Airlift Squadrons, Clark Air Base, Philippines
October 1977 – December 1977, student, Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
December 1977 – October 1979, C-130E/H flight examiner, 61st Tactical Airlift Squadron, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas
October 1979 – November 1980, intern, Air Staff Training Program, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans, Operations and Readiness, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
November 1980 – July 1983, MC-130E flight examiner, 8th Special Operations Squadron, Hurlburt Field, Florida
July 1983 – January 1984, student, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Virginia
January 1984 – April 1986, action officer, Directorate of Plans, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
May 1986 – June 1988, commander, 36th Tactical Airlift Squadron, McChord AFB, Washington
August 1988 – June 1989, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
July 1989 – July 1991, director of plans and policy, Special Operations Command Europe, Patch Barracks, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Germany
August 1991 – May 1993, deputy commander for operations and commander, 1st Special Operations Group, Hurlburt Field, Florida
May 1993 – May 1995, deputy director of operations, later, deputy director of forces, office of the deputy chief of staff for plans and operations, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
June 1995 – May 1997, commander, 16th Special Operations Wing, Hurlburt Field, Florida
June 1997 – October 1998, commander, Special Operations Command, Pacific, Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii
October 1998 – January 2000, director of strategic planning, deputy chief of staff for plans and Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
January 2000 – September 2000, deputy commander in chief, U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill AFB, Florida
September 2000 – October 2002, commander, Alaskan Command, Alaskan North American Aerospace Defense Command Region and 11th Air Force, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.
October 2002 – October 2004, director for operations, the Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, D.C.
October 2004 – August 2005, Director, the Joint Staff, Pentagon, Washington, D. C.
September 2005 – August 2008, commander, U.S. Transportation Command, Scott AFB, Illinois
August 2008 – August 2012, chief of staff, Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
Flight information
Rating: command pilot.
Flight hours: more than 4,400.
Aircraft flown: C-130E/H, MC-130E/H/P, HC-130, AC-130H/U, YMC-130, MH-53 and MH-60.
Awards and decorations
Effective dates of promotion
Gallery
References
External links
Official USAF Biography
1951 births
Air University (United States Air Force) alumni
Jewish American military personnel
United States Air Force personnel of the Gulf War
Central Michigan University alumni
Joint Forces Staff College alumni
Living people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology fellows
Military personnel from New Jersey
National War College alumni
People from Toms River, New Jersey
Recipients of the Defense Superior Service Medal
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
United States Air Force Academy alumni
United States Air Force generals
Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Force
Recipients of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Recipients of the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Toms River High School South alumni
21st-century American Jews |
11131209 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Dougherty | Paul Dougherty | Paul Dougherty (born 12 May 1966) is an English former professional soccer player and soccer coach who began his career with Wolverhampton Wanderers in England. He then moved to the United States where he became a journeyman player, bouncing through sixteen teams in multiple indoor and outdoor leagues.
He is currently the head coach of the San Diego WFC SeaLions, who play in the Women's Premier Soccer League.
English football league
Dougherty began his career when he signed as an apprentice with English First Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers at age 16. He made his league debut while still an apprentice during the 1983/84 season that saw the club lose their top flight status. He made the most appearances of his Wolves career during the following season, which also saw him spend time on loan at Torquay United during February 1985.
He failed to establish himself as a regular choice though, and played only sporadically over the next two years as the club continued to slide down the divisions under a succession of managers. At the end of the 1986/87 season, he moved to the US to further his career there, where he would remain employed as a player for the next eighteen years. He did however make a very brief (1 game) return to English football playing for Cheltenham Town in October 1990.
Indoor soccer
In the fall of 1986, the San Diego Sockers began working the paperwork to allow Dougherty to try out with the team. Dougherty arrived in California in January 1987 and began training with the Sockers' reserve team. On 11 February 1987, the Sockers traded Gary Collier to the Kansas City Comets in exchange for a foreign player visa. On 25 February 1987, Dougherty moved up to the Sockers' first team. In addition to playing for the Sockers, he later also enrolled at San Diego State University. Whereas his lack of height hindered his development as an outdoor player, it served him in good stead in the indoor game which prized quickness and agility oversize and stamina. Over the next five years, he earned four titles as the Sockers dominated indoor soccer. In 1989, he was named the "Championship Series Unsung Hero" as the Sockers knocked off the Baltimore Blast for the title. In August 1989, Dougherty became a free agent and when the Baltimore Blast made him an offer, the Sockers decided not to match it. On 2 September 1989, he signed with the Blast. In 1990, the Blast and Sockers again met in the championship series, this time with Dougherty playing for Baltimore, but the Sockers again defeated the Blast. He became a free agent and returned to England, where he received interest from only one fourth-division team. He then returned to the United States where he signed with the San Diego Sockers on 17 October 1990. When the Sockers moved to the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL) in 1992, Dougherty left the team and signed with the Buffalo Blizzard of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). During his two stints with the Sockers, Dougherty had played 204 games and scored 104 goals. At the time, the NPSL was the higher paying of the two indoor leagues. Dougherty remained with the Blizzard for three seasons, from 1992 to 1996. At the completion of the 1995–1996 NPSL season, Dougherty jumped both teams and leagues. On 1 May 1996, he signed with the Houston Hotshots of CISL. That season he was the CISL third leading scorer while the Hotshots went to the championship series, only to fall to the Monterrey La Raza. Dougherty was named All-CISL. The next season, the Hotshots did not go so far in the playoffs, but Dougherty led the league in scoring, garnering both All CISL and CISL MVP honors. The CISL folded at the end of the 1997, leading Dougherty to move to Major League Soccer (MLS)
Outdoor minor leagues
By the time Dougherty moved to MLS, he was already a veteran of several outdoor US teams. While he made his name with the indoor game, he also was a consistent performer outdoors. In July 1988, while in San Diego with the Sockers, Dougherty signed with the San Diego Nomads as the team prepared for the Western Soccer Alliance playoffs. He played only one play-off games as the San Jose Earthquakes eliminated the Nomads in penalty kicks. Then in 1990, he spent the outdoor season with the Orlando Lions in the American Professional Soccer League (APSL) which had been formed that year by the merger of the WSA and east coast American Soccer League. On 12 June 1991, he signed with the Miami Freedom of the APSL. On 1 July 1991, the Freedom released Dougherty and seven other players in a bid to maintain financial solvency. He signed with the Fort Lauderdale Strikers the next day. While he sat out the 1992 APSL season, instead spending time with two of his indoor clubs, he returned to the APSL in 1993, this time on loan from the Blizzard to the Tampa Bay Rowdies. That season was one of his best as he bagged eight goals in twenty-two games and a spot on the APSL All Star team. Once again, he took time off from the outdoor game to devote himself to indoor soccer. However, in 1995 he signed with the Montreal Impact of A-League, successor to the APSL. He once again earned All Star honors.
MLS
After the CISL folded at the end of 1997, Dougherty began pursuing full-time employment in an outdoor league. On 3 February 1998, the MetroStars of Major League Soccer (MLS) signed Dougherty. He played sixteen games that season, before the MetroStars traded him to the Tampa Bay Mutiny for Mike Duhaney in July. Dougherty began the 1999 season with the Mutiny but was traded on 2 August 1999 with Sam George and a draft pick to the Chicago Fire for Ritchie Kotschau and Manny Lagos. When Dougherty failed to produce with Chicago, they sent him on loan to the Charleston Battery of the USL First Division. In March 2000, Dougherty was able to add another team to his resume, having been a member of it for only a few hours. The Fire released Dougherty on 15 March 2000. He was then selected by the New England Revolution the next day in the Waiver Draft. The Revs then turned around and traded Dougherty to the Colorado Rapids in exchange for a fifth round pick in the upcoming Super Draft. Dougherty spent the 2000 season with the Rapids, but failed to score in twenty-four games and on 31 October 2000 he announced his retirement.
Minor leagues
Dougherty didn't stay retired for long. Kai Haaskivi, a former indoor teammate of Dougherty's, was coaching the Pittsburgh Riverhounds of the USL A-League. The Riverhounds needed some added offensive production heading into the post season as well as for upcoming Open Cup games. Dougherty signed with the Riverhounds on 20 July 2001. Haaskivi's gamble paid off as Dougherty provided instant offence, including a goal in the Open Cup quarterfinal match against his old team, the Chicago Fire. At the end of the season the Riverhounds released Dougherty and he moved back to San Diego to pursue a coaching career. However, Dougherty was unable to call it quits to playing and on 5 February 2004, he rejoined the San Diego Sockers for one last indoor season. The Sockers folded midway through the season.
Coaching
When the Riverhounds released Dougherty, he returned to San Diego where he became an assistant coach with the San Diego Flash of the USL A League. In 2002, he left the Flash and joined the staff of the La Jolla Nomads Soccer Club. This is significant in that Dougherty had begun his US outdoor career fourteen years earlier with the Nomads senior team, the San Diego Nomads. In 2004, he took the Nomads U-15 team to the US national championship only to have his boys fall, 5–4, to the Greater Boston Bolts. In addition to coaching with the Nomads, he became an assistant coach with the UC San Diego men's team as well as the Manchester Soccer Club and Rancho Santa Fe Attack.
References
External links
Mutiny fan site
Dougherty's resume
MISL stats
1966 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Leamington Spa
American expatriate sportspeople in Canada
American expatriate men's soccer players
American Professional Soccer League players
Baltimore Blast (1980–1992) players
American men's soccer players
Buffalo Blizzard players
Charleston Battery players
Chicago Fire FC players
Colorado Rapids players
Continental Indoor Soccer League players
British emigrants to the United States
English men's footballers
Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada
Fort Lauderdale Strikers (1988–1994) players
Houston Hotshots players
Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–1992) players
Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008) players
Major League Soccer players
New York Red Bulls players
Miami Freedom players
Montreal Impact (1992–2011) players
National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001) players
Orlando Lions players
Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC players
Nomads Soccer Club players
San Diego Sockers (1978–1996) indoor players
San Diego Sockers (2001–2004) players
Tampa Bay Mutiny players
Tampa Bay Rowdies (1975–1993) players
English Football League players
Torquay United F.C. players
Cheltenham Town F.C. players
National League (English football) players
A-League (1995–2004) players
Western Soccer Alliance players
Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. players
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders
English expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
English expatriate men's footballers
English expatriate sportspeople in Canada
Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters |
27306717 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel%20Cinematic%20Universe | Marvel Cinematic Universe | The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) is an American media franchise and shared universe centered on a series of superhero films produced by Marvel Studios. The films are based on characters that appear in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The franchise also includes television series, short films, digital series, and literature. The shared universe, much like the original Marvel Universe in comic books, was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.
Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases", with the first three phases collectively known as "The Infinity Saga" and the following three phases as "The Multiverse Saga". The first MCU film, Iron Man (2008), began Phase One, which culminated in the 2012 crossover film The Avengers. Phase Two began with Iron Man 3 (2013) and concluded with Ant-Man (2015). Phase Three began with Captain America: Civil War (2016) and concluded with Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Phase Four began with Black Widow (2021) and concluded with Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023) began Phase Five, which will end with Blade (2025), and Phase Six will begin with Fantastic Four (2025). Phase Six and "The Multiverse Saga" will conclude with Avengers: The Kang Dynasty (2026) and Avengers: Secret Wars (2027).
Marvel Television expanded the universe to network television with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC in 2013 before further expanding to streaming television on Netflix and Hulu and to cable television on Freeform. They also produced the digital series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot. Marvel Studios began producing their own television series for streaming on Disney+, starting with WandaVision in 2021 as the beginning of Phase Four. They also expanded to television specials in Phase Four, known as Marvel Studios Special Presentations, the first of which was Werewolf by Night (2022). The MCU also includes tie-in comics published by Marvel Comics, a series of direct-to-video short films called Marvel One-Shots, and viral marketing campaigns for the films featuring the faux news programs WHIH Newsfront and The Daily Bugle.
The franchise has been commercially successful, becoming one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time, and generally received positive reviews. It has inspired other film and television studios to attempt similar shared universes, and has also inspired several themed attractions, an art exhibit, television specials, literary material, multiple tie-in video games, and commercials.
Development
Films and Disney+ series
By 2005, Marvel Entertainment had begun planning to produce its own films independently and distribute them through Paramount Pictures. Previously, Marvel had co-produced several superhero films with Columbia Pictures, New Line Cinema and others, including a seven-year development deal with 20th Century Fox. Marvel made relatively little profit from its licensing deals with other studios and wanted to get more money out of its films while maintaining artistic control of the projects and distribution. Avi Arad, head of Marvel's film division, was pleased with Sam Raimi's Spider-Man films at Sony Pictures, but was less pleased with others. As a result, Arad decided to form Marvel Studios, Hollywood's first major independent film studio since DreamWorks Pictures. Kevin Feige, Arad's second-in-command, realized that unlike Spider-Man, Blade, and the X-Men, whose film rights were licensed to Sony, New Line Cinema, and Fox, respectively, Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the Avengers. Feige, a self-described "fanboy", envisioned creating a shared universe, just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done with their comic books in the early 1960s.
To raise capital, the studio secured funding from a seven-year, $525 million revolving credit facility with Merrill Lynch. Marvel's plan was to release individual films for their main characters and then merge them in a crossover film. Arad doubted the strategy, but insisted that it was his reputation that helped secure the initial financing. He resigned the following year. In 2007, at 33 years old, Feige was named studio chief. In order to preserve its artistic integrity, Marvel Studios formed a creative committee of six people familiar with its comic book lore: Feige, Marvel Studios co-president Louis D'Esposito, Marvel Comics' president of publishing Dan Buckley, Marvel's chief creative officer Joe Quesada, writer Brian Michael Bendis, and Marvel Entertainment president Alan Fine, who oversaw the committee. Feige initially referred to the shared narrative continuity of these films as the "Marvel Cinema Universe", but later used the term "Marvel Cinematic Universe". Since the franchise expanded to other media, this phrase has been used by some to refer to the feature films only.
In October 2014, Marvel Studios held a press event to announce the titles of their Phase Three films. By September 2015, after Marvel Studios was integrated into Walt Disney Studios with Feige reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn instead of Marvel Entertainment CEO Isaac Perlmutter, the studios' creative committee had "nominal" input on the films moving forward, though they continued to consult on Marvel Television productions, which remained under Perlmutter's control. All key film decisions going forward were to be made by Feige, D'Esposito and Victoria Alonso. Feige mentioned that Avengers: Endgame (2019) would provide "a definitive end" to the films and storylines preceding it, with the franchise having "two distinct periods. Everything before [Endgame] and everything after". He later said Phase Three would conclude "The Infinity Saga".
By November 2017, Disney was looking to develop a new Marvel television series for their streaming service Disney+. In July 2018, Feige noted discussions had begun with Disney regarding any potential involvement Marvel Studios could have with the streaming service, since Feige felt the service was "an important thing for the company". In September 2018, it was reported that Marvel Studios was developing several limited series centered on "second-tier" characters from the MCU films who had not and were unlikely to star in their own films. Each series was expected to be six to eight episodes, and would be produced by Marvel Studios rather than Marvel Television, with Feige taking a "hands-on role" in each series' development. Feige noted the series being developed for the streaming service would "tell stories... that we wouldn't be able to tell in a theatrical experience – a longer-form narrative". He also added that being asked by Disney to create these series "energized everyone creatively" within Marvel Studios, since they "could play in a new medium and throw the rules out the window in terms of structure and format". Television specials from the studio are marketed as "Marvel Studios Special Presentations". The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022), a Special Presentation, was the first piece of content Marvel Studios planned to create for Disney+.
In July 2019, Feige announced the Phase Four slate at San Diego Comic-Con, consisting of films and, for the first time, television event series on Disney+. The Phase Four slate includes What If...?, the first animated series from Marvel Studios, and by July 2021 the studio was creating an "animation branch and mini studio", known as Marvel Studios Animation, to focus on more animated content beyond What If...?. Alonso confirmed that Marvel Studios had around 31 projects in various stages of development by September 2021. In April 2022, Feige said he and Marvel Studios were on a creative retreat to plan and discuss the MCU films for the following 10 years. That July, Feige announced some of the films and series for Phase Five and Phase Six at San Diego Comic-Con, revealing that the second three Phases were collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga". Feige explained that Marvel Studios realized during development on Phase Four that it would be different from the first three phases, with more projects over a shorter period of time. This also came after the "creative experience" of ending Phase Three and "The Infinity Saga" with Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and Avengers: Endgame. Therefore, instead of "culminat[ing] every 10 months in an Avengers movie" they decided to leave that culmination until the end of "The Multiverse Saga", with the second three phases all building to Avengers: The Kang Dynasty (2026) and Avengers: Secret Wars (2027). Marvel Studios was excited to explore Kang the Conqueror as an overarching villain of the Multiverse Saga after Thanos in the Infinity Saga, because Kang was a uniquely different villain in part because he has multiple variants. Additionally, the studio was not initially planning to have the next saga revolve around Kang, but decided to after seeing actor Jonathan Majors' performance in the first season of Loki (2021) and the dailies while filming Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023).
