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In 1879, Mary J. Lincoln was a 34-year-old a domestic servant offered a better job she shouldn’t have refused. But she did — at first. Mary Johnson Bailey Lincoln was a Boston housewife forced to go to work by her husband’s health and business setbacks. She was invited to teach at the new Boston Cooking School, which aimed to teach women who wanted to make a living as cooks or women who wanted to tell their servants how to do it. She changed her mind and took the job that launched her career as one of America’s most influential cookbook authors ever. She became a celebrity cook who endorsed products, wrote a syndicated column, lectured and founded a baking powder company. Her cookbook, Mrs. Lincoln’s Boston Cook Book: What To Do and What Not To Do in Cooking, paved the way for Fannie Merritt Farmer’s famous cookbook. In 1946, the prestigious Grolier Club put together an exhibition of the 100 most influential books published before 1900. One cookbook was chosen, the one written by Mary J. Lincoln. Mary Johnson Bailey was born July 8, 1844, in South Attleboro, Mass., the second daughter of Sarah Morgan Bailey and the Rev. John Milton Burnham Bailey. Her father died when she was seven, and she immediately began to help support the family. She sewed hooks and eyes on cards, set stones and helped with the housekeeping. Later, she prized her early training, though she often found it hard to help her mother while other children played. She graduated from Wheaton Female Seminary (now Wheaton College) in 1864 and taught school for one term in Vermont. In 1865 she married David A. Lincoln, a clerk, and they moved to Boston. She “happily settled down to life as a housewife” in Boston. In the 1870s her husband suffered business reversals and ill health. Mary was forced to take a job as a servant. In the spring of 1879, a friend of her sister’s invited her to teach at the brand-new Boston Cooking School. She declined because she didn’t know anything about cooking schools. That November, the school made her another offer: She could take lessons and then teach for six months at $75 a month. She accepted the most generous offer. Within three years Mary Lincoln – or Mrs. D. A. Lincoln as she called herself then – was running the school. It was the Victorian era, and fancy dishes like Turkish pilaf and floating island were popular. Mary emphasized the plainer New England cooking she grew up with. As principal of the Boston Cooking School she taught both wealthy and working-class women “baked beans, brown bread, fish balls, doughnuts and Indian pudding.” Over the years, Mary J. Lincoln taught all kinds of women: young socialites, servants, nurses, medical students, deaf students, poor young immigrants and aspiring cooking teachers. From that experience she wrote her famous cookbook in 1884. It was meant as a textbook for students. One reviewer wrote, It is the trimmest, best arranged, best illustrated, most intelligible, manual of cookery as a high art, and as an economic art, that has appeared. Mary Lincoln referred to her methods as ‘scientific cookery’ because she taught the nutritional basis of food preparation and the chemistry of cooking. Her cookbook offered chatty asides, though, such as her explanation for the shape of the Boston bean pot: “This shape is seldom found outside of New England, and is said to have been modeled after the Assyrian pots.” Mary Lincoln, Businesswoman The Boston Cooking School trained many of its students to run cafeterias in the burgeoning public school system. At the request of the Boston public schools, Mary J. Lincoln wrote the Boston School Kitchen Textbook: Lessons in Cooking for the Use of Classes in Public and Industrial Schools. Between the book and the cooking classes, Lincoln is credited with preparing a menu for millions of children who ate in American public schools. In 1894, she founded The New England Kitchen Magazine. She also wrote a syndicated column, lectured around the country and endorsed food and kitchen equipment. She also started her own business, Mrs. Lincoln’s Baking Powder Company of Boston. Mary Johnson Bailey Lincoln died on Dec. 2, 1921. Following is a sample of Mrs. Lincoln’s Nice, If Not New Dishes Sour Milk Brown Bread 1 pint corn meal 1 pint Graham flour 1 teaspoonful soda 1 teaspoon salt 1 pint sour milk 1 cup molasses Mix the meal with flour. Mash the soda and salt before measuring; sift and mix thoroughly with the flour; add the sour milk and molasses, and beat well. If not moist enough to pour, add a little warm water. Pour it into a well-greased mould or pail, filling it only two thirds full. Cover it with a tight cover, also greased. Steam three hours in a steamer, or set the pail in a kettle of boiling water. Keep the water boiling; and as it boils away, replenish with boiling water to keep it at the same level. Remove the cover, and place the mould in the oven fifteen minutes to dry the crust. Baked Pork and Beans Soak one quart of pea beans in cold water over night. In the morning put them into fresh cold water, and simmer till soft enough to pierce with a pin, being careful not to let them boil enough to break. If you like, boil one onion with them. When soft, turn them into a colander, and pour cold water through them. Place them with the onion in a bean-pot. Pour boiling water over one quarter of a pound of salt pork, part fat and part lean; scrape the rind till white. Cut the rind in half-inch strips; bury the pork in the beans, leaving only the rind exposed. Mix one teaspoonful of salt — more, if the pork is not very salt — and one teaspoonful of mustard with one quarter of a cup of molasses. Fill the cup with hot water, and when well mixed pour it over the beans; add enough more water to cover them. Keep them covered with water until the last hour; then lift the pork to the surface and let it crisp. Bake eight hours in a moderate oven. Use more salt and one third of a cup of butter if you dislike pork, or use half a pound of fat and leaned corned beef. The mustard gives the beans a delicious flavor, and also renders them more wholesome. Many add a teaspoonful of soda to the water in which the beans are boiled, to destroy the acid in the skin of the beans. Yellow-eyed beans and Lima beans are also good when baked. Much of the excellence of baked beans depends upon the bean-pot. It should be earthen, with a narrow mouth and bulging sides. This shape is seldom found outside of New England, and is said to have been modeled after the Assyrian pots. In spite of the slurs against “Boston Baked Beans,” it is often remarked that strangers enjoy them as much as natives; and many a New England bean pot has been carried to the extreme South and West, that people there might have “baked beans” in perfection. They afford a nutritious and cheap food for people who labor in the open air. Salt Fish Balls 1 cup raw salt fish 1 pint potatoes 1 teaspoonful butter 1 egg, well beaten 1/4 saltspoonful pepper More salt, if needed. Wash the fish, pick in half-inch pieces, and free from bones. Pare the potatoes, and cut in quarters. Put the potatoes and fish in a stew pan, and cover with boiling water. Boil twenty-five minutes, or till the potatoes are soft. Be careful not to let them boil long enough to become soggy. Drain off all the water; mash and beat the fish and potatoes till very light. Add the butter and pepper, and when slightly cooled add the egg and more salt, if needed. Shape in a tablespoon without smoothing much, slip them off into a basket, and fry in smoking hot lard one minute. Fry only five at a time, as more will cool the fat. The lard should be hot enough to brown a piece of bread while you count forty. Or, first dipping the spoon in the fat, take up a spoonful of the fish and plunge it into the hot fat. Drain on soft paper. These fish balls should be mixed while the potatoes and fish are hot. If you wish to prepare them the night before, omit the egg, and in the morning warm the fish and potato in a double boiler, then add the egg. Keep the fish in a bowl of cold water while picking it apart, and it will need no further soaking. Contrary to all old theories, boiling the fish with the potato does not harden it. When well mashed and beaten with a strong fork, the fish will only be recognized in the potato by the taste, and not by the presence of hard, lumpy pieces. Never chop salt fish. If picked apart into small pieces and then rubbed with a potato masher till it is reduced to fine threads, it will blend with any mixture better than it will when chopped. These are the most quickly prepared and the most delicious fish balls ever made, and are worth the superlative adjectives which have been given them by enthusiastic pupils. Sauce for Fish Balls (Cold) 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoonful sugar 2 teaspoonfuls dry mustard 1 teaspoonful flour 1 teaspoonful soft butter 2 tablespoonfuls vinegar Mix in the order given, in a granite saucepan; add half a cup of boiling water, and stir over the fire till it thickens and is smooth. Serve it cold. Plymouth Indian Meal Pudding Mix one cup of yellow corn meal, one cup of molasses, and one teaspoonful of salt. Pour on one quart of boiling milk, and one tablespoonful of butter, three pints of cold milk, and one cup of cold water, or two eggs. Bake in a deep, well-buttered pudding-dish, holding at least three quarts. Bake very slowly seven or eight hours. Do not stir, but cover with a plate if it bake too fast. One cup of currants may be used to give variety. With thanks to Feeding America.	<urn:uuid:7caea892-fd2f-4feb-8686-c19407ceff63>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/tag/south-attleboro-mass/	2024-12-12T17:32:37Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066110042.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212155226-20241212185226-00522.warc.gz	en	0.961434	2,217	2.65625	3
Leveraging Radiology to Understand Kidney Diseases Table of Contents ToggleImportance of Radiology in Understanding Kidney Diseases Radiology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and management of kidney diseases. With the help of imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radiology provides valuable information about the structure and function of the kidneys. Ultrasound is a widely used imaging technique in the field of nephrology. It uses sound waves to create detailed images of the kidneys, allowing healthcare professionals to detect renal abnormalities, measure kidney size, identify tumors, and assess blood flow to the kidneys. Ultrasound is non-invasive, cost-effective, and widely available, making it an essential tool in the diagnosis of various kidney diseases. Additionally, CT scan imaging is another valuable tool in diagnosing and evaluating kidney diseases. CT scans provide detailed images of the kidneys and surrounding structures, helping healthcare professionals in the diagnosis of renal pathologies. It can detect renal masses, cysts, and calculi, which are essential for treatment planning and monitoring disease progression. However, it is important to note that CT scans involve exposure to radiation, and radiation safety measures should be taken into consideration. Another powerful imaging modality is MRI, which can provide high-resolution images of the kidneys without using ionizing radiation. MRI is widely used to evaluate renal function, detect renal tumors, and assess blood flow to the kidneys. The multiplanar capabilities and high-resolution images provided by MRI make it an invaluable tool for diagnosing kidney diseases. Interventional radiology procedures, such as percutaneous nephrostomy and renal biopsy, also play a vital role in the management of kidney diseases. These minimally invasive procedures allow for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. Percutaneous nephrostomy involves the placement of a catheter to drain urine from the kidney, while renal biopsy helps in obtaining tissue samples for microscopic examination. The field of radiology is constantly evolving, with advancements in technology leading to better understanding and management of kidney diseases. Emerging technologies such as functional MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and molecular imaging offer promising insights into renal function and pathology. Interdisciplinary collaboration between radiologists and nephrologists is crucial for leveraging radiology in improving patient outcomes and enhancing our understanding of kidney diseases. Overview of Common Kidney Diseases Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time. It is often caused by conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and autoimmune diseases. Common symptoms of CKD include fatigue, swelling, changes in urine output, and high blood pressure. Radiology plays a critical role in the diagnosis and monitoring of CKD. Imaging techniques like ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI provide valuable information about the structure and function of the kidneys, aiding in the accurate diagnosis and management of CKD. Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), also known as acute renal failure, refers to a sudden decline in kidney function. It can occur due to various factors such as severe infections, medications, kidney damage, or decreased blood flow to the kidneys. Symptoms of AKI may include decreased urine output, swelling, nausea, confusion, and shortness of breath. Radiology plays a crucial role in diagnosing and evaluating AKI. Techniques like ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI are used to assess kidney function, detect any abnormalities in the kidneys, and help guide appropriate treatment strategies. Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain and discomfort. They are typically made up of minerals and salts that accumulate in the urinary tract. Common symptoms of kidney stones include severe pain in the back or side, blood in the urine, and frequent urination. Radiology plays a significant role in the diagnosis and management of kidney stones. Imaging techniques like CT scan and ultrasound can accurately detect the presence, size, and location of kidney stones, aiding in the development of appropriate treatment plans. Renal tumors refer to abnormal growths or masses that develop in the kidneys. These tumors can be benign or malignant (cancerous). Common symptoms of renal tumors include blood in the urine, back pain, weight loss, and fatigue. Radiology is essential in the diagnosis and evaluation of renal tumors. Techniques like CT scan and MRI provide detailed images of the kidneys and surrounding structures, enabling the detection and characterization of tumors. Radiologists work closely with other healthcare professionals to determine the best course of treatment for renal tumors, which may involve surgical resection or other targeted therapies. Radiology plays a crucial role in the understanding, diagnosis, and management of various kidney diseases. The utilization of imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI allows for accurate assessment of kidney structure and function, aiding in the development of appropriate treatment plans. Through the collaboration between radiologists and nephrologists, patients with kidney diseases can receive timely and effective interventions, ultimately improving their outcomes and quality of life. Role of Ultrasound in Diagnosing Kidney Diseases Ultrasound is a widely used imaging technique in the field of nephrology, offering valuable insights into diagnosing various kidney diseases. This non-invasive and cost-effective procedure provides detailed information about the structure and function of the kidneys. Procedure of Ultrasound Imaging During an ultrasound, the patient lies on a table, while a transducer emits high-frequency sound waves into the body. These sound waves bounce off the organs and create detailed images on a screen, allowing healthcare professionals to examine the kidneys closely. Benefits of Ultrasound in Nephrology Ultrasound imaging offers several advantages in diagnosing kidney diseases: - Detection of Renal Abnormalities: Ultrasound can identify various renal abnormalities, such as cysts, tumors, or blockages in the urinary tract. - Measurement of Kidney Size: By measuring the size of the kidneys, ultrasound helps determine if there are any abnormalities in their growth or shape. - Identification of Tumors: Ultrasound aids in detecting kidney tumors, providing valuable information for diagnosis and treatment planning. - Assessment of Blood Flow: This imaging technique allows for the evaluation of blood flow to the kidneys, helping diagnose conditions related to poor blood circulation. Advantages of Ultrasound Ultrasound has several advantages as an imaging tool for kidney diseases: - Non-invasiveness: Unlike other imaging techniques, ultrasound does not involve any injections, radiation, or surgery, making it a safe procedure for patients. - Cost-effectiveness: Ultrasound is a relatively affordable imaging option compared to other modalities, making it more accessible to patients. For more information on ultrasound imaging in nephrology, refer to the RadiologyInfo website. Utilizing CT Scan for Evaluating Kidney Diseases Computed tomography (CT) scan is a highly effective diagnostic tool used in the evaluation and diagnosis of various kidney diseases. CT imaging provides detailed and cross-sectional images of the kidneys and surrounding structures, enabling radiologists and healthcare professionals to identify and assess renal pathologies accurately. Procedure of a CT Scan A CT scan involves the use of X-rays and advanced computer technology to generate detailed images of the kidneys. The patient lies on a table that slides into the CT scanner, which is a large, circular machine. During the scan, the X-ray machine rotates around the body, capturing multiple images from different angles. These images are then processed by the computer to create a series of cross-sectional images, or slices, of the kidneys and nearby tissues. Role of CT Scan in Diagnosing Renal Pathologies CT imaging offers several advantages in the diagnosis and evaluation of kidney diseases: - Detailed Images: CT scans provide high-resolution images of the kidneys, allowing radiologists to identify even small abnormalities such as renal masses, cysts, and calculi. - Evaluation of Surrounding Structures: CT imaging enables the assessment of the kidneys in relation to other nearby structures, such as blood vessels, lymph nodes, and adrenal glands, aiding in the detection of any potential abnormalities or complications. - Diagnostic Accuracy: CT scans offer superior diagnostic accuracy, particularly in distinguishing between different types of renal masses, such as solid tumors, cysts, or abscesses. Furthermore, CT scan findings can help guide treatment decisions and surgical planning. Potential Risks and Radiation Safety While CT scans are generally safe and non-invasive, they do involve exposure to ionizing radiation. It is essential to ensure appropriate radiation safety measures, especially for repeat or frequent scans, to minimize the potential risks associated with radiation exposure. - CT imaging is a valuable tool for diagnosing and evaluating kidney diseases. - It provides detailed images of the kidneys, aiding in the identification of renal abnormalities. - CT scans allow for the assessment of surrounding structures and the differentiation of different types of renal masses. - Appropriate radiation safety measures need to be taken to minimize the potential risks associated with CT scans. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Kidney Disease Diagnosis MRI is a powerful imaging modality that offers detailed images of the kidneys and plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of kidney diseases. Advantages of MRI in Kidney Disease Diagnosis - High-resolution images: MRI provides high-resolution images of the kidneys, allowing for better visualization of renal structures and potential abnormalities. - Multiplanar capabilities: MRI allows imaging in multiple planes, providing comprehensive views of the kidneys from different angles. - Lack of ionizing radiation: Unlike CT scans, MRI does not utilize ionizing radiation, making it a safer imaging option, especially for patients requiring repeated imaging studies. Applications of MRI in Kidney Disease Diagnosis MRI can be utilized in various aspects of diagnosing kidney diseases: - Assessing Renal Function: MRI can help evaluate renal function by providing functional information such as blood flow and perfusion, which aids in understanding kidney health. - Detecting Renal Tumors: MRI is effective in detecting and characterizing renal tumors, enabling accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. - Assessing Blood Flow: MRI can assess blood flow to the kidneys, helping to identify any abnormalities or blockages that may be affecting kidney function. Limitations and Contraindications of MRI in Kidney Disease Diagnosis While MRI is a valuable tool, there are some limitations and contraindications to consider: - Contrast agents: In some cases, contrast agents may be required to enhance the visibility of certain structures or abnormalities. It’s important to note that these agents may pose a risk to patients with impaired kidney function. - Implanted Devices: Patients with certain implanted devices, such as pacemakers or metal implants, may not be suitable candidates for MRI due to potential interactions between the device and the magnetic field. Interventional Radiology Procedures for Kidney Diseases Interventional radiology procedures, such as percutaneous nephrostomy and renal biopsy, play a vital role in the management of kidney diseases. These minimally invasive procedures allow for targeted treatment and accurate diagnosis of kidney diseases. One of the important interventional radiology procedures for kidney diseases is percutaneous nephrostomy. This procedure involves the insertion of a thin tube through the skin into the kidney. It is primarily used to relieve urinary blockage or obstruction and restore normal kidney function. During a percutaneous nephrostomy, a radiologist guides a needle into the kidney using real-time imaging techniques such as ultrasound or CT scan. Once the needle is properly placed, a catheter is inserted through the needle, and its position is confirmed with imaging. The catheter is then connected to an external drainage bag, allowing the urine to bypass the obstruction and drain from the kidney. This procedure is particularly useful in cases of kidney stones, tumors, or strictures that cause urine blockage. It helps relieve pain, reduce the risk of kidney damage, and prevent complications associated with urinary obstruction. Renal biopsy is another important interventional radiology procedure used in the diagnosis and management of kidney diseases. It involves the removal of a small piece of kidney tissue for microscopic examination. The procedure begins with the patient lying on their stomach or side. The radiologist uses ultrasound or CT guidance to accurately identify the best location to perform the biopsy. A local anesthetic is administered to numb the area. Then, a biopsy needle is inserted through the skin and guided into the kidney to obtain a tissue sample. The obtained tissue sample is sent to a pathology laboratory for analysis, which helps in accurate diagnosis and determination of appropriate treatment options for various kidney diseases, including glomerular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and renal tumors. Benefits and Potential Complications Interventional radiology procedures offer several benefits for patients with kidney diseases. They are minimally invasive, meaning they involve only small incisions or punctures, resulting in shorter recovery times and reduced post-operative pain. These procedures also minimize the risk of infection and complications associated with traditional open surgeries. However, like any medical procedure, there are potential complications associated with percutaneous nephrostomy and renal biopsy. These may include bleeding, infection, damage to surrounding organs, or allergic reactions to contrast media. It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits with their healthcare provider before undergoing any interventional radiology procedure. For more information on percutaneous nephrostomy and renal biopsy, you can visit authoritative websites such as: – Mayo Clinic: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/percutaneous-nephrostomy/ – American College of Radiology: https://www.acr.org/Practice-Management-Quality-Informatics/Quality-Resources/Kidney-and-Urinary-Tract-Imaging/Renal-Biopsy Interventional radiology procedures continue to advance and improve the management of kidney diseases. They offer targeted treatments, accurate diagnoses, and better patient outcomes. Collaboration between radiologists and nephrologists is crucial in leveraging the potential of interventional radiology in improving patient care and treatment. Future Advancements in Radiology for Kidney Diseases The field of radiology is constantly evolving, driven by advancements in technology and medical imaging techniques. These advancements have brought about groundbreaking innovations that have significantly improved our understanding of kidney diseases. As we explore the potential future advancements in radiology for kidney diseases, it becomes evident that these developments hold great promise in revolutionizing the diagnosis and management of renal pathologies. Emerging technologies have the potential to provide valuable insights into renal function and pathology. Functional MRI (fMRI) is one such technology that enables the assessment of kidney function by measuring changes in blood oxygenation levels. By studying the oxygenation levels in the kidneys, fMRI can help evaluate renal perfusion and assess the health of renal tissue. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is another innovative technique that has shown promise in the field of nephrology. By measuring the movement of water molecules within the kidneys, DWI can help identify and characterize various renal pathologies. This technique offers a non-invasive and highly sensitive method for detecting and monitoring renal diseases. Molecular imaging is a rapidly evolving field that combines imaging techniques with molecular probes to visualize specific molecular pathways and processes in the body. By targeting molecular markers associated with kidney diseases, molecular imaging has the potential to provide detailed information about disease progression and response to treatment. This technology may open new avenues for personalized medicine in the management of kidney diseases. To fully leverage the advancements in radiology for kidney diseases, interdisciplinary collaboration between radiologists and nephrologists is of utmost importance. By combining their expertise, these healthcare professionals can enhance patient outcomes through early and accurate diagnosis, precise treatment planning, and close monitoring of disease progression. Radiologists and nephrologists can collaborate to develop standardized protocols and guidelines for the use of advanced imaging techniques in diagnosing and managing kidney diseases. This collaborative effort ensures that patients receive the most appropriate and effective imaging studies tailored to their specific needs. For more information on the future advancements in radiology for kidney diseases, you can refer to the following authoritative sources: - National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) - National Kidney Foundation (NKF) - Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) - World Health Organization (WHO) By staying updated on the advancements in radiology and fostering collaboration between healthcare professionals, we can continue to enhance our understanding of kidney diseases and improve the outcomes for patients worldwide.	<urn:uuid:ddc03bb6-f74e-4092-af58-df197202b085>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.dvrphx.com/leveraging-radiology-to-understand-kidney-diseases.html	2024-12-11T12:28:25Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066083790.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211112917-20241211142917-00001.warc.gz	en	0.919109	3,469	3.1875	3
Walking is a fundamental activity that plays a significant role in our daily lives. It is an essential form of transportation, exercise, and leisure, providing both physical and mental benefits. The average distance that individuals walk throughout their lifetime is an intriguing concept to explore. By examining various factors such as age, lifestyle, and health conditions, we can gain insights into the typical mileage covered by people during different stages of life. Human beings are natural wanderers who possess an inherent desire for freedom of movement. From the moment we take our first step as toddlers to the countless strides we make in adulthood, walking becomes ingrained in our existence. While it may be challenging to quantify precisely how many miles the average person walks in a lifetime due to individual differences and varying circumstances, research indicates that humans cover substantial distances over the course of their lives. By understanding these figures, we can appreciate not only the physical exertion involved but also the remarkable ability of humans to traverse vast distances through bipedal locomotion. The Importance of Walking in Daily Life Walking plays a pivotal role in daily life, serving as an essential activity that promotes physical well-being and contributes to overall health. For the elderly population, walking is particularly important as it helps maintain independence and improves quality of life. Regular walking can help prevent and manage chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis. It strengthens muscles and bones, improves balance and coordination, and reduces the risk of falls among older adults. Moreover, walking is a low-impact exercise that can be easily incorporated into one’s daily routine. In addition to its physical benefits, walking also serves as a social activity for individuals of all ages. Walking with friends or joining walking groups provides opportunities for social interaction and companionship. This helps combat feelings of loneliness or isolation that may be more prevalent among older adults. Walking together allows people to engage in meaningful conversations while enjoying the outdoors or exploring new places. Furthermore, participating in organized walks or charity events creates a sense of community and solidarity among participants who share similar interests and goals. Overall, recognizing the importance of walking in daily life is crucial for maintaining good health and well-being. Whether it is for promoting physical fitness or fostering social connections, incorporating regular walks into our routines can have significant positive impacts on our lives. The Average Distance Walked by People of Different Ages In the span of their lives, individuals of varying ages cover significant distances on foot. The average walking distance can vary depending on factors such as age, lifestyle, and overall health. However, it is important to note that walking habits can greatly impact the total distance covered over a lifetime. Walking promotes physical well-being: Regular walking has been linked to numerous health benefits such as improved cardiovascular fitness, weight management, and reduced risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes. By incorporating walking into their daily routine, individuals can positively impact their overall health and potentially increase their average walking distance over a lifetime. Walking fosters mental clarity: Walking not only benefits physical well-being but also contributes to mental well-being. Research has shown that regular walks can enhance cognitive function, improve mood and reduce symptoms of stress and anxiety. By engaging in regular walks throughout one’s life, individuals may experience enhanced mental clarity and a greater sense of freedom from negative emotions. Walking strengthens social connections: In addition to its individual benefits, walking also offers opportunities for social interaction. Whether it is going for a leisurely stroll with friends or participating in group activities like hiking clubs or charity walks, walking provides a platform for building relationships and fostering connections with others. These social interactions can contribute to an individual’s sense of belongingness and fulfillment in life. Overall, the average distance walked by people of different ages varies depending on various factors such as lifestyle choices and overall health. However, by adopting regular walking habits into one’s routine, individuals can reap the numerous physical and mental benefits associated with this simple yet effective form of exercise. Incorporating more steps into daily life not only helps in covering greater distances but also promotes overall well-being while fulfilling our subconscious desire for freedom. Walking Mileage Throughout Different Stages of Life Throughout various stages of life, individuals traverse different distances by foot, which can have a profound impact on their physical and mental well-being. From the early years of childhood to the later years of adulthood, walking milestones mark important developmental stages and provide opportunities for growth and exploration. To illustrate the varying distances walked throughout different stages of life, the following table provides an overview of average daily walking distances for individuals in different age groups: Age Group \| Average Daily Walking Distance \| Children \| 3-4 miles \| Teenagers \| 5-6 miles \| Adults \| 2-3 miles \| Elderly \| 1-2 miles \| It is important to note that these figures are averages and may vary depending on factors such as occupation, lifestyle choices, and overall health. Moreover, it’s worth mentioning that these distances represent the amount walked during regular daily activities and do not include intentional exercise or recreational walks. When considering walking distance by occupation, there can be significant variations. Occupations that involve more physical activity or require being on one’s feet for extended periods naturally lead to greater amounts of walking. For example, professions like mail carriers or waitstaff often entail covering larger distances throughout their workday compared to sedentary office jobs. Read also: Extraordinary life of Layton Simon Understanding the average distances traversed at different stages of life can help individuals gauge their own activity levels and make informed decisions about incorporating more walking into their routines. Whether it’s through taking regular walks in nature or finding ways to increase movement within daily tasks, embracing a lifestyle that includes adequate walking can contribute to improved physical health and overall well-being. Factors That Influence Walking Distance Factors such as age, occupation, and lifestyle choices have a significant impact on the distances individuals traverse by foot. Age is one of the key factors that influence walking distance. As individuals grow older, they tend to walk shorter distances due to various physiological changes like decreased muscle strength and joint flexibility. Similarly, occupation plays a crucial role in determining walking habits. Jobs that require physical activity or involve long periods of standing, such as manual labor or healthcare professions, often result in higher walking mileage compared to sedentary occupations. Additionally, lifestyle choices greatly affect an individual’s walking habits. People who prioritize physical fitness and incorporate regular exercise into their routine are more likely to walk longer distances throughout their lifetime. On the other hand, those with a sedentary lifestyle or lack of access to safe walking areas may significantly reduce their overall walking mileage. Furthermore, cultural influences also play a role in determining walking distances. In some cultures where cars are less prevalent or city infrastructure promotes pedestrian-friendly environments, individuals may naturally walk greater distances as part of their daily routines. Conversely, cultural norms that discourage active transportation or favor motorized vehicles can lead to reduced walking habits. Overall, factors such as age, occupation, lifestyle choices, and cultural influences all contribute to variations in the distances individuals traverse by foot throughout their lifetime. Understanding these factors can help promote healthier lifestyles and encourage individuals to incorporate more physical activity into their daily lives for improved well-being. The Health Benefits of Walking Walking offers numerous health benefits, including improved cardiovascular function, enhanced mental well-being, and increased overall physical fitness. The effects of walking on cardiovascular health are well-documented. Regular walking can reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke by improving blood circulation and reducing blood pressure. It also helps in maintaining a healthy weight, which is crucial for preventing heart diseases. Walking increases the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, also known as ‘good’ cholesterol, while decreasing the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, or ‘bad’ cholesterol. This balance of cholesterol levels lowers the risk of plaque build-up in arteries and reduces the chances of developing atherosclerosis. In addition to its positive impact on cardiovascular health, walking plays a significant role in preventing chronic diseases. Regular physical activity like walking has been shown to lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Walking also aids in weight management, which is essential for preventing obesity-related conditions such as diabetes. Moreover, walking has been associated with a reduced risk of certain types of cancer, including breast cancer and colon cancer. It is believed that exercise helps regulate hormone levels and improve immune function, thus contributing to the prevention and control of these diseases. Overall, incorporating regular walks into one’s routine can have profound effects on both cardiovascular health and chronic disease prevention. By engaging in this simple yet effective form of exercise regularly, individuals can enjoy improved heart function, reduced risk factors for various illnesses, and an overall healthier lifestyle. Walking as a Form of Exercise and Weight Management Walking is not only a natural activity but also an effective form of exercise that offers numerous health benefits. In addition to promoting cardiovascular health, walking can also help individuals manage their weight and reduce stress levels. This current subtopic explores the advantages of walking as a means of exercise and weight management, highlighting its impact on cardiovascular health and stress relief. Regular walking has been shown to have a positive effect on cardiovascular health. It is a low-impact exercise that increases heart rate, strengthens the heart muscle, and improves circulation. Engaging in brisk walking for at least 30 minutes most days of the week can significantly reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as heart disease and stroke. Walking helps lower blood pressure, improve cholesterol levels, and maintain a healthy body mass index (BMI), all of which contribute to better overall heart health. Furthermore, research suggests that incorporating intervals of faster-paced walking into a regular walking routine can provide additional cardiovascular benefits by challenging the body’s aerobic capacity. Apart from its impact on cardiovascular health, walking is also an effective way to relieve stress. Walking outdoors in nature or even in urban environments can help individuals clear their minds and release tension accumulated throughout the day. The rhythmic movement involved in walking promotes relaxation by stimulating the production of endorphins – chemicals in the brain known for their mood-enhancing properties. Additionally, being physically active through regular walks can lead to improved sleep patterns, reduced anxiety levels, and increased self-esteem. Incorporating mindfulness techniques during walks, such as focusing on breathing or observing surroundings without judgment, can enhance the stress-relieving effects even further. Overall, using walking as both an exercise option for cardiovascular health and a stress relief tool can contribute to improved well-being and a sense of freedom from daily pressures. Benefits of Walking \| \| Cardiovascular Health \| – Lowers blood pressure – Improves cholesterol levels – Enhances heart function – Reduces risk of heart disease and stroke \| Stress Relief \| – Releases endorphins, promoting relaxation – Improves sleep patterns – Reduces anxiety levels – Enhances self-esteem \| How Walking Impacts Mental Well-being The impact of regular walking on mental well-being is significant, with studies showing improved mood and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression. Walking has been found to be an effective therapy for mental health, as it helps in reducing stress levels and promoting relaxation. Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins, which are natural mood boosters, leading to feelings of happiness and contentment. Additionally, walking outdoors exposes individuals to sunlight, which increases their vitamin D levels. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increased risk of depression and other mental health disorders. Furthermore, walking has also been shown to have a positive impact on cognitive function. Research suggests that regular physical activity can improve memory and attention span by increasing blood flow to the brain. This enhanced blood flow supplies the brain with more oxygen and nutrients that are essential for optimal cognitive performance. Moreover, walking promotes neuroplasticity, the ability of the brain to form new connections between neurons, which is crucial for learning and memory processes. Incorporating regular walking into one’s daily routine can have a profound effect on mental well-being. It acts as a therapy for mental health by improving mood and reducing symptoms of anxiety and depression. Additionally, walking positively influences cognitive function by enhancing memory and attention span through increased blood flow to the brain and promoting neuroplasticity. Therefore, engaging in this simple yet powerful form of exercise can contribute significantly to both physical and mental health outcomes. Longevity and Walking Longevity can be significantly influenced by incorporating regular walking into one’s daily routine. Numerous studies have shown that engaging in physical activity, such as walking, can contribute to a longer and healthier life. Walking not only helps maintain a healthy weight and improve cardiovascular health but also has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, research suggests that regular walking can help slow down the aging process by improving cognitive function and reducing the risk of age-related cognitive decline. Walking patterns vary across different cultures, reflecting cultural norms, lifestyles, and environmental factors. In some cultures where walking is deeply ingrained in their way of life, individuals tend to accumulate more steps per day compared to those living in more sedentary societies. For example, traditional hunter-gatherer societies often have high levels of physical activity due to their reliance on hunting or gathering food. These communities typically engage in long-distance walks while foraging for resources. On the other hand, urbanized societies with modern transportation systems may have lower levels of incidental walking due to increased reliance on cars or public transport. Incorporating regular walking into one’s daily routine has been consistently associated with improved longevity outcomes. Understanding the different walking patterns across cultures provides valuable insights into how lifestyle choices impact overall health and well-being. By recognizing the benefits of incorporating physical activity like walking into our daily lives and considering cultural differences in attitudes towards active transportation modes, we can promote healthier habits that support longevity for individuals worldwide. Walking Challenges and Mileage Goals In order to achieve optimal health benefits, it is essential to set realistic and personalized walking challenges that align with individual fitness levels and gradually increase mileage goals over time. Walking challenges can provide individuals with a sense of accomplishment and motivation to maintain an active lifestyle. By setting specific goals, such as increasing the number of steps taken per day or completing a certain distance within a given time frame, individuals can track their progress and work towards achieving these targets. When setting walking challenges, it is important to take into consideration one’s current fitness level and any physical limitations they may have. Starting with small milestones and gradually increasing the difficulty can help prevent injuries and promote long-term adherence to the activity. Additionally, personalizing the challenges based on individual preferences and interests can enhance enjoyment and make walking more sustainable in the long run. Setting goals for walking not only helps improve physical health but also provides mental benefits. Engaging in regular physical activity has been shown to reduce stress, anxiety, and symptoms of depression. By incorporating walking challenges into one’s routine, individuals can experience an increased sense of freedom as they explore new routes or engage in outdoor activities while reaping the numerous health benefits associated with this low-impact exercise. Overall, setting personalized walking challenges that align with individual fitness levels and gradually increase mileage goals over time is crucial for achieving optimal health benefits. By incorporating these challenges into daily routines, individuals not only improve their physical well-being but also experience mental rejuvenation through exploring new environments and enjoying the freedom that comes from engaging in regular exercise. Interesting Facts and Records Related to Walking Notable achievements in the realm of walking include the fastest mile ever walked, which was accomplished in a breathtaking display of speed and endurance. The current Guinness World Record for the fastest mile walked is held by Tom Bosworth, a British racewalker. In 2017, Bosworth completed a mile in just 5 minutes and 31.08 seconds, setting a new world record. This impressive feat showcases the incredible physical capabilities and training required to achieve such remarkable speed while maintaining proper technique. Walking competitions have also given rise to various interesting records. One notable example is the longest distance covered on foot in 24 hours, which stands at an astonishing 177.68 miles (285.56 kilometers). This record was set by Yiannis Kouros, a Greek ultramarathon runner known for his exceptional endurance abilities. His achievement highlights not only the physical stamina required for long-distance walking but also the mental strength needed to push through exhaustion and pain. These records serve as inspiration for those who are passionate about walking and competing against others or their own personal goals. They demonstrate what can be achieved with dedication, training, and a relentless pursuit of one’s limits. Whether it be racing against time or covering vast distances within a specific timeframe, these achievements showcase the incredible potential that lies within every walker striving for greatness. Tips for Increasing Daily Steps and Incorporating More Walking into Your Life To enhance the frequency of walking in one’s daily routine, individuals can consider taking small steps towards incorporating more physical activity into their lifestyles, akin to gradually building a bridge that connects sedentary habits with active ones. Increasing daily steps and incorporating more walking into your life doesn’t have to be daunting or overwhelming. By implementing these simple strategies, you can gradually increase your daily step count and make walking a natural part of your everyday routine: - Take the stairs: Instead of using elevators or escalators, opt for taking the stairs whenever possible. This small change can significantly increase your daily step count. - Park further away: When going to work, shopping centers, or other destinations, intentionally park further away from the entrance. This forces you to walk a little extra distance and incorporate more steps into your day. - Use breaks effectively: During work breaks or lunch breaks, take a short walk instead of staying sedentary at your desk or in the break room. Even a 10-minute walk can add up over time and contribute to increasing your daily step count. - Set goals and track progress: Use wearable fitness trackers or smartphone apps to set goals for yourself and track your progress. Aim for a certain number of steps each day and challenge yourself to meet or exceed those goals. By following these practical tips, you can gradually increase the amount of walking in your life without feeling overwhelmed. Remember that every step counts towards improving your overall health and well-being while providing an opportunity for freedom through physical activity. Frequently Asked Questions What is the average walking distance for infants and young children? The average walking distance for infants and young children varies depending on their age and developmental stage. Infants typically start by taking a few steps, while toddlers may walk up to several miles per day as they explore their environment and develop their motor skills. How does walking frequency differ between urban and rural populations? Urban walking patterns differ from rural walking habits due to differences in infrastructure, accessibility, and lifestyle factors. Urban areas tend to have more walkable environments and higher rates of walking, while rural areas may have fewer opportunities for walking. Can walking help alleviate symptoms of chronic diseases such as arthritis? Walking is a beneficial method for managing arthritis and relieving chronic pain. Numerous studies have shown that regular walking can reduce joint stiffness, improve flexibility, and increase overall physical function, providing practical relief for individuals seeking freedom from the burden of chronic diseases. Are there any cultural or regional differences in walking habits? Cultural influences on walking habits and regional variations in pedestrian behavior are evident worldwide. Factors such as climate, urban design, social norms, and transportation infrastructure shape walking behaviors, highlighting the importance of considering cultural and regional contexts in promoting active lifestyles. Does walking on different surfaces, such as sand or concrete, affect the distance covered? Walking on uneven terrain, such as sand or concrete, can affect the distance covered. Studies have shown that walking speed is impacted by these surfaces, resulting in a slower pace and potentially reducing the overall distance walked. In conclusion, walking plays a crucial role in our daily lives, with the average person walking thousands of miles throughout their lifetime. The distance walked varies depending on factors such as age, lifestyle, and overall health. For example, a study conducted on individuals aged 40-65 found that those who incorporated regular walking into their routine had significantly lower rates of cardiovascular disease compared to those who were sedentary. Furthermore, research has shown that walking can have numerous health benefits, including improved cardiovascular fitness, increased bone density, and enhanced mental well-being. For instance, a hypothetical case study could involve an individual who walks regularly for 30 minutes each day. After several months of consistent walking, they experience weight loss and improvements in their cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Incorporating more walking into your daily life is both practical and achievable. By setting realistic goals and finding ways to increase your daily steps – such as taking the stairs instead of the elevator or parking further away from your destination – you can easily incorporate more physical activity into your routine. Overall, prioritizing walking can lead to improved health outcomes and a higher quality of life for individuals across all stages of life.	<urn:uuid:15c06079-008e-424c-9622-0b9a3e50d9dd>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://rendingtheveil.com/how-many-miles-does-the-average-person-walk-in-a-lifetime/	2024-12-09T15:58:43Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066046748.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209152324-20241209182324-00456.warc.gz	en	0.939782	4,377	3.4375	3
George Vancouver was born on June 22, 1757 at King’s Lynn, Norfolk, England, the youngest of five children of John Jasper Vancouver (collector of customs) and his wife Bridget. At about age 15, Vancouver joined the navy and spent seven years under Captain James Cook on Cook’s second (1772-74) and third (1776-80) voyages of discovery (the latter was when Cook commanded the first European exploring expedition to visit the Hawaiian Islands.) The story of Cook’s death at Kealakekua Bay, on February 14, 1779, has been often described, but the small part played by midshipman George Vancouver is not widely known. The day before Cook’s death, for the second time in one day, a Hawaiian took some tools from the Discovery and escaped in a canoe. Thomas Edgar, master of the Discovery, and midshipman Vancouver were part of the chase to retrieve the stolen tools – a scuffle later occurred, which included Edgar marooned on a rock close to shore. As Edgar later reported the incident in his journal: “I not being able to swim had got upon a small rock up to my knees in water, when a man came up with a broken Oar, and most certainly would have knock’d me off the rock, into the water, if Mr. Vancover, the Midshipman, had not at that Inst Step’d out of the Pinnace, between the Indian & me, & receiv’d the Blowe, which took him on the side, and knock’d him down.” (Speakman, HJH) That same night the cutter itself was taken, setting off the events which culminated in Cook’s death on the beach. The following day, Vancouver was again involved in momentous events when Lieutenant King chose him to accompany the armed party ashore to recover Cook’s body. (Speakman, HJH) In 1791, Captain George Vancouver entered the Pacific a dozen years later in command of the second British exploring expedition. (HJH) In the introduction to Vancouver’s journals of his voyage to the Pacific, his brother John wrote, “that from the age of thirteen, his whole life to the commencement of this expedition, (to the Pacific) has been devoted to constant employment in His Majesty’s naval service.” Vancouver visited Hawaiʻi three times, in 1792, 1793 and 1794. He completed the charting of the Islands begun by Cook and William Bligh. On the first trip, Vancouver’s ships “Discovery” and “Chatham” first rounded the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and traveled to Tahiti, via Australia and New Zealand, and then sailed north to the Hawaiian Islands. Arriving off South Point, on March 1, 1792, the Discovery and the Chatham sailed close to the western coast of the island of Hawaiʻi. Later, leaving Kawaihae Bay, Vancouver’s ships made their way past Maui, Kahoʻolawe, Molokai and Lānʻi, to Oʻahu, anchoring off Waikīkī – they later made their way to Kauai. It is clear from Vancouver’s Journal and other accounts of events in Hawaiʻi in 1792, that neither Vancouver nor the Hawaiian chiefs were completely confident of the good will of each other. On Hawaiʻi, he had found that the people refused to trade except for arms and ammunition, which Vancouver refused to agree to, and on Kauai he was alarmed by tales of Hawaiian hostility. (Speakman, HJH) Vancouver was also concerned about the apparent drop in the Hawaiian population since his earlier visit with Captain Cook. Waikīkī was “thinly inhabited, and many [houses] appeared to be entirely abandoned.” On Kauai, the village of Waimea had been “reduced at least two-thirds of its size, since the years 1778 and 1779.” (Speakman, HJH) Vancouver did not seem to have been conscious of disease among the Hawaiian people, but he was aware of the arms trade and interisland warfare and attributed the decrease in the population to the deplorable sale of arms by avaricious European traders to “ambitious and enterprizing chieftains.” (Vancouver, Speakman, HJH) He later left Hawaiʻi and sailed to survey the Northwest coast of the American continent. On his second trip in February 1793, the “Discovery” and “Chatham” first circled and surveyed the Island Hawaiʻi. From a meeting he had with Kamehameha, he noted in his Journal, that he was “agreeably surprised in finding that his riper years had softened that stern ferocity, which his younger days had exhibited, and had changed his general deportment to an address characteristic of an open, cheerful, and sensible mind; combined with great generosity, and goodness of disposition.” (Vancouver, 1798) He also met John Young and Kaʻahumanu, noting, “the kindness and fond attention, with which on all occasions (Kamehameha and Kaʻahumanu) … seemed to regard each other.” Vancouver was delighted at “the decorum and general conduct of this royal party. … They seemed to be particularly cautious to avoid giving the least cause for offence….” (Vancouver, 1798) When Kamehameha came aboard the ship, taking Vancouver’s hand, he “demanded, if we were sincerely his friends”, to which Vancouver answered in the affirmative. Kamehameha then said “he understood we belonged to King George, and asked if he was likewise his friend. On receiving a satisfactory answer to this question, he declared the he was our firm good friend; and according to the custom of the country, in testimony of the sincerity of our declarations we saluted by touching noses.” (Vancouver, 1798) In the exchange of gifts, after that, Kamehameha presented four feathered helmets and other items, Vancouver gave Kamehameha the remaining livestock on board, “five cows, two ewes and a ram.” The farewell between the British and the Hawaiians was emotional, but both understood that Vancouver would be returning the following winter. Just before Vancouver left Kawaihae on March 9, 1793, he gave Isaac Davis and John Young a letter testifying that “Tamaah Maah, with the generality of the Chiefs, and the whole of the lower order of People, have conducted themselves toward us with the strictest honest, civility and friendly attention.” (Speakman, HJH) On the third trip to the islands, arriving in early-January 1794, Vancouver brought three ships, “Discovery,” “Chatham” and “Daedalus.” They headed to Hilo. Here, he met Kamehameha and Vancouver noted Kamehameha was “with his usual confidence and cheerful disposition. It was impossible to mistake the happiness he expressed on seeing us again which seemed to be greatly increased by his meeting us at this, his most favorite part of the island.” (Vancouver 1801) Shortly after, Kamehameha assembled the principal chiefs from all over the island for a meeting at Kealakekua. There they had a serious discussion of cession. A treaty was discussed that afforded British protection of Hawaiians from unscrupulous traders and predatory foreign powers. It would be achieved through the cession of the Island of Hawaiʻi to Great Britain. “Tamaahmaah opened the business in a speech, which he delivered with great moderation and equal firmness. He explained the reasons that had induced him to offer the island to the protection of Great Britain; and recounted the numerous advantages that himself, the chiefs, and the people, were likely to derive by the surrender they were about to make.” (Vancouver, 1801) The chiefs stated clearly that this cession was not to alter their religion, economy, or government, and that Kamehameha, the chiefs and priests “were to continue as usual to officiate with the same authority as before in their respective stations ….” “(T)he king repeated his former proposition, which was now unanimously approved of, and the whole party declared their consent by saying, that they were no longer ‘Tanata no Owhyhee,’ the people of Owhyhee; but ‘Tananta no Britannee,’ the people of Britain.” (Vancouver, 1801) To commemorate the event, an inscription on copper was made stating, “On the 25th of February, 1794, Tamaahmaah, king of Owhyhee, in council with the principal chiefs of the island, assembled on board His Britannic Majesty’s sloop Discovery in Karakakooa bay, in the presence of George Vancouver, commander of the said sloop; Lieutenant Peter Puget, commander of his said Majesty’s armed tender the Chatham; and the other officers of the Discovery; after due consideration, unanimously ceded the said island of Owhyhee to His Britannic Majesty, and acknowledged themselves to be subjects of Great Britain.” (Vancouver, 1801) Vancouver then noted in his Journal, “Thus concluded the ceremonies of ceding the island of Owhyhee to the British crown; but whether this addition to the empire will ever be of any importance of Great Britain, or whether the surrender of the island will ever be attended with any additional happiness to its people, time alone must determine.” (Vancouver, 1801) The British government did not receive a copy of the “cession” until after Vancouver’s return to England a year later, and then the British parliament never acted on it. The British ship and men expected by the Hawaiians never arrived, and Kamehameha and his chiefs resumed the wars against Maui and the other islands until, in 1810, Kamehameha was King not only of Hawai’i but of all the islands of the Hawaiian chain. (Speakman, HJH) Captain George Vancouver died on May 10, 1798 at the age of 40.	<urn:uuid:31ede720-4632-4872-9b66-06be852e2bc5>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://imagesofoldhawaii.com/tag/george-vancouver/	2024-12-10T19:07:13Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066067282.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210163759-20241210193759-00522.warc.gz	en	0.978196	2,248	3.4375	3
Systematic filtering and censorship of information has been taking place since the Spanish-American War (1898-1899).1) Today’s severe political disorientation is the result of a never consistent fight against this unconstitutional practice of manipulating public opinion. Worse, the views thus generated polarize and disrupt solidarity within and between civilized nations. The bill for this lack of critical vigilance has so far been two world wars and a looming third. After 1948, 1956, 1967 and 1973, we are now in the fifth Middle East war – a farce in itself. Throughout history, wars have been a common phenomenon – but not between always the same opponents. Before WW II, any clear winner had the opportunity to create peace conditions that gave them greater security. The established framework for stable coexistence was based on the respect which a loser automatically develops after the regional ranking is decided on the battlefield. Also, alone for security reasons, border adjustments usually took place. Stable coexistence was guaranteed as long as the hierarchy remained. The main winners of WW I and WW II most obviously failed in both cases in establishing a stable, lasting peace order. This order had to have consisted in starting a development towards the United States of Europe – by simply following the integrative path of the USA. This role model had shown that people from all over Europe can form a new nation within few generations. Instead, the Versailles Treaty pathed the way to WW II with over 50 million deaths. But the establishment of a desirable stable peace order failed a second time. With the enormous weapons deliveries to the Soviet Unión not stopped at an appropriate moment, Western politicians allowed the communist state to finalize WW II as a dangerous Superpower. This way, Great Britain and the USA violated another rule of Macchiavelli which says that he who helps another one to become strong will fall. When the victorious powers founded the UN in 1945, its idealistic charter promised a new era of peaceful conflict resolution instead of wars and civil wars. But hundreds of major military confrontations since then show that even this third attempt to create a sustainable peace order has failed. To learn from these historical mistakes requires two crucial questions to be answered, “how and by which forces have the twice-victorious Western allies been hindered in building sustainable peace?” The Middle East conflict turns out to be a model for the explanation. – Even after four victorious wars, Israel wasn’t allowed to establish a sustainable peace order and the forces which hindered its efforts were openly visible. These were mainly the Arab League and the UNO. The UN, among others, passed demonstrably unfair resolutions against the Jewish state from the start. In this way, Israel was denied the “equality of peoples” under Article 1, Paragraph 2 of its own charter. Simultaneously, the world organization failed obliging the Arab states to recognize Israel’s right to exist. The refusal to this day constitutes a breach of Article 2(1), which proclaims the right to sovereign equality of all Member States. Instead, after Israel’s victory in 1967, the Arab League was ‘allowed’ to announce the three Nos – no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with Israel and no peace with Israel. This Khartoum Declaration was clearly at odds with the bridging spirit of the UN Charter. Thus, UN’s correct reaction had been to insist on an immediate revocation. The unfair partisanship of the United Nations has resulted in the psychological catastrophe of Palestinian’s chronic disrespect of the regional hierarchy. Western politicians have their share in the guilt, too. They never have realized that the fair response to the consistent partisanship of Arab countries – and even the whole Muslim world – in all wars in the Middle East had to consist in a clear siding with Israel. It was never just about the hierarchy between Israel and its Arab neighbors, but also about that between the cultural areas of Western free civilization and the Muslim world. Politicians ignored this fact even when it was communicated to them in fall 1947 from the mouth of Azzam Pasha, then leader of the Arab League. Azzam foresaw the war of 1948 and declared: “This war will be distinguished… (It) will be impossible to contain the zealous volunteers arriving from all corners of the world to avenge the martyrdom of the Palestine Arabs, and viewing the war as dignifying every Arab and every Muslim throughout the world …”2) This supposedly neutral positioning became commonplace in Western politics, in mainstream media and organizations like NGOs. Unobtrusively at the beginning, it turned over into a systematical distortion of Israel’s history and legal status. This propaganda war grew persistently over decades, and since October 7, 2023, it has reached the proportions of a tsunami. These destructive developments in Western attitude and thinking inevitably had to result in dangerous actions. And they do so long since without detection – exactly since the zeitgeist has switched from the free and integrating spirit of the American founding decades towards polarization and restrictions on freedom. The turning point was in the Spanish-American War. Then, our civilization entered an era of combined self-destructing violence and systematical hindering of the freedom of the press. As stated at the beginning, “today’s severe political disorientation is the result of a never consistent fight against this unconstitutional practice of manipulating public opinion.” A lack of sane rational critique on their government’s increasingly militarist policy has become the outstanding feature of Western journalism. It created the mental ambience, in which the great powers and their common child the UN could disregard fundamental political rules and violate own principles – all to the detriment of Western nations. In 79 postwar years, the supposed defenders of freedom have installed and supported dozens of dictatorships, overthrown democratically elected presidents and sided with militant Islamic groups.3) Worse still, the West’s military involvements, particularly in Muslim countries, have led to the opposite of the promised liberation, namely to the destruction of the reputation of free democracy and Western civilization. It took the so-called Coalition of the Willing, a conglomerate of almost 50 predominantly Western and Muslim countries, more than 8 years to deploy in Iraq. And despite these exorbitant efforts, the results were the opposite of the promised prosperity and free democracy. Instead, the economy of this oil-rich country is ‘sustainably’ ruined, the government is – as usual – corrupt, around half a million civilians died, many more left the country and in large areas the environment is radioactively contaminated by DU munitions. In sharp difference to the present Gaza conflict, where much lower civilian victim figures are covered by the press with loud moaning, in the Iraq war civilian suffering and destruction in general were widely kept out of the reporting. Instead, technical details of the attacker’s weapons gave the impression of an almost clean war – a lie.4) The difference in military efficiency between tiny Israel and the supposed superpower USA is so ridiculously inverted that a fitting conclusion is: “More than just something has to be wrong with the US military, but leaving the question open by whose influence.” Israel’s military is still by far the best in the world in terms of quality, but since 1967 the global political atmosphere has changed enormously to the detriment of free Western nations, including Israel. Previous sympathy for the Jewish state has given way to violent demonstrations against it, instigated by “benevolent” organizations and media. The centuries-old narratives that tell us these were “controlled by Jews” turn out to be cynical fairy tales. It doesn’t matter whether some ultra-rich people claim Jewish identity as long as their actions run counter to Jewish values and solidarity. The existence of such organizations and media would not pose a threat if they were solidarity-based parts of their Western societies and of a fair market of ideas. But both assumptions are incorrect. The fair market is systematically under attack. Today, it is not the quality and consistency of ideas that determines whether they are ignored and forgotten or widely disseminated, but rather the power of money. George Soros is one of the less moneyed of the ultra-rich persons who represent the “modern” (spell: undemocratic) way of spreading political ideas and driving movements. The billionaire donates large parts of his fortune to a wide range of organizations with a predominantly anti-patriotic and anti-Israel orientation. In this way, a small monetary aristocracy shapes mainstream thinking and triggers political decisions by funding organizations of their choice. Like historical nobility, today’s financial elite is prone to narcissism, thus their attitudes are at odds with freedom, democracy, actual integration and patriotism. Under their influence, the survival interests of Western nations are counteracted in favor of an illusion – a pseudo-integrative one-world order. The plans for civilization’s future have been drawn up long since by the UN and their strategic partner WEF. But reading between the lines, their rose-colored vision proves to be the opposite of what’s awaiting us. Simply extrapolating the current trends, an Orwellian system comes into sight, with a money elite controlling the rules. Obviously, the chosen path towards this historically inconsistent goal is to replace developed nations with a less critical, predominantly Muslim population. Taking this hostile political environment into account means: – The survival interests of Judaism, Israel and of all other nations of Judeo-Christian civilization are closely linked. Therefore, much more contacts between Israeli, American and European patriots and constitutionalists are necessary. – The global propaganda war requires a more coordinated presentation of Israel’s legal situation and correct history (as well as Europe’s distorted colonial history). – The high number of enemies and false friends outside and within the West makes it likely that there will be some among them who consider a war of mutual annihilation between Israel and Iran to be a desirable “solution”. – In this context, invading Rafah would mean falling into a trap with no way out.	<urn:uuid:642e8dca-1f36-43df-9005-8f3aed4a6584>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/indispensable-solidarity-with-israel-actualized-version/	2024-12-06T17:28:29Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066415183.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206155059-20241206185059-00549.warc.gz	en	0.953474	2,079	2.75	3