In March 2023, Alonso was fired from her role at Marvel Studios by a group including Disney Entertainment co-chairman Alan Bergman and Disney's human resources and legal departments for serving as a producer on the Amazon Studios film Argentina, 1985 (2022); this was a breach of a 2018 agreement between Alonso and Disney which stated employees would not work for a competing studio. Alonso reportedly did not seek permission to work on the film, and was asked by Disney to stop working on the film, as well as not to promote or publicize it, with the situation "deemed serious enough" that Disney requested a new agreement be signed. Despite this, Alonso continued to promote the film following its September 2022 premiere, and was consistently reminded of her agreement and breach of contract, ultimately leading to her firing. Alonso's lawyers refuted this claim, stating Disney was aware of, and agreed to, Alonso's work on Argentina, 1985, and that she was instead "silenced[... and] was terminated when she refused to do something she believed was reprehensible"; this incident was reported to be a disagreement with a Disney executive over the censoring of gay pride elements in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania in order to release the film in Kuwait and comply with its restrictive anti-LGBTQ laws. A Disney spokesperson reiterated the notion that she was fired due to "an indisputable breach of contract and a direct violation of company policy" among other "key factors". Disney and Alonso reached a multi-million dollar compensation settlement in April.
In July 2023, Disney CEO Bob Iger stated the company would be reducing the spending and creation of Marvel content, admitting that Marvel Studios' expansion into Disney+ series and more films had "diluted focus and attention" after a number of underachieving films at the box office.
Integration of assets from 21st Century Fox
In December 2017, the Walt Disney Company agreed to acquire assets from 21st Century Fox, including 20th Century Fox. The transaction officially closed on March 19, 2019. The acquisition saw the return of the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters to Marvel Studios, which would "create richer, more complex worlds of inter-related characters and stories". Some of the first elements previously controlled by 20th Century Fox to be integrated into the MCU were the organization S.W.O.R.D. in the Disney+ series WandaVision and the fictional country Madripoor in the series The Falcon and the Winter Soldier. Additionally, Patrick Stewart appeared as Earth-838 Professor Charles Xavier in Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), portraying a different version of the character that he previously played in 20th Century Fox's X-Men film series, while Kamala Khan was revealed to have a genetic mutation in Ms. Marvel, with star Iman Vellani confirming she was the first mutant in the MCU. Namor is also revealed to be a mutant in Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022) as he is in the comics.
Marvel Television
In June 2010, Marvel Television was launched with Jeph Loeb as head. By July 2012, Marvel Television had entered into discussions with ABC to create a show set in the MCU; the network ultimately created the series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Agent Carter, and Inhumans, which was a co-production with IMAX Corporation. In November 2013, Disney was set to provide Netflix with the live-action series Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, and Iron Fist, leading up to the miniseries The Defenders. In April 2016, Netflix ordered The Punisher, a spin-off of Daredevil. By February 2019, Netflix had canceled all of its Marvel series. In April 2016, the Disney-owned cable network Freeform announced Cloak & Dagger. In May 2017, Marvel announced that Runaways had received a series order from Hulu. In May 2019, Marvel announced that Helstrom had been greenlit for Hulu.
In October 2019, further corporate restructuring saw Feige named Chief Creative Officer of Marvel Entertainment, with Marvel Television becoming part of Marvel Studios and executives of Marvel Television reporting to Feige. In December 2019, Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios, with Marvel Studios taking over production of the current series at the time; no further series from Marvel Television were being considered for development. In January 2021, Feige said "never say never" to potentially reviving the Netflix series, but noted Marvel Studios was focused on their new Disney+ series announced at that time. In May 2022, it was revealed that Marvel Studios was developing a new Daredevil series for Disney+, which was announced in July as Daredevil: Born Again.
Other media expansion
In 2008, the first tie-in comic was released. Quesada noted the comics would be set within the continuity of the films, but were not intended to be direct adaptions. Rather, they would explore "something that happened off screen" or flesh out something briefly mentioned. Feige was involved with the creation of the comics, with the film's screenwriters sometimes as well. Marvel Comics worked with Brad Winderbaum, Jeremy Latcham, and Will Corona Pilgrim at Marvel Studios to decide which concepts should be carried over from the Marvel Comics Universe to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, what to show in the tie-in comics, and what to leave for the films. Marvel has clarified which of the tie-in comics are considered canonical MCU stories, with the rest merely inspired by the MCU, "where we get to show off all the characters from the film in costume and in comic form".
In August 2011, Marvel announced a series of direct-to-video short films called Marvel One-Shots, the name derived from the label used by Marvel Comics for their one-shot comics. Co-producer Brad Winderbaum called the short films "a fun way to experiment with new characters and ideas" and to expand the MCU. Each short film is designed to be a self-contained story that provides more backstory for characters or events introduced in the films.
In March 2015, Marvel's Vice President of Animation Development and Production, Cort Lane, stated that animated tie-ins to the MCU were "in the works". That July, Marvel Studios partnered with Google to produce the faux news program WHIH Newsfront with Christine Everhart, a series of in-universe YouTube videos serving as the center of a viral marketing campaign to promote the films and universe. In December 2016, a six-part web series, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot, was revealed, which debuted on ABC.com on December 13, 2016. It follows Elena "Yo-Yo" Rodriguez on a secret mission, shortly before the start of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. fourth season, with Natalia Cordova-Buckley reprising her role. In September 2019, Sony created a real version of the fictional The Daily Bugle website as part of a viral marketing campaign to promote the home media release of Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019). Inspired by real-world "conspiracy-pushing" websites such as that of Alex Jones, the website features J. K. Simmons reprising his role as J. Jonah Jameson in a video where he speaks out against Spider-Man before asking viewers to "like and subscribe". In December 2020, Marvel Studios announced I Am Groot, a series of photorealistic animated shorts starring Baby Groot for Disney+.
Business practices
Marvel Studios often puts together a "lookbook" of influences from the comics and art by Marvel's visual development department, to create a visual template for a project. These are put together at company retreats, which the studio holds every "18 months or so" to plan out and develop the phases of the MCU. These lookbooks are not always shown to directors, though, with Marvel sometimes preferring to let the director offer their own ideas first. When choosing a director for a project, Marvel Studios looks for filmmakers to hire who are able to guide a film, with some of their choices considered "out-of-left-field", given a director's previous work. Feige remarked, "You don't have to have directed a big, giant visual-effects movie to do a big, giant visual-effects movie for us. You just have to have done something singularly sort of awesome."
The studio ensures directors are open to the idea of the shared universe and are willing to include connective material, such as Kenneth Branagh and Joe Johnston needing to include Avengers set-up scenes in Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger, respectively. Marvel Studios usually has a big idea they would like to explore or build to in a project, such as Hydra infiltrating S.H.I.E.L.D. in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, with it up to the filmmakers to interpret and "improv a little bit" to get there. After these ideas have been developed, the creative team then begins to explore ideas happening in other future projects to see how to make any larger universe connections. There was large amount of collaboration between the Russo brothers and writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely with the other Phase Three directors and writers to make sure "everything line[d] up right" for the MCU's "culmination" in Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame.
Marvel Studios also began contracting their actors for multiple films, including signing actor Samuel L. Jackson to a then "unprecedented" nine-movie contract. Feige said the studio has all actors sign contracts for multiple films, with the norm being for three or more, and the nine or twelve film deals "more rare". The actors' contracts also feature clauses that allows Marvel to use up to three minutes of an actor's performance from one film in another, which Marvel describes as "bridging material". By the start of Phase Four, Marvel Studios was no longer contracting actors for a large number of projects, with deal lengths varying for each actor and project. Feige said the studio was looking for actors who were excited to join the franchise and appear in multiple projects without being locked into contractual obligations. He also noted that they were starting to include theme park attractions in actors' deals.
In August 2012, Marvel signed Joss Whedon to an exclusive contract through June 2015 for film and television. With the deal, Whedon would "contribute creatively" on Phase Two of the MCU and develop the first television series set in the universe. In April 2017, James Gunn revealed he would be working with Marvel "to help design where [the Guardians of the Galaxy characters'] stories go, and make sure the future of the Marvel Cosmic Universe is as special and authentic and magical as what we have created so far". In November 2022, Gunn became co-head of DC Studios, signing a deal for four years and to work exclusively on DC projects. By December 2020, because of the impact COVID-19 had on theaters and film studios shifting away from theatrical releases, Marvel Studios began exploring updated contracts for actors, writers, directors, and producers to receive adjusted compensation in the event a film had to debut on Disney+ instead of in theaters. TheWrap reported it was believed the new contracts would only apply to films about to enter production, and was unclear if any adjustments would be made to contracts for films already completed but not yet released.
For Marvel Television, Loeb explained that they saw themselves as producers providing support to the showrunner: "we're involved in every aspect of the production—whether it's being in the writers' room, editing on set, casting—every step of the production goes through the Marvel team to tell the best story that we can." He added that the studio is able to work on so many series across different networks and platforms because all they needed was one person from the studio working on each series to help "guide the process". Actors appearing in Marvel Television series, such as Charlie Cox (Matt Murdock / Daredevil in Daredevil) and Adrianne Palicki (Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.), were contractually obliged to appear in a Marvel film if asked. When developing the crossover miniseries The Defenders, showrunner Marco Ramirez consulted with the creators of all the individual Marvel Netflix series, having them read each of the scripts for The Defenders and provide insight into individual characters' worlds. In December 2021, Feige confirmed that Cox would reprise the role of Daredevil in Marvel Studios MCU productions, with Cox first reprising the role in the film Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021). Additionally, D'Onofrio first reprises his role as Kingpin in the Disney+ series Hawkeye (2021).
Feature films
Marvel Studios releases its films in groups called "Phases".
The Infinity Saga
The first three phases are collectively known as "The Infinity Saga". Phase One consists of Iron Man (2008), The Incredible Hulk (2008), Iron Man 2 (2010), Thor (2011), and Captain America: The First Avenger (2011), and concludes with the crossover film The Avengers (2012). Phase Two comprises Iron Man 3 (2013), Thor: The Dark World (2013), Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014), Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), and Ant-Man (2015). Captain America: Civil War (2016) is the first film of Phase Three, and is followed by Doctor Strange (2016), Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017), Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Black Panther (2018), Avengers: Infinity War (2018), Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018), Captain Marvel (2019), Avengers: Endgame (2019), and Spider-Man: Far From Home (2019).
The Multiverse Saga
The second three phases are collectively known as "The Multiverse Saga", and include television series on Disney+. Phase Four includes Black Widow (2021), Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings (2021), Eternals (2021), Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021), Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness (2022), Thor: Love and Thunder (2022), and Black Panther: Wakanda Forever (2022). Phase Five begins with Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania (2023), followed by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 (2023), The Marvels (2023), Deadpool 3 (2024), Captain America: Brave New World (2024), Thunderbolts (2024), and Blade (2025). Phase Six begins with Fantastic Four (2025), and will conclude with Avengers: The Kang Dynasty (2026) and Avengers: Secret Wars (2027).
Television series and specials
Marvel Television series
Marvel Television produced multiple television series set in the MCU across broadcast, streaming, and cable. Its ABC series included Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013–2020), Agent Carter (2015–2016), and Inhumans (2017); its Netflix series included Daredevil (2015–2018), Jessica Jones (2015–2019), Luke Cage (2016–2018), Iron Fist (2017–2018), the crossover miniseries The Defenders (2017), and The Punisher (2017–2019); its young adult series included Runaways (2017–2019) streaming on Hulu and Cloak & Dagger (2018–2019) airing on Freeform; and the Hulu series Helstrom (2020) was originally intended to be the start of a planned "Adventure into Fear" franchise, but ultimately was "not tied to the MCU", according to showrunner Paul Zbyszewski.
Marvel Studios series
Beginning with Phase Four, television series, which released on Disney+, were included as part of the Phases in addition to their feature films. Phase Four includes the series WandaVision (2021), The Falcon and the Winter Soldier (2021), the first season of Loki (2021), the first season of the animated series What If...? (2021), Hawkeye (2021), Moon Knight (2022), Ms. Marvel (2022), and She-Hulk: Attorney at Law (2022). The television specials Werewolf by Night (2022) and The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special (2022) are also included in the phase. Phase Five includes Secret Invasion (2023), the second season of Loki (2023), the second season of What If...? (2023), Echo (2024), Agatha: Darkhold Diaries (2024), Ironheart (TBD), and Daredevil: Born Again (TBD).
Short films
Marvel One-Shots
Marvel One-Shots are a series of direct-to-video short films that are included as special features in the MCU films' Blu-ray and digital distribution releases. The films included The Consultant (2011), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer (2011), Item 47 (2012), Agent Carter (2013), and All Hail the King (2014).
Following the One-Shots becoming available on Disney+ in January 2022, Marvel classified the Team Thor mockumentary shorts as One-Shots. Team Thor is a series of direct-to-video mockumentary short films that were released from 2016 to 2018, consisting of Team Thor, Team Thor: Part 2, and Team Darryl, all written and directed by Taika Waititi.
I Am Groot
I Am Groot is a series of photorealistic animated short films for Disney+ starring Baby Groot going on adventures with new and unusual characters. Vin Diesel reprises his role, with five shorts releasing on August 10, 2022. A second season, also consisting of five shorts, was released on September 6, 2023.
Other media
Digital series
WHIH Newsfront (2015–16) is an in-universe current affairs show that serves as a viral marketing campaign for some of the MCU films, created in partnership with Google for YouTube. The campaign is an extension of the fictional news network WHIH World News, which is seen reporting on major events in many MCU films and television series. Leslie Bibb reprises her role as Christine Everhart from the Iron Man films.
Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.: Slingshot (2016) is a digital series created for ABC.com and produced by Marvel Television that is a supplement to Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., with the main cast reprising their roles.
The first two seasons of The Daily Bugle (2019–present) are an in-universe current affairs show serving as viral marketing campaign for the films Spider-Man: Far From Home and Spider-Man: No Way Home, with the videos released on YouTube and TikTok. It is based on the fictional sensationalist news outlet of the same name that appears in the MCU—itself based on the fictional newspaper agency of the same name appearing in several Marvel Comics publications. J. K. Simmons and Angourie Rice reprise their roles as J. Jonah Jameson and Betty Brant from the Spider-Man films.
Comic books
Multiple limited series or one-shot comics have been published by Marvel Comics that tie-into the MCU films and television series. They are intended to tell additional stories about existing characters, or to make connections between MCU projects, without necessarily expanding the universe or introducing new concepts or characters.
Books
The Wakanda Files: A Technological Exploration of the Avengers and Beyond is "a collection of papers, articles, blueprints, and notes amassed throughout history by Wakanda's War Dogs" at the request of Shuri. It is organized by areas of study and covers the technological advancements throughout the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The book, which exists in-universe, was written by Troy Benjamin and published by Epic Ink and Quarto Publishing Group. The Wakanda Files has content printed with UV ink that can be viewed with Kimoyo bead–shaped UV lights included with the book. It was released on October 20, 2020.
Look Out for the Little Guy, the fictional memoir written by Scott Lang as seen in Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania, was released by Hyperion Avenue on September 5, 2023. It was created alongside Marvel Studios and the Quantumania filmmakers, and was written by Rob Kutner, featuring "over 20 short pieces exploring different aspects of Scott's experiences" as a father and Avenger. Quantumania writer Jeff Loveness wrote the material from the memoir that was featured in the film.
Music
Various composers have created the film and television scores of the MCU films, television series, One-Shots, Special Presentations, and other related projects of the MCU. Original songs have also been created specifically for use in the franchise, while Brian Tyler and Michael Giacchino have both scored fanfares for the Marvel Studios production logo.
Timeline
As depicted in the MCU
During Phase One of the MCU, Marvel Studios lined up some of their films' stories with references to one another, though they had no long-term plan for the shared universe's timeline at that point. Iron Man 2 is set six months after the events of Iron Man, and around the same time as Thor according to comments made by Nick Fury. Several of Marvel's One-Shot films also occur around the events of Phase One films, including The Consultant (set after the events of Iron Man 2 and The Incredible Hulk), A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer (set before the events of Thor), Item 47 (set after The Avengers), and Agent Carter (set one year after the events of Captain America: The First Avenger).
Wanting to simplify the in-universe timeline, the Phase Two films were set roughly in real time relating to The Avengers: Iron Man 3 takes place about six months later, during Christmas; Thor: The Dark World is set one year later; and Captain America: The Winter Soldier is two years after. Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man ended the phase in 2015, with several months passing between those films in-universe as in real life. The One-Shot All Hail the King is set after the events of Iron Man 3.
For Phase Three, directors the Russo brothers wanted to continue using real time, and so Captain America: Civil War begins a year after Age of Ultron, with Avengers: Infinity War set two years after that. Producer Brad Winderbaum said the Phase Three films would actually "happen on top of each other" while being less "interlocked" as the Phase One films were, with Black Panther and Spider-Man: Homecoming respectively beginning a week and several months after Civil War; Thor: Ragnarok beginning four years after The Dark World and two years after Age of Ultron, around the same time as Civil War and Homecoming; Doctor Strange taking place over a whole year and ending in late 2016, "up to date with the rest of the MCU"; Ant-Man and the Wasp also set two years after Civil War and shortly before Infinity War; and both Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel Vol. 2 being explicitly set in 2014, which Feige believed would create a four-year gap between Vol. 2 and Infinity War, though the other MCU films up to that point do not specify years onscreen. Following Infinity War, the Russo brothers said future films would not necessarily be set according to real time as there are "a lot of very inventive ways of where the story can go from here", with both Ant-Man and the Wasp and Captain Marvel set earlier in the timeline; the latter is set in 1995. Avengers: Endgame begins shortly after Infinity War and ends in 2023 after a five-year time jump. It confirms dates for several of the other films, including The Avengers in 2012, Thor: The Dark World in 2013, Guardians of the Galaxy in 2014, Doctor Strange around 2017, and Ant-Man and the Wasp in 2018 before Infinity War. Spider-Man: Far From Home begins eight months after Endgame in 2024.
With Phase Four, Marvel Studios expanded into television series, which have greater interconnectivity with the MCU feature films than the series from Marvel Television. Many of the properties in the Phase are set after the events of Avengers: Endgame. WandaVision is set three weeks after the events of that film, and directly sets up Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness; The Falcon and the Winter Soldier is set six months after Endgame. Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings is also set after Endgame during the days leading to the Qingming Festival in early April, with She-Hulk: Attorney at Law set "a relatively short amount of time" after Shang-Chi. Eternals takes place around the same time as The Falcon and the Winter Soldier and Spider-Man: Far From Home, six to eight months after Endgame in 2024, while Spider-Man: No Way Home begins immediately after Far From Home, and continues over late 2024. Hawkeye takes place one year after the events of Endgame during the 2024 Christmas season.
Moon Knight is set after Hawkeye in early 2025, while Multiverse of Madness is set after Spider-Man: No Way Home. Ms. Marvel is set after Moon Knight, one to two years after Endgame. Thor: Love and Thunder is set after Endgame, eight and a half years after Thor broke up with Jane Foster, which had occurred by Ragnarok, and "a few weeks" since Thor joined the Guardians of the Galaxy. According to producer Nate Moore, Black Panther: Wakanda Forever is set after No Way Home and Eternals, "potentially concurrent" with Love and Thunder and Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania, though it was placed earlier in the timeline between Moon Knight and She-Hulk: Attorney at Law with its addition to Disney+. The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special is set "a fairly long time" after the events of Love and Thunder and before the events of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3.
The first season of Loki continues from the 2012 events seen in Endgame, but much of the series exists outside of time and space given the introduction of the Time Variance Authority. What If...? is set after Loki first-season finale, exploring the various branching timelines of the newly created multiverse in which major moments from the MCU films occur differently. The second season of Loki begins immediately after the first-season finale, taking place outside of time and space while some events occur between the past, present, and future. Black Widow is set between Civil War and Infinity War, mostly taking place between the main plot of Civil War and its final scene. The first I Am Groot short is set between the end of Guardians of the Galaxy and the start of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, with the remaining shorts set between the end of Vol. 2 and its mid-credits scene. The special Werewolf by Night exists within the MCU but does not state "when, how or why". The director Michael Giacchino has "a very specific idea" of how the special fits into the MCU that had not been discussed with Marvel Studios.
In Phase Five, Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania is set in 2026, around the same time as the events of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever and the beginning of Ms. Marvel. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 is set after the Holiday Special. Secret Invasion is set thirty years after the events of Captain Marvel around 2026, after the events of Far From Home and Wakanda Forever.
Codifying attempts
Background
The official canon tie-in comic Fury's Big Week confirmed that The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man 2, and Thor all took place within a week, a year before the crossover film The Avengers. Writers Christopher Yost and Eric Pearson tried to follow the logic of the films' timeline when plotting the comic, and received "the seal of approval" from Feige and Marvel Studios on the final timeline. Marvel released an official infographic detailing this timeline in May 2012 in its The Art of Marvel's The Avengers book. This timeline's scale is shown in relation to Tony Stark revealing he is Iron Man at the end of Iron Man, with events set "BIM" (Before Iron Man) and "AIM" (After Iron Man).
When Spider-Man: Homecoming was being developed, director and co-writer Jon Watts was shown a scroll detailing the MCU timeline that was created by co-producer Eric Carroll when he first began working for Marvel Studios. Watts said the scroll included both where the continuity of the films lined-up and did not lineup, and when fully unfurled it extended beyond the length of a long conference table. This scroll was used as the basis to weave the continuity of Homecoming into the previous films, such as The Avengers. This was labeled in the film with a title card stating that eight years pass between the end of The Avengers and the events of Civil War, which was widely criticized as a continuity error that broke the established MCU timeline, in which only four years should have passed. Additionally, dialogue in Civil War indicates that eight years pass between the end of Iron Man and the events of that film, despite the established continuity being closer to five or six years. Infinity War co-director Joe Russo described the Homecoming eight years time jump as "very incorrect", and the mistake was ignored in Infinity War, which specified that its events were taking place only six years after The Avengers.
Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years timeline
The public response to the Homecoming mistake inspired Marvel Studios to release a new timeline for all three phases, and in November 2018, a timeline, specifying dates for the events in each film released to that point, was included as part of the sourcebook Marvel Studios: The First 10 Years, celebrating the 10-year anniversary of the MCU. This timeline ignores the two "eight-year" continuity errors, but also contradicts the events of Black Panther and Infinity War by placing them in 2017. Despite the latter apparent mistakes, Thomas Bacon of Screen Rant described the timeline as "the closest Marvel has yet come to making an official statement on just when the different MCU events are set", bringing "some sense of balance to the MCU continuity".
Disney+ timeline
In October 2020, the Marvel section of Disney+ was restructured to include groupings of the films by phase, as well as a grouping that put the films in timeline order. Bacon felt the placement of Thor: The Dark World between The Avengers and Iron Man 3 and Black Panther after Captain America: Civil War in this timeline corrected "previous issues" with their placement in the November 2018 First 10 Years timeline, and was glad Disney and Marvel "recognize[d] it's possible to watch these movies in anything other than release order", "legitimiz[ing]" this viewing experience. The Incredible Hulk, Spider-Man: Homecoming, and Spider-Man: Far From Home were excluded since Disney did not have their distribution rights, but Bacon felt The Incredible Hulk could be viewed after Iron Man 2 since it is simultaneous with that film, Homecoming could come after Black Panther, and Far From Home could be viewed after Avengers: Endgame. Julia Alexander at The Verge agreed with Bacon that it "seems like Disney finally understands how [some viewers] want to watch Marvel movies". In June 2022, Homecoming became available on Disney+ in the United Kingdom and Australia, while Far From Home became available on Disney+ in Japan the following month; both were added to the Disney+ timeline in those territories. By August 2022, The Incredible Hulk was added to the Disney+ timeline in territories it was available in such as Spain and Japan. Homecoming became available in the United States and was added to the timeline in May 2023. Marvel Studios regained the distribution rights to The Incredible Hulk in June 2023, with it subsequently made available in the United States on Disney+. Far From Home will become available in the United States in November 2023.
With the release of Thor: Love and Thunder on Disney+ in September 2022, Bacon and his colleague Molly Jae Weinstein noted how the film's placement in the timeline order section on the platform seemed incorrect, with Bacon saying it made "no sense" given dialogue and events in the film that contradicted this placement, and also pointing out how Shang-Chi and Moon Knight placements also ignored dating information given in each. Bacon said, "The MCU's timeline is now complicated by the sheer volume of Marvel films and TV shows currently in production, because even Marvel's key decision-makers don't really know quite what order things will be released." Unlike the earlier phases where each new project was the next chronological title in the timeline, Phase Four "has hopped around the timeline with impunity", which in turn made it "rather messy". Bacon added how viewers have noted the Disney+ timeline was "deeply flawed" with "numerous contradictions". With the release of The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, Bacon believed its placement on the Disney+ timeline "fixed" Love and Thunder placement, thinking that film should be placed in late 2024 on the timeline. He also pointed out how new projects typically get added to the end of the Disney+ timeline, "even when such placements can't possibly be right". In November 2022, Bacon noted how Far From Home appearance in the Disney+ timeline between The Falcon and the Winter Soldier and Shang-Chi could not be correct given story points in each of those projects indicating where they fell in the timeline, and hoped Marvel would correct these mistakes as it had done previously with Black Widow and Black Panther.
As of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, the Disney+ timeline order is Captain America: The First Avenger, Agent Carter, Captain Marvel, Iron Man, Iron Man 2, The Incredible Hulk, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor's Hammer, Thor, The Consultant, The Avengers, Item 47, Thor: The Dark World, Iron Man 3, All Hail the King, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, I Am Groot episode 1, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, I Am Groot episodes 2–10, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ant-Man, Captain America: Civil War, Black Widow, Black Panther, Spider-Man: Homecoming, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Ant-Man and the Wasp, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame, Loki, What If...?, WandaVision, Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, The Falcon and the Winter Soldier, Spider-Man: Far From Home, Eternals, Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, Hawkeye, Moon Knight, Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, She-Hulk: Attorney at Law, Ms. Marvel, Thor: Love and Thunder, Werewolf by Night, The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special, Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, and Secret Invasion.
The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline
By August 2022, Marvel Studios had hired an individual to keep track of the placement of the studio's projects in the MCU timeline. DK released a book titled The Marvel Cinematic Universe: An Official Timeline on October 24, 2023. The book, written by journalists Anthony Breznican, Amy Ratcliffe, and Rebecca Theodore-Vachon, was made in collaboration with Marvel Studios to provide an updated timeline of the MCU. Winderbaum said the book was the first time the studio was "officially laying out the timeline". The book covers the first four phases.
Multiverse
The Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A to Z, Vol. 5, published in 2008, originally designated the Marvel Cinematic Universe as Earth-199999 within the continuity of Marvel's comic multiverse, a collection of fictional alternate universes, although this designation was rarely used officially outside of the source material. The television series Loki and What If...? were the first to explore the concept of the multiverse within the MCU, as well as the film Spider-Man: No Way Home, which connected the MCU to other Spider-Man film franchises by featuring characters from Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man films, and Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU). The SSU film Venom: Let There Be Carnage briefly featured the main universe of the MCU as well. In Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, the main universe of MCU events was designated as Earth-616 (a designation first referenced in Spider-Man: Far From Home), sharing the name of the main Marvel Comics universe, while another universe was designated as Earth-838. Sony's animated Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023) references the events of No Way Home, citing the MCU's primary reality as Earth-199999. Phases Four, Five, and Six will comprise "The Multiverse Saga".
Recurring cast and characters
Additionally, Paul Bettany was the first actor to portray two main characters within the universe, voicing Tony Stark's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. in the Iron Man and Avengers films, and portraying Vision in Avengers films, Captain America: Civil War, and the miniseries WandaVision. J. K. Simmons became the first actor to reprise a non-MCU role in the MCU when he appeared as J. Jonah Jameson (a role he played in Sam Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy from 2002 to 2007) in Spider-Man: Far From Home.
Prior to his death in 2018, Stan Lee, creator or co-creator of many of the characters seen in the MCU, made cameo appearances in all of the feature films and television series except Inhumans. In Iron Fist, it is revealed his on-set photograph cameo in the Marvel Netflix series is as NYPD Captain Irving Forbush. His cameo in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 sees Lee appearing as an informant to the Watchers, discussing previous adventures that include Lee's cameos in other MCU films; he specifically mentions his time as a FedEx delivery man, referring to Lee's cameo in Captain America: Civil War. This acknowledged the fan theory that Lee may be portraying the same character in all his cameos, with writer and director James Gunn noting that "people thought Stan Lee is [Uatu the Watcher] and that all of these cameos are part of him being a Watcher. So, Stan Lee as a guy who is working for the Watchers was something that I thought was fun for the MCU." Feige added that Lee "clearly exists, you know, above and apart from the reality of all the films. So the notion that he could be sitting there on a cosmic pit stop during the jump gate sequence in Guardians...really says, so wait a minute, he's this same character who's popped up in all these films?" Following Lee's death, Marvel Studios chose not to create any new Lee cameos in future projects. NY1 news anchor Pat Kiernan has also appeared in multiple MCU films and television series as himself.
Reception
Early on, the shared universe element of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was criticized by some journalists. Around the release of The Avengers in 2012, Jim Vorel of Herald & Review called the Marvel Cinematic Universe "complicated" and "impressive", but said, "As more and more heroes get their own film adaptations, the overall universe becomes increasingly confusing." Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant stated that while The Avengers was a success, "Marvel Studios still has room to improve their approach to building a shared movie universe". Some reviewers criticized the fact that the desire to create a shared universe led to films that did not hold as well on their own. In his review of Thor: The Dark World, Forbes critic Scott Mendelson likened the MCU to "a glorified television series", with The Dark World being a "'stand-alone' episode that contains little long-range mythology". Collider's Matt Goldberg considered that while Iron Man 2, Thor and Captain America: The First Avenger were quality productions, "they have never really been their own movies", feeling that the plot detours to S.H.I.E.L.D. or lead-ups to The Avengers dragged down the films' narratives.
The metaphor of the MCU as "the world's biggest TV show" was discussed again, after the release of Captain America: Civil War, by Emily VanDerWerff of Vox, who felt that film in particular highlighted Marvel's success with the model, saying, "Viewed in complete isolation, the plot of Captain America: Civil War makes little to no sense ... [but] when you think about where [Captain America] has been in earlier Marvel films ... his leeriness about being subject to oversight makes a lot more sense." VanDerWerff continued that when thinking about the MCU as a television series, many "common criticisms people tend to level at it take on a new context" such as complaints that the films are formulaic, lack "visual spark", or "shoehorn in story elements" that "are necessary to set up future films", all characteristics that "are fairly typical on television, where a director's influence is much lower than that of the showrunner", in this case, Feige. Comparing the films to the series Game of Thrones specifically, VanDerWerff noted that each solo film checks "in on various characters and their individual side stories, before bringing everyone together in the finale (or, rather, an Avengers film)", with Guardians of the Galaxy being equivalent to the character Daenerys Targaryen—"both separated by long distances from everybody else". She noted that this format was an extension of early "TV-like" film franchises such as Star Wars, as well as the format of the comics upon which the films are based. "I say all of this not to suggest that film franchises resembling TV series is necessarily a good trend", VanDerWerff concluded, "For as much as I generally enjoy the Marvel movies, I'm disheartened by the possibility that their particular form might take over the film industry ... But I also don't think it's the end of the world if Marvel continues on ... there's a reason TV has stolen so much of the cultural conversation over the past few decades. There's something legitimately exciting about the way the medium tells stories when it's good, and if nothing else, Marvel's success shows the film world could learn from that."
Following the conclusion of season one of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Mary McNamara at the Los Angeles Times praised the connections between that series and the films, stating that "never before has television been literally married to film, charged with filling in the back story and creating the connective tissue of an ongoing film franchise ... [Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.] is now not only a very good show in its own right, it's part of Marvel's multiplatform city-state. It faces a future of perpetual re-invention, and that puts it in the exhilarating first car of television's roller-coaster ride toward possible world domination." Terri Schwartz of Zap2it agreed with this sentiment, stating that "the fact that [Captain America: The Winter Soldier] so influenced the show is game-changing in terms of how the mediums of film and television can be interwoven", though "the fault there seems to be that Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. had to bide time until The Winter Soldier release", which led to much criticism.
In January 2015, Michael Doran of Newsarama and Graeme McMillian of The Hollywood Reporter had a "point-counterpoint" debate in response to the first Ant-Man trailer. Doran stated, "Marvel has raised the bar high that as opposed to just allowing another film to finish under the [MCU] bar, we're all overly and perhaps even eager to overreact to the first thing that doesn't clear it". McMillian responded, "at this point, Marvel's brand is such that I'm not sure it can offer up something like [the trailer] it seeming like a crushing disappointment ... part of Marvel's brand is that it offer the kind of run-of-the-mill superhero movie that you're talking about, that it's ... at least different enough to tweak and play with the genre somehow ... The fact that there's such upset about this trailer being ... well, okay ... suggests to me that the audience expecting something to knock their socks off." Doran concluded, "That does seem to be the point here—the expectations fans now have for everything Marvel Studios ... [and] Marvel going to eventually falter."
After seeing the portrayal of Yellowjacket in Ant-Man, the antagonist of the film, McMillian noted,
Following the release of Jessica Jones, David Priest at CNET wrote about how the series rescues "Marvel from itself ... Jessica Jones takes big steps forward in terms of theme, craft and diversity. It's a good story first, and a superhero show second. And for the first time, the MCU seems like it matters. Our culture needs stories like this. Here's hoping Marvel keeps them coming." For Paul Tassi and Erik Kain of Forbes, watching the series made them question the MCU, with Kain feeling that the "morally complex, violent, dark world of Jessica Jones has no place in the MCU ... right now, the MCU is holding back shows like Jessica Jones and Daredevil, while those shows are contributing absolutely nothing to the MCU." Tassi went so far as to wonder what "the point of the Marvel Cinematic Universe" is, lamenting the lack of major crossovers in the franchise since the Winter Soldier reveal on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and saying that Jessica Jones is "so far removed from the world of The Avengers, it might as well not be in the same universe at all ... [I] really don't understand the point of [the MCU] if they're going to keep everything within it separated off in these little boxes". Conversely, Eric Francisco of Inverse called Jessica Jones lack of overt connections to the MCU "the show's chief advantage. Besides demonstrating how physically wide open the MCU's scope really is, Jessica Jones also proves the MCU's thematic durability."