Fasting has been a practice in the Judeo-Christian tradition for centuries. It is mentioned in both the Old and New Testaments of the Bible. Fasting was done for various reasons, such as mourning, repentance, seeking strength from God, and seeking His guidance. Jesus Himself practiced fasting and instructed His followers to do the same. Fasting is not a guarantee that God will answer prayers as desired, but it is a way to humble oneself and seek God’s will and grace beyond normal habits of worship and prayer. - Prayer and fasting have a long-standing tradition in the Judeo-Christian faith. - Fasting is a way to humble oneself and seek God’s will and grace beyond normal habits of worship and prayer. - Jesus practiced fasting and instructed His followers to do the same. - Fasting is not a guarantee that God will answer prayers as desired, but it is a journey to deeper spirituality. - Through prayer and fasting, individuals can seek strength, guidance, and a closer relationship with God. The Spiritual Significance of Prayer and Fasting Prayer and fasting play a pivotal role in religious practices and have a profound spiritual significance. Fasting serves as a means to focus the mind and spirit on God, fostering a deeper connection and intimacy with the divine. It goes beyond mere abstinence from food and encompasses the renunciation of other pleasures and distractions. This intentional self-denial creates a space for a more profound spiritual experience and growth. By humbling oneself through fasting, individuals demonstrate their dependence on God and their willingness to seek His guidance and will. Prayer and fasting are intertwined, complementing each other in the spiritual journey. The act of fasting allows individuals to enter a state of heightened awareness, clarity, and spiritual sensitivity. Through this state of focused introspection, individuals are better able to communicate with God through prayer and meditation. Fasting strengthens faith, cultivates self-discipline, and fosters spiritual growth. It provides an opportunity for individuals to detach themselves from the material world and experience a deeper connection with the divine. Throughout history, various religious traditions have recognized the significance of fasting for spiritual growth. The act of fasting is not only a means of seeking divine favor or answers to prayers but also a way to align one’s desires with God’s will. It serves as a reminder of the transient nature of physical sustenance and emphasizes the importance of nourishing the soul. Through prayer and fasting, individuals embark on a journey of self-reflection, surrender, and deepened faith, ultimately leading to a more meaningful and transformative spiritual life. Benefits of Prayer and Fasting “Fasting is the soul’s food, and prayer is the soul’s breath.” – Mahatma Gandhi Prayer and fasting not only have a spiritual impact but also bring about physical and mental benefits. Scientific studies have shown that fasting can have positive effects on cellular repair, metabolic health, and insulin sensitivity. Intermittent fasting has been linked to increased longevity, improved brain function, and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Fasting also promotes mental clarity, enhances focus, and aids in breaking free from addictive habits. Physical Benefits \| Mental Benefits \| Cellular repair \| Mental clarity \| Metabolic health \| Improved focus \| Insulin sensitivity \| Breaking addictive habits \| Christians practice prayer and fasting as a means of deepening their faith and spirituality. It is a time of self-examination, introspection, and inner reflection. Through fasting, individuals can align their physical, mental, and spiritual well-being, paving the way for a more holistic and purposeful life. The Physical and Mental Benefits of Prayer and Fasting Prayer and fasting not only have significant spiritual implications, but they also bring about physical and mental benefits. Scientific studies have shown that fasting can have a positive impact on our overall health and well-being. One of the primary physical benefits of fasting is its effect on cellular repair and longevity. During fasting, our cells undergo a process called autophagy, which removes damaged proteins and cellular waste, promoting cellular regeneration and overall health. Fasting has also been found to improve metabolic health and insulin sensitivity. When we fast, our body utilizes stored fat for energy, leading to weight loss and improved metabolism. This can have a positive impact on conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, fasting has been shown to improve cognitive function and brain health. By giving our digestive system a break, fasting allows more energy to be directed towards our brain, resulting in improved mental clarity, focus, and concentration. “Fasting is a time of physical and mental rejuvenation, allowing our bodies to heal and reset.” Aside from the physical benefits, fasting also has profound effects on our mental and emotional well-being. By abstaining from food and other distractions, fasting creates a space for inner reflection and self-discovery. It allows us to become more aware of our thoughts, emotions, and desires, leading to heightened self-awareness and introspection. This inner reflection can help us identify and address any negative patterns or behaviors, promoting personal growth and transformation. Fasting is not just a religious practice; it is a holistic approach to health and well-being. By incorporating prayer and fasting into our lives, we can experience not only spiritual growth but also physical and mental rejuvenation. It is a time to recenter ourselves, align our minds and bodies, and seek a deeper connection with the divine. The Connection between Prayer, Fasting, and Inner Reflection Prayer and fasting are intrinsically linked to inner reflection. Through prayer, we communicate with God, seeking guidance, strength, and wisdom. Fasting complements prayer by providing a conducive environment for deep introspection and self-examination. It allows us to quiet the noise of the world, silence our own desires, and listen to the still, small voice of God. In the hustle and bustle of daily life, it can be challenging to find moments of stillness and inner peace. However, prayer and fasting carve out dedicated time for us to disconnect from the distractions and busyness of life and reconnect with our inner selves and with God. By creating space for inner reflection, we can gain clarity, insight, and a renewed sense of purpose. “Prayer and fasting create a sacred space within us, where we can commune with God and delve into the depths of our souls.” Through prayer and fasting, we can cultivate a deeper understanding of ourselves, our faith, and our relationship with God. It is a transformative journey that allows us to grow spiritually, emotionally, and mentally. As we engage in prayer and fasting, we open ourselves up to the transformative power of God’s presence and allow Him to work within us, shaping us into the individuals He desires us to be. Biblical Examples of Prayer and Fasting Fasting has been a significant practice in the Judeo-Christian tradition since ancient times. The Bible contains numerous examples of individuals and communities who fasted for various reasons, demonstrating the spiritual significance of this practice. Let’s explore some biblical fasting examples from both the Old and New Testaments. Fasting in the Old Testament Throughout the Old Testament, fasting was observed during times of mourning, repentance, seeking a word from God, and national repentance. Here are a few notable examples: Individual/Community \| Reason for Fasting \| Reference \| Moses \| Seeking God’s forgiveness and guidance after the Israelites worshipped the golden calf \| Exodus 34:28 \| David \| Interceding for his sick son \| 2 Samuel 12:16 \| Elijah \| Seeking God’s intervention and guidance during a time of spiritual warfare \| 1 Kings 19:8 \| Fasting in the New Testament Jesus Himself practiced fasting and taught His followers about its importance. Here are a few examples of fasting in the New Testament: Individual/Community \| Reason for Fasting \| Reference \| Jesus \| Fasting for forty days and nights in preparation for His ministry \| Matthew 4:2 \| The Early Church \| Fasting and seeking God’s guidance during times of worship and decision-making \| Acts 13:2-3 \| These biblical examples highlight the spiritual significance and varied purposes of fasting. They serve as a guide and inspiration for believers seeking to incorporate fasting into their own spiritual journeys. The Proper Attitude and Approach to Prayer and Fasting When engaging in the practice of prayer and fasting, it is essential to approach it with the right attitude and intentions. Scripture provides warnings and guidance on how to fast in a manner that is pleasing to God and beneficial to our spiritual growth. Fasting should not be done for show or to earn favor with God, but rather as a sincere act of devotion and self-discipline. One of the warnings about fasting is that it should not be used as a means to manipulate God or control others. Fasting is not a magic formula to force God’s hand or to get what we want. Instead, it is a time to humble ourselves, seek God’s will, and align our hearts with His desires. It is a way to demonstrate our dependence on Him and our desire to walk in obedience to His commands. In addition to the right attitude, fasting should also be accompanied by self-examination and confession of sins. It is an opportunity to reflect on our lives, identify areas of growth and repentance, and seek God’s forgiveness. Fasting is not just about abstaining from food; it is a spiritual practice that calls for introspection, humility, and a genuine desire to draw closer to God. By approaching prayer and fasting with the proper attitude, we can experience its true benefits. It allows us to deepen our relationship with God, grow in faith, and gain spiritual insight. Fasting is not always easy, but when done with the right motives and heart, it can lead to a transformative and fulfilling spiritual journey. Practical Tips for Fasting Properly approaching fasting is crucial to ensure a safe and effective experience. Here are some practical tips to help you embark on your fasting journey: - Consult with a healthcare professional: If you have any underlying health conditions or concerns, it’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting a fast. They can provide guidance based on your specific needs and help you navigate fasting safely. - Start with short fasts: If you’re new to fasting, it’s advisable to begin with short fasts, such as fasting for one meal. This allows your body to adjust gradually and helps you understand your tolerance and reaction to fasting. - Stay hydrated: Hydration is crucial during fasting periods. Be sure to drink plenty of water and fluids throughout the day to avoid dehydration. However, refrain from consuming sugary drinks or caffeine, as they can hinder the benefits of fasting. - Break your fast gently: When it’s time to break your fast, start with small portions of easily digestible foods. Avoid indulging in heavy or unhealthy meals right away, as it may cause discomfort or disrupt the positive effects of fasting. By following these guidelines, you can ensure a smooth and beneficial fasting experience. Remember to listen to your body and make adjustments as needed. Fasting is a personal journey, and everyone’s experience may vary. With proper preparation and attention to your body’s needs, fasting can become a valuable spiritual practice. Fasting Schedule Example Time \| Activity \| 6:00 AM \| Wake up and drink a glass of water \| 7:00 AM \| Begin your day with prayer and meditation \| 8:00 AM \| Continue with your regular activities \| 12:00 PM \| Break for a small meal or snack \| 6:00 PM \| Enjoy a nutritious dinner \| 8:00 PM \| Engage in prayer and reflection before bedtime \| Please note that this is just an example, and you can adjust the fasting schedule to fit your lifestyle and individual needs. The goal is to find a rhythm that allows you to experience the benefits of fasting without compromising your overall well-being. Listening and Seeking God’s Will Through Prayer and Fasting Fasting is not merely about abstaining from food; it is a spiritual practice that creates a space for individuals to listen to God and seek His guidance. During a fast, one can set aside specific time for worship, prayer, and meditation on God’s Word. It is a time to humbly repent of sins, seek forgiveness, and offer prayers and desires to God. By being still and quieting the noise of the world, individuals can listen for His leading and direction. Through fasting, a deeper level of spiritual connection and awareness of God’s presence can be experienced. By intentionally creating a space for God to speak, individuals can discern His will, understand His plans, and align their desires with His purpose for their lives. Fasting opens the door to a greater sense of intimacy with God, allowing for a deeper level of trust and reliance on Him. Seeking God’s Guidance “Be still, and know that I am God.” – Psalm 46:10 Listening and seeking God’s will through prayer and fasting requires a posture of humility, surrender, and trust in His wisdom. It is a practice that requires patience and persistence, as God’s timing and ways are often beyond human understanding. By seeking God’s guidance through prayer and fasting, individuals can navigate life’s challenges with a greater sense of peace, clarity, and confidence in God’s direction. Challenges and Growth in Prayer and Fasting Prayer and fasting can present various challenges, both physical and mental. The act of denying oneself food and other pleasures requires self-discipline and self-control. It exposes our weaknesses and dependencies, revealing what truly controls us. However, through these challenges, individuals have the opportunity to grow in self-denial and develop a deeper reliance on God. Self-denial is an essential aspect of prayer and fasting. It teaches us to rely on God’s strength rather than our own, to surrender our desires and worldly distractions, and to prioritize seeking His will above all else. This process helps to cultivate greater self-control and self-mastery, allowing us to break free from an entitlement mentality and find satisfaction in God alone. While facing the challenges of fasting, individuals have the chance to strengthen their faith and trust in God. It is a time to depend on Him for sustenance, grace, and guidance. As we persevere through the difficulties, we experience the transformative power of God and His ability to sustain us even in the midst of physical and mental limitations. Challenges of Fasting \| Growing in Self-Denial \| As we navigate the challenges of fasting, it is crucial to maintain a positive mindset and a heart of humility. Embracing the difficulties with a spirit of perseverance and trust in God enables us to experience personal growth and spiritual breakthroughs. In these moments of self-denial, we open ourselves to a deeper understanding of God’s love, grace, and faithfulness. The challenges we face in prayer and fasting are not meant to discourage us but to mold us into individuals of greater strength, character, and reliance on God. As we overcome these challenges, we grow in self-control and discover the true nourishment and satisfaction found in a close relationship with our Creator. Fasting as a Tool for Spiritual Breakthrough and Transformation Fasting, coupled with prayer, is a powerful tool for spiritual breakthrough and transformation. It is a way to intensify and accelerate the manifestation of God’s power and presence in one’s life. Fasting is not a hunger strike or a means of manipulating God but a means of humbling oneself before Him and seeking His will. Many biblical examples show how fasting has led to breakthroughs, deliverance in battles, and spiritual revival. In the Old Testament, the prophet Daniel fasted for twenty-one days and received divine revelations and understanding. The Apostle Paul fasted and prayed for three days after encountering Jesus on the road to Damascus, leading to his transformation and calling as an apostle. Fasting for breakthrough, miracles, and spiritual awakening requires a sincere and wholehearted commitment to seek God’s face. It is a time to press in, seek God fervently, and experience His supernatural intervention and transformation in one’s life. Through fasting, individuals can witness the hand of God moving mightily, bringing healing, restoration, and breakthrough in various areas of life. The Power of Fasting for Breakthrough Fasting has been described as a spiritual weapon that enables believers to overcome strongholds, break free from bondages, and experience breakthrough in the spiritual realm. It is a way to declare dependence on God and invite His power and presence into every aspect of life. Fasting for breakthrough requires determination, discipline, and faith in God’s promises. During a fast, individuals are encouraged to seek God’s face, surrender their desires and burdens to Him, and intercede for specific breakthroughs in their lives and the lives of others. The focus shifts from personal needs to seeking God’s will and Kingdom purposes. It is a time to align one’s heart with God’s heart and invite His intervention and supernatural breakthroughs. Benefits of Fasting for Breakthrough \| Scriptural Example \| Increased spiritual sensitivity and discernment \| The prophetess Anna, who fasted and prayed for the redemption of Israel (Luke 2:36-38) \| Breakthrough in personal relationships and forgiveness \| The story of Joseph forgiving and reconciling with his brothers (Genesis 45) \| Deliverance from spiritual strongholds and bondages \| The story of the people of Nineveh fasting and repenting, leading to God’s mercy and deliverance (Jonah 3) \| Divine wisdom, guidance, and direction \| The Apostle Paul, after fasting and praying, receiving guidance from the Holy Spirit (Acts 13:1-3) \| Fasting for breakthrough is a journey of faith, surrender, and perseverance. It is an opportunity to experience the supernatural power of God and witness His transformative work in and through one’s life. Through fasting, individuals can enter into a deeper level of intimacy with God, release burdens, and receive breakthrough in areas of personal, relational, and spiritual significance. The Rewards and Fulfillment of Prayer and Fasting Prayer and fasting offer a multitude of rewards and a deep sense of fulfillment in one’s spiritual journey. By engaging in these practices, individuals can experience a closer connection with God, a heightened sense of His presence, and a profound understanding of His will. Fasting goes beyond abstaining from food; it is a period of self-denial, introspection, and surrender to God’s desires. Through this process, individuals can discover the true rewards of prayer and fasting, which extend far beyond any specific answers or outcomes they may initially seek. One of the primary rewards of prayer and fasting is a deeper sense of intimacy with God. As individuals humble themselves and seek Him in prayer and fasting, they open themselves up to experiencing His presence in a profound way. In this state of surrender, they can find peace, strength, and clarity of mind. The rewards may also come in the form of spiritual insight, where individuals gain a deeper understanding of God’s purposes and their role in His plan. These insights can bring a sense of fulfillment and purpose to their lives. Experiencing God’s presence is another significant reward of prayer and fasting. When individuals intentionally set aside time to seek Him, to listen and commune with Him, they create an atmosphere for divine encounters. It is in these moments of connection that individuals can experience His love, grace, and power in transformative ways. The fulfillment that comes from experiencing God’s presence is unlike anything the world can offer. It nourishes the soul, brings joy, and empowers individuals to live according to His will. Table: Comparing the Rewards of Prayer and Fasting Reward \| Description \| Deeper Intimacy with God \| Prayer and fasting create a space for individuals to draw closer to God, cultivating a deeper relationship and understanding of His character. \| Spiritual Insight \| Through prayer and fasting, individuals gain a deeper understanding of God’s purposes and their role in His plan. \| Experiencing God’s Presence \| A sense of fulfillment that comes from encountering God’s love, grace, and power in transformative ways. \| Peace and Clarity \| Prayer and fasting bring inner peace, clarity of mind, and a renewed perspective on life’s challenges. \| Empowerment for Living \| The rewards of prayer and fasting empower individuals to live according to God’s will, trusting in His guidance and purposes. \| As individuals embark on the journey of prayer and fasting, they can anticipate the rewards and fulfillment that await them. These rewards go beyond the realm of material desires and extend into the realm of the spiritual, providing a deeper connection with God, a sense of purpose and peace, and a transformed life lived in alignment with His will. Through prayer, fasting, and a genuine desire to draw closer to God, individuals can experience the richness and fulfillment that come from seeking His presence and following His lead. The Continuing Journey of Prayer and Fasting Prayer and fasting are not meant to be one-time events but rather an ongoing practice in one’s spiritual life. Incorporating fasting into a regular spiritual discipline allows individuals to deepen their relationship with God and experience transformative growth. Dedicating time for prayer and fasting on a regular basis helps cultivate a deeper sense of connection and intimacy with the divine. It provides an opportunity to seek God’s guidance, align one’s desires with His will, and experience His transformative power in everyday life. By incorporating fasting into a regular spiritual discipline, individuals can develop a greater sense of self-control and discipline. It becomes a way of surrendering personal desires and relying on God’s strength and provision. Through this ongoing practice, individuals can continue to experience the rewards and fulfillment that come from living in alignment with God’s purposes. The Benefits of Incorporating Fasting into a Regular Spiritual Discipline Benefits \| Explanation \| Deepened spiritual connection \| Fasting regularly allows individuals to experience a deeper sense of connection and intimacy with God, fostering a closer relationship. \| Increased self-control \| By practicing regular fasting, individuals can develop greater self-control and discipline in various areas of life. \| Alignment with God’s will \| Continuing the journey of prayer and fasting helps individuals align their desires and decisions with God’s purposes and guidance. \| Sustained spiritual growth \| Through regular fasting, individuals can experience ongoing spiritual growth, leading to a deeper understanding of faith and a stronger connection with God. \| Incorporating fasting into a regular spiritual discipline is a personal journey that requires commitment and intentionality. It is a way to deepen one’s faith, seek God’s will, and experience His transformative power in everyday life. In conclusion, prayer and fasting hold immense spiritual significance and offer a myriad of benefits. By engaging in fasting, individuals can deepen their connection with God, reinforce their faith, and seek His divine guidance. Fasting is more than just refraining from food; it is a time of self-denial, reflection, and surrendering to God’s will. Through the practice of prayer and fasting, individuals may experience spiritual breakthroughs, develop self-control, and find fulfillment in aligning their lives with God’s desires. It is crucial to approach fasting with sincerity, humility, and a genuine desire to draw closer to God. The journey of prayer and fasting is ongoing, allowing individuals to continually seek God’s will, nurture their relationship with Him, and witness His transformative power. Therefore, prayer and fasting are not isolated events but integral components of a lifelong spiritual journey. They enable individuals to pursue a deeper understanding of God, actively seek His guidance, and encounter His life-changing presence. By incorporating fasting into regular spiritual disciplines, individuals can cultivate a more profound relationship with the divine and live a life that aligns with His purposes. Why is prayer and fasting important? Prayer and fasting are important practices in the Judeo-Christian tradition that deepen the connection with God, promote spiritual growth, and seek His guidance and will. What is the significance of prayer and fasting? Prayer and fasting create a deeper intimacy with God, help break addictive habits, promote self-discipline, and enhance mental clarity and focus. Are there benefits to prayer and fasting? Yes, in addition to spiritual benefits, scientific studies have shown that fasting can have positive effects on cellular repair, metabolic health, longevity, and insulin sensitivity. Are there biblical examples of prayer and fasting? Yes, many biblical figures, such as Samuel, Nehemiah, Esther, Jesus, and early Christian communities, practiced prayer and fasting for various reasons. How should one approach prayer and fasting? Prayer and fasting should be approached with sincerity, humility, and a genuine desire to seek God’s will, accompanied by self-examination and confession of sins. Are there practical tips for fasting? Yes, it is important to start with short fasts, stay hydrated, break the fast gently, and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any health conditions. How can one listen and seek God’s will through prayer and fasting? During fasting, set aside specific time for worship, prayer, and meditation on God’s Word, repent of sins, listen for God’s leading, and seek His guidance. What are the challenges of prayer and fasting? Fasting can be challenging physically and mentally, requiring self-discipline and exposing unhealthy dependencies. However, it can lead to self-control and a deeper reliance on God. Can prayer and fasting lead to spiritual breakthrough and transformation? Yes, prayer and fasting can intensify and accelerate the manifestation of God’s power and presence in one’s life, leading to breakthroughs, deliverance, and spiritual revival. Are there rewards and fulfillment in prayer and fasting? The primary reward is a deeper sense of connection and intimacy with God, spiritual insight, peace, strength, and a fulfillment in living according to God’s desires and experiencing His faithfulness. Is prayer and fasting an ongoing journey? Yes, prayer and fasting should be seen as an ongoing process of seeking God’s will, growing in faith, and deepening the connection with the divine.	<urn:uuid:766b0073-f052-4eb7-a145-dec1dc507b82>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://jesusprayerministry.com/why-prayer-and-fasting-is-important/	2024-12-13T10:07:41Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116599.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213074100-20241213104100-00874.warc.gz	en	0.930105	5,554	2.78125	3
This post is part of our forum on “The Significance of the Black Family in the US.” The 400th Commemoration and Recognition of the year 1619 in the Commonwealth of Virginia exposed how Black family oral history, resistance posture, and landscape are manifested in our families. This essay provides the Tucker family of Hampton, Virginia, as a case study. The Tucker Family is an African American family who are guardians of the Tucker Family Cemetery and beholds oral history that include an ancestor named William, born unto Antoney and Isabella, who were among those Africans that disembarked the ship White Lion at Point Comfort (present-day Hampton) in August 1619. The power of oral history underscores narratives of resilience, traditions, and connectedness to landscapes that are important in identity and resistance in the African Diasporic community. African American families function as organic African families. Not only is the institution of the Black family indispensable to the continuity of culture and survival, but also it serves as the major socialization entity, whereby people become conscious of themselves, and their relationship with one another within the community, and wider society. The Black family is also an important incubator of healing rituals through storytelling, cemetery preservation of ancestors, and recitations of painful narratives of overcoming, outlining how succeeding generations may maintain a resistance posture to heal and reclaim culture. Exploring oral history as a methodology, allows us to examine what information is transmitted in public cultural memory. Christel Temple has argued that the African Diasporic community approaches cultural memory by enlivening our historical awareness in ways to inform how we behave in social and political climates by summoning proof and perspective from our own dynamic traditions. As someone who lead the 400th commemorative efforts in the Commonwealth of Virginia in 2019, I offer that “the impact of 1619 is that what happened in that year became the fate of those early Africans and their progeny in colonial Virginia and ultimately in America.” Ritualistically, every August, the Black community gathers at the Tucker Family Cemetery for a memorial service in Hampton, though city officials and political constituents have attended. The Tucker Family Cemetery has over 100 graves and is just seven miles from Point Comfort, and a quarter of a mile from where the Tucker plantation operated. Every August, God is beckoned, elders are present to provide instruction, libations are poured, children perform traditional African movement, flowers are placed at every grave impression, and lamentations are offered with a word from a community leader about the power of resilience, of family, of the specific connection to the land that has been in the family for generations. This ritual is not only for the Tucker family, and those participating in the ritual feel the power of the space, knowing that the grounds were walked upon by Africans generations before. It connects the participant with the international narrative of 1619, to the sacred space that is owned and managed by the Tucker Family. “The impact of 1619 is that what happened in that year became the fate of those early Africans and their progeny in colonial Virginia and ultimately in America.” 1 The William Tucker family based in Hampton claims sacred land, and as an ancestor baby William Tucker. “A 1625 muster in Elizabeth City, Virginia (formerly Kicotan, now the city of Hampton), lists that Antoney (Negro) and Isabella (Negro) had William their child baptized” Antoney and Isabella labored in the household or on the land of “Captain William Tucker, commandant of Point Comfort, the port where the ship White Lion landed with about 20 Africans in August, 1619” The child William is often described as the first African child born in America; however, there is a second child listed in the 1625 muster at Flowerdew Hundred, and no records indicate which child was born first. Records do not exist as to the fate of this family, yet the William Tucker family claims this history as their own. They have engaged in genealogical research, DNA testing, and formed a foundation called The William Tucker 1624 Society to preserve their family’s historic burying ground in Hampton, the Tucker Family Cemetery. This family believes that the remains of William Tucker’s progeny are buried there. The power and relevance of oral traditions lies not only in the retelling of memory but in how it informs our resistance posture and resilience to heal. The oral tradition has been used to maintain and reclaim African culture, socialize members in role responsibility to undergird the family’s wellbeing, maintain a resistance posture for spiritual, mental, and cultural health solvency, and it has assisted with connecting our people to the earth when allowable. This ritual carries healing properties duplicable to all families seeking wholeness and togetherness in the midst of virulent anti-Blackness in every social institution and social public policy enacted against Black people. The challenges Black people face are essentially the same now as for the past century, related not to“family stability but to the socioeconomic conditions that tear families asunder due to poverty, income and wealth disparities, health, discrimination and racism,” as noted by sociologists Leanor Johnson and Robert Staples. Rituals that take place in a sacred landscape are impactful. To be on land that has been consecrated by the bones of our ancestors, land that has been in families for generations, connects us to our personal history in a visual manner. Cemeteries signify identity, lineage, narratives, and connectedness to Mother Earth that should be retained, where Black joy is re-imagined. Spaces may be transformed into educational, rites-of-passage, and safe play spaces for children. Africana social work scholar Aminifu Harvey reminds us that rituals are inclusive, signifying membership, healing, and wholeness. Rituals regenerate and resist disorder, address disease and disruption, and usher in dialogue and collaboration, through vulnerable revelations of internal struggles and strife. Rituals are foundational to employing a resistance posture and manifesting the resilience of people who are connected to the ancestors and are capable of transcending oppressive institutions. This socialization and healing is an integrative awareness with a deep immersion in our African-influenced culture. Such a natural escape renders cultural relevance from the horrors of whiteness and anti-Blackness. Black psychologist Nancy Boyd-Franklin observed that Black people experience anti-Blackness daily in schools, courts, hospitals, or social welfare agencies, often under considerable threat or pressure. Collective and meaningful healing and cultural regeneration do not occur in those institutions. As evidenced by the public ritual sponsored by the Tucker family, the recovery and reclamation process of African culture underscores the socialization agency of Black families. Not only are Black people estranged and warred upon in social institutions, but such estrangement and alienation from natural resources should also be considered in the recovery and reclamation process. Aminifu Harvey explained that alienation is may be defined as being out of harmony with one’s own self, community, and environment. The power of our identity as ethereal beings confronts alienation, and transforms an oppressive identity construction, with origins in 1619 as non- or pseudo-citizens. Africana psychologist W. Wade Nobles instructs that human alienation for African people is the sense of being disconnected from one’s spirit (even though one is highly spiritual) and having a sense of not being truly or completely human (and not knowing it).” Therefore, such a ritual of memory and resilience is a process where one transcends imposed ideas of a hyphenated or immigrant identity, to one of a global person bonded with ancestors who are alive and powerful. This ritual of memory and resilience responds to the alienation emblematic of oppressive forces that Black families face in social institutions daily. Hosting these rituals in landscapes that are ours is important to conduct, as these cultural healing methods remain obscure in governmental agencies, since, as Nancy Boyd-Franklin argues, “many Black families are very hesitant to approach clinics, hospitals, and mental health centers since all are clearly perceived by White institutions and as extensions of these social service agencies.” Records do not exist that explain what happened to Antoney, Isabella, or baby William. Yet their model of an African family in the English settler colony is a tender reminder that they existed and are remembered yearly by the Tucker family in Hampton, Virginia. The absence of records does not diminish who they were, and never are they only regarded as ‘enslaved people.’ They are held up as models of ancient African culture, resilient models of husband and wife, and ancestors who first wore the badge of Blackness in the racially-constructed plantation capitalistic system. Engagement in rituals in sacred spaces such as cemeteries that we do control and preserve should not only be visited during Decoration Day (a 19th-century practice of decorating graves of the deceased after the Civil War, which is a precursor to Memorial Day), or in the event of a Homegoing. These landscapes are sources of healing, memory, identity, and reminders of resilient patterns of how families lived and endured the worst of times, so that we may fight on. As impoverished families continue to be victimized through ethnic cleansing of cities for unaffordable housing, cemeteries where our families are buried are our sacred cultural landscapes. The year 1619 is a reminder that family is not only who we physically know or knew, but those great clouds of witnesses who gave us our flesh, blood, culture, and the land where they are buried, so that we may remain connected to them as family. - Colita Nichols Fairfax, ed., The African Experience in Colonial Virginia Essays on the 1619 Arrival and the Legacy of Slavery (Jefferson, NC, 2021) ↩	<urn:uuid:92b41a41-5a8f-4170-be72-e88e55ce0c1e>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.aaihs.org/the-relevance-of-1619-in-black-family-oral-history/	2024-12-03T16:53:05Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066139248.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203163346-20241203193346-00557.warc.gz	en	0.956347	2,009	3.125	3
While an archive may contain many files, the archive itself is a single ordinary file. Like any other file, an archive file can be written to a storage device such as a tape or disk, sent through a pipe or over a network, saved on the active file system, or even stored in another archive. An archive file is not easy to read or manipulate without using the tar utility or Tar mode in GNU Emacs. Physically, an archive consists of a series of file entries terminated by an end-of-archive entry, which consists of two 512 blocks of zero bytes. A file entry usually describes one of the files in the archive (an archive member), and consists of a file header and the contents of the file. File headers contain file names and statistics, checksum information which tar uses to detect file corruption, and information about file types. Archives are permitted to have more than one member with the same member name. One way this situation can occur is if more than one version of a file has been stored in the archive. For information about adding new versions of a file to an archive, see Updating an Archive. In addition to entries describing archive members, an archive may contain entries which tar itself uses to store information. See section Including a Label in the Archive, for an example of such an archive entry. archive file contains a series of blocks. Each block contains BLOCKSIZE bytes. Although this format may be thought of as being on magnetic tape, other media are often used. Each file archived is represented by a header block which describes the file, followed by zero or more blocks which give the contents of the file. At the end of the archive file there are two 512-byte blocks filled with binary zeros as an end-of-file marker. A reasonable system should write such end-of-file marker at the end of an archive, but must not assume that such a block exists when reading an archive. In particular GNU tar always issues a warning if it does not encounter it. The blocks may be blocked for physical I/O operations. Each record of n blocks (where n is set by the `–blocking-factor=512-size' (`-b 512-size') option to tar ) is written with a single `write ()' operation. On magnetic tapes, the result of such a write is a single record. When writing an archive, the last record of blocks should be written at the full size, with blocks after the zero block containing all zeros. When reading an archive, a reasonable system should properly handle an archive whose last record is shorter than the rest, or which contains garbage records after a zero block. The header block is defined in C as follows. In the GNU tar distribution, this is part of file src/tar.h All characters in header blocks are represented by using 8-bit characters in the local variant of ASCII. Each field within the structure is contiguous; that is, there is no padding used within the structure. Each character on the archive medium is stored contiguously. Bytes representing the contents of files (after the header block of each file) are not translated in any way and are not constrained to represent characters in any character set. The tar format does not distinguish text files from binary files, and no translation of file contents is performed. , and gname are null-terminated character strings. All other fields are zero-filled octal numbers in ASCII. Each numeric field of width w contains w minus 1 digits, and a null. (In the extended GNU format, the numeric fields can take other forms.) field is the file name of the file, with directory names (if any) preceding the file name, separated by slashes. See how big a name before field overflows? field provides nine bits specifying file permissions and three bits to specify the Set UID, Set GID, and Save Text (sticky) modes. Values for these bits are defined above. When special permissions are required to create a file with a given mode, and the user restoring files from the archive does not hold such permissions, the mode bit(s) specifying those special permissions are ignored. Modes which are not supported by the operating system restoring files from the archive will be ignored. Unsupported modes should be faked up when creating or updating an archive; e.g., the group permission could be copied from the other permission. fields are the numeric user and group ID of the file owners, respectively. If the operating system does not support numeric user or group IDs, these fields should be ignored. field is the size of the file in bytes; linked files are archived with this field specified as zero. field represents the data modification time of the file at the time it was archived. It represents the integer number of seconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00 Coordinated Universal Time. field represents the simple sum of all bytes in the header block. Each 8-bit byte in the header is added to an unsigned integer, initialized to zero, the precision of which shall be no less than seventeen bits. When calculating the checksum, the chksum field is treated as if it were all blanks. field specifies the type of file archived. If a particular implementation does not recognize or permit the specified type, the file will be extracted as if it were a regular file. As this action occurs, tar issues a warning to the standard error. fields are used in making incremental backups; they store, respectively, the particular file's access and status change times. is used by the `–multi-volume' (`-M') option, when making a multi-volume archive. The offset is number of bytes into the file that we need to restart at to continue the file on the next tape, i.e., where we store the location that a continued file is continued at. The following fields were added to deal with sparse files. A file is sparse if it takes in unallocated blocks which end up being represented as zeros, i.e., no useful data. A test to see if a file is sparse is to look at the number blocks allocated for it versus the number of characters in the file; if there are fewer blocks allocated for the file than would normally be allocated for a file of that size, then the file is sparse. This is the method tar uses to detect a sparse file, and once such a file is detected, it is treated differently from non-sparse files. Sparse files are often dbm files, or other database-type files which have data at some points and emptiness in the greater part of the file. Such files can appear to be very large when an `ls -l' is done on them, when in truth, there may be a very small amount of important data contained in the file. It is thus undesirable to have tar think that it must back up this entire file, as great quantities of room are wasted on empty blocks, which can lead to running out of room on a tape far earlier than is necessary. Thus, sparse files are dealt with so that these empty blocks are not written to the tape. Instead, what is written to the tape is a description, of sorts, of the sparse file: where the holes are, how big the holes are, and how much data is found at the end of the hole. This way, the file takes up potentially far less room on the tape, and when the file is extracted later on, it will look exactly the way it looked beforehand. The following is a description of the fields used to handle a sparse file: is an array of struct sparse . Each struct sparse contains two 12-character strings which represent an offset into the file and a number of bytes to be written at that offset. The offset is absolute, and not relative to the offset in preceding array element. The header can hold four of these struct sparse at the moment; if more are needed, they are not stored in the header. flag is set when an extended_header is needed to deal with a file. Note that this means that this flag can only be set when dealing with a sparse file, and it is only set in the event that the description of the file will not fit in the allotted room for sparse structures in the header. In other words, an extended_header is needed. structure is used for sparse files which need more sparse structures than can fit in the header. The header can fit 4 such structures; if more are needed, the flag isextended gets set and the next block is an extended_header structure contains an array of 21 sparse structures, along with a similar isextended flag that the header had. There can be an indeterminate number of such extended_header s to describe a sparse file. These flags represent a regular file. In order to be compatible with older versions of tar , a typeflag value of AREGTYPE should be silently recognized as a regular file. New archives should be created using REGTYPE . Also, for backward compatibility, tar treats a regular file whose name ends with a slash as a directory. This flag represents a file linked to another file, of any type, previously archived. Such files are identified in Unix by each file having the same device and inode number. The linked-to name is specified in the linkname field with a trailing null. This represents a symbolic link to another file. The linked-to name is specified in the linkname field with a trailing null. These represent character special files and block special files respectively. In this case the devmajor fields will contain the major and minor device numbers respectively. Operating systems may map the device specifications to their own local specification, or may ignore the entry. This flag specifies a directory or sub-directory. The directory name in the name field should end with a slash. On systems where disk allocation is performed on a directory basis, the size field will contain the maximum number of bytes (which may be rounded to the nearest disk block allocation unit) which the directory may hold. A size field of zero indicates no such limiting. Systems which do not support limiting in this manner should ignore the size This specifies a FIFO special file. Note that the archiving of a FIFO file archives the existence of this file and not its contents. This specifies a contiguous file, which is the same as a normal file except that, in operating systems which support it, all its space is allocated contiguously on the disk. Operating systems which do not allow contiguous allocation should silently treat this type as a normal file. These are reserved for custom implementations. Some of these are used in the GNU modified format, as described below. Other values are reserved for specification in future revisions of the P1003 standard, and should not be used by any tar field indicates that this archive was output in the P1003 archive format. If this field contains TMAGIC , the uname fields will contain the ASCII representation of the owner and group of the file respectively. If found, the user and group IDs are used rather than the values in the uid For references, see ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 or IEEE Std 1003.1-1990, pages 169-173 (section 10.1) for Archive/Interchange File Format; and IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, pages 380-388 (section 4.48) and pages 936-940 (section E.4.48) for pax - Portable archive interchange.	<urn:uuid:cdadc982-693c-4ece-af32-6a8bf1b5fd0f>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://sys.cs.fau.de/lehre/ss24/bst/uebung/doc/extern/tar-format.html	2024-12-07T14:26:01Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066429485.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207132902-20241207162902-00718.warc.gz	en	0.918103	2,408	3.53125	4
Businesses of all sizes and types have begun to embrace artificial intelligence to enhance productivity and scalability. AI in Business Intelligence is no exception, artificial intelligence has helped businesses unlock hidden patterns and trends. Healthcare, automobiles, finance, banking, retail, and education are the major sectors that benefit the most from AI. According to Forbes AI adoption in customer service is 56%, cybersecurity is 51%, digital personal assistants is 47%, CRM is 46%, and inventory management is 40%. Further, data is a strategic asset in the current business world. Data enables organizations to make informed decisions so that, they can optimize operations, reduce costs, and enhance customer experiences. The convergence of AI and traditional Business Intelligence (BI) is redefining the way organizations tap into BI services. AI algorithms can automate various business-related tasks like data cleaning, transformation, and visualization. Further, AI-powered predictive analytics can forecast future trends, identify potential risks, and optimize business operations. This blog explores the key differences between traditional and AI-driven business intelligence, the benefits of AI in Business Intelligence, its applications, case studies, and its impact on businesses. AI vs Traditional Business Intelligence Traditional BI systems rely on historical data to generate reports and dashboards, but they consume a lot of time and have limited capabilities to identify complex and hidden patterns. On the contrary, by embedding AI in Business Intelligence, systems utilize advanced ML Models and algorithms to analyze vast amounts of structured and unstructured data. With this capability, they deliver real-time insights and forecast future outcomes swiftly. This empowers organizations to make data-driven decisions with greater speed, accuracy, and strategic impact. Benefits of AI in Business Intelligence AI-powered BI offers a wide array of benefits, salient ones are: Empowering Self-Service Analytics: Even non-tech-savvy users can leverage the benefits of analytics through AI-enabled BI. It provides the flexibility of querying using Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods. As a result, even non-tech users can start exploring its analytics features using natural languages. The mundane tasks of data preparation using data cleaning, normalization, and feature engineering can be automated with artificial intelligence. This automated data preparation capability helps analysts to focus on advanced analysis. AI-powered Business Intelligence enables analysts to automate insights generation. This is possible because of advanced AI algorithms that can identify patterns, trends, and anomalies in data. Benefits of Democratizing Data AI-powered BI takes data to a wide spectrum of audiences through democratization. The wider reach of data empowers users with a faster decision-making process. The data availability with a wider spectrum of users enhances the possibilities for innovation. Further, access to data amongst various teams and departments fosters better collaboration across verticals. It minimizes the dependency on specialized analysts bringing down the cost through automation of tasks. Most importantly, data-driven decisions enable businesses to understand their customer needs concisely improving the customer experience. Visualizing Data in Compelling and Insightful Ways Data visualization is an important component of Business Intelligence. AI can take data visualization to the next level through Automated and Interactive Visualization methods. Also, AI-enabled Natural Language Generation tools help non-technical users easily understand business insights. The AI-enabled Automated Visualization tools can easily plot appropriate chart types to represent the findings, breaking down complex data into compelling visuals, and saving a lot of time. The Interactive Visualization tools enable the users to explore data at different levels of detail. The Natural Language Generation tools greatly help non-technical users as they produce descriptions/ narratives of data visualization in simple language. The Importance of Storytelling in Data Analysis Storytelling is an indispensable component of BI. Platforms and tools with AI-integrated business intelligence help users produce much better storytelling methods by assisting in identifying key storylines, creating engaging visualizations, and producing personalized narratives. Precise identification of storylines helps end users to be relieved from bombarding and overwhelming information. They can focus on what exactly is their requirement. As the adage goes- “Pictures speak louder than words,” AI tools can be used to create appealing and engaging charts and graphs for storytelling. AI tools can cater to a wide range of users with visuals that entice them with their personalization capabilities. Augmented Intelligence: Smart Work, Faster Insights: AI-driven BI tools offer smart automation. Automation firstly helps analysts to automate routine tasks relieving them to work on rewarding, creative, and challenging tasks. Secondly, they enhance efficiency and productivity. AI in business intelligence can automate routine tasks like Data Cleaning and Preparation, Feature Engineering, Model Selection, and Tuning. As AI algorithms can automatically identify and rectify errors, inconsistencies, and missing data, analysts save a huge amount of time consumed during the data preparation stage of a traditional BI system. AI algorithms exhibit the ability to create new features from existing data. This capability improves the accuracy and predictive power of machine learning models. Often, selecting the suitable machine learning algorithm for the problem at hand is trickier. AI can automatically select the most suitable Machine Learning algorithm for a given task and optimize the hyperparameters needed. This capability enhances the model’s reliability and accuracy. Further, generating reports, dashboards, and visualizations, automated by AI capabilities. This saves analysts time and effort. How AI in Business Intelligence Increases Efficiency and Productivity AI-driven BI tools help analysts spend more time exploring data sources, developing advanced analytics, and communicating insights to stakeholders. Machines never get fatigued, as a result, they are less prone to errors leading to more accurate and reliable insights. These tools help enhance decision-making capabilities with their faster and more accurate prediction algorithms. Organizations can make better decisions, improve operational efficiency, and foster innovation. With AI at their side, analysts will have a sense of satisfaction with their work as they are involved in the more challenging and rewarding tasks (with AI as a side kick). Embracing Advanced Analytics Techniques: As already stated, AI-driven BI helps analysts to focus on advanced analytics. Here are the salient advanced analytics activities they can indulge in: ● Predictive Analytics: This technique utilizes historical data to predict future trends and outcomes. AI algorithms analyze huge data to detect patterns and correlations. Consequently, organizations are better placed to make proactive decisions. ● Prescriptive Analytics: This technique goes a step ahead of mere prediction. It recommends specific actions to optimize outcomes. They recommend multiple scenarios and actions. ● Machine Learning: In this technique, the AI algorithms are trained on large datasets to make decisions or predictions. AI-powered BI can utilize these machine learning methods to automate data analysis, identify anomalies, and detect fraud. Salient AI Technologies in Business Intelligence Various AI technologies that play a vital role in transforming the Business Intelligence: Machine Learning in Business Intelligence: Machine Learning techniques help in pattern discovery within a huge volume of data, aiding in the identification of trends or relationships that are otherwise obscured. Forecast models can be constructed utilizing these algorithms that are capable of predicting desired outcomes. Generative AI: Generative AI solutions include Generative Adversarial Neural Networks (GANs) and VAEs, which can fabricate data realistically. The data fabricated by Gen AI tools can be employed to train machine learning models. This feature plays a vital role in situations, where procuring real datasets is difficult or all the available datasets are confidential in nature. Data Processing and Analysis: AI tools can automate mundane tasks like report generation and data preparation steps of BI. This capability of AI offloads human analysts from tedious and time-consuming tasks. Natural Language Processing (NLP): This artificial intelligence capability employs common human languages to query. Natural language processing can be used for sentiment analysis to categorize customer preferences and tastes. Computer Vision: Computer Vision tools in the BI context can be used to research photos of products, videos from store security cameras, and other imagery. Explainable AI (XAI): XAI is a methodology that helps end users and analysts understand the rationale behind the decisions taken by the AI tools. Applications of AI in Business Intelligence We have identified the salient applications of AI in Business Intelligence : Application \| Description \| Benefits \| Enhanced Data Collection \| AI can automate data extracted from various sources, such as databases, spreadsheets, and web APIs. It can also clean and preprocess data to ensure accuracy and consistency. \| – Improved data quality and completeness – Reduced manual effort and time – Increased data accessibility \| Accurate Predictions and Forecasting \| AI-powered predictive models can analyze historical data to identify patterns and trends, enabling businesses to forecast future outcomes. \| – Better decision-making – Improved planning and resource allocation – Reduced risk and uncertainty \| Real-time Analysis \| AI can process and analyze data in real time, enabling businesses to monitor key metrics and respond to changes quickly. \| – Faster decision-making – Improved operational efficiency – Enhanced customer experience \| Personalized Customer Experiences \| AI can analyze customer data to understand their preferences, behaviors, and needs. This enables businesses to deliver personalized marketing campaigns, product recommendations, and customer service. \| – Increased customer satisfaction – Improved customer retention – Higher revenue and profitability \| Automated Decision-Making \| AI can automate decision-making processes, such as inventory management, pricing optimization, and fraud detection. \| – Increased efficiency – Reduced human error – Improved decision accuracy \| Scalability \| AI can help businesses scale their BI operations to handle increasing data volumes and complexity. AI-powered tools can automate many tasks, making it easier to manage large-scale data initiatives. \| – Improved scalability – Reduced costs – Enhanced agility \| American Express ,a pioneer in financial services is one of the major players to embrace AI-powered BI. This organization tapped into the vast amount of available customer data to obtain insights such as customer behaviors, preferences, and spending styles. Through these insights, they are able to customize offerings and create targeted marketing strategies for better customer engagement and retention. This has helped this financial services tycoon to retain the top position in their domain. Netflix, which has redefined the entertainment industry is pioneering AI in Business Intelligence adoption. They have implemented an AI-powered recommendation system to understand the preferences and tastes of their audience. The company says AI-powered BI has helped them boost revenue by more than 20%. Also, it says customer retention and satisfaction rates are also improved through AI-powered BI. Starbucks, renowned as a coffee giant is also using AI and business intelligence to improve its supply chain system thus reducing unnecessary wastage. This brand uses data analytics, to track customer preferences for better inventory management. Embracing AI-driven BI tools has helped them optimize order fulfillment, reduce customer wait time, and improve overall customer experience. Implications for Businesses The implications of AI-powered Business Intelligence on organizations can be visualized from three angles. - Automation of Routine Tasks - Upskilling and Hiring Skilled AI and BI professionals - Embracing Advanced Analytics Techniques Firstly, organizations should automate their mundane tasks by utilizing AI algorithms to free the human resource to work on challenging and rewarding tasks. Secondly, Organizations must prioritize hiring AI and Data science professionals. It also fosters a data-driven culture within all departments and verticals. This AI-first strategy fosters organizational growth. Ultimately, organizations must embrace advanced AI analytics and innovations such as predictive and prescriptive analytics methods to make better decisions and achieve sustainable growth.	<urn:uuid:58701049-3b17-4b36-b2a6-182eb421ba22>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://candata.ai/blog/ai-in-business-intelligence-data-into-strategy/	2024-12-08T12:43:31Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066446143.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208111059-20241208141059-00676.warc.gz	en	0.910805	2,369	2.609375	3
Indeed, you can’t dispute the effect that environmental factors in learning environments can have on students. Research shows that students who study in a positive learning environment are more highly motivated and engaged, and this helps to develop their learning ability and, consequently, their academic success. The question is, how do you create an inspirational learning environment through the medium of wall art in schools? In this article, we share our insight from years of helping educational establishments to design, create, and install bespoke school wall murals that promote values, vision, and learning. What Are the Benefits of Inspirational Wall Art in Schools? From creating warm and welcoming entrance lobbies to turning plain, boring walls into vibrant, motivational learning aids, installing school wall art has the power to achieve a host of objectives. How Can Wall Art Motivate Students? Research has found that 65% of people are visual learners. Not only can school wall art improve your students’ understanding of their subjects, but it can significantly boost their drive to succeed. In addition, the presence of vibrant colours and positive messages on your school’s walls can: · Stimulate Curiosity and Interest Engaging visuals can capture students’ attention and spark their curiosity, helping to create a thirst for learning. · Reinforce Positive Behaviours Motivational quotes and images can remind students of their goals and encourage perseverance, resilience, and excellence. · Enhance Self-Esteem Seeing uplifting and inclusive imagery can help students feel valued and supported, boosting individual and collective confidence. How Can School Wall Art Create a Positive Atmosphere? Aesthetics influence mood. A dull, monotone environment lacks the visual stimuli to encourage positive thoughts and action. Transform your walls with vibrant colours and thoughtful murals, and you’ll influence the mood and mental wellbeing of your students, staff, and visitors: Improving Mood and Reducing Stress Beautiful, colourful wall art in schools can create a welcoming and calming environment, reducing anxiety and stress among students. · Encouraging Positive Interactions A pleasant environment fosters better behaviour and interactions, contributing to a more harmonious school community in which students live to the school’s values and help to deliver the school’s vision. How Can Wall Art Enhance Learning Environments? While educational wall art makes a school brighter and less foreboding, its influence goes beyond decoration. Effectively designed, school wall murals serve as a dynamic educational tool. Cognitive benefits include: - Reinforcing Learning Concepts Murals depicting scientific diagrams, historical timelines, or literary quotes can reinforce what students learn in the classroom, helping to… - Enhance Memory Retention Visual aids help students to retain information, aiding students in recalling what they have studied. - Stimulate Critical Thinking Thought-provoking images and messages can prompt questions, discussions, and critical thinking among students. Case Studies of Successful Implementations To illustrate how transformative school wall art can be when it’s implemented successfully, let’s turn to a few examples from our client book. While there are many to choose from, we’ve selected these to highlight the diverse approach and positive outcomes achieved – enhancing student engagement, motivation, and overall school atmosphere. Case Study: Castlewood Academy’s Journey Through History Project Description: Castlewood Academy sought to create a dynamic and educational wall display that would span the history of the world, integrating seamlessly with their curriculum. The goal was to craft a timeline that not only included captivating and informative historical facts, but also engaged pupils with their own local history. Approach: Our team designed a timeline that began with the formation of the solar system and extended to the present day, exploring key historical events in an exciting and educational manner. The display was designed to stimulate curiosity, prompt questions, and enhance pupils’ understanding of history and the world. Results: The installation of the timeline transformed a standard corridor into a vibrant learning environment. Students were visibly more engaged, often pausing to read the timeline and discuss its content. This interactive wall display not only enriched the students’ educational experience, but also fostered a deeper interest in history. Cheshire College’s Curriculum Across Its Walls Project Description: Cheshire College aimed to expand learning beyond the traditional classroom setting by incorporating vibrant and educational wall art across its departments. Approach: We created inspiring displays for the maths, English, and computing departments, each featuring vivid information about notable scientists, mathematicians, and writers, along with their significant discoveries and contributions. These displays were tailored to reflect the college’s passion for teaching and learning, welcoming students with visually stimulating and informative content that brought each subject to life. Results: The introduction of the wall art transformed the college’s classrooms and corridors into dynamic learning environments. The inspirational displays became interactive spaces where learning continued outside the classroom, fostering a deeper interest in maths, English, and computing. Additionally, the project highlighted the versatility of wall art, showing how even exterior walls and forgotten fences could become canvases for educational enrichment, further enhancing the overall learning atmosphere at Cheshire College King Edward VII Academy’s Historical Wall Display Project Description: King Edward VII Academy wanted to celebrate its rich history with a wall display that highlighted significant events in its journey, including royal visits and the school’s role in the great wars. Approach: Consulting with teachers and others, we blended contemporary design methods with old newspaper imagery to create a striking visual contrast, focusing on a library of archived images to showcase the school’s extensive history. The goal was to blend contemporary design methods with old imagery to create a striking visual contrast, incorporating use of technology to breathe life into a neglected space. Results: The resulting wall display transformed a corridor into a vibrant narrative of the school’s history. We included QR codes that linked to YouTube footage and newspaper archives, allowing students to delve deeper into the school’s past. (See our Case Studies for more examples of our work with education establishments like yours.) Key Tips for Selecting Suitable School Wall Art Designs The design of effective school wall heart is supported by three pillars: the curriculum and your school’s values; age appropriateness; and student input. How Do You Align Wall Art with the School’s Curriculum and Values? Thematic consistency with both the curriculum and your school’s values is crucial when selecting wall art. Consider the following: - Identify Core Themes: Choose themes that resonate with the subjects taught and the values upheld by the school. - Educational Relevance: Opt for designs that can double as teaching aids, such as maps for geography lessons or inspirational quotes for English classes. How Do You Ensure Age Appropriateness? Age-appropriate designs ensure that the wall art resonates with the students: - For Younger Students: Use bright colours and playful characters that capture their imagination. - For Older Students: Choose more sophisticated designs that challenge their thinking and reflect their interests. Why Should You Incorporate Student Input? Engaging students in the selection process can be incredibly beneficial, as it provides: - Sense of Ownership: When students have a say, they feel a greater sense of ownership and pride in their school environment. - Increased Relevance: Students can provide insights into what designs and themes would be most meaningful to them. How Should You Collaborate with Artists and Designers? Working with professionals ensures high-quality results: - Finding the Right Designer: Look for artists with experience in educational settings and a portfolio that aligns with your school’s vision. - Budget Considerations: Discuss your budget upfront and explore funding options, such as grants or community sponsorships. Implementing School Wall Art That Inspires As they say, proper planning prevents poor performance. Therefore, when you are considering installing wall art, it’s crucial to ensure that all benefits that effective wall art can provide for your school are indeed delivered. Start by assessing your needs, and identify spaces within the school that would benefit most from wall art, before setting specific requirements for those spaces. You’ll need to set a realistic timeline and budget for completion of the project, considering school timetables and if work can be done outside of normal school hours – and if not, how installation will be implemented. Throughout the process, you’ll need to work closely with all stakeholders to finalise designs. It’s crucial to involve your school community – teachers, students, and parents – to foster a sense of shared purpose and ownership. Finally, and critical to success, you must ensure that the wall art is installed professionally to guarantee quality and longevity. Should You Outsource Design, Creation, and Installation of Your School’s Wall Art? There are several compelling reasons to outsource the design, creation, and installation of wall art for your school. You’re making a considerable investment, and professional companies bring a wealth of expertise and experience in the creation of impactful and inspirational educational wall murals. You’ll have access to specialists who can offer customised solutions tailored to fit the needs of your school, simultaneously aligning these with your school’s values, vision, mission, and, of course, the curriculum. Further, you’ll benefit from a comprehensive service that covers everything from design, to installation, to maintenance. While you will be consulted at every step, you’ll find that it’s an end-to-end process that is hassle free, allowing you to focus on your primary educational mission, which will be enhanced by expertly crafted and installed wall art. Imagine Your School’s Walls Transformed Wall art has the power to transform your school’s environment, making it more motivating, positive, and conducive to learning. An investment in thoughtfully designed school wall murals has the potential to enhance student engagement, support academic success, and create a vibrant community atmosphere. With our experience and expertise, we promise to bring your vision to life. We’ll discuss the pros and cons of different types of wall art, and help you avoid costly pitfalls in the process. Your teachings staff do what is probably the most important job in the world. It’s our job to help them do this, by creating spaces that motivate students to learn, be curious, thrive, and succeed in their academic life. Are you considering installing wall art in your school? Contact Design for Education to request a call back to discuss your project, or a wall displays brochure that could inspire ideas of what is possible to achieve in any space. More like this… Design for Education collaborated with Costello School to create vibrant wall displays that effectively communicate the school’s vision and values to students and visitors. Each mural, inspired by influential figures like David Attenborough and Rosa Parks, was meticulously designed to reflect the school’s ethos and inspire students. The project not only transformed the school’s environment visually but also reinforced its commitment to nurturing future leaders and thinkers. Explore how Design for Education partnered with Sheffield Springs Academy to transform their secondary school environment with captivating wall art. This creative transformation celebrates Sheffield’s uniqueness and embraces diversity, providing an immersive and inspiring learning atmosphere for students. See how our creative design can revolutionise an educational space. Discover how Design for Education helped Langley Academy revamp their school’s external signage and internal wall displays to convey a message of Equality, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI). Explore the unique project that emphasised EDI, and the stunning designs that refreshed the school’s visual identity, with the finished work being greatly admired by all of their teachers and students. In our recent project at Birkdale School, we revitalised their common and locker rooms in the School’s basement, infusing them with wall art that celebrates the heritage and landmarks of Sheffield. This transformation not only brightened the space but also provided an inspiring atmosphere for students. Our team delivers bespoke designs that enrich educational environments and enhance learning. You can transform your school walls with science murals that both captivate and educate. From timelines to narratives of inspirational scientists, these murals make learning an immersive experience. Use visual storytelling to inspire curiosity and reinforce your curriculum concepts effortlessly. Step into the newly transformed entrance of Alder Grove Church of England School, where a stunning reception area awaits. Imbued with the school’s branding and logos, the entire reception wall exudes professionalism and warmth, embodying the institution’s values. Explore our wall displays that create an inspiring environment for students to flourish.	<urn:uuid:e132c07c-0e0b-4f36-8555-d6b79109f799>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.designforeducation.co.uk/how-to-create-an-inspirational-school-environment-with-wall-art/?amp=1	2024-12-03T03:38:41Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066131052.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203010947-20241203040947-00465.warc.gz	en	0.933502	2,637	3.421875	3
What is the Swashbuckler Film Genre? Swashbuckler films, a vibrant and exhilarating sub-genre of adventure cinema, have captivated audiences with their tales of heroism, romance, and daring escapades. Defined by their focus on sword-fighting heroes, picturesque settings, and high-stakes conflict, these films transport viewers to a realm where valor and virtue battle villainy against the backdrop of historical or fantastical worlds. This entry delves into the origins, characteristics, and evolution of Swashbuckler films, tracing their journey from the silver screen’s earliest days to their modern incarnations. The roots of Swashbuckler films extend deep into literature and the dawn of cinema, drawing inspiration from age-old tales of pirates, knights, and adventurers. The genre’s name itself, “Swashbuckler,” originates from the swash (the sound of swords clashing) and buckler (a small shield), symbolizing the genre’s quintessential elements of swordplay and adventure. These films gained prominence in the early 20th century, leveraging the silent film era’s visual storytelling prowess to bring thrilling narratives of gallantry and conquest to life. The 1920s and 1930s marked the Golden Age of Swashbuckler films, propelled by technological advancements in filmmaking and the charismatic appeal of stars like Douglas Fairbanks in “The Mark of Zorro” (1920) and “The Three Musketeers” (1921). These pioneering works set a precedent for the genre, combining action-packed sequences, romantic subplots, and moral dilemmas to captivate audiences. Characteristics of Swashbuckler Films Swashbuckler films are distinguished by a set of defining characteristics that elevate them beyond mere action or adventure tales. At their core, these films revolve around heroic figures—often wronged or noble characters driven by a quest for justice or revenge against tyrannical antagonists. The narratives commonly unfold in historical or exotic settings, from the high seas of piracy to the royal courts of Medieval Europe, providing a visually rich tapestry that enhances the storytelling. Character archetypes play a crucial role, with the noble hero, the damsel in distress, and the villainous ruler forming the genre’s backbone. These films are also known for their dynamic sword-fighting choreography, elaborate costumes, and scenic backdrops, which work together to create an immersive and aesthetically pleasing experience. Stylistically, Swashbuckler films employ a narrative structure that prioritizes fast pacing, escalating conflicts, and climactic duels, ensuring that viewers remain engaged from beginning to end. The integration of romance and humor adds depth to the storyline, offering moments of levity and emotional resonance amid the action. Furthermore, the genre’s themes often explore ideals of honor, loyalty, and freedom, inviting audiences to reflect on universal values through the lens of thrilling escapades. Evolution of the Genre The transition from classic to modern Swashbuckler films reflects broader changes in audience tastes, cinematic techniques, and societal attitudes. While the foundational elements of heroism and adventure remain, contemporary interpretations have expanded the genre to include more complex characters, diverse settings, and nuanced themes. The advent of computer-generated imagery (CGI) and other technological advancements have also transformed the visual spectacle of Swashbuckler films, allowing for more elaborate action sequences and fantastical elements that were previously impossible to depict. Despite these changes, the genre has experienced ebbs and flows in popularity, with periods of revival and parody illustrating its adaptability and enduring appeal. Films like “Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl” (2003) have successfully reinvigorated the genre for new generations, blending traditional Swashbuckler elements with modern sensibilities and humor. This evolution underscores the genre’s capacity to reinvent itself while staying true to its adventurous spirit. Notable Films and Filmmakers The legacy of Swashbuckler films is anchored in its iconic films and the luminaries who brought them to life. Errol Flynn, synonymous with the genre, epitomized the Swashbuckler hero in “The Adventures of Robin Hood” (1938), showcasing unparalleled charisma and swordsmanship. This film, along with others like “Captain Blood” (1935) and “The Sea Hawk” (1940), solidified Flynn’s status as the quintessential Swashbuckler star. Directors like Michael Curtiz and producers like Hal B. Wallis were instrumental in crafting the visual style and narrative pace that define Swashbuckler cinema, combining technical skill with a flair for dramatic storytelling. As the entry continues, it will explore the genre’s impact on popular culture, its critical reception, and its legacy, reflecting on how Swashbuckler films have shaped and been shaped by the cinematic landscape. Through their blend of action, romance, and moral exploration, these films continue to enthral audiences, serving as a testament to the timeless allure of adventure and heroism. Impact on Popular Culture Swashbuckler films have left an indelible mark on popular culture, shaping everything from children’s play to adult fashion. The flamboyant costumes and distinctive swordplay have become symbols of bravery and elegance, influencing Halloween costumes and historical reenactments alike. Moreover, the genre’s influence extends to literature and graphic novels, where tales of piracy and chivalry continue to captivate readers. Television has also seen its share of Swashbuckler-inspired programming, from classic series like “Zorro” to more recent offerings that blend historical settings with Swashbuckler action. The genre’s reach into theme parks and entertainment venues underscores its cultural impact. Attractions like the Pirates of the Caribbean ride at various Disney parks immerse visitors in a world that mirrors the adventurous spirit of Swashbuckler films. These experiences, coupled with merchandise ranging from action figures to video games, demonstrate the genre’s ability to engage fans across different platforms. Critical Reception and Legacy The critical reception of Swashbuckler films has varied over the years, with early films celebrated for their innovation and spectacle. Critics lauded the combination of action, romance, and visual flair, recognizing the genre’s ability to transport audiences to another time and place. However, as the genre evolved, so too did critical perspectives. Some modern interpretations have faced scrutiny for their historical inaccuracies or for perpetuating outdated stereotypes. Despite these criticisms, Swashbuckler films have retained a loyal fanbase, and select titles have been recognized for their artistic merit and contribution to film history. The legacy of Swashbuckler films is evident in their lasting popularity and influence on the adventure genre. These films have set the standard for heroism and adventure in cinema, inspiring countless filmmakers and storytellers. The genre’s emphasis on moral integrity, courage, and the fight against tyranny resonates with audiences, reflecting universal themes that transcend time and culture. Moreover, the technical achievements of Swashbuckler films, particularly in the realm of action choreography and set design, have paved the way for future advancements in film production. The Future of Swashbuckler Films Looking to the future, Swashbuckler films face both challenges and opportunities in the digital age. The rise of streaming platforms and changing audience preferences call for innovative approaches to storytelling and film distribution. However, the enduring appeal of adventure and heroism provides a fertile ground for the genre’s evolution. Emerging filmmakers have the opportunity to reinterpret classic Swashbuckler themes, integrating diverse perspectives and contemporary issues to resonate with modern audiences. The potential for crossover with other genres, such as fantasy and science fiction, offers new avenues for creative exploration. By blending traditional Swashbuckler elements with cutting-edge technology and inclusive storytelling, the genre can continue to captivate and inspire. Furthermore, the revival of interest in historical and adventure narratives, driven by successes in both film and television, suggests a ready audience for new Swashbuckler tales. Swashbuckler films occupy a unique place in the pantheon of cinema, celebrated for their adventurous spirit, charismatic heroes, and moral clarity. From their origins in the early 20th century to their modern incarnations, these films have thrilled audiences with tales of daring escapades and noble quests. The genre’s impact on popular culture is profound, influencing a wide range of media and entertainment forms. Despite the challenges of evolving audience tastes and technological advancements, Swashbuckler films continue to hold a special allure, embodying the timeless appeal of adventure and the eternal struggle between good and evil. As we look to the future, the legacy of Swashbuckler films serves as a foundation for new stories that can adapt the genre’s classic themes for contemporary audiences. By embracing diversity, innovation, and the enduring human desire for adventure, Swashbuckler films have the potential to continue inspiring generations to come. In the end, the genre’s significance lies not only in its contribution to film history but also in its ability to evoke the universal yearning for heroism, justice, and the thrill of the unknown.	<urn:uuid:e75bec52-4325-4d5f-9a8e-4db58cbdc1b3>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.europeanstudios.com/encyclopedia/swashbuckler-film/	2024-12-04T05:29:15Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066149008.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204045532-20241204075532-00704.warc.gz	en	0.901842	1,910	2.890625	3