In April 2016, Marvel Studios revealed that Alfre Woodard would appear in Captain America: Civil War, having already been cast as Mariah Dillard in Luke Cage the previous year. This "raised hopes that Marvel could be uniting its film and Netflix universes", with "one of the first and strongest connections" between the two. Civil War writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely revealed that Woodard would instead be portraying Miriam Sharpe in the film, explaining that she had been cast on the suggestion of Robert Downey, Jr., and they had not learned of her casting in Luke Cage until afterwards. This was not the first instance of actors being cast in multiple roles in the MCU, but this casting was called more "significant", and seen by many as a "disappointing" indication of "the growing divide" and "lack of more satisfying cooperation" between Marvel Studios and Marvel Television following the September 2015 corporate reshuffling of Marvel Entertainment.
Speaking to the 1990s setting of Captain Marvel, "the MCU's first full period piece since Phase One's Captain America: The First Avenger in 2011", Richard Newby of The Hollywood Reporter felt the return of younger versions of some characters introduced and killed in earlier films "open[ed] up the MCU in a whole new way and broaden[ed] the franchise's mantra of 'it's all connected. Speaking specifically to Clark Gregg's appearance as Agent Phil Coulson in the film, Newby noted the appearance "doesn't exactly mend fences between Marvel's film and TV divisions, [but] it does strengthen the connective tissue and the sense that these characters still matter in the grand scheme of Marvel's film plans". He also hoped that continuity from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. would be maintained in Captain Marvel, especially since Coulson has dealt with the Kree in the series. Newby also added that shifting to different time periods would help Marvel Studios "sustain this cinematic universe for the next 10 years" by allowing them to repeat some of the genres previously used, as they could then feel "fresh" and have "different rules and different restraints," as well as allow them to build upon material established in the television series such as Agent Carter. He concluded,
Likewise, in his review of Avengers: Endgame, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal acknowledged the unique achievement that the Marvel Cinematic Universe had accomplished:
Many famous filmmakers expressed different views both on the success and quality of MCU. In October 2019, filmmaker Martin Scorsese openly criticized Marvel films in an interview and during a David Lean lecture in London, later expanded in an op-ed in The New York Times, asserting that these films are not cinema, but are instead the equivalent of theme park rides that lack "mystery, revelation or genuine emotional danger". He also stated that such films are corporation products that have been "market-researched, audience-tested, vetted, modified, revetted and remodified until they're ready for consumption", and that the invasion of such "theme park" films in theaters crowded out films by other directors. Scorsese's remarks were dismissed by directors of MCU films such as Joss Whedon and James Gunn, while they were defended by Francis Ford Coppola, who described the potential effect of Marvel films in the film industry as "despicable". In September 2021, director Denis Villeneuve noted that Marvel films "are nothing more than a 'cut and paste' of others" that have "turned us into zombies a bit". In February 2022, director Roland Emmerich felt large blockbuster films such as the MCU and Star Wars films were "ruining our industry a little", since "nobody does anything original anymore". Conversely, George Miller stated, "To me, it's all cinema. I don't think you can ghettoize it and say, oh this is cinema or that is cinema. It applies to all the arts, to literature, the performing arts, painting and music, in all its form. It's such a broad spectrum, a wide range and to say that anyone is more significant or more important than the other, is missing the point. It's one big mosaic and each bit of work fits into it."
Marvel's American audience was studied by Morning Consult in 2021, which found that only 9% of Marvel's fan base is Gen Z, 64% of fans are White adults, and 42% of fans live in suburban areas.
Cultural impact
Other studios
After the release of The Avengers in May 2012, Tom Russo of Boston.com noted that aside from the occasional "novelty" such as Alien vs. Predator (2004), the idea of a shared universe was virtually unheard of in Hollywood. Since that time, the shared universe model created by Marvel Studios has begun to be replicated by other film studios that held rights to other comic book characters. In April 2014, Tuna Amobi, a media analyst for Standard & Poor's Equity Research Services, stated that in the previous three to five years, Hollywood studios began planning "megafranchises" for years to come, opposed to working one blockbuster at a time. Amobi added, "A lot of these superhero characters were just being left there to gather dust. Disney has proved that this [approach and genre] can be a gold mine." With more studios now "playing the megafranchise game", Doug Creutz, media analyst for Cowen and Company, feels the allure will eventually die for audiences: "If Marvel's going to make two or three films a year, and Warner Brothers is going to do at least a film every year, and Sony's going to do a film every year, and Fox [is] going to do a film every year, can everyone do well in that scenario? I'm not sure they can."
In March 2018, Patrick Shanley of The Hollywood Reporter opined that "the key differences between a regular franchise, such as The Fast and the Furious or Pitch Perfect films, and a shared universe is the amount of planning and interweaving that goes into each individual film. Its all too easy to make a film that exists solely for the purpose of setting up future installments and expanding a world, rather than a film that stands on its own merits while deftly hinting or winking at its place in the larger mythos. In that, the MCU has flourished." He felt that Iron Man "itself was aimed at being an enjoyable stand-alone experience, not as an overall advertisement for 17 subsequent movies. That mentality has persisted through most of the MCU films over the past decade, which is all the more impressive as its roster of heroes now exceeds the two-dozen mark."
DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Pictures
In October 2012, following its legal victory over Joe Shuster's estate for the rights to Superman, Warner Bros. Pictures announced that it planned to move ahead with its long-awaited Justice League film, uniting such DC Comics superheroes as Batman, Superman, and Wonder Woman. The company was expected to take the opposite approach to Marvel, releasing individual films for the characters after they have appeared in a team-up film. The release of Man of Steel in 2013 was intended to be the start of a new shared universe for DC, "laying the groundwork for the future slate of films based on DC Comics". In 2014, Warner Bros. announced that slate of films, similarly to Disney and Marvel claiming dates for films years in advance. That year, DC chief creative officer Geoff Johns stated that the television series Arrow and The Flash were set in a separate universe from the new film one, later clarifying that "We look at it as the multiverse. We have our TV universe and our film universe, but they all co-exist. For us, creatively, it's about allowing everyone to make the best possible product, to tell the best story, to do the best world. Everyone has a vision and you really want to let the visions shine through ... It's just a different approach [to Marvel's]."
Discussing the apparent failure of the cinematic universe's first team-up film, Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016), to establish a successful equivalent to the MCU, Emily VanDerWerff noted that where the MCU has a television-like "showrunner" in Feige, "the visionary behind Marvel's entire slate", the DCEU has director Zack Snyder, whose DC films "seemingly start from the assumption that people have come not to see an individual story but a long series of teases for other ones. It's like he knows what he needs to do but can't focus on the task at hand. TV certainly isn't immune to that problem, but shows that get caught up in high-concept premises and big-picture thinking before doing the necessary legwork to establish characters and their relationships tend to be canceled." Subsequently, in May 2016, Warner Bros. gave oversight of the DCEU to Johns and executive Jon Berg in an attempt to "unify the disparate elements of the DC movies" and emulate Marvel's success. The two were made producers on the Justice League films, on top of Johns' involvement in several "solo" films, such as the post-production process of Suicide Squad (2016) or the writing process of a standalone Batman film. After the successful release of Wonder Woman in June 2017, DC decided to begin deemphasizing the shared nature of their films, with DC Entertainment president Diane Nelson stating, "Our intention, certainly, moving forward is using the continuity to help make sure nothing is diverging in a way that doesn't make sense, but there's no insistence upon an overall story line or interconnectivity in that universe... Moving forward, you'll see the DC movie universe being a universe, but one that comes from the heart of the filmmaker who's creating them." Additionally, DC began focusing on films "completely separate from everything else, set entirely outside" the DCEU as part of a new label, with the first film centered on the Joker. In August 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery CEO David Zaslav announced a 10-year plan for the DC Extended Universe similar to the one that Horn and Iger employed with Feige for the MCU, with James Gunn and Peter Safran appointed in October 2022 to serve as the co-chairmen and co-CEOs of the newly formed DC Studios to develop a new DC shared universe, the first content for which was announced in January 2023.
20th Century Fox
In November 2012, 20th Century Fox announced plans to create their own shared universe, consisting of Marvel properties that it holds the rights to including the Fantastic Four and X-Men, with the hiring of Mark Millar as supervising producer. Millar said, "Fox are thinking, 'We're sitting on some really awesome things here. There is another side of the Marvel Universe. Let's try and get some cohesiveness going.' So they brought me in to oversee that really. To meet with the writers and directors to suggest new ways we could take this stuff and new properties that could spin out of it." X-Men: Days of Future Past, released in 2014, was Fox's first step towards expanding their stable of Marvel properties and creating this universe, ahead of the release of a Fantastic Four reboot film the next year. In May 2014, Days of Future Past and Fantastic Four screenwriter Simon Kinberg stated that the latter film would not take place in the same universe as the X-Men films, explaining that "none of the X-Men movies have acknowledged the notion of a sort of superhero team—the Fantastic Four. And the Fantastic Four acquire powers, so for them to live in a world where mutants are prevalent is kind of complicated, because you're like, 'Oh, you're just a mutant.' Like, 'What's so fantastic about you?' ... they live in discrete universes." In July 2015, X-Men director Bryan Singer said that there was still potential for a crossover between the X-Men and Fantastic Four franchises, if reactions to Fantastic Four and X-Men: Apocalypse warranted it.
Feeling that Singer's efforts in Apocalypse to establish a larger world, similar to the MCU, did not meet the standards established by Marvel, VanDerWerff noted that unlike Feige's ability to serve as "pseudo-showrunner", Singer is instead "steeped in film and the way movie stories have always been told", so "when it comes time to have Apocalypse dovetail with story threads from the earlier X-Men: First Class", which was directed by Matthew Vaughn, "both Singer's direction and Simon Kinberg's script rely on hackneyed devices and clumsy storytelling", indicating a lack of "the kind of big-picture thinking this sort of mega franchise requires". In his review of Dark Phoenix, Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal characterized the entire X-Men film series as being a "notoriously erratic franchise." In March 2019, the film rights of Deadpool, the X-Men characters, and the Fantastic Four characters returned to Marvel Studios following the Walt Disney Company's acquisition of 21st Century Fox.
Sony Pictures
In November 2013, Sony Pictures Entertainment co-chairman Amy Pascal announced that the studio intended to expand their universe created within Marc Webb's The Amazing Spider-Man series, with spin-off adventures for supporting characters, in an attempt to replicate Marvel and Disney's model. The next month, Sony announced Venom and Sinister Six films, both set in the Amazing Spider-Man universe. With this announcement, IGN stated that the spin-offs are "the latest example of what we can refer to as "the Avengers effect" in Hollywood, as studios work to build interlocking movie universes." Sony chose not to replicate the Marvel Studios model of introducing individual characters first before bringing them together in a team-up film, instead making the Spider-Man adversaries the stars of future films. In February 2015, Sony Pictures and Marvel Studios announced that the Spider-Man franchise would be retooled, with a new film co-produced by Feige and Pascal being released in July 2017, and the character being integrated into the MCU. Sony Pictures would continue to finance, distribute, own, and have final creative control of the Spider-Man films. With this announcement, sequels to The Amazing Spider-Man 2 (2014) were canceled, and by November 2015 the Venom and Sinister Six films, as well as spin-offs based on female characters in the Spider-Man universe, were no longer moving forward. By March 2016, the Venom film had itself been retooled, to start its own franchise unrelated to the MCU Spider-Man. A year later, Sony officially announced the Venom film to be in development, for an October 5, 2018, release, along with a film centered on the characters Silver Sable and Black Cat known as Silver & Black. Both projects were not intended to be a part of the MCU nor spin-offs to Spider-Man: Homecoming, but rather part of an intended separate shared universe known as the Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU). The mid-credits scene of Venom: Let There Be Carnage (2021) hinted at Eddie Brock / Venom joining the MCU, which was confirmed with the release of Spider-Man: No Way Home (2021) through an uncredited cameo appearance in its mid-credits scene. Spider-Man: No Way Home also featured the Spider-Man iterations from Sam Raimi and Webb's Spider-Man films, respectively reprised by Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield.
After Sony canceled their shared universe plans and started sharing the Spider-Man character with Marvel Studios, multiple critics discussed their failure at replicating the MCU. Scott Meslow of The Week noted the perceived flaws of the first Amazing Spider-Man film, outside of its lead performances, and how the sequel "doubles down on all the missteps of the original while adding a few of its own. ...We now have a textbook example of how not to reboot a superhero franchise, and if Sony and Marvel are wise, they'll take virtually all those lessons to heart as they chart Spider-Man's next course." Scott Mendelson noted that The Amazing Spider-Man 2 "was sold as less a sequel to The Amazing Spider-Man than a backdoor pilot for Spider-Man vs. the Sinister Six. ...Had Sony stuck with the original plan of a scaled-down superhero franchise, one that really was rooted in romantic drama, they would have at least stuck out in a crowded field of superhero franchises. When every superhero film is now going bigger, Amazing Spider-Man could have distinguished itself by going small and intimate." This would have saved Sony "a boatload of money", and potentially reversed the film's relative financial failure.
Academia
In September 2014, the University of Baltimore announced a course beginning in the 2015 spring semester revolving around the Marvel Cinematic Universe, to be taught by Arnold T. Blumberg. "Media Genres: Media Marvels" examines "how Marvel's series of interconnected films and television shows, plus related media and comic book sources and Joseph Campbell's monomyth of the 'hero's journey', offer important insights into modern culture" as well as Marvel's efforts "to establish a viable universe of plotlines, characters, and backstories."
Outside media
Avengers Campus
After the acquisition by Disney in 2009, Marvel films began to be marketed at the Innoventions attraction in Tomorrowland at Disneyland. For Iron Man 3, the exhibit, entitled "Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries", featured the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, with the Marks I-VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there was a simulator game, titled "Become Iron Man", that used Kinect-like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of "tests," in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark's workshop. The game was guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also had smaller displays that included helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence in Iron Man 3. The exhibit for Thor: The Dark World was called "Thor: Treasures of Asgard", and featured displays of Asgardian relics and transports guests to Odin's throne room, where they were greeted by Thor. Captain America: The Winter Soldier exhibit, "Captain America: The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage", featured a meet and greet experience.
From May to September 2017, Disneyland Resort featured the "Summer of Heroes", which sees members of the Guardians and Avengers making appearances throughout the Disneyland Resort. Additionally, the Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Dance Off event was featured, which involved Peter Quill / Star-Lord blasting music from his boombox, along with the Avengers Training Initiative, a limited experience where Black Widow and Hawkeye "assemble a group of young recruits to see if they have what it takes to be an Avenger." Marvel-related food and merchandise was also available throughout Hollywood Land at Disney California Adventure during the "Summer of Heroes".
In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced three new Marvel-themed areas inspired by the MCU to Disney California Adventure, Walt Disney Studios Paris, and Hong Kong Disneyland. The developments will be designed by Walt Disney Imagineering in collaboration with Marvel Studios and Marvel Themed Entertainment. As was established with Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!, Avengers Campus exists in its own theme park universe that is inspired by the MCU. Being in the MCU multiverse, Avengers Campus has a shared history with the MCU proper, with a few notable exceptions being the Blip from Avengers: Infinity War did not occur, and some characters who died, such as Tony Stark, are still alive.
Hong Kong Disneyland
In October 2013, the Iron Man Experience attraction was announced for Hong Kong Disneyland. It is set in the Tomorrowland section of the park, with the area built to look like a new Stark Expo created by Tony Stark after the 2010 one, as seen in Iron Man 2, with various exhibit halls that include the Mark III armor from the films. The area also has Iron Man and Marvel-themed merchandise items and memorabilia, plus an interactive game where guests can have the chance to try on Iron Man's armor. Iron Man Experience sees guests assist Iron Man in defeating Hydra throughout Hong Kong, and opened on January 11, 2017.
In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Hong Kong Disneyland and a new attraction where guests team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp, to join Iron Man Experience. Inspired by Ant-Man and the Wasp, Ant-Man and The Wasp: Nano Battle! is an enclosed interactive dark ride that sees guests use laser powered weapons to team up with Ant-Man and the Wasp to defeat Arnim Zola and his army of Hydra swarm bots. Ant Man and the Wasp: Nano Battle! replaces the Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters ride, and opened on March 31, 2019.
Disney California Adventure
By San Diego Comic-Con 2016, the Tower of Terror at Disney California Adventure was set to be replaced by a new attraction, Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!. Chris Pratt, Zoë Saldaña, Dave Bautista and Benicio del Toro all filmed exclusive footage for the attraction, reprising their roles as Peter Quill / Star-Lord, Gamora, Drax and Taneleer Tivan / The Collector, respectively. James Gunn, director of Guardians of the Galaxy and its sequel, directed footage for the attraction and consulted on all aspects of it. Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout! sees visitors assisting Rocket to rescue the other Guardians from the Collector's fortress, while the attraction features randomized events during the experience and music inspired by the Awesome Mix Vol. 1 soundtrack. The attraction opened on May 27, 2017.
In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU at Disney California Adventure, anchored by Mission: Breakout!, that sees characters from the MCU such as Iron Man and Spider-Man join the Guardians of the Galaxy in a "completely immersive superhero universe." The area replaced the "A Bug's Land" area, which closed in mid-2018 to start construction on the Marvel area. Tom Holland reprises his role as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the attraction Web Slingers: A Spider-Man Adventure, in which Parker has set up W.E.B. (the Worldwide Engineers Brigade) to inspire a new generation to use technology to save the world. Riders are recruited by Spider-Man into the initiative to stop his malfunctioning Spider-Bots. Web Slingers was directed by Spider-Man director Jon Watts along with Brett Strong, and was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by Framestore. A one-act version of Rogers: The Musical premiered at the Hyperion Theater on June 30, 2023, and ran for a limited time until August 31.
Walt Disney Studios Park
In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU to Disneyland Paris' Walt Disney Studios Park. The area includes a reimagined attraction where riders team up with Iron Man and other Avengers on a "hyper-kinetic adventure" on July 20, 2022. The park also hosted the "Summer of Super Heroes" live-action stage show from June–September 2018.
Disney cruises
In July 2021, the immersive family dining experience "Avengers: Quantum Encounter" at the Worlds of Marvel restaurant on the Disney Wish cruise ship was announced, which debuted when the cruise began voyages on July 14, 2022. The experience takes place during dinner with interactive elements and a full CGI recreation of the Wish upper decks. Paul Rudd, Evangeline Lilly, Anthony Mackie, Brie Larson, Kerry Condon, and Iman Vellani reprised their MCU roles, while Ross Marquand voiced Ultron after previously doing so in What If...?, in which he replaced James Spader. Chris Waitt directed Rudd and Lilly's content, which was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by Framestore. The Marvels director Nia DaCosta filmed Vellani and Larson's content in London ahead of principal photography for the film.
In September 2023, the Wishs sister ship the Disney Treasure was announced to also include the Worlds of Marvel restaurant with two nights of distinct shows and menus, featuring an appearance by Spider-Man. The Marvel Super Hero Academy is also included on the cruise, where young kids can train to be superheroes with Spider-Man, Black Panther, and Ant-Man. These will be available on the Treasure when it begins voyages on December 21, 2024.
Other live attractions
Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.
In May 2014, the Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. (Scientific Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative Network) exhibit opened at the Discovery Times Square center. The exhibit features replica set pieces, as well as actual props from the films, mixed with interactive technology and information, crafted through a partnership with NASA and other scientists. Titus Welliver also provides a "debrief" to visitors, reprising his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Felix Blake. Created by Victory Hill Exhibits, Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N. cost $7.5 million to create, and ran through early September 2015.
The exhibit also opened in South Korea at the War Memorial of Korea in April 2015, in Paris, France, at Esplanade de La Défense a year later, and in Las Vegas at the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in June 2016. The Las Vegas version of the exhibit featured updated character details and corresponding science to incorporate the Marvel films that have released since the original exhibit in New York. Additionally, the Las Vegas version features Cobie Smulders reprising her role as Maria Hill to "debrief" visitors, replacing Welliver.
GOMA exhibit
An art exhibit, titled Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe, was displayed exclusively at the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art (GOMA) from May to September 2017. The exhibit, which included "300 plus objects, films, costumes, drawings and other ephemera", featured content "from the collection of Marvel Studios and Marvel Entertainment and private collections" with "significant focus [given] to the creative artists who translate the drawn narrative to the screen through production design and storyboarding, costume and prop design, and special effects and post-production". Marvel: Creating the Cinematic Universe was also extended to GOMA's Australian Cinémathèque with a retrospective of the MCU films.
Avengers: Damage Control
In October 2019, Marvel Studios and ILMxLAB announced the virtual reality experience Avengers: Damage Control. The experience would be available for a limited time starting in mid-October 2019 at select Void VR locations. Avengers: Damage Control sees players taking control of one of Shuri's Emergency Response Suits–which combine Wakandan and Stark Industries technologies–to defeat a threat alongside Doctor Strange, Ant-Man, and the Wasp. Letitia Wright, Benedict Cumberbatch, Paul Rudd, and Evangeline Lilly all reprise their MCU roles, while Ross Marquand voices Ultron, replacing James Spader. The experience was extended to the end of 2019.
Live-action specials
Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe (2014)
On March 18, 2014, ABC aired a one-hour television special titled Marvel Studios: Assembling a Universe, which documented the history of Marvel Studios and the development of the Marvel Cinematic Universe and included exclusive interviews and behind-the-scenes footage from all of the films, One-Shots, and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and sneak peeks of Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: The Winter Soldier, Guardians of the Galaxy, unaired episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., and Ant-Man. Brian Lowry of Variety felt the special, "contains a pretty interesting business and creative story. While it might all make sense in hindsight, there was appreciable audacity in Marvel's plan to release five loosely connected movies from the same hero-filled world, beginning with the cinematically unproven Iron Man and culminating with superhero team The Avengers. As such, this fast-moving hour qualifies as more than just a cut-and-paste job from electronic press kits, although there's an element of that, certainly." The special was released on September 9, 2014, on the home media for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1.
Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop! (2014)
In September 2014, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated that in order to meet production demands and avoid having to air repeat episodes, ABC would likely air a Marvel special in place of a regular installment at some point during the first ten episodes of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. second season. In October, the special was revealed to be Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, which was hosted by Emily VanCamp, who portrays Agent 13 in Captain America: The Winter Soldier, and aired on November 4, 2014. The special features behind the scenes footage from Avengers: Age of Ultron and Ant-Man, as well as footage from the Agent Carter television series previously screened at New York Comic Con. Brian Lowry of Variety felt an hour for the special did not "do the topic justice" adding, "For anyone who has seen more than one Marvel movie but would shrug perplexedly at the mention of Jack Kirby or Steve Ditko, Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp To Pop! should probably be required viewing. Fun, fast-paced and encompassing many of the company's highlights along with a few lowlights, it's a solid primer on Marvel's history, while weaving in inevitable self-promotion and synergistic plugs." Eric Goldman of IGN also wished the special had been longer, adding, "Understandably, the more you already know about Marvel, the less you'll be surprised by Marvel 75 Years: From Pulp to Pop!, but it's important to remember who this special is really made for – a mainstream audience who have embraced the Marvel characters, via the hugely successful movies, in a way no one could have imagined."
Marvel Studios: Expanding the Universe (2019)
In November 2019, Disney+ announced that the streaming platform would include Expanding the Universe, a special that features a look at the original MCU TV series for Disney+, with interviews and concept art.
Bilibili New Year's Gala (2020)
A Marvel-themed orchestra performance of an extended version of Brian Tyler's Marvel Studios theme and Alan Silvestri's theme from The Avengers took place during China's Bilibili New Year's Gala on December 31, 2020, to promote the 2021 Marvel Studios film releases.
Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special (2021)
A special titled Marvel Studios' 2021 Disney+ Day Special, which looked at the future of the MCU on Disney+, was released on the service on November 12, 2021, as part of its "Disney+ Day" celebration.
Documentary series
Marvel Studios: Legends (2021–present)
Announced in December 2020, this series examines individual heroes, villains, moments, and objects from the Marvel Cinematic Universe and how they connect, in anticipation of the upcoming stories that will feature them in Phase Four. Marvel Studios: Legends premiered on Disney+ on January 8, 2021, with the release of the first two episodes. Additional episodes were released ahead of a character and objects' appearances in Disney+ series and films.
Marvel Studios: Assembled (2021–present)
Announced in February 2021, each special of the documentary series goes behind the scenes of the making of the MCU films and television series with cast members and additional creatives. Marvel Studios: Assembled premiered on Disney+ on March 12, 2021, with the release of the first special, followed by additional specials.
Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever (2023)
Voices Rising: The Music of Wakanda Forever is a three-part documentary series detailing the creation process of Black Panther: Wakanda Forever soundtrack. It premiered on Disney+ on February 28, 2023. The documentary series was originally scheduled to be removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, as part of Disney's efforts to reduce content costs, but ultimately was decided to remain on the service at that time.
MPower (2023)
In June 2021, Marvel Studios released a casting call for fans of "Marvel's strong women" to be a part of an unscripted Disney+ documentary series showcasing the women who create the MCU in front of and behind the camera, including actors and creatives, and the fans who applied to participate in the series. The series was titled MPower by February 2023 and premiered in its entirety on March 8, 2023, consisting of four episodes titled "The Women of Black Panther", "Captain Marvel", "Scarlet Witch", and "Gamora", which were directed by Quinn Wilson and used archival footage and animation. Its release coincided with International Women's Day. A number of MCU actresses were interviewed to discuss what makes their characters compelling to audiences, including Danai Gurira, Lupita Nyong'o, Florence Kasumba, and Letitia Wright; Brie Larson, Iman Vellani, and Teyonah Parris; Elizabeth Olsen, Kathryn Hahn, and Kat Dennings; and Zoë Saldaña, who executive produced the series alongside Victoria Alonso. Saldaña said the series was a tribute to the representation and empowerment of women with the intent to "ignite meaningful conversations and drive real change towards a more equal and inclusive world." Other creatives who were interviewed for episodes include Marvel Studios executive Trinh Tran, Black Panther costume designer Ruth E. Carter, production designer Hannah Beachler, and editor Debbie Berman. The documentary series was originally scheduled to be removed from Disney+ on May 26, 2023, as part of Disney's efforts to reduce content costs, but ultimately was decided to remain on the service at that time.
Aaron Perine at ComicBook.com believed that the series would have "something for all fans to enjoy" with each character's entry because of the fan appreciation, while BJ Conagelo of /Film stated it was "fantastic to see a thoughtful and in-depth spotlight" of the work by diverse groups of women in the MCU, and found it was "equally as impressive" how much the series analyzed their impact as a "sincere assessment" of the importance of the stories beyond gender representation. Philip Watson at CGMagazine said that while the series seemed focused on "add[ing] depth" to the backstories of the females behind Marvel, a secondary focus was to honor the title and empower women, quoting Kasumba: "You could watch it and think 'people that look like me, we can be Super Heroes too. Kai Young of Screen Rant felt that the series' exclusion of an episode focused on Scarlett Johansson's MCU character Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow was another "insult against" the character as she was "pivotal to the MCU", and had wanted such an episode to focus on developing Romanoff as an individual beyond her relationships with male characters and alongside her family.
Literary material
In September 2015, Marvel announced the Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, named as a nod to the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe. Each guidebook is compiled by Mike O'Sullivan and the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe team, with cover art from Mike del Mundo and Pascal Campion, and features facts about the MCU films, film-to-comic comparisons, and production stills. The guidebooks released each month from October 2015 to January 2016 were Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Iron Man, Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Incredible Hulk / Marvel's Iron Man 2, Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Thor, and Guidebook to the Marvel Cinematic Universe: Marvel's Captain America: The First Avenger.
In November 2018, Marvel and Titan Publishing Group released Marvel Studios: The First Ten Years to celebrate the first ten years of the Marvel Cinematic Universe which featured cast interviews, in-depth sections on each film, and an Easter egg guide. In October 2021, a two-volume book The Story of Marvel Studios: The Making of the Marvel Cinematic Universe was released, written by Tara Bennett and Paul Terry. This collection features a look at the evolution of Marvel Studios, personal stories from the 23-film "Infinity Saga", and interviews with cast and crew members.
In April 2023, W. W. Norton & Company announced MCU: The Reign of Marvel Studios by Joanna Robinson, Dave Gonzales, and Gavin Edwards, for release on October 10, 2023. The book presents an unauthorized look at "the rise and uncertain reign of the MCU, analyzing Marvel Studios' place as a major player in Hollywood and global pop culture" from Marvel Studios' inception, through events in early 2023, conducted through numerous interviews with those closely associated with the MCU. Norton approached the writers to work on a book centered on the MCU in 2019. Robinson explained that the book was originally meant to be an oral history, until Disney was no longer enthused about the book's publication despite initially being open to it, and told current employees and former stars not to talk to the writers. The writers were able to supplement the interviews they were able to get with those from "cultural critics and comics experts" in addition to years of research. Robinson added that because of the long work put into the book, it was able to cover the studio's expansion to television on Disney+, as well as "this current state of what I like to call a 'wobble' in Marvel's long reign", and provide "a lot of answers about how we got here". Additionally, the book was not deterred by the then-recent firings of Alonso and Marvel Entertainment CEO Ike Perlmutter, needing only "a few cosmetic tweaks to weave the whole story together" with Robinson explaining those firings "actually reinforced our sense that we really had captured the story of Marvel in both its triumphs and its stumbling blocks". Robinson was able to interview many of the subjects while Gonazles did the majority of the book's research, with Edwards compiling it all to give the book a "flow".
Video game tie-ins
A Mini Marvel
In February 2016, a commercial for Coca-Cola mini cans aired during Super Bowl 50. A Mini Marvel was created by Wieden+Kennedy for Coca-Cola through a partnership with Marvel, and was directed by the Russo brothers. In the ad, Ant-Man (voiced by Paul Rudd, reprising his role) and the Hulk first fight, and then bond, over a Coke mini can. Luma Pictures provided visual effects for the spot, having worked previously with the two characters in MCU films. For the Hulk, Luma redefined its previous muscular system and simulation process to create and render the character, while Ant-Man received new motion capture. The Super Bowl campaign extended to "limited-edition Coke mini cans [six packs] that are emblazoned with images of Marvel characters, including Hulk, Ant-Man, Black Widow, [Falcon, Iron Man] and Captain America." Consumers had the opportunity to purchase the cans by finding hidden clues in the commercial, though "if the program goes well, Coke will consider making the cans available in stores." The ad had the third most social media activity of all the film-related trailers that aired during the game, and was nominated for Outstanding Visual Effects in a Commercial at the 15th Visual Effects Society Awards.
The Good, the Bart, and the Loki
In June 2021, The Simpsons short film The Good, the Bart, and the Loki was announced, which released alongside "Journey into Mystery", the fifth episode of Loki on Disney+. The short sees Loki teaming up with Bart Simpson in a crossover that pays homage to the heroes and villains of the MCU. Hiddleston reprises his role as Loki in the short.
See also
Features of the Marvel Cinematic Universe
Notes
References
Further reading
External links
MCU timeline: How to watch all 23 Marvel movies in the perfect order
Continuity (fiction)
Fictional universes
Film series based on Marvel Comics
Cinematic Universe
Marvel Entertainment franchises
Mass media franchises introduced in 2008
Mythopoeia
Shared universes
Walt Disney Studios (division) franchises |
22292458 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Ridge%20Mountains%20Council | Blue Ridge Mountains Council | The Blue Ridge Mountains Council is a Boy Scouts of America council located in Roanoke, Virginia, that serves Scouts in southwest and south central Virginia. The Blue Ridge Mountains Council owns and operates the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation in Pulaski County, Virginia, the largest Council-owned Scout reservation in the United States. The council's Tutelo Lodge is part of the Order of the Arrow.
History
The council was formed in 1972, following the merger of the former Piedmont and Blue Ridge councils into one consolidated council serving 21 counties. The Piedmont Council's headquarters had been in Lynchburg, Virginia, and after the merger the Blue Ridge Council's headquarters in Roanoke, Virginia, became the merged council's headquarters for its 13,562 members. The Associated Press reported that a key factor for the merger was the availability of the large Blue Ridge Scout Reservation and the Piedmont Council's sale of its old Camp Monocan for $190,000.
The Council developed the "Appomattox Court House Historic Trail" in 1972 at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, led by longtime volunteer Scouter, Dr. Charles Hansrote Jr., then-chairman of the Chemistry Department at Lynchburg College. A memorable highlight was the council's participation in the United States Bicentennial celebrations of 1976. In a Council-wide event, Scouts gathered to re-enact Gen. Nathanael Greene's retreat across the Dan River during the Revolutionary War. The Danville Register & Bee said the 3-day re-enactment was performed "with surprising detail" in depicting the Continental Army's successful crossing of the river in February, 1781, "to escape the Redcoats of Lord Charles Cornwallis".
In 2015, the council was required by the Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation to rebuild a dam and spillway on a lake at its Camp Powhatan. Working with the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Pulaski County, Appalachian Power, and the Friends of Claytor Lake, the council had approximately 400 tons (400,000 kg) of concrete debris removed to nearby Claytor Lake for improved fish habitat at the reservoir. Saying that Scouting is interested in sustainability, the Council Executive said that the expected increase in the lake's fish population of perch and bass will benefit fishermen, many of whom are former Scouts themselves. "Every Boy Scout and every Cub Scout learns how to fish", he said.
Organization
The council is part of Area 7 of the Southern Region of the BSA. The council has over 470 units sponsored by over 300 community organizations. BRMC is divided into six districts:
Great Valley District
Dan River District
Mountain Empire District
New River District
Patrick Henry District
Piedmont District
Camps
"Old" Camp Powhatan
The Blue Ridge Council's original Camp Powhatan was located between Lexington, Virginia, and Roanoke near Natural Bridge and the Jefferson National Forest. In the 1920s–1930s, the council made the property available to Washington and Lee University for an unusual freshman orientation program. Held on a September weekend following the end of Scout summer camp, the popular 3-day camping program for incoming freshmen included sports such as baseball and swimming, along with university-led discussions about campus life and course selection, as a prelude to the regular on-campus student orientation.
Blue Ridge Scout Reservation
Blue Ridge Scout Reservation is located in Pulaski County, Virginia on a property, almost 7% of the total county area. The reservation also stretches into small parts of Montgomery, Floyd, and Carroll counties. The reservation includes Camp Powhatan, Camp Ottari, and Claytor Lake Aquatics Base, with a network of approximately of maintained mountainous trails crossing the land between the two base camps. It is the largest council-owned Scout Reservation in the United States and provides summer camping experiences to over 10,000 participants each summer.