Most people spend their lives thinking about poetry so infrequently that it takes a marriage (or a death) to coerce them into listening for a moment. The after-party anecdote is no novelty: when one attends a wedding, a poem is read—sometimes written specifically for the event, for the people being wed. What makes that poem suited to the occasion for its making, its public reading; what does one expect from the ceremonial poem? For the crowd at a reception dinner, after cocktail hour, does the poem express the intense love of those being married? Is it different from a toast? Does it approximate the reflections and conversations cherished in making this lifetime decision? Does that disagree with the party’s levity? Who does the poem include in its audience besides everyone in that moment? I suspect the answer is anyone who cares, if several hundred years of wedding poetry speaks to the present. Like most genres of occasional verse, the wedding poem has been around for a while. While the term “epithalamium” has encompassed many variations and parodies of the wedding poem—the “bridal song” dating as early as Theocritus—it traditionally means a folksong performed outside the marital bedroom where the wedding is consummated. In 1594, Edmund Spencer wrote his famous and hugely influential take on the genre, “Epithalamion.” Its twenty-four stanzas begin with a traditional invocation of “ye learned sisters,” the Muses, then move on to record the poet’s summer solstice wedding: “Never had man more joyfull day then this, / Whom heaven would heape with blis.” With a rhetorical flourish, Spencer spends much of his joyful day in a panic, anticipating the consummation of his marriage—and for assurances summoning Hymen, the god who presides over wedding ceremonies. More than a record of the day’s twenty-four hours, the poem deals itself in nervous invocations to stave off all the potential misfortunes of married life: “Let no deluding dreames, nor dreadful sights / Make sudden sad affrights; / Ne let housefyres, nor lightnings helpelesse harmes.” In the final stanza, Spencer describes his epithalamium as a “Song made in lieu of many ornaments,” the poem a monument of and for his bride. Like most genres of occasional verse, the tropes one traditionally associates with epithalamiums have manifestly changed (or become altogether less common) since the time in which those poems held explicit social utility. More recently, “In Sickness and in Health,” a poem from the great twentieth-century poet of occasions, W.H. Auden, does not promise the same public celebration of marriage, nor does its wedding occur at a Midsummer gathering. Auden’s 1940 lyric—written shortly after his emigration to the United States, which coincided with his return to the Anglican church—is dedicated to friends Maurice and Gwen Mandelbaum. The lines that follow, one occasionally reminds themselves while reading, are suggested to fictionalized lovers presumed accurate and real outside of this poem, off the page. What did they make of Auden’s poem for their lives, if anything? Similarly invocatory, Auden situates his epithalamium between two representative examples of eroticism and romance: Tristan and Isolde, who “make passion out of passion’s obstacles,” and Don Juan, who Auden calls “their opposite . . . so terrified of death he hears / Each moment recommending it.” This allusive dichotomy mirrors Auden’s own meditation on self-serving love fated to implode—“The decorative manias we obey / Die in grimaces round us every day”—and self-effacing commitment: “That reason may not force us to commit / That sin of the high-minded, sublimation.” Paraphrasing Kierkegaard—who famously ended his own engagement with Regine Olsen—Auden explains that we are always wrong (when facing God), and being wrong, our love asks that we celebrate: “through their tohu-bohu comes a voice / Which utters an absurd command – Rejoice.” The poem pleads that our tohu-bohu relationships to the world, commitments amongst this chaos, might be ruled by virtue rather than temptation. If through its discursivity the poem does not quite memorialize the marriage of Maurice and Gwen Mandelbaum, if the poem does not exact an idiom for the future other than “some glittering generalities,” what is made of the occasion? In Auden’s example, the newlyweds and readers alike are urged to look backward, to the past, for examples of how this commitment might end: “That this round O of faithfulness we swear / May never wither to an empty nought / Nor petrify a square . . .” In these last stanzas, one remembers Auden’s infamously tumultuous relationship with Chester Kallman, whom he met in 1939, and with whom he exchanged wedding rings. When Auden asked for commitment, Kallman was unfaithful. When “In Sickness and In Health” asks that love “remain nocturnal and mysterious,” Auden was permitted—and permitted himself—that mystery. In a letter dated January 18, 1975, written two days after Kallman died, the poet James Merrill remembered their relationship, explaining that he grieves for the older Wystan: “ah but we know how little it takes to be captivated; the point is that it lasted, that Wystan all simply adored C. his whole life long.” Merrill himself tried his hand at the genre, writing “Upon a Second Marriage” in 1950 for his mother’s wedding with Brigadier General William L. Plummer (she and Charles Merrill divorced in 1939, when the young poet was thirteen). “For H.I.P.”: the poem, like Auden’s lyric, begins with a dedication, though the fictionalized wedding becomes slightly less fictionalized. Regardless, one understands that it doesn’t quite matter if the wedding is real, if the occasion happened with an audience; it matters that we are told to believe that the commitment is real, that the poem was penned for a second marriage. With this occasion announcing itself modified—not a marriage but a second marriage—one almost expects the language to address that modification, an occasion compared to the first, a symbol. Where Auden examined the ring as a symbol that complicates one’s metaphysical relationship—either “this round O of faithfulness” or “the arbitrary circle of a vow”—Merrill found his symbolic circles elsewhere, as the poem’s final stanza recalls: Merrill’s poem imagines an orchard in autumn, after the fruit has been harvested, as a site of perennial renewal. The seasonal cycle, like Auden’s Kierkegaardian anxiety of Christian love, observes what’s happened in the past to suggest that—maybe—this is what the future could look like. More than a representation of a second marriage, Helen Ingram Merrill’s relationship with her new husband (who is not mentioned in the poem), more than a rational meditation on love, Merrill’s poem is a dutiful assurance for his mother: “Orchards, we linger here because / Women we love stand propped in your green prisons . . .” The occasion of her marriage is a figurative apple tree: one lingers in the orchard to observe its insistence, the fruit it grows. Thirty years later, Merrill wrote a short poem titled “Epithalamium.” The poem’s two rhyming quatrains announce “Look!” before describing a woman with her hands at the throat of a man in the garment district of Manhattan —until readers learn the first stanza is mistaken, it’s the representation of a man, a clothes dummy who needs his tie knotted. The year before Merrill wrote this short lyric, Louise Glück published her third collection of poems, Descending Figure (1980), in which she included her own rendition of the wedding poem. Like Merrill’s poem before her, Glück’s “Epithalamium” recounts a past image of violence, a vision that changes the more one tries to describe it: “There were others; their bodies / were a preparation. / I have come to see it as that.” Over time, staring at the past tense, ostensibly the same event for the same “others,” the memory has changed. For what, for whom are their bodies prepared? One realizes everything has been cultivated in the ulterior: “And in the hall, the boxed roses: / what they mean // is chaos.” The speaking voice of Glück’s lyric apparently attends the wedding, but the symbols she observes forebode destruction, “the terrible charity of marriage.” (There’s no hope for reconciliation, really.) Like Spencer, the poem is the fragmented record of a wedding day, and that record occurs in the future, after the fact, after the poem can acknowledge that there’s “so much pain in the world—the formless / grief of the body, whose language / is hunger—”. Glück’s poem ends with three lines, the terrifying suggestion of what has happened between then and now: “Here is my hand, he said. / But that was long ago. / Here is my hand that will not harm you.” Long ago, the groom understood his hands to symbolize a smaller vanity—and now, as one reads this poem, his words seem rancid, violent. The commitment expired, this poem is not to be gifted or sung but internalized, reckoned with. These few examples of twentieth-century epithalamiums—and the poems are so different—suggest something to readers about the degree of our participation in an occasion where, between the several speeches and half-drunken confessions, the congratulations and anticipations, language smacks with figurative static. There, one does not take notes from the epithalamium for instructions on how to arrange a wedding, how to make a marriage successful, how to communicate with a loved one. This language written to the present anticipates its continued listening, sometime in the future. Readers return to the poem then for the experience of reading that poem, before it changes and changes again. In the sixth section in a series of “Eleven Occasional Poems,” Auden includes another “Epithalamium,” but this time, for his niece’s marriage in 1965, he writes with greater levity than before: For we’re better built to last than tigers, our skins don’t leak like the ciliates’, our ears can detect quarter-tones, even our most myopic have good enough vision for courtship: It is difficult not to hear, now, a desperate want in this goofiness: one suspects most of this language isn’t honest. The hope is that courtship becomes so straightforward that “we’re better built to last / than tigers”—yet the wedding poems discussed here, at the very least, suggest otherwise. This piece was originally published on August 10, 2021.	<urn:uuid:45fcc3fe-1b64-412b-aeb6-14371f4ced8f>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://pshares.org/blog/considering-the-wedding-poem/	2024-12-09T13:42:35Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066046617.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209120910-20241209150910-00795.warc.gz	en	0.959015	2,469	2.59375	3
Full Project-AWARENESS OF CONFIDENCE ACCOUNTING AMONGST ACCOUNTING LECTURERS IN NIGERIA 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Confidence accounting is a new development and radical approach to accounting. Confidence accounting is a probabilistic approach as opposed to the traditional deterministic one. Confidence accounting is gradually evolving based on the promise that I might lead to better financial decisions by enabling decision makers to take an imager term view or an balance the odds as well as the books (Long finance news 2013). According to Moxley (2013), confidence accounting has the tendency being worked up into a method which might give insight into the accounts of complex organizations. Sharing from this varying view, it can be deduced that the debate on confidence accounting is high and still on going. The sharp argument is premised on the fact that confidence accounting stands to enhance financial reporting majorly in developed countries of the world though the concept is still very vague in developing countries such as Nigeria. Accountants should adopts a more scientific approach to measurement and difficult-to-assess figures according to professor Micheal Mainelli FCCA who makes the case of confidence accounting. A decade ago, a series of failure embarrassed auditors. Large firms with successful-looking financial statements collapsed. Today, the audit process is under fore once more as questions are asked about why problems at large financial institutions were not spotted earlier, surely, this is a good time to rethink auditing. People who move from science to accounting are stunned to find that auditors do not practice measurement science. Measurement is about both accuracy and precision. Accuracy – how closely a stated value is to the actual value. Precision – how likely it is that repeated measurements will produce the same results. A measurement system can be accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, neither, or both. Scientists view measurement as a process that produces a range. Scientists express a measurement as X, with a surrounding interval. There is a big difference between point estimation and interval estimation. Auditors provide point estimates, scientists intervals. For example, physical scientists report X±, social scientists report interval estimates for an election poll and state how confident they are that the actual value resides in the interval. Statistical terms, such as mean, modem, median, deviation, or skew, are common terms to describe a measurement distribution’s look and feel. The key point is that scientists are trying to express characteristics of a distribution, not a single point finance should be no different. For want of a term that distinguishes the use of distributions from the use of points or discrete values, let’s use confidence accounting. In a world of confidence accounting, the end results of audits would be presentations of distributions for major entries in the profit and loss, balance sheet and cash-flow statements. The value of freehold land in a balance sheet might be stated as an interval, €150.000.000 + 45.000.000, perhaps recognizing a wide range of interesting properties and the illiquidity of property holdings. Next to each vale would be confirmation of the confidence level, e.g. 95% confidence that another audit would have produced a value within that range. Counter-charges to confidence accounting are complexity and gaining. But audit is complex and the profession needs to worry about members ignorance of scientific measurements. Managers are already using a system that provides too many get-outs based on the unfairness of reporting on single members. Under confidence accounting, difficult single numbers, such as exploration asset of environmental liabilities, become ranges. A range of potential future valuation better reflects reality than marked-to-the-market prices at a particular valuation date. For users, presentation would be easier to understand, and many footnotes would be redundant. Under confidence accounting, external assessors could evaluate the performance of managers and auditor. If managers provide silly future estimates, the silly estimates remain there for investors to judge. Any audit firm will have a number of client failures over, say, a decade. If failure are within confidence levels, then we have a good, or even too prudent, auditor. If not, perhaps a sloppy, or statistically unusual, auditor. Markets will price the value of higher confidence levels, and quality auditors will be able to value work on better disclosure appropriately. Sound financial reporting is fundamental to sound business and it is no exaggeration to over that economic prosperity requires it. Thus, confidence accounting involves showing the expected range and distribution of likely values for significant because sheet items. Confidence accounting approach being proposed in an indication of how some organizations are beginning to challenge perceived wisdom, and asking questions of established accounting methodologies. The association of certified chartered accountants, UK how ever is not endorsing this particular approach in that there is the belief that the concept of confidence accounting possesses sufficient merits, it adopt as alternative to financial accounting users confidence could be enhanced in terms of being able to measure some specific items in balance with a view to guiding them for investment purpose and other purposes. Against this back drop, this project or study examines the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. 1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM There is a high debate as regard the adoption of confidence accounting approach as a measurement of values and range among quoted firms in developed countries and developing countries of the World, of which Nigeria is inclusive. The views in the advanced countries of the world as regard confidence accounting is that it reduces accountings disclosure and serve as potential future valuation of firms. However this is unlikely in developing countries of such as Nigeria. There have been scanty or non existent of extent literature on the subject matter. To a greater extent, the concept is not clear to many university dons whose specialization is on accounting. It is on this basis, this project intends to evaluate the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. Thus, the following specific research questions are raised in order to achieve the goal of the study. 1.3 Research Questions - Are lecturers aware of confidence accounting in Nigeria universities? - Does confidence accounting bring difficult single numbers to better ranges - Does confidence accounting enhance external parties to evaluate the performance of managers and auditors? - Does confidence accounting provide investors the judgment to take wise investment decision making? - Will confidence accounting improve financial reporting among quoted firms in Nigeria? - Are there benefits of including confidence accounting into curriculum among university in Nigeria? - Does confidence accounting leads to better financial decision making? - Will confidence accounting lead to balancing the odds as well as the books? - Does confidence accounting adds value to firms financial reports? 1.4 Objectives of Study The objectives of the study are basically divided into two, general and specific objective. The general objective is to examine the awareness of confidence accounting among university lecturers in Nigeria. However, the specific objectives of the study are as follows: - To find out if lecturers are aware of confidence accounting in Nigerian universities. - To ascertain if confidence accounting bring difficult single numbers to better ranges. - To find out if confidence accounting enhance external parties to evaluate the performance of managers and auditors. - To examine if confidence accounting provide investor the judgment to take wise investment decision making. - To find out if confidence accounting will improve financial reporting among quoted firms in Nigeria. - To find out if there is benefits of including confidence accounting into curriculum among University in Nigeria. - To ascertain if confidence accounting leads to better financial decision making. - To ascertain if confidence accounting will lead to balancing the odds as well as the books. - To find out if confidence accounting adds values to firms financial reports. 1.5 Statement of Research Hypotheses - Ho: Confidence accounting does not provide investors the judgment to take wise investment decision making. - Ho: Confidence accounting doest not add values to firms financial reports. - Ho: Confidence accounting does not bring difficult single numbers to better ranges. 1.6 Scope/Delimitation of the Study This study examines awareness of confidence accounting among university in Nigeria. The universities in Edo States form the population of the study. From the entire universities, two (2) shall be studied, which include Benson Idahosa University (B.I.U) and the University of Benin all in Benin City. Structured questionnaire shall be employ to elicit the respondents’ response with a view making inferences. 1.7 Significance of the Study - The study will be very much relevant to the University lecturer, it will enable them to know the benefits underlying confidence accounting. - Another beneficiary of this study will include the institute of character accountant of Nigeria (ICAN) which will find the outcome of the study useful in terms of formulating policies in accounting profession. Similarly, the international accounting standard board stands to benefit immensely in terms of developing further standard on the subject matter being investigated. - Future researchers in Nigeria especially with find this study very useful as reference material. 1.8 Limitations Of The Study The limitation of the study are as follows: Sample size: The sample size of this study being two Universities in Benin City, all in Edo State are too small to ensure generalization. Low respondent’s response based on the field work is another limitation of study. The respondent resent giving out vital information to aid the achievement of the research. Get the Complete Project This is a premium project material and the complete research project plus questionnaires and references can be gotten at an affordable rate of N3,000 for Nigerian clients and $8 for International clients. 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Sesame oil is the best-tasting oil in the world, and it imparts a delicious flavor to food. Unlike most oils, cooks use sesame oil more as a condiment—a flavoring aid—rather than as cooking oil. There is no arguing that sesame oil is tasty, but is it healthy? This article takes an in-depth look at the oil’s nutrition profile, benefits, and concerns. What Is Sesame Oil? Sesame oil is an edible oil made using sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). In contrast to most vegetable/seed oils, sesame oil has a naturally nutty and flavorful taste, and it does not require refining to make it edible. A lot of sesame oil is pressed at a low heat and then bottled ready for sale. However, some manufacturers use a solvent-extraction process to make their oil. Generally speaking, the reason for using such refining processes is that it requires less time, effort, and money. Unrefined, freshly pressed sesame oil has a light and nutty flavor, and it can be yellow to amber or dark brown. On the other hand, refined sesame oil has no real flavor, and it has a light color similar to other vegetable oils. Sesame oil is most popular in Asia and the Middle East, and it plays a big part in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking. Types of Sesame Oil In addition to the refined and unrefined versions, there are different categories of sesame oil too. These different varieties include; - Raw, cold-pressed sesame oil: this oil generally has a pale yellow color. - Toasted sesame oil: this option uses toasted or roasted sesame seeds, and it has a dark brown color. - Indian sesame oil: manufacturers process the seeds used for Indian sesame oil at a slightly higher temperature, and thus the oil has a darker color. Similar to all isolated fats, sesame oil will never compete with nutrient-dense whole foods nutritionally. However, the tables below show all the significant nutritional values. All values are per tablespoon and based on the USDA’s Food Composite Database (1). Calories and Macros Calories \| 119 kcal \| Carbohydrate \| 0 g \| Fat \| 13.5 g \| Saturated Fat \| 1.9 g \| Monounsaturated Fat \| 5.4 g \| Polyunsaturated Fat \| 5.6 g \| Omega-3 \| 40.5 mg \| Omega-6 \| 5576 mg \| Protein \| 0 g \| Sesame oil provides 119 calories per tablespoon, and it does not contain any carbohydrate or protein. The fatty acid composition is mainly monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat, and the oil contains a large amount of omega-6. Vitamin \| Amount \| Vitamin K \| 2% DV \| Vitamin E \| 1% DV \| A tablespoon of sesame oil provides a small amount of vitamins E and K. Sesame oil does not contain any minerals. For a sesame-based product with more nutritional value, see this guide to tahini, a spread made from ground sesame seeds. Many of the often-claimed benefits of sesame oil, such as the vitamins it contains, are not worth considering. For example; vitamin E is beneficial for our health, but 1% of the RDI is not going to have much of an effect. However, of the numerous studies looking into potential health benefits of sesame oil, there are some interesting findings. These positive findings revolve around the lipid (cholesterol) profile and anti-inflammatory effects. 1) Sesame Oil May Improve the Cholesterol Profile There are many opposing viewpoints when it comes to cholesterol and the lipid profile, but there are two things that all the experts agree on; - High triglycerides are a cardiovascular risk factor, and we should try to keep our triglyceride count low (2, 3). - Moderate to high levels of high-density lipoprotein (known as “HDL cholesterol”) may lower cardiovascular risk (4, 5). According to Dr. Thomas Dayspring, an influential cardiovascular researcher, the science on “good cholesterol” (HDL) versus “bad cholesterol” (LDL) may be too simplistic, as it appears the specific LDL particle type is the most important factor (8). However, sesame oil supplementation also decreases LDL in addition to lowering triglycerides and raising HDL. 2) Sesame Oil Is More Heat-Stable Than Other Seed Oils First of all, sesame oil is not as heat-stable as animal fats and cooking oils such as avocado, coconut, and extra virgin olive oil. To be 100% clear; it is not the best option for high-heat cooking. That said, sesame oil appears to provide better heat-stability than many other common “vegetable” (seed) oils. Considering that sesame oil is relatively high in polyunsaturated fat (41.5%), we would expect it to be susceptible to heat-induced damage. However, due to the polyphenols it contains, sesame oil appears to be somewhat resistant to oxidation. Studies On Sesame Oil and Oxidative Stability In a trial comparing sesame to soybean oil, the sesame oil displayed significantly better oxidative stability than the soybean oil (9). Furthermore, adding sesame oil to soybean oil improved the latter’s thermal stability, likely due to the naturally occurring antioxidants found in sesame oil (10). Another study examining the antioxidant properties of sesame oil made a similar finding. In this study, adding roasted sesame oil to either soybean or sunflower oil increased the antioxidative properties and thermal resistance of each oil (11). Overall, sesame oil has a higher monounsaturated fat and polyphenol content than other seed oils, and this likely plays a role in its higher resistance to oxidation. However, this is not a reason to use it for cooking, and there are far more heat-stable oils for this purpose. We will look at the best way to use sesame oil a little later in this article. 3) May Potentially Offer Anti-Inflammatory Effects Take this one with a pinch of salt, but numerous rat studies have demonstrated that sesame oil may have anti-inflammatory properties. In these studies, rats suffering from induced oxidative stress were supplied with sesame oil orally. Researchers believe that sesamol, a lignan contained within sesame oil, is responsible for these protective effects against inflammatory damage. However, we cannot assume that animal experiments apply to humans, so further human trials are necessary. Concerns About Sesame Oil Nothing in nutrition is black and white, and there are some concerns about sesame oil to be aware of. 1) Oxidative Stability As previously mentioned, sesame oil provides better protection against heat-induced damage than other seed oils. However, it is still not suitable for high-heat cooking. For example, studies show that; - Volatile compounds in sesame oil “increase rapidly” when storing the oil at temperatures over 60°C (15). - Sesame oil had a five-fold higher peroxidability index than olive oil (16). - In microwave treatment tests, large amounts of volatile aldehyde compounds develop in sesame oil with just 3-4 minutes of exposure (17). These findings demonstrate that although sesame oil has some resistance to oxidation, it is not one of the better cooking oils. According to laboratory tests, coconut oil and extra virgin olive oil are the two most heat-stable oils (18). Fats higher in saturated fats such as butter, ghee, and tallow are also heat-stable options for cooking. 2) The Omega 6 To 3 Ratio A second potential concern about sesame oil is the imbalance of omega-6 to omega-3 that it supplies. For instance, one tablespoon of the oil provides only 0.04 grams of omega-3, but 5.5 grams of omega-6 fatty acids (1). As an occasional ingredient in a Chinese-style dish, this is not something worth worrying over. However, regular consumption of large amounts of sesame oil may create an imbalance between omega-6 and omega-3. Notably, most of us are already consuming far too much omega-6 to omega-3, and researchers believe this ratio may even be over 20 to 1 (19). The problem here is that too much omega-6 and not enough omega-3 may potentially create a pro-inflammatory environment (20). Additionally, an imbalance in favor of omega-6 largely inhibits the conversion and absorption of plant sources of omega-3 (ALA) (21). How To Use Sesame Oil Since we have established it is better to use sesame oil as a condiment, here are some different ways we can use it. 1) Add It At the End of Stir-Frying Just because sesame oil isn’t well-suited to high heat cooking does not mean that we can’t use it in stir-fries. Traditionally, the chef adds the oil near the end of cooking (which also better preserves the flavor). In other words; use coconut oil or olive oil for the stir-frying part, and stir in some sesame oil at the end for its flavor. 2) Use It In a Marinade or Dressing For a tasty marinade or dressing, try combining the following ingredients in a bowl; - 1 tbsp sesame oil - 1 tbsp red wine vinegar - 2 tbsp soy sauce - 2 cloves of mashed garlic - 1 tsp grated ginger This recipe makes an excellent marinade for steak or other types of red meat. 3) Soups and Stews Add some sesame oil into a soup or stew to impart its nutty and flavorful taste; a little goes a long way. 4) For Seasoning We can also use sesame oil in the same way that we would use salt, pepper, or a sauce. This tasty oil adds a lot to almost any food, and adding a few drops would likely improve any meal. Overall, sesame oil has a mixture of benefits and drawbacks. It is probably better to avoid using it for high-heat cooking, but it is a very flavorful condiment that adds a lot of taste to food. For more tasty condiments, see this complete guide to kimchi.	<urn:uuid:df3fe5a7-87d7-4307-8efe-29fa4b80d2d5>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.nutritionadvance.com/sesame-oil-nutrition-benefits/	2024-12-03T08:32:49Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066132713.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203071857-20241203101857-00721.warc.gz	en	0.94032	2,248	2.65625	3
The Mekong Delta is under a chemical threat arguably more deadly for the long term than the Agent Orange deployed across it during the Vietnam War half a century ago. By the middle of this century, it could be engulfed by a toxic onslaught from which there is no recovery — salt. As sea levels rise, salty ocean water is pushing ever further into the delta, one of Southeast Asia’s most densely populated and productive rice-growing regions. During this year’s spring dry season, the salinity boundary — where salt levels exceed 4 grams per liter — reached up to 40 miles upstream, more than 10 miles further than it has historically. The saline influx is in part caused by faltering flows of fresh water coming down the Mekong River into the delta, as China fills giant hydroelectric dams far upstream. But a new and pioneering modeling study of the delta, which is home to more than 20 million people, has concluded that by around 2050, rising sea levels in the South China Sea will be the dominant driver of salinization, making wide areas uninhabitable for rice farmers long before they are inundated by the ocean itself. Co-author Piet Hoekstra, an expert on coastal dynamics at Utrecht University in the Netherlands, says the study is the first to combine a range of natural processes, from climate change and land subsidence to river and sediment flow, to predict the future of a major delta. “We think it will become a benchmark for other delta studies,” he says. Hotspots for climate change-induced salinization include Australia, Mexico, South Africa, the U.S. Southwest, and Brazil. A lot will hang on the outcome of such studies. For the Mekong is one of dozens of large, fertile river deltas — many the breadbaskets of their national economies — that face similar salt invasions. And climate change will drive salt scourges far from the ocean too, especially in arid regions, where climate scientists warn that higher temperatures will result in much faster rates of evaporation. This will combine with longer dry seasons and more pervasive droughts to desiccate continental interiors, raising the current trace levels of naturally occurring salt to concentrations where crops will die and freshwater ecosystems will collapse. Among the vulnerable places are the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe, where temperatures are already rising faster than the global average and climate models predict a 25-30 percent decline in rainfall by 2080. Ecologist Erik Jeppesen of Aarhus University in Denmark recently reported that a coming buildup of salt in the region’s lakes, wetlands, and rivers poses “a major threat to the functioning and biodiversity of inland aquatic ecosystems.” Crops will die, too. And many underground water reserves on which the region’s half-billion people depend may become undrinkable, warns Micol Mastrocicco, an expert on water pollution at the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli in Italy. There is a surge in saltiness across all inhabited continents today. Climate change is far from the only cause. Deltas are left wide open to incursions of seawater by dams upstream, by pumps that remove fresh water from underground for faucets and irrigation, and by sand mines that lower river beds. And in dry regions, irrigation systems delivering water to crops bring salt onto fields, which is left behind in soils as the crops absorb the water. Humans also add salt directly to landscapes too, for instance by pouring saline drainage water from mines into rivers and by dosing roads with rock salt to prevent icing in winter. “In cold regions, road de-icing salts can be the major contributor to rising salinity of freshwater ecosystems,” says William Hintz, an ecologist at the University of Toledo. But in the Mekong, the Mediterranean, and elsewhere, there is growing concern that climate change is replacing these local factors as the dominant cause. “It will affect almost every human populated region around the globe,” says Hintz. A modeling study using climate, soil, and hydrological data — carried out by Amirhossein Hassani and colleagues at the University of Manchester and the Hamburg University of Technology and published in 2020 — pinpointed hotspots for climate change-induced salinization across wide areas of southern and western Australia, Mexico, South Africa, the U.S. Southwest, and Brazil — with central India, the desert soils of Mongolia and northern China, and the Mediterranean countries of Spain, Morocco, and Algeria not far behind. The damage is likely to be so severe that salinization will become a major cause of environmental refugees, as people flee land that will no longer sustain them. Low-lying Pacific islands may become uninhabitable because their fresh water turns salty long before the waves engulf them, the U.S. Geological Survey has warned. In the giant delta of the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna, which occupies much of Bangladesh, salinization is already a more important cause of migration than the much more heavily publicized exoduses from floods and other natural disasters, development economists Joyce Chen of Ohio State University and Valerie Mueller of Arizona State University wrote recently. More than two million hectares of farmland in Australia is damaged by salt, including in the Murray-Darling basin, the nation’s breadbasket. Of course, some ecosystems are adapted to saline environments. Many lakes and wetlands in arid regions are naturally salty. But even here the desiccation caused by climate change is raising salinity and altering the balance between saline and fresh water, creating growing problems for ecosystems, lake fisheries, crop growing, and sometimes human health. Hintz reported in February that salt has triggered a “massive loss of important zooplankton” in lakes in North America and Europe. This loss has a “cascading effect,” resulting in blooms of algae at almost half the sites studied. Once salt gets into wetlands, he says, it is “incredibly difficult to get out, even assuming you’ve stopped the source of salt pollution. It can persist for decades or longer, depending on how long the water in a lake or wetland sticks around.” A third of U.S. rivers have become more salty in the past quarter-century, according to an analysis by Sujay Kaushal, a biochemist at the University of Maryland, College Park. The highest salt levels are often downstream of mining areas, such as the northern Great Plains, that discharge large volumes of saline water from underground into rivers, and in the irrigated regions of the Southwest, where salty drainage water concentrates in soils and rivers. The Rio Grande has seen a fourfold increase in salinity, according to John Olson, a freshwater ecologist at California State University Monterey Bay. In the Colorado basin and California, salt buildup results in crop losses put at billions of dollars per year. De-icing salt alone, by one estimate, causes $1,000 in structural damage, mostly through corrosion, for every ton spread onto roads and parking lots. In Australia, more than 2 million hectares of farmland is damaged by salt, primarily in Western Australia and the heavily irrigated Murray-Darling basin, the country’s breadbasket in the east. This has an estimated economic impact of more than $700 million per year. A growing part of the problem is a reduction in rainfall that is widely blamed on climate change, and leads to desiccation of the land. A federal government audit of the country’s drylands predicts a threefold increase in soil salinity by 2050. But while economic impacts have sometimes been assessed, researchers admit they often don’t have a good handle on the gravity of the growing salt threat to freshwater ecosystems. A recent international analysis of published research, headed by David Cunillera-Montcusi, an aquatic ecologist at the University of Barcelona, found that while there had been 93 studies of salinization of freshwater ecosystems and its causes in North America since 2017, there had been only five studies in all of Africa and six in South America. Health problems too are seriously under-investigated. Salty drinking water is a major public health problem in many regions. It was water from a salty local river that mobilized lead in old water pipes, poisoning supplies in Flint, Michigan. Around the Aral Sea, a victim of decades of water abstraction for irrigating cotton in Central Asia, salty underground waters and salt-rich dust storms from the dried-up seabed have left the majority of the population suffering from anemia. Salty drinking water in coastal Bangladesh causes up to 10,000 deaths a year, according to a 2015 study. Mofizur Rahman, an environmental scientist currently at the Cologne University of Applied Sciences, says that in his native Bangladesh, high levels of salt, especially sodium, in water supplies are causing epidemics of pre-eclampsia and hypertension, which affects one in three women in parts of southwest Bangladesh. A 2015 study by Jacob Levi, then at Imperial College London, estimated that salty drinking water in coastal Bangladesh causes up to 10,000 deaths a year, a figure that climate change will dramatically increase. As climate change gathers pace, salt will be a growing threat to the world’s food supplies, particularly where farmers rely on artificial irrigation. Water poured onto fields always contains some salt, eroded from mountains where the rivers rise. But when plants absorb the water, they leave the salt behind in the soil, where it eventually forms a white, toxic crust. Around a third of the world’s food is grown in irrigated fields, and a fifth of those fields are reckoned to be salt-contaminated. Climate change will dramatically worsen this, researchers agree, because in a hotter, drier world, more crops will need more irrigation water, aggravating the buildup of salt. In some places, farmers are leaving their lands. Saline intrusion in Bangladesh, as sea levels rise and storm surges from the Bay of Bengal become more intense, has reduced rice production by up to 30 percent in the past 15 years, according to Rahman. It is fueling an exodus of farmers to the country’s capital, Dhaka. Similarly in Pakistan, saline waters have intruded more than 30 miles into the delta of the Indus River, forcing hundreds of thousands of people to depart for nearby Karachi. This has contributed to the influx of people into Dhaka and Karachi, which have, partly as a consequence, become two of the fastest growing megacities in the world, adding 11 million and 7 million to their populations, respectively, in the last two decades. Other farmers try to adapt to saltier waters and soils. In both Bangladesh and the Mekong delta, rice growers have switched to raising prawns in brackish ponds. But there are downsides to this adaptation strategy. The ponded water only adds to soil salinity in the surrounding areas, note Chen and Mueller. Taking a different approach, plant breeders are working on more salt-tolerant crops, either by genetic engineering or by searching among existing crop varieties for those that are most tolerant of their salt. The Dutch aid agency Cordaid has been working with crop scientists and farmers to identify and plant varieties of carrots, potatoes, and cabbages that can grow in the increasingly saline soils of coastal Bangladesh. But adaptation can only go so far. The salt has to be held back. In the United States, Hintz says, it is urgent to curb the spreading of de-icing salt onto roads. Controls of drainage from mines could often help too. On many rivers round the world, including the Mekong, improved management of upstream dams could maintain river flows to deltas during the dry season when saline invasion from the ocean is most intense. And there is huge potential for better management of irrigation systems so they require less water and have drains to remove salt from soils. But ultimately only a halt to climate change will be capable of ending the great salinization.	<urn:uuid:0e7be402-1213-4b02-9ce8-6be2722da349>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://e360.yale.edu/features/salt-scourge-the-dual-threat-of-warming-and-rising-salinity	2024-12-13T13:07:39Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116798.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213105147-20241213135147-00312.warc.gz	en	0.950226	2,500	3.484375	3
Today, as we know, “the future is mobile”, the digital transition and mobile development are crafting a new era that impacts global governance and human behavior. The modern ways have shown a new pathway to seamless information flow and smooth interconnectivity that opens the door to new opportunities to collaborate and perform jobs efficiently. Waste management has also experienced a thrift because of the digital revolution. In this sector, new potentials are emerging, offering an improved and revived way of wastage practices. Let’s magnify the whole scenario to make you understand it better. An obvious outcome of industrial progress is the waste generation, which raises the need for an efficient waste management system that may set up a solid regulatory waste management pattern to maintain a balance between the development goals and environmental sustainability. In the waste management structure, app solutions can be the most significant assistants in integrating the suitable and latest technologies for the civilians, companies, authorities, and other stakeholders to meet the objectives of waste prevention, environmental protection, recycling, and more. Obviously, waste recycling is essential to lead a safer and better life. But, besides this, sowing waste management business can also assist in earning good revenue, regulating waste, and positively impacting society. You don’t need to gather a big budget to kickstart your waste management startup; you just need to choose which type of waste management business you want to move into within your journey. Well, if you are unaware of such a thing, we are here with a post that will put forward every type of detail relevant to a waste management business. Let’s jump onto the edge for which you are here today. What is Waste Management? All the waste management activities, from accumulating the waste to recycling it and the monitoring phase, fall under waste management. In waste management, waste is the unusable or unwanted material produced through human activity and has distinct forms. It can be solid, liquid, or gas and demands different ways of disposal and management. By 2050, municipal solid waste generation will likely boost by approximately 70% to 3.4 billion metric tons. Every year, almost 20% of less waste is recycled. List of Waste Types Did you know waste is of five types: 1. Liquid Waste All oil, grease, wash water, sludges, dirty water, and waste detergents are the liquid forms of waste. 2. Solid Trash & e-Waste Any garbage, refuse, and sludges found in commercial or industrial areas are solid wastes. 3. Recyclable Waste Every discarded item, such as furniture, metals, and organic waste, is recycled under this category is recyclable water. 4. Organic Waste It refers to gardens, food waste, and rotten meat. Such garbage is usually found in homes. 5. Hazardous Waste It includes corrosive, flammable, reactive, nuclear and toxic materials. Chief Principles of Waste Management - 3R’s rule, waste hierarchy refers to the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, along with that waste prevention and minimization to attain the desired goal. - Extended producers add whole environmental costs to the market cost of a product, embracing end-of-life disposal. - The polluter pays an amount as the waste generator is charged for waste disposal. Why Develop a Waste Management App? Waste Management Benefits In 2021, Waste Management, Inc recorded operating revenue of about $17.9 billion. It notably increased by around 17.8% or $2.7 billion than the previous year. Find more statistics at Statista Today, various waste management organizations are flourishing and performing well, both operationally and financially. Besides the monetary benefits, waste management help as below: 1. Job Opportunities Obviously, every phase of waste management, from waste collection to segregation, demands a workforce, and waste management finally opens up varied employment opportunities. 2. Reduce Trees Cutting Also, the recycling of waste reduces the cut down of trees. This way, we can diminish the utilization of earthly resources and conserve energy. Waste management includes collecting, treating, sorting, and recycling when they become a source of resources and energy. That’s why it holds a substantial economic caliber that private and public entities will use. Besides creating job opportunities, improved waste management emerges with a top-quality life for the local people by enhancing hygiene conditions and diminishing health risks relevant to inadequate garbage accumulation and illegal dumping. The chief advantage of sustainable waste management is to lower environmental influence by improving water and air quality. Also, reducing food wastage reduces the heavy environmental expense of producing more. Moreover, proper waste management will reduce the surrounding waste, which will reduce the greenhouse gas intensity. So, by developing a waste management app, one can earn better besides making the ambiance better to breathe and live. What is a Waste Management App? An app comprising complete waste management features is the waste management app. Such apps provide a medium to access local details and waste management policies. The waste management app permits users to monitor and track waste pickups and a lot more. Such apps are not only useful for the users and waste management organizations to ease their waste management business. How Does a Waste Management App Work? Before you build an application for waste management, you should know how it works. Let’s gear up. As it was done traditionally, GPS devices were used to identify and collect data on dumping areas and dustbin locations. The cloud hosting server stores all the information (collected above, like Dumping areas and dustbins geolocation, contractors’ details, complaints, and job sheets) for better system integration and maintenance. Web and Mobile Application The waste management mobile app functions for contractors and administrators. After the garbage collecting job is assigned to the contractor, the admin monitors his work. On the other hand, the appointed contractor updates his work progress until completion. 1. In-Detail Working of App for Contractor - Using the app, the contractor is assigned the garbage collection job. - The contractor manages the garbage complaints (from users) to solve different categorized issues, like bin full or defective bins. - Next, the contractor uses a geospatial interface via a mobile app to know the exact location of the assigned work. - Later on, after completing his job, he shares a picture of his job. - The assigned job will be changed to a completed job. 2. In-Detail Working of App for Administration The e-waste management app was developed for admins who appoint a dedicated contractor to resolve the complaint. Also, they monitor the job in progress or done by the contractor. Besides, the admins can manage the location of dumping areas and dustbins and view the most problematic ones based on the reports. Types of Waste Management Apps A waste management business incorporates varied phases and jobs till the end of complete waste management. So, if you want to be a part of waste management and earn profit by building a waste management app, you can choose any type to develop an app. Let’s check out the types of waste management apps: 1. Waste Tracking App What is a Waste Tracking App? Such an app allows the users to locate the routes of types of waste, embracing residential, recycling, or commercial. Using these apps, the fleet manager would find it easy to log in to the special activities that will keep them posted about the entire route. Disposal, extras, skips, lifts, and all the possible activities are linked with a location and time stamp calculation, and the records manage fleet productivity. Besides, the waste truck management app offers a complete solution for fleet owners providing waste collection and disposal services. Such an app will help fleet managers monitor driver behavior and daily performance, track fleet routes, and more in real-time. Key Features of a Waste Tracking App - Real-Time Location & Activity Tracking - Live-Streaming Vehicle Cameras - Dependable Maintenance Workflow - Track And Improve Driver Behavior - Advanced Sensors - Digital DVIRs - Activity Alerts - Fuel Card Integrations - Fleet Reports 2. Weighbridge Management App What is a Weighbridge Management App? Such an app will automate the process and speed up every weighbridge process, such as driver details, weighing of vehicle, truck number, validate previous data at the distinct checkpoints, and more. These apps aim to attain process efficiency and get real-time data. It includes the integration of boom barriers, camera, third-party, and barcode integration for smooth working. Key Features of a Weighbridge Management App - Weighbridge Integration - RFID Tags and GPS Tracking - Barcode and QR code Integration - Data Analysis and Report Generation - ANPR Camera - Boom Barriers - Data generation & Reconciliation 3. Waste Compliance App What is a Waste Compliance App? This app eases waste management operations with efficient waste storage manifesting, time tracking, and reporting to ensure complete compliance with global waste management regulations. Key Features of a Waste Compliance App - Physical Inspection Details (Field conditions verification details) - Monitoring & Verification Reports (of machines used to accept and process waste) - Dumps Inspection Analysis Report - Biomedical Waste Inspection Details - GPS Tracking Monitoring - Barcode Tracking Module - Complains Inspection Section - Illegal Activities Monitoring - Monitoring Compliance - Operational Compliance 4. Hazardous Waste Management App What is a Hazardous Waste Management App? The hazardous waste management app helps meet various jobs, like waste collection, treatment, and disposal of the waste material that may affect the environment’s safety or human health. Key Features of a Hazardous Waste Management App - Container Tracking - Waste Labels - Waste Inventory - Waste Area Inspections - Waste Shipments - Customer Portal - Waste Inventory - Waste Creation - Tracking Items - Waste Movements - Storage Units - Waste Profiles - Weighing Waste - Shipping and Disposal - Waste Tracking Labels - Splitting Waste - Combining Waste - Audit Logging 5. Asset Maintenance And Management App What is an Asset Maintenance And Management App? These apps incorporate QR code inventory tracking modules that help keep every asset data in a single centralized asset management solution exhibited on a complete asset tracking dashboard. Key Features of an Asset Maintenance And Management App - Energy Monitoring - Close fit for your business - Manage all types of equipment - Procurement Management - Real-Time Reports - Historical Data - Improves system reliability - Reuse of knowledge - Communication barriers lifted - Reminder & Escalation - Work Order Tracking - Solution Bank - Spare Management - Geo-Location Tracking 6. Waste Recycling App Such an app helps communities, enterprises, and individuals to manage and recycle their waste more proficiently. Besides, waste recycling app development is helpful in waste sorting and reduction, scheduling and reminding communities about recycling pickups, etc. It also educates users on proper waste recycling with a detailed process. Key Features of Waste Recycle App - In-app Calling - Personal Settings - Better Lead Generation - Push Notifications - Garbage Navigation Convert Your App Idea Into Reality Let’s Build A New App Together Custom Waste Management Apps – To Meet Customized Needs Usually, the clients arrive with custom needs that they don’t find in the standard offerings. Here the custom waste management app takes an entry. Such apps include advanced and customized features that facilitate waste operations to access waste inventory management systems, billing and accounting systems, and analytics utilizing an integrated platform. Below are some apps you can develop, including custom waste management features to make them fulfill all customized business requirements. 1. Waste Management Billing App You can develop a Waste Management Billing App for your complete operation, targeting electronic billing platforms development that backs online statements, payments, promotions, bulk mail discounts, invoices, and price configurations. Such apps help with robust billing options, rapid data entry, and general accounting. 2. Waste-to-Energy (WTE) App You can build a custom Waste-to-Energy App targeting monitoring, tracking, and automating every phase of the waste-to-energy conversion process for transporting, sorting, and saving them to thermal, mechanical, and biochemical conversions. Besides, such apps allow complete visibility and control over waste processing operations, allowing you to track the entire energy recovery process effectively. 3. Waste Inventory Management App You can emerge with a decision of making a Waste Inventory Management app to deliver full visibility and complete control of waste logistics for hazardous and non-hazardous materials and subcontractor or in-house recycling materials planning process. 4. Analysis & Monitoring Software App Such customized applications for waste management enterprises incorporate intelligence, reporting, and analytics tools to offer deep insights into waste management operations to catch up with more profits. 5. Recycling Materials Management App You can build top-notch Recycling Materials Management Apps to handle the complex recycling process, refurbishing, and reprocessing recycle materials, well-equipped with input and output monitoring potentials for maximized visibility. 6. Landfill/Transfer-Station Management App The Landfill/Transfer-Station Management apps help run ticketing, booking, yard, and scale house management in a centralized platform for outbound material planning, recording, and improved real-time inventory management and reporting. Key Features of Waste Management Apps Below are the key features you can include in your waste management applications. Let’s check them out: 1. Waste Classification The app will ease the classification of waste, like e-waste, hazardous, non-hazardous, etc. 2. Waste Management The app will hold the caliber to manage almost all types of waste, embracing food/organic waste, plastic waste, paper waste, electronic waste cans/bottles, and other chemical wastes along with its disposable modes. 3. Waste Compliance Monitoring This feature will make the app formulate and implement compliance monitoring strategies, on-site and off-site compliance monitoring, and compliance auditing. 4. Waste Processing The app will ease the waste processing or disposal methods. 5. Waste Inventory Tracking by WIRKS The app will track the waste inventory accurately. The app employs the principle of Waste Inventory Record Keeping Systems for hazardous wastes. 6. Waste Disposal Costs Estimation With this feature, the app will ease cost estimation of the waste disposal and invoice management for every vendor. 7. Risk Management/Safety Guide The app will help with hazardous waste handling instructions with such a feature. 8. Waste Traceability The app facilitates the entire traceability of the waste disposal, generation, sent for processing, sent for landfill, and returnable/non-returnable. Waste Management App Integrations You can integrate 3rd-party workforce management, electronic ticketing, billing & accounting, routing optimization, and other top tools to improve service delivery, drive engagement, and optimize waste management processes into a single centralized system. Let’s go through some popular tools that you can integrate with your waste management app: 1. Routing Optimization Tools You can integrate geolocation APIS to enable your fleet drivers to use the most effective routes and telematics solutions for real-time dispatching, communication, and asset tracking to improve operational efficiency. 2. Scale Management & Landfill Software Besides, you can move ahead with the integration of transfer station, landfill, and MRF scale management software to instill the company growth using a seamless ticket entry process, multi-dimensional code tables, and intuitive search engines for perfect reporting. 3. Billing & Accounting Software You can integrate smart billing and accounting tools into your current back-office systems well-equipped with a user-friendly dashboard potential for complete control and visibility over the waste hauling business expenditures, statements, invoices, and e-payments. 4. Waste Management API Integration Furthermore, an industry-leading waste management solution integration will help roll-off, commercial, and residential waste businesses in waste logistics management, work order generation, workers/driver tracking, truck weights calculation, and more. Garbage Management App for Smart & Clean City We usually encounter various solid waste management system issues, like failure to measure containers’ fullness, pre-filled containers that need to be in queue until the next lot arrives, leading to time wastage, increased fuel consumption, and more. At this edge, a savior takes an entry, namely smart waste management. Such a system targets resolving the abovementioned issues by utilizing intelligent monitoring systems, sensors, and mobile apps. First, let’s talk about sensors. Such a solution holds the caliber to measure the containers’ fill level, send updated information anytime, and alert the scrap management services to empty them when they become full or almost complete. The smart waste management devices assist in optimizing the best route for the drivers with fully-filled containers and craft smart schedules that may prove to be time-efficient. Such devices assist in reducing trash collection staff by conducting their duties of container selection. Further, such trash management systems alert the municipalities and waste management brands if any unwanted incident takes place, such as container displacement or temperature rise, by using GPS features. Intelligent Monitoring Systems & IoT Solutions for Waste Management Solid waste management issues provide municipalities with real-time insights and data intelligence. Considering that, previous data helps recognize the filling levels of specific containers, and everything is managed accordingly for a long. Also, IoT solutions help with customer demographic analysis. Similarly, the regular waste management systems’ challenges can be met through hardware solutions, like apps for drivers’ tracking while on duty and operations going on. Admin Panel \| General Public \| Driver \| Login \| Register \| Login \| Create Garbage bin \| Login \| Check daily work updates \| Update/Delete garbage bin \| Register complaint \| Choose best route \| Assign best route for drivers \| My complaint & status \| Update garbage load \| Manage driver \| \|\| View Garbage Report \| \|\| View complaints from public \| Top Players in Waste Management Industry Next, we will check out some top names of informative and innovative waste and recycling apps: This waste management app permits the customers to rent portable assets embracing dumpsters through phone or tablet. This app enables users to emerge with recycling locations near them for their materials. Also, it facilitates the users to find various materials at once, and the recycled materials are collected into nine categories, Household, Metal, Glass, Paper, and more. Ahead, users can create and save their lists for later. It is one of the top players in this particular domain. It allows the users to supervise garbage and recycling schedules in an easy way out. Also, users can use this app’s “waste wizard” to emerge with better disposal of a specific material, like food waste, cutlery, or water bottles. This mobile application is from Earth911, a firm that assists people worldwide in learning about recycling. They crafted this app to ease users finding accessible recycling places in their areas and recommend many ways to recycle materials. This application is best for residential customers of New york. Users find it easy to access their holiday and standard collection schedule, pay their bills, set up reminders, and look up places to safely dispose of or recycle materials. A New-York based waste and recycling technology brand, Recycle Track Systems, has rolled out this new on-demand waste and recycling pickup app that permits the users to price and schedule the pick-ups aptly for bulk and recyclable materials. Business Model of Waste Management App Let’s review the business model of waste management companies. 1. Customer Segments Waste management arrives with specialized waste disposal and management solutions to a varied customer base. The customers are categorized as below: 1. Commercial Customers It includes commercial operations across various sectors to which the brands offer the best services, like electronics recycling and security. 2. Residential Customers It incorporates residential renters and homeowners to which the company offers services, like portable storage, dumpster collection, and curbside pickup. 3. Municipal Customers It comprises local government and municipal bodies and public organizations. 4. Industrial Customers It includes many industrial entities, like manufacturers, construction firms, food services, and healthcare providers. 1. Waste Management Website Well, waste management websites offer information on many unique solutions and services, facility areas, and sustainability operations. The customers check the service availability in their location and request pickups and services. 2. Waste Management Apps Moreover, the waste management applications ease the users to manage their payments, account details and track pickup schedules. Revenue Model of Waste Tracking & Recycling Management App The report of 2014 states that the waste management operating revenue was about $14 billion. Ahead, in the next year, 2015, the revenue reached $12.96 billion, a considerable increase. How the waste management companies generate revenue? The answer to this question is below; let’s peep: Waste management apps generate revenue by offering recycling solutions and waste management and disposal services to commercial, residential, municipal, and industrial clients. The companies drive their revenue through multiple fees associated with their service offerings. What are the Challenges Waste Management Companies Face? Well, obviously, every good thing comes with something unfavorable. The same happens with the waste management companies; they experience some difficulties while running their waste management businesses. Let’s check them out: 1. Finance And Operational Sustainability Maintenance The waste management businesses’ potential to catch up with success is affected by the shortage of tracking tools and automated systems that loosen up the control in routine operations. 2. Increasing Costs Of Encountering A Uniform Solution The waste management companies fail to discover a uniform solution that makes them use ineffective, high-priced, and time-consuming waste transportation and recycling modes. 3. Monitor Assets And Regulatory Compliance The shortage of the right tracking tools leads to improper usage of assets that prove to be best for waste transportation devices and vehicles for segregating medical waste, food waste, solid waste, and other litters. App Development Team Required to Develop a Waste Management App Generally, the app development team includes the following team members: - Project Manager - UX/UI Designer - App Developers - Front-end Developers - Back-end Developers - Quality Analyst - App Tester How Much Does it Cost to Build a Waste Management App? The cost of waste management app development depends on various factors. In this section, we will put forward some factors that may affect the cost of the waste management app. 1. Mobile Platform (Android, iOS, or Windows) The app platform you choose to develop your application also decides the app development cost, like Android, Windows, and iOS. If you have a limited budget, you can build an iOS waste management app, as an Android waste management app will comparatively cost you more. It’s because various device testing increases the app development cost. 2. Team Size of App Development The mobile app development team size also impacts the cost of app development. You can hire a team as per your project needs. - Hire a team of professional - Choose a freelance option - Hire an app development company You can hire them on a yearly, monthly, or weekly basis. 3. App Design This factor is vital in developing an engaging waste management app holding a captivating design that may attract more users. But, it may cost you more. 4. Location of Developers The location of the developers you hire may increase the app development cost if they don’t reside in your nearby areas. So, hire the developers accordingly. 5. App Features You can choose to develop a basic app, a mid-level one, or a complex app. The functionalities and features you include in your app will decide the app development cost, and the complex app encapsulates advanced features so that it may charge you more. These are not enough factors but the basic ones you should consider while kickstarting your waste management business on an app. How Can We Help You? We hold a record of developing apps in varied industry domains. So, our experience will say it all. Emizentech specializes in offering the best waste management application encapsulating the key features that will be useful for waste collectors, drivers/helpers, ward managers, material recovery managers, transfer station supervisors, city admin, residentials, industrial people, and commercial crowds. You can come ahead with customized business requirements; our team of professionals will deliver the proper waste management app you want, suiting your business needs. Key Highlights of Emizentech - Clutch Awarded - On-time Delivery - Engaging Portfolio - Better Customer Feedback - High-quality Project Delivery - High-end Security - On-going Support & Maintenance A waste management app will prove to be beneficial not only to the residents but also to the commercial and municipal crowds. - The waste management app usage will ease the waste collection process and reduce air pollution, time, money, and staffing. - Integrating the proper technology will guide the truck drivers to choose the shortest path for litter collection. - The waste management app development project needs to be user-friendly and innovative, which may assist in diminishing delays in accumulating garbage, pacing up the garbage collection process, and notifying nearby people about it. - Also, it will assist both the residents and management in tracking the real-time location and garbage emptying process. As an upgrade, we can expect the waste management process to emerge with an auto sensor that may help sense the wet and dry waste and locate the garbage leak.	<urn:uuid:df38ce43-a9d5-4328-a03f-6a2c4ba83cda>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	http://drcarefi.info/waste-management-app-development.html	2024-12-05T09:40:17Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066348250.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205085107-20241205115107-00071.warc.gz	en	0.899098	5,418	2.609375	3
Check out a free preview of the full First Look: ChatGPT API for Web Developers course The "Basic Prompt Rules" Lesson is part of the full, First Look: ChatGPT API for Web Developers course featured in this preview video. Here's what you'd learn in this lesson: Maximiliano shares essential guidelines for writing prompts to elicit the desired response from the model. The discussion includes tips for providing clear and specific instructions, such as requesting a structured format, providing examples, and explaining how to handle invalid inputs, for effective prompt construction. Transcript from the "Basic Prompt Rules" Lesson >> Let's talk about some basic rules for the prompt. We should write a specific and clear instructions, really clear instructions like you are a web developer and you're writing a web page for the government. Now write a table in HTML that contains headers and cells and each row will have blah, blah, blah. You need to be very specific to get a better answer. For large tasks, you can provide the model, at least of a step. So you can help the model think with you, okay? So, for example, you have a text and you want to summarize the text, convert the text into French, and then create a list of emojis that will get the feeling of that text, just for say something. Well, instead of saying, hey, I want this text in French with emojis and summarize, you can say, hey, you are a text processor that will do this. First, you will translate the text into French. Second, you will do that. And then lastly, you will do the other thing. So we can help the model think. And that will get a better result. And sometimes it's even better to make several GTP calls. So, In this case, we do a step by step. And always providing the previous context. For example, and sometimes, this is even the only way to do some things. For example, you have a book and you wanna summarize the book. You cannot pass the whole book. So something that you can do is you can pass chapter by chapter and ask for a summary of each chapter. When you get the array of summaries, you make a final call saying summarize the book, okay? So you make things a step by step, yeah, you will pay for every step, but that's how you get better results. Also you should use internally an iterative process to find the right prompt. So we try two different prompts, try to change the words. Sometimes, for example, instead of summarize, you can use extract, extract the data you want. Or instead of summarize, you can say, summarize these, paying attention to that. So, adding more words can improve a lot, the kind of answer that you're getting. For example, to be more specific and to give clear instructions, you should use delimiter for dynamic data. For example, you say, I want you to translate this text. Well, how are you going to render the text? How are you going to say which is the text? Well, you can use tags as in XML, so you open tag text, you put the text, you close the text. You don't need to explain to the model what's a tag. But it will recognize that that's a different section. You can use triple backtick, this is coming from markdown, triple quote, works as well. Triple hyphen works as well to separate sections. So what's the question? What's the text that you are asking question from? You can even explain the model. So you can say, I wanna translate the text in triple backtick. Then you can have more instructions, and then the triples backticks with the text, okay? Makes sense? So you can try this like here, like translate the text, let's say the text within a tag to French, and then summarize it. Then make a summary of the most, or make a list. Look at lists, make a list with a bullet in different lines of the most important topics. This is Learn PWA. It's some kind of a free book that I authored with the Chrome team. In case you wanna learn about Progressive Web Apps, so you can just take a piece of text. I will come here and say, well, we set a tag, so let's open a tag text. And I paste this, that's my input. So Send. And let's wait for it. So well, it's French, so I don't know. But I guess it's talking about PWA and something. I don't know French, sorry. Also, we can ask for data in a structured format, so I can really ask the model to use JSON, HTML, comma separated values, any format you need, if it's a string-based. And we are going to learn an example that works, and you will see that that's true. So I can ask even for the answer these answer, go back here. Let's change this with a different prompt. For example, give me a list of ten random countries, okay? If you look at that prompt, I'm not being really specific. I'm not explaining, okay, which countries. How to see the answer, I mean, I have a list, but yeah, I can say, the list should be in CSV format. So, Send. Because I'm not sending the context, I shouldn't get the same answer. By the way, I should clean the previous answer. So let's do that. So in playground app.js, we should clean the output every time we make a new query. I think that will be better. So you can see at the bottom anyway. But if you look there, it says, the CSV format is as follows. And it says, well, if I wanna parse this, right, I don't like it. So I don't like the CSV format is that is. So let's say, just reply with the CSV content, no other words. So I'm very clear, very specific of what I want. So now I don't have any other explanation before or after. And instead of CSV, I can use an HTML UL table. Just reply now with the HTML content. And it should be in HTML format with a table, or I can use an unordered list. And now we have a table. But the table has a header, a th, with the Country. I didn't ask for that, right? I wasn't specific enough. Maybe I try again, and I get a different, well, I can say, with a table without the header, or with a header, or with a class name. So the more specific you are, the better results you get. And this idea of give me just the content, no other words, it's pretty cool to then parse their response. So as you can see, this is what is known as prompt engineering, this guy for developers. It's just playing with the words so the model will understand us better. So that's why I say it's more prompt hacking. So what else do we have here? Give the model an example of what you're expecting. So if you have your own format, you can actually say that. And you can explain to the model what to do when the input is invalid. This is really cool, let me show you that. And we're going to use that later. But let's say that I will say, give me the list of countries for the cities in tripple backtick. So I will say here a list of cities. Let's say Minneapolis, Buenos Aires, that's my hometown, London, Tokyo, something like that. And then we can say, the list should be using a format like, and I'm going to invent something. I will use a different delimiter here. It's a different way to separate this. I will say like, let's say, we can use Madrid: Spain;. And I use Bangkok: Thailand. So I'm giving the model a sample of what I'm expecting. The more concrete you are, the clearer you are when you're explaining, the better results you will get. I'm not sure, I haven't tried that one, so let's see that. What do you think? It worked. But now that I'm seeing the answer, that it looks pretty good, I can also add things like, okay, give me the flag emoji. It really works. So I made the emoji so I can add, even I don't wanna explain that. I'm going to just add emoji for Spain, or for Thailand, and see if that works. But if you pay attention, I'm receiving the last dot. Look at the emojis, it worked. It realized that I was expecting the emoji of the country. So it's actually pretty cool that you can actually get this. But I'm getting the last colon, the last dot, sorry. That might be problematic for parsing this. So then I realized that testing the prompt. So then I can say, don't add any other characters or symbols to the list, and see if that works. By the way, I haven't tried this, this is a program I'm doing live with you. And if it doesn't work, then you can say, remove the dot, or something like that. I don't have a dot now. So it worked. So that's prompt engineering, and that's why it's cool to work with a playground. So you can play and you say, okay, I'm done with this. So I will copy and save that in my app, so that the prompt I will use. But remember this is asking for cities and countries. But let's say that the list of cities is dynamically generated. It's coming from a database, or the worst part is written by the user. What if I say iPhone, Android, and MacBook. Because if it's user generator, I don't know what will happen. Let's see, well, sorry I cannot provide enough countries, which it's okay, but I cannot parse that. So I should add here instructions to what to do. If the list of cities does contain value entries, respond with the string false. We can try to go back to a list of cities. Let's say Sao Paulo, Sydney, and Casablanca, San, and we can see if this is still working, pretty good. That's prompt engineering for web developers. Learn Straight from the Experts Who Shape the Modern Web - In-depth Courses - Industry Leading Experts - Learning Paths - Live Interactive Workshops	<urn:uuid:802b0bcc-5bcd-4710-b531-7c894540aedb>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://frontendmasters.com/courses/chatgpt-api/basic-prompt-rules/	2024-12-11T04:17:42Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066072935.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211020256-20241211050256-00283.warc.gz	en	0.952771	2,238	2.875	3