The land's background
After the Civil War's Battle of Cloyd's Mountain near Radford, Virginia, the Union Army pushed farther south. One company stopped for the night on a tract of land on what is now the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation. One of the soldiers who worked for a Philadelphia iron works discovered that the rocks there contained a great deal of iron ore. After the war was over, the employee interested his firm, R.D. Wood and Sons, in the land. The company purchased the tract to establish iron mining there. By 1885, it was a thriving operation. By 1905, it was inactive. It was during this time that the Iron Furnace was built, which would later become the emblematic structure on the Reservation. When the last member of the original family, Walter Wood, died in 1934, he willed the land to Radford College, now Radford University "to be used to the best possible advantage." Radford College chose to sell the land in order to fund a concert organ for its music program. The Virginia General Assembly authorized the sale. The Blue Ridge Mountains Council (Roy Webb, a local of Pulaski, also put in bids for land, and got a little over 300 acres in the sale, including the Iron Furnace, a hiking trail that Mr Webb cut out was named after him, it runs off Dead Pine Mnt) put in the successful bid of $56,100 and acquired the tract, plus two farms with combined.
In 1949, the Blue Ridge Council established a camp on on Maxs Creek in Pulaski County. Buildings were constructed along Maxs Creek and an earthen dam was built to form a lake for swimming. The site was called "New" Camp Powhatan to distinguish it from the council's original camp, "Old" Camp Powhatan. The other base camp, Camp Ottari, was opened in the summer of 1962. After occupying a site leased by the Appalachian Power Company for over 10 years, the Claytor Lake Aquatics Base was established in the summer of 2008.
Camps Ottari and Powhatan
Camp Powhatan is positioned below the Jersey Ridge on the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation and offers Merit Badge instruction in Aquatics on Lake Powhatan, Scoutcraft, Handicraft, Shooting Sports, and Nature, along with a climbing tower. Camp Ottari is situated between Bench Mountain and North Ridge. The camp encompasses rugged, mountainous terrain, and a large lake. Merit badge instruction is offered in Nature, Handicraft, Scoutcraft, Aquatics, and Shooting Sports. Because of its larger lake, the camp offers Small Boat Sailing through the Ottari Marina. Camp Ottari provides Adult Leader Training in its training center, and features the Little Laurel Woodshop, where Scoutmasters can use traditional hand tools to create woodworking projects. Wood Badge training for adult leaders is conducted at the camp.
Claytor Lake Aquatics Base
The Claytor Lake Aquatics Base is an aquatics base, which opened in the summer of 2008 making it the newest camp on the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation. It is situated on the Claytor Lake. At the base, Scouts spend the week motor boating, large boat sailing, small boat sailing, water skiing, kayaking, snorkeling, rowing, and wakeboarding. The program offers Scouts the opportunity to participate in an overnighter on a large sailing vessel. Scouts who are age 14 and older can choose to focus on scuba diving. The Base also offers a wakeboarding school. The Claytor Lake Aquatics Base is a provisional program for Scouts aged 13 and older.
High Knoll Trail Adventure
The High Knoll Trail Adventure is a backpacking program encompassing a network of over of mountainous trails that span the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation. Crews hike during the day, and make camp at one of a series of outposts in the evening. At the outposts, activities such as rock-climbing, blacksmithing, and rifle shooting are offered. Based out of Camp Ottari, the program attracts out-of-state participants and has been compared to a Philmont-like experience for Scouts. The Daily Advocate newspaper, in reporting on a group of Ohio Explorers traveling to the Virginia camp to participate in the High Knoll Trail program, described it as a "rugged outdoor adventure ... of back-packing and trail camping" on the six-day trek. In 2000, visiting Boy Scouts from Pennsylvania set a record for the trail at the time, hiking 68 miles (100 km) in five days. Backpackers must be at least 13 years old and at least 1st Class rank by June 1st to participate in High Knoll.
Huff Farm — offers experience on a working horse ranch. Scouts learn skills in roping and horsemanship. A trail ride is offered, and a Chili dinner is served in the evening.
Rendezvous — Participants learn to use a black-powder rifle, throw tomahawks and knives, and develop skills that enabled settlers to survive the frontier of the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Wild Goose — Participants learn basic skills and gain experience in Mountainboarding.
Point Camp — offers bouldering, rock climbing, and rappelling on a natural rock face.
New River Adventure
The New River Adventure is a high adventure program for older Scouts, based at Camp Powhatan. The program includes the BSA's COPE ("Challenging Outdoor Personal Experience") activities, such as ropes courses, natural rock climbing, spelunking in the area's limestone caves, and mountaineering. During the week, participants take a 3-day whitewater rafting trip on the Class I-V rapids of the New River Gorge National River.
Voyageur Trek
The Voyageur Trek is a canoeing program, in which participants embark on a five-day, canoe trip on the Roanoke River. Throughout the program, Scouts learn about the French Canadian Voyageurs that forged the first paths in the New World. During the trek, Scouts hone paddling skills, learn to read whitewater, fish the waters of the New River, and go whitewater rafting in the New River Gorge. The Voyageur trek is a provisional program, and Scouts must be 13 years old by January 1 to participate.
Fish Camp
Fish Camp is a provisional program based out of Camp Powhatan which instructs Scouts in the skills of fishing and fly-fishing. Throughout the week, area anglers instruct Scouts about the environment and biology that influences fish behavior. Participants fish in the lakes and rivers on, and surrounding, the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation. This program is renowned for its float trip on the New River, and fly-fishing trip beneath the waterfalls of the Cascades. Fish Camp is a provisional program, offering leadership for Scouts aged 13 years and older.
Mountain Man
Mountain Man is a provisional program located in the Laurel Hollow on the Blue Ridge Scout Reservation. Daniel Boone's Wilderness Road is located several miles from the encampment. Participants experience Appalachian Virginia by learning the skills of the 18th century woodsmen that settled in the area. Scouts dress in period clothing and participate in shooting muzzle-loading black-powder rifles, building fires using flint and steel, blacksmithing, leather working, throwing tomahawks and knives, cooking, and wilderness survival. Scouts from as far away as Florida have participated.
Brownsea Island
The Brownsea Island Adventure is a summer camp program designed to help younger Scouts learn the patrol method, and develop basic Scout skills. It is offered at both base camps Powhatan and Ottari. Scouts are divided into groups of 8-10 boys, and paired with a Life or Eagle Scout who serves as their guide. Participants learn the essential skills of Scouting, and complete many of the requirements for Tenderfoot through First Class through interactive lessons, daily competitions, and a hike.
Camp Tye Brook and Camp Bolton Smith
The Piedmont Council once ran two camps near Lynchburg, Camp Tye Brook and Camp Bolton Smith. Both closed in 1940 due to water contamination. Camp Bolton Smith was named after Bolton Smith, who had worked to promote expanding Scouting in the African American community.
Program and activities
Foxfire is the name of the National Youth Leadership Training course offered by the council. The NYLT course develops Scouts into trained troop leaders, by focusing on the concepts of what a leader must be, what he must know, and what he must do. Scouts are divided into patrols and participate in the Quest for the Meaning of Leadership. Participants experience presentations, activities and patrol competitions. Foxfire is a provisional program where participants must be 13 years old and First Class by the beginning of the Program to participate.
Order of the Arrow
The council's Order of the Arrow program is represented by Tutelo Lodge 161. The name reflects the small Tutelo Indian tribe that once inhabited the area. On its website, the Lodge traces its origin to the merger on January 1, 1973, of the former Blue Ridge Council's Powhatan Lodge 456 and Koo Koo Ku Hoo Lodge 161 of the old Piedmont Council, combined after the two Councils merged. Koo Koo Ku Hoo Lodge's predecessor is said to have begun in 1939 as Ne-Pah-Win Lodge 161, at a camp in Nelson County.
See also
Scouting in Virginia
References
Local councils of the Boy Scouts of America
Southern Region (Boy Scouts of America)
Youth organizations based in Virginia |
128009 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinston%2C%20North%20Carolina | Kinston, North Carolina | Kinston is a city in Lenoir County, North Carolina, United States, with a population of 19,900 as of the 2020 census. It has been the county seat of Lenoir County since its formation in 1791. Kinston is located in the coastal plains region of eastern North Carolina.
In 2009, Kinston won the All-America City Award. This marks the second time in 21 years the city has won the title.
History
Early history
At the time of English settlement, the area was inhabited by the Neusiok people. Preceding the historic tribe, indigenous peoples of a variety of cultures had lived in the area for thousands of years. Before the English colonists established the city, they called the area "Atkins Bank", referring to a bluff once owned by Robert Atkins just above the Neuse River. Atkins Bank was the site of farms, a tobacco warehouse, and a Church of England mission.
Kinston was created by an act of the North Carolina General Assembly in December 1762 as "Kingston", in honor of King George III, who had just recently ascended to the throne. The bill to incorporate it was introduced by Richard Caswell, who made his home there and later served as the first governor of the state of North Carolina from 1776 to 1780. After victory in the American Revolution, the citizens renamed the city "Kinston" in 1784 to show the population's disavowal of royalty. In 1833, Kinston briefly became "Caswell", in honor of Governor Caswell, but the name Kinston was restored the following year.
Commissioners appointed to design the town began to accept "subscriptions" for numbered lots. To keep a lot, subscribers were required to build brick homes of specific dimensions within three years or lose their rights to the property. The town was laid out with border streets named East, North, and South, with the western border the Neuse River. The two principal roads within these borders were named for King George and Queen Charlotte. They remain King and Queen Street to this day. Other streets were named in honor of Governor Arthur Dobbs (later renamed Independent Street) and the commissioners.
In December 1791, an act was passed in the General Assembly to abolish Dobbs County and form Lenoir and Glasgow Counties. At that time, Kinston was designated the county seat for Lenoir County.
Kinston was incorporated as a town through an act of the legislature in January 1849, after which the population grew rapidly. In 1850, the population was estimated at 455 people, and just 10 years later, it had more than doubled to over 1000.
Civil War
During the onset of the Civil War, Camp Campbell and Camp Johnston were established near the city as training camps, and a bakery on Queen Street was converted to produce hardtack in large quantities. Also, a factory for the production of shoes for the military was located in Kinston. The Battle of Kinston took place in and around the city on December 14, 1862.
From February 5 to February 22, 1864, 22 deserters were executed by hanging in the city. The court martial and subsequent hangings were carried out by the 54th Regiment, North Carolina Troops, Confederate States Army. Fifteen of these men were from Jones County and had all started their service in the 8th Battalion North Carolina Partisan Rangers.
The Battle of Wyse Fork, also known as the Battle of Southwest Creek (March 7–10, 1865), took place very near the city. At this later battle, the Confederate ram Neuse was scuttled to avoid capture by Union troops. Remnants of the ship have been salvaged, and were on display at Richard Caswell Park on West Vernon Avenue. A climate-controlled museum has been built on downtown Queen Street, and has moved the hulk there to prevent further deterioration of the original ship's remains. A full-scale replica vessel (Ram Neuse II) has been constructed near the original's resting place (known as the "Cat's Hole") beside the bank of the Neuse River on Heritage Street in Kinston. Union Army forces occupied the city following the battle. United States troops were assigned to the area through the Reconstruction era.
Post-Reconstruction
Despite the hardships of war and Reconstruction, the population of the city continued to grow. By 1870, the population had increased to 1,100 people and grew to more than 1,700 within a decade.
During the late 19th century, an expansion into new areas of industry occurred, most notably the production of horse-drawn carriages. Kinston also became a major tobacco- and cotton-trading center. By the start of the 20th century, more than 5 million pounds of tobacco were being sold annually in Kinston's warehouses. Along with the growth in population and industry came a growth in property values. Some parcels increased in value more than five-fold within a 20-year period.
On April 6, 1916, Joseph Black was taken from the Lenoir County Jail and lynched by a mob of armed men. He was accused of assisting his son in an escape attempt.
20th century
New industries were founded, including lumber and cotton mills, as North Carolina businessmen invested in processing their own crops. Professional sports were introduced in the form of a minor league baseball team. Later growth came from a DuPont plant for the manufacture of polyester fibers, and manufacturing plants for pharmaceuticals. Growth finally slowed following the 1960s, with the shift in textile production overseas. Efforts to reinvigorate the economy through various means have had limited success.
Kinston was heavily impacted by flooding in 1996 and 1999. Hurricane Fran struck the North Carolina coast on September 5, 1996, and brought of rain to the area, causing the Neuse River to flood portions of the city. On September 16, 1999, Hurricane Floyd struck the area, bringing of rain. It caused what locals have called the "Flood of the Century".
The National Register of Historic Places lists these Kinston sites: American Tobacco Company Prizery, Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Freight Depot, Baptist Parsonage, Robert L. Blalock House, B. W. Canady House, CSS Neuse, Hill-Grainger Historic District, Hotel Kinston, Jesse Jackson House, Kennedy Memorial Home Historic District, Kinston Apartments, Kinston Baptist-White Rock Presbyterian Church, Kinston Battlefield, Kinston Commercial Historic District, Kinston Fire Station-City Hall, Lenoir County Courthouse, Mitchelltown Historic District, Peebles House, Peoples Bank Building, Queen-Gordon Streets Historic District, Standard Drug No. 2, Sumrell and McCoy Building, Trianon Historic District, Tull-Worth-Holland Farm, and Dempsey Wood House.
Geography
Kinston is in the Atlantic coastal plain region of North Carolina. It is mainly on the northeast side of the Neuse River, and is northeast of the center of Lenoir County. It is east of Goldsboro, south of Greenville, and west of New Bern. The Atlantic Ocean at Emerald Isle is to the southeast, and Raleigh, the state capital, is to the northwest.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city of Kinston has a total area of , of which , or 0.95%, is covered by water.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Kinston has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Kinston was on July 20, 1977, and August 20–22, 1983, while the coldest temperature recorded was on January 21, 1985.
Demographics
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States census, 19,900 people, 8,901 households, and 5,050 families were residing in the city.
2010 census
As of the 2010 United States Census, 21,677 people were living in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 67.7% Black, 27.8% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from some other race, and 1.1% from two or more races. About 2.4% were Hispanics or Latinos of any race.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, 23,688 people, 9,829 households, and 6,074 families were living in the city. The population density was 1,415.7 people/sq mi (546.7/km2). The 11,229 housing units averaged 671.1/sq mi (259.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 35.27% White, 62.64% African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.57% Asian, 1.1% from other races, and 0.67% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.14% of the population.
Of the 9,829 households, 28.0% had children under 18 living with them, 35.7% were married couples living together, 22.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were not families. About 34.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.4% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.29,and the average family size was 2.94.
In the city, the age distribution was 24.4% under 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 24.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.8 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 74.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $26,630, and for a family was $35,867. Males had a median income of $28,688 versus $21,442 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,779. About 19.7% of families and 23.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32.0% of those under age 18 and 18.9% of those age 65 or over.
Government and infrastructure
The North Carolina Department of Public Safety (earlier the North Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention) operates the Dobbs Youth Development Center juvenile correctional facility in Kinston. The facility, which opened in 1944, has a prisoner capacity of 44.
In the 2017 municipal elections, Democratic candidate Dontario Hardy beat incumbent B.J. Murphy by a margin of 205 votes. City Councilman Robert A. Swinson IV was re-elected alongside newcomer Kristal Suggs, completing Kinston's first ever all African-American city council.
Infrastructure
Health care
Kinston is served by UNC Lenoir Health Care, a nonprofit hospital located near NC 11 in Kinston. The hospital offers inpatient, outpatient and preventive healthcare services for the residents of Lenoir, Greene and Jones counties. General services include general medical, surgical, obstetrical, and gynecological care. Specialized services include cardiology, pulmonology, oncology, radiology, urology, and vascular surgery.
Transportation
Passenger
Kinston is not served directly by passenger trains. The closest Amtrak station is to the northwest in Wilson.
Air
Kinston is served by the Kinston Regional Jetport . From here, Bill Harrelson of Fredericksburg, Virginia, left and returned on his Guinness world record-setting "around-the-globe-over-the-poles" flight in his custom-built Lancair N6ZQ, between December 2014 and January 2015.
Raleigh–Durham International Airport is the closest major airport, northwest of Kinston, with service to more than 45 domestic and international destinations.
Road
The main highway in Kinston is US 70, an east–west highway that provides access to the North Carolina coast and major cities to the west, such as Raleigh and Greensboro and I-95.
I-795 is the closest interstate highway to Kinston, crossing US-70 in Goldsboro.
Other highways that serve Kinston include US 258, NC 11, NC 58, NC 55, and NC 148.
Intercity bus service to Kinston is provided by Greyhound.
Religion
As with most of North Carolina, Kinston is predominantly Protestant with large concentrations of Baptists, Methodists, and various other evangelical groups. Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Disciples of Christ also constitute a significant portion of the population.
The Roman Catholic community in Kinston has seen steady growth over the years with the migration of Hispanic workers to the area. Catholic migrants have also come from the Northeastern United States who work for the North Carolina Global TransPark and in nearby Greenville.
Kinston at one time had a sizeable Jewish community. As with most Jewish communities in the rural South, it has seen a steady decline. Temple Israel, Kinston's only synagogue, has only a few remaining members.
Education
Public college
Lenoir Community College
Private college
United American Free Will Baptist Bible College
Public schools
Kinston High School
Lenoir County Early College
North Lenoir High School
South Lenoir High School
Contentnea-Savannah School
Children's Village Academy
Rochelle Middle School
Woodington Middle School
Banks Elementary School
Northwest Elementary School
Moss Hill Elementary School
Southeast Elementary School
Southwood Elementary School
Northeast Elementary School
Private schools
Arendell Parrott Academy, a nonsectarian private school (kindergarten-grade 12)
Bethel Christian Academy, a Christian private school (kindergarten-grade 12)
Culture
Arts and theater
One of Kinston's most notable buildings is the Grainger Hill Performing Arts Center, formerly Grainger High School. Constructed in 1924 after a fire destroyed the previous Kinston High School building, the school was named after Jesse W. Grainger, a local truck farmer who owned the land that the school was built upon and donated money to fund one-half of the building's $182,340 general contractor's fee. After the decision in 1970 to make way for the newly constructed and integrated Kinston High School, it served as Kinston Jr. High School until 1987 (when ninth-grade students were moved to the campus of Kinston High School and eighth-grade students were relocated to the campus of Rochelle Middle School). After the school's closure, the building was sold to a private developer, who renovated the school and turned it into a performing arts center. The property was most recently sold to the Landmark Development Group, which renovated the building into Grainger Elderly Housing, a 57-unit apartment complex for low-income elderly residents.
Tourism and recreation
The Neuse Regional Library system is headquartered in Kinston and operates branches in Kinston, LaGrange, and Pink Hill, as well as locations in Greene and Jones Counties.
Kinston is home to the CSS Neuse, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its remains are on display in the CSS Neuse Civil War Interpretive Center. The Lenoir County Confederate Memorial, the Caswell family cemetery, and the Lenoir County Korean and Vietnam War Memorial are located nearby. There is also a Civil War Trails marker.
The Cultural Heritage Museum, built in 2000 on South Queen Street as a new economic development catalyst for Kinston and the surrounding areas of eastern North Carolina, was created to recognize the contributions of African Americans in numerous fields. It pays tribute to the more than 200,000 Black soldiers and 7,000 White officers of the United States Colored Troops who fought with the Union forces in the Civil War. It also honors Black military veterans from all wars, Carl Long and the Negro Baseball League players, local heroes, and Africa and Black history in general. The museum intends to generate jobs and promote economic expansion opportunities.
Kinston is home to several notable restaurants. The Chef & the Farmer, recipient of a James Beard Award, started by Vivian Howard and Ben Knight, is located in downtown Kinston. The PBS series A Chef's Life focuses on the restaurant, owners, and local farmers from whom it sources, such as Brothers Farm. The Barn Steakhouse and The Baron & the Beef are also fine-dining establishments featuring locally sourced produce and meats on their menus while supporting sustainable agriculture. Also a proponent of sustainable practices and local ingredients, Mother Earth Brewing was founded in Kinston in the summer of 2008.
Other local attractions include the Neuseway Nature Center and Planetarium, the Kinston Center for the Arts, the Global Transit Park (GTP), Grainger Stadium, the Caswell Center, and Lenoir Memorial Hospital.
Annual festivities in Kinston include the Sand in the Streets concert series held at Pearson Park, the Annual BBQ Festival on the Neuse River, and the Festival on the Neuse.
Sports
Kinston's Grainger Stadium is home to the Down East Wood Ducks, a Class A Minor League Baseball team in the North Division of the Carolina League that began play in 2017.
It was previously home to the Kinston Indians minor league baseball team, as well as youth and college level baseball tournaments. The town first hosted professional baseball in 1908 and among the many alumni is Rick Ferrell, who was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame, Manny Ramirez, and Lonnie Chisenhall.
The Kinston Drag Strip hosts a variety of motor-sports events throughout the year. Kinston also has three golf courses: Kinston Country Club, Falling Creek Country Club, and Bill Fay Park Par 3 Golf Course. Barnet Park is home to a disc golf course. The Galaxy of Sports recreational facility includes a bowling alley, skating rink, and health club.
In 2012, Woodmen of the World constructed the Woodmen of the World Community Center and Lions Water Adventure Park, a facility that offers a cardio and strength-training center, an Olympic-sized swimming pool, several corporate reception areas, and conference rooms, as well as a quarter-mile elevated track and several sporting courts. The center is now owned by the city of Kinston and is called the Kinston Community Center.
In 1956, Kinston was the site of a rare, perfect game of billiards, as Willie Mosconi sank 150 balls in a row in one inning against Jimmy Moore.
In 2018, ESPN called Kinston "America's Basketball Heaven". According to the ESPN article, one in 52.7 players on Kinston High School's varsity team makes the NBA.
Parks and recreation
Neuseway Nature Park, Campground, and Meeting Facility
Pearson Park
Bill Fay Memorial Park
Emma Webb Park
Fairfield Park
Holloway Park
Lovit Hines Park
Southeast Park
Barnet Park
Lions Adventure Water Park
Notable people
Larry Beck, professional golfer
Morgan Brian, professional soccer player
Jocelyn Brown, singer
James Tim Brymn, jazz musician
Reggie Bullock, NBA player for the Dallas Mavericks
Carter Capps, All-America baseball player at Mt. Olive College and MLB relief pitcher
William Caswell, Revolutionary War general
Dwight Clark, retired NFL receiver for San Francisco 49ers, noted for "The Catch"
Quinton Coples, defensive end formerly of the New York Jets
Steve Cowper, former governor of Alaska
Richard Cray, singer
Tony Dawson, retired NBA player
Ed Grady, actor
Chris Hatcher, MLB pitcher
Malcolm Howard, federal judge
Vivian Howard, chef
Brandon Ingram, NBA player for the New Orleans Pelicans
Cedric "Cornbread" Maxwell, retired NBA player
Mitchell's Christian Singers, gospel group
Robert "Brother Ah" Northern, jazz musician, educator, radio host
Susan Owens, Washington State Supreme Court justice
Maceo Parker, musician
Melvin Parker, drummer
Marion A. Parrott, lawyer, activist
Jaime Pressly, actress, model
Barbara Roy, singer
Ted Sampley, Vietnam veteran and POW-MIA activist
Christa Sauls, actress, model
Charles Shackleford, retired NBA player
J. Carlyle Sitterson, educator
Tab Smith, swing saxophonist
Frank Snepp, journalist
Jerry Stackhouse, retired NBA player
George Suggs, MLB pitcher
Ola B. Watford, geophysicist
Mitchell Wiggins, retired NBA player
Tyrone Willingham, college football coach
See also
West Pharmaceutical Services explosion
References
Further reading
External links
Kinston–Lenoir County Chamber of Commerce
Cities in Lenoir County, North Carolina
County seats in North Carolina
Populated places established in 1762
Populated places on the Neuse River
Cities in North Carolina |
6384775 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomal%20protein | Ribosomal protein | A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation. E. coli, other bacteria and Archaea have a 30S small subunit and a 50S large subunit, whereas humans and yeasts have a 40S small subunit and a 60S large subunit. Equivalent subunits are frequently numbered differently between bacteria, Archaea, yeasts and humans.
A large part of the knowledge about these organic molecules has come from the study of E. coli ribosomes. All ribosomal proteins have been isolated and many specific antibodies have been produced. These, together with electronic microscopy and the use of certain reactives, have allowed for the determination of the topography of the proteins in the ribosome. More recently, a near-complete (near)atomic picture of the ribosomal proteins is emerging from the latest high-resolution cryo-EM data (including ).
Conservation
Ribosomal proteins are among the most highly conserved proteins across all life forms. Among the 40 proteins found in various small ribosomal subunits (RPSs), 15 subunits are universally conserved across prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, 7 subunits are only found in bacteria (bS21, bS6, bS16, bS18, bS20, bS21, and bTHX), while 17 subunits are only found in archaea and eukaryotes. Typically 22 proteins are found in bacterial small subunits and 32 in yeast, human and most likely most other eukaryotic species. Twenty-seven (out of 32) proteins of the eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit proteins are also present in archaea (no ribosomal protein is exclusively found in archaea), confirming that they are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria.
Among the large ribosomal subunit (RPLs), 18 proteins are universal, i.e. found in both bacteria, eukaryotes, and archaea. 14 proteins are only found in bacteria, while 27 proteins are only found in archaea and eukaryotes. Again, archaea have no proteins unique to them.
Essentiality
Despite their high conservation over billions of years of evolution, the absence of several ribosomal proteins in certain species shows that ribosomal subunits have been added and lost over the course of evolution. This is also reflected by the fact that several ribosomal proteins do not appear to be essential when deleted. For instance, in E. coli nine ribosomal proteins (uL15, bL21, uL24, bL27, uL29, uL30, bL34, uS9, and uS17) are nonessential for survival when deleted. Taken together with previous results, 22 of the 54 E. coli ribosomal protein genes can be individually deleted from the genome. Similarly, 16 ribosomal proteins (uL1, bL9, uL15, uL22, uL23, bL28, uL29, bL32, bL33.1, bL33.2, bL34, bL35, bL36, bS6, bS20, and bS21) were successfully deleted in Bacillus subtilis. In conjunction with previous reports, 22 ribosomal proteins have been shown to be nonessential in B. subtilis, at least for cell proliferation.
Assembly
In E. coli
The ribosome of E. coli has about 22 proteins in the small subunit (labelled S1 to S22) and 33 proteins in the large subunit (somewhat counter-intuitively called L1 to L36). All of them are different with three exceptions: one protein is found in both subunits (S20 and L26), L7 and L12 are acetylated and methylated forms of the same protein, and L8 is a complex of L7/L12 and L10. In addition, L31 is known to exist in two forms, the full length at 7.9 kilodaltons (kDa) and fragmented at 7.0 kDa. This is why the number of proteins in a ribosome is of 56. Except for S1 (with a molecular weight of 61.2 kDa), the other proteins range in weight between 4.4 and 29.7 kDa.
Recent de novo proteomics experiments where the authors characterized in vivo ribosome-assembly intermediates and associated assembly factors from wild-type Escherichia coli cells using a general quantitative mass spectrometry (qMS) approach have confirmed the presence of all the known small and large subunit components and have identified a total of 21 known and potentially new ribosome-assembly-factors that co-localise with various ribosomal particles.
Disposition in the small ribosomal subunit
In the small (30S) subunit of E. coli ribosomes, the proteins denoted uS4, uS7, uS8, uS15, uS17, bS20 bind independently to 16S rRNA. After assembly of these primary binding proteins, uS5, bS6, uS9, uS12, uS13, bS16, bS18, and uS19 bind to the growing ribosome. These proteins also potentiate the addition of uS2, uS3, uS10, uS11, uS14, and bS21. Protein binding to helical junctions is important for initiating the correct tertiary fold of RNA and to organize the overall structure. Nearly all the proteins contain one or more globular domains. Moreover, nearly all contain long extensions that can contact the RNA in far-reaching regions. Additional stabilization results from the proteins' basic residues, as these neutralize the charge repulsion of the RNA backbone. Protein–protein interactions also exist to hold structure together by electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Theoretical investigations pointed to correlated effects of protein-binding onto binding affinities during the assembly process
In one study, the net charges (at pH 7.4) of the ribosomal proteins comprising the highly conserved S10-spc cluster were found to have an inverse relationship with the halophilicity/halotolerance levels in bacteria and archaea. In non-halophilic bacteria, the S10-spc proteins are generally basic, contrasting with the overall acidic whole proteomes of the extremely halophiles. The universal uL2 lying in the oldest part of the ribosome, is always positively charged irrespective of the strain/organism it belongs to.
In eukaryotes
Ribosomes in eukaryotes contain 79–80 proteins and four ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules.
General or specialized chaperones solubilize the ribosomal proteins and facilitate their import into the nucleus. Assembly of the eukaryotic ribosome appears to be driven by the ribosomal proteins in vivo when assembly is also aided by chaperones. Most ribosomal proteins assemble with rRNA co-transcriptionally, becoming associated more stably as assembly proceeds, and the active sites of both subunits are constructed last.
Table of ribosomal proteins
In the past, different nomenclatures were used for the same ribosomal protein in different organisms. Not only were the names not consistent across domains; the names also differed between organisms within a domain, such as humans and S. cervisiae, both eukaryotes. This was due to researchers assigning names before the sequences were known, causing trouble for later research. The following tables use the unified nomenclature by Ban et al., 2014. The same nomenclature is used by UniProt's "family" curation.
In general, cellular ribosomal proteins are to be called simply using the cross domain name, e.g. "uL14" for what is currently called L23 in humans. A suffix is used for the organellar versions, so that "uL14m" refers to the human mitochondrial uL14 (MRPL14). Organelle-specific proteins use their own cross-domain prefixes, for example "mS33" for MRPS33 and "cL37" for PSRP5. (See the two proceeding citations, also partially by Ban N, for the organelle nomenclatures.)
See also
Alpha operon ribosome binding site
Ribosomal protein L20 leader
Mitochondrial ribosome, for a list of its protein subunits
References
Further reading
External links
30S Ribosomal proteins at biochem.umd.edu
Ribosomal protein nomenclature visualization from Ban et al., with annotated structures of cellular and organellar ribosomes |
68198163 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%2014%3A15-21 | Matthew 14:15-21 | Matthew 14:15-21 is a set of verses in the fourteenth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.
Content
In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort for this verse is:
15:Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης, προσῆλθον αὐτῷ οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ, λέγοντες, Ἔρημός ἐστιν ὁ τόπος, καὶ ἡ ὥρα ἤδη παρῆλθεν· ἀπόλυσον τοὺς ὄχλους, ἵνα ἀπελθόντες εἰς τὰς κώμας ἀγοράσωσιν ἑαυτοῖς βρώματα.
16:Ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς εἶπεν αὐτοῖς, Οὐ χρείαν ἔχουσιν ἀπελθεῖν· δότε αὐτοῖς ὑμεῖς φαγεῖν.
17:Οἱ δὲ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ, Οὐκ ἔχομεν ὧδε εἰ μὴ πέντε ἄρτους καὶ δύο ἰχθύας.
18:Ὁ δὲ εἶπε, Φέρετέ μοι αὐτοὺς ὧδε.
19:Καὶ κελεύσας τοὺς ὄχλους ἀνακλιθῆναι ἐπὶ τοὺς χόρτους, καὶ λαβὼν τοὺς πέντε ἄρτους καὶ τοὺς δύο ἰχθύας, ἀναβλέψας εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν, εὐλόγησε, καὶ κλάσας ἔδωκε τοῖς μαθηταῖς τοὺς ἄρτους, οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ τοῖς ὄχλοις.
20:Καὶ ἔφαγον πάντες, καὶ ἐχορτάσθησαν· καὶ ἦραν τὸ περισσεῦον τῶν κλασμάτων, δώδεκα κοφίνους πλήρεις.
21:Οἱ δὲ ἐσθίοντες ἦσαν ἄνδρες ὡσεὶ πεντακισχίλιοι, χωρὶς γυναικῶν καὶ παιδίων.
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
15:And when it was evening, his disciples came to him, saying, This is a desert place, and the time is now past; send the multitude away, that they may go into the villages, and buy themselves victuals.
16:But Jesus said unto them, They need not depart; give ye them to eat.
17:And they say unto him, We have here but five loaves, and two fishes.
18:He said, Bring them hither to me.
19:And he commanded the multitude to sit down on the grass, and took the five loaves, and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, and brake, and gave the loaves to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude.
20:And they did all eat, and were filled: and they took up of the fragments that remained twelve baskets full.
21:And they that had eaten were about five thousand men, beside women and children.
The New International Version translates the passage as:
15:As evening approached, the disciples came to him and said, "This is a remote place, and it's already getting late. Send the crowds away, so they can go to the villages and buy themselves some food."
16:Jesus replied, "They do not need to go away. You give them something to eat."
17:"We have here only five loaves of bread and two fish," they answered.
18:"Bring them here to me," he said.
19:And he directed the people to sit down on the grass. Taking the five loaves and the two fish and looking up to heaven, he gave thanks and broke the loaves. Then he gave them to the disciples, and the disciples gave them to the people.
20:They all ate and were satisfied, and the disciples picked up twelve basketfuls of broken pieces that were left over.
21:The number of those who ate was about five thousand men, besides women and children.
Analysis
In verse 15, Hebrew has two words for evening. The first for when the sun began to decline which is the case here (see Luke 9:12) or at night. John 6:5 implies that Jesus spoke verse 16 to Philip, perhaps because he was most familiar with the region. He looks to Philip to verify that to feed so many would be impossible, by human standards. Jesus further confirms it would be impossible by asking what they had on hand. It appears that although Jesus worked the miracle it partly occurred by his hands, by those of the apostles, and by those of people who received them. The miracle being worked in the dividing of the substance rather than new bread and fish being created from nothing. To verify the miracle the left-overs are gathered and counted. It is said that Christ here teaches by this action, that bread and riches, both corporeal and spiritual, are not diminished by being given away, but are multiplied a hundred and a thousandfold.