You know you’ve done it — seen someone morbidly obese and thought to yourself, “Why couldn’t they just control themselves?” or stood in the supermarket, comparing people’s carts to how they look, or any other myriad of judgments we have when we see someone who is overweight. Many of us have this overly simplified view that it’s just a matter of exercising more and eating less, that it’s the First Law of Thermodynamics with it’s “calories-in-calories-out” model. I’m here to tell you that you couldn’t be more wrong. “But it’s the fault of the fast food restaurants!” people cry out. Soda! Larger portions! High fructose corn syrup! Yes, that’s all true. It’s also because we spend more time in front of computers with less exercise, we eat out more, and we eat more processed food, right? There are a lot of reasons, and many of them are reasonably accurate. But there’s a bit more to the picture than you realize. Let’s start with some basics, and ones that are irreconcilable truths. The first one is, our systems are designed for times of feasting and times of starvation. There is no getting around that. Remove those periods of starvation, and our systems start to break down with the caloric overload. And once our systems are broken, it can be nearly impossible to get them completely “fixed”. The other fact is that there are a lot of weird “things” in our environment nowadays that our system doesn’t know how to handle, and those molecules are causing changes from the genetic level on up (that’s what the study of epigenetics looks at — the impact of “foreign” molecules on cellular processes). Bring those two pieces together and we have a virtual tidal wave of obesity, and no way to turn it around. Most people know that, at some point, calories DO count. The problem is (and Weight Watchers has finally realized this) that a calorie is not just a calorie. A carbohydrate calorie, for example, comes with insulin (which, when present in the blood stream, completely prevents you from burning fat). If you eat too much protein, your body will turn it into fat as well. And not all fats are calorie-bombs that make you fat: coconut oil and it’s medium and short-chain fatty acids gets burned in your body as quickly as carbohydrates and won’t turn into fat. So the model of “calories-in-calories-out” isn’t fully accurate because you are not a furnace. Calories count, sort of, but not totally. Then there’s the low-carb movement, of which I am a proponent. I made a very popular video about blood sugar and how we progress to diabetes on YouTube but it basically comes down to this: we were given a certain amount of “points” for carbs in our lifetime, and most people have used those “points” up by the time they’re 30 years old. Which means that after that, carb intake starts to cause biochemical breakdowns, insulin resistance, hormonal imbalances, and all the problems that are associated with too much insulin and too much glucose in the body. This is a big foundation for our practice, and, without question, can improve a lot of symptoms that people struggle with, as well as reverse blood sugar imbalances. And yet, that’s not the whole problem either. So what else is “broken” that is contributing to our obesity problem? Sometimes it’s an easy change — the way most people exercise, for example, is often not helping them lose weight.[i] Studies have consistently shown that the 45-60 minute cardio session people are doing simply makes them hungrier, and they end up eating more.[ii] Spending 30 minutes walking, for example, is definitely better than nothing, but your body gets accustomed to easy exercise like that. On the flip side, high intensity exercise done over a longer time (think spin classes) can increase inflammation and causes stress, which then contributes to weight gain (or, at least, inhibits weight loss). Exercise, without question, is beneficial in many, many ways, and we are large proponents of varying forms of exercise, but if you think it’s going to help you with weight loss, well… just check out all the overweight people training for marathons. You can’t tell me they need more exercise! Here’s a crazy one you might not have heard: did you know that if you have the wrong type of gut bacteria, those bacteria can cause weight gain? In studies done with morbidly obese people, it was observed that certain strains of bacteria more efficiently extracted calories and nutrition out of food than others.[iii],[iv] It just depends on what combination of gut flora you have — that same handful of crackers you eat may or may not have the same caloric impact on the next person. And how do we have such wildly differing gut bacteria? Well, the average child, by the time they start school, has had up to 20 different antibiotic prescriptions; doctors prescribe enough antibiotics for 4 out of 5 Americans each year. How many have you had over your lifetime? Which brings us to the direct impact of antibiotics on obesity. This research study bluntly said, “…both antibiotics and probiotics, which modify the gut microbiota, can act as growth promoters, increasing the size and weight of animals. The current obesity pandemic may be caused, in part, by antibiotic treatments or colonization by probiotic bacteria.” [v] That’s right — conventionally raised animals are treated with antibiotics AND probiotics so that they gain weight. In fact, these researchers pointed out that conventionally-raised feed-lot animals are treated with antibiotics and probiotics to cause weight gain and they wanted to see if short-term antibiotic treatment to humans, given after endocarditis, caused weight gain (it did).[vi] Another reason to buy grass-fed beef and pasture-raised chickens. Of course, there is always the issue of hormones. About 10% of the population has hypothyroidism and that’s always an area to check when working with weight gain. But why is there such an epidemic of hypothyroidism? Is it the lack of iodine in the diet? High stress (the stress hormone cortisol inhibits T3)? High estrogen levels (often from insulin resistance, and estrogen inhibits T3 as well)? Fat cells actually make their own estrogen, so take a look around you and think about how much estrogen might be in someone’s system. Or what about xenoestrogens — chemicals that act like estrogen in the body? They also will contribute to obesity. What about adrenal disorders like Cushing’s? It’s rare, but imagine if all of a sudden you started gaining weight, and yet people told you it’s because you were eating too much. And then it took the doctors years to figure out you had a hormonal problem like Cushing’s. Yes, you’d feel hopeless too. You are probably starting to see that these hormonal issues don’t stand by themselves, but can be interwoven with other hormonal problems or other issues altogether. What about the metabolic damage that comes with a history of dieting? Yo-yo dieting (which, for most people, happens over years) severely stresses the thyroid. When caloric intake is low, the metabolism slows down, and it ultimately starts to stay low.[vii] So if you have a history like this, you may always struggle with weight, even if you are doing all the right things. Then there’s stress. Muffin top is a common complaint for many people, but what most people don’t realize is that the stress hormone cortisol is responsible for that central obesity. And stress looks very different than most people think it does. I will talk to many of my patients about carbs, and they will lose weight around their middle when they change their diet, but that’s because a high-carb diet is stressful for the body. Stress isn’t just your job, or how you react to situations — it’s also how much sleep you get, because not enough sleep is an independent risk factor for obesity. [viii],[ix] It’s how much inflammation you have, whether it’s from chronic pain, unknown food intolerances, intestinal permeability, allergies, low-level sinus infections that you know (or don’t know) you have, teeth and mouth problems like gingivitis or untreated periodontal disease, over-exercising… the list goes on and on. This is probably the biggest area that people don’t deal with, because many of them don’t realize the impact or the need to change. Wait! We’re not done yet! Let’s look at the issues with chemicals that are KNOWN to cause health and weight issues — polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB’s), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and Bisphenol A (BPA). While PCB’s and DDT are, thankfully, a bit more limited in society now, the prevalence of BPA and its health risks should shock you. BPA has been directly linked to obesity [x],[xi], hormone disruptions [xii], and increased risk of cancer, especially breast cancer [xiii],[xiv]. While it only take about 3 days to clear from the body, the problem lies in our continuous exposure to it, as it’s found in most plastics (like those disposable water bottles, take-out containers, plastic wrap, food storage containers), as well as food and soda cans. When you microwave in plastic, or put hot food in plastic containers, or drink water in containers that were exposed to heat (think about how those cases of water are shipped in trucks) you begin to get a sense of where you ingest it. Even worse, it’s found in credit card receipt paper and other thermal papers. In fact, paper money also carries BPA from rubbing up against it in your wallet. And the most vulnerable victims are children and babies, as their immature livers cannot process this chemical to clear the body as well as adults. What about prescribed medications? Entire classes of drugs are known to cause weight gain and ironically, one class of them is anti-depressants. Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), and monamine oxidase inhibors (MAOI’s) all have been known to increase weight in at least 25% of people taking them. Of course birth control pills are known to cause weight gain, beta blockers, and, of course, steroids, will also increase weight. And, according the CDC, 22% of children are on prescription meds, 30% of teenagers, 88% of people over 60 years old are on at least one medication, and one-third of them are on five or more. If you are 20 to 59 and are on a medication, statistically it’s probably an anti-depressant. Can you start to see how some of these things tie together? Like antibiotic use damaging the gut biome, causing intestinal permeability, resulting in the body reacting to food proteins that should have stayed in the gut, causing inflammation around the body. Here’s another example: high-carb intake causing insulin resistance, in turn causing high estrogen (which just by itself causes weight gain — why do you think they inject estrogen into cattle?), which then interferes with thyroid function. Or someone is on a prescription med, doesn’t eat ideally, and then has an injury that prevents exercise. And we look at them and think it’s that they’re undisciplined and lazy. Then, of course, there are factors like Vitamin D levels contributing to obesity, leptin resistance causing people to never feel full, and how diet sodas increase obesity even more than regular sodas.[xv] And naturally, people are quick to say that obesity can be genetic, but you want to think about that: have our genes really changed in the last 25 years? No, they have not, but a lot of other things have. Put all of these factors together in some combination, add in the cultural pulls we have in TV commercials, that we have the cheapest food in the world (literally and nutritionally), a subsidized farming culture, food marketing to children, and a plethora of other factors, and you can see that it’s simply wildly inaccurate (not to mention statistically ineffective) to tell people to count their calories and exercise more. So what SHOULD you do? Well, no matter what, sugar and insulin cause huge amounts of damage so those elements should always be managed. People should do short, intense exercise, like intervals. All the different elements that affect stress need to be looked at and addressed, including finding hidden infections, working on lifestyle practices, and supporting adrenal health. Proper thyroid panels need to be run (TSH is not enough), realizing you may not have to automatically get antibiotics, repairing gut flora… yes, there are many avenues to work with, but hopefully this has opened your eyes to the complexity of the situation, and you can begin to unravel this tangle. We will assist you all we can. [i] Leanne M. Redman, Leonie K. Heilbronn, Corby K. Martin, et al. Effect of Calorie Restriction with or without Exercise on Body Composition and Fat Distribution. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism March 1, 2007 vol. 92 no. 3 865-872 [ii] Church TS, Martin CK, Thompson AM, Earnest CP, Mikus CR, et al. (2009) Changes in Weight, Waist Circumference and Compensatory Responses with Different Doses of Exercise among Sedentary, Overweight Postmenopausal Women. PLoS ONE 4(2): e4515. [iii] Sonnenburg JL, Xu J, Leip DD, Chen C-H, Westover BP, Weatherford J, Buhler JD, Gordon JI. Glycan foraging in vivo by an intestine-adapted bacterial symbiont. Science, Mar. 25, 2005. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. August 2008, Volume 27, Issue 8, pp 631-634 [vi] Thuny F, Richet H, Casalta J-P, Angelakis E, Habib G, et al. (2010) Vancomycin Treatment of Infective Endocarditis Is Linked with Recently Acquired Obesity. PLoS ONE 5(2): e9074. [vii] Gingras, J. Harber, V. et al. Metabolic assessment of female chronic dieters with either normal or low resting energy expenditures Am J Clin Nutr June 2000 vol. 71 no. 6 1413-1420 [viii] Miller, Michelle A.; Cappuccio, Francesco P. Inflammation, Sleep, Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease. Volume 5, Number 2, April 2007 , pp. 93-102(10) [ix] Gangwisch JE; Malaspina D; Boden-Albala B et al. Inadequate sleep as a risk factor for obesity: analyses of the NHANES I. SLEEP 2005;28(10): 1289-1296. [x] Heindel, J.; Vom Saal, F. (May 2009). “Role of nutrition and environmental endocrine disrupting chemicals during the perinatal period on the aetiology of obesity”. Molecular and cellular endocrinology 304 (1–2): 90–96. [xii] Gore AC. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Humana Press; 8 June 2007. (Contemporary Endocrinology). [xiii] Brisken C (2008). “Endocrine Disruptors and Breast Cancer”. CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 62 (5): 406–409. [xiv] Soto Am, S. C.; Sonnenschein, C. (2010). “Environmental causes of cancer: endocrine disruptors as carcinogens”. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 6 (7): 363–370.	<urn:uuid:008d84bf-829a-4025-b3a0-2f6051f3cc9a>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.merrittwellness.com/why-were-fat-its-not-what-you-think/	2024-12-08T00:51:13Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066433271.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207224914-20241208014914-00447.warc.gz	en	0.942739	3,499	2.796875	3
Unleash your creativity with the Wooden Craft Revolution. The Evolution of Wooden Crafts: Exploring the Impact of Craftsmanship Unleashed The art of woodworking has been around for centuries, with craftsmen using their skills to create beautiful and functional objects out of wood. From furniture to sculptures, wooden crafts have always held a special place in our society. However, in recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in wooden crafts, with a new wave of artisans embracing the art form and pushing the boundaries of what is possible. This revolution in wooden crafts can be attributed to a number of factors. Firstly, there has been a growing appreciation for handmade and unique items in our increasingly mass-produced world. People are seeking out products that have a story behind them, that are made with care and attention to detail. Wooden crafts fit this bill perfectly, as each piece is crafted by hand and no two are exactly alike. Secondly, there has been a renewed focus on sustainability and environmental consciousness. As people become more aware of the impact of their consumer choices on the planet, they are turning to materials that are renewable and eco-friendly. Wood is a natural choice in this regard, as it is a renewable resource that can be harvested responsibly. Additionally, wooden crafts can be made using traditional techniques that minimize waste and energy consumption. The impact of this wooden craft revolution can be seen in the wide range of products that are now available. From intricately carved wooden sculptures to minimalist furniture designs, there is something for everyone. Artisans are experimenting with different types of wood, combining them with other materials such as metal or glass to create unique and striking pieces. The possibilities are endless, and the craftsmanship on display is truly awe-inspiring. One of the most exciting aspects of this revolution is the democratization of woodworking. In the past, woodworking was often seen as a niche hobby or profession, accessible only to a select few. However, with the rise of online platforms and social media, anyone with an interest in woodworking can now learn the craft and share their creations with the world. This has led to a vibrant community of woodworkers, who are constantly inspiring and challenging each other to push the boundaries of what is possible. In conclusion, the wooden craft revolution is a testament to the enduring appeal of craftsmanship. People are seeking out unique and handmade items, and wood provides the perfect medium for artisans to express their creativity. With a renewed focus on sustainability and a growing community of woodworkers, the future of wooden crafts looks bright. Whether you are a collector, a hobbyist, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of handmade objects, there has never been a better time to explore the world of wooden crafts. So why not unleash your creativity and join the revolution? Mastering the Art of Woodworking: Unleashing Creativity and Skill in the Craftsmanship Revolution Craftsmanship Unleashed: The Wooden Craft Revolution Woodworking has long been regarded as a timeless art form, with its roots dating back to ancient civilizations. From intricate furniture pieces to delicate carvings, the art of woodworking has always been a testament to human creativity and skill. In recent years, however, there has been a resurgence in the popularity of wooden crafts, as more and more people are discovering the joy of working with their hands and creating something beautiful from scratch. The craftsmanship revolution has brought about a renewed interest in woodworking, as people seek to escape the fast-paced, digital world and reconnect with the tangible. In a society dominated by mass-produced goods, there is a growing appreciation for the uniqueness and authenticity of handmade wooden crafts. This newfound appreciation has led to a surge in demand for skilled woodworkers who can create one-of-a-kind pieces that reflect the individuality of their owners. Mastering the art of woodworking requires a combination of creativity and technical skill. It is not simply a matter of cutting and shaping wood; it is about understanding the properties of different types of wood, knowing how to work with various tools, and having the ability to envision the end result. Woodworking is a craft that demands patience, precision, and a keen eye for detail. One of the key aspects of woodworking is the ability to unleash creativity. Wood is a versatile material that can be shaped and molded in countless ways. From intricate carvings to sleek, modern designs, the possibilities are endless. Woodworking allows craftsmen to express their individuality and create pieces that are truly unique. Whether it is a handcrafted dining table or a custom-made jewelry box, wooden crafts have the power to evoke emotion and tell a story. In addition to creativity, woodworking also requires a high level of skill. It takes years of practice and dedication to master the techniques and tools of the trade. From learning how to properly use a chisel to understanding the intricacies of joinery, every aspect of woodworking requires precision and attention to detail. It is a craft that rewards those who are willing to put in the time and effort to hone their skills. The craftsmanship revolution has also been fueled by the availability of resources and education. With the rise of the internet, aspiring woodworkers now have access to a wealth of information and tutorials that can help them learn the craft. Online communities and forums provide a platform for sharing knowledge and connecting with fellow craftsmen. Woodworking schools and workshops offer hands-on training and mentorship opportunities for those who want to take their skills to the next level. As the wooden craft revolution continues to gain momentum, it is important to recognize the value of craftsmanship in our society. Handmade wooden crafts not only bring beauty and warmth to our homes, but they also serve as a reminder of the human touch in an increasingly automated world. They are a testament to the power of creativity and skill, and a celebration of the timeless art of woodworking. In conclusion, the wooden craft revolution has unleashed a renewed interest in the art of woodworking. It is a craft that combines creativity and skill, allowing craftsmen to create unique and beautiful pieces. With the availability of resources and education, more and more people are discovering the joy of working with their hands and creating something meaningful. The craftsmanship revolution is a celebration of the human touch and a testament to the enduring power of woodworking. Embracing Tradition: How Craftsmanship Unleashed is Reviving the Wooden Craft Industry Craftsmanship Unleashed: The Wooden Craft Revolution In a world dominated by mass production and technology, there is a growing movement that seeks to revive the art of craftsmanship. This movement, known as Craftsmanship Unleashed, is breathing new life into the wooden craft industry. By embracing tradition and celebrating the skills of skilled artisans, Craftsmanship Unleashed is redefining what it means to create with wood. Craftsmanship Unleashed is not just about creating beautiful wooden objects; it is about preserving a rich cultural heritage. Wooden crafts have been a part of human history for centuries, with each culture leaving its unique mark on the craft. From intricate carvings to finely crafted furniture, wooden crafts have always been a reflection of the values and traditions of a society. However, with the rise of industrialization and mass production, the art of wooden craftsmanship began to decline. Machines took over the production process, and the human touch was lost. The wooden craft industry became a shadow of its former self, with cheap, mass-produced items flooding the market. Craftsmanship Unleashed seeks to reverse this trend by bringing back the human element in wooden crafts. Skilled artisans are at the heart of this movement, using their expertise and passion to create one-of-a-kind pieces. These artisans have honed their skills over years of practice, and their dedication to their craft is evident in every piece they create. One of the key aspects of Craftsmanship Unleashed is the emphasis on traditional techniques. These techniques have been passed down through generations, preserving the knowledge and skills of the past. By using these traditional techniques, artisans are able to create wooden crafts that are not only beautiful but also durable and long-lasting. Craftsmanship Unleashed also celebrates the natural beauty of wood. Each piece is carefully selected for its unique grain and texture, allowing the natural characteristics of the wood to shine through. This emphasis on the inherent beauty of wood sets Craftsmanship Unleashed apart from mass-produced items, which often use synthetic materials or veneers to mimic the look of wood. In addition to preserving tradition and celebrating the natural beauty of wood, Craftsmanship Unleashed also promotes sustainability. The wooden craft industry has the potential to be environmentally friendly, as wood is a renewable resource. Craftsmanship Unleashed encourages artisans to source their wood responsibly, ensuring that forests are managed in a sustainable manner. Craftsmanship Unleashed is not just a movement; it is a revolution. It is a call to embrace tradition, celebrate the skills of artisans, and rediscover the beauty of wooden crafts. By supporting this movement, we can help revive the wooden craft industry and ensure that the art of craftsmanship continues to thrive for generations to come. In conclusion, Craftsmanship Unleashed is breathing new life into the wooden craft industry by embracing tradition, celebrating the skills of artisans, and promoting sustainability. This movement is redefining what it means to create with wood, bringing back the human element and preserving a rich cultural heritage. By supporting Craftsmanship Unleashed, we can be a part of the wooden craft revolution and help shape a future where craftsmanship is valued and cherished. Craftsmanship Unleashed: The Wooden Craft Revolution explores the resurgence of wooden craftsmanship in contemporary society. It highlights the growing interest in traditional woodworking techniques and the appreciation for handmade wooden products. The book showcases the work of skilled artisans and their dedication to preserving and reviving this ancient craft. It emphasizes the importance of craftsmanship in a world dominated by mass production and encourages readers to embrace the beauty and value of handmade wooden items. Overall, Craftsmanship Unleashed celebrates the wooden craft revolution and its impact on our culture and society.	<urn:uuid:079c0e6e-4d84-4078-8bbb-a7d2dd69629b>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://ytlandy.com/craftsmanship-unleashed-the-wooden-craft-revolution/	2024-12-03T06:38:04Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066131502.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203041612-20241203071612-00067.warc.gz	en	0.953485	2,040	2.578125	3
Have you ever wondered about the heartfelt joy that comes with sharing Ramadan blessings wishes? Ramadan, a sacred month for Muslims, is not only a time of fasting and prayer but also a special period for expressing goodwill and blessings to one another. These wishes, filled with hope and positivity, are more than mere words; they are a bridge connecting hearts and spreading peace. As you read on, you'll discover the significance of these wishes and the profound impact they have on relationships and communities during this holy month. The tradition of exchanging Ramadan blessings wishes is deeply rooted in the Islamic culture. It is a way for individuals to communicate their heartfelt prayers and hopes for a blessed and peaceful month for their friends, family, and even acquaintances. These wishes often encapsulate the values of compassion, kindness, and gratitude, reflecting the core principles of Islam. Whether through a simple "Ramadan Mubarak" or a more elaborate message, the act of sending wishes symbolizes unity and the shared spiritual journey of Muslims worldwide. In today's digital age, the way we share Ramadan blessings wishes has evolved, reaching beyond geographical boundaries. Social media platforms, messaging apps, and emails have become conduits for these heartfelt messages, allowing people to connect and share their blessings from anywhere in the world. As you delve deeper into this article, you'll explore the various forms of Ramadan blessings wishes, their cultural significance, and how they enrich the spiritual experience of Ramadan. Join us on this journey to understand the beauty and power of these cherished expressions of faith and goodwill. Table of Contents - Understanding Ramadan - Significance of Ramadan Blessings Wishes - Cultural Variations in Ramadan Wishes - Modern Ways of Sharing Ramadan Wishes - Impact of Ramadan Wishes on Relationships - Spiritual Benefits of Exchanging Wishes - Examples of Heartfelt Ramadan Wishes - Role of Technology in Disseminating Wishes - Etiquette of Sending Ramadan Wishes - Ramadan Wishes in Interfaith Dialogue - Common Misunderstandings about Ramadan Wishes - Frequently Asked Questions Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and holds immense significance for Muslims worldwide. It is a time for fasting, prayer, reflection, and community. The observance of Ramadan is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the fundamental acts of worship and the foundation of a Muslim's faith and practice. During this month, from dawn until sunset, Muslims abstain from food, drink, and other physical needs, focusing instead on spiritual growth and self-discipline. The fast is broken each day with a meal known as iftar, which is often shared with family and friends. Suhoor, a pre-dawn meal, is consumed before the day's fast begins. Ramadan is not only about abstaining from physical pleasures but also about purifying one's mind and soul. It is a time for Muslims to re-evaluate their lives in light of Islamic guidance and make efforts to become better individuals by being more charitable, forgiving, and compassionate. In addition to fasting, Muslims engage in increased prayer and recitation of the Quran. The night prayers, called Taraweeh, are conducted in congregation at mosques, and the entire Quran is recited over the course of the month. The last ten days of Ramadan are particularly significant, with Laylat al-Qadr, the Night of Decree, being observed in one of the odd-numbered nights. It is believed that on this night, the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, and worship on this night is considered to be better than a thousand months. Significance of Ramadan Blessings Wishes Ramadan blessings wishes hold a special place in the hearts of Muslims, serving as a means to express love, peace, and goodwill during this sacred month. These wishes are significant because they embody the spirit of Ramadan, promoting values such as empathy, compassion, and unity. By sharing these wishes, individuals convey their prayers for a blessed and rewarding month, fostering a sense of community and shared purpose. Exchanging Ramadan blessings wishes is a way to strengthen bonds between family, friends, and even strangers. It is a reminder that everyone is part of a larger, interconnected community, and that the spiritual journey of Ramadan is not undertaken alone. These wishes often include prayers for health, prosperity, and spiritual growth, reflecting the desire for all to experience the blessings and rewards associated with this holy month. Moreover, Ramadan blessings wishes serve as a source of encouragement and support for those observing the fast. They remind individuals of the importance of patience, perseverance, and gratitude, helping them to remain steadfast in their devotion and commitment to their faith. As such, these wishes play a vital role in enhancing the spiritual experience of Ramadan, reinforcing the values and teachings of Islam. Cultural Variations in Ramadan Wishes While the core message of Ramadan blessings wishes remains consistent across the globe, the way these wishes are expressed can vary greatly depending on cultural and regional influences. Each culture brings its own unique flavor to the celebration of Ramadan, resulting in a rich tapestry of customs and traditions that enrich the observance of this holy month. In the Arab world, for example, it is common to greet others with "Ramadan Mubarak" or "Ramadan Kareem," both of which convey wishes for a blessed and generous Ramadan. In South Asia, phrases such as "Ramzan Mubarak" or "Ramzan Kareem" are often used, reflecting the regional pronunciation and linguistic differences. In Indonesia, the largest Muslim-majority country, the phrase "Selamat Menunaikan Ibadah Puasa" is frequently used to wish others a successful fast. In addition to linguistic variations, cultural practices can also influence the way Ramadan blessings wishes are shared. In some cultures, it is customary to exchange small gifts or sweets along with wishes, while in others, communal iftar gatherings provide an opportunity for individuals to come together and share blessings in person. These cultural variations add depth and diversity to the experience of Ramadan, highlighting the universal appeal and adaptability of Islamic traditions. Modern Ways of Sharing Ramadan Wishes In today's digital age, the ways in which people share Ramadan blessings wishes have evolved significantly. With the advent of technology and social media, it is now easier than ever to connect with loved ones and share heartfelt messages, regardless of geographical distance. Platforms such as WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have become popular mediums for exchanging Ramadan wishes, allowing individuals to reach a wider audience and engage with their communities in new and creative ways. One of the most common modern methods of sharing Ramadan wishes is through the use of social media posts and stories. Individuals often create and share visually appealing graphics or videos that convey their wishes for a blessed Ramadan. These posts can include inspirational quotes, prayers, or personal reflections, providing a platform for individuals to express their spirituality and connect with others who share similar beliefs. Messaging apps have also become a popular tool for sending personalized Ramadan wishes. With the ability to send instant messages, individuals can easily reach out to friends and family, offering words of encouragement and support. Group chats and broadcast lists allow for the efficient dissemination of wishes to multiple recipients, fostering a sense of community and shared experience. Impact of Ramadan Wishes on Relationships Exchanging Ramadan blessings wishes can have a profound impact on relationships, strengthening bonds and fostering a sense of unity and understanding. By sharing wishes with others, individuals communicate their care and concern, reinforcing the idea that they are not alone in their spiritual journey. This act of reaching out and offering support can help to deepen connections and build trust, creating an environment of mutual respect and appreciation. For families, Ramadan blessings wishes can serve as a reminder of shared values and traditions, encouraging members to come together and celebrate their faith. The act of exchanging wishes can foster open communication and dialogue, allowing individuals to express their hopes and aspirations for the month ahead. This can lead to greater harmony and cohesion within the family unit, strengthening the bonds that hold it together. In a broader context, Ramadan wishes can also play a role in promoting interfaith dialogue and understanding. By sharing wishes with individuals from different religious backgrounds, Muslims can demonstrate their commitment to peace and goodwill, fostering a sense of respect and acceptance. This can help to break down barriers and bridge cultural divides, promoting a more inclusive and harmonious society. Spiritual Benefits of Exchanging Wishes Beyond the social and relational benefits, exchanging Ramadan blessings wishes also offers significant spiritual benefits. These wishes serve as a reminder of the core values and teachings of Islam, encouraging individuals to reflect on their faith and strive for personal growth and development. By expressing their hopes and prayers for others, individuals also engage in a form of spiritual practice, reinforcing their connection to the divine and their commitment to living a life of compassion and service. The act of exchanging wishes can also help individuals to cultivate a sense of gratitude and contentment. By focusing on the blessings and positive aspects of their lives, individuals are encouraged to adopt a more optimistic and hopeful outlook, fostering a sense of inner peace and tranquility. This can help to alleviate stress and anxiety, promoting overall well-being and spiritual fulfillment. Moreover, sharing Ramadan blessings wishes can also serve as a form of dua, or supplication, allowing individuals to invoke the divine and seek guidance and support. By offering prayers for others, individuals engage in a form of spiritual intercession, seeking the blessings and mercy of Allah for themselves and those around them. This can help to strengthen their faith and deepen their relationship with the divine, enhancing their overall spiritual experience during Ramadan. Examples of Heartfelt Ramadan Wishes Expressing Ramadan blessings wishes can be a deeply personal and meaningful gesture, allowing individuals to convey their heartfelt prayers and hopes for a blessed and rewarding month. Here are some examples of heartfelt Ramadan wishes that capture the essence of this sacred time: - "May this Ramadan bring you peace and prosperity, and may your prayers be answered. Ramadan Mubarak!" - "Wishing you a month filled with joy, reflection, and spiritual growth. May Allah's blessings be upon you." - "As you fast and offer prayers to Allah, may you find peace and happiness. Have a blessed Ramadan!" - "May the spirit of Ramadan illuminate your heart and guide you towards eternal happiness. Ramadan Kareem!" - "Sending you warm wishes on this holy month. May Allah shower His blessings on you and your family." These wishes can be personalized and adapted to suit the recipient, allowing individuals to express their unique sentiments and emotions. Whether through a simple message or an elaborate greeting, the act of sharing Ramadan blessings wishes is a powerful way to connect with others and celebrate the values and teachings of Islam. Role of Technology in Disseminating Wishes Technology has played a significant role in transforming the way Ramadan blessings wishes are shared, enabling individuals to connect with others in innovative and meaningful ways. With the advent of digital communication tools, it is now easier than ever to reach a global audience and share messages of goodwill and peace during this sacred month. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have become popular channels for sharing Ramadan wishes, allowing individuals to create and share visually appealing content that captures the spirit of the month. These platforms provide a space for individuals to connect with others who share similar beliefs, fostering a sense of community and shared experience. Messaging apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram have also become popular tools for sending personalized Ramadan wishes. With features such as group chats and broadcast lists, individuals can efficiently disseminate wishes to multiple recipients, ensuring that no one is left out. These apps also allow for the exchange of multimedia content, such as photos and videos, adding a personal touch to the messages. Etiquette of Sending Ramadan Wishes While the act of sending Ramadan blessings wishes is a meaningful gesture, it is important to observe certain etiquette to ensure that the wishes are received in the spirit in which they are intended. Here are some tips for sending Ramadan wishes with grace and respect: - Be mindful of the recipient's beliefs and practices, and ensure that the message is appropriate and respectful. - Personalize the message to reflect the recipient's unique context and relationship with you. - Avoid sending mass-produced or generic messages, as these may lack sincerity and authenticity. - Consider the timing of the message, ensuring that it is sent at an appropriate time during the day or the month. - Respect the recipient's privacy and preferences regarding communication methods. By observing these guidelines, individuals can ensure that their Ramadan blessings wishes are received positively and contribute to a meaningful and enriching spiritual experience for both the sender and the recipient. Ramadan Wishes in Interfaith Dialogue Ramadan blessings wishes can also play a role in promoting interfaith dialogue and understanding. By sharing wishes with individuals from different religious backgrounds, Muslims can demonstrate their commitment to peace and goodwill, fostering a sense of respect and acceptance. This can help to break down barriers and bridge cultural divides, promoting a more inclusive and harmonious society. Interfaith dialogue provides an opportunity for individuals of different faiths to come together and share their beliefs, practices, and values. Ramadan wishes can serve as a starting point for these conversations, allowing individuals to express their hopes and prayers for a peaceful and prosperous month. By engaging in open and respectful dialogue, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of each other's faiths and foster mutual respect and appreciation. Moreover, sharing Ramadan wishes with individuals from different faiths can also help to dispel misconceptions and stereotypes about Islam. By demonstrating the values of compassion, kindness, and unity, individuals can challenge negative perceptions and promote a more positive and accurate understanding of the Islamic faith. Common Misunderstandings about Ramadan Wishes Despite the positive intentions behind Ramadan blessings wishes, there are some common misunderstandings that can arise, potentially leading to confusion or misinterpretation. Here are some of the most common misconceptions about Ramadan wishes: - Some individuals may mistakenly believe that Ramadan wishes are only meant for Muslims, when in fact they can be shared with individuals of all faiths as a gesture of goodwill and peace. - There may be a misconception that Ramadan wishes are only exchanged at the beginning of the month, when in reality they can be shared throughout the entire month as a means of encouragement and support. - Some individuals may assume that Ramadan wishes are purely religious in nature, overlooking the cultural and social significance of these messages in fostering community and unity. By addressing these misconceptions and promoting a more accurate understanding of Ramadan blessings wishes, individuals can ensure that these messages are received in the spirit in which they are intended, contributing to a more positive and meaningful experience for all. Frequently Asked Questions 1. What is the significance of Ramadan blessings wishes? Ramadan blessings wishes are significant because they embody the spirit of Ramadan, promoting values such as empathy, compassion, and unity. They serve as a means to express love, peace, and goodwill, strengthening bonds between family, friends, and even strangers. 2. Can non-Muslims share Ramadan blessings wishes? Yes, non-Muslims can share Ramadan blessings wishes as a gesture of goodwill and peace. It is a way to demonstrate respect and understanding for the Islamic faith and to promote interfaith dialogue and harmony. 3. How can I personalize Ramadan blessings wishes? You can personalize Ramadan blessings wishes by tailoring the message to reflect the recipient's unique context and relationship with you. Consider including specific prayers or sentiments that resonate with the recipient's experiences and aspirations. 4. What are some common phrases used in Ramadan blessings wishes? Common phrases used in Ramadan blessings wishes include "Ramadan Mubarak," "Ramadan Kareem," "May Allah's blessings be upon you," and "Wishing you a blessed and prosperous Ramadan." 5. How can technology be used to share Ramadan wishes? Technology can be used to share Ramadan wishes through social media platforms, messaging apps, and emails. These tools allow individuals to connect with a wider audience and share personalized and visually appealing messages. 6. What is the etiquette for sending Ramadan blessings wishes? The etiquette for sending Ramadan blessings wishes includes being mindful of the recipient's beliefs and practices, personalizing the message, avoiding generic messages, considering the timing of the message, and respecting the recipient's communication preferences. In conclusion, Ramadan blessings wishes hold a special place in the hearts of Muslims and serve as a powerful tool for promoting peace, unity, and goodwill during this sacred month. By understanding the significance and cultural variations of these wishes, individuals can engage in meaningful exchanges that strengthen relationships and foster a sense of community and shared purpose. With the advent of technology, the ways in which these wishes are shared have evolved, enabling individuals to connect with others in innovative and creative ways. By observing proper etiquette and addressing common misconceptions, individuals can ensure that their Ramadan blessings wishes are received positively and contribute to a more enriching and fulfilling spiritual experience for all. As we continue to embrace the beauty and power of these cherished expressions of faith, we can work towards building a more inclusive and harmonious world, one wish at a time.	<urn:uuid:30b370c9-3586-4596-b2ac-4a9c052b5e0d>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://spifpanel.com/blockchain/ramadan-blessings-wishes.html	2024-12-09T09:31:41Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066462724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209085821-20241209115821-00643.warc.gz	en	0.931575	3,492	2.640625	3
The military engagement in the New World during the Renaissance represents a complex interplay of conquest, resistance, and adaptation. This era saw European powers deploy formidable forces to claim territories, altering the socio-political landscape of the Americas. As military campaigns unfolded, the impact on indigenous societies was profound, marked by both conflict and resilience. This article seeks to provide an informative overview of these dynamic interactions, highlighting key campaigns, technological advancements, and the implications of military strategies employed by both colonizers and indigenous peoples. Historical Context of Military Engagement in the New World The historical context of military engagement in the New World is rooted in the collision of European powers and Indigenous civilizations during the Renaissance. As nations sought wealth and territory, military strategies evolved, driven by ambitions for conquest and colonization. The Age of Exploration, marked by advances in navigation and shipbuilding, facilitated transatlantic voyages. This era saw European powers, such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England, dispatching expeditions to seize lands and resources, leading to significant military engagements. Colonial encounters often resulted in violent confrontations with Indigenous populations. The technology of European warfare, including firearms and cavalry, provided a stark contrast to the traditional forms of warfare practiced by Native American tribes, thereby shaping the dynamics of military engagement in the New World. Understanding this historical context highlights how military engagement was not merely a matter of conquest but a complex interplay of cultures, technologies, and tactics, profoundly influencing both sides in these tumultuous interactions. Key Military Campaigns in the New World Key military campaigns in the New World were instrumental in shaping the course of history during the Renaissance. These engagements often stemmed from the desire of European powers to expand their territories and exploit the natural resources found in the Americas. One notable military campaign was Hernán Cortés’s conquest of the Aztec Empire between 1519 and 1521. Utilizing a combination of alliances with rival indigenous groups and advanced weaponry, Cortés ultimately overthrew Moctezuma II, establishing Spanish dominance in present-day Mexico. This campaign exemplified the brutal efficiency of European military tactics. Another significant engagement was the military efforts of Francisco Pizarro against the Inca Empire in the 1530s. Pizarro capitalized on internal divisions within the Inca and employed strategic surprise attacks. The capture of the Inca emperor Atahualpa led to the rapid decline of Inca resistance, demonstrating the devastating impact of European military engagements. Further military campaigns, such as those conducted by French and English colonists, involved territorial disputes and conflicts with Indigenous nations. These engagements highlighted the competition among European powers and the complex interactions with native tribes, each with their own military strategies and alliances. Naval Warfare and Its Impact Naval warfare during the period of military engagement in the New World was driven by the competition for resources and territorial dominance. Key maritime powers, such as Spain, Portugal, France, and England, relied on naval fleets to transport troops, supplies, and engage in combat with rival nations. The strategic positioning of naval bases, like the Spanish in Cuba and the French in Canada, allowed for quicker response times and reinforced military presence. The naval clashes that ensued not only determined control over critical trade routes but also shaped the political landscape of the New World. Naval battles, such as the Battle of Cartagena in 1741, demonstrated the significance of naval supremacy in military engagements. These encounters directly influenced the outcomes of land engagements by facilitating troop movements and providing logistical support. Additionally, advancements in shipbuilding and naval artillery enhanced the effectiveness of military operations. The transformation of naval warfare significantly impacted colonization efforts, altering indigenous communities and facilitating European dominance in the New World. Indigenous Resistance Against Colonization Indigenous resistance against colonization in the New World encompassed various forms of organized and spontaneous efforts by native peoples to defend their lands and autonomy from European invaders. This resistance manifested through military confrontations, alliances, and diplomatic negotiations. Notable indigenous leaders emerged during these conflicts, including Tecumseh, who united multiple tribes against American expansion, and Osceola, who led the Seminole Wars against U.S. forces. Their leadership inspired cohesive strategies tailored to local circumstances and capabilities, which were critical in resisting colonial powers. Indigenous tactics often included guerrilla warfare, which allowed smaller groups to engage more powerful forces effectively. Additionally, many tribes formed temporary alliances to increase their bargaining power. These various strategies led to significant and prolonged conflicts, underscoring the resilience of indigenous communities. The consequences of these resistance efforts were profound, influencing territorial control and the dynamics of military engagement in the New World. Although many indigenous peoples faced tremendous adversity, their resistance efforts played a crucial role in shaping the early history of the continent. Notable Indigenous Leaders Prominent figures among Indigenous leaders played a pivotal role during military engagement in the New World. Their leadership, strategic prowess, and resilience were integral to resisting colonization efforts by European powers. One notable leader was Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief who sought to unify various tribes to resist the encroachment of settlers and British colonial forces in the early 19th century. His vision extended beyond mere resistance; Tecumseh aimed to create a confederation that could sustain autonomy and resist cultural assimilation. Another significant figure was Huáscar, the Inca ruler who faced Spanish conquest in the 16th century. His leadership during the civil war against his half-brother Atahualpa highlighted the internal conflicts that weakened Indigenous resistance. Huáscar’s eventual capture marked a turning point in the military engagement in the New World. These leaders, among many others, shaped the dynamics of military engagement in the New World. Their legacies continue to resonate, embodying the struggle against colonization while highlighting the complexities faced by Indigenous peoples during this tumultuous period. Strategies and Conflicts Indigenous strategies during military engagements in the New World often centered around their intimate knowledge of the terrain and employing guerrilla tactics. Utilizing the element of surprise, they would launch ambushes on colonial forces, often targeting supply lines and encampments, thereby disrupting the logistical operations of European armies. Conflicts were characterized by significant battles, such as the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Hernán Cortés capitalized on the rivalries between indigenous groups, forming alliances that allowed him to bolster his forces and weaken the Aztecs. Such strategic maneuvers showcased the intricate interplay of alliances that indigenous groups navigated in response to colonizers’ encroachments. In contrast, the indigenous peoples exhibited resilience through defensive strategies, fortifying their settlements against European advances. Leaders like Tecumseh exemplified these tactics, organizing confederacies to resist colonization and implementing coordinated attacks to reclaim sovereignty over their lands. Ultimately, the dynamic of military engagement in the New World was marked by a continuous evolution of strategies and conflicts as both Europeans and indigenous peoples adapted to changing circumstances, highlighting the complexity of this historical narrative. The Role of Technology in Military Engagement Technology significantly influenced military engagement in the New World, acting as a decisive factor in the outcomes of numerous conflicts. The introduction of gunpowder weaponry, including matchlocks, arquebuses, and cannons, transformed warfare dynamics. These innovations provided European forces with a substantial advantage over indigenous populations, which primarily relied on traditional weaponry. Naval technology, including advanced shipbuilding techniques, allowed European nations to project power across vast oceans, facilitating the transport of troops and supplies. The establishment of powerful naval fleets not only enabled colonization efforts but also helped in securing trade routes and engaging in maritime skirmishes with rival powers. Furthermore, advancements in cartography and navigation improved exploration and strategic planning. Detailed maps allowed military leaders to understand the geography of the New World better, enabling them to plan successful military campaigns. The integration of technology into military engagement in the New World ultimately reshaped territorial control and altered the course of history in this era of Renaissance military history. Alliances and Diplomacy Alliances and diplomacy were pivotal elements in military engagement in the New World, shaping the outcome of various colonial endeavors. European powers, primarily Spain, France, and England, often sought to form alliances with local indigenous groups to reinforce their military strength against rival colonizers and hostile tribes. Indigenous nations, in turn, navigated these alliances strategically, recognizing the potential benefits of cooperating with European powers. For instance, the Huron and Algonquin tribes allied with the French, hoping to leverage European military technology in their conflicts against the Iroquois, who allied with the English. This dynamic often led to a complex interplay of loyalties and rivalries. Diplomacy was also essential for establishing trade agreements and negotiating peace treaties following conflicts. The Treaty of Westphalia (1648), though primarily a European agreement, underscored the growing influence of global diplomacy that included the New World. These interactions influenced territorial claims and facilitated efforts to establish lasting control over regions. The pursuit of alliances and diplomatic relations profoundly impacted military strategies, leading to shifts in power dynamics. Consequently, military engagement in the New World became not solely a matter of conquest but also a contest of relationships among various groups. Consequences of Military Engagement in the New World The military engagement in the New World resulted in profound consequences that reshaped both territorial boundaries and societal structures. The influx of European military forces led to the rapid decline of Indigenous populations through warfare, disease, and displacement. This transition marked a significant demographic shift, altering the cultural landscape. Territorial control underwent a dramatic transformation as European powers, particularly the Spaniards and Portuguese, solidified their dominance over vast areas. Military campaigns allowed for the annexation of extensive lands, leading to the establishment of colonial empires that spread across the Americas. The repercussions extended to Indigenous societies, which faced fragmentation due to warfare and alliances with European powers. Strategies employed by Indigenous groups often resulted in temporary gains; however, the long-term effects often favored European colonizers, leading to enduring disparities and strife. Ultimately, the military engagement in the New World laid the groundwork for centuries of conflict, cultural exchange, and, regrettably, the loss of Indigenous traditions. The legacy of these engagements continues to influence contemporary discussions around identity, sovereignty, and historical memory. Impact on Indigenous Populations Military engagement in the New World profoundly affected indigenous populations, leading to significant demographic, cultural, and social changes. The introduction of European warfare tactics and technologies resulted in defeat and displacement for many indigenous communities. These conflicts often caused catastrophic loss of life, exacerbated by violent encounters and the spread of diseases. The arrival of European powers not only disrupted traditional lifestyles but also altered land ownership patterns. Colonizers claimed vast territories, forcing indigenous populations into marginal areas or entirely displacing them from their ancestral lands. This transformation led to a breakdown of established social orders and the imposition of foreign governance structures. Resistance by indigenous groups sometimes resulted in significant conflict, but often these efforts were met with brutal reprisals. Although leaders like Tecumseh and others united various factions to confront colonial powers, the overwhelming military might of the Europeans ultimately prevailed, severely weakening indigenous autonomy. These consequences laid the groundwork for a protracted struggle over the identity and rights of indigenous populations, whose legacy continues to resonate in contemporary discussions about sovereignty and cultural preservation in the wake of military engagement in the New World. Changes in Territorial Control Military engagement in the New World resulted in significant shifts in territorial control, profoundly impacting the balance of power. European powers strategically maneuvered to expand their territories, often displacing indigenous populations and establishing colonial rule. Key changes in territorial control included the following factors: - Colonial Expansion: Nations such as Spain, France, and England swiftly established vast colonies, leading to the dominance of European powers over large areas of the Americas. - Inter-European Rivalries: Conflicts among European powers, such as the Anglo-Spanish War, fueled further territorial acquisitions and reallocations. - Land Treaties: Agreements like the Treaty of Tordesillas, aimed at settling disputes over New World territories, were instrumental in dividing control between Spain and Portugal. Ultimately, these shifts led to the establishment of an extensive network of colonies, fundamentally altering the geopolitical landscape and setting the stage for future conflicts. The repercussions of these changes remain evident in contemporary territorial divisions within the Americas. Legacy of Military Engagements in the New World The legacy of military engagement in the New World is marked by profound transformations in both the cultural and territorial landscapes. The military campaigns initiated by European powers not only facilitated colonization but also altered indigenous societies and their ways of life, often resulting in catastrophic consequences. In the realm of territorial control, military engagement led to the extensive displacement of indigenous populations. European nations such as Spain, France, and England established dominance through forceful conquests, thereby reshaping political boundaries and societal structures across the continent. This military-driven expansion also paved the way for new economic systems based on extracted resources and agriculture. Culturally, the encounters between European settlers and indigenous peoples fostered a complex legacy of both conflict and syncretism. The imposition of European military strategies and technologies had lasting impacts on indigenous warfare, while native resistance influenced European military tactics in return. This exchange highlights the dynamic interplay between conqueror and conquered. The enduring consequences of military engagement in the New World can be seen today in the socio-political realities and cultural identities that emerged from this turbulent history. The colonization process initiated a chain of events that continues to shape the modern landscape of the Americas, making military engagement a pivotal element of historical discourse. The military engagement in the New World during the Renaissance period had far-reaching implications, reshaping geopolitical landscapes and indigenous societies alike. These engagements were characterized by notable campaigns, advanced technologies, and complex alliances that defined the era’s conflicts. Understanding this tumultuous history reveals the intertwined fates of colonizers and indigenous populations, emphasizing the profound consequences of military actions. The legacy of these encounters continues to influence contemporary discussions on military history and cultural memory in the Americas.	<urn:uuid:20537e13-281d-495b-96d8-934fedc93eda>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://militarychronicles.com/military-engagement-in-the-new-world/	2024-12-07T22:59:02Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066433271.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207224914-20241208014914-00893.warc.gz	en	0.936634	2,868	3.640625	4
Bathsheba (בת שבע) was a wife of King David and the mother of King Solomon. She was also the former wife of Uriah the Hittite, one of David's famous military captains. Her name, given as "Bathshua" in the Book of Chronicles, means either seventh daughter or daughter of the oath. Her story is found primarily in 2 Samuel 11-12 and 1 Kings 1-2. Bathsheba conceived a son out of wedlock with David after the king spied her bathing on her rooftop, summoned her to his palace, and slept with her. David then compounded his treachery by having her husband, Uriah, murdered after failing to create a credible cover story for his sin. The son of David and Bathsheba's union died soon after he was born, but Bathsheba conceived a second son, who would become the future King Solomon. In David's old age, she became an important figure in the royal politics of succession, helping Solomon to the throne, and later, perhaps unwittingly, providing evidence that Solomon's rival, Adonijiah, planned treason. Bathsheba was the daughter of Eliam (2 Samuel 11:3; the syllables are reversed in 1 Chronicles 3:5, where his name is Ammiel). Her father is identified by some scholars with the Eliam mentioned in 2 Samuel 23:34 as being the son of Ahithophel, one of David's counselors. This would explain her being housed near the king's residence in Jerusalem. According to 2 Samuel 11, despite it being spring—"the time when kings go out to war"—David stayed in Jerusalem while his army, under Joab, battled the Ammonites at Rabbah. As David walks on the roof of his palace late in the afternoon, he spies Bathsheba bathing on a rooftop below. He immediately desires her. Although she is the wife of his heroic military captain, Uriah the Hittite, David calls her to the palace and commits adultery with her. She later informs him that she is pregnant. In an effort to cover his sin, David summons Uriah from the army in the hopes that Uriah will sleep with Bathsheba, thus making Bathsheba's pregnancy seem legitimate. However, Uriah declines David's offer to take his ease at home, preferring to remain with the palace troops. After repeated efforts to get Uriah to sleep with Bathsheba, David dispatches him back to the front with sealed orders for Joab. The faithful Uriah is to be abandoned during the heat of battle and left to the hands of the enemy. Joab performs this treacherous deed, and Uriah is killed as a result. After completing her period of mourning for her husband, Bathsheba becomes David's wife. The prophet Nathan then comes to David and tells him a parable of a rich man who took away the one little ewe lamb of his poor neighbor (2 Samuel 12:1-6). The king is outraged by this unrighteous act and declares that the man should be put to death. The prophet, applying the case analogously to David's action with Bathsheba and Uriah, famously declares: "You are that man!" The king at once confesses his sin and expresses sincere repentance. However, Bathsheba's child dies after only a few days of life, despite the king's desperate prayers and fasting. This part of Bathsheba's story concludes with David comforting her over the death of the son and then conceives the future King Solomon. Even Nathan, who had exposed their adultery, appears to bless their union, now that the price of their sin had been paid: Then David comforted his wife Bathsheba, and he went to her and lay with her. She gave birth to a son, and they named him Solomon. The Lord loved him; and because the Lord loved him, he sent word through Nathan the prophet to name him Jedidiah. (2 Sam. 11:24-25) Bathsheba as kingmaker Bathsheba does not appear again in the narrative until David's old age, when she figures prominently in the question of who will succeed the king on the throne of Israel. David's elder son, Adonijah, makes a bid to usurp the kingship while David still lives. Nathan, now Bathsheba's ally, informs her of the plot and conspires with her to ensure that Solomon will become king. Bathsheba enters the king's presence, tells him of Adonijah's actions, and reminds him of a promise he apparently made that Solomon would reign after him. "My lord the king," she implores him, "the eyes of all Israel are on you, to learn from you who will sit on the throne of my lord the king after him. Otherwise, as soon as my lord the king is laid to rest with his fathers, I and my son Solomon will be treated as criminals" (1 Kings 1:20-21). Nathan confirms Bathsheba's report, and David determines to have Solomon anointed and enthroned that same day. The beneficiaries in this counter-coup, beside Solomon, Bathsheba, and Nathan, are the priest Zadok and the military captain Benaiah son of Jehoiada. On the wrong side of events are Adonijah, the priest Abiathar and David's long-time general Joab, the very man who had conspired with David in the murder of Bathsheba's first husband. After David's death, Solomon carries out his father's deathbed command and orders Benaiah to assassinate Joab. The handsome Adonijah, however, wins a temporary reprieve, "if he proves worthy." Bathsheba plays a role again at this point, as Adonijah requests that she ask Solomon to give him David's young concubine, Abishag, as his wife. Bathsheba approaches Solomon with the request, which he interprets as treasonous. He uses the occasion as a basis to justify the execution of Adonijah. In rabbinical literature In Talmudic tradition, Bathsheba may have been providentially destined from the time of creation to become in due course the legitimate wife of David, but this relation was prematurely precipitated by David's impetuous act of adultery with her. The influence of Satan in bringing about the sinful relation of David and Bathsheba is described as follows: Bathsheba was on the roof of her house behind a screen. Satan, disguised as a bird, flies out, and David shoots at him, striking the screen. Thus Bathsheba's naked beauty is revealed and David is unable to resist the lust that this engenders in him (Sanhedrin 107a). Other rabbis excuse David's act as mere fornication and not adultery, on the grounds that soldiers customarily left their wives with a bill of divorce, in order to enable them to remarry if their husbands went missing in action. Another opinion holds that Uriah was guilty of treason for refusing to obey David's order to sleep in his own house, and that his alleged murder was actually a lawful execution. In the Gospel of Matthew (1:6) Bathsheba is listed as an ancestor of Jesus, although she is referred to not by her own name, but as Solomon's mother, who had been "Uriah's wife." This gospel goes out of its way to mention four particular Old Testament women in Jesus' lineage. The first is Tamar, who committed adultery with her father-in-law Judah in order to perpetuate his dying lineage. Another was Ruth, a Moabite who married her husband's kinsmen Boaz even though this was a violation of the strict interpretation of Jewish law (Ezra 9:1). The other was Rahab, the mother of Boaz. Some believe that this Rahab is the same person as the former prostitute of Jericho who helped Joshua's men in their spying mission (Josh. 2). Thus, three, and possibly all four, of the women named in Matthew's genealogy were women of alleged sexual impurity. These unusual liaisons in Jesus' ancestry are often seen as being a sign of God's grace. Others believe there may have been a special providence at work in Jesus' lineage, in which these women played a central role. The last of these providential women would be Mary, the mother Jesus, who conceived her holy son outside of the normal relationship with her husband, Joseph, who initially intended to divorce her for infidelity (Matt 1:18-19). In Islamic tradition David is considered a prophet in the Islamic tradition, and Islam does not ascribe sin to the prophets of Allah. Thus, in the Qur'an, there is no story of sin with Bathsheba, nor is there the episode of the return of Uriah and his sleeping in the king's house. The child that dies is not mentioned, nor is there any mention of Nathan or his part for Solomon's succession. While Christians and Jews may consider these omissions suspect, it is well to remember that if one were to read the story of David Chronicles alone, rather than 2 Samuel, the story of David's sin with Bathsheba would be very hard to discern. The passages in which Bathsheba's story is told are 2 Samuel 11:2-12:24, and 1 Kings 1-2, both of which are believed to be from the oldest stratum of the books of Samuel and Kings. On the other hand, the story of David's sin with Bathsheba is completely omitted from the account of Chronicles, which likewise omits Nathan's condemnation of David, the death of David and Bathsheba's first child, and other episodes embarrassing to both Daivd and Solomon. The father of Bathsheba was Eliam (spelled "Ammiel" in I Chronicles 3:5). As this was also the name of a son of Ahithophel, one of David's old counselors, it has been conjectured that Bathsheba was a granddaughter of Ahithophel. Some suggest that Ahitophel's desertion of David at the time of Absalom's rebellion was related to David's conduct toward Bathsheba. David's conduct toward one of his earlier wives, Abigail, may also be instructive in relation to Bathsheba. Abigail was the wife of Nabal the Calebite, who had offended David's men by refusing to offer them tribute (1 Sam. 25). David was about to take revenge on Nabal's entire clan when Abigail approached him with gifts and convinced him not to sin by bloodying his hands, assuring David that God would bless him richly in the future. David accepted Abigail's advice, and she soon became his wife when Nabal died at Yahweh's hand instead of David's. This story may suggest that an alternative course existed for David and Bathsheba by which Bathsheba could have become his wife without David's first committing adultery with her or murdering her husband. ReferencesISBN links support NWE through referral fees - Gartner, Roseanne. Meet Bathsheba: Dramatic Portraits of Biblical Women. Judson Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0817013554 - Kirsch, Jonathan. The Harlot By the Side of the Road. Ballantine Books, 1998. ISBN 0345418824 - —King David: The Real Life of the Man who Ruled Israel. Ballantine, 2000. ISBN 0345432754 - Rivers, Francine. Unspoken (Lineage of Grace Number 4). Tyndale House Publishers, 2001. ISBN 978-0842335980 New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Credit is due under the terms of this license that can reference both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless volunteer contributors of the Wikimedia Foundation. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed.	<urn:uuid:8d0d3af6-2209-4018-8ba1-48f6ff7cd28f>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Bathsheba	2024-12-06T01:36:54Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066367647.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206001926-20241206031926-00000.warc.gz	en	0.973561	2,587	2.53125	3
Advantages and disadvantages of simultaneous cultivation Of course, growing different vegetables together is quite possible. But, as you know, there is such a thing as cultural compatibility, desirable and undesirable proximity. Some vegetables cannot grow side by side simply because of the completely different conditions they require for normal development. These are criteria such as air humidity, light conditions, etc. But if you still decide to grow different crops together, you should first understand the advantages and disadvantages of such planting. - Among the main advantages, the following should be highlighted: - saving greenhouse volume; - savings in heating and lighting costs, which will inevitably increase when using several greenhouses; - isolated soil is good for growing plants that require special care; - Properly organized drip irrigation, as well as the use of vents, allow you to change the temperature regime and microclimate. - It should also be said about the characteristic disadvantages of joint plantings: - risk of cross-pollination; - pests and diseases characteristic of one species can be transmitted to a neighbor; - in a small space it is extremely difficult to create conditions acceptable for all inhabitants; - the probability of thickening of the beds is quite high. Plant height, watering and compatibility - When placing vegetables, try to place tall and low crops side by side. It is important that some plants protect others from overheating. So spinach and lettuce need shade. Corn will be a faithful companion for pumpkins and cucumbers. This vegetable makes the microclimate for crops located in the lower tier much better. - When it comes to watering vegetables, completely different rules apply. It is recommended to place in the same bed those plants that have the same watering requirements. Completely undemanding to the presence of moisture: Placing crops in a greenhouse By planting different crops together in a greenhouse, one of them is made the main or base one, the rest are companions to the base vegetable. Cucumbers or tomatoes are most often used as the main dish. Growing two different species together, which require opposite conditions, is a difficult task, quite difficult to accomplish, especially in the small volume of a small home greenhouse. Did you know? The leading country in the number of greenhouses is Holland. If you add up the area of all the greenhouses located in this small state, even by European standards, you will get a rectangle with sides of 10 × 10.5 km. Tomatoes absolutely cannot tolerate high air humidity; the most moderate watering is enough for them, and they need potassium-phosphorus fertilizers. Cucumbers need abundant watering and a microclimate with high, almost one hundred percent humidity. A lack of moisture has a detrimental effect on them: the fruits become smaller and acquire a bitter taste. It is preferable to fertilize the vegetable with nitrogen-containing organic matter (dung, mullein). So for the normal growth and development of various crops, you should think about their placement in advance , but for this you need to know which species can grow nearby and which cannot. The same tomatoes can be separated from cucumbers by a partition, which will make it possible to create a zone with a more humid microclimate or, conversely, a drier corner in a greenhouse with high humidity. The partition should be made of moisture-proof material, for example, polycarbonate. Video: What can be planted in one greenhouse Next to crops that have a long growing season and fruiting period, the following grow well: - White cabbage; - green onions; When growing cucumbers and other crops together, it should be taken into account that many varieties of cucumbers stretch upward quite strongly. For this reason, it is better to plant cucumbers in the middle, and for example, squash and zucchini - at the edges. This way, cucumbers will not shade other vegetables. Below are some crops that get along well nearby: - tomatoes - cabbage, corn, onions, leeks, carrots; - cucumbers - cabbage, kohlrabi, onions, corn, dill, legumes, beets; - radish, radish - peas, strawberries, kohlrabi cabbage, carrots, parsnips, tomatoes; - cabbage - strawberries, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, radishes, lettuce, spinach, celery, dill, beans; - potatoes - beans; - carrots - peas, strawberries, cabbage, onions and leeks, tomatoes, radishes, lettuce, spinach; - spinach is well compatible with almost all crops, except beets. Some plants cannot be called very compatible, but they are not enemies either; rather, their proximity in the garden bed can be called acceptable or permissible. Such pairs include, for example, tomatoes and strawberries, potatoes and radishes, cucumbers and parsnips. But there are plants whose joint cultivation in a greenhouse is extremely undesirable; with good reason, they can be called enemies. Particular attention should be paid to such a point as the complete incompatibility of cultures. The following combinations can be distinguished from the most characteristic antagonistic plants: - tomatoes - peas, potatoes, cucumbers, dill; - cucumbers - tomatoes, potatoes, radishes, radishes; - cabbage - onions, leeks, peas; - potatoes - cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, celery, peas; - carrots - beets, dill, beans; - radish, radishes - cucumbers, onions. Important! Lettuce should not be planted near crops that are particularly susceptible to pests, as it attracts slugs. But greens, on the contrary, can repel pests. In addition, it takes up little space and is quite expensive in winter. By growing greens for sale, you can significantly increase the profitability of the greenhouse, recouping part of the maintenance costs. When to plant greens in an unheated greenhouse. Early greens from our own greenhouse The season in the greenhouse opens with cold-resistant, early-ripening crops: radishes, dill, watercress, Chinese cabbage, lettuce and salad mustard. The first radish harvest in an unheated greenhouse can be harvested by May 9. To do this, seeds begin to be sown back in March, scattered, over snow thrown on is a light-loving crop, so the sunniest place in the greenhouse is selected for it. It develops best on nutritious, humus-rich and loose soils. The most important element for radishes is potassium. It can be provided by adding potassium sulfate or. Experienced gardeners advise sowing only large radish seeds in the greenhouse, since small ones shoot quickly. Unused small seeds can later be sown somewhere in the garden under trees to produce salad greens. You should not sow a large area with radishes at once: the harvest may be so good that you “cannot handle it.” It is better to carry out repeated sowings at intervals of two to three weeks, so that the radishes arrive on the table in a continuous vitamin conveyor. Radish varieties are divided into early-ripening spring and summer-autumn varieties. Description of the variety so that the result does not disappoint you. In the first year, you can sow many different varieties and see which ones bear fruit best in your conditions. The next year, sow those that have proven themselves well, leaving a small area for testing new varieties. Dill will grow well in the garden without any shelter. But lovers of its greens sow dill in greenhouses already at the beginning of April, and then repeat sowing every 15-20 days, gradually moving on, in order to always have tender fresh greens. Harvest dill as needed, pulling out the bushes by the roots every 3-4 weeks. Beijing lettuce is often confused with Chinese and collard cabbage. Cold resistance, shade tolerance, early ripening, productivity and the fact that, unlike lettuces, it does not taste bitter even during flowering. There are leafy ones. Leafy ones are usually grown in greenhouses because they are the fastest ripening of all: their growing season is 45-50 days. If leafy Chinese cabbage is planted in a greenhouse not as seeds, but as seedlings, the harvest can be obtained even faster. Seeds germinate at a temperature of 3-4°C, plants can withstand frosts down to -4°C. The most favorable temperature for growth and development is 15-20°C. Chinese cabbage is shade-tolerant; moreover, it bolts less in the shade. It is removed selectively, as needed, thereby providing additional thinning. There are many varieties: leafy, half-headed, cabbage, romaine, asparagus. The earliest of them are leafy. They form a powerful rosette of 5-10 leaves within 20-30 days after emergence. Leaf lettuce seeds germinate at a temperature of 4-5 °C, the most favorable temperature for growth is 15-20 °C. The lettuce is light-loving; in insufficient light the plants stretch out. Leaf lettuce is harvested selectively; if necessary, individual leaves can be picked first. When the rosettes have grown enough, cut off the entire plant with a knife. After harvesting, do not wash the lettuce, otherwise it will rot. It deserves a special mention among leaf salads. This is a very tasty, early-ripening, cold-resistant, spicy green, ready for use within 2-3 weeks after sowing. Within two weeks you can begin to cut off individual leaves, and before flowering (25-30 days after emergence) the entire plant is pulled out. Sowing can be repeated all summer, until late autumn, and can also be sown before winter. Late autumn plantings may self-seed. Salad mustard is very unpretentious. This is a cold-resistant crop, the seedlings of which can tolerate short-term frosts. Mustard is characterized by early ripening; harvesting can begin 25-35 days after sowing. Mustard is not very demanding on soil; moreover, it is an excellent in the greenhouse as early as possible in the spring, while it is not occupied by heat-loving crops. Sowing depth is 1-1.5 cm, rows are 25 cm apart, the interval in the row is 18-20 cm. The optimal temperature for mustard, at which shoots appear on the 3-4th day, is 18-20 ° C. Mustard can be sown not in rows, but scattered, thinning out after 5 cm, and then after 10 cm. Mustard has a shallow root system and is moisture-loving, so it may require regular watering. If there is a lack of moisture, mustard may bloom prematurely, and the leaves will become small and rough. For a family of four, a mustard bed of 0.5 - 1 square meters is enough. m. It can also be sown as a compactor for most garden crops. Preparing soil in a greenhouse Growing different crops together requires special preparation. The top layer of the substrate is changed every year, the soil is spilled with a solution of copper sulfate or potassium permanganate before planting. Fertilizers are added to the substrate: humus, sifted ash, a little superphosphate and potassium sulfate. If you are growing seedlings in a greenhouse, organize a separate area for this purpose. When you transplant seedlings to a place of permanent growth, make sure that they are absolutely healthy. If pest larvae or disease symptoms are found, the seedlings should first be cured and only then planted. The most acceptable is the joint cultivation of hybrids with early ripening periods. Typically, such hybrids have high yields and disease resistance. As preventive measures, from the moment of planting, young plants are regularly treated with a pink solution of potassium permanganate, Fitosporin or other drugs that have a similar effect. Interior arrangement of greenhouses The layout of the interior space of the greenhouse depends on its purpose and size. For the greenhouse itself, a place is selected so that the sun's rays illuminate it throughout all or most of the day. When growing low-growing plants (seedlings, peppers, bush tomatoes, greens), the greenhouse is placed so that the beds are directed from north to south. In mixed plantings with some plants grown on trellises (cucumbers, tall tomatoes, zucchini), it is better to place the beds from west to east to ensure uniform illumination of the crops. Rules for caring for plants Caring for plants in a greenhouse has its own characteristics and differences from activities carried out in the open ground. Separately, it should be said about the nuances of caring for jointly grown crops. Did you know? In 1240, Wilhelm, Count of Holland and Zealand, arrived in Cologne on a visit. In his honor, the first European winter garden-greenhouse was organized, where luxurious flowers grew and bloomed, while it was frosty outside. This performance impressed the audience so much that the Inquisition accused Albert Magnus, the botanist who staged the unprecedented show, of having connections with the devil. Watering and humidity Organizing optimal humidity is perhaps the most important and difficult task when growing various crops in one greenhouse. First of all, you need to know exactly what kind of watering and air humidity a particular crop needs , and, based on this information, plant the plants. Species that require good aeration are located closer to the windows and doors (tomatoes). The same applies to vegetables that tolerate cold well (cabbage, beans). If you want to grow completely incompatible vegetables that require completely different humidity conditions (tomato-cucumber, cabbage-onion), you will have to make partitions. In principle, there are no particular difficulties in making two compartments in one design, especially if the greenhouse has two doors on opposite walls. What plants will be good neighbors? So, let’s summarize the above and try to figure out which plants will grow well in the neighborhood: - tomatoes will “make peace” with herbs (parsley, basil, celery, lettuce), garlic, green beans, peas. Can be combined with early white cabbage and radishes, melons and watermelons; - cucumbers will accommodate bell peppers if they are planted closer to ventilated areas, as well as eggplants. All three cultures love warmth and are not afraid of humid air. Cabbage will also like the “cucumber” neighborhood; - Zucchini grown in a greenhouse will begin to bear fruit much earlier than garden vegetables. They are not mischievous at all and are happy to have all their neighbors. The only drawback is that they take up too much space, which is already scarce in the greenhouse; - Strawberries get along well with herbs, cucumbers and garlic. But cabbage and berries are incompatible. Important! Not only different types of vegetables and berries can be incompatible, but also different varieties of the same crop. Before planting, you need to familiarize yourself with the growing conditions. Over time, you can learn to accurately distribute seedlings so that all plants feel comfortable. New knowledge and practical experience will help with this. Crop rotation in a greenhouse The circulation of various crops in a closed, limited volume of a greenhouse can solve the problem of growing various vegetables together. During the year, you can alternate different crops, growing more or less compatible crops. All vegetables grown in a greenhouse are divided into: - intermediate (sealing); - winter ones The preceding ones are cold-resistant green crops that have a quick ripening period (spinach, all types of salads and salad-type vegetables, for example, Chinese cabbage, dill, radish, early carrots). The main ones are vegetables that ripen for a long time and love the sun (tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, eggplants). Seedling material of the main vegetable crops can be planted according to the previous ones. For example, tomatoes can be planted over spinach. As the seedlings of the main vegetable grow, the previous one that grew before it is gradually removed. Compaction crops can be planted between rows or along the edges of main plantings. Such vegetables include lettuce, mustard, radish, Chinese cabbage, and leeks. Vegetables of this type are grown until the main crop grows. As the same cucumbers grow, the lettuce and leeks growing along the edges are gradually removed, freeing up space for the growing bushes. Did you know? The prototype of modern greenhouses can be considered the ancient Roman carts in which residents grew flowers. During the day they were taken out into the sun, and at night they were placed in warm sheds. Basic rules for intercropping When combining vegetables, even if they have excellent biological compatibility, competition for nutrition, light and water may occur. You can nullify it if you follow the principle of complementarity. This means that it is better to plant vegetables in the same bed that have different light and nutritional requirements. So it would be advisable to plant a plant with a low need for the same substances near a crop with a high need for nutrients. The main crop is usually located in the central part of the greenhouse. Here the conditions for food will be better. Accompanying crops can be placed in other parts of the greenhouse. We also recommend that you familiarize yourself with the article: methods and rules for arranging plants in a greenhouse. The compatibility of plants also depends on their attitude to heat. Maximum fruiting in the greenhouse In order to get the maximum yield in the greenhouse, it is better to alternate different crops or plant the most compatible ones , creating the most optimal conditions for them. For example, radishes and radishes are good to grow in early spring, at the height of vitamin deficiency, when fresh vegetables are needed. This is an early ripening crop that, in good light, can produce a harvest in 19–20 days. In addition, radish tolerates cold well, feels normal at +2°C, although the most favorable temperature for it is +16...+18°C. The crop is undemanding in care, occupies a small area and is characterized by early ripening - it is for these reasons that radishes and radishes are good companions for many vegetable crops In addition, cabbage, kohlrabi, and tomatoes get along well next to radishes. And if radishes ripen quickly, then the listed vegetables require much more time and sunlight. By growing them together, you can harvest radishes, creating ideal conditions for them and their companions, and then work closely on tomatoes and cabbage, which also get along well. We also advise you to read about the technology of growing champignons in a greenhouse. Cucumbers. The vegetable has quite moderate care requirements, and most modern hybrids also have high yields. All varieties and hybrids of vegetables require abundant watering and high air humidity . The cucumber cannot stand the cold; it is not recommended to ventilate the room more than two or three times a week. They love nitrogen fertilizing (a solution of manure, droppings). The most acceptable temperature after the first ovaries form is 25...+28°C, but temperatures above +30°C can be detrimental to the crop. Video: How to prolong the fruiting of cucumbers in a greenhouse Growing cucumbers can be combined with squash, zucchini, cabbage, onions, eggplants and peppers . Crops require largely similar conditions, which are quite simple to create: cabbage and peppers are placed near the door and walls, cucumbers are grown in the middle of the room. Cabbage tolerates cold well, so periodically opening the door will not interfere with its growth. Pepper needs more sunlight - it is advisable to place it near a south-ventilated wall. What is mixed planting Mixed plantings involve placing vegetable crops on a small plot of land that have a beneficial effect on each other, taking into account their characteristics. When planting, be sure to follow the rules for arranging plants with each other, taking into account their height, size and ripening period. They should not suppress each other’s growth, but create a certain microclimate or be protection from sunlight or wind. Advantages of mixed vegetable plantings Growing several types of plants in one place reduces soil fatigue and makes it possible to abandon annual crop rotation. Planting in compliance with all compatibility rules will increase the yield several times by the end of the season. The main advantages of mixed plantings: - proper placement of vegetable crops allows harvesting from early spring until the first frost; - The area of land allocated for a vegetable garden is used more rationally, from 1 sq.m. you can get up to 20 kg of vegetables with the right combination; - vegetable crops feed on different elements contained in the soil, which helps to avoid unilateral depletion of the soil; - substances secreted by the roots of one plant influence the taste and size of the neighboring vegetable, stimulating or suppressing; - the mixture of odors emitted by leaves or fruits of different crops plays the role of chemicals that repel pests or prevent them from finding the desired plant. Conditions for mixed plantings Mixed plantings are part of biodynamic farming, which means growing vegetables and berries only using natural forces, without resorting to chemicals and artificial fertilizers. To get as much harvest as possible from each piece of land, follow these tips when planting in a mixed way: - The width of the future bed should be 1 m. This is the optimal size for further convenient processing and sowing. - The main, long-ripening crop is planted in the central part of the bed. It could be tomatoes or cabbage. By the end of the season, its growth will increase significantly, and it will occupy the area of the entire bed. - Something that ripens quickly is planted on the sides of the bed. Such friendly crops can be greens - spinach, radishes, green salad. They are compatible with almost all vegetables and stimulate their growth. While the main crop grows, the side crops will already be collected and space will be freed up. - Plants for lateral planting are chosen to be small and stunted, with a small root system. - To protect against pests in an organic way, herbs with a strong aroma are planted in the garden bed - sage, basil, coriander, lemon balm or mint. There should be a lot of them so that the spicy fumes can repel pests and attract beneficial insects. Undesirable neighborhood for vegetables When different crops or varieties are grown in one area, an exchange of chemical compounds occurs between them and the plant next door has a direct impact on the quality and quantity of the crop. Before making a plan for planting vegetable and berry crops, figure out what placement should be avoided. Cucumbers and tomatoes are not planted next to each other. Tomatoes require constant ventilation, and cucumbers require heat and high humidity. Tomatoes are bad neighbors; they inhibit the growth of vegetables growing nearby. Such proximity does not have a negative effect only on garlic, beans, radishes and greens. Beans and vegetables such as carrots should not be placed next to cabbage; they inhibit the growth of each other. Place celery next to it and get a good harvest of both crops. Sage and legumes should not be planted near the onion bed; they have an adverse effect on its growth and taste. For potatoes, cucumbers, celery and pumpkin are bad neighbors; close placement of tomatoes is also undesirable. You will not be able to get a good beet harvest if dill or potatoes are planted next to it. Preparing the greenhouse for winter In order for the greenhouse to serve you properly and for a long time, at the end of the season it must be prepared for winter. The primary task of this event is cleaning the premises. Choose a day without precipitation when the weather is calm. Remove all plant debris from the beds - both above-ground parts, roots, and everything else. All annual plants are removed, perennials (strawberries) are carefully examined for the presence of dry, damaged branches, and signs of disease. If such are found, the plants are removed and young ones are planted in their place in the spring. Read more about how to properly prepare a greenhouse for winter. When you have dealt with the plants, you need to move on to the soil. The task is quite labor-intensive and responsible. The top layer of substrate (15 cm) under the annuals is changed every season. It is better to take the removed soil away from the garden. You can replace the removed soil with a purchased one, but it is better not to do this (perhaps they will sell you the same removed, sifted substrate, only with its own diseases and bacteria). The soil that will be laid instead of the removed one must meet the following requirements: - have the correct structure, not too small and moderately large fractions; - rich in humus; - do not contain any mineral fertilizers (the initial substrate must be empty, fertilizing is added later); - have good moisture absorption; - have neutral acidity (pH about 7.0): - must be disinfected. Preparing beds for greenhouse planting As you know, the main purpose of installing polycarbonate shelters is to obtain early vegetables and herbs and extend the harvest period. This is especially true for the northern regions, where warm days begin only in June and can end as early as August. Early greens and greenhouse vegetables are much more expensive than seasonal ones. In order for the greenhouse to “work” as long as possible and provide a decent result, you need to create maximum comfort for the plants: - Separate the boxes with nutrient soil from the surrounding soil. For what? Everything is easily explained by the laws of physics. No matter how well the greenhouse was heated, no one canceled the heat exchange. Imagine that outside it is already (or still) frosty, 10 degrees, and inside it is full summer, created by heaters. If the soil in the greenhouse comes into contact with the frozen ground outside, then heat is lost and plant roots suffer from the cold. The result is that the tops are in the heat, and the roots are in the cold. From such dissonance, plants get sick and die. - Create “warm” beds. In industrial greenhouses, the soil is poured onto a water or film heated floor, but in a summer cottage such options are unprofitable. Experienced gardeners use alternative “biofuels”. On top of the drainage, approximately 2/3 of the volume of the box is laid out with a layer of branches, large weed stems, leaves, straw and fresh manure (preferably horse manure). The top is filled with the prepared soil mixture and thoroughly spilled with hot water or solutions of mineral fertilizers. After this, the bed is covered with film, “launching” the process of natural heating. Gradually overheating, organic matter releases heat that warms the roots and additionally enriches the soil with nutrients. - Protect plantings from pests and rodents. If moles, mole crickets and mice are often found on the territory of a dacha village, then do not be lazy and place a fine-mesh metal mesh under the beds. It will protect the plants from pests that find satisfying food and settle down for the winter in warm boxes. When filling high beds in multiple layers, a layer of branches (1) is placed on the bottom, then fresh manure and vegetable compost (2), and a fertile soil mixture is placed on top (3) For full-fledged warm beds, the height of the box will be at least a meter, where 30 cm is large branches with unrotted manure, 30 cm is small organic matter with leaves and wood chips, and 40 cm is a mixture of earth with humus, peat, sand for plant roots. Of course, the prefabricated structure does not have to be mounted entirely on the surface. Taking into account the groundwater level, you can deepen the boxes, providing drainage, or “drown” the passages, creating a kind of heat collector. There are a lot of options, but they need to be chosen taking into account the characteristics of a particular site and the climatic conditions of the region. How to properly divide a greenhouse into zones for different plants? Each type of plant requires certain conditions for normal development and fruiting. From this point of view, placing plants that are different in relation to the environment in a confined space is a rather difficult task. To facilitate the selection of plants and create normal conditions for their growth, development and crop formation, the most appropriate zoning of the greenhouse will be. It is practical to measure the temperature along the longitudinal walls of the greenhouse and highlight areas where the temperature changes. Separate these areas with any material, highlighting areas with higher temperatures and cooler ones. Usually the greenhouse is divided into 3 zones. If the greenhouse is heated, then the warm zone will be in the middle of the room, the warmest at the end and the coldest at the beginning, where the doors to the vestibule are constantly opened to perform certain work. If the greenhouse is large, then the zones are separated with more durable material (plywood, plastic), and temporary doors are installed. In greenhouses with an area of 3.0 x 10.0 m, zones are usually separated by plastic film with slots for passage or an oilcloth screen. Insulation will help increase the humidity level in the area, maintain the desired temperature, and ventilate the designated area. Depending on the conditions for each zone, the main/basic and accompanying crops are selected for joint cultivation. Filling the beds If the natural soil in the greenhouse is heavy and dense, you need to remove the top layer and make a good drainage flooring from crushed stone, broken bricks and other waste. Pour prepared or purchased soil mixture on top. Such beds are usually installed in warm regions or in temporary structures. In colder regions, it is advisable to make insulated beds. In such insulated beds, only the top nutrient layer, consisting of several components, must be replaced annually. The owner of the greenhouse can choose any method of insulating the beds. In greenhouses where it is planned to grow 4-6 or more types of vegetable products, it is better to divide long beds into several zones, especially if the crops grown require different lighting, humidity and air temperature. Crop rotation in a greenhouse In scientific terminology, compatibility refers to the process of crop rotation. Such a problem will always be relevant in the process of growing vegetable crops in greenhouses. In other words, compatibility can be determined by different optimal growing conditions for many varieties of vegetable crops. For the normal development of some plants, high-quality watering is necessary, and for the development of others, the temperature should not fall below 20 degrees. It is precisely because of the need to organize different development conditions for vegetable crops that it is recommended to install greenhouses designed according to different principles. If this cannot be achieved, it is better to ensure that each variety of vegetables is placed in a separate bed. Experienced gardeners claim that on the same soil it is always possible to simultaneously grow different types of vegetable crops. During the exploitation of a land plot, it is imperative to ensure a regular change of plant species belonging to one crop to others. However, to achieve greater confidence in the future, you need to try to disinfect the soil after a particular variety of vegetation has given fruit. Cabbage and strawberries It is not recommended to plant garden strawberries next to or compact with cabbage of different varieties and varieties. The main reason for their antagonism is the cabbage’s high consumption of nutrients, which it takes away from its neighbor. In addition, cabbage requires abundant watering, which is harmful to strawberry bushes. An unfortunate neighborhood also attracts many slugs, which will damage most of the berry crop. But the main thing that distinguishes cabbage is that it is tall, compared to strawberries, with large leaves that shade all the low-growing plantings. Foundation for the greenhouse After determining the dimensions of the greenhouse, the foundation is poured, after which the frame dries. The process of covering a greenhouse can be called quite labor-intensive, but not particularly different in complexity. All actions can be performed much easier if you act strictly according to the instructions that professional greenhouse designers provide for your reference. When processing polycarbonate prepared for greenhouse design, it is imperative to take into account its usual size. Next you need to put marks on the places where the holes are drilled. You can even consider this article as an instruction, since it reflects a detailed algorithm for equipping a standard greenhouse. It is imperative to take into account the dimensions of the polycarbonate greenhouse. You also need to remember that the installation of such a structure is considered only one of several main stages, the implementation of which is required to organize the normal operation of the greenhouse. The frame is created from profiles onto which such slabs are subsequently fixed. To do this, you will need special clamps with seals, as well as thermal washers and covers that come with them. After all the components are assembled into one structure, you can deal with the issue of sealing and thermal insulation. Experts recommend using regular cellular polycarbonate, the thickness of which must be determined independently. The quality of the material will always be preserved, and its installation will not require any special effort. If the shape of the greenhouse resembles a hangar, polycarbonate can easily adapt to it without any associated damage. In this case, it is imperative to take into account one very important requirement: the diameter of the fittings must be greater than the width of the holes for fastenings. When installing cellular polycarbonate, another profiled version of this material can be used. It is imperative to take care of the lighting of the designed greenhouse. A special mounting profile or ordinary aluminum corners can be used as a frame installed on an equipped foundation. It is advisable to install such a frame so that it is highly durable and difficult to assemble. This is necessary to ensure the ability to withstand heavy loads. In addition to the load-bearing elements, it is imperative to provide special stiffening ribs, thanks to which the structure will be sufficiently stable. The frame must be designed in such a way that multiple windows and doors can be installed.	<urn:uuid:66e5b720-c163-43bc-9c46-fb3fdf08a5cb>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://33strelkovaya.ru/en/gryadki/chto-mozhno-posadit-v-teplice-vmeste.html	2024-12-08T17:44:24Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066449492.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208172518-20241208202518-00310.warc.gz	en	0.940845	7,221	3.140625	3
Amazon Puffers, also known as South American Puffers, are fascinating freshwater fish that have gained popularity in the aquarium hobby due to their unique characteristics and engaging behavior. These puffers belong to the Tetraodontidae family and are native to the Amazon River basin in South America. What sets Amazon Puffers apart is their ability to puff up when threatened, making them a captivating species to observe in a home aquarium setting. One of the key reasons why Amazon Puffers are favored by aquarists is their interactive nature. These intelligent fish are known for their curious personalities and can recognize their owners over time. Additionally, Amazon Puffers have distinctive markings and coloration, adding visual interest to any aquarium they inhabit. Their omnivorous diet and relatively small size make them suitable for a variety of tank setups, making them a versatile choice for both beginner and experienced fish keepers. Habitat and Tank Setup Creating the perfect habitat and tank setup for your Amazon Puffers is crucial for their health and well-being. These unique freshwater fish require specific conditions to thrive, so paying attention to details is key. - Amazon Puffers prefer slightly acidic water with a pH range of 6.5 to 7.5. - Maintain a temperature between 75 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit for optimal comfort. - Ensure good water quality by regularly testing and monitoring parameters such as ammonia, nitrites, and nitrates. When it comes to tank size for Amazon Puffers, bigger is always better. Aim for a tank that is at least 20 gallons to provide ample space for swimming and exploring. These fish are active and curious, so a larger tank will help mimic their natural environment and reduce stress. - Include plenty of plants, rocks, and driftwood in the tank to create hiding spots and territories for your Amazon Puffers. - Substrate should be fine sand or smooth gravel to prevent injury to their delicate bodies. - Avoid sharp decorations or rough surfaces that could harm the fish. By carefully setting up the habitat and tank for your Amazon Puffers, you can ensure they lead a happy and healthy life in your aquarium. Feeding and Diet When it comes to the dietary needs of Amazon Puffers, it’s essential to provide a well-rounded diet to ensure their health and vitality. These unique freshwater fish require a mix of live and frozen foods to meet their nutritional requirements. Live foods such as bloodworms, brine shrimp, and daphnia are excellent choices as they mimic the Amazon Puffer’s natural diet in the wild. These foods are rich in essential nutrients and help promote their natural foraging behavior. Additionally, incorporating high-quality frozen foods like mysis shrimp and blackworms can further enhance the Amazon Puffer’s diet. These foods are convenient and offer a variety of nutrients that contribute to their overall well-being. It’s crucial to offer a diverse range of food options to prevent nutritional deficiencies and ensure a balanced diet for these fascinating fish. One tip for ensuring a balanced diet for Amazon Puffers is to rotate their food regularly. By offering a mix of live and frozen foods on a rotational basis, you can provide a varied diet that meets all their nutritional needs. This approach also helps prevent picky eating habits and ensures that your Amazon Puffers receive a wide range of essential nutrients for optimal health. Behavior and Temperament Amazon Puffers are known for their unique behavior and temperament, making them a fascinating addition to any aquarium. These fish are curious and intelligent, often displaying playful antics that can entertain their owners. Their inquisitive nature leads them to explore their surroundings, interacting with plants, rocks, and other tank decor. Amazon Puffers are also known to be quite social, enjoying the company of their own kind as well as other fish species. When it comes to compatibility with other fish, Amazon Puffers can be a bit selective. While they generally get along well with peaceful tank mates, they may exhibit aggression towards smaller or more timid fish. It’s important to provide plenty of hiding spots and visual barriers in the tank to help reduce potential conflicts. Additionally, Amazon Puffers have been known to nip at the fins of slow-moving fish, so choosing tank mates that are agile and quick-swimmers is advisable. Health and Common Issues Amazon Puffers are delightful and unique fish to keep in your aquarium, but like any other living creature, they are susceptible to certain health issues. It’s essential for any Amazon Puffer owner to be aware of these common problems and how to address them effectively to ensure the well-being of their aquatic pets. 1. Swim Bladder Issues One of the most common health issues that Amazon Puffers may face is swim bladder problems. This condition can cause the fish to have difficulty swimming upright or maintaining their balance. To prevent swim bladder issues, ensure that your Amazon Puffers are fed a balanced diet and avoid overfeeding. If you notice any signs of swim bladder problems such as floating on one side or difficulty swimming, consider fasting the fish for a day or two to help alleviate the issue. 2. Parasitic Infections Parasitic infections can also affect Amazon Puffers, leading to symptoms like flashing (rubbing against objects), lethargy, and changes in appetite. To prevent parasitic infections, maintain good water quality in the aquarium and quarantine any new fish before introducing them to the tank. If you suspect that your Amazon Puffers have a parasitic infection, consult with a veterinarian specializing in fish health for proper diagnosis and treatment. 3. Fin Rot Fin rot is another common issue that Amazon Puffers may encounter, characterized by the deterioration of the fins. Poor water quality, stress, and injuries can contribute to the development of fin rot. To prevent this condition, perform regular water changes, provide a well-filtered environment, and ensure that there are no aggressive tank mates that may nip at the fins of the Amazon Puffers. If fin rot is detected, isolate the affected fish and treat them with appropriate medications as recommended by a fish health professional. Breeding Amazon Puffers Amazon Puffers are fascinating freshwater fish known for their unique appearance and behavior. When it comes to breeding these colorful fish, understanding their natural behavior is key to creating the right environment for successful breeding. Amazon Puffers are known to be relatively peaceful fish, but they can become aggressive during the breeding process. It’s essential to provide them with ample space and hiding spots to reduce aggression and stress during breeding. To encourage breeding behavior in Amazon Puffers, it’s crucial to replicate their natural habitat in the aquarium. These fish prefer densely planted tanks with plenty of hiding spots such as caves, driftwood, and plants. Creating a well-planted environment not only mimics their natural habitat but also provides security for the breeding pair and their offspring. Additionally, maintaining stable water parameters, including temperature and pH levels, is essential for triggering breeding behavior in Amazon Puffers. One of the most interesting aspects of breeding Amazon Puffers is their unique courtship behavior. Males often display vibrant colors and perform elaborate dances to attract females. Observing these courtship rituals can be a rewarding experience for fish enthusiasts. Once the female lays eggs, the male will fertilize them, and the eggs will typically hatch within a few days. It’s essential to provide ample food for the fry once they hatch to ensure their healthy growth and development. Unique Traits of Amazon Puffers Amazon Puffers, also known as amazon puffer, are a fascinating species of freshwater fish that possess several unique traits distinguishing them from other fish in the aquarium hobby. One of the most distinctive characteristics of Amazon Puffers is their ability to puff up when threatened, resembling a spiky ball to deter predators. This behavior is not only a defense mechanism but also a mesmerizing sight for fish enthusiasts to observe in their tanks. Another remarkable trait of Amazon Puffers is their interactive nature. These fish are known for their curious and playful behavior, often engaging with their environment and even recognizing their owners. Their inquisitive nature makes them a delight to watch as they explore their surroundings and interact with tank mates. Furthermore, Amazon Puffers have unique dental structures that continuously grow throughout their lives. These teeth are essential for their diet, which primarily consists of snails and crustaceans. Their specialized teeth allow them to crush the hard shells of their prey with ease, showcasing their adaptation to a specific feeding behavior. Tips for Keeping Amazon Puffers Amazon Puffers are fascinating and unique freshwater fish that require specific care to thrive in a home aquarium. Whether you are a novice aquarist or have experience with fishkeeping, here are some essential tips to ensure the well-being of your Amazon Puffers: - Water Parameters: Amazon Puffers are sensitive to water quality, so it’s crucial to maintain stable water parameters. Keep the temperature between 75-82°F, pH around 7.0-7.5, and ensure proper filtration to keep the water clean. - Diet: These fish are carnivorous and enjoy a varied diet. Offer them a mix of live or frozen foods such as bloodworms, brine shrimp, and snails. Providing a diverse diet will help keep your Amazon Puffers healthy and active. - Tank Setup: Create a suitable environment for your Amazon Puffers by adding plenty of plants, rocks, and driftwood for hiding spots and exploration. These fish appreciate a well-decorated tank with places to retreat and feel secure. - Compatibility: Amazon Puffers can be territorial, so it’s essential to choose tankmates carefully. Avoid keeping them with aggressive or fin-nipping fish. Opt for peaceful species that can coexist harmoniously with Amazon Puffers. - Observation: Regularly observe your Amazon Puffers to monitor their behavior and health. Look out for any signs of stress, disease, or aggression. Being attentive to your fish’s well-being will help you address any issues promptly. By following these tips, you can create a thriving environment for your Amazon Puffers and enjoy their unique personalities in your home aquarium. Remember that each fish is individual, so it’s essential to adapt your care routine based on the specific needs and behaviors of your Amazon Puffers. Fascinating Facts about Amazon Puffers Amazon Puffers, also known as Carinotetraodon travancoricus, are small freshwater fish native to the Western Ghats region of India. These unique fish have some fascinating characteristics that set them apart from other aquarium species. Let’s explore some intriguing facts about Amazon Puffers: 1. Tiny Yet Mighty Despite their small size, Amazon Puffers are known for their feisty and aggressive nature. They may be tiny, but they have a big personality, often displaying territorial behavior in aquarium settings. It’s essential to provide them with ample space and hiding spots to prevent conflicts with other fish. 2. Toothed Fish One of the most distinctive features of Amazon Puffers is their beak-like mouth with visible teeth. These teeth continuously grow throughout their lives, and they use them to crush and consume snails, crustaceans, and other hard-shelled prey. Their unique dental structure is a marvel of nature. 3. Brackish Water Adaptation While Amazon Puffers are primarily freshwater fish, they have the remarkable ability to adapt to slightly brackish water conditions. This adaptability makes them versatile inhabitants for aquariums with varying salinity levels, adding to their allure for fish enthusiasts. 4. Puffing Defense Mechanism True to their name, Amazon Puffers have the ability to puff up their bodies when threatened, making them appear larger and deterring potential predators. This defense mechanism, coupled with their sharp teeth, serves as a formidable line of defense in the wild and in captivity. These are just a few of the captivating facts about Amazon Puffers that make them a popular choice among aquarists seeking unique and engaging fish species for their tanks. Amazon Puffers are fascinating creatures that require specific care and attention to thrive in an aquarium setting. Throughout this article, we have explored the key points essential for keeping Amazon Puffers healthy and happy in your tank. It is crucial to emphasize the significance of providing the proper environment, diet, and companionship for these unique fish. By understanding the specific needs of Amazon Puffers and implementing the recommended care practices, aquarists can ensure the well-being of these delightful fish. Remember, responsible fishkeeping involves continuous learning and dedication to creating a suitable habitat for your aquatic pets. Let’s continue to appreciate and care for Amazon Puffers in the aquarium hobby, enriching our own lives while providing a safe and enriching environment for these amazing creatures.	<urn:uuid:7dd502b8-7097-40b5-be4a-285539a3f0e4>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://allhappyfish.com/the-unique-amazon-puffer-care-and-characteristics/	2024-12-06T04:09:51Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066368854.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206032528-20241206062528-00588.warc.gz	en	0.947355	2,689	2.984375	3
The gig economy has emerged as a significant force in the modern labour market, characterised by short-term contracts and freelance work rather than permanent jobs. This paradigm shift has been driven by various factors, including technological advancements, changing workforce demographics, and evolving consumer preferences. The rise of digital platforms has facilitated the connection between service providers and consumers, allowing individuals to offer their skills and services on a flexible basis. This flexibility appeals to many workers, particularly those seeking to balance personal commitments with professional aspirations. In the gig economy, individuals often engage in multiple jobs simultaneously, creating a portfolio of work that can provide both financial stability and personal satisfaction. This model has been particularly attractive to younger generations, who value autonomy and the ability to choose when and how they work. However, the gig economy is not without its challenges. Issues such as job security, lack of benefits, and income instability are prevalent, raising questions about the sustainability of this new way of working. As the landscape continues to evolve, it is essential to examine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in shaping the future of gig work. - The gig economy refers to a labour market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs. - AI is increasingly being used in the gig economy to match workers with jobs, streamline processes, and improve customer experiences. - While AI may lead to the automation of certain tasks, it also creates new job opportunities in areas such as data analysis and programming. - Gig workers face challenges such as job insecurity and lack of employment benefits, but also have the flexibility to choose their own hours and projects. - AI can be used to manage gig workers by tracking performance, providing feedback, and matching them with suitable jobs, but ethical considerations must be taken into account. The Rise of AI in the Gig Economy Artificial intelligence has begun to permeate various sectors, and the gig economy is no exception. The integration of AI technologies into gig platforms has transformed how services are offered and consumed. For instance, algorithms can now match gig workers with potential clients based on skills, availability, and location, streamlining the hiring process. This not only enhances efficiency but also improves the overall user experience for both workers and consumers. Companies like Uber and TaskRabbit have harnessed AI to optimise their operations, ensuring that supply meets demand in real-time. Moreover, AI is being utilised to analyse vast amounts of data generated within gig platforms. This data-driven approach allows companies to identify trends, forecast demand, and tailor services accordingly. For example, ride-sharing services can predict peak times for rides based on historical data, enabling them to adjust pricing dynamically. This level of sophistication not only benefits the companies but also provides gig workers with insights into when and where they are likely to find work, allowing them to strategise their efforts more effectively. AI’s Impact on Job Opportunities The advent of AI in the gig economy has led to a complex interplay between job creation and job displacement. On one hand, AI technologies have opened up new avenues for employment by creating roles that did not previously exist. For instance, as businesses increasingly rely on data analysis and digital marketing strategies, there is a growing demand for freelance data analysts and social media managers. These roles often require specialised skills that can be acquired through online courses or self-study, making them accessible to a broader range of individuals. Conversely, there is a legitimate concern that AI could displace certain types of jobs within the gig economy. Tasks that are repetitive or easily automated may be at risk of being taken over by machines. For example, delivery services are increasingly experimenting with autonomous vehicles and drones, which could reduce the need for human couriers in the long term. This shift raises important questions about the future of work in the gig economy and whether new job opportunities will sufficiently compensate for those that may be lost. Challenges and Opportunities for Gig Workers Challenges \| Opportunities \| Lack of job security \| Flexibility in working hours \| No employee benefits \| Potential for higher earnings \| Uncertain income \| Ability to work for multiple employers \| Isolation and lack of social interaction \| Opportunity to develop diverse skills \| While the gig economy offers flexibility and independence, it also presents a unique set of challenges for workers. One of the most pressing issues is the lack of job security associated with gig work. Unlike traditional employment models that often provide benefits such as health insurance and retirement plans, gig workers typically operate as independent contractors without access to these safety nets. This precariousness can lead to financial instability, particularly during periods of low demand or economic downturns. However, amidst these challenges lie significant opportunities for gig workers willing to adapt and innovate. The rise of AI tools can empower gig workers by enhancing their productivity and enabling them to market their services more effectively. For instance, freelancers can leverage AI-driven platforms for project management or utilise machine learning algorithms to optimise their pricing strategies based on market trends. Additionally, as businesses increasingly seek specialised skills for short-term projects, gig workers who invest in continuous learning and skill development may find themselves well-positioned to capitalise on emerging opportunities. The Role of AI in Gig Worker Management AI plays a crucial role in managing gig workers within various platforms, facilitating communication and performance tracking while ensuring compliance with regulations. For instance, many gig platforms employ AI algorithms to monitor worker performance metrics such as response times, customer ratings, and task completion rates. This data not only helps companies maintain quality standards but also provides valuable feedback to workers seeking to improve their services. Furthermore, AI can assist in streamlining administrative tasks that often burden gig workers. Tools powered by artificial intelligence can automate invoicing, scheduling, and even tax calculations, allowing workers to focus more on their core competencies rather than getting bogged down by paperwork. By reducing the administrative burden associated with freelance work, AI enables gig workers to maximise their time and resources effectively. The Future of AI in the Gig Economy Looking ahead, the future of AI in the gig economy appears promising yet uncertain. As technology continues to advance at an unprecedented pace, it is likely that we will see further integration of AI into various aspects of gig work. For instance, advancements in natural language processing could lead to more sophisticated virtual assistants capable of managing client communications or even negotiating contracts on behalf of gig workers. Moreover, as AI becomes more prevalent in decision-making processes within gig platforms, there will be an increasing need for transparency and accountability in how these algorithms operate. Workers may demand greater insight into how they are evaluated and matched with clients, leading to potential shifts in platform policies and practices. The challenge will be ensuring that these systems are designed equitably and do not inadvertently perpetuate biases or inequalities within the gig economy. Ethical Considerations in AI and the Gig Economy The intersection of AI and the gig economy raises several ethical considerations that warrant careful examination. One significant concern is the potential for algorithmic bias in how gig workers are evaluated and matched with opportunities. If AI systems are trained on historical data that reflects existing biases—such as gender or racial disparities—there is a risk that these biases could be perpetuated in the hiring process. This could lead to unequal access to job opportunities for certain groups of workers. Additionally, there are concerns regarding data privacy and security within gig platforms that utilise AI technologies. Gig workers often share sensitive personal information when signing up for platforms or completing tasks for clients. Ensuring that this data is handled responsibly and securely is paramount to maintaining trust between workers and platform providers. As regulations surrounding data protection evolve, companies must navigate these complexities while balancing innovation with ethical responsibility. Adapting to the Changing Landscape As the gig economy continues to evolve under the influence of artificial intelligence, both workers and companies must adapt to this changing landscape. For gig workers, embracing new technologies and continuously updating skills will be essential for remaining competitive in an increasingly automated environment. Meanwhile, companies must prioritise ethical considerations in their use of AI while fostering an inclusive environment that supports all workers. The interplay between AI and the gig economy presents both challenges and opportunities that will shape the future of work. By navigating these complexities thoughtfully and proactively, stakeholders can harness the potential of AI while ensuring that the benefits are equitably distributed among all participants in this dynamic labour market. What is the gig economy? The gig economy refers to a labour market characterized by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work as opposed to permanent jobs. Workers in the gig economy are often referred to as “gig workers” or “independent contractors”. What is AI? AI, or artificial intelligence, refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning, and self-correction. How is AI used in the gig economy? AI is used in the gig economy to match gig workers with job opportunities, streamline the hiring process, automate repetitive tasks, and improve the overall efficiency of gig platforms. AI algorithms can also be used to predict demand for certain services and help gig workers optimize their schedules. What are the benefits of AI in the gig economy? The use of AI in the gig economy can lead to improved matching of workers with jobs, increased productivity, reduced administrative burden, and enhanced customer experiences. It can also help gig workers access training and support, and enable platforms to better manage and support their workforce. What are the potential challenges of AI in the gig economy? Challenges associated with the use of AI in the gig economy include concerns about job displacement, algorithmic bias, data privacy, and the potential for increased inequality. There are also ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in managing and monitoring gig workers.	<urn:uuid:21bb8976-02e1-4be1-9b82-d3d486d95d8f>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.aeroformwind.com/the-impact-of-ai-on-the-gig-economy/	2024-12-05T16:48:33Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066355594.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205150341-20241205180341-00001.warc.gz	en	0.9553	1,996	2.859375	3
The XXI century is forcing a focus on energy efficiency and ecology to reduce raw material, energy and fuel consumption. The thermal properties of wood as a material are limited, but log buildings must also be able to adapt to EU directives, regulations and requirements for new buildings. Log walls must also meet heat standards. How to ensure this, what to do? The idea is quite simple – to create double external walls around the log building. Or in part, just for one of the premises. The technical solution of the idea is much more complicated, because only equipment with high processing accuracy can create double walls. Accuracy is a must, as the external walls must be joined with dovetail joints and a huge number of corner joints must be made. Miniature and compact bonds of building corners consisting of four corner joints. In terms of quality, cost and productivity, it is hopeless to make them by hand, because even drawing of joints is very difficult. What does such a double-walled solution give? - You will get a house with excellent heat resistance, i.e. the so-called U-value, but not only. In the case of a log building, also a breathable, ecologically clean and healthy house. The distance between the walls can be increased as needed, if you want to achieve a passive house UV standard of 0.1–0.15 W/(m²K). Only ecological, wood fibre insulation wool shall be used between the walls. Laboratory tests have not been performed yet, but it is predicted that the U value will not exceed 0.25 W/(m²K) at a gap of 100 mm between the log walls. The tests will soon be performed at one of the ENBRI (European Network of Building Research Institutes) Scandinavian institutions. - The traditional look of the building, the same log ends and bonds of building corners remain both inside and outside. It will be very difficult to determine that the building has double external walls, because they are not visible anywhere – neither inside nor outside. The fact is conveyed only by the deeper openings of the outer walls, but rarely anyone pays attention to that. In addition, windows and doors in the openings can be positioned both in the middle and more inwards or outwards. The exception is intensively glazed walls, there is no sense in creating double walls there. - The essence of the log building, the whole sense of this construction is preserved. The walls of the log building will not have to be forcibly covered with non-breathable additional frames and boards. It will not be necessary to cover the logs for which such a house is built at all. There will be no need to circumvent building codes, delay cladding or commissioning the building. You will not have to convince of the true thermal properties of the logs, fight with construction inspectors, insurers, etc. - Both the settling of double walls and the removal of moisture from their intermediate space have been solved. The roof structure of a log house initially rests on the inner perimeter and inner walls, while when the building is settling, the roof is starting to rest on the outer perimeter walls. The air humidity is regulated and the theoretically possible small intermediate space condensate is absorbed and returned by the top layer of logs. Moisture exchange is also facilitated by wood fiber insulation material. The intermediate space is connected to the roof ventilation lathing via the insect screen in both directions. - In the case of double walls, the logs have a homogeneous moisture content of the wood, however different in its localization. Almost all indoor walls and structures are in similar – homogeneous and very dry conditions, because the protection of the building against moisture and climatic effects is realized by the outer perimeter of the double walls. Only these logs have to deal with changing weather conditions! At least in this case, they are not disturbed by the difference between indoor and outdoor humidity and/or temperature. - As stated in the introduction, it is possible to insulate part of the building or only some of the premises, and thus ensure the minimum heat resistance indicators of the building specified by law and required by the Construction Board. However, if you create double walls around the building (with the exception of intensively glazed facades), then in the long run you will save significantly more money, and the investment will pay off faster. Because, you will save more and regularly on heating costs. What is the economic side of this? As you know, the production of a log building frame is a small part of the total construction budget. But it is the part that is the most difficult, demanding and the most important part in every way. The part of why this was launched at all. The part around which everything is carefully designed, created and arranged. Unambiguously, the central part. It involves not only hopes and dreams, but also absolutely all financial investments. Of course, there is a big difference whether you buy a new or used log building, how expensive and respectable the land plot is, whether the construction is organized by you or an elite contractor, how high quality, how finely decorated, how equipped it is, etc. It is clear that you have to be very careful with the low price, because it is more often characterized by not very high quality. So, there is a huge risk of ruining everything. In addition, different attitudes to quality are possible, even diametrically opposed. For example, in post-Soviet countries, log buildings still have the reputation of being the cheapest building. Okay, and what is the increase in the price of the frame for different double-walled versions or insulation levels? For partial insulation of external walls it is about 10 to 20% and if double external walls are formed around the house, then 30–50%. Here is a clear example of the costs of manufacturing a single-storey log building (127m²) frame, excluding VAT and delivery. For your information, the smaller the log building is and if it is a one-story building, the higher the costs are. However, there will be several times lower percentage and a very small “share” mentioned above, if you attribute the cost of making the frame to the expected overall budget. The budget that includes both the purchase of the land plot and all construction and building erection costs. If you take the best offers from the advertisement portal www.finn.no, the share of making the log building frame is only 5–7% in the simple case, and only 1–3% more in the case of a double-walled frame. In addition, the savings in heating costs for double walls are guaranteed as a bonus. Try to calculate the share of the frame production (without delivery and assembly) just for your situation, and then judge for yourself. When evaluating shares and amounts for any estimate, calculation, offer or advertisement, be sure to find out the quality of the log building execution and be aware of the importance of this factor. Consider everything carefully and without haste. Especially from the point of view of the small proportion of the “share”. It is not worth unnecessarily endangering the fate of your investment. Financial issues require a serious approach. Even without double walls, our log buildings have good thermal properties and tightness: → The U-value of the walls is 0.55 W/(m²K), which corresponds to the current heat standards, at least in Norway. → Log building frames convincingly withstand the pressure tests of buildings, even at one perimeter of external walls. In 2015, the construction company Østlaft Bygg AS performed the Blower Door test for a randomly selected log building, one year after the heating season, i.e. at the end of the log building’s drying and settling. The measurements were performed for a confidential customer and have shown compliance with both current and future expected Air Tight standards. → Log building frames pass convincing thermal tests and inspections. We offer a fragment from thermography, i.e. infra-red diagnostics for a log building in the Netherlands. This protection is mainly provided by a “wind” pin. That is, a tongue, or cam and groove, built into the corner joint from inside. It is practically impossible to reproduce by hand. We offer you to get acquainted with other (practically unique) advantages of the product, in the section Quality. The theme of double walls is relevant for people living in Sweden, Finland, Germany and other EU countries. In countries where Construction Boards require the isolation of a part of a log building, such as a living room. This is not very relevant for Norway yet, but this solution may be useful in the near future, when, as in many other parts of the world, the heat resistance standards of new buildings will be updated. Norway already tried to increase the heat norms for log buildings in 2015, but as a result of protests from log building industry companies, the planned norms were cancelled at that time and the topic was “frozen” indefinitely. A temporary compromise was reached, allowing the Norwegians to compensate with a thicker layer of thermal insulation on the roofs (in the direction of heat movement), as well as trying to put much better quality windows and entrance doors (in the main places of heat losses). In turn, the Dutch are additionally investing in the development of complex engineering solutions, improving the electricity, heat and water supply in order to obtain certificates for energy-efficient, ecological, human and environmentally friendly buildings. We offer to look at the GreenCalc+ certificate for the same building in the Netherlands that is subject to thermography. The figure in the EIG index in short means that this log building is 4.19 times “better” than the buildings built in the 1990s.	<urn:uuid:8433039e-55b1-4552-8198-725261b433a9>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.skandinavisktommerhus.no/en/double_walls/	2024-12-05T04:44:18Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066329562.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205023821-20241205053821-00769.warc.gz	en	0.958359	2,007	3	3
A bot may be programmed to perform tasks automatically, such as searching the Internet for information, or performing repetitive tasks, such as sending out email messages. The gender of your bot will impact its grammar and acceptance among the target group. Bots are computer programs that perform automated tasks. Bots don’t need to be male, but they tend to be male. If you are interested in making money online, the stock market is one of the best ways to earn big. Millions of people around the world trade stocks daily and they need help managing their investments. - Each name has its own unique appeal and personality, making them ideal for particular robots or applications. - You want your bot to be representative of your organization, but also sensitive to the needs of your customers. - Try to use friendly like Franklins or creative names like Recruitie to become more approachable and alleviate the stress when they’re looking for their first job. - Now that we understand what trash robots are, let’s examine some of the most well-known and popular trash robots. - All in all, this is definitely one of the more innovative uses of chatbot technology, and one we’re likely to see more of in the coming years. - Good names establish an identity, which then contributes to creating meaningful associations. So, you’ll need a trustworthy name for a banking chatbot to encourage customers to chat with your company. Improve user experience and settle for a creative name. Creative names can have an interesting backstory and represent a great future ahead for your brand. They can also spark interest in your website visitors that will stay with them for a long time after the conversation is over. Tips on How to Name a Chatbot We see server bots being used majorly in discord these days. Bot names should be cool enough, so people have that consistent interest in the bot. The second reason is how people of different cultures perceive genders. According to Clifford Nass, a Stanford University professor, the human brain considers female voices friendlier and warmer, making us prefer them over male voices in certain situations. A fun bot business is one that caters to your target audience. This does not mean bots with robotic or symbolic names won’t get the job done. When it comes to naming a bot, you basically have three categories of choices — you can go with a human-sounding name, or choose a robotic name, or prefer a symbolic name. In some cases, it might be better to avoid “tricking” the user into thinking they’re dealing with a human, not a robot. We’re here to help, not only with an amazing bot name generator and lists of our hand-picked favorites, but also a guide on how to choose or come up with an amazing and catchy name for your bot. Create An Intelligent Chatbot With ChatGPT And Flutter It’s important to name your bot to make it more personal and encourage visitors to click on the chat. A name can instantly make the chatbot more approachable and more human. This, in turn, can help to create a bond between your visitor and the chatbot. Do you remember the struggle of finding the right name or designing the logo for your business? It’s about to happen again, but this time, you can use what your company already has to help you out. - If you are wondering what name to keep for your bot, we will give you a plethora of names- cool, catchy, best, awesome, and amazing. - Every day, robots get more and more popular, and there are a multitude of amusing names for them. - Here are five creative robot names you might consider today. - To help you out, here are some unique yet creative chatbot name ideas to get your creative juices flowing and choose a perfect name for your chatbot. - Gender is powerfully in the forefront of customers’ social concerns, as are racial and other cultural considerations. - A well-chosen bot name can make your client forget that they are talking to a piece of code and buy you untold hours of time while pleasing your customers, or finding you new ones. Once the customization is done, you can go ahead and use our chatbot scripts to lend a compelling backstory to your bot. Plus, how to name a chatbot could be a breeze if you know where to look for help. And you need the mindset of artists to do justice with it. This list is by no means exhaustive, given the small size and sample it carries. Beyond that, you can search the web and find a more detailed list somewhere that may carry good bot name ideas for different industries as well. Worse still, this may escalate into a heightened customer experience that your bot might not meet. Bad bot names Now that we have recounted some fair arguments for why naming your chatbot is necessary, we will be moving on to the next step; how you can assign your chatbot with a catchy name. If you are currently working on some sort of project related to chatbot and you are stuck at naming your chatbot, you can surely get some help from this list. A chatbot may be the one instance where you get to choose someone else’s personality. Create a personality with a choice of language (casual, formal, colloquial), level of empathy, humor, and more. Once you’ve figured out “who” your chatbot is, you have to find a name that fits its personality. We’re big enough to handle massive projects, and yet also nimble enough to come up with names on demand that hit every time. Whether you’re building an automated chatbot for your business or creating a fun project, you have to come up with an attractive name. In many cases, they don’t even want to wait for a chatbot to finish its chit-chat before getting down to business. That’s why you need an eye-catching name for your chatbot that can make it stand out among the crowd of competitors. About Robot Name Generator This might have been the case because it was just silly, or because it matched with the brand so cleverly that the name became humorous. Some of the use cases of the latter metadialog.com are cat chatbots such as Pawer or MewBot. Keep in mind that about 72% of brand names are made-up, so get creative and don’t worry if your chatbot name doesn’t exist yet. Basically, a chatbot helps answer people’s questions even when no one is really attending physically. We think that you looking for some cool chatbot names or bot names and get confused. If we think right then your are most welcome to the Names Guruji, and we assure you that your would love to send some time with us. Because here you can find the best collections of names for chatbots and that are cool, catchy, impressive, and unique. Bot Available from Google Whether you want the bot to promote your products or engage with customers one-on-one, or do anything else, the purpose should be defined beforehand. Read our post on 10 Must-have Chatbot Features That Make Your Bot a Success can help with other ways to add value to your chatbot. In this post, we will discuss some useful steps on how to name a bot and also how to make the entire process easier. To date we’ve published more than 30,000 pet names suitable for just about every pet going. We’ve published articles, tools and even quizzes to help pet parent find that perfect name. How do you identify a chat bot? A bot's tweets may reveal its algorithmic logic: they may be formulaic or repetitive, or use responses common in chatbot programs. Missing an obvious joke and rapidly changing the subject are other telltale traits (unfortunately, they are also quite common among human Twitter users). The Da Vinci surgical robot marks a huge advancement in surgical robotic technology. A human resources chatbot especially can be of great help for job seekers and employers. https://www.metadialog.com/blog/cute-chatbot-name/ If you are building an HR chatbot, the first thing is to come up with an attractive name. Try to play around with your company name when deciding on your chatbot name. Female AI names It’s also important to keep in mind that bots are often used by people who aren’t very tech-savvy. So, you may want to avoid calling them “bots” and instead refer to them as “apps”, “software”, or “programs”. Use Web.com’s simple web builder to launch your presense online. Here you can find thebest collections of names for a bot. How do you name a bot on twitch? First open up the Features menu from the main menu, then open the Special features menu from there. While in the Special features menu, find the Custom bot name feature and activate the toggle to the right-hand side of the feature to activate it. It is a robot that does the work of humans in the internet and that’s why it is called a bot. So, if you don’t want your bot to feel boring or forgettable, think of personalizing it. This is how customer service chatbots stand out among the crowd and become memorable. That’s why choosing one of these great chatbot names can make your client forget that they aren’t talking to a human! With the rise of digital media, the web has become an indispensable tool in almost every person’s life. Online search has also turned into one of the most effective ways to find products and services. The catchier a name sounds, the more attention it will generate. There’s a reason why Disney is so famous, and why it’s the world’s largest theme park company. With the right name, your bot will have a chance to capture the attention of the masses. - It doesn’t matter whether you are selling products online or not. - Then, figure out how you’re helping with their struggles. - For instance, you can combine two words together to form a new word. - For example, Lillian and Lilly demonstrate different tones of conversation. - It only takes about 7 seconds for your customers to make their first impression of your brand. - Last but not least, chatbots can improve customer satisfaction and retention. Nowadays you can use simple chatbot to get instant replies. A lot of big corporations are using chatbots to collect data and information from their users for different purposes. Let’s dive into the list of some creative and unique chatbot name ideas and suggestions. Here are a few examples of chatbot names from companies to inspire you while creating your own. Similarly, naming your company’s chatbot is as important as naming your company, children, or even your dog. Names matter, and that’s why it can be challenging to pick the right name—especially because your AI chatbot may be the first “person” that your customers talk to. Try to use friendly like Franklins or creative names like Recruitie to become more approachable and alleviate the stress when they’re looking for their first job. Carnegie Mellon’s Dante II was the first successful terrestrial explorer robot. The heroic endeavors of Dante are not unheard of but the robot didn’t get the happiest ending. HAL 9000 from Space Odyssey was the onboard computer on the spaceship Discovery, who turns out to be the main antagonist of the 2001 movie. You’ll find that generic bot names get lost in the crowd. Remember that your chatbot name does not match any other brand name. Because something like this will create a negative impression in the mind of people towards your brand. When you find a name for your chatbot then always try to find a name that should be unique and impressive. Because a unique name can give you a unique identity and you can impress your customers with an impressive name. There are so many different funny bot names and cool bot businesses out there. Below are some cool bot business name ideas that you can use to get inspired. A chatbot is a computer program designed to have conversations with human beings via the internet. The concept behind a chatbot is to create one which will have the same capabilities as a real person, so people will trust and confide in it. Chatbots are all the rage these days, and for good reasons only.	<urn:uuid:9b82f2fa-88ab-469a-af8a-a72fc61f575e>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://rojos.it/488-chatbot-names-ideas-that-are-new-in-industry/	2024-12-04T21:54:12Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066308239.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204202740-20241204232740-00733.warc.gz	en	0.93263	2,629	2.546875	3
ADVANCING RURAL AMERICA’S FREEDOM TO VOTE The right of every American to have a say in electing their representatives is the basis of our democracy. Frighteningly, our voting rights have been under attack in recent years, as the far right has promoted the false concept of voter fraud to undermine Americans’ trust in elections. The attack on the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 – an attack on our nation’s very democratic institutions – showed just how dangerous this can be. While voter fraud is exceptionally rare, obstacles to voting access are growing rapidly, through state laws restricting early voting, vote by mail, and at-will absentee voting, as well as closing polling places. Many of the state laws proposed or passed in recent years to restrict voting will disproportionately impact rural voters, nearly half of whom voted early in the 2020 election. Rural voters generally have to travel much farther to vote than their non-rural counterparts, and yet voters in states with higher rural populations are more likely to face barriers to voting by mail and lack access to online voter registration. Mistrust of election results is also growing in some rural areas, but at the same time, elections are administered locally by hardworking members of the local community. In small towns where people know each other and each other’s family, this can help build trust in the process. Framing: equality, freedom, security As policymakers, we aim to unite communities across our shared values. Advocating for the freedom to vote that empowers rural constituents and leads with the values of equality, freedom, and security is a top priority because these values are deeply held among working people, regardless of where they live or what they look like. With the support of policy priorities like those below, local communities will have what they need to solve local problems. Opposition continues to talk at families, we are forging a new path to ensure legislators are speaking with families. By using effective communication strategies, we can neutralize inflammatory language, unite our coalitions, and pass the policies we all need. USE SHARED RURAL VALUES TO CRAFT YOUR MESSAGE Effective communication requires not only facts but leveraging the values people share to resonate across race, class, age, gender, and place. The best messages follow the VPSA model: Values, Problem, Solution, Action. First, we unite along shared values to introduce the issue, then demonstrate the collectively-held problem, name the solution to the problem, and finally, when appropriate, leave with a call to action joining you to solve the problem. This formula keeps our messages concise while disarming opponents who seek to divide us. To get you started, here are three rural values that are particularly relevant for communicating with rural constituents about expanding voting access: - Framing: Participatory democracy means that all citizens have a vote. Restrictions on voting such as prohibiting mail-in voting, online and automatic registration, and ID requirements effectively disenfranchise many of our fellow Americans by making it harder to cast a ballot. These restrictions impact rural people, people of color, seniors, workers, students, and many more, denying their equal right to vote. - Example Statement: (Value) In the voting booth, all Americans are equal. Whether you are rich or poor, Black or white, immigrant or born here, we each have one vote. (Problem) But today, extremists are passing laws that will effectively deny many Americans their voting rights. Rural residents, working parents, and senior citizens are just some of the people who will be most impacted by restrictions on mail-in voting and closure of polling places. (Solution) Our bill will make it easier for all citizens to cast their ballot, so that Americans who are homebound, live in a remote area, or work long hours are not denied their Constitutional right to vote. - Example Talking Points: - Poll taxes and so-called literacy tests used to deny Black Southerners their right to vote, effectively making them second-class citizens. Today those tactics have been replaced with shuttered polling places and shortened voting hours. The impact is the same: to deny some of our citizens their equal right to vote. - Measures that make it harder for any hardworking American citizen to cast their vote are a violation of American equality. - Framing: Freedom and democracy are two of America’s founding principles. Many rural Americans live in the countryside for the freedom it offers. Any restrictions or obstacles to a US citizen’s right to vote is a threat to their freedom; indeed, a threat to the whole country’s freedom and democracy. - Example Statement: (Value) Every American values freedom and democracy. (Problem) But a recently proposed bill would put up barriers to voting in our state, making it harder for hardworking rural people to cast their ballot when and how it works for them. (Solution) Democracy works best when every American has the freedom to vote easily and without onerous restrictions. (Action) That’s why our bill invests in local boards of election and provides support to open convenient polling locations in every community. - Example Talking Points: - Our country is more free when we can all easily and securely cast our ballot. Restrictions on voting access are a threat to American freedom and democracy. - Rural Americans work hard and juggle many responsibilities. My bill would give the rural citizens of the state the freedom to securely vote when and where works best in their schedules. - Framing: The extreme right has cast doubt on the security of US elections, accusing everyone from local poll workers to voting machine manufacturers of questionable activities. It is critical to fully fund intelligence efforts to ensure our elections are free from tampering from within or abroad, but the reality is that US elections are very secure, with many checks and backstops. We can both reassure voters of this reality and remind them that the people administering elections at the local level are their trusted family and friends. - Example Statement: (Value) In rural America, our civil servants are our family, friends, and neighbors. Whether it’s our volunteer firefighters or our town librarian, we see every day that they work hard to keep our communities safe and secure. (Problem) Some extremists are casting doubt on our elections by questioning our local hardworking poll workers. A bill has been introduced that would slash funding from local boards of election – which would only serve to make our elections less secure. (Solution) Our elections are not run by far away bureaucrats; our poll workers and board of election members live in our community. You see them in the grocery store and at school pick-up. You can ask them directly about the security measures they take. Their office must be fully funded for them to properly do their jobs. - Example Talking Points: - Elections administered by our local community members are safe and secure. Our local board of election must be fully funded to ensure that our hardworking poll workers and administrators can implement all necessary election security measures. In practice: Media getting it right Article \| It’s time to build more trust in our electoral process, here’s how, 2021 - WHAT WE LIKE - Directly addressing and naming the fears rural constituents have in the voting process, as long as they’re not fear-mongering or disinformation, are effective in lowering the guard of your audience. Providing concrete, tangible solutions to those concerns is even better. This article does a great job of parsing out the concerns, while uniting an audience on the solutions we all would benefit from. - Describing the requirements of an inclusive democracy that serves all is a great exercise in gut-checking our assumptions and challenges in fixing our current voting system. No slice of the US agrees that our voting systems work perfectly, so rather than bury this, acknowledge and guide to secure, fact-based solutions that enhance voting security and participation. - MOVING FORWARD: - Lead with values. Facts can speak to the mind, but the heart is where opinions and values are felt. Uniting on values transcend party lines, therefore making solutions more palatable and more likely to be widely accepted. Opinion \| Why The Defense of Abortion in Kansas Is So Powerful, 2022 - WHAT WE LIKE: - The article calls out directly how the “franchise” of the two party system in rural America does not align with the value of freedom through the use of gerrymandering, voter-suppression and dark-money. - Previously rural voters have been described as less educated or voting against their own interests by the media and political think tanks but this article does a great job to describe rural voters as capable of discerning the nuances often concealed within the two-party system when given the choice. - MOVING FORWARD: - State elections are a credible testing ground for better understanding the electorate and how rural voters fall outside of the far-extreme political ideologies that often dominate party politics. This understanding can form more value lead coalition building.	<urn:uuid:10810712-3578-4aec-acbf-e96f1c03e6cf>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://rural.stateinnovation.org/advancing-rural-americas-freedom-to-vote/	2024-12-13T05:05:15Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116273.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213043009-20241213073009-00342.warc.gz	en	0.951266	1,855	2.546875	3
Human Activities and Greenhouse Gas Impact As we all know, things around us change, whether they are constructing a new building or building up a new factory. We try to create new things for either our survival, taste, or to help. We try to create things for everyone to use happily, but we end up destroying the majority of things around us even without noticing it. Due to the cause of human activities, there is a negative impact on climate change, such as. Hence, there should be a course of action that helps us avoid climate change. As some of us know, one of the most common causes of climate change is Green House Gas. It is a heat-trapping gas found in the atmosphere of the earth. You can tell the greenhouse is good, but greenhouse gases aren’t good because the greenhouse is beneficial and part of the environment as it keeps our planet warm. If the greenhouse didn’t exist, the planet’s temperature would be minus degrees, and there would be ice everywhere. The cause of greenhouse becoming bad is human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels for energy to generate electricity, vehicles, etc., making greenhouse gases with different chemical gases in the air. And because of human activities, there is a rise in global warming that is drastically affecting the earth’s climate system. According to an analysis done in the United States, it is found that “Carbon dioxide accounted for the largest percentage of greenhouse gases (79%), followed by methane (11%), nitrous oxide (7%), and other greenhouse gases (3%)” (“U.S. Emissions”). These are some of the gases that are the cause of global warming, and not just that, but due to these chemicals being found in the air, we can get the idea of how they affect people’s or animals’ health. Impacts of Factories and Pollution Since we breathe daily, we can be conscious of what we live along with oxygen. Originally, the planet was warm due to the greenhouse being part of the environment for heat-trapping, which occurs when gases in the atmosphere capture solar heat, which would return back to space. But human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, etc., create different gases in the air. The gases in the air capture the solar energy that we get from the sun during the day, which is released into space during the night as it cools down and the sun is gone. Let’s take the phone, for example; if we use too many phones, it heats up, and after we leave a place and do other activities, the phone releases the heat into the air and comes back to an average temperature. The sunlight or heat we get during the day is absorbed by everything around us and gets reflected back into the atmosphere or space, but due to different gases in the atmosphere, only a little percent is able to get through the atmosphere to space, but the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere, which is then deflected to the earth’s increasing global warming. Above all, the major source that is causing climate change is factories because all the gases emitted from the factories go directly into the atmosphere, thus increasing the temperature and contaminating the air. The factory doesn’t just affect land and air but also water because the factories dispose of most of their wastes into the water. Thus leading to water contamination. And because of that, it results in the death of the sea plants and animals, or even have them carry the diseases. Consequently, the disease is spread in the water. Whether it’s land, air, or water, because of climate change, there is an increase in the extinction rate of animals. Factory Emissions and Environmental Impacts “A study by the University of Connecticut (United States), published in the Science journal, indicates that climate change is accelerating this, as climate change by itself will cause the disappearance of nearly 8% of the current species” (Corporativa). This is just one part of it, but if we research the rate of extinction rate in past years, we can get an idea of how fast the animals are getting extinct or getting endangered. This is not just because of factories but due to other climate changes that are affecting the planet’s atmosphere and environment. And analysis shows that “Factories alone are responsible for nearly two-thirds of the emissions to blame for global climate change” (Harveston). As mentioned earlier at the beginning of this paragraph, this is one of the major impacts of climate change, and here is a piece of evidence to prove my claim. The other problem factories could be blamed for is most factories use large amounts of water for many things like cleaning, washing, etc., which they don’t think of or worry about how much water is being wasted and where the dirty water must be going. Moreover, climate change is also caused by other various kinds of things like a wasteland where waste is thrown in a particular area, and since there are all kinds of waste mixed together, there might be different chemicals that get mixed. The climate change dilemma is made worse by food loss and waste because of the large greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions it produces. Food is a substantial source of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions throughout its manufacturing, processing, and shipping, and if it winds up in the wasteland, it releases methane, a much more powerful greenhouse gas. Waste Impact, Health Consequences, and Economic Burden And because of waste thrown in a particular area, the area or the soil underneath and surrounding it dies. According to the research, “Americans dumped twice as much trash into landfills in 2012 as previously estimated, according to new research, suggesting trash may be contributing to climate change more than scientists believed” (Worland). If we look at what the research says, then if we think about other countries, how much waste land they may be having and how much harm it must be causing altogether. Looking at the land, it is a home to a different kind of species that we are destroying. We try to keep our house clean but do not bother keeping the environment clean. By throwing waste here and there, we are bringing diseases to ourselves and animals and contaminating the environment. It is affecting animals and the environment, which aren’t even to be blamed for the results of our actions. According to the World Health Organization, “Poor waste collection…Resulting flooding and other standing waters in waste items favor cholera and vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue” (“Guidance on Solid Waste and Health”). Exposure to improperly disposed waste is deleterious to our health, especially for the vulnerable groups. It also has a negative impact on the development of children. Also, Climate change affects not only the surroundings but also the economic GDP and the cost of repair of houses or other buildings. Not only that, they have to pay the people who have lost their families due to climate change and are not earning. According to “(2019), The study projected that if the higher-temperature scenario prevails, climate change impacts on these 22 sectors could cost the U.S. $520 billion each year.” This study shows how much money they have to spend on health, housing, or structure that was destroyed in production. Since climate change can happen anywhere and any place, it can cause transportation of production between countries to slow a little at a particular place. Climate Change’s Economic Ramifications and Mitigation Strategies And due to production being slowed, their earnings will get slowed. Climate change is a factor that is probable to worsen inflation. According to an analysis by Colombia University’s Climate School, “Every degree Celsius that the Earth warms, there’s an estimated 5 to 15 percent decrease in overall crop production” (Shirin Ali). This will have a major impact on the farmers who would, especially, be struggling to maintain their fields and adjust to these weather conditions that keep changing. This, in turn, leads to an increase in prices. Increases in costs might also be seen through the loss of wages and through medical bills, as global warming increases the risk of foodborne and waterborne diseases. Another example is California, “with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) noting in July that U.S. orange production is expected to drop 13 percent to the lowest in 55 years due to poor fruit set, the stage where a flower turns into berry – driven by California’s severe drought” (Shirin Ali). This implies that climate change can and is disrupting the availability of food due to the reduction of agricultural productivity and interruption of food delivery. One of the actions that could be taken to reduce greenhouse gases would be to use energy-saving light bulbs in your house, such as LED lights. If everyone uses an energy-saving light bulb, it would benefit not only us but also the environment. Such bulbs reduce the damage to the environment and help reduce your house’s electricity bills. “The annual energy consumption for an LED bulb is around 30 times lower than for a corresponding incandescent bulb…LED lights can bring lighting costs to 5 percent of the total electricity consumption in homes” (LED lighting). For every watt of light energy released, LED lights use less energy (LED lighting). In doing so, it lowers power plant greenhouse gas emissions. LED Lights and Energy Efficiency: Environmental Impact and Innovations Furthermore, LEDs have reduced carbon dioxide emissions. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions reduced from one LED bulb is approximately comparable to one-half tons. Using stuff that saves energy generates less heat when using it, and since it generates less heat, it cools down very fast. Normally, as we all might see, the use of too much light in our room or house makes us feel the temperature of our room is different from the temperature outside. We feel too hot, and sometimes so much light use disturbs our sleep due to the room temperature getting high. Using light that saves energy might help the temperature of our room to not change much and help us sleep at night. And from what I have observed in different places or countries that I have visited, there is the use of light when there is nobody in the building. Some places use light to just make their town or city look good, but if we turn off all the lights that are not used and just close at night, that would help reduce greenhouse gas emissions a lot. According to a study done by the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. could cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 9 billion pounds by simply switching out one light bulb in every house for an LED bulb (CPS LED Lighting). Looking at what the research has brought, sometimes I think people who develop stuff should work more on creating things that help the environment and don’t harm ourselves and the animals. If a single LED bulb can bring this much change to the world, there is stuff that we can create that might bring a better result to save the environment. Looking at the circumstances and building up a product may reduce most of the stuff happening in this world, including our health. Recycling: Addressing Climate Change through Waste Management The problem of wastelands and the contamination caused by factories, two of the leading causes of climate change, can be managed by recycling waste. Looking around the world, some countries don’t have machines to recycle waste. So, if we share what we have developed with other countries, it would help reduce waste that is being dumped in an area. Recycling products can help reduce mining that is done to create new products, and it will help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this world, everyone uses paper to work on different things; if all this paper goes into recycling, we can save trees. Recycling has been a major thing to discuss since when the new products started to develop. There wasn’t any solution to what they should do with the waste, and they ended up throwing waste in a particular land, which is called the wasteland. Even in the factories, if a product isn’t built properly, it becomes a waste, and it either goes into the water or the wasteland. One of the solutions to reduce waste is to stop using the new material and try to recycle the old material. Limiting the stuff can reduce the things to end in the wasteland. “Project Drawdown estimates that recycling between 2020 and 2050 will reduce emissions by 5.5-6.02 gigatons of carbon dioxide (equivalent to taking over 1 billion cars off the streets for one year)” (recycling). For good things to happen, it takes time, but if we all help, we can reduce the amount of years it would take. Recycling product just doesn’t become what it originally was but made into a different product. We should buy recycled products rather than products that are created entirely with new materials. - U.S. Emissions by Gas. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/us-greenhouse-gas-inventory-report-2020 - Corporativa. Climate Change and Biodiversity. Retrieved from https://corporativa.economia.gob.mx/en/CEIEG/climate-change-and-biodiversity - Harveston, T. (2019). Factories Responsible for Nearly Two-Thirds of Emissions Blamed for Climate Change. SciTechDaily. Retrieved from https://scitechdaily.com/factories-responsible-for-nearly-two-thirds-of-emissions-blamed-for-climate-change/ - Worland, J. (2015). America Throws Away Twice as Much Trash as Previously Thought. Time. Retrieved from https://time.com/4004252/america-trash-waste/ - Guidance on Solid Waste and Health. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/waste/guidance/en/ - Shirin Ali, A. Climate Change Economics Explained. Columbia University – The Earth Institute. Retrieved from https://climate.columbia.edu/news-events/climate-change-economics-explained - LED Lighting. Energy.gov. Retrieved from https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/save-electricity-and-fuel/lighting-choices-save-you-money/led-lighting - CPS LED Lighting. CPS Energy. Retrieved from https://www.cpsenergy.com/en/customer-support/energy-saving-tips/led-lighting.html - Recycling. Project Drawdown. Retrieved from https://www.drawdown.org/solutions/materials/recycling	<urn:uuid:425e20bd-a630-4bde-9c10-6b00006a090c>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://academicchampiontutors.blog/2024/07/addressing-climate-change-the-urgent-need-for-collective-action/17/climate-change/	2024-12-11T14:59:40Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066090825.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211143606-20241211173606-00326.warc.gz	en	0.94782	3,089	3.546875	4
How to Write a Powerful Essay Introduction When you're staring at a blank page, wondering how to start your essay, it can be overwhelming. But don’t worry! This article will help you write a great introduction that will grab your reader's attention from the very first sentence. In this guide, our custom writing service will give you a step-by-step guide how to craft an effective essay introduction. A good introduction is crucial because it's the first thing your reader sees. It sets the tone for the rest of your essay and tells the reader what to expect. If your introduction is clear and engaging, your reader will be more likely to keep reading. In this article, we’ll go through the steps to writing an effective essay introduction. Whether you're writing a paper for class or working on a more personal essay, these tips will help you start strong. Understanding the Purpose of an Introduction Your introduction has a few important jobs. First, it provides some background information on your topic. This helps your reader understand what you’re writing about. Second, it narrows down the topic to specific points you will discuss in your essay. Finally, it gives a preview of what’s to come, helping your reader know what to expect. Key Elements of a Strong Introduction The hook is the first sentence of your introduction. Its purpose is to grab your reader’s attention right away. When someone reads your essay, you want them to be interested from the very beginning. A good hook makes them want to keep reading. Types of hooks 1. Quotes: Start with a relevant quote that fits your topic. - Example: "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world," said Nelson Mandela. 2. Questions: Ask a question to engage your readers and make them think. - Example: Have you ever wondered what makes a great essay introduction? 3. Anecdotes: Share a short, interesting story related to your topic. - Example: When I first started writing essays, I struggled with introductions until I learned a few simple tips. 4. Statistics: Use a surprising fact or statistic. - Example: Did you know that 70% of students find writing introductions the hardest part of an essay? After your hook, you need to provide some background information. This is important because it helps your reader understand the context of your essay. Without some background, your reader might not understand what you are talking about. You should only include the necessary background information. Don’t overwhelm your reader with too many details. Just give enough information to set the stage for your main points. Think of it like a brief overview. The thesis statement is the main point of your essay. It tells your reader what your essay is about. The thesis statement is usually one or two sentences long and comes at the end of your introduction. Characteristics of a Strong Thesis Statement When you're working on your essay introduction, one of the most important parts is your thesis statement. A strong thesis statement has several key characteristics: A strong thesis statement is easy to understand. It clearly states the main idea of your essay in a straightforward way. Avoid using complex words or complicated sentences. Your reader should be able to grasp your main point without any confusion. - Weak: "In many instances, the numerous benefits of exercise are evidenced in various aspects of health and well-being." - Strong: "Exercise improves health by boosting cardiovascular strength, reducing stress, and increasing energy levels." A strong thesis statement is brief and to the point. It doesn’t include unnecessary words or details. It summarizes the main idea in one or two sentences. Being concise helps your reader quickly understand what your essay will cover. - Weak: "This essay is going to talk about why school uniforms should be mandatory in schools because they can create a sense of unity, reduce distractions, and save time in the morning." - Strong: "School uniforms should be mandatory because they create unity, reduce distractions, and save time." A strong thesis statement is specific and focused. It doesn’t try to cover too much. Instead, it clearly states what the essay will discuss and often outlines the main points. This helps guide your writing and keeps your essay organized. - Weak: "Pollution is bad for the environment." - Strong: "Air pollution from cars and factories damages the environment by causing global warming, harming wildlife, and contaminating water sources." A strong thesis statement presents a point that can be debated. It’s not just a statement of fact; it’s something that others might agree or disagree with. This makes your essay more interesting and sets up your arguments. - Weak: "Many people own pets." - Strong: "Owning pets improves mental health by providing companionship, reducing stress, and encouraging exercise." When crafting your thesis statement, make sure it is clear, concise, specific, and arguable. This will help you create a strong foundation for your essay and guide your writing effectively. If you need more help, remember you can always look up essay writing services for additional guidance. Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Introduction A. Start with a Hook 1. Choose a Type of Hook that Suits the Essay Topic: The first sentence of your essay is called the hook. It’s meant to grab your reader’s attention. You can choose from different types of hooks, like quotes, questions, anecdotes, or statistics. Pick one that best fits your topic and style. 2. Write an Engaging Opening Sentence: Once you’ve chosen your type of hook, write your first sentence. Make it interesting and relevant to your essay topic. For example, if your essay is about the benefits of exercise, you might start with, “Did you know that regular exercise can improve your mood and boost your energy levels?” B. Provide Background Information 1. Determine the Necessary Context for the Reader: After your hook, give your reader some background information. Think about what they need to know to understand your essay. This might include definitions, historical context, or a brief overview of the topic. 2. Include Relevant Details without Overwhelming the Reader: Be careful not to include too much information. You don’t want to overwhelm your reader. Just give them enough to understand the basics. For example, if you’re writing about climate change, you might briefly explain what it is and why it’s important. C. Formulate the Thesis Statement 1. Identify the Main Argument or Purpose of the Essay: Your thesis statement is the main point of your essay. It tells the reader what your essay is about. Take a moment to identify the main argument or purpose of your essay. 2. Craft a Clear and Specific Thesis Statement: Write a thesis statement that is clear and specific. It should summarize your main point in one or two sentences. For example, “In this essay, I will explain how regular exercise benefits both mental and physical health.” D. Connect the Hook, Background, and Thesis 1. Ensure a Smooth Transition between the Hook and Background Information: Make sure there is a smooth transition from your hook to your background information. This helps your introduction flow well and keeps the reader engaged. For example, if you start with a question about exercise, follow it with a brief explanation of why exercise is important. 2. Seamlessly Lead into the Thesis Statement from the Background Context: After providing background information, lead into your thesis statement. This should feel natural and logical. Your reader should understand how the background information relates to your main point. For example, after discussing the benefits of exercise, you might say, “Now, let’s explore these benefits in detail.” Writing an essay introduction can be simple if you follow these steps: start with a hook, provide necessary background information, and end with a clear and specific thesis statement. Remember to connect these parts smoothly so your introduction flows well. If you ever get stuck, you can always search for "write my essay" services to help you out. Common Mistakes to Avoid in Your Essay Introduction When writing an essay introduction, it’s easy to make mistakes that can weaken your paper. In this section, we’ll discuss the common mistakes to avoid while writing your essay. A. Being Too Vague or Broad Explain the Pitfalls of Starting Too Generally: Starting your essay introduction with very broad or vague statements can confuse your reader. They might not understand what your essay is really about. It’s important to be specific and focused right from the start. For example, instead of saying, “There are many things to consider when writing an essay,” you could say, “Writing a strong essay requires a clear thesis, good organization, and detailed evidence.” B. Overloading with Information Discuss Why Too Much Background Can Overwhelm Readers: Providing some background information is important, but too much can overwhelm your reader. If you include too many details, your reader might get lost and miss the main point of your essay. Keep your background information brief and relevant. Focus on what your reader needs to know to understand your thesis. For instance, if your essay is about climate change, don’t start with a detailed history of the Earth’s climate. Instead, briefly explain what climate change is and why it matters today. C. Weak or Unclear Thesis Statement Problems with a Poorly Formulated Thesis: A weak or unclear thesis statement can confuse your reader and weaken your essay. Your thesis statement should clearly state the main point of your essay in one or two sentences. If it’s too vague or broad, your reader won’t know what to expect. For example, “Pollution is bad for the environment” is too vague. A stronger thesis would be, “Pollution from cars and factories harms the environment by contributing to global warming, harming wildlife, and contaminating water sources.” This thesis is clear, specific, and gives a roadmap for your essay. Avoiding these common mistakes can help you write a strong essay introduction. Remember to be specific and focused, provide just enough background information, and craft a clear, strong thesis statement. Examples and Analysis of Essay Introductions Writing a strong introduction is key to a good essay. Let me show you what a good introduction looks like and how it works, as well as an example of a weak introduction and how to improve it. A. Good Introduction Example A Well-Written Introduction: “Have you ever wondered why some essays grab your attention right from the start? A strong introduction is the key. In this essay, I will explain the steps to writing an effective essay introduction, including how to write a hook, provide background information, and craft a strong thesis statement.” Why It Works Effectively This introduction works well for several reasons: - Hook: It starts with a question that grabs the reader’s attention and makes them think. - Background Information: It briefly mentions the importance of a strong introduction. - Thesis Statement: It clearly states what the essay will cover: the steps to writing an effective essay introduction. This introduction is engaging, informative, and sets clear expectations for the reader. B. Poor Introduction Example Example of a Weak Introduction: “Writing essays is a common task for students. There are many things to consider when writing an essay introduction. In this essay, I will talk about introductions.” Shortcomings and Improvements: This introduction is weak for several reasons: - Too Vague: It starts with a very broad statement that doesn’t grab attention. - Lacks Specific Background Information: It doesn’t provide any context or interesting details. - Weak Thesis Statement: The thesis statement is vague and unclear. It doesn’t tell the reader what specific aspects of writing an introduction will be covered. This introduction can be improved in the following ways: - Add a Hook: Start with something engaging, like a question or interesting fact. - Provide Relevant Background Information: Give some context that helps the reader understand why the topic is important. - Strengthen the Thesis Statement: Make the thesis clear and specific. For example: “In this essay, I will explain the steps to writing an effective essay introduction, including how to write a hook, provide background information, and craft a strong thesis statement.” Understanding the difference between a good and a weak introduction can help you improve your writing. A good introduction grabs attention, provides necessary context, and includes a clear, specific thesis statement. Writing a strong essay introduction is important. First, you need to start with a hook to grab your reader's attention. Then, provide some background information to set the context. Finally, include a clear and specific thesis statement that tells the reader what your essay will cover. A strong introduction is crucial because it sets the tone for your entire essay. It helps your readers understand what to expect and keeps them interested in reading more. If you start with a good introduction, your essay will be more engaging and effective. Here’s a final tip: always revise your introduction after you’ve written your essay. Sometimes, your main points might change slightly, and you’ll need to update your introduction to match. However, if you’re feeling overwhelmed or pressed for time, consider using our writing services. Our team of experienced writers is dedicated to helping students like you succeed in their academic endeavors. Whether you need help with crafting a compelling introduction, polishing your essay, or even tackling the entire assignment from start to finish, our custom writing services are here to support you every step of the way.	<urn:uuid:83cfe579-74eb-4b6e-af4a-957795df2b16>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.homeworkdoer.com/blog/how-to-write-a-powerful-essay-introduction	2024-12-14T16:00:28Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125790.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214151042-20241214181042-00540.warc.gz	en	0.910568	2,935	2.765625	3
Despite the economic imbalance the tech industry has witnessed, 2022 was still the most creative year for the latest artificial intelligence trends. Many tech companies have witnessed significant growth, funding, and innovations in Artificial Intelligence Trends 2023. However, it is also true that most investors are now looking for sustainable and long-term money-making innovations. Recently, ChatGPT and DALL-E2 created a sensational and groundbreaking entry in the last couple of months of 2022. In 2023, many startups and companies are finding potential in artificial intelligence. Thus, numbers of techies and non-techies will register their companies in 2023. What is Artificial Intelligence? “Artificial Intelligence” is a broad term. AI involves computer software that can engage in human-like behavior, from mundane tasks to solving complex problems in milliseconds. AI software has dominated various industrial areas, from agriculture & real estate to hospitality, healthcare, media, banking, education, and more. In contrast to traditional software, AI software possesses several qualities, such as quick decision-making, dissecting and analyzing big data, making better future predictions, etc. What are the Types of AI? There are usually four types of AI. Let’s look at them- 1. Reactive Machines They have the simplest AI structure. Such machines neither have memories nor use past experiences to make current decisions. Therefore, they are limited to one specific task and can not function beyond that. They don’t take part in the world interactively. 2. Limited Memory Such machines can look into the past and make decisions based on past experiences. For example, self-driving cars work on this concept. However, these machines have limited memory. So, they are not reliable in every situation. 3. Theory of Mind Such artificial intelligence trends 2023 gain knowledge about the world and its entities. They would understand the mind to some extent and behave accordingly. It includes understanding people, objects, emotions, environments, etc. It is an advanced stage of AI machines. Where they behave and function as consciously advanced human beings. Such kinds of AI machines can make complex decisions and surpass human intelligence to a large extent. How Does AI Work? AI uses algorithms to process large amounts of data to make predictions. The software understands and analyzes data at a very fast processing speed. Some subfields help AI machines make better decisions and predict events more accurately. Machine learning is a branch of AI that processes and analyzes a lot of data to make predictions using ML algorithms. The results gain more accuracy after optimizing and evaluating results over time. A typical machine learning algorithm contains a set of neural networks, clusters, logistic and linear regression, decision trees, and more. Deep learning uses algorithms for computers to recognize patterns, from everyday tasks to advanced actions, to achieve accuracy and help the machine make better predictions. To do so, it uses multiple sets of datasheets. The machine learning models are of three types- supervised machine learning, unsupervised machine learning, and semi-supervised learning. It is a subfield of artificial intelligence which uses digital images, videos, and other visual data to make decisions. It analyzes multiple images over and over again to discern and distinguish. A computer vision algorithm is useful in entertainment, business, healthcare, and transportation. Several electronic devices that use AI include security cameras, smartphones, traffic cameras, etc. Natural Language Processing (NLP) NLP is a subfield of artificial intelligence that enables computers to interact with humans using everyday language. It can be text or images, just the way humans communicate. It is most useful in voice-operated GPS networks, speech-to-text operations, digital assistants, chatbots, and other communication services. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) ANN, also known as Simulated Neural Network (SNN), has a name and structure similar to biological neural networks in the human brain. They simulate the data using different layers of mathematical processing to interpret data. So computers can understand and learn things. ANN consists of millions of neurons in a computer. Ethics and Regulations with AI AI ethics are a set of regulations that help computers discern between right and wrong. It is a set of guidelines that help computers with design and suitable outcomes. In all machine learning algorithms, data is the foundation. Therefore, it’s important to structure the design and algorithm so that its potential to analyze data surpass human capabilities and give the outcome matching all AI ethics guidelines at a faster rate. For the last few years, privacy concerns have been on the rise with the popularity of AI. Data protection, data privacy, and data security is the topic of concern for policymakers with the increase of cyberattacks, hackings, and illegal surveillance incidents. In addition, when the training of the system with data is biased and discriminatory, how can it make unbiased decisions? Thus, guidelines for the code of conduct become necessary to protect people's right to share information and private lives. Many organizations are working towards implementing ethical AI. They are AlgorithmWatch, AI Now Institute, DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency),CHAI (Center for Human-compatible Artificial Intelligence),and NASCAR (National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence). AI Trends in 2023 to Watch Out for from Various Industries AI trends in various industries are set to give the future a new direction. Let’s look at all those trends that are gaining the unusual attention of tech enthusiasts- AI in Agriculture The agriculture industry benefits from AI's growth by lessening farmers' workload and improving yield growth. - To optimize yield efficiency, manage micro and macronutrients in the soil, and monitor crop and soil health using visual sensing AI. - Observing crop growth using AI within precision agriculture. Computer vision also checks soil texture and structure for the particular crop. - Diagnosing insects and plant diseases with higher accuracy within milliseconds using image recognition technology. - Health and activity monitoring of livestock. - Using machine learning to build robots and perform weed detection and soil moisture content in healthy crops. - Using drone survey technology to monitor cattle and crops. And after harvesting, AI tools are used for grading. AI in Education Providing new learning experiences and better quality education with the help of AI technology is the ultimate goal of introducing AI in the education sector. - AI systems help meet individual students’ needs and identify their learning styles. - Better knowledge delivery based on every student’s learning pattern and fair grading system. - Automation of several management tasks and open access to the learning materials to students. - Overall school management, including facility management, scheduling, data & learning analytics, student record management, transportation, budgeting, etc. - Create global classrooms for all who speak different languages or are specially-abled students. AI in Healthcare The Healthcare industry has been achieving more success with AI robots and software. Let’s look at its more extensive use in the healthcare industry- - Detecting potential diseases based on systems using machine learning algorithms and various cognitive analysis features. - Using deep learning or neural network models to diagnose cancerous cells in radiology images. - Deep learning is also used with radio mics in oncology-based imaging analysis. - Better administrative management and increased efficiency using AI software. - Enhanced healthcare experience by monitoring patient behavior using AI. - AI can also predict and prevent the spread of potential diseases using data analysis. AI in Automobiles The automobile industry is one of the few industries rigorously testing the new possibilities with AI. - Companies like Waymo, Google, AutoX, and Zoox are working towards launching driverless cars. - Auto manufacturing robots enhance production using IoT, Machine learning, and AI-powered systems. - The automotive industry uses AI for driver assistance systems for automatic braking, detecting drivers’ drowsiness, and warning about lane departure. - Self-driving cars retrieve data from image recognition systems with the help of machine learning and neural network systems. - Using AI robots from manufacturing to better customer experience and business processing automation. AI in Gaming The gaming sector is one of those industries where artificial intelligence has established a prominent value. Now, game developers can create more creative, adaptive, and responsive game characters and storylines through AI. The ultimate goal of using AI in gaming is to immerse the gamer in the game. Some AI-powered games are Red Dead Redemption 2, Half-Life, Bioshock Infinite, Grand Theft Auto 5, Gothic, Alien: Isolation, FEAR, and Halo: Combat Evolved. The best way to develop an eye-catching and engaging game is Machine Learning. It also depends on the representation of the game's knowledge, storyline, and concept. AI in Marketing AI is used in the marketing field in more ways than one. Knowing the target audience, making strong marketing strategies, content generation for campaigns and websites, and in many more ways, AI greatly helps. Therefore, AI helps in bridging the gap between customers and businesses. Data collection, analysis, and strategizing for the next step are done using various AI tools. These tools use machine learning, big data & analytics, and various AI-powered marketing tools. Though there are many challenges, many marketers still use these tools for establishing marketing goals and implementing them to attract their audiences. In the end, it helps them achieve their business goals. AI in Finance AI came in the form of highly evolved technology in the finance sector. Personal banking, online transactions, consumer finances, cybersecurity, and scam & fraudulent detection are some key areas AI has transformed. Other significant changes with AI in finance are- - Managing complex financial data using ML and quantum technology. - Leveraging the potential of AI by getting in-depth insights into the money management, contactless banking, and investment sector. - Combining AI, NLP, and ML to automate financial analysis and deliver a better customer experience with online banking. - Evaluate large financial data, predict future trends, and help businesses with investment growth charts to strategize the next financial step. - Improved risk management and assessment, reduced human errors, assessing loan risks in advance. AI in Chatbots AI chatbots are all about assessing human queries and providing solutions by analyzing previous data with the help of AI and NLP. Chatbots are a more convenient option to offer a 24/7 communication facility and a better customer experience. People can ask anytime and get instant solutions. Scripted and conversational AI chatbots are two kinds of chatbots popular in the tech world. While scripted AI chatbots focus on the specific keyword in the query and provide solutions, conversational AI chatbots act more intelligently. The drawback of scripted chatbots is they can lead customers to wrong solutions and frustrations. At the same time, conversational AI chatbots analyze queries based on pre-recorded data and provide answers in the best way possible. ChatGPT by OpenAI is the perfect example of conversational AI chatbots. It is expected to improve as more user data will be programmed into it over time. AI in Collaboration with Humans The way AI is altering the way of doing things and the way things get done. It instills fear in people regarding replacing their jobs. However, AI is more about collaborating with people to augment and complement human capabilities. Humans must play three crucial roles with AI machines. First, train machines to perform a specific task; Second, Explain the outcomes to get desired and unbiased results; and Third, Sustain responsible and ethical use of AI machines and prevent harm. Human-Machine collaboration has enabled companies to interact with employees who can not be present via virtual meetings. A virtual assistant can interact with many customers at once. A Swedish bank, SEB, uses Aida, a virtual assistant, to reach its target audiences. Such human-machine interaction offers flexibility, ease of doing business, speed, the ability to upscale business models, personalization, better decision-making opportunities, and more. AI democratization refers to making AI tools more accessible and easily affordable to people. As AI continues to evolve and improve over time, it has expanded its horizon from improving healthcare systems to advancing scientific research to automating mundane tasks. With democratization, more people are coming forward with new inventions. Many AI tools have enabled people to build software with no-code techniques. Such open-source AI tools, such as GitHub, are accessible to all. Before making the AI software accessible to all, the company needs to decide on its target audience. Some AI tools are useful for casual users, some have the expertise and experience to use intermediate-level software for various technological solutions, and the rest are developers who specialize in developing new technologies. AI for Cybersecurity Cybersecurity has been a major concern when it comes to data security. New AI tools not only prevent malicious attacks but also recognize patterns, improve the outcomes over time using deep learning, and detect & block the attacks earlier. Thus, many companies are working towards advanced data protection techniques. Neural networks and deep learning play a key role in detecting fraud worldwide. Defense, high-tech firms, and government agencies are the key sectors most affected by cyberattacks. Thus, the AI system is useful in pinpointing the vulnerable aspects of a computer system and performing a secure analysis. The global market for AI cybersecurity was worth $17.4 billion in 2022. It is estimated to reach $102.78 billion by 2032, with a CAGR of 19.43% between 2023 and 2032. In addition, in 2022, North America had the most revenue share of around 38%. AI for Business Processing For better optimization of business processing and progress, AI tools are used. For example, Amazon has been using machine learning and deep learning to give satisfactory experiences to its users by learning their behavior. The top-most usage of AI in business includes process automation, cognitive insights & engagement, optimization, and more. The business has been using AI machines for manufacturing, automatic content generation, recruitment, and security purposes. It leads to better financial management, finding cost-effective solutions, getting predictable analysis, and improving decision-making capabilities. Therefore, AI improves the efficiency and growth rate of an organization. Here, you have learned about the most trendy areas where AI’s impact is wild. The future of AI looks bright and full of innovative solutions in every field. Developing AI solutions aims to serve and generate more business revenues. Data scientists and developers have been working on innovating new AI software. Whether you are tech-savvy or not, AI is going to stay around for a long time. Although, many people are skeptical of its interference with human lives. Still, it is undeniable that AI will generate new jobs in numerous fields. Therefore, people must be well prepared to accept AI dominance for a better future and a new way of life. Frequently Asked Questions Q1- What is the latest AI software in various fields? Content DNA, Jupyter notebooks, Google Cloud AI, Infosys nia, Observe.ai, C3 AI, etc., are some futuristic AI software striving to change the game. Q2- How will AI benefit society? As per the reports, AI has transformed how people do their jobs. In addition, it will surely generate new and unique money-making and creative job opportunities. As a result, it will open the doors to new ways of servicing society and addressing its issues in the global platform. Q3- What are the key benefits of business process automation? The key benefits of business process automation include better collaboration, greater operational efficiency, enhanced service delivery, budget-friendly solutions, better transparency, improved morale, etc. Q4- What are the most current uses of AI? Recently, AI has been used in Chatbots, autonomous flying, retail, fashion, surveillance, inventory management, warehousing, logistics, imaging analysis, etc.	<urn:uuid:bfd9c7d2-c42e-4416-886f-69243a960b66>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.jploft.com/blog/top-artificial-intelligence-trends-in-2023-with-futuristic-rowth	2024-12-13T05:21:48Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116273.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213043009-20241213073009-00727.warc.gz	en	0.933765	3,287	2.78125	3
Letters are printed or written documents commonly used as a form of communication between two parties. There are various types of business letters that can be used. A character witness letter is one example of a letter that contains another individual’s testimony used as evidence in any court proceeding. Writing a witness letter sample is essential especially in helping a jury or court in deciding whether a defendant is guilty or not. If you want to learn more about witness letters, you can read more about it below. Also, there are samples that may be useful in helping you write your own document. Witness Letter for Work [City, State, Zip Code] [City, State, Zip Code] Subject: Witness Statement Regarding [Incident/Event] on [Date of Incident] Dear [Recipient’s Name], I am writing to provide a formal statement regarding the incident that occurred on [date] at [location]. As a direct witness, I feel it is important to share an accurate account to assist in any evaluations or decisions that may follow. Description of the Incident: On [date], at approximately [time], I witnessed [describe the incident in detail, including the actions of the involved parties, the sequence of events, and any relevant conversations]. The incident occurred [specific location, if applicable], and involved [names of individuals, if known and relevant]. [Provide any observations about the behavior, actions, or conditions that contributed to the incident. Include any factors that might have influenced the outcome.] Following the incident, [describe any immediate actions taken such as reporting the incident to management, intervening in the situation, or assisting the involved parties]. This account is provided to the best of my knowledge and is based on my personal observations. I understand the importance of this statement and am willing to provide further details if required. Thank you for your attention to this matter. [Your Signature, if sending a hard copy] [Your Printed Name] [Your Job Title] Witness Letter for Relationship 123 Maple Street Anytown, State, 90210 November 1, 2024 To Whom It May Concern: I am writing this letter to confirm the authenticity of the relationship between Alice Smith and Bob Johnson. I have known Alice and Bob since 2018 and have had the opportunity to witness their relationship first-hand on numerous occasions. Alice and Bob have been in a committed relationship since March 2019 and have lived together since January 2020. During the time I have known them, their relationship has been genuine and stable. I have seen them support each other during challenges such as Bob’s job loss in 2020 and Alice’s brief illness in early 2022. Interactions with Community and Family: Alice and Bob frequently participate in community events together and are well-known as a couple among our circle of friends and family. They attend family gatherings as a pair and are involved in each other’s family lives, which demonstrates their commitment to each other. I have observed Alice and Bob share responsibilities at their shared home, make decisions together, and plan for their future, including a trip to Europe they planned for the summer of 2025. They also have a joint bank account and share household expenses which further attests to the seriousness of their relationship. I am prepared to provide further information if required and can be reached at 555-123-4567 or [email protected]. Thank you for considering this witness statement. Witness Letter for Immigration 456 Elm Street Springfield, IL 62704 November 1, 2024 To Whom It May Concern U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services [Address or Agency Name as applicable] Subject: Character and Relationship Witness Letter for Michael Thompson I am writing to support the immigration application of Michael Thompson, with whom I have had a close relationship for over 10 years. I have come to know Michael as a friend and community leader and have witnessed the various aspects of his life in our community. Michael Thompson has consistently demonstrated qualities of integrity, responsibility, and kindness in his personal and professional life. For example, during a community clean-up project last year, Michael volunteered to lead the team, organizing schedules and ensuring everyone had the necessary tools. His demeanor and conduct have always been exemplary, making him a valued member of our community. Relationship Verification (if applicable): I am also acquainted with Emily Thompson, Michael’s wife. I have witnessed their relationship first-hand on numerous occasions, including during events such as the annual Springfield Picnic and other community gatherings. They share a genuine and stable bond, characterized by mutual respect and affection. I have seen how they support each other in their day-to-day lives, further exemplifying a true and enduring partnership. Michael has been actively involved in the local neighborhood watch, which underscores his commitment to our community’s welfare and his eagerness to contribute positively to society. Based on my personal experiences and observations, I can affirm that Michael is a person of good moral character and is highly committed to his family and community. I believe that Michael’s continued presence and participation in our community are not only valuable but also vital. I am available for any further information you may require and can be reached at 217-555-0198 or [email protected]. Thank you for considering this letter in support of Michael Thompson’s immigration application. Witness Letter for Child Custody 789 Oak Lane Denver, CO 80203 November 1, 2024 The Honorable Judge Susan Miller Denver Family Court 1437 Bannock Street Denver, CO 80202 Subject: Custody Witness Statement for Jessica Martin Dear Judge Miller, I am writing to offer my observations and experiences with Jessica Martin, who is seeking custody of her daughter, Emily Martin. My name is Samantha Lee, and I have known Jessica for over seven years as her close friend and neighbor. I have observed Jessica and Emily together on numerous occasions, such as during school events, community activities, and regular visits to the park. Jessica consistently shows great attention, care, and affection towards Emily. For instance, last summer, I watched Jessica patiently teach Emily how to ride her bike, encouraging her and ensuring she felt safe throughout the process. Parent’s Character and Abilities: Jessica is a responsible, caring, and loving individual who has always prioritized the welfare of her child. She provides for Emily’s needs, both emotionally and materially, ensuring that Emily has a supportive and stable environment. Jessica is involved in every aspect of Emily’s life, from attending parent-teacher conferences to managing her healthcare appointments. Observations Regarding Child’s Wellbeing: I have noticed that Emily is always happy and content when with Jessica. She is well-adjusted in school and among her friends, which I believe is significantly attributed to Jessica’s positive influence and upbringing. Based on my personal interactions and observations, I strongly believe that Jessica Martin is thoroughly capable and deserving of primary custody of Emily Martin. Her commitment and ability to provide a loving, stable environment for Emily is evident, and I fully support her custody request. Thank you for considering my testimony. I am willing to provide further information if necessary and can be reached at 720-555-1234 or [email protected]. Browse More Templates On Witness Letter Free Witness Statement Letter Template Marriage Witness Letter Template Sample Eye Witness Letter Template Accident Witness Letters Template Car Accident Witness Template Accident Witness Statement Letter Template Tips for Writing a Witness Letter - Be Precise and Factual: Focus on facts and events you have directly observed. Avoid hearsay and speculation. Your letter should provide specific details that can be verified. - Be Concise: While detail is important, it’s also crucial to be concise. Stick to the relevant facts and keep your narrative clear and straightforward. You can also see more on Witness Statement. - Maintain Objectivity: Write impartially and professionally. Your goal is to report what happened or describe someone’s character from an unbiased perspective. - Use a Formal Tone: Even if you know the recipient personally, the letter should maintain a formal tone. Use professional language and avoid colloquialisms or overly casual expressions. - Organize Your Thoughts: Structure your letter logically. Start with an introduction, follow with a body that lays out your observations or experiences, and conclude with a summary or offer to provide more information. - Provide Context: Explain your relationship to the person or event you’re describing. This helps the reader understand the perspective from which you’re writing. You can also see more on Character Letter For Court. - Verify Your Information: Double-check dates, names, and other details to ensure accuracy. Mistakes can undermine your credibility. - Include Your Contact Information: Make sure to provide a way for the recipient to contact you if they need further information or clarification. Expert Witness Letters Template Expert Witness Letter of Instruction Template Witness Letter of Engagement Template Character Witness Letters Template Army Character Witness Template Character Witness Letter for Divorce Template What Is a Character Witness Letter? In a court proceeding, a character witness letter is an important document that is used to provide evidence regarding a defendant’s conduct, reputation, and moral nature. A character witness letter is written by an individual that personally knows the defendant or party in a court proceeding. During instances when an individual cannot personally testify for the defendant in the court, he/she writes a character witness letter. Character witness letters benefit both the defendant and the judges in a court proceeding. This document can also greatly affect the jury’s final decision. How to Write a Witness Letter for Immigration? In order to effectively write a witness letter for immigration, it is important to follow these steps: - To start, create an outline in order to effectively format your document or you can download from our letter examples to make it easier for you. - In your letter, write the date to indicate when the letter is written. - Write a salutation in your letter. If you are not sure who you should be addressing the letter to, you can write “To whom it may concern” in place of your salutation. - Write an introduction by stating your name, profession, your relationship to the person requesting the letter, and other relevant information. - The next step is to write the applicant’s traits and character. Include examples as to why the applicant is a good candidate. - Write the applicant’s work ethic, including his/her skills, and experiences. - To close the letter for immigration, create a sample recommendation. It is important that you clearly state the reasons why immigration officials should grant the applicant’s request/s. - Write your contact information in case the immigration department would find the need to ask you more questions. - Sign the letter for immigration to assure that all the information written in it is accurate. Immigration Witness Letters Template Marriage Witness Letter Immigration Template Legal Witness Letter Template Legal Character Letter Template How to Write a Witness Letter? - Identify the Purpose: Understand the specific reason for the witness letter. Is it for a court case, immigration, employment verification, or another reason? This will shape the content and tone of your letter. - Introduce Yourself: Start by identifying yourself, including your name, address, and relationship to the subjects involved. Explain how you know the person you’re writing about and for how long. You can also see more on Character Reference Letter. - State the Facts: Clearly outline the facts as you know them. Describe your direct observations without assumptions or hearsay. Be specific about dates, locations, and what you personally witnessed. - Provide Specific Examples: Include detailed examples that support your testimony. For instance, if you are attesting to someone’s character, describe an incident that demonstrates that trait. - Mention Your Relationship to the Subject: Elaborate on your relationship with the person you are writing about, which helps establish the credibility of your testimony. - Keep a Formal Tone: Maintain a professional and respectful tone throughout the letter. Use formal language and avoid slang or casual phrases. You can also see more on Investigation Outcome Letter. - Offer to Provide Further Information: Indicate your willingness to provide additional details if needed. Include your contact information such as phone number and email address. - Close Formally: Conclude your letter with a formal closure such as “Sincerely” or “Respectfully,” followed by your signature (if sending a hard copy) and your printed name. What is a Witness Warning Letter? A witness warning letter is a formal document that is sent by a court or a grand jury to a specific party in order to force them to appear in court. The main purpose of a witness warning letter is to ask for an individual’s testimony. It indicates the time that he/she has to appear in court. An individual that fails to comply with the request can be charged with a contempt of court, which may result in criminal penalties. A witness letter format and complaint letter examples are also available should you need one specifically. Witness Request Letter Template Witness Confirmation Letter Template Witness Complaint Letter Template Guidelines for Writing Witness Statements - In order to write an effective witness statement, it is a necessary step to include all the relevant information of the witness. These include the individual’s name, occupation, employer, work address, and other information. - Clearly describe the details on how the witness is involved in that particular incident that will make him a valuable witness to the investigation. - Remember to accurately describe the witness’ accounts and information regarding the incident. - Proofread your document to ensure that all the information written in it is free from any mistakes and errors. - As with any formal letter document, a witness’ signature should be present in the witness statement. - When describing events, it is important to use simple words when describing them to ensure that everyone can clearly understand. - Keep your witness statement simple and concise. - In order to have an effective witness statement, it is essential that all the information written in the statement is correct. - Avoid any inconsistencies in your witness statement. Additionally, statement letter samples are available should you need references for your document. How do you write a witness statement? Start by stating your name, address, and occupation. Clearly outline what you saw and heard in chronological order. Conclude with a statement of truth and your signature. What happens when you are a witness? As a witness, you provide evidence about what you know or saw. You may be called to testify in court, giving a verbal account under oath to support legal proceedings. What is the purpose of a character witness letter? A character witness letter vouches for someone’s moral and ethical qualities, typically for legal proceedings, job applications, or academic considerations, emphasizing their positive attributes. What are signatures of witness? Signatures of witnesses on a document confirm they observed the signing process, verifying the authenticity of the signatory’s identity and their agreement to the document’s terms. 5+ Forex Risk Management Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 15+ Site Investigation Report Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 5+ Venture Capital Risk Management Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 5+ Investigation Log Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 6+ Inventory Risk Management Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 10+ Distribution Channel Strategy Samples in PDF \| MS Word FREE 8+ Retail Employee Handbook Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 10+ Retail Return Policy Samples in PDF \| DOC FREE 9+ Predict Inflation Samples in PDF \| MS Word FREE 5+ Consultant Work Contract Samples in PDF \| MS Word FREE 10+ Consultant Contract Agreement Samples in PDF \| MS Word FREE 11+ Construction Law Samples PDF \| DOC FREE 11+ Construction Management Contract Samples in PDF \| MS Word FREE 9+ Sample Legal Information Disclaimers in PDF FREE 5+ Waiver of Moral Rights in PDF	<urn:uuid:3933cf50-f0ef-4993-a6d1-c745b6ff42fd>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.sampletemplates.com/contract-templates/witness-letter-sample.html	2024-12-07T13:46:01Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066429485.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207132902-20241207162902-00633.warc.gz	en	0.933483	3,371	2.796875	3
BMX Racing Origins. The world was conquered by this exhilarating and engrossing sport of BMX racing. Racing on this sort of track involves competing on a lighter, smaller bicycle as compared to road bikes or mountain bikes. Wondering about the origin of BMX Racing? Children in Southern California raced their bicycles on dirt tracks and this is where the roots of BMX racing can be identified. The heroes they had in those days are what motivated them to adopt motocross. Eventually such boys began changing their bicycles in order to participate in off-road races and as a result there were brought up the BMX race tracks. As time goes by, BMX racing is turning into a professional sport complete with specific norms and guidelines. Today, it is also widely practiced as a pop culture activity and has films and video games about BMX racing. The sport of BMX racing is now acknowledged through the Olympics, and this makes it have an international following. - BMX racing originated in Southern California in the early 1970s, inspired by motocross stars of the time. - Over the years, BMX racing has evolved into a competitive sport with its own set of rules and regulations. - Today, BMX racing is recognized as an Olympic sport and has a dedicated fan base all over the world. Origins of BMX Racing The Influence of Motocross BMX Racing Origins. As the popularity of motocross racing grew in the 1960s, children began to imitate their motocross heroes by racing their bicycles on dirt tracks. This led to the development of a new type of bicycle designed specifically for off-road racing, which eventually became known as BMX. First BMX Bikes Initially, BMX was made by altering regular bicycle which had features like knobby tires, strong steel frames, single speed/freewheel. Offers special models that are built tough for hard riding and jumping on rough terrain. Birth of BMX Racing The very first legally sanctioned BMX race occurred on the 10th of July 1969 in a track located at Santa Monica, California. The race was formed by a group of teenagers, who have been riding their modified bikes into dust since childhood. This track had only some bends, small hills, and an oval shape. As a result of which several such events were organised in different parts of US. The first organised year long BMX racing series took place in 1973 when there were ten week series of races. Entrance fees amounted to $ 4.50 per race As it happened by the end of 70s, the whole world was buzzing about BMX racing where various international competitions were taking place. Currently, BMX racing is an Olympic discipline with racers taking part in the BMX Supercross World Cup, among other event Evolution of BMX Racing BMX racing has come a long way since its inception in the 1970s. Over the years, the sport has evolved, and the tracks, bikes, and rules have undergone significant changes. In this section, I will discuss the evolution of BMX racing, including the development of BMX tracks and the inception of BMX racing organizations. Development of BMX Tracks Initially, BMX racers used rough terrain such as dirt mounds and wood planks to make up their own courses. With increasing patronage there emerged specialised BMX tracks which consisted of banked turns, jumping devices, as well as obstacles. The tracks were set up to assess how good the riders were on them to offer an exciting and interesting race event. Currently UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale) and USA BMIX have specific standards for building of BMX tracks including their dimensions. They are composed of tightly packed soil and include an opening gate, stretches of hurdles, and a finishing point. Safe tracks ranging in difficulty for various skill levels riders. Inception of BMX Racing Organizations BMX Racing Origins. In 1969, the first organized BMX race took place in California, USA. As the sport became popular, by the early 1970s, there were many BMX racing organizations such as the National Bicycle Association and the American Bicycle Association. The companies set standards on such issues as BMX bikes design, tracks construction, and security measures. There were staged races and events in which the riders could demonstrate their capability in competitions. After emerging from underground roots it has become an official Olympic sport; BMX racing is today regulated by such international organisations like the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and the International BMX Federation (IBMXF). Thus, BMX racing has advanced considerably from the time it began almost a decade later. The game has evolved considerably to include tracks of its own type, specific rules as well as organised races. BMX racing has become increasingly popular over time, and becoming a part of Olympic games will undoubtedly push it forward in further development. BMX Racing in Popular Culture BMX racing has not only become a popular sport, but it has also made its way into popular culture. In this section, I will discuss how BMX racing has influenced movies, television, fashion, and lifestyle. BMX in Movies and Television BMX racing has been featured in many movies and television shows. One of the most popular movies that featured BMX racing was the 1986 film “Rad.” The movie was about a young BMX racer named Cru Jones who dreams of winning a BMX race called Helltrack. The movie was a hit among BMX fans and helped to popularize the sport. Another popular movie that featured BMX racing was the 2004 film “Ride.” The movie was about a group of BMX riders who travel across the country to compete in a BMX competition. The movie was praised for its realistic portrayal of BMX racing and helped to bring the sport to a wider audience. BMX racing has also been featured in many television shows. One of the most popular shows that featured BMX racing was the 1980s cartoon “M.A.S.K.” The show featured a character named Brad Turner who was a BMX racer and used his BMX skills to fight crime. Influence on Fashion and Lifestyle BMX Racing Origins. BMX racing has also had a significant influence on fashion and lifestyle. BMX riders often wear clothing that is comfortable and allows for a full range of motion. This has led to the popularity of baggy clothing and oversized t-shirts. In addition to clothing, BMX racing has also influenced the way people live their lives. BMX riders often have a “go big or go home” mentality, which has led to the popularity of extreme sports and activities. BMX racing has also influenced the way people approach challenges, encouraging them to push themselves to their limits and never give up. Overall, BMX racing has had a significant impact on popular culture. It has been featured in movies and television shows and has influenced fashion and lifestyle. BMX racing is a sport that continues to grow in popularity and will likely continue to have an impact on popular culture for years to come. BMX Racing as a Competitive Sport BMX racing is a highly competitive sport that has gained popularity worldwide. It is an exciting and fast-paced sport that requires skill, speed, and agility. In this section, I will discuss the inclusion of BMX racing in the Olympics and the rise of professional BMX racing. Inclusion in the Olympics BMX racing was first included in the Olympic Games in 2008 in Beijing, China. It was added as a new discipline to the cycling events, and both men’s and women’s races were held. The inclusion of BMX racing in the Olympics has helped to increase its popularity and bring it to a wider audience. It has also given athletes the opportunity to compete at the highest level and represent their countries on the world stage. Professional BMX Racing Professional BMX racing has also gained popularity in recent years. Many riders compete in national and international competitions, and there are numerous professional BMX racing teams. These teams are often sponsored by companies that produce BMX bikes and equipment. Professional BMX racing is a highly competitive sport, and riders must have a high level of skill and experience to compete at the highest level. Races are often held on challenging courses with jumps and obstacles, and riders must be able to navigate these courses quickly and safely. In conclusion, BMX racing is a highly competitive sport that has gained popularity worldwide. Its inclusion in the Olympics and the rise of professional BMX racing have helped to increase its popularity and bring it to a wider audience. Impact and Legacy of BMX Racing BMX racing has come a long way since its inception in the 1960s. Today, it is a globally recognized sport that has captured the attention of millions of fans around the world. In this section, I will discuss the impact and legacy of BMX racing. BMX racing has had a significant impact on the world of cycling. The sport has inspired the creation of new bike designs, components, and technologies that have revolutionized the way people ride bikes. BMX bikes are now widely recognized as one of the most versatile and durable bikes on the market, making them a popular choice for riders of all ages and skill levels. Moreover, BMX racing has also had a positive impact on the communities where it is practiced. The sport has brought people together from all walks of life, promoting a sense of camaraderie and sportsmanship. BMX racing events have also helped to boost local economies, with fans and participants traveling from all over the world to attend races. The legacy of BMX racing is a rich and storied one. The sport has produced some of the most iconic and influential riders in the history of cycling, including Dave Mirra, Mat Hoffman, and Jamie Bestwick. These riders have not only pushed the limits of what is possible on a BMX bike, but they have also inspired countless others to take up the sport. Moreover, BMX racing has also played a significant role in the development of other cycling disciplines, including mountain biking and freestyle BMX. The skills and techniques that are used in BMX racing have been adapted and refined for use in other cycling disciplines, helping to push the boundaries of what is possible on a bike. In conclusion, BMX racing has had a profound impact on the world of cycling and has left a lasting legacy that will continue to inspire riders for generations to come. Current State and Future of BMX Racing BMX racing has been growing rapidly in recent years. According to a study conducted by the Sports and Fitness Industry Association (SFIA), BMX racing ranked sixth overall in sports participation. The annual study found that over the past few years, participation in BMX racing has been steadily increasing. This trend is expected to continue in the future, as more people discover the excitement and thrill of BMX racing. One of the reasons for the growing popularity of BMX racing is its inclusion in the Olympic program. BMX racing has been part of the Olympics since 2008, and this has helped to raise its profile and attract more participants. The Olympic exposure has also led to increased investment in BMX racing facilities and equipment, which has helped to improve the overall quality of the sport. Another factor contributing to the growth of BMX racing is the increasing availability of BMX tracks and facilities. Many cities and towns now have dedicated BMX tracks, which are open to the public and provide a safe and controlled environment for riders to practice and compete. This has helped to make BMX racing more accessible to people of all ages and skill levels. Looking to the future, it is likely that BMX racing will continue to grow and evolve. Advances in technology and equipment are likely to make the sport even more exciting and challenging, while new formats and competitions may emerge to keep things fresh and interesting. With its combination of speed, skill, and adrenaline, BMX racing is sure to remain a popular and exciting sport for years to come. Frequently Asked Questions Who made the first BMX bike? The first BMX bike was made by a company called Schwinn in the 1960s. The company designed the bike to be smaller and lighter than a typical road bike or mountain bike, making it easier to maneuver on off-road tracks. When was BMX racing started? BMX racing started in the 1970s in Southern California. It began as a way for kids who couldn’t afford motocross bikes to race on dirt tracks using their regular bikes. What is the history of the BMX sport? The history of BMX sport is rooted in motocross racing. In the 1970s, kids in Southern California started racing their bikes on dirt tracks. The sport quickly grew in popularity and eventually became an Olympic sport in 2008. How did BMX get popular? BMX got popular in the 1970s when kids in Southern California started racing their bikes on dirt tracks. The sport quickly grew in popularity and spread across the United States and eventually around the world. The addition of BMX racing to the Olympics in 2008 helped to further increase its popularity. What are some BMX racing facts? - BMX racing is a type of off-road bicycle racing. - The track is made up of numerous corners, berms, rollers, and jumps. - An average BMX race lasts between 30-40 seconds. - The starting gate marks the start of the track. - The larger the hill, the faster the race, so pro hills are much larger than amateur ones. Is BMX racing dangerous? Like any sport, BMX racing can be dangerous. Riders wear protective gear such as helmets, gloves, and pads to help prevent injuries. However, crashes can and do happen, and injuries can range from minor to severe. It is important to always follow safety guidelines and ride within your skill level to minimize the risk of injury.	<urn:uuid:89fea995-92d4-4701-9a7d-968e3667803a>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://ngebike.com/bmx-racing-origins-how-it-all-began/	2024-12-13T03:34:23Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066115574.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213012212-20241213042212-00899.warc.gz	en	0.980252	2,877	2.609375	3
Ever found yourself stepping on a Lego for the umpteenth time or navigating through a minefield of toys scattered across your living room floor? It’s not just clutter; it’s a call to action. Enter the game-changer: How to create an effective chore chart for children? This isn’t about turning our kids into mini Cinderellas or expecting them to scrub floors till they sparkle. Far from it. We’re weaving responsibility, tidiness, and a sprinkle of joy into the fabric of daily duties. The magic lies in striking that perfect balance where chores meet motivation without crossing over into drudgery land. Sounds like a mythical quest? Maybe so, but with some clever strategies and creative thinking, you’ll be surprised at how quickly those little hands are eager to help out around the house. A well-crafted chore chart is more than just assignments; it’s teaching life skills from an early age. And who knows? Today’s trash duty could be tomorrow’s lesson in sustainability or finance management. Table of ContentsToggle Understanding the Importance and how to create an effective chore chart for children Every parent aspires for their child to mature into a responsible, independent adult. However, this transformation doesn’t occur spontaneously. It requires early and consistent teaching, and one of the most effective tools for this is a chore chart. A task roster, in essence, functions as a roadmap outlining the duties your youngster is expected to undertake. Breaking down their responsibilities into smaller, more digestible chunks allows them to assume responsibility and play a pivotal role in ensuring the home runs seamlessly. The Urgency to Create an Effective Chore Chart for Children Nowadays, kids tend to expect things on a silver platter, lacking the drive to work for them. However, this is not reflective of the real world. By incorporating a kids chore chart into your family’s routine, you instil in them valuable life skills such as responsibility and time management. The Benefits of Chores for Kids Chores are not merely about accomplishing tasks around the house. Chores significantly contribute to shaping a child’s personality, instilling values like responsibility and resilience. When children have regular chores to complete, they learn about accountability, perseverance, and the gratification of a job well done. Moreover, this instills in them a robust dedication to diligence that serves as an invaluable asset across the span of their existence. Therefore, don’t delay until your children are teenagers to start teaching them about responsibility. Initiate them early with a chore chart, and observe them evolve into capable, confident adults. Creating a Customised Effective Chore Chart for children that Works How to create an effective chore chart for children that actually works? It’s not as hard as you think. The secret lies in making it a family affair, getting everyone on board. When everyone has a say, they’re more likely to stick to the plan. Initiating a Family Discussion about Chores First things first: call a family meeting. This is where you’ll hash out who does what and when. Make sure everyone gets a chance to speak. Every voice matters, even those of the youngest among us, in bringing forth suggestions. Listing Down Essential Household Tasks Next, make a list of all the essential household chores. Think cleaning, laundry, dishes, etc. Don’t forget the less frequent tasks like changing sheets or cleaning the fridge. Those are important too. Determining Frequency and Workload of Chores Now it’s time to divvy up the workload. Be realistic about how often each chore needs to be done. Consider each family member’s age and abilities. You don’t want to overload anyone, but everyone should pitch in. Once you’ve got your customised chore chart, post it somewhere visible. The fridge or a bulletin board works great. Remember, the real magic happens when you actually stick to what’s on that chart. A chore chart only works if everyone sticks to it. Implementing the Chore Chart: Steps and Tips Implementing a kids chore chart can be a game-changer for both parents and children alike. It helps instil a sense of responsibility and organisation in our little ones while lightening our own load as parents. To ensure smooth sailing on this organisational journey, here are some tips for successful implementation: Setting an ‘Employment Day’ First and foremost, it’s important to clearly explain to your kids the purpose and expectations of the chore chart. Sit down with them and have a conversation about why it’s important for everyone in the family to contribute to the household chores. Highlight the significance of not merely ticking off chores but fostering a sense of duty and honing crucial skills for navigating life. Set a specific day of the week as “Employment Day” – the day when the new chore chart goes into effect. Make it a special occasion, perhaps with a family meeting or a fun activity to kick things off on a positive note. ‘Pay’ System for Completed Chores Introduce a reward system to keep your kids motivated. This could be in the form of a points system, where they earn points for each completed chore that can be redeemed for rewards like extra screen time, a special outing, or a small toy. For older children, consider tying the completion of chores to an allowance system. Remember, the goal is to make the chore chart a positive and rewarding experience for your kids. Acknowledge their achievements with celebrations and sprinkle the journey with cheers and support. Chore Chart Templates to Get You Started When it comes to the format or design of your kids’ chore chart, the options are endless. You can opt for a weekly chore chart or a daily chore chart, depending on your preference and your child’s routine. Some families prefer a digital format, while others enjoy the tactile experience of a physical chart that can be hung on the wall or displayed on the refrigerator. Free Printable Chore Charts Finding the best free printable chore chart for kids was something I spent my spring break looking for. In the end, I couldn’t find the exact template I was looking for, so I decided to create my own. This chart includes daily chores as well as weekly chores broken down by the day of the week. Variety of Fun and Engaging Designs Opting for a layout that catches the eye and is straightforward enough for your kid to grasp is crucial. Think about incorporating vivid hues, playful imagery, and straightforward tags to craft a task tracker that’s both captivating and simple to navigate. Don’t be afraid to get creative and personalise it to suit your child’s interests and personality. Another fun take on regular chore charts is creating a spinning wheel for kids to pick their chores. Write a different chore on each section of the wheel, and have kids spin to decide which jobs they’ll have each day. Alternatively, you can use a spinning wheel as a fun way to decide rewards for completed chores. Assigning Age-Appropriate Chores When it comes to assigning chores to your children, it’s crucial to consider their age and abilities. Younger kids may be responsible for simpler tasks like tidying up their toys or making their beds, while older kids can handle more complex duties such as doing laundry or helping with meal preparation. Customizing tasks to match their skill sets guarantees they’ll finish them with a feeling of pride and achievement. Determining Suitable Chores for Different Age Groups By the age of three, youngsters can be assigned their own tasks, for which they are responsible, such as pulling up the sheets on their bed or placing the napkins on the table or sorting the laundry. The size of the task does not matter; the responsibility associated with it does. - The age of your child: be sure to assign age-appropriate tasks. For younger children, simple tasks like putting away their toys or making their bed are good options. Older children can handle more complex chores like doing the dishes or taking out the trash. Creating a Reward System Implementing a task schedule for youngsters can ingeniously leverage psychological principles to inspire and cultivate positive routines in your child’s daily life. As they master their chores and pick up new abilities, children not only build self-assurance but also embrace accountability. Printable chore charts or other chore tracking methods that kids check off daily help them feel accomplished, encouraging them to stick with their new habits over time. Maintaining the Effectiveness of Chore Charts You’ve got your chore chart all set up. The kids are excited. You’re excited. But how do you keep that momentum going? Navigating the journey isn’t straightforward, yet by employing a handful of pivotal tactics, sustaining your chore chart’s impact over time becomes achievable. Realistic Expectations and Consistency Unlocking the secret to chore chart triumph hinges on a blend of realism and steadfastness. Keep it real. Set age-appropriate chores and expectations. Don’t overload the kiddos with too many tasks. And be consistent – stick to the routine, even when life gets hectic. Remember, the goal is to teach your children valuable life skills while also ensuring that the tasks are within their capabilities. Handing out tasks that match their age not only sets attainable goals but also fosters a feeling of accomplishment. Dealing with Resistance to Chores Let’s be real – kids aren’t always thrilled about chores. Resistance is normal. Maintaining an upbeat attitude and emphasizing the perks can make all the difference. Remind them how their contributions help the whole family. Shower them with compliments and perhaps a little something extra for their stellar efforts. And if they’re really dragging their feet? Try making it a game or a challenge. Introducing a bit of rivalry often does the trick, sparking motivation where there was none. With patience, consistency, and a dash of creativity, you can navigate resistance and keep your chore chart system running smoothly. So, there we have it. A roadmap to creating an effective chore chart for children that doesn’t just tick boxes but opens doors. Doors to learning responsibility, mastering time management, and yes – making chores a bit of fun along the way. We’ve journeyed through setting up systems that not only work but thrive; transforming daily tasks into lessons in life skills. This isn’t about turning our kids into household robots programmed for perfection. It’s about guiding them towards becoming responsible individuals who know the value of hard work and organization. The truth? How to create an effective chore chart for children is less about keeping your house spotless and more about equipping your kids with tools they’ll use well beyond their years at home. By introducing chore charts, we’re essentially building skills more enduring than the mightiest Lego stronghold could aspire to be. Remember, today’s bin duty might just be tomorrow’s masterclass in sustainability or economics 101 wrapped in disguise as pocket money management. So here’s to those little hands eager to help out around the house because you had the foresight to show them how with an effective chore chart. You’ve done more than create a list; you’ve sparked a transformation within your family dynamics. And hey, if stepping on one less piece of Lego isn’t considered success, I don’t know what is. 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Slave ships transported enslaved Africans from Africa to the Americas and the Caribbean. Millions of enslaved Africans were carried to the Americas via the transatlantic slave trade, which began in the 15th century and lasted until the 19th. They were forced to labor on plantations, mines, and other businesses. Slave ships were frequently overcrowded, poorly ventilated, and unhygienic, and many enslaved Africans died on the lengthy Atlantic crossings. Slave ships were harsh, and enslaved Africans were frequently exposed to physical violence, sexual assault, and other forms of mistreatment. Although the worldwide slave trade was formally prohibited in the United States in 1808, illegal slave ships continued to transport enslaved Africans to the country until the Civil War. Slavery was abolished in the United States in 1865, effectively ending the transatlantic slave trade and the employment of slave ships. Famous Slave Ships In the mid-nineteenth century, the Clotilda was a slave ship that trafficked slaves from Africa to the United States. It is thought to have made at least one trip to the United States in 1859, bringing around 110 enslaved Africans from the Kingdom of Dahomey (modern-day Benin) to Mobile, Alabama. Because the international slave trade had been prohibited in the United States since 1808, the voyage was unlawful. The Clotilda was owned by Timothy Meaher, a wealthy Alabama businessman and slave owner who funded the expedition in order to circumvent the slave trade law. Under horrific conditions, the enslaved Africans were carried to the United States and sold to Meaher and other slave owners in the Mobile area. Also Read: Famous Black Slave Owners When the Clotilda’s journey was uncovered in the late 1800s, Meaher was arrested and prosecuted with violating the slave trade ban. He was eventually acquitted due to a lack of evidence. After being submerged for more than 150 years, the Clotilda’s remnants were discovered in the Mobile-Tensaw Delta near Mobile, Alabama, in 2019. The discovery of the Clotilda rekindled interest in the history of slavery in the United States, as well as continued efforts to uncover and preserve this crucial aspect of American history. 2. La Amistad La Amistad was a slave ship that rose to prominence in the mid-nineteenth century as a result of the efforts of the enslaved Africans being transported on the ship to earn their freedom. Near 1839, the La Amistad set sail from Havana, Cuba, carrying 53 enslaved Africans to farms in Puerto Principe, Cuba. During the voyage, enslaved Africans from present-day Sierra Leone and Angola rose up against their captors and took possession of the ship. The enslaved Africans, led by Sengbe Pieh (also known as Joseph Cinqué), directed the ship’s navigator to proceed to Africa. However, the navigator duped them and diverted the ship to the United States, where it was taken by the US Navy. The enslaved Africans were apprehended and accused of murder and piracy. Their case, known as the Amistad case, was heard by the United States Supreme Court, which ultimately determined that the enslaved Africans were illegally transported and hence free. The Amistad case was a landmark judicial win for the American abolitionist movement, and it helped to draw attention to the transatlantic slave trade’s evils. 3. Marie Séraphique The Marie Séraphique was a slave ship that operated out of Nantes, France, during the late 18th century and performed six slave trips. A captain and second lieutenant are credited with painting two depictions of the ship that detail the route taken by captives. Slaves are depicted in both a blueprint of the ship’s cramped conditions and a picture of a sale of captives. Also Read: Famous Slaves The Marie Séraphique, originally named Dannecourt, was built in Nantes and set sail for the first time in October 1764. During its six journeys, the slave ship averaged 357 passengers. It was purpose-built and measured around 67 feet by 24 feet 5 inches (20.5 by 7.5 meters). When compared to other buildings of the time, it was quite standard. The ship had two snow masts, making it more affordable, faster, and smaller by roughly 21 percent than a regular slave full-rigged ship (it would not have been called a “ship” in English at the time, a term describing a three-masted vessel). It made one slave voyage under the name Dannecourt before being sold to Jacques Gruel in 1769. He decided to give the ship his wife’s Christian name, so he renamed it the Marie Séraphique. The ship was renamed Sartine when he sold it after it made four slave journeys under his ownership. Using this moniker, it made its last slave journey. The Royal African Company of London chartered a slave ship known as the Hannibal which made two trips in the Triangular trade carrying slaves. The 450-ton, 36-gun sailing ship was made of wood. Its fateful journey in 1693–1695 is all but forgotten. The ship Hannibal was led by Captain Thomas Phillips. From Brecon, Wales, this Welsh sea captain was hired by Sir Jeffrey Jeffreys and company, who ran the Hannibal and served as Royal African Company governors and assistants. Phillips issued his first directive involving the slave trade when he was 28 or 29 years old. Of the 700 African slaves on board, he was directly responsible for the deaths of 328 (47 percent), as well as 36 of his crew of 70. The Tecora was a Portuguese slave ship that sailed the Atlantic in the early nineteenth century. While some countries had already signed international treaties prohibiting the transportation of human beings as slaves across the Atlantic in the first decade of the 19th century, the brig was created specifically for the slave trade. She was quick and nimble so she could outrun British patrols that looked for slave ships off the coast of Africa. A group of Africans were abducted in 1839 from Mendiland (present-day Sierra Leone) and sent to the African slave port of Lomboko. About 500 of the Africans were sold to a slave trader, who took them to the port of Havana, Cuba. The Beeckestijn was an Amsterdam-based slave ship that operated in the 18th century. An engraving by Hendrik de Leth shows her standing in front of the Dutch West India Company warehouses on the Prins Hendrikkade quay. The Dutch West India Company held the Beeckestijn. Between the years of 1722 and 1736, she made seven trips carrying slaves from the west coast of Africa to the South American country of Suriname and the Caribbean island of St. Eustatius. It is estimated that at least 1,000 of the enslaved Africans who were carried perished on their voyage, with the actual number likely being closer to 3,000. With a crew of 63 and 26 cannons, the Beeckestijn set sail for the first time on February 19, 1721, from the Dutch port of Texel. Her captain for the expedition was Dirk de Wolf. The slave ship Aurore arrived in Louisiana on June 6, 1719, carrying people from Senegambia. In July of 1718, Captain Herpin set sail on the Aurore from Saint-Malo for the Bight of Benin. On August 28 she landed somewhere off the coast of Africa. Herpin started his slave hunt in the area around Whydah (Ouidah) and afterwards moved on to Cape Lahou. To get to Louisiana, he left Africa on November 30 and landed on June 6. Despite the lengthy trip, only 200 of the 201 slaves Herpin had taken on board returned to him safely. On the other hand, eleven crew men did not make it back. On October 4th, Aurore sailed back to France and landed in Lorient. Some features of the slave trade are depicted in sketches by an Aurore from a later time. Slaves on ships like the Aurore were crammed into a “spoon” configuration to maximize space and allow for as many people as possible to be transported. Slave legs were shackled to prevent rebellion. The Dutch East India Company had many cargo ships of the hoeker type in the 18th century, including one named Meermin. She was built in 1759 and 1761 as a slave ship, but her career was cut short when her Malagasy passengers rebelled. They had been bought as slaves in Madagascar and sold to Dutch East India Company authorities for use in the Cape Colony. After the mutiny in March 1766, half of the crew and over 30 Malagasy were killed when the ship was allowed to go aground off Struisbaai, in what is now South Africa. The remains of the Meermin are still being sought by archaeologists. 9. Jesus of Lübeck The Free City of Lübeck was the site of construction for the carrack Jesus of Lübeck in the early 16th century. Henry VIII, King of England, purchased the vessel in 1540 after it had been used primarily as a representative vessel. In 1545, the ship participated in the French invasion of the Isle of Wight. After the Mary Rose sank during the Battle of the Solent, she and Samson were deployed in a futile attempt to raise the ship. John Hawkins, who arranged four expeditions to West Africa and the West Indies between 1562 and 1568, chartered the Jesus of Lübeck to a group of merchants in 1563. The ship then became involved in the Atlantic slave trade and contraband. In September 1568, near the coast of San Juan de Ula (present-day Vera Cruz, Mexico), Jesus and a few other English ships ran across a Spanish fleet. As a result of the ensuing conflict, Jesus was injured and eventually captured by the Spanish. Damage estimates for the ship were so high that it was sold to a local merchant for only 601 ducats. 10. French Corvette Robuste It was in 1789 and 1790 that the French corvette Robuste, purpose-built as a slaver and launched from Nantes, undertook her one and only trip. With a complement of 22 guns, she patrolled the Channel after being purchased by the French navy in December 1793. In 1796, she was seized by the British and renamed HMS Scourge for service in the Royal Navy. Before being sold by the British in 1802, she captured several French privateers, mostly in the West Indies. On May 10th, 1789, Captain J.B. Magré set sail from Nantes on Robuste towards West Africa. She got to the Îles de Los on the 6th of October, when she rounded up her slaves. On July 21st, she departed from the West Indies. On September 6th, she landed in Les Cayes and began selling her slaves there. For a loss rate of 10%, she had taken on 339 slaves and released 305. She left Les Cayes on March 4, 1790, and returned on April 23, the same year.	<urn:uuid:89c12f6e-af38-40c7-b612-8973f42bf3d4>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.havefunwithhistory.com/slave-ships/	2024-12-14T04:27:00Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066120473.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214024212-20241214054212-00220.warc.gz	en	0.980869	2,356	3.734375	4
Plants, like people, require a significant amount of water and nutrients to survive. Plants kept indoors or in pots will need to be fed more often than those outside since they do not have the benefits of the natural foods beneath the soil. According to most experts, you should fertilize your plants every two weeks, from early spring to mid-fall. This schedule may fluctuate a bit depending on the type of plant and condition but should suffice for most. What plants are you growing at home? Are they in good shape, or do they need a little pick-me-up? Do you have succulents, herbs, or flowers? These questions can help you determine the best fertilizer schedule for you. Table of Contents Why Give Your Plants Nutrients? In their natural habitat, plants are fed through decaying vegetation, wildlife, insects, and other elements that provide them with everything they need to thrive and grow. When placed inside a pot, even with the best potting soil, your plants are not getting a continuous flow of these nutrients. Purchasing a quality fertilizer with the right amount of essential ingredients such as nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus will ensure your plants have the optimum amount of energy-sustaining food for successful growth. Feeding Your Indoor Plants It is ideal to offer your indoor plants fertilizer at least once every two weeks during the spring, summer, and early fall months, then cut back or stop altogether in the winter. However, consider a few things when feeding the plants that might require you to add an extra dose or two. The Size of Your Plants Large plants or plants that bear fruits, vegetables, or big flowers require more nutrients for optimal growth and the energy to maintain production. If you have an array of smaller plants growing inside your home, they won’t require nearly as many resources, requiring smaller doses of fertilization. The Stage of Growth They Are In The growth stage your plant is in will play a role in the amount of fertilizer they need. Ill plants, larger plants, and recently re-potted plants will benefit from an extra dose between their regular schedule. Adding a little more during this time will help the plant grow and recover quickly. Older plants are also known for absorbing and using nutrients rapidly, which will also require extra feedings. The Type of Plant You Have Some plants adjust well to soil that lacks nutrients, making them less reliant on added fertilizers. For example, succulents tend to do very well without any fertilizer at all. On the other hand, vegetables are heavy feeders and require frequent fertilization while growing inside your home. Even indoor plants tend to go dormant during the winter. While in a dormant state, you do not need to provide any extra nutrients to the soil. In the dormant state, plants store nutrients and water in their roots and will not grow, which means they do not need nutrients to produce energy. At the same time, they cannot absorb any more nutrients even if they are available. It is also important to note that most plants require some extra food during the hot and humid summer months due to the energy used while surviving the heat. When offering your plants extra fertilizer in the summer, be very careful to avoid fertilizer burn. (We’ll talk more about this later in the post.) What Type of Fertilizer Should I Use? The fertilizer you use is an important factor when scheduling your plant’s feeding routine. There are fertilizers on the market specifically made for indoor plants. These products list the instructions on how often to feed each plant and how much. When using store-bought fertilizer, it is crucial to check the label, ensuring your flowers are receiving the best products out there. If you are providing your plants liquid fertilizer, they need a dose at least every two weeks. This type of nutrient solution is fast-acting and is absorbed quickly into the soil, then the plant roots. Slow-release fertilizer can help you space your feedings out a little bit longer than the liquid variety. These are tiny caplets that, as the name states, release nutrients slowly into the soil. Granular fertilizer comes in pellets or sticks that you push into the plant’s soil. The mix is released once you add water to the pot. These are also typically added to plants every other week. Tip: Liquid fertilizer offers a more accurate dose as granular options don’t provide an exact distribution rate since it is determined by how much water you give the plant for each feeding. \| Signs of Too Much and Too Little Fertilizer When feeding your plants, ensuring you give just the right amount of fertilizer will be the difference between a healthy, vibrant plant and a weak, sick one. Most people know that a lack of fertilizer can be bad for your indoor plants. However, many aren’t aware of the dangers of overdoing it. While most intentions are good, giving your plant a little more fertilizer won’t necessarily speed up growth or make it a little more vibrant. Just a tad too much can burn your plant’s roots and can even end up killing it. Signs Your Plant Needs More Fertilizer (Nutrient Deficiency) If your plant is healthy, there is no reason to apply fertilizer to the soil. However, there are some signs and symptoms to watch for that will indicate otherwise. - Lack of Nitrogen – The plant’s growth will slow down or stop without enough nitrogen. The leaves will be yellow and begin to wilt or droop. Plants that produce fruit will give off smaller-sized fruits. - Lack of Potassium – Small spots will develop on plant leaves when they don’t have enough potassium. These spots will grow and become large dull patches, and the tips will turn yellow and curl upwards. Roots will slow down growth, and the plant will become stunted. - Lack of Phosphorus – Without enough phosphorus, plant leaves will turn a dullish green, and the tips will turn brown. The roots will weaken, and the plant will produce small or no flowers. Tip: To get an even amount of the three nutrients listed above, consider purchasing an all-purpose fertilizer with a balance 20-20-20 formula. \| Signs You Are Giving Your Plant Too Much Fertilizer (Nutrient Toxicity) You never want to over-fertilize your plants. That’s why it is so important to read the labels on the fertilizer packages and follow the instructions to a T. Here are some ways you can tell if you are overdoing it when tending to your indoor garden: - The lower leaves on your plant will start to turn yellow and wilt - The tips of each leaf will start to turn brown and look dead - Rotting roots (blackish brown coloring) - Slow or stunted growth - Leaves will prematurely start to fall from the plant - A noticeable crust of dried fertilizer on top of the soil What Is Fertilizer Burn? When you think of fertilizer burn, the word burn probably makes you think of scorching or overheating, but that isn’t the case. Fertilizer burn is when you add too much fertilizer to the soil and it sucks the moisture right out of the plant, causing it to dehydrate and turn brown, making it look like it is burned. Giving Your Plants Nutrients Naturally If you aren’t keen on spending money on over-the-counter fertilizers or simply don’t want to use them when there are more natural ways to feed your plants, there are some great items around your kitchen that will do the trick. - Worm tea - Banana peels - Bone meal - Fish emulsion - Coffee grounds - Bat guano (bat poop) - Liquid kelp - Compost tea - Plant extracts - Animal manure (vegetarian animals only) - Rock phosphate - Aquarium water You can add any of these items to your plant’s pot (after mixing it up with soil of course), and it will create nutrient-dense compost that will keep your plant happy, healthy, and growing better than ever. Tip: Creating a compost pile at home is a great way to recycle food waste and organic material that would otherwise end up in the trash. \| Tips and Tricks When Giving Your Plants Nutrients While feeding your plants may seem straightforward, you can do many things to ensure the process goes as smoothly as possible and get the most out of your fertilizer. Here are a few great tips and tricks to keep in mind while plotting out your feeding schedule. Water Your Plant Before Adding Fertilizer Watering your plant before adding the fertilizer is something many professional gardeners suggest doing. This will help keep your roots from burning and help them absorb the nutrients quicker and easier. Test Your Soil Fertilizer isn’t one-size-fits-all, and some plants will require fertilizer more often than others. The best way to determine how much and how often your plants need a boost of nutrients is by keeping track of how quickly they absorb the food you give them. Test your soil every week or so with a kit until you can come up with the best schedule for fertilizing each of your plants, then stick to that schedule unless it shows signs that something needs to be changed. Dilute Your Fertilizer Read the label on the product you purchased to dilute your fertilizer to the appropriate mixture, then dilute it a little more. Most gardeners we asked say they get better results when over-diluting their fertilizer just a little bit, especially those who have plants that need to be fertilized often. Feed According to Growth Rate Some plants are naturally fast growers and require a lot more fertilizer during the growing months than plants that tend to grow slower. Some plants that are well-known for their rapid growth rate include: - Chain of Hearts - Grape Ivy - Lipstick Plant - Money Tree Some plants with a reputation to grow a bit slower include: - Cast Iron Plants - Dragon Tree - Snake Plants - ZZ Plants How Often Should I Give My Seedlings Nutrients? Seedlings thrive the best with an organic fertilizer containing plenty of phosphorus. Phosphorus is the crucial nutrient that stimulates root growth. For most seedlings, it is ideal to provide them with a dose of quality fertilizer, diluted at about half the recommended dose (unless otherwise instructed on the package for seedlings) about once a week. It is pretty easy to tell when your seedlings are getting too much or too little fertilizer. Too much fertilizer will lead to tall, lanky plants that do not produce many leaves. Too little fertilizer will stunt your plant’s growth and lead to little or no flower or fruit production. Tip: A good rule of a “green thumb” is to give your seedlings small amounts of fertilizer frequently, rather than large doses at one time. \| How Often Should I Give My Plants Nutrients? The easiest way to determine how often you should give your plants nutrients is to read the labels provided by the fertilizer brands. These labels will instruct you on how much and how often your specific plant needs to be fed, whether that is every time you offer them water or once a month. Summing Things Up Fertilizer is one of the most important factors that determine the health and growth rate of your indoor plants. Ensuring that they get enough nutrients is vital to your vegetation, providing them with everything they need to offer you a lush, vibrant, and beautiful natural indoor decor. While keeping them fed regularly should be part of a routine schedule, the best way to know when you should offer your plants nutrients is something you will learn over time after getting to know each one.	<urn:uuid:ae4129c6-cb34-4d85-ba65-bd49b5a85133>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://indoorhomegarden.com/how-often-should-i-give-my-plants-nutrients/	2024-12-10T18:38:29Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066067282.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210163759-20241210193759-00454.warc.gz	en	0.935076	2,478	3.234375	3
iii. THE TRADITIONAL HISTORY OF PERSIA The history of the Iranian lands, as known today and insofar as pre-Islamic Persia is concerned, is based on research initiated and largely carried out by Western scholars. The results of European research began to be available to Persians from about the mid-nineteenth century, when contacts with the West intensified. Before assimilating the results of European research on Persian history, however, the Iranians were in possession of a historical tradition that combined a mixture of myth, legend, and factual history. Its origins can be traced to the oral traditions relating to the Avestan figures in northeastern Persia, but these assumed a national character with the spread of Zoroastrianism, and continued to be orally transmitted until towards the end of the Sasanid period, when they were committed to writing in a semi-official book called Ḵwadāy-nāmag. After the advent of Islam, this book, which perhaps survived in more than one version, was translated into Arabic by Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ (q.v.; d. 757) and possibly by others as well. Later, Persian redactions of it, primarily based on Ebn al-Moqaffaʿ’s translation, were also made in both prose and verse, including one in prose ordered by Abu Manṣur ʿAbd-al-Razzāq (q.v.), a governor of Khorasan, around 960, of which only its introduction, usually referred to as “The Older Preface to the Šāh-nāma,” is extant. In all probability it served as the main source for Ferdowsi’s Šāh-nāma (completed in 1010), which contains the most extensive rendition of the traditional history. This pre-Islamic history of Persia, ultimately derived from the Ḵwadāy-nāmag, has been narrated also by writers in Arabic and Persian and at various lengths, among them Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh (9th cent.) in his al-Masālek wa’l-mamālek, Dināvari (d. 895) in Aḵbār al-ṭewāl, Tabari (d. 932), who provides, next to Ferdowsi, the most detailed information about Persian history in his Taʾriḵ al-rosol wa’l-moluk, Masʿudi (d. ca. 956) in his Moruj al-ḏahab and al-Tanbih wa’l-ešrāf, Hamza Eṣfahāni (d. after 961) in his Seni moluk al-arż wa’l-anbiyā, Yaʿqubi (d. second half of 9th cent.), Ebn al-Qotayba (d. 889) in his al-Maʿāref, Ebn Beṭriq (see Eutychius; d. 940), Maqdesi (d. 1004) in his al-Badʾ wa’l-taʾriḵ, Ṯaʿālebi (d. 1038), who appears to have used the same source as Ferdowsi, in his Ḡorar aḵbār moluk al-fors, Biruni (10th-11th cents.) in his al-Āṯār al-bāqia, and the anonymous author of Ne-hāyat al-erab (11th cent.), all of whom wrote in Arabic, as well as Gardizi (11th cent.) in Zayn al-aḵbār and the anonymous author of Mojmal al-tawāriḵ wa’l-qeṣasá (written in 1126), both writing in Persian, and also in part the authors of a number of Persian local histories such as Tāriḵ-e Boḵārā, a Samanid work by Naršaḵi, written originally in Arabic in 943-44, which only survives in its later and much extended Persian translation, the anonymous author of Tāriḵ-e Sistān (11th cent.), Ebn Balḵi in Fārs-nāma (written in 1111), and Ebn Esfandiār in Tāriḵ-e Ṭabarestān (13th cent.). The traditional history is reflected also in a number of Zoroastrian works written in Middle Persian in the 9th-10th centuries based on Sasanid tradition. Chief among these are Dēnkard (Books III, VII, and IX in particular), Bundahišn (especially chaps. xxxii and xxxv), and Ayād-gār ī Zarērān (qq.v.), a short epic which recounts the episode of the war between King Goštāsp and the Turanian (Turānian) Arjāsp (qq.v.), in which Zarēr, a son of Goš-tāsp, is killed (see Bibliography for details of the above sources). The traditional history, which can in fact be called Iranian “national history,” is divided into four sections. (1) The Pišdādid kings, from Gayomarṯ (q.v.), the initiator of kingship through Zav. These are the mythological world kings who rule over all creatures on earth. Theearlier ones have to face the challenge of the demonscreated by Ahriman. Through their teachings civilization progresses, arts and crafts are introduced, and useful institutions take shape. (2) The Kayānid kings, who may be divided into two lines, the major one from Kay Qobād, the founder of the dynasty, to Kay Ḵosrow, who disappears mysteriously together with his noble warriors, and the second line, which begins with king Lohrāsp and ends with Dārā(b), son of Dārā(b), who is defeated by Alexander the Great (qq.v.) and with whom the Kayānid dynasty comes to an end. (3) The Aškānid kings or the Arsacids (q.v.), who are dealt with in a summary fashion. (4) The Sasanids from Ardašir I to Yazdgerd III, who succumbs to the Muslim Arab invasion. From another perspective, the traditional history may be divided into three parts: (1) The mythological part and the cosmogonic account of the world kings. (2) Theheroic era that comprises the Kayānid period and constitutes the largest part of the traditional history with fascinating episodes in which the great warriors of the era such as Rostam, Gudarz (see GŌDARZ), Giv (see GĒV), and Bižan (q.v.) are the main protagonists. (3) The historical part that basically conforms to factual history, even though the account of the Arsacids is, as remarked above, too brief to amount to anything substantial and the Sasanid portion is mixed with legends and fanciful stories. To appreciate the traditional history, it will be helpful to recall the Persian pre-Islamic worldview that affects the general frame and orientation of this history. In the Avesta, where the earliest form of the national history is adumbrated, the context is a religious one, and the Persian kings and heroes as well as their opponents are bound to religious precepts and ruled by religious concepts. For instance, Jamšid (Av. Yima), who is chosen by Ahura Mazdā as the first guardian and ruler of the world, loses the divine grace or royal fortune (Av. xᵛarənah-, Mid. Pers. farrah, Pers. farr) bestowed on legitimate kings on account of his sinful pride, and as a result is vanquished by the tyrant Dahāk (in the Avesta, Aži Dahāka-, a three-headed dragon, Mid. Pers. Azdahāg/Dahāg; Arabicized into Żaḥḥāk, the form used by Ferdowsi). Afrāsiāb, the Turanian archenemy of the Persians, tries to capture farr, but fails. From the Dēnkard and the Bundahišn it is clear that the Sasanid rendition of national history was narrated within the framework of a religious worldview. The most prominent feature of this worldview is the primordial antagonism between Good and Evil symbolized by the confrontation between Ahura Mazdā and Ahriman. Anticipating Ahriman’s attack, Ahura Mazdā is prompted to create the tangible world or giti as a defensive rampart. Ahriman’s onslaught pollutes and contaminates giti, bringing about an admixture of good and evil which is our world. The age of this world, beginning with Ahriman’s defiant invasion, is conceived to be 6,000 years: 3,000 years to the appearance of Zoroaster, which comprises the Pišdādid and the heroic part of the Kayānid eras, and 3,000 years from Zoroaster to the end of time and the appearance of the Savior or Saošyant, who leads the forces of Good, defeats the forces of Evil, and renovates the world. Man is the creature of Ahura Mazdā and therefore intrinsically good, but he is susceptible to Ahrimanic temptations. He is to fight such temptations by following the precepts of the Good Religion, therebyassisting in the final triumph of Ahura Mazdā. Kings are leaders of the community, guardians of the society, and authors of its laws and institutions. They symbolize the identity and the unity of their nation; and they expect unswerving loyalty and obedience from their subjects while committing themselves, as was enunciated in their throne addresses, to rendering justice to all and upholding the dictates of religion and making the land prosper. History is in essence an account of their words, their laws, and their deeds. They lead their community, and they are responsible for maintaining the country in good order, preserving the integrity of the land and defending it against external enemies and internal dissent. Their legitimacy depends on divine grace or farr thatresides in good kings and assures their success; without it the kings lose their legitimacy. Therefore, as well as presenting a record of events, traditional history also aims to edify and educate and abounds in ethical precepts and didactic observations, buttressing the ideals of the society and affirming its underlying ethical tenets. A clear concept of Persian identity permeates the traditional history—a concept that may have originated in the Achaemenid period, but was definitely embraced by the Sasanids, who by calling themselves “kings of Iran and non-Iran (an-ērān)” clearly distinguished their own nation from the rest. The survival of this traditional history, promulgated through the widespread currency of the Šāh-nāma among the Persian-speaking people, has to a considerable extent been responsible for the survival of Persian identity in the face of long periods of rule by the Arabs and the Turks in Persia. Several features of the traditional history may be observed: Firstly, it makes no distinction between myth, legend, and fact. They all merge together in a unified and coherent narrative. The story of Tahmuraṯ, who rode on the back of Ahriman around the world for 30 years, and the story of Kay Kāvus who, Icarus-like, ascended into the sky with four eagles carrying his carriage (a similar venture is also recorded in the Alexander Romance), are related in the same vein as the events of the reign of Ardašir I, the founder of the Sasanid dynasty, or the Arab invasion. The traditional history is the product of an age of faith, not of critical reason. Secondly, in many respects the history reflects primitive conditions that must have had their roots in remote antiquity. For instance, battles are decided generally by single combats in which physical strength and the ability of individual warriors to wield weapons are the decisive factors. Another example is the frequent use in battles of lassos (kamand) and clubs (gorz), two ancient and primitive weapons. Warriors often engage in boasting conceits before battle, extolling their own superior strength and lineage and predicting their own victory, in order to weaken the morale of their opponents. Blood feud, a common tribal cause of warfare, is a major theme of the national history. The protracted feud between the Iranians and their close neighbors, the Turanians, originating from the murder of Iraj, the eponymous ancestor of the Iranians, by Tur, the forebear of the Turanians, runs through the entire first part of Kayānid period. In many other respects, the traditional history of the Pišdādid and Kayānid eras mirrors anachronistically the conditions prevailing in the Sasanid times when the Ḵʷadāy-nāmag was composed. For instance, the kings frequently send a “letter” to their vassals, their generals, or their opponents. The mobads (Zoroastrian priests) are present at the court, beside astrologers and “wise men” (beḵradān) to advise the king. The localities mentioned are generally those associated with Sasanid Persia. The building of Staḵr, the religious center of the Sasanids, is attributed to Gayomart; this city is the place where people offer allegiance to Hušang, the second Pišdādid king, and Jamšid makes it his capital. Kay Kāvus and Kay Ḵosrow set out for Fārs, their “residence,” after their victory over Afrāsiāb. The young Goštāsp, thefuture protector of Zoroaster, leaves the capital Balḵ and goes incognito to Rum (Byzantium), where he marries a Byzantine princess. It is clear that conditions prevailing in Sasanid or late Sasanid times have been grafted onto an old layer of the ancient narrative. In general, the mythical Pišdādid kings and the legendary Kayānids are cast in the mold of Sasanid monarchs: they begin their reign with an address from the throne, to which, following the Sasanid custom, the mobads and nobles respond in laudatory terms. Thirdly, the narration portrays a feudal society where the king wields absolute power by divine right, while a number of great houses enjoy local power, but bear allegiance to the king of kings. From a description of the Persian camp when Rostam’s son, Sohrāb, invades Persia at the head of a Turanian army, it is clear that each of these noble houses commanded its own army and had its own distinctive heraldic ensigns. The great warriors who play crucial roles in the epic part of the national history are drawn from these houses, often being their heads. For instance, the house of Sām, to which belong Zāl and Rostam, rules in Zābol and is repeatedly called upon to save the king and the country from the imminent disasters facing them. Despite the absolute power enjoyed by the kings, there are occasions when the nobles voice their objections to a king’s decision or conduct; for instance, Rostam angrily protests against Kāvus, who had objected to his arriving late at the capital when he had been summoned to the court. Fourthly, it does not use an annalistic approach to history and is not concerned with allotting precise dates to events; the succession of kings is deemed sufficient as a general chronological framing device for the narrative. Altogether it appears that the Ḵʷadāy-nāmag did not place any significance either on precise chronology or logistics. Nor was the analysis of the events the aim of the compiler(s) of the Ḵʷadāy-nāmag. The dramatic aspects of the events were emphasized; for instance, battle scenes are described in great detail, as are dialogues and verbal clashes amongst the leading warriors. Fifthly, the national history in the course of its evolution at the hand of narrators and minstrels combined different strands, originating in different periods and localities, not all of which fitted the general frame of the narrative. As a result, oddities and discrepancies dooccur, such as the warrior Zāl living long enough to see the reign of some nine kings and the daughters of Jamšid being rescued from the palace of the tyrant Dahāk after a thousand years of his reign. Sixthly, in Islamic times because of the penetration of the Turkic people into Central Asia, where the Turanians were supposed to have lived, Turan (Turān) becameerroneously identified with the Turks, and “Iran andTuran” often came to mean Persians and Turks, whereas in the original traditional history they are two Iranian tribes, both descending from Faridun but occupying different domains and often at war with each other, mostly as a result of blood feuds. Nonetheless they have close relations, and mixed marriages do occur between them. Some of the heroes of the Persian national epic, such as Kay Ḵosrow, Siāvaš, and Sohrāb, are in fact the offspring of a Persian father and a Turanian mother. Seventhly, the traditional history was intended not only to preserve and promote the ideals of the kingdom and its religion, but also to amuse and delight its own audience. Therefore, apart from casting the events in a fascinating and imaginative mold, it included many entertaining digressions. Ferdowsi, a perceptive poet of rare ability and verve, well understood the purport of the national history and placed his poetical genius at its service, emphasizing its edifying and dramatic aspects. THE CONTENT OF THE NATIONAL HISTORY Taking Ferdowsi and Ṯaʿālebi as well as Tabari as the main bases for our account, we may summarize the contents of the national history as follows: The history begins with Gayomarṯ (q.v., “living mortal”), the first world king, who lives in the mountains and wears a leopard skin. He lives and reigns for 30 years (in Zoroastrian lore Gayomarṯ is the prototype of mankind, created by Ahura Mazdā as the last of his creations; but he is injured in the course of Ahriman’s onslaught and dies after 30 years). Hušang, his grandson, follows him and avenges the killing of his own father Siāmak, Gayomarṯ’s son, by the Ahrimanic Black Demon. He is instrumental in the advance of culture and improves people’s lives by extracting iron from stone and making iron tools and weapons. He develops agriculture, introduces irrigation, domesticates useful animals, and makes use of their hide and fur. Hušang is considered to be the first of the Pišdādid (“created first”) kings, all civilizing world kings. He is followed by Tahmurat,¯ who extracts the art of writing from the demons, and then by Jamšid, the most illustrious of the ancient kings and a great “civilizer”: he discovers various techniques and arts such as the weaving of cloth and mining of metals and imparts the knowledge to his subjects. But towards the end of his reign, he is afflicted by hubris and deluded by the extent of his own power; he claims divinity, and as a result the farr leaves him. This leads to his downfall through the agency of the already mentioned Ahrimanic invader Dahāk, who rises from the desert, subdues the country, and rules over the Persian lands for a thousand years. His reign is one of tyranny and associated with years of drought. Two serpents have sprouted from his shoulders, and they need to be fed on young men’s brains. This eventually incites a rebellion among the people, led by Kāva, a blacksmith, whose many sons had been victims of Dahāk’s serpents, and who raises his leather apron as an emblem to gather the people together (later, adorned and bejeweled, it becomes the Persian royal flag). He seeks out a youth of royal blood by the name of Faridun (see FARĒDUN), brought up by his mother, Farānak, and fed by the milk of a wondrous cow. Faridun, who had also been hiding from Da-hāk’s men, now leads the assembled crowd and attacks Dahāk in his palace, clubs him with his bull-headed mace, and takes him to Mount Demavand, where he is left in chains. According to Zoroastrian lore, Dahāk’sfinal end will come at the end of time, when thepromised Savior appears. Faridun, a great king, has three sons: Iraj (q.v.), Salm, and Tur. He divides his realm between them, but the two elder brothers become jealous of the younger Iraj, who has been allotted Persia, the choicest part of the world. Consequently, they plot against him, and he is killed by Tur. The murder starts a blood feud between the descendents of Iraj and Tur, eponymous ancestors of Iranians and Turanians. Manučehr, the son of Iraj and the successor to Faridun, avenges the murder of his father by tracking down, defeating, and killing both Tur and Salm, but this act of vengeance only prolongs and intensifies the feud. Afrāsiāb, a descendent of Tur and the king of Turanians, invades Iranšahr and forces the Iranian army to retreat. Peace is finally reached when the two sides agree that an arrow be shot from Iran and wherever it lands be designated the boundary between Iran and Turan. Āraš (q.v.), the strongest archer in Persia, shoots the arrow from the Caspian province of Ṭabarestān. Assisted bydivine guidance, the arrow flies for a whole day and at sunset lands by the river Oxus, a boundary that Afrāsiāb has to reluctantly accept (the episode does not appear in the Sāh-nāma but is described in other sources, including Biruni). Under Manučehr, the exploits of the vassal kings of Sistān, headed by Sām and followed by his son Zāl and his grandson, the redoubtable Rostam, begin to unfold. It is also under Manučehr that Ferdowsi treats us to one of the most celebrated episodes of the traditional history: a white-haired son is born to Sām. In his shame he decides to abandon his son in the wilderness to perish; but Simorḡ, the miraculous bird, picks up the infant and takes him to its nest on a mountain peak, where it rears the child amidst its own brood. When the child grows into a young man, Simorḡ returns him to his father, who is now filled with remorse and, prompted by a prophetic dream, has been searching for him. The young Zāl grows into a matchless warrior and gains the approval of Manu-čehr. An adventurous and tender romance with Rudāba, the daughter of Mehrāb the king of Kabul and a descendant of Dahāk, leads to their marriage. The fruit of this union is Rostam, who has a difficult birth because of his unusually large size and has to be taken out from his mother’s womb by a “cesarean” operation, guided by Simorḡ. Rostam grows into a formidable warrior and an unsurpassed hero, who becomes the pre-eminent figure of the national epic through his phenomenal strength and his many victories against the Turanians and their foremost heroes. His marvelous steed Raḵš is a great help to him and performs many acts of valor. Some of his most famous adventures take place in his seven exploits (haft ḵʷān) during his journey to Māzandarān, where he had gone to rescue king Kāvus and save the country fromimminent danger. These exploits culminate in the fierce battle in which he fights and kills the White Demon. However, two episodes of single combat, in both of which he emerges with tragic irony as the victor, cast shadows over his brilliant career and foreshadow its end. In one he inadvertently slays his own exceptionally gifted young son Sohrāb, whom he fails to recognize, and in the other (see below), he finds himself compelled to fight and mortally wound the young and valiant prince Esfandiār, the son of Goštāsp. The two tragedies are treated by Ferdowsi with great art and bring out his poetic genius at its best. During the reign of Nowḏar, the son and successor to Manučehr, Afrāsiāb invades Iran. A fierce battle ensues, in which a great many leading warriors from both sides fall. Kāva’s son Kāren, the general of the Persian army, aided by Zāl, and their adversary, Vēsa, a brother of Afrāsiāb and the general of the Turanian army, all distinguish themselves on the field. In the end Afrāsiāb emerges victorious and captures and puts Nowḏar to death, occupies the Iranian throne, and lays waste to the country. In a fit of rage he even has his own brother, Aḡ-riraṯ, the noble warrior who had shown some compassion towards the Iranians, killed. But after a long period the country recovers, and Zāb, a prince related to the royal line, is proclaimed king. He is assisted by the formidable warrior Garšāsp, who is variously named a predecessor, a co-ruler, or a successor of Zāb. The reign of Zāb, who leaves no clear successor, is followed by an interregnum, at the end of which the Iranian noble houses dispatch Rostam to fetch from his mountain stronghold Kay Qobād, a prince of royal blood, who rebuilds Iranšahr and wages war against Afrāsiāb. He is the founder of the Kayānian dynasty (the names of whose kings all start with kay, Av. kavi- “king,” originally “seer or composer of religious hymns”). Kay Qobād is followed by Kay Kāvus, an ambitious and choleric and at times feckless king who becomes embroiled in a number of ill-advised ventures from which Rostam has to rescue him before disaster befalls him. But as well as these mishaps, some with a strong element of the supernatural and the marvelous, his reign contains one of the greatest depictions of heroism and tragedy in the traditional history, that of his brave and pious son Siāvaš. It begins in a way reminiscent of the Biblical and Qurʾānic stories of Joseph and Potiphar’s wife. Sudāba, a favorite wife of Kāvus, becomes infatuated with the young prince, but, when she is rebuffed, she accuses Siāvaš of having made amorous advances towards her. An ordeal of fire is set to test the prince’s innocence. He comes through the fire unscathed, but, to escape further guiles of the queen and court intrigues, he volunteers to lead the army against Afrāsiāb, who has attacked theIranian borders. Cautioned in a dream, Afrāsiāb agrees to Siāvaš’s terms for peace. Hearing that his son has made peace with the enemy, the bellicose Kāvus flies into a rage and orders him to send the prisoners to the capital and to renew his attack. Realizing that a breach of promise would be against his own chivalrous nature and a morally reprehensible act, Siāvaš declines to follow his father’s orders and return to the court. Persuaded by Pirān, the wise and well-meaning Turanian general and counselor, he agrees to take up residence in Turan, where Afrāsiāb welcomes him with kindness and gives his daughter Farangis to him in marriage. Siāvaš settles down and builds a marvelous castle in Turan as his abode, but Afrāsiāb eventually gives ear to his jealous and wicked brother Garsivaz and some others against Siāvaš and orders the execution of the innocent prince. The shedding of his blood only exacerbates the feudbetween the Iranians and the Turanians. Kay Ḵosrow, Siāvaš’s son, eventually manages to escape from Turan with the help of the warrior Giv and, once in Iran, remains determined to avenge the murder of his father. His long reign is marked by a rare combination of courage and saintliness. He eventually succeeds in destroying the Turanian army, trapping and killing Afrāsiāb and also, regretfully, Pirān, who had once saved his mother’s life and had brought him up. This brings a long chapter of continuous war between Iran and Turan to an end, although clashes do continue in later reigns. Kay Ḵosrow, having accomplished his duty, chooses to abandon the affairs of the world to devote himself entirely to meditation and prayer. Giving up the kingship, he names the pious Lohrāsp as his successor and disappears mysteriously together with all his noble warriors. With him the main line of the Kayānian dynasty comes to an end. Kay Lohrāsp is succeeded by his son, Goštāsp, during whose reign the prophet Zoroaster proclaims his new religion. According to Zoroastrian legend, this creates a rift between the Iranians, who accept the new religion, and the Turanians, who reject it. The Turanian king Arjāsp invades Iran and kills Lohrāsp, who had retired to a temple. Many warriors on both sides lose their lives, including Zarēr, Goštāsp’s son, who is then avenged by Zarēr’s brother, the mighty warrior Esfandiār. He has been promised the throne if he defeats the Turanian army and rescues his two sisters from captivity. He does so, but his father demurs and makes his own retirement conditional on his son’s expedition to Sistān to rebuke and bring back Rostam in fetters for his negligently discourteous behavior towards the royal court. Esfandiār, young, ambitious and seeing no other way than obeying his father’s command, goes to Sistan and challenges Rostam, who, as mentioned already, is reluctant to fight him. The prince is killed when Rostam aims his arrow at the one spot where Esfandiār, otherwise invincible, is vulnerable. Shortly afterwards Rostam himself is killed by the treachery of his envious and embittered brother Šoḡād, who plants arrows in a covered pit into which Rostam falls. Goštāsp is succeeded by Esfandiār’s son Bahman (q.v.), who avenges the death of his father by conquering and destroying Rostam’s province, Zābol, and killing Rostam’s brother and his son or, according to another tradition (Tabari, I, p. 687), Zāl and Rostam. Bahman is succeeded by his daughter Homāy (q.v.), whom he takes as his wife and who bears him a son, Dārā(b). Bahman’s other son, Sāsān, disenchanted with his father and the court, leaves the court and takes to a life of wandering (later he is claimed by the Sasanids as their eponymous ancestor). Dārā(b) is succeeded by his son Dārā(b) the Younger, the king who has to face Alexander and isdefeated by him. With his death, the long line of the Kayanians comes to an end, and the country falls to Alexander. In the Iranian historical tradition, Alexander has two entirely different images. One represents the Zoroastrian priestly view, which regards Alexander as an accursed, Ahrimanic figure who ruins Zoroastrian fire temples, kills mobads, destroys their manuscripts and reduces Iranšahr to a state of petty kingdoms devoid of unity or strength. This is the view found in 9th-10th century Zoroastrian books, notably Bundahišn and Dēnkard. The other is the much more familiar and widespread one based on the Pseudo-Callisthenes’ romance (see CALLISTHENES), in which Alexander becomes a son of Dārā the elder, born of Nāhid, a daughter of Philip (Filqus), and who is sent to Dārā as a bride. He was thus a half-brother of Dārā the younger and therefore a legitimate king of Iran. This is the version followed broadly by Ferdowsi and later, again with new variations, by Neẓāmi in his Eskandar-nāma, as well as in the prose Eskandar-nāmas (q.v.). In all these, there is a poignant encounter on the battlefield between the victorious Alexander and the fatally wounded Dārā, a victim of treachery by two of his own satraps. Dārā asks Alexander to avenge his blood and marry his daughter Rošanak. Alexander obliges and then sets out to conquer other lands. Among his many adventures are his encounter with Gog and Magog (Yaʾjuj wa Maʾjuj), two peoples mentioned in both Biblical and Qurʾānic eschatology, and his search for the water of eternal life in the Land of Darkness. This version of Alexander, depicting him as a wise and courageous ruler, must have foundcurrency during the Hellenistic period among the non-priestly Iranian circles (discussed by Nöldeke in hisBeiträge zur Geschichte des Alexanderromans, pp. 11-19, 34-42). Iranian traditional historiography knows little about the Seleucids. Tabari has a mere fleeting reference to Seleucus and Antiochus (q.v.). THE ACCOUNT OF THE ARSACIDS The Arsacids too are only mentioned briefly in the traditional history. Ferdowsi mentions about eight names from the long list of the Arsacid kings and attributes some 200 years to their reign, admitting that he is only familiar with their names (Šāh-nāma, ed. Khaleghi, VI, p. 139). This neglect of more than 500 years of Arsacid history can be attributed not only to the fading away of their memory soon after the demise of the dynasty and to the profound animosity of the early Sasanids towards them, prompting them to efface Arsacid accounts deliberately from all records, but also to the origins of the traditional history, which was inherited from the Avestan people, who did not go beyond the Kayānids even though the name of Vologases (Valaḵš) is mentioned in Dēn-kard as a good king who ordered the collection of the holy scriptures. Sasanid hostility also explains the almost complete lack of any monuments or inscriptions from Parthian times in Iran (except an insignificant inscription at Kāl Čangāl in Khorasan; see Henning, 1953). Nevertheless, the memory of some of the Arsacid kings has found a way of being obliquely remembered in the traditional history, and that is, as Nöldeke was the first to point out (Nationalepos, pp. 7-9), through the exploits of a number of noble houses such as Gudarz, Giv, and Milād (< Mehrdād) who bear the names of the Arsacid king of kings (in Gudarz's inscription in Bisotun, he is called the son of Giv, whereas in the Šāh-nāma and other versions of traditional history he is the father of Giv; it was customary to call grandchildren by the name of their grandfather). Mary Boyce attributes such insertions in the traditional history to the work of the minstrels or gō-sāns, who would sing the story of the exploits of great Arsacid kings to entertain the Arsacid court and the populace, mixing them with the account of traditional history (see GŌSAN). THE ACCOUNT OF THE SASANIDS In contrast to the terse account of the Arsacids, theaccount of the Sasanids is extensive. The succession of kings is historically accurate and is supported by numismatic evidence. The chronicle of events is, however, less accurate, systematic, and detailed than one would expect from a dynasty that kept court records (Christensen, pp. 66-67, quoting Masʿudi, Tanbih) and had a well-developed system of administration and scribal tradi-tion. In the account of the kings, the entertaining, the rhetorical, the moralizing, and the fanciful exceed historical facts and objective details of foreign policy, military logistics, and dateable events. Nor do we encounter any analytical discussion of motives or personalities.Instead, we are treated to a good deal of fictional and whimsical tales. Information about the relations between Iran and Rome, and later with Byzantium, is cursory and inadequate; the Armenian question is practically ignored, and succession conflicts before Šāpur II neglected. With Yazdgird I, the information provided about the kings becomes more factual, and yet we are offered only a selective account of the events, and the tendency to fiction-alize and romanticize remains intact. On the other hand, the throne addresses, the kings’ testaments, and their admonitions and counsels to their heirs at the time of death, descriptions of presaging dreams and their interpretations, the predictions of astrologers, hunting scenes, banquets, military reviews and pageantry, gifts received or bestowed, the dispatch and reception of envoys, andamorous adventures at the court are all vividly described. The last mentioned occupies a large space in the reign of Bahrām V (Gōr), depicted as a brave and debonair king who, according to Neẓāmi’s Haft Paykar, builds seven separate pavilions for his seven beautiful brides, each from a different land. The kings who arefavorable to priestly prerogatives, such as Ardašir I, Šāpur II, and Ḵosrow I, receive glowing praise; Yazdgird I, nicknamed the Sinner, who tried to curb the power of the clergy and treated religious minorities with a measure of impartiality and understanding, is, on the other hand, vilified. Altogether, history is treated not so much as a repository of facts, but more as a literature of entertainment. Ardašir is a descendent (or a grandson) of Sāsān, a son of the Kayānian Bahman, who is sent to Ardavān’s court to receive a good education. His audacity angers Ardavān, who gives him a humiliating job. Ardašir decides to run away and return to his father’s court, together with a favorite concubine of the king. On the way the Kingly Fortune (farr) joins him in the shape of a ram. He raises the banner of revolt and defeats and kills Ardavān in a decisive battle. Then he sets out to bring the rest of Iranšahr under his control. Among his famous exploits is his overcoming of Haftvād or Haftānbōxt (qq.v.), a dragon in a fortified castle. He sneaks into the castle in the guise of a merchant offering goods as gifts or for sale, gains the confidence of the dragon’s guards, and succeeds in killing it by pouring molten lead into its throat. Having restored unity to the land, he organizes its administration and the affairs of the four social estates. He builds a great many cities and founds many fire temples, having already restored the good religion. An able vizier Abarsām (q.v.) and a wise counselor, Tansar (or Tōsar), help him in this task. He leaves a testament to his son Šāpur on good government and appropriate conduct. No mention is made of Kerdīr, the Zoroastrian arch-mobad either here or during the reign of the next three Sasanid kings, in spite of his profound influence in merging secular and religious institutions and transforming the Sasanid state into a theocratic one. The following are two other fanciful episodes andstories from the life of the founder of Sasanid dynasty, essentially embodying some floating motifs and wandering episodes from Persian tales and popular stories: Ar-dašir has vowed to leave no one from the house of the Arsacids alive. When he discovers that he has inadvertently married a daughter of Ardavān (or an Arsacid princess) brought up in obscurity, he entrusts her execution to his vizier (or according to the Kārnāmag ī Ardašir Pāpaḡān, a Mid. Pers. work, to the chief mobad). Thevizier, discovering that the princess is pregnant, hides her in his house and brings up the child himself. Years later, when Ardašir, who has remained childless, expresses his contrition, the vizier reveals what he had done, much to the king’s joy. At the same time he asks the king to open the box that he had given to the king years before. In it Ardašir finds the severed manhood of the vizier as a proof of his innocence against possible charges that he himself had fathered the child. The other story concerns his son Šāpur. Ardašir, warned in a dream that a descendent of Mehrak, a former rebel whom he had destroyed, would ascend the throne, seeks to uproot Mehrak’s progeny. Mehrak’s daughter, however, is brought up in secret, and Šāpur, the crown prince, falls in love with her on a chance visit and secretly marries her. By the boldness exhibited by their son Hormozd in a game, Ardašir discovers the affair and is gratified by the unexpected way that his dream has been realized. The above give a flavor of the manner in which the life and career of the Sasanid kings are treated in the traditional history (for some episode and stories attached to the life of other Sasanid kings see Yarshater, Camb. Hist. Iran, III/2, pp. 382-83). THE ABSENCE OF MEDIAN AND ACHAEMENID HISTORY The Median rulers and the early Achaemenid kingsCyrus the Great, Darius, and Xerxes are conspicuous by their absence from Iranian traditional history. This is all the more astonishing as the Achaemenid era is the most illustrious period of Persian history and one would have thought that their memory would be preserved in the Iranian consciousness as a golden age of which the Persians could be justly proud. But one need not go too far to find a plausible explanation for this strange national amnesia: When the Zoroastrian faith began to spread, probablybefore the Achaemenids came to power, it carried with it its own historical tradition inherited from ancient times and later included in Zoroastrian lore. In its progress, Zoroastrian traditions effaced local traditions. Only what pertained to the new faith and had its seal of approval was deemed worthy of preserving and recounting—the attitude of the Islamic Republic of Iran in its early years towards Iranian kings provides a telling parallel. With the firm establishment of Zoroastrian religion in Iran, the traditions of western and southern Iran, which did not figure among the new faith’s tradition, went overboard and were gradually forgotten. Traces of such traditions survive only through external evidence by the Greeks who were in touch with the Medes and the Persians. The spread of Hellenism in Iran after Alexander and more than one hundred years of Seleucid rule helped separate the Iranian elite from their Achaemenid past and its memories, and the priesthood, which was interested only in the Avestan tradition, had no incentive to keep them alive; on the contrary, they most probably regarded them as reflections of a pagan era and hence objectionable. Thus, it came about that the Persians forgot all about the Medes and the Achaemenids before Artaxerxes I, by whose time Zoroastrianism had become dominant in Iran and the Zoroastrian calendar adopted by the Achae-menids (see CALENDAR i). As a result, what had been originally a local tradition, that is, the tradition of the Avestan people in the northeast, assumed the character of national history. The fact that the priests constituted almost the only literate stratum of the society and were in control of all matters relating to education facilitated the process. With the development of Middle Iranian languages and scripts, the evidence available throughacquaintance with cuneiform inscriptions, Aramaic documents, and other relics of pre-Alexandrian times was no longer available or used. During the long reign of the Arsacids, the memory of the Medes and Achaemenids, even if it had survived the Seleucid period, faded away completely, and there is no evidence that the early Sasanids, even though they were from Persis, had any recollection of pre-Alexandrian dynasties. What they knew about the past was what they were taught by the Zoroastrian tradition (see Yarshater, 1971; Wiesehöfer, pp. 157-58; Kettenhofen, pp. 49-75). Thus, they knew of Pišdādid and Kayānid kings, and thought that Alexander had defeated the “Kayānian” Dārā, and, when they wanted to bolster their legitimacy, they claimed descent from the Kayānids (Bahman and Homāy through their son Sāsān according to the Šāh-nāma), as the Arsacids had done before them, when they claimed descent from Esfandiār. The existing versions of the traditional history have naturally gone through a certain degree of Islamization and have had their strong Zoroastrian aura jettisoned. This also explains Arabic rendition of Iranian names by Arabic forms, such as Żaḥḥāk for Dahāk and Kay Qobād for Kay Kavād. Zoroastrian traces, however, can bedetected in such versions, particularly the Šāh-nāma, which had some Zoroastrians among its sources (Taqi-zadeh, 1920, pp. 9-11). For instance, repeatedly one swears by the Sun and the Moon and the Stars that have divine status in Zoroastrianism; and there is the fact that tyrants such as Dahāk and Afrāsiāb are presented as the agents of Ahriman. THE IDEOLOGY OF THE TRADITIONAL HISTORY As expected, the Ḵwadāy-nāmag reflected and supported the ideology of the Sasanid Persia, both political and religious. Absolute obedience to the king, who enjoyeddivine rights through the agency of the royal farr, was considered a prime necessity for a well-ordered society and a stable government. It is preached in royal addresses and testaments and in the words of sages and the mobads and is exemplified in the deeds of the noble warriors and manifested in their subservience to the king. It also served to confirm and promote the strict observance of the distinction between social classes, which was deemed necessary to maintain social order. To lend greater credi-bility and irrefutability to the division of the people into social classes (basically consisting of warriors, priests, and toilers, with some variation, including the addition of bureaucrats and professionals as a separate class), it was attributed by some sources to Jamšid and by some others to Ardašir. A tradition in the Bundahišn (chap. xxxv) implies that they were instituted by Zoroaster himself, whose three sons were each placed at the head of a social estate. Many of the political views and moral precepts were expressed through “wisdom literature” (see ANDARZ), specimens of which we see scattered in the Šāh-nāma, particularly in the Sasanid section in the course of dialogues between the kings and their counselors, royal pronouncements, and the utterances of the viziers, mobads, and “wise men.” The andarz corpus of Bozorgmehr-e Boḵtagān (q.v.), the famous sage and counselor at the court of Ḵosrow I, whose own historical existence has been refuted, is a case in point. Thus the traditional history, far from reflecting a search for critical facts, is a work which combines myth and legend, fact and fantasy, wonder and wit, moral precepts and rules of conduct, examples of heroism, loyalty, ambition, and sacrifice, and human frailty in the clutches of an inexorable fate; and it aims to instruct, entertain, edify, and bolster the sense of Iranian identity according to the Iranian worldview of the Sasanid era. Avesta, K. F. Geldner, ed., Avesta. Die heiligen Bücher der Parsen, 3 vols. in 1, Stuttgart, 1886-95; tr. James Darmesteter, Le Zend-Avesta:Traduction nouvelle avec commentaire historique et philologique, 3 vols., Paris, 1892-93; repr. Paris, 1960. Ayādgār ī Zarērān, in J. M. Jamasp-Asana, Pahlavi Texts contained in the codex MK, 2 pts., Bombay, 1897-1913. Abu Rayḥān Biruni, Ketāb al-āṯār al-bāqia ʿan al-qorun al-ḵālia, ed. Eduard Sachau as Chronologie orientalischer Völker von Albêrûnî, Leipzig, 1878; several reprints. Mary Boyce, A History of Zoroastrianism I-II, HO I/VIII/1, 2/2A, Leiden, 1975-82. Idem and Frantz Grenet, A History of Zoroastrianism III, HO I/VIII/1, 2/2, Leiden, 1991. Bundahišn, ed. and tr. B. T. Anklesaria, as Zand-Ākāsīh: Iranian or Greater Bundahišn, Bombay, 1956; also see under Bundahišn in “Short References and Abbreviations of Books and Periodicals” for various facsimile eds. Arthur Christensen, L’Iran sous les Sassanides, 2nd ed., Copenhagen, 1944. Dēnkard, ed. D. M. Madan, as The Complete Text of the Pahlavi Dinkard, 2 vols., Bombay, 1911; ed. D. P. Sanjana and P. B. Sanjana, as The Dinkard, 19 vols., Bombay, 1874-1928. Abu Ḥanifa Dinavari, al-Aḵbār al-ṭewāl, ed. Vladimir Guirgass, Leiden, 1888. Ebn al-Balki, Fārs-nāma, ed. Guy Le Strange and R. A. Nicholson as The Fársnáma of Ibnu’l-Balkhí, GMS, Cambridge, 1921. Ebn Beṭriq (Eutychius), Annales, ed. L. Cheikho, Beirut, 1906-09. Ebn Esfandiār, Tāriḵ-e Ṭabarestān, tr. E. G. Browne as An Abridged Translation of the History of Ṭabaristān, Leiden and London, 1905; ed. ʿAbbās Eqbāl Āštiyāni, 2 vols., Tehran, 1941. Ebn Ḵordāḏbeh, Ketāb al-masālek wa’l-mamālek, ed. M. J. de Goeje, BGA, Leiden, 1889; 2nd ed., Leiden, 1967. Ebn Qoṭayba, al-Maʿāref, ed. Ṯarwat ʿOkāša, Cairo, 1960. Idem, ʿOyun al-aḵbār, ed. A. Zaki al-ʿAdawi, 4 vols., Cairo, 1925-30. Gardizi, Zayn al-aḵbār, ed. ʿAbd-al-Ḥayy Ḥabibi, Tehran, 1968. Ḥamza Eṣfahāni, Ketāb taʾriḵ seni moluk al-arż wa’l-anbiāʾ, ed. and Latin tr. J.-M.-E. Gottwaldt, 2 vols., St. Petersburg and Leipzig, 1844-48. Ferdowsi, Šāh-nāma, ed. Djalal Khaleghi-Motlagh, Bib. Pers., Persian Text Series, n.s. 1, New York, 1987- . W. B. Henning, “A New Parthian Inscription,” JRAS, 1953, pp. 132-36; repr. in Selected Papers II, Acta Iranica, 2nd Series, 14-15, 2 vols., Tehran and Liège, 1977, pp. 409-13. Kārnāmag ī Ardašir Pāpaḡān, ed. E. K. Antia, Bombay, 1900. Erich Kettenhofen, “Die Einforderung der achaimenidischen Territorien durch die Sāsāniden - eine Bilanz,” in S. Kurz, ed., Yādnāme-ye Iraj Khalifeh-Soltani, Aachen, 2002, pp. 49-75. Moṭahhar b. Ṭāher Maqdesi, Ketāb al-badʾ wa’l-taʾriḵ, ed. and tr. Clément Huart as Le livre de la création et de l’histoire, 6 vols., Paris, 1899-1919. Masʿudi, Moruj al-ḏahab, ed. and tr. Charles Barbier de Meynard and Abel Pavet de Courteille as Les prairies d’or, 9 vols., Paris, 1861-1917; rev. ed. Charles Pellat, 7 vols., Beirut, 1962-79. Idem, Ketāb al-tanbih wa’l-ešrāf, ed. M. J. de Goeje, BGA, Leiden, 1894. Mojmal al-tawāriḵ wa’l-qeṣasá, ed. M.-T. Bahār, Tehran, 1939. Naršaki, Tārik-e Bo-ḵārā, ed. M.-T. Modarres Rażawi, Tehran, 1940; 2nd ed. Tehran, 1972; tr. R. N. Frye as The History of Bukhara, Cambridge, Mass., 1954. Nehāyat al-erab, tr. (abridged) by E. G. Browne, JRAS, 1900, pp. 195-259. Theodor Nöldeke, Geschichte der Perser und Araber zur Zeit der Sasaniden, aus der arabischen Chronik des Tabari übersetzt, Leiden, 1879; repr. Leiden, 1973. Idem, Beiträge zur Geschichte des Alexanderromans, DOAW 38, 1890, no. 5. Idem, “Das iranische Nationalepos,” in Grundriss der iranischen Philologie II, Strasburg, 1896-1904, pp. 130-211. Abu Manṣur Ṯaʿālebi, Ḡorar aḵbār moluk al-fors, ed. and tr. Hermann Zotenberg as Histoire des rois des Perses, Paris, 1900. Moḥammad b. Jarir Ṭabari, Ketāb taʾriḵ al-rosol wa’l-moluk, ed. M. J. de Goeje et al., 15 vols., Leiden, 1879-1901; repr. Leiden, 1964; tr. by various scholars as The History of al-Ṭabarī, ed. Ehsan Yar-Shater, Albany, N.Y., 1985- . Tāriḵ-e Sistān, ed. M.-T. Bahār, Tehran, 1935; tr. Milton Gold as The Tārikh-e Sistān, PHS, Rome, 1976. S. H. Taqizadeh, “Manšaʾ-e aṣli wa qadim-e Šāh-nāma,” Kāveh 5/10, October 1920, pp. 9-14; repr. in Hezāra-ye Ferdowsi (The Millennium of Ferdowsi), Tehran, 1943, pp. 17-107. Aḥmad b. Abi Yaʿqub Yaʿqubi, Ketāb al-boldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje, BGA, Leiden, 1892; 2nd ed., Leiden, 1967. Idem, Taʾriḵ, ed. M. T. Houtsma as Historiae, Leiden, 1883. Josef Wiesehöfer, Ancient Persia from 550 BC to 650 AD, tr. A. Azodi, London and New York, 1996. Ehsan Yarshater, “Iranian Historical Tradition,” in Camb. Hist. Iran III/1, chap. 10(b), pp. 359-477 (with extensive bibliography). Originally Published: December 15, 2004 Last Updated: March 29, 2012 This article is available in print. Vol. XIII, Fasc. 3, pp. 299-307 Ehsan Yarshater, “IRAN iii. TRADITIONAL HISTORY,” Encyclopædia Iranica, XIII/3, pp. 299-307, available online at http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-iii-traditional-history (accessed on 30 December 2012).	<urn:uuid:043bf65e-1a83-48b9-bd43-67dcaa28d08c>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-iii-traditional-history	2024-12-03T06:01:20Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066131502.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203041612-20241203071612-00100.warc.gz	en	0.949202	12,934	3.21875	3
In 1949, after living and working in the US for 30 years and making his home in Durham for over 10 years, Der Wo, the owner and operator of Durham’s first, very popular, Chinese restaurant was joyfully reunited with his family for the first time in 18 years. Der Wo was originally from the Chinese province of Guangdong (called Canton by Westerners of the time) near Hong Kong. He immigrated to the US to work in Chinese restaurants in Washington DC. Before he came to Durham, he had 16 years of experience in the Chinese/American restaurant business. Der Wo brought his skills and joined a venture in Durham backed by the very successful sister restaurant, also the Oriental, based in Charlotte NC. Although the term “Oriental” is no longer used to identify people of Asian ancestry, in the period of the founding of this cafe, the term was widely used. The term “Chinese /American” more accurately reflects the people born in China who lived and worked in the United States. Chinese /American cuisine had been a national fad in urban areas across the United States since the early 1900s. By the mid-1930s, Chop Suey, the common name for a Chinese/American adaptation of stir fry, was only available in Durham as a canned good from La Choy, founded in the US midwest in 1922, or from the Pines Tea Room near Chapel Hill, run by a Mrs. Vickers. The Immigration Act of 1790 and the Chinese Exclusion Acts, in force from the 1880s until 1942, meant that Der Wo could not become a US citizen. In 1915 a court action opened the door for more Chinese restaurant workers to enter the US, but this immigration was tightly controlled. In the 1930 US Census, Durham had only 3 people identified as Chinese-born. Nonetheless, by 1938 downtown Durham had the Oriental Restaurant, a thriving Chinese/American eatery. The Oriental, like other Chinese-owned businesses, followed Exclusion era practices by employing Chinese “bachelor” cooks and staff, several of whom lived on the premises. In the 1940 Census, Der Wo and five of his employees were listed as living above the restaurant on Parrish St. A system of mutual support developed among Chinese/Americans and among business owners and restauranteurs called Huiguan. This relatively informal association system was similar to clans or a guild system for the management of both the supply of Chinese food and specialty products, and the flow of restaurant workers into the United States. The small staff of Chinese men gathered in Durham in the mid-1930s to open the new Chinese restaurant. The Oriental was essentially a 90-seat `white tablecloth restaurant well-sited in downtown Durham about equidistant from the two largest hotels in the downtown area and two blocks from the busy passenger train station. The Oriental was whites only. The operators chose Parrish St, also known as the “Black Wall Street,” because of proximity to patrons via the railroad and hotels, but the business did not make any accommodation for black patrons. The presence of Black Wall Street in a white downtown was an anomaly as was a segregated Chinese Restaurant just steps from the two largest black-owned enterprises in the city. By the early 1940s, a Chinese restaurant for black patrons, the Asia Cafe, was established about a mile from the Oriental. Located in Hayti, Durham’s black business district, the restaurant was near the important intersection of Fayetteville St and Pettigrew St. The Asia Cafe was operated by Hugh Wong. The site was taken under urban renewal as part of Durham Freeway. The Oriental used many of the marketing tools available in the 1930s. Der Wo advertised his restaurant in the Duke Chronicle, UNC’s Daily Tar Heel, and the Durham newspapers as well as the City Directories and the telephone books. Der Wo arranged for civic groups to hold meetings and banquets in his facility. In addition to supporting the American war effort during World War Two via war bond drives and other donations, Der Wo’s earlier activism included support for the nationalist Chinese cause including holding a banquet at the Oriental in honor of a barnstorming Chinese aviatrix raising funds for the support of the nationalists against the Japanese. A grand opening for the Oriental was held on Saturday June18th 1938 and the restaurant was a hit from the start. Der Wo with the backing of the owner of the Oriental in Charlotte had rented a white brick two-story restaurant building with granite details likely built in the late teens or early twenties. Since he came from restaurants in more architecturally sophisticated urban Washington DC, the Oriental exterior was modernized in the Moderne style with full plate glass doors and windows surrounded by opaque panels of pigmented structural glass, probably Vitrolite, in ivory and black . The name “The Oriental Restaurant” was in a green bamboo style script in the glass panel above the front facade and there was a neon sign. The colors of the renovated interior were cream and brown and the main dining room seated 60 and included both high booths and tables. There was an adjoining dining room seating 30 for meetings. The restaurant was fully air-conditioned at a time that many offices and hotel rooms were not. The preferred Chinese/ American dish in the 1930s remained Chop Suey, but in a recent survey on social media of long-term Durham residents now in their 60’s and older, the Oriental’s Chicken Chow Mein is the most frequently remembered dish. The owner of a local plumbing company was so fond of the Oriental that his family ate there once a week throughout the 1950s and 1960s and many survey respondents remembered special Sunday lunches at the Oriental. The judgment concerning the popularity of the Oriental’s Chow Mein is verified in a 1950s newspaper article about the long-time cook at the Oriental, Frank Dea Toy. George Lougee, a local newspaper reporter for the Durham Herald Sun, wrote affectionately not only about Der Wo, but also about the kitchen workers like Frank Dea Toy over several decades. Lougee’s primary beat was the Courts, and the Oriental was just around the corner from the Courthouse and jail. Among the most interesting aspects of the Oriental story is Der Wo and his family’s path from China to Durham which was detailed in Lougee’s 1949 feature newspaper story about the reunion of Der Wo and his family after the long separation because of the Chinese Exclusion Act and the disruption of World War II. In 1919, Der Wo immigrated from China via San Francisco to Washington DC to make his way in the restaurant business. No doubt he improved his English and he learned about the operations of restaurants. In 1931 Der Wo was successful enough to make the two-month journey to return to China to marry. Der Wo’s parents had arranged his marriage to Wu Mei On, an eligible young woman. Before Der Wo returned to the US about a year later, Wu Mei On had had a daughter and was pregnant. Wu Mei On and her children lived with Der Wo’s parents. Der Wo returned to the restaurant business in Washington DC in 1932 before coming to Durham in late 1937. In 1941, the Japanese bombed and invaded the British Crown Colony of Hong Kong immediately after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The danger and brutality of the attack prompted the extended Der Wo family to flee into the interior of China. After a few months, they returned to Hong Kong to find their home intact and they resumed their lives there. In some of the records of the census and other Federal agencies from the 1930s and 1940s, Der Wo is listed as white. In 1949 Der Wo began Naturalization proceedings and was finally reunited with his wife and met, for the first time, his 18-year old son. Part of the delay in the reunion was because of immigration restrictions. Both his wife and son had to come to the United States on temporary visas. The family lived together for a number of years and two other sons were born. In 1953 Der Wo, suffering from heart disease, died of a sudden heart attack, and his wife and older son were forced to take over the operation of the restaurant. In 1954 Federal Immigration and Naturalization authorities contacted the family about possible deportation because of the lapsed visa status of both Der Wo’s wife and older son. Lougee wrote about the family’s immigration situation and gathered local support. With the assistance of Congressman Carl Durham, a private bill was introduced and approved by Congress and signed by President Eisenhower to allow the family to stay together in Durham. With the help of her son and the restaurant staff, Mrs Der Wo operated the restaurant successfully throughout the 1950s despite her limited English language skills. In a mid-1950s feature story, Frank Dea Toy, cook at the Oriental, was featured. Dea Toy claimed, to newspaperman Lougee’s astonishment, that after living in Durham for over twenty years he had never been to any sort of ball game nor had he attend more than one movie a year. Radio and television were, he said, too “noisy.” The isolation of the Chinese workers was further illustrated by Lougee’s reporting on a 1944 fatal hit and run accident that killed an Oriental employee who was walking in Durham with two Chinese colleagues. The death was never solved. By the early1960’s a shift in the primary shopping areas from downtown Durham to the suburbs north and south of Durham’s city center was well underway and the lunch and dinner trade at the Oriental were likely a fraction of what they had been. Urban renewal was in the planning stages and the face of Durham was changing. Civil rights protest was also rising, and in May 1963 the Oriental was a site at which Black students, primarily from North Carolina Central University (then College), staged a late afternoon peaceful sit-in. Sit-in leaders asked to be served on behalf of their 60 followers and were refused by management. Some students left, but 48 waited for the police to charge them with unlawful trespass. All were charged and released without bond. By 1964 the formal process of downtown Durham redevelopment using Federal funds was underway. The passenger train station in downtown Durham was closed and one of the two major downtown hotels closed as well. No doubt redevelopment was a part of the decline of the Oriental. Mrs. Der closed the Oriental in 1966. The building itself was not demolished until the early 1970s. The ultimate causes of the closure of the restaurant may have been the aging of the staff and owner, but other factors may have included the aging infrastructure and the changes in the surrounding business climate. In the face of public accommodation laws, urban renewal programs, the Durham Freeway, and the end of official segregation, the Oriental did not survive. Many thanks to my colleagues, Yunyi Wang and Luo Zhou, and to Prof. Calvin Cheung-Miaw for their editorial assistance. Select Bibliography/ Further Reading: Bow, Leslie. Partly Colored : Asian Americans and Racial Anomaly in the Segregated South. New York: New York : New York University Press, 2010. Carter, Susan B. “Celestial Suppers: The Political Economy of America’s Chop Suey Craze, 1900-1930.” Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference, 2009. Unpublished but available online, https://apebhconference.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/carter1.pdf Chen, Yong. “The Rise of Chinese Food in the United States.” Oxford University Press, 2017. Chen, Yong. “Chop Suey, USA : The Story of Chinese Food in America.” New York: New York : Columbia University Press, 2014. Coe, Andrew. Chop Suey : A Cultural History of Chinese Food in the United States. New York: New York : Oxford University Press, 2009. Desai, Jigna , and Joshi, Khyati Y. , eds. Asian Americans in Dixie : Race and Migration in the South. Urbana: Urbana : University of Illinois Press, 2013. Edwards, Christopher. “Homeland Comfort in an Alien Land: The Role of the Huiguan in Exclusion Era Los Angeles.” The Toro Historical Review 6.1, 2019. Hinnershitz, Stephanie. A Different Shade of Justice : Asian American Civil Rights in the South. Chapel Hill: Chapel Hill : The University of Carolina Press, 2017. Holaday, J. Chris, and Patrick Cullom. Classic Restaurants of Durham. Charleston, SC: Charleston, SC : American Palate, a Division of The History Press, 2020. Jung, John. Sweet and Sour: Life in Chinese Family Restaurants. Cypress, Calif.: Yin and Yang Press, 2010. McGrath, Raymond and Frost, A.C. Glass in Architecture and Decoration. London: The Architectural Press, 1937. Mendelson, Anne. Chow Chop Suey : Food and the Chinese American Journey. New York: New York : Columbia University Press, 2016. Mohl, Raymond A., Van Sant, John E. and Chizuru Saeki, eds. Far East, Down South : Asians in the American South. Tuscaloosa: Tuscaloosa : The University of Alabama Press, 2016.	<urn:uuid:d1bc65b9-2d1a-4e14-8741-d5f06753341b>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://blogs.library.duke.edu/blog/tag/durham/	2024-12-14T23:10:01Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066127077.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214212257-20241215002257-00042.warc.gz	en	0.96642	2,778	2.578125	3
One of the greatest stories of friendship and loss (in fact the world’s oldest story, period) has just been translated for children: Gilgamesh the Hero written by Carnegie Medal-winning Geraldine McCaughrean, illustrated by David Parkins (Eerdmans, 95 pp., $18, ages 9 and up). Gilgamesh is a millennium and a half older than the Iliad, and tells the story of the Sumerian King of Uruk (who lived circa 3000 BC in what is now Iraq) as he comes to terms with the hard fact of mortality. It is an affecting, vivid, and multilayered story. At its center is the friendship between a king who drives his people hard to build a city of timber and a savage man named Enkidu who lives with animals until civilized by a city harlot. Archetypally inclined readers see this as the story of culture and nature in tension and in league. Gilgamesh and Enkidu fight each other and then in turn slay the Guardian of the Forest and the Bull of Heaven. These outrages to the gods cannot go unpunished. Enkidu dies and Gilgamesh mourns, with all the intensity and consequence of Achilles, Electra, and other tragic figures. Gilgamesh goes to the edge of the known world to meet a man granted immortality by the gods, seeking the same for himself. That man, Utnapishtim, tells him the story of the flood, which children will be interested to learn morphed over time into the Bible’s Noah story. And he gives Gilgamesh a chance at immortality that Utnapishtim, weakened by his grief and quest, simply cannot achieve. The story of Gilgamesh was written on stone tablets that were first recovered by British explorers in the Victorian era. McCaughrean does a fine job, crafting the tale so that it is both readable for children (the harlot scenes, for example, are well handled) but not overelaborated and moralized. In an exception, she asserts that killing displaces the fear of death, but given the tale and our times who can blame her? The odd unfamiliar English word like ”footling” pulls one up but does not stop the reader. Parkins’s pictures honor the story’s ancient and raw feeling. Another successful retelling from England is The Random House Book of Shakespeare Stories, by Andrew Matthews, illustrated by Angela Barrett ($20.95, 117 pp., ages 7 and up). These distillations of eight of Shakespeare’s most famous plays are spare compared with the decade-old classic Shakespeare Stories by Leon Garfield, illustrated by Michael Foreman. For his versions, Garfield, a top juvenile novelist, transformed each play into a novella, brilliantly weaving the many strands of each into a coherent and engaging narrative. Matthews, by contrast, drops or tightens side plots and eliminates some characters, compressing the plays into almost Aesopian revelations (indeed, each ends with a summarizing line drawn from the play itself). The strategy works, especially for younger readers, except in the case of Twelfth Night where the pace is dizzying and the liberties large. (Where is Olivia’s veil? Why no Feste? And wait a minute, Viola never appears in women’s clothes!) The writing is strong and Barrett’s illustrations are fabulous. Her special, but certainly not only, talent is conveying held-back emotion. Were I to win the lottery (a favorite fantasy, even for the nonplayer), I would buy a copy of Robin Hirsch’s FEG: Ridiculous Poems for Intelligent Children, illustrated by Ha (Little, Brown, $15.95, 48 pp., ages 10 and up) for every fifth-grader in America-and maybe every college freshman, too. Yes, poetry is emotion recollected in tranquility, but it’s also playing in the muck of language. That’s Hirsch’s emphasis. Published last year, the book was born out of Hirsch and his two sons’ everyday fooling around with words “at home, in the car, at the beach, in restaurants.” Alliteration, eye rhymes, spoonerisms, sonnets, and much more are well explained and exemplified. With its clever poems, nimble footnote rifts, and warm introduction, FEG is an intelligent, inviting, and even inspiring book. Hirsch wants readers to write and read poems, to participate without fear in talk about and in literature. Ha (familiar from New Yorker covers) keeps the tone light, and his geometrical illustrations echo the book’s emphasis on poetic structure. Hirsch’s playful exercises are not likely to move or touch you (that’s not the point). For that there is a very fine new anthology, Overheard on a Salt Marsh: Poets’ Favorite Poems, edited by Carol Ann Duffy (Pan Macmillan, £7.99, 111 pp., ages 9 and up). Duffy asked thirty, mostly British, poets “whose poems are generous to younger readers as well as to older ones” to contribute a poem of their own along with a childhood favorite. The result is a magical grab bag that includes Charles Causley’s hilarious, easily and instantly memorized “Jolly Hunter” (“jolly old safety catch not jolly on”) as well as an aching, sharp memory of bullying, “Back in the Playground Blues,” and the wonderful title poem by Harold Monro. The anthology includes well- and lesser-known work by familiar poets Edward Lear, Walter de la Mare, Elizabeth Bishop, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Hilaire Belloc, Ogden Nash, and Robert Louis Stevenson. But many terrific new poems by unfamiliar poets are what set this volume apart. Go north, young reader! You too, if you are thinking of buying some books for children this Christmas. Sweden is a mecca for picture books of visual and emotional depth. That’s largely due to husband-and-wife team Olof and Lena Landström, who, from 1992 to 1995, created a perfect picture-book series about a young boy named Will: Will Goes to the Beach, Will’s New Cap, Will Gets a Haircut, and Will Goes to the Post Office (R&S Books, $4.95 paper, ages 2 and up). The Landströms concentrate on everyday adventures and mishaps. What is the secret of their perfection? The archetypal mother, in red dress and pearls in this case, who sets boundaries that are both reassuring and liberating. The visual understatement and concentration. A pace (aided by excellent translations) that allows small, witty revelations. Emotions that are transparent and pure. Will learns to swim, scrapes his knee, gets a wild haircut, and all without a hint of hyperbole, so that the inner life of a child, with all its small victories and hurts, shimmers forth. The Landströms continue to work full tilt, although not collaboratively. (The couple have a second, wry series about a pair of sheep called Boo and Baa [R&S Books, $9.95, ages 2 and up], which, while lacking Will’s emotional resonance, is great fun). Olof’s latest illustrations are for fellow Swede Peter Cohen’s Boris’s New Glasses (R& S Books, $15, ages 4-9, translated by Joan Sandin). A tattered-looking woodchuck learns from his television repairman that his inability to focus the television is an eye rather than a technical problem. The doctor provides a diagnosis and a remedy. It’s amazing how transforming both can be: “I’m astigmatic and it’s hereditary,” intones Boris. (Here Cohen bows to the late William Steig who knew the pure joy of a big word.) On the strength of those words, and a pair of eyeglasses, Boris gets a job, a sense of what he does and does not want to see, and maybe even a girlfriend. With wit and smarts, Landström underscores that this is a story about vision. My third time through I realized how neighborly and compact a world he has created through alternating close-ups and long shots in his illustrations. Olof has also teamed up with one of Sweden’s finest and best-known children’s writers, Barbro Lindgren, for Benny and the Binky (R&S Books, $15, ages 4 and up, translated by Elisabeth Kallick Dyssegaard), a follow-up to their comical Benny’s Had Enough. Benny the pig has a new sibling and consequently some new feelings. The master of deadpan, here’s how Lindgren opens the book: “Benny has a brother now. He wanted one. And then he got one.” Landström’s visual understatement (the opening page shows nothing more than a basket) proves a perfect foil for Lindgren’s prose. These are fun books with fun details of modern Northern European life (potato bins and computers mingle without any strangeness). At the same time, Landström creates a dark sense of public space, one largely uninhabited by a nation of computer users. Lindgren has also joined forces again with illustrator Eva Eriksson to create Julia Wants a Pet (R&S Books, $15, ages 3 and up, translated by Elisabeth Kallick Dyssegaard). This radiantly full and simple book about wanting a living companion echoes their unsurpassed Andrei’s Search, about which I raved in an earlier column (November 17, 2000). Julia measures the distance between Swedish and American sensibilities. We have our Olivia and our Lilly (she of the purple plastic purse) stomping through picture books with girl (and consumer) power. Julia’s desire is just as fierce, but given poverty and domestic constraint, that desire is driven inward where it becomes poetry. Bugs get collected and properly mourned. A boy becomes a pet. Her apartment buildings “remind her of an Advent calendar, especially in the evening when all the windows are lit up.” Adults have written this landscape off as blighted. Against this Lindgren and Eriksson assert: “Childhood homes are always lovely.” Are they? As in Andrei’s Search, Lindgren shows not only how gorgeous but how unnerving childhood imagination can be, especially when intensified by want. Not only have the Swedes produced great artistry for children, but they know genius when they see it. This year the government awarded its new and highest prize in international children’s literature-the Astrid Lindgren Award-to Maurice Sendak. He has a stunning new book, Brundibar (Hyperion, $19.95, ages 3 and up) that takes its title from and revives a 1938 Czech opera. Sendak illustrates and dramatist Tony Kushner provides the retelling of the story of two penniless and fatherless children on a quest to get the fresh milk that the doctor says will revive their sick mom. Sendak has given us the most memorable image of the season (and maybe of his distinguished career) in his illustration of the mother sitting up in bed hugging her children. A crucifix, hitherto hidden by the action, is now centrally displayed. Its coloring draws the eye to the similarly colored star of David on the doctor’s coat, and to his words “Mazel tov,” which he says as he steps joyfully toward the door. Who cured this woman? The brave children. The hundreds of children and adults who fought back against the bullying street performer Brundibar’s attempts to thwart them from singing for their mother’s milk. The inspiring magical animals. The man-god on the cross. The Jewish doctor. The image clarifies earlier ones where Jews and non-Jews mingle, often reaching out toward one another. The opera, by Adolf Hoffmeister and Hans Krasa, was performed by the children of the Terezin concentration camp fifty-five times between 1942 and 1944. Krasa, the composer, was deported from Terezin to Auschwitz where he was killed in 1944. It’s a great tale of hope. On the book’s final page, the tyrant Brundibar tries to get the last word, and literally overwrite the hopes of the children of Terezin: for now he says, he is defeated but he will return in another incarnation. Meanwhile, the buoyant doctor keeps joyfully high-stepping over Brundibar’s words. Sendak, an overtly Jewish artist, has long drawn on Christian imagery. Brundibar’s explicit mingling of Jewish and Catholic strikes me as a hopeful turn: maybe it’s Sendak’s tribute to Pope John Paul II’s recognition that the church must repent. It may be his reminder that Jews and Catholics once mingled with each other throughout Europe. The Holocaust, we must pray, is not the only Jewish/Christian story. Sweden, England, the Czech Republic. They’re Europe, and all north and east of the United States. So what about recent literary productions of our own Northeast? “I see-New Englandly,” wrote Emily Dickinson. There is a consciousness shaped by the region’s history and landscape. Reticence, fortitude, a secret hyperbole in the inner life, tightness with the cash, moral sureness, and a hesitation before pleasure are all markers. They are embodied in Polly Horvath’s new novel, The Canning Season (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, $16, 196 pp., ages 12 and up). Horvath is a strong, funny juvenile novelist, and this is a strikingly philosophical and macabre addition to her oeuvre. The Canning Season follows the fortunes of an adolescent girl named Ratchet who is farmed out one summer from Florida to Maine to live with the “Menuto twins,” her ninety-one-year-old great-second cousins once-removed. Her mother is repelled by Ratchet’s birth defect (a growth on her shoulder) and fearful that it will impede her social climbing and romantic life. Ratchet spends weeks recovering from this rejection, and adjusting to her strange hostesses. Even fellow rural Mainers judge the Menuto twins odd: that’s because they live in a remote mansion without any modern conveniences (ancient car excepted) or desire for companions, and surrounded by voracious bears. Just when the twins and Ratchet begin to come together, another waif, Harper, arrives, also adolescent, also abandoned. She is more modern, cannier, and less fetching than Ratchet on the face of it; but bit by bit these old New Englanders provide the children with a home, one that both choose to make permanent. This slim book is capacious in style and substance. It includes meditations on the impact of modern communications on human communities and consciousness, eerie vignettes in which the twins describe their youth, including their mother’s suicide by guillotine, antic scenes of dotty old folk trying to help wounded young people, and affecting moments of restrained love. At the end, Horvath generously sets these girls’ lives right, and depicts the passing of the Menuto women with great delicacy. Some warnings to parents: there is that recalled suicide (so hyperbolic that it’s almost not shocking, but kids may feel otherwise), as well as abandonment, and some swearing. If you feel it may be too much, start with Horvath’s hilarious and newly reprinted 1989 An Occasional Cow (FSG Sunburst, $5.95, 132 pages, ages 7-12). It’s about a Manhattan girl who has to spend the summer with her heretofore unknown relatives in Iowa. Safer territory. New England novelist Allen Kurzweil wrote his first children’s novel on a dare from his nine-year-old son while both (Red Sox fans) were fretting over the curse of the Bambino. The result is Leon and the Spitting Image (HarperChildrens, $15.99, 320 pp., ages 9-12). Leon, still missing his dead father, lives with his mom in a hotel room (she is the night clerk) right next to a loud, malfunctioning ice machine. He doesn’t get enough sleep and is worried that he will not survive fourth grade. Lumpkin, a bully, and stitchery-mad Miss Hagmeyer, his teacher, are particular worries. Hagmeyer teaches everything, including the Middle Ages, by making the children sew. The kids have to sew animales which she never returns, and which they suspect she is selling. When the final project is a sewn figure of the child’s own choice, Leon is inspired to depict his weird teacher: a bit of spit applied as a result of one more assault by Lumpkin makes the doll magical. Leon finds that whatever he does to the doll, Miss Hagmeyer will do before the class. How to use this magic composes the latter half of book. This is a goofy, heartwarming tale. Lots of adults (every one well sketched) are cheering Leon on: especially his mom, folks at the hotel, the Haitian cab driver who takes him to school, and two plumber conventioneers who fix that darn ice machine. Two solid friends, one being a girl and one a boy, have different ideas of how to handle the doll’s power. There are surprises for everyone when Hagmeyer turns out to be more benevolent (and dedicated to the medieval virtue of caritas) than she appears. And charity, as you know gentle reader, does not depend on personality. end	<urn:uuid:86cf7c2e-1b4b-4615-98a6-5fdb48134d87>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.commonwealmagazine.org/childrens-books-3	2024-12-10T22:14:55Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066067826.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210194529-20241210224529-00761.warc.gz	en	0.951553	3,798	3.1875	3
In 1972, Shirley Chisholm—a Black Barbadian American woman from Brooklyn—ran for the Democratic presidential nomination. She wasn’t the first woman to run for U.S. president, but her candidacy was nonetheless extraordinary. The odds of Chisholm being selected among a slate of candidates dominated by white men, for a post that had only ever been held by a white man were, to borrow Chisholm’s words from her memoir, “hopeless.” But this reality didn’t deter her. Chisholm ran “to demonstrate the sheer will and refusal to accept the status quo.” She also ran because she knew that even a defeat would be a victory. She was the first Black candidate for a major party nomination for president of the United States, meaning that those who came after her had someone to follow. In that sense, she would be a catalyst for change. Election Day, And All the Days Before It Today, Nov. 5, 2024, is a momentous day. It’s momentous for American voters, of course. And it’s momentous for people around the world who are watching and wondering what this all means for them. But it’s also momentous from a historical perspective. There are many reasons why Kamala Harris is on this stage, but it's partly thanks to the many women in the past who laid the groundwork for it to happen. Today’s election day is the culmination of the bravery and boldness of so many over so long. We’re here because of Lydia Maria Child and Lucretia Mott who, in 1847, at the convention of the Liberty League—a caucus of the abolitionist Liberty Party—each garnered a single vote for president. We’re here because of Victoria Woodhull’s much-ridiculed run for president in the 1872 election. We’re here because of Febb Burn’s history-changing letter to her son that ultimately made the all-important 19th Amendment—the right for (many) women to vote—a reality. We’re here because of people like Patsy Mink, who was the first Asian American woman to run for president, and Geraldine Ferraro, the first woman nominated for vice president by a major political party. We’re here because of Lenora Fulani who, in the 1988 presidential election, became the first woman and the first African American to appear on the ballot in all 50 states, and who received more votes for president in a general election than any other woman before her. And of course—unequivocally—we’re here because of Hillary Clinton, who won the popular vote in 2016, but lost the necessary swing states in an election that was so surprising even the winner seemed flabbergasted. Squarely in this esteemed line-up is Shirley Chisholm, whose legacy permeates the U.S. She may never have come close to running a nation, but her ambition, grit and hard work had a profound effect on American politics. Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm was born in Brooklyn a hundred years ago this month. Her parents were both immigrants. Ruby Seale St. Hill, her mother, was a seamstress from Barbados, which was where Chisholm spent much of her childhood. Her father, Charles St. Hill, was a factory worker from Guyana. Chisholm was the oldest of four daughters. She attended Brooklyn Girls High School and then graduated from Brooklyn College cum laude, in 1946. Even as a student, some of her professors urged her to go into politics. Ever the realist even then, Chisholm declined, citing the double whammy of being Black and being a woman. She became a nursery school teacher instead. By 1960, armed with a Master’s degree in early childhood education from Columbia University’s Teachers College, Chisholm was serving as a consultant to New York City on childcare. She had become acutely aware of how racial and gender divides and inequality were shaping the lives of New Yorkers, luring her to politics and activism after all. Chisholm joined local chapters of the League of Women Voters, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Urban League, another civil rights organization dedicated to economic and social justice. She also became a member of the Democratic Club in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood of Brooklyn. And then, in 1964: a run for state legislature. Chisholm won, making her the second ever African American in the New York State legislature, and paving the way for her to win a congressional seat. In January 1969, she started serving in the House of Representatives as the first Black woman in Congress. Chisholm soon earned herself a moniker that stuck: “Fighting Shirley.” Because, fight, she did. During her years in Congress, she introduced 55 pieces of legislation. The causes she fought for varied, but many followed a common thread: racial and gender equality, support for the poor, and ending the Vietnam War. In 1971, Chisholm became one of five co-founders of the National Women’s Political Caucus. The others were activists with names you’ve certainly heard of, including Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan, the civil rights leader Fannie Lou Hamer, and the congresswoman Bella Abzug. The Caucus’s mission was—and still is—simple but ambitious: “Increase women’s participation in all political and public life roles.” Unbought and Unbossed On January 26, 1972, under the headline “New Hat In Ring: Mrs. Chisholm’s,” The New York Times announced that, for the first time ever, a Black woman was seeking a major‐party presidential nomination. (At that point, no Black man had ever sought it, either.) In homage to a theme that would dominate her campaign, Chisholm chose an unconventional setting to announce her candidacy: an elementary school auditorium in her Congressional district of Bedford‐Stuyvesant. To a crowd of—according to The Times—about 500 people, most of them Black women, and flanked by community leaders and Betty Friedan, Chisholm declared that she sought “to repudiate the ridiculous notion that the American people will not vote for a qualified candidate simply, because he is not white or because she is not a male.” Here is some of what she said: “I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud.” “I am not the candidate of the women’s movement of this country, although I am a woman and I’m equally proud of that. I am not the candidate of any political policies or fatcats or special interests. I stand here now, without endorsements from many big name politicians or celebrities or any other kind of prop, I do not intend to offer you the tired clichés that have too long been an accepted part of our political life.” “I am the candidate of the people of America.” Unlike so many other presidential hopefuls, Chisholm also acknowledged on that day—though not explicitly—that winning would be a long shot. But that didn’t seem to perturb her at all; she couldn’t let it. In the weeks that followed, Chisholm’s courage and determination became increasingly apparent. She sued the Federal Communications Commission (and won) in order to be allowed to take part in televised debates. The commission had initially refused to include her in the debate between Sen. George McGovern of South Dakota and Sen. Hubert Humphrey, the former vice president, who were also vying for the Democratic nomination. She also survived several assassination attempts. And through it all, she endured a day-after-day barrage of racist and sexist jibes. If these phased her, she never let it show. ‘I am not looking back’ In the end, Chisholm didn’t win a single primary, but she stayed in the race, not withdrawing until the Democratic party’s convention. McGovern was nominated to run against Richard Nixon. The latter, as you know, won in a landslide to become the 37th president of the United States. Despite all she had to endure, Chisholm never expressed regret. In her memoir she wrote that she ran, “because someone had to do it first.” “In this country everybody is supposed to be able to run for president, but that’s never really been true,” she observed. “I ran because most people think this country is not ready for a black candidate, not ready for a woman candidate.” By 1982, Chisholm had turned away from politics. After seven terms in the House, she told interviewers that she’d become disappointed by “moderate and liberal” lawmakers who were “running for cover from the new right.” As she departed Washington for a life of teaching, playing the piano, and spending time with her loved ones, Chisholm asserted that she was “at peace.” Of her career she told The New York Times: “It's been a remarkable challenge. I am not looking back.” Standing On Her Shoulders Almost five decades after Chisholm’s run for the presidency, Kamala Harris, in her own bid for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2020, (long before she would find herself running against Donald Trump in 2024) entered the race, under the slogan, “For the People.” Her campaign explicitly acknowledged this to be a nod to Chisholm, who died on Jan. 1, 2005. “Shirley Chisholm’s activism, advocacy and willingness to persistently remind the nation of the work to be done on behalf of its people is an enduring legacy that lives on in [Harris],” a campaign spokeswoman for Harris told The Guardian in 2019. “To honor that legacy in her own campaign for President was a no-brainer.” And now, here we are. Harris, a former San Francisco district attorney, was elected in 2011 as the first Black woman to serve as California’s attorney general. In 2016, she became the second Black woman to be elected a U.S. senator, more than three decades after Carol Moseley Braun became the first. In January 2021, Harris was sworn in as both the country’s first female and first Black vice president. Despite her obvious successes, Harris has repeatedly paid tribute to those who have come before her. She’s honored Chisholm, in particular. And she’s not the only one to have done so. “She opened up a portal for many to follow,” Yvette Clarke, a congresswoman whose district in Brooklyn contains part of Chisholm’s old one, recently told The Economist. Clarke said she remembers, when she was seven, the excitement in her home about Chisholm’s candidacy. “If she didn’t have the courage to take on the battle,” Clarke added, “who knows when we would have come to this day.” “Shirley Chisholm’s influence as a legislator can’t be overestimated,” Andra Gillespie, an associate professor of political science at Emory University, told The Washington Post in 2020. “As the first Black woman elected to Congress and the founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus, she was on the vanguard of helping Black Americans.” And Robert Gottlieb, who was first an intern in Chisholm’s congressional office and then hired as the student coordinator for her presidential campaign, in 2016 told Smithsonian Magazine: “She was unafraid of anybody. Her slogan was 'unbought and unbossed.' She was really unbossed.” Undoubtedly, Chisholm changed the political landscape. She chipped away at the staid and tired model of what a politician should look like and sound like—a model we’re still wrestling with today. She fearlessly challenged outdated stereotypes and norms. She was unafraid of treating women’s rights and racial justice as what they are: political, economic, social and cultural imperatives. But perhaps above all else, Chisholm showed America that in politics and beyond, losing does not mean defeat. A victory can supercharge progress, but not winning can also provide a catalyst for change. Whatever the outcome of Tuesday’s election, don’t underestimate how far women have come and the power and determination of those—the populous crowd of fierce and principled fighters—who have come before. They marched and campaigned and refused to be silenced, even in the face of pain—even in the face of loss. It’s now on us to keep going.	<urn:uuid:b2dd8b55-9cad-485c-ad6b-39f3d21619d3>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.thepersistent.com/election-2024-kamala-harris-shirley-chisholm/	2024-12-08T06:19:56Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066441563.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208045820-20241208075820-00253.warc.gz	en	0.975641	2,771	2.984375	3
You can't fake real motivation. It comes from the heart and from an authentic desire to do well. You may be able to motivate your employees in the short term with tangible incentives such as bonuses and pay raises, but your results will be difficult to sustain if you stop offering these perks. The principles of motivation in the workplace use theories and ideas that apply to everything from education to civic engagement. The five theories of motivation cover both tangible incentives, such as monetary compensation, and internal incentives, such as satisfaction with a job well done. The attribution theory of motivation, also known as the three-dimensional theory of attribution, addresses the ways that people view and address their own motivation, which can either come from internal emotional incentives or from external tangible rewards. According to this theory, if you have some idea of what your employees think they need for enhanced motivation, you'll be able to create conditions and incentives that keep them engaged. Stability is an important aspect of attribution because it contributes to determining whether an obstacle or a motivating factor is long or short term. If your employee attributes a lack of success at sales to a personality trait such as shyness, it may be challenging to give that employee the tools to succeed. However, if that lack of success is perceived to come from something temporary, such as a rash that makes potential customers uncomfortable, the employee may simply need to wait until the condition clears. Locus of control and controllability similarly affect motivation by pinpointing whether an obstacle comes from internal personality traits or external environmental factors and whether it is within the power of the individual to change these variables. Tying motivation to locus of control and controllability can swing in either direction. Either the employee may lose motivation due to factors that seemingly cannot be changed, or this lack of direct responsibility for difficulties can motivate workers by clearing them from blame. The expectancy theory ties motivation in the workplace (and in other areas) to expectations about what increased motivation will achieve. This theory focuses mainly on external rewards and motivations, but it also addresses the likelihood of actually receiving these dividends if work is done well. An employee is more likely to work hard in pursuit of a promotion if you have shown that you actually do reward hard work with this type of recognition. The expectancy theory naturally relies on an element of expectancy, or the ways that expectations influence behavior, such as the perception that a particular goal is possible or unachievable. Valence also figures into the equation in the assessment of whether that goal is worth the effort it would take to achieve it. Similarly, expectations around instrumentality can either motivate or frustrate employees who are more likely to work toward an outcome if they're certain the reward is forthcoming. Researchers studying performance and motivation at a Western Electric facility in the Hawthorne area of Chicago in the 1920s and 1930s discovered that changes in working conditions often led to increased levels of motivation and productivity. These improvements occurred even if the changes themselves had no tangible effect on work flow other than showing that the company was invested in the quality of working conditions. Motivational researchers have dubbed this phenomenon "the Hawthorne effect." These observations reinforce the intuitive and common-sense idea that motivation increases if employees feel that management cares about their needs. Work is rarely just work – it is also an endeavor tied to self-esteem and quality of life for many workers. Recognizing and building on this insight is beneficial for both management and employees. Not surprisingly, motivation declines when employees know that their performance is being observed and evaluated relative to the changes that management is implementing. If you give your workers longer breaks and then tell them they're expected to be more productive as a result, they're less likely to step up than if they perceive that you're making these changes out of goodwill and for the sake of their well-being. The American psychiatrist Abraham Maslow developed a theory of human motivation that he outlined in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation." Rather than attributing motivating factors to bare physical or complex emotional and spiritual incentives, Maslow looked at these different types of motivators in tandem and spoke to their relationship with one another. He defined a hierarchy of needs with five distinct levels: - Physiological, most obviously food, water and shelter - Safety, both physical and emotional - Love and belonging among friends, lovers, families and communities - Esteem, or being respected and valued - Self-actualization, or creativity and spiritual growth The principles of motivation in an organization can appeal to employees at any of these levels, but the first levels must first be achieved and satisfied before employees are motivated at subsequent levels. If your employees aren't paid enough to make rent and feed their families, they won't be able to innovate and develop creative solutions to complex problems. If they fear losing their jobs and don't feel like they belong or are valued, they won't bring their full potential to daily and long-term tasks. It's unreasonable to ask for results specific to higher levels of the hierarchy when the lower levels have not been satisfied. To motivate workers using Maslow's paradigm, it's important to first understand where your employees are on the spectrum and what they currently need. It's also valuable to be clear about what your company wants from them and where these expectations fall in this framework. You may not need your entry-level technicians to perform work that furthers their self-actualization process. However, if you can find ways to keep them engaged at this level once you have motivated them at the other levels, they'll likely stay loyal to your company and perform fine work over time. The psychologist Frederick Herzberg wrote about motivation during the 1950s, breaking down motivating factors into motivator factors, which spur employees toward increased achievement and productivity, and hygiene factors, the absence of which leads to a decline in motivation and engagement. Motivator factors largely correspond to the higher levels of Maslow's hierarchy and include satisfaction with work and recognition of achievements. Hygiene factors correspond to Maslow's lower levels and include fair pay, comfortable working conditions and a friendly workplace environment. Although employees respond differently to the presence or absence of these two types of factors, they are unlikely to work well unless both are present. When you apply principles of motivation in management, be sure to include both attention to hygienic practical needs and due diligence for your employees' personal development. Of course, no two employees are the same, and members of your staff will inevitably be engaged or alienated by different situations. A holistic and forward-thinking approach to motivating employees treats them as individuals and tailors strategies and incentives toward individual strengths and idiosyncrasies. As leaders, managers are responsible for the vitally important job of keeping employees motivated and engaged. It's useful to study motivational theories and reflect on how they apply in your workplace, but many aspects of motivational leadership come down to basic human decency. If you see an employee struggling, reach out and see if you can help. If all of your employees show a lack of motivation, be willing to delve into company culture and make changes as needed. These strategies for leadership and motivation reflect ongoing research as well as plain common sense: - Reward achievements. Make sure your staff knows what is expected of them and celebrate individual and collective achievements. Create specific, quantifiable goals and communicate these objectives widely and clearly. Setting these expectations will give you clear reference points for motivational rewards. They will also give you something to refer back to as opportunities for further training and education if your staff falls short. - Sync individual and organizational needs. If you and your staff are working toward objectives that are in your mutual best interests, it's relatively simple to work in tandem and motivate staff to stay engaged and bring their best to the workplace each day. Develop a company culture based on shared values. Develop strategies for sharing bounty when your combined efforts are successful. - Set an example. As a leader, your actions speak louder than your words. If your employees see you putting your heart and soul into your job, they'll see first hand that you truly believe in your work, and they're more likely to value it as well. On the other hand, if you take long, liquid lunches and spend all day at your desk playing computer games, they're unlikely to take their work seriously in turn. - Be compassionate. Employees have complex lives and individual troubles outside of the workplace, and sometimes these considerations interfere with their ability to do their best no matter how effectively you work to motivate them. Use discretion and allow yourself to cut them some slack from time to time, especially if it's clear that someone is experiencing a personal crisis. It's quite likely that this kindness will eventually be rewarded with increased motivation and a heartfelt work ethic. Hiring a diverse workforce helps you to create a stronger business with a range of perspectives and talents. However, working with a cross-cultural team can create a new set of issues as you work to motivate your staff. Keep in mind that employees from a different culture are quite likely motivated by many of the same factors and strategies as workers who share your background. However, they may be rooted in cultural conventions that approach these issues in ways that are unfamiliar to you. Although many American workers don't hesitate to complain when they're dissatisfied with a workplace situation, many other cultures have stricter codes and conventions regarding when it is acceptable to express dissatisfaction. Keep a close eye out for signs that an employee from another culture is struggling either with the work or the workplace culture and communicate clearly that you're tuned in to the situation and open to hearing feedback. Language barriers can also create obstacles for motivating employees. If an employee isn't fluent in English, it's your job as a manager to put extra care into explaining yourself and then following up to make sure you are understood. The extra effort you put into this will be well worth your time because you not only increase the odds that you'll be fully understood, but you also show your staff that you care enough to explain, satisfying Maslow's levels of belonging and esteem. When you're unsure how your words and your directions are being interpreted, don't be afraid to ask. In fact, this humility and show of concern will serve you well not only with employees from different cultures but also with workers who share your background.	<urn:uuid:7913ffed-8be8-451c-b61f-57091648b576>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://bizfluent.com/info-8140914-theories-principles-motivation.html	2024-12-03T17:27:42Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066139248.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203163346-20241203193346-00655.warc.gz	en	0.968529	2,095	2.640625	3
The Origin of Eukaryotes: Where Science and Pop Culture Collide How did eukaryotic life evolve? Here, one of the most controversial and puzzling questions in evolutionary history meets Star Wars and the Marvel Universe. Figure 1. A eukaryotic cell contains membrane bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondrion. Source. How did eukaryotic life evolve? This is one of the most controversial and puzzling questions in evolutionary history. Life began as single-celled, independent organisms that evolved into cells containing membrane-bound, specialized structures known as organelles (Figure 1). What’s clear is that this new type of cell, the eukaryote, is more complex than its predecessors. What’s unclear is how these changes took place. In 1905, the Russian botanist Konstantin Mereschkowski first proposed symbiogenesis, or endosymbiotic theory. This theory states that organelles, which distinguish eukaryotes from prokaryotes, emerged though a mutually beneficial relationship between individual prokaryotes. The association of two prokaryotes eventually resulted in the engulfment of one prokaryote by the other, giving rise to organelles such as mitochondria and plastids (Figure 2). Figure 2. Endosymbiont theory. Source. There have been many iterations of endosymbiotic theory over the past century, but the theory hasn’t remained solely in the academic realm. Pop culture has adapted the endosymbiotic theory to explain its own origin stories, and in turn, science has incorporated elements of mythology and pop culture into its own stories. Midichloria—the Mitochondria Eater If you are a Star Wars fan, you are probably familiar with the Force, an energy that moves through all living things and that can be used for either good or evil. From the earliest Star Wars movies, we learned that some characters can feel the Force more than others. But it wasn’t until that infamous scene in The Phantom Menace that we learned why. In The Phantom Menace, George Lucas introduces the midi-chlorians—microscopic lifeforms that reside within almost all living cells and communicate with the Force. We learn that characters with a high midi-chlorian count can feel and use the Force. Sure enough, Lucas bases the midi-chlorians on the endosymbiotic theory. “Midi-chlorian are a loose depiction of mitochondria,” he said in a press conference on The Phantom Menace. “And it's really a way of saying we have hundreds of little creatures who live on us, and without them, we all would die. There wouldn't be any life. They are necessary for us; we are necessary for them.” While many fans regard the midi-chlorian as the worst part of Star Wars, a group of microbiologists at the University of Milan felt differently. When Nate Lo and colleagues discovered a new species of tick-infecting bacterium, it needed a new name. In his search for inspiration, Lo stumbled upon a Wikipedia page describing midi-chlorians and knew he was onto something. Because the bacterium that they found resides in the mitochondria of tick ovarian cells, a play on “midi-chlorians” seemed like a perfect fit, and so the Midichloria genus emerged. Prior to this, the lab had collected 158 ticks from infested goats, infested ruminants, or from tick dragging exercises between 1997 and 2001. Lo was searching for human pathogens within the tick Ixodes ricinus, a vector for Lyme disease, and found this novel bacterium using 16S rRNA sequencing. The bacterium seems to represent a novel clade of Alphaproteobacteria and they named the bacterium Candidatus Midichloria mitochondrii. But unlike Star Wars’ midi-chlorians, which represent mitochondria, Midichloria bacteria invade and consume the mitochondria from the inside, fueling bacterial cell division. What’s left is an empty vacuous sac full of bacteria. That this mitochondria eater is an alphaproteobacterium is especially intriguing because for a long time, most evidence had pointed to an alphaproteobacterium predecessor for mitochondria. However, it now seems that this may not be true. A new phylogenomics analysis published just last week suggests that the mitochondria evolved from a proteobacterial lineage before the Alphaproteobacteria class diverged. “As far as we know, it's the first species to be formally named after anything in the entertainment industry," Lo told The Scientist. "There's plenty of science in Star Wars, but not enough Star Wars in science, as far as I'm concerned.” (Perhaps Lo’s statement inspired the anonymous science blogger Neuroskeptic to fool four predatory journals into publishing work on midi-chlorians.) Asgard Archaeota—Ancestor to the Eukaryotic Host Cell? Now, let’s leave the world of Star Wars and journey to the planet called Asgard, one of the Nine Worlds in Norse mythology and home to Norse gods such as Thor and Loki. We have seen these characters in their own movie franchise as part of the Marvel universe. Asgard also happens to be the name of a proposed superphylum of uncultivated archaea. The Asgard superphylum was discovered in 2010, when researchers found a wealth of novel archaeal lineages in a gravity core taken near a hydrothermal vent named Loki’s Castle, located on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Greenland and Norway (Figure 3). This lineage was later named the Lokiarchaeota. The Asgard superphylum also includes the Thorarchaeota, Odinarchaeota and Heimdallarchaeota. Figure 3. Lokiarchaeota was identified in in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between Greenland and Norway (red dot). Source. Though the Lokiarchaeota were named after Loki’s Castle, the name has a deeper meaning. In Norse mythology, Loki is the god of mischief, a trickster and a shapeshifter. In literature, Loki has been described as “a staggeringly complex, confusing and ambivalent figure who has been the catalyst of countless unresolved scholarly controversies.” This portrayal is a perfect characterization of the Lokiarchaeota and the Asgard superphylum in the evolution of eukaryotes. One of the central questions in endosymbiont theory is: what microbe plays the engulfer? Based on phylogenetic analysis, scientists have thought that the origins of eukaryotes involved an archaeon engulfing a smaller bacterium. There are over 20 proposed versions of endosymbiont theory, and scientists have debated long and hard on which archaeal species is the engulfer. The TACK superphylum (which includes the Thaumarchaeota, Aigarchaeota, Crenarchaeota and Korarchaeota) has been the most commonly accepted archaeal parent to the eukaryote until the Asgard superphylum entered the scene. In a paper published in Nature, the Asgard superphylum has been proposed as the archaeal host for the engulfed alphaproteobacteria. The genomes of Asgard archaea were rich in genes for proteins formerly considered specific to eukaryotes. For example, Thorarchaeal genomes encode several homologs of eukaryotic membrane-trafficking machinery components and proteins similar to eukaryotic coat proteins involved in vesicle biogenesis. The Asgard superphylum seems to be the closest thing we have to the eukaryote precursor, though we may stumble upon other archaea that more resemble eukaryotes. Over the years, the origin of eukaryotes has been rewritten several times as scientists encounter new species or develop new tools for genome analysis. The origins of eukaryotes have always been, and may always be elusive. - Use the force, bacteria. The Scientist, 2006. - Deep mitochondrial origin outside the sampled alphaproteobacteria. Nature, 2018. - Asgard archaea are the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes. PNAS, 2018. - Asgard archaea do not close the debate about the universal tree of life topology. PNAS, 2018.	<urn:uuid:750af4c6-aa10-4ad8-bd6f-dd13842641e1>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://asm.org/articles/2018/may/the-origin-of-eukaryotes-where-science-and-pop-cul	2024-12-13T19:24:07Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066119643.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213171153-20241213201153-00243.warc.gz	en	0.928092	1,767	3.546875	4
- Identify coordination and subordination in writing. - Combine sentences and ideas using coordination. - Combine sentences and ideas using subordination. In the previous section, we learned how to use different patterns to create sentence variety and to add emphasis to important points in our writing. Next, we will examine two ways in which we can join sentences with related ideas: - Coordination. Joining two related ideas of equal importance. - Subordination. Joining two related ideas of unequal importance. Connecting sentences with coordinate or subordinate clauses creates more coherent paragraphs, and in turn, produces more effective writing. In this section, you will read excerpts from Naomi’s classmate named Joshua, who drafted an essay about wine production. Read this excerpt from Joshua’s essay. This section examines several ways to combine sentences with coordination and subordination, using Joshua’s essay as an example. Coordination joins two independent clauses that contain related ideas of equal importance. Original sentences: I spent my entire paycheck last week. I am staying home this weekend. In their current form, these sentences contain two separate ideas that may or may not be related. Am I staying home this week because I spent my paycheck, or is there another reason for my lack of enthusiasm to leave the house? To indicate a relationship between the two ideas, we can use the coordinating conjunction so: Revised sentence: I spent my entire paycheck last week, so I am staying home this weekend. The revised sentence illustrates that the two ideas are connected. Notice that the sentence retains two independent clauses (I spent my entire paycheck; I am staying home this weekend) because each can stand alone as a complete idea. A coordinating conjunction is a word that joins two independent clauses. The most common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Note that a comma precedes the coordinating conjunction when joining two clauses. Independent Clause \| Coordinating Conjunction \| Independent Clause \| Revised Sentence \| I will not be attending the dance. \| for (indicates a reason or cause) \| I have no one to go with. \| I will not be attending the dance, for I have no one to go with. \| I plan to stay home. \| and (joins two ideas) \| I will complete an essay for class. \| I plan to stay home, and I will complete an essay for class. \| Jessie isn’t going to be at the dance. \| nor (indicates a negative) \| Tom won’t be there either. \| Jessie isn’t going to be at the dance, nor will Tom be there. \| The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance. \| but (indicates a contrast) \| I don’t think many people are going. \| The fundraisers are hoping for a record-breaking attendance, but I don’t think many people are going. \| I might go to the next fundraising event. \| or (offers an alternative) \| I might donate some money to the cause. \| I might go to the next fundraising event, or I might donate some money to the cause. \| My parents are worried that I am antisocial. \| yet (indicates a reason) \| I have many friends at school. \| My parents are worried that I am antisocial, yet I have many friends at school. \| Buying a new dress is expensive. \| so (indicates a result) \| By staying home I will save money. \| Buying a new dress is expensive, so by staying home I will save money. \| To help you remember the seven coordinating conjunctions, think of the acronym FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Remember that when you use a coordinating conjunction in a sentence, a comma should precede it. Another method of joining two independent clauses with related and equal ideas is to use a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon (see Chapter 2 “Writing Basics: What Makes a Good Sentence?” for information on semicolon usage). A conjunctive adverb is a linking word that demonstrates a relationship between two clauses. Read the following sentences: Original sentences: Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics. She trains every day. Since these sentences contain two equal and related ideas, they may be joined using a conjunctive adverb. Now, read the revised sentence: Revised sentence: Bridget wants to take part in the next Olympics; therefore, she trains every day. The revised sentence explains the relationship between Bridget’s desire to take part in the next Olympics and her daily training. Notice that the conjunctive adverb comes after a semicolon that separates the two clauses and is followed by a comma. Review the following chart of some common conjunctive adverbs with examples of how they are used: Function \| Conjunctive Adverb \| Example \| Addition \| also, furthermore, moreover, besides \| Alicia was late for class and stuck in traffic; furthermore, her shoe heel had broken and she had forgotten her lunch. \| Comparison \| similarly, likewise \| Recycling aluminum cans is beneficial to the environment; similarly, reusing plastic bags and switching off lights reduces waste. \| Contrast \| instead, however, conversely \| Most people do not walk to work; instead, they drive or take the train. \| Emphasis \| namely, certainly, indeed \| The Siberian tiger is a rare creature; indeed, there are fewer than five hundred left in the wild. \| Cause and Effect \| accordingly, consequently, hence, thus \| I missed my train this morning; consequently, I was late for my meeting. \| Time \| finally, next, subsequently, then \| Tim crossed the barrier, jumped over the wall, and pushed through the hole in the fence; finally, he made it to the station. \| Take a look at Joshua’s essay on wine production and identify some areas in which he might use coordination. Now look at Joshua’s revised essay. Did you coordinate the same sentences? You may find that your answers are different because there are usually several ways to join two independent clauses. Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using either a coordinating conjunction or a conjunctive adverb. Then copy the combined sentence onto your own sheet of paper. - Pets are not allowed in Mr. Taylor’s building. He owns several cats and a parrot. - New legislation prevents drivers from sending or reading text messages while driving. Many people continue to use their phones illegally. - The coroner concluded that the young man had taken a lethal concoction of drugs. By the time his relatives found him, nothing could be done. - Amphibians are vertebrates that live on land and in the water. Flatworms are invertebrates that live only in water. - Ashley carefully fed and watered her tomato plants all summer. The tomatoes grew juicy and ripe. - When he lost his car key, Simon attempted to open the door with a wire hanger, a credit card, and a paper clip. He called the manufacturer for advice. Please share with a classmate and compare your answers. Writing at Work When writing an essay or a report, it is important that you do not use excessive coordination. Workplace documents should be clear and concise, so only join two clauses that are logically connected and can work together to make one main point. If you repeat the same coordinating conjunction several times in a sentence, you are probably including more than one idea. This may make it difficult for readers to pick out the most important information in each sentence. Subordination joins two sentences with related ideas by merging them into a main clause (a complete sentence) and a dependent clause (a construction that relies on the main clause to complete its meaning). Coordination allows a writer to give equal weight to the two ideas that are being combined, and subordination enables a writer to emphasize one idea over the other. Take a look at the following sentences: Original sentences: Tracy stopped to help the injured man. She would be late for work. To illustrate that these two ideas are related, we can rewrite them as a single sentence using the subordinating conjunction even though. Revised sentence: Even though Tracy would be late for work, she stopped to help the injured man. In the revised version, we now have an independent clause (she stopped to help the injured man) that stands as a complete sentence and a dependent clause (even though Tracy would be late for work) that is subordinate to the main clause. Notice that the revised sentence emphasizes the fact that Tracy stopped to help the injured man, rather than the fact she would be late for work. We could also write the sentence this way: Revised sentence: Tracy stopped to help the injured man even though she would be late for work. The meaning remains the same in both sentences, with the subordinating conjunction even though introducing the dependent clause. To punctuate sentences correctly, look at the position of the main clause and the subordinate clause. If a subordinate clause precedes the main clause, use a comma. If the subordinate clause follows the main cause, no punctuation is required. A subordinating conjunction is a word that joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause. Review the following chart of some common subordinating conjunctions and examples of how they are used: Function \| Subordinating Conjunction \| Example \| Concession \| although, while, though, whereas, even though \| Sarah completed her report even though she had to stay late to get it done. \| Condition \| if, unless, until \| Until we know what is causing the problem, we will not be able to fix it. \| Manner \| as if, as, though \| Everyone in the conference room stopped talking at once, as though they had been stunned into silence. \| Place \| where, wherever \| Rita is in San Jose where she has several important client meetings. \| Reason \| because, since, so that, in order that \| Because the air conditioning was turned up so high, everyone in the office wore sweaters. \| Time \| after, before, while, once, when \| After the meeting had finished, we all went to lunch. \| Take a look at the excerpt from Joshua’s essay and identify some areas in which he might use subordination. Now look at Joshua’s revised essay and compare your answers. You will probably notice that there are many different ways to subordinate sentences. Combine each sentence pair into a single sentence using a subordinating conjunction and then copy the combined sentence onto your own sheet of paper. - Jake is going to Mexico. There are beautiful beaches in Mexico. - A snowstorm disrupted traffic all over the east coast. There will be long delivery delays this week. - My neighbor had his television volume turned up too high. I banged on his door and asked him to keep the noise down. - Jessica prepared the potato salad and the sautéed vegetables. Ashley marinated the chicken. - Romeo poisons himself. Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead and stabs herself with a dagger. Copy the paragraph from Joshua’s essay onto your own sheet of paper. Then edit using the techniques you have learned in this section. Join the underlined sentences using coordination or subordination. Check your revised sentences for punctuation. - Coordination and subordination join two sentences with related ideas. - Coordination joins sentences with related and equal ideas, whereas subordination joins sentences with related but unequal ideas. - Sentences can be coordinated using either a coordinating conjunction and a comma or a conjunctive adverb and a semicolon. - Subordinate sentences are characterized by the use of a subordinate conjunction. - In a subordinate sentence, a comma is used to separate the main clause from the dependent clause if the dependent clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence.	<urn:uuid:cac16c45-e7bf-427a-9edd-6234ffefcf3d>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/7-2-coordination-and-subordination/	2024-12-10T02:57:44Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066056346.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210005249-20241210035249-00742.warc.gz	en	0.946326	2,507	3.578125	4
100+ Hamlet Essay Topics Table of Contents “The tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark,” which is most commonly known as “Hamlet,” is one of Shakespeare’s most well-known plays all over the world. The words “to be or not to be’ are so famous that it is very hard to find a person who has never heard them or quoted them in one way or the other. This play, a story of a philosophical sense of death centered on revenge, is a masterpiece from a legendary writer that leaves everyone in deep thought after reading it. This is one reason why it has become one of the most popular literature that students are commonly given essays to write on. Do Not Know How to Select the Best Hamlet Essay Topics? Let Pros Assist You As we have seen above, Hamlet is a masterpiece of literature. That being said, it means that the play has multiple aspects that are worth studying. This then means that there are many possible topics for a student to choose to base their essay on in the play. It can sometimes be hard for students to choose the most appropriate topic for their essays. Every student wants to get the highest mark possible; therefore, they all strive to select the best topic when it comes to drafting Hamlet essays. Here are some pointers on how to go about selecting a good topic for your essay; - Ensure that the topic you choose can be connected to the present time. This should not be a tough thing to do since the play has many themes that can be connected to our modern times. - Shakespeare did such a good job in that he could hide several philosophical questions hidden behind tragedies in the play. Always make sure that you choose a philosophy that you can be able to explain fully. This makes for the ideal topic as it gives you a lot of input material for your essay. - It is always a good idea to base your essay on the character that you find to be your most favorite in the play. - Identify some of the most dominant social norms in the said era and use them as your essay topics. However, make sure that you can satisfactorily describe these traditions and show their importance and influence of certain phenomenon in the play. See A List of Hamlet Essay Topics to Start With Here are some hamlet essay topics to help you out when you are looking to start on a Hamlet essay assignment given by your teacher: - Since revenge and tragedy are some of the story’s outstanding aspects, do you think the play is a tragedy of revenge? - Discuss the conflicts presented by the characters of Hamlet. - Show how imagery implemented by the author affects the mood of the play. - How does Hamlet’s revenge mission affect his relationship with Ophelia? - Why do you think Prince Hamlet is so pessimistic when it comes to the concept of love? - It is uncertain if Hamlet’s love for Ophelia is genuine. Do you think this has something to do with his obsession with revenge? - What do you think is Hamlet’s stand on his relationship with Ophelia? - Hamlet`s delays on exacting revenge, what do you think this says to his personality? - Explain the relationship between Hamlet and his mother. - Discuss the differences and similarities between Hamlet and Laertes. - How does the marriage between Gertrude and Claudius contribute to Hamlet’s revenge plan? - Discuss the differences and similarities between Claudius and Laertes based on their common hatred for Hamlet. - Do you think that Hamlet was mad, or was it a ploy to exact his revenge? - Describe the negative and positive roles played by women in the play. - What age is Hamlet at the age of the play? Do his actions change his character in the end? - Discuss the attitude that Hamlet has towards women, especially Ophelia. - Is Hamlet a hero or a villain in the play? Explain. - Discuss the various mood swings depicted by Hamlet in the play and show what causes them. - Can Hamlet’s revenge ploy in the pay be justified? Discuss - Please list the names of the various Hamlets’ protagonists and show their significance in the play. - Identify and describe the main reasons why Hamlet is such an indecisive character. - What do you think is Hamlet’s perception of death? Support your answer. - Pick one theme in the play and show how the author has developed it throughout the play. - Analyze the concept of love, friendship, and betrayal that is depicted in the play. - Analyze the play’s deceptive nature and show why nothing in the play can be taken at face value. - Is there a truth in this statement? “His madness is Hamlet’s true enemy.” - Since Hamlet and Laertes are both looking for the truth, what are the fundamental differences between each character’s understanding of the truth? Explain. - Explain how Hamlet’s speech influences his decision to become a passive character rather than stay an active one. - How does the author develop Hamlet’s character concerning his idea of salvation and sin in the play? - In this modern time, do you think it would be chauvinistic to consider women deceptive or not? Hamlet Essay