Related Stories
St. Lidwina of Holland, was famous for her patience and love. And even though she was poor herself, diligently gave to the poor. She had only a few small coins in her purse, and these she was always giving away, but others were supplied from heaven in their place, so that they never failed, but only increased, and so her purse came to be called the Jesus purse. This story is often told in respect to 2 Cor. 9:6., "He that sows sparingly, shall reap also sparingly: and whoever sows generously will also reap generously."
Commentary from the Church Fathers
Chrysostom: "It is a proof of the faith of these multitudes that they endured hunger in waiting for the Lord even till evening; to which purpose it follows, And when it was evening, his disciples came unto him, saying, This is a desert place, and the time is now past. The Lord purposing to feed them waits to be asked, as always not stepping forward first to do miracles, but when called upon. None out of the crowd approached Him, both because they stood in great awe of Him, and because in their zeal of love they did not feel their hunger. But even the disciples do not come and say, Give them to eat; for the disciples were as yet in an imperfect condition; but they say, This is a desert place. So that what was proverbial among the Jews to express a miracle, as it is said, Can he spread a table in the wilderness? (Ps. 78:19.) this also He shows among his other works. For this cause also He leads them out into the desert, that the miracle might be clear of all suspicion, and that none might suppose that any thing was supplied towards the feast from any neighbouring town. But though the place be desert, yet is He there who feeds the world; and though the hour is, as they say, past, yet He who now commanded was not subjected to hours. And though the Lord had gone before His disciples in healing many sick, yet they were so imperfect that they could not judge what He would do concerning food for them, wherefore they add, Send the multitude away, that they may go into the towns, and buy themselves food. Observe the wisdom of the Master; He says not straightway to them, ‘I will give them to eat;’ for they would not easily have received this, but, Jesus said unto them, They need not depart, Give ye them to eat."
Jerome: "Wherein He calls the Apostles to breaking of bread, that the greatness of the miracle might be more evident by their testimony that they had none."
Augustine: " It may perplex some how, if the Lord, according to the relation of John, asked Philip whence bread was to be found for them, that can be true which Matthew here relates, that the disciples first prayed the Lord to send the multitudes away, that they might buy food from the nearest towns. Suppose then that after these words the Lord looked upon the multitude and said what John relates, but Matthew and the others have omitted. And by such cases as this none ought to be perplexed, when one of the Evangelists relates what the rest have omitted."
Chrysostom: "Yet not even by these words were the disciples set right, but speak yet to Him as to man; They answered unto Him, We have here but five loaves and two fishes. From this we learn the philosophy of the disciples, how far they despised food; they were twelve in number, yet they had but five loaves and two fishes; for things of the body were contemned by them, they were altogether possessed by spiritual things. But because the disciples were yet attracted to earth, the Lord begins to introduce the things that were of Himself; He saith unto them, Bring them hither to me. Wherefore does He not create out of nothing the bread to feed the multitude with? That He might put to silence the mouth of Marcion and Manichæus, who take away from God His creatures, and by His deeds might teach that all things that are seen are His works and creation, and that it is He that has given us the fruits of the earth, who said in the beginning, Let the earth bring forth the green herb; (Gen. 1:11.) for this is no less a deed than that. For of five loaves to make so many loaves, and fishes in like manner, is no less a thing than to bring fruits from the earth, reptiles and other living things from the waters; which showed Him to be Lord both of land and sea. By the example of the disciples also we ought to be taught, that though we should have but little, we ought to give that to such as have need. For they when bid to bring their five loaves say not, Whence shall we satisfy our own hunger? but immediately obey; And He commanded the multitude to sit down on the grass, and took the five loaves and the two fishes, and looking up to heaven blessed them, and brake. Why did He look to heaven and bless? For it should be believed concerning Him that He is from the Father, and that He is equal with the Father. His equality He shows when He does all things with power. That He is from the Father He shows by referring to Him whatsoever He does, and calling upon Him on all occasions. To prove these two things therefore, He works His miracles at times with power, at other times with prayer. It should be considered also that in lesser things He looks to heaven, but in greater He does all with power. When He forgave sins, raised the dead, stilled the sea, opened the secrets of the heart, opened the eyes of him that was born blind, which were works only of God, He is not seen to pray; but when He multiplies the loaves, a work less than any of these, He looks up to heaven, that you may learn that even in little things He has no power but from His Father. And at the same time He teaches us not to touch our food, until we have returned thanks to Him who gives it us. For this reason also He looks up to heaven, because His disciples had examples of many other miracles, but none of this."
Jerome: "While the Lord breaks there is a sowing of food; for had the loaves been whole and not broken into fragments, and thus divided into a manifold harvest, they could not have fed so great a multitude. The multitude receives the food from the Lord through the Apostles; as it follows, And he gave the loaves to his disciples, and the disciples to the multitude."
Chrysostom: "In doing which He not only honoured them, but would that upon this miracle they should not be unbelieving, nor forget it when it was past, seeing their own hands had borne witness to it. Therefore also He suffers the multitudes first to feel the sense of hunger, and His disciples to come to Him, and to ask Him, and He took the loaves at their hands, that they might have many testimonies of that that was done, and many things to remind them of the miracle. From this that He gave them, nothing more than bread and fish, and that He set this equally before all, He taught them moderation, frugality, and that charity by which they should have all things in common. This He also taught them in the place, in making them sit down upon the grass; for He sought not to feed the body only, but to instruct the mind. But the bread and fish multiplied in the disciples’ hands; whence it follows, And they did all eat, and were filled. But the miracle ended not here; for He caused to abound not only whole loaves, but fragments also; to show that the first loaves were not so much as what was left, and that they who were not present might learn what had been done, and that none might think that what had been done was a phantasy; And they took up fragments that were left, twelve baskets full."
Jerome: "Each of the Apostles fills his basket of the fragments left by his Saviour, that these fragments might witness that they were true loaves that were multiplied."
Chrysostom: "For this reason also He caused twelve baskets to remain over and above, that Judas might bear his basket. He took up the fragments, and gave them to the disciples and not to the multitudes, who were yet more imperfectly trained than the disciples."
Jerome: "To the number of loaves, five, the number of the men that ate is apportioned, five thousand; And the number of them that had eaten was about five thousand men, besides women and children."
Chrysostom: "This was to the very great credit of the people, that the women and the men stood up when these remnants still remained."
Hilary of Poitiers: "The five loaves are not multiplied into more, but fragments succeed to fragments; the substance growing whether upon the tables, or in the hands that took them up, I know not."
Rabanus Maurus: "When John is to describe this miracle, he first tells us that the passover is at hand; Matthew and Mark place it immediately after the execution of John. Hence we may gather, that he was beheaded when the paschal festival was near at hand, and that at the passover of the following year, the mystery of the Lord’s passion was accomplished."
Jerome: "But all these things are full of mysteries; the Lord does these things not in the morning, nor at noon, but in the evening, when the Sun of righteousness was set."
Saint Remigius: "By the evening the Lord’s death is denoted; and after He, the true Sun, was set on the altar of the cross, He filled the hungry. Or by evening is denoted the last age of this world, in which the Son of God came and refreshed the multitudes of those that believed on Him."
Rabanus Maurus: "When the disciples ask the Lord to send away the multitudes that they might buy food in the towns, it signifies the pride of the Jews towards the multitudes of the Gentiles, whom they judged rather fit to seek for themselves food in the assemblies of the Pharisees than to use the pasture of the Divine books."
Hilary of Poitiers: "But the Lord answered, They have no need to go, showing that those whom He heals have no need of the food of mercenary doctrine, and have no necessity to return to Judæa to buy food; and He commands the Apostles that they give them food. Did He not know then that there was nothing to give them? But there was a complete series of types to be set forth; for as yet it was not given the Apostles to make and minister the heavenly bread, the food of eternal life; and their answer thus belongs to the chain of spiritual interpretation; they were as yet confined to the five loaves, that is, the five books of the Law, and the two fishes, that is, the preaching of the Prophets and of John."
Rabanus Maurus: "Or, by the two fishes we may understand the Prophets, and the Psalms, for the whole of the Old Testament was comprehended in these three, the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms."
Hilary of Poitiers: "These therefore the Apostles first set forth, because they were yet in these things; and from these things the preaching of the Gospel grows to its more abundant strength and virtue. Then the people is commanded to sit down upon the grass, as no longer lying upon the ground, but resting upon the Law, each one reposing upon the fruit of his own works as upon the grass of the earth."
Jerome: "Or, they are bid to lie down on the grass, and that, according to another Evangelist, by fifties and by hundreds, that after they have trampled upon their flesh, and have subjugated the pleasures of the world as dried grass under them, then by the presencea of the number fifty, they ascend to the eminent perfection of a hundred. He looks up to heaven to teach us that our eyes are to be directed thither. The Law with the Prophets is broken, and in the midst of them are brought forward mysteries., that whereas they partook not of it whole, when broken into pieces it may be food for the multitude of the Gentiles."
Hilary of Poitiers: "Then the loaves are given to the Apostles, because through them the gifts of divine grace were to be rendered. And the number of them that did eat is found to be the same as that of those who should believe; for we find in the book of Acts that out of the vast number of the people of Israel, five thousand men believed."
Jerome: "There partook five thousand who had reached maturity; for women and children, the weaker sex, and the tender age, were unworthy of number; thus in the book of Numbers, slaves, women, children, and an undistinguished crowd, are passed over unnumbered."
Rabanus Maurus: "The multitude being hungry, He creates no new viands, but having taken what the disciples had, He gave thanks. In like manner when He came in the flesh, He preached no other things than what had been foretold, but showed that the writings of the Law and the Prophets were big with mysteries. That which, the multitude leave is taken up by the disciples, because the more secret mysteries which cannot be comprehended by the uninstructed, are not to be treated with neglect, but are to be diligently sought out by the twelve Apostles (who are represented by the twelve baskets) and their successors. For by baskets servile offices are performed, and God has chosen the weak things of the world to confound the strong. The five thousand for the five senses of the body are they who in a secular condition know how to use rightly things without."
14:22–33"
References
External links
Other translations of Matthew 14:15 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 14:16 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 14:17 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 14:18 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 14:19 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 14:20 at BibleHub
Other translations of Matthew 14:21 at BibleHub
14:21 |
19033615 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland%20Pilots | Portland Pilots | The Portland Pilots is the nickname for athletics at the University of Portland. The Pilots compete in the West Coast Conference (WCC) at the NCAA Division I level.
History
The Pilots started to gain attention when Clive Charles began coaching the women's soccer team in 1989. He already had been the men's soccer coach since 1986, and he continued to coach both teams until his death in 2003. He was replaced by Bill Irwin. The women's soccer team won national championships in 2002 and 2005 and were led by numerous national-level players (see "notable alumni athletes" section). Additionally, the men's soccer team has been to the College Cup twice in its history: 1988 and 1995.
In addition to soccer, UP consistently has one of the top cross country programs in the nation. Their men's team, coached by Rob Conner, won their 34th overall West Coast Conference championship in October 2014. The men's team has qualified for the NCAA Men's Division I Cross Country Championship a total of eighteen times, making their first appearance in 1993. The team has finished among the top 10 eight times in its history. The Pilots placed 7th in 2001, 2008, and 2013. The Pilots finished 3rd in 2014 and 2018 as well as 2nd in 2017, which was their highest ever finish. In 2008, David Kinsella finished 4th overall, the highest any Pilot has ever placed individually at the national championships. The men's team has won the NCAA West Regional four times in their history: in 1993, 2017, 2018, and 2019. Through 2017, a total of eighteen Pilots have earned All-American honors in cross country, including Scott Fauble, Alfred Kipchumba, Trevor Dunbar, Pete Julian, Uli Steidl, Joe Driscoll, Reid Buchanan, and John Moore. Rob Conner also heads the Pilots' Indoor and Outdoor Track & Field teams, and has coached 25 All-Americans in distance events ranging from the mile to the 10,000m run. Several Pilots have competed at the U.S. Olympic Trials under coach Conner, including William "Woody" Kincaid in the 5,000m in 2016, and John Moore and Michael Kilburg in 10,000m in 2008.
The Pilots have had success in other sports. The men's basketball team has participated in the NCAA tournament twice (1959 and 1996). Their women's basketball team has participated in the NCAA Tournament five times (1994-1997 and 2023), qualified for the cancelled 2020 NCAA Tournament, and participated in the WNIT three times (1998, 2009, and 2022). Their baseball team has also participated in the NCAA tournament five times (1957, 1958, 1979, 1989, and 1991). Their volleyball team also participated in the postseason for the first time in 2018 after qualifying for the National Invitational Volleyball Championship.
UP has not fielded a football team since 1950.
Sports sponsored
Former teams
Football (discontinued after 1950)
Men's and women's golf (discontinued after 2011)
National championships
NCAA team championships
Women's soccer (2): 2002, 2005
Other team championships
NAIA Women's Cross Country (1): 1985
Conference championships
The Pilots compete in the West Coast Conference, which they joined in 1976. Below are a few of their conference titles:
Men's Basketball WCC Tournament Champions (1): 1996
Men's Baseball Pacific-10 Conference Northern Division Tournament (2): 1989, 1991
Men's Cross Country (34): 2014, 2012, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1990, 1989, 1988, 1987, 1986, 1985, 1984, 1983, 1982, 1981, 1980, 1979
Men's Golf (2): 1993, 1985
Men's Soccer (6): 2016, 2002, 1992, 1990, 1989, 1988
Men's Tennis Regular Season (1): 2017
Women's Basketball WCC Tournament Champions (3): 2023, 2020, 1994; Regular Season Champions (3): 1997, 1996, 1992
Women's Cross County (21): 2023, 2016, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1994, 1993, 1992, 1991, 1989, 1988, 1987
Women's Soccer (13): 2013, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2005, 2004, 2000, 1997, 1996, 1995, 1994, 1992
Venues
The Portland Pilots play home soccer matches at Merlo Field, part of the Clive Charles Soccer Complex. All volleyball and basketball games are held in the Chiles Center. The baseball team plays in Joe Etzel Field. The Louisiana-Pacific Tennis Center is home to the tennis teams.
Olympians
Yari Allnutt, men's soccer, United States: 1996 Summer Olympics
Conor Casey, men's soccer, United States: 2000 Summer Olympics
Kasey Keller, men's soccer, United States: 1996 Summer Olympics
Stephanie Lopez, women's soccer, United States: gold medalist in 2008 Summer Olympics
Michelle French, women's soccer, United States: silver medalist in 2000 Summer Olympics
Woody Kincaid, men's track and field, United States: 2020 Summer Olympics
Shannon MacMillan, women's soccer, United States: gold medalist in 1996 Summer Olympics, silver medalist in 2000 Summer Olympics
Derek Mandell, men's track and field, Guam: 2008 Summer Olympics, 2012 Summer Olympics
Tiffeny Milbrett, women's soccer, United States: gold medalist in 1996 Summer Olympics, silver medalist in 2000 Summer Olympics
Megan Rapinoe, women's soccer, United States: gold medalist in 2012 Summer Olympics, 2016 Summer Olympics, bronze medalist in 2020 Summer Olympics
Sophie Schmidt, women's soccer, Canada: 2008 Summer Olympics, bronze medalist in 2012 Summer Olympics, bronze medalist in 2016 Summer Olympics, gold medalist in 2020 Summer Olympics
Christine Sinclair, women's soccer, Canada: 2008 Summer Olympics, bronze medalist in 2012 Summer Olympics, bronze medalist in 2016 Summer Olympics, gold medalist in 2020 Summer Olympics
Joshua Illustre, men’s track and field Guam: 2016 Summer Olympics
Notable alumni athletes
Yari Allnutt, US men's international soccer player
Emmett Barrett, American football player
Larry Beil, American football player
Conor Casey, US men's international soccer player
Pat Casey, head coach of the Oregon State baseball team
Steve Cherundolo, soccer player and assistant manager for Hannover 96
Christina Francisco, runner who represents Guam internationally (current student)
Rocky Gale, catcher in the San Diego Padres organization
Nate Jaqua, soccer player who last played for Seattle Sounders FC
Pooh Jeter, basketball player for the Sacramento Kings in 2010–11
Kasey Keller, US men's international soccer player and TV analyst
Woody Kincaid, US men's Olympic long distance runner
Bill Krueger, former MLB player and TV analyst
Stephanie Lopez, US women's international soccer player
Shannon MacMillan, US women's international soccer player
Benji Michel, soccer player for F.C. Arouca of the Portuguese Primera Liga and formerly of Orlando City SC
Tiffeny Milbrett, US women's international soccer player
Heath Pearce, US men's international soccer player
Megan Rapinoe, US women's international soccer player
Elli Reed, soccer player for Seattle Reign FC
Luis Robles, US men's international soccer player and goalkeeper for New York Red Bulls
Sophie Schmidt, Canadian international soccer player
Ray Scott, former 1st round draft pick of the Detroit Pistons
Christine Sinclair, Canadian international soccer player and all-time leader in international goals for either sex
Garrett Smith, head coach of the women's soccer team
Erik Spoelstra, head coach of the Miami Heat
Keelin Winters, soccer player for Seattle Reign FC of the NWSL
Gallery
See also
Portland Pilots men's basketball
Portland Pilots women's basketball
Portland Pilots men's soccer
References
External links
Pilots |
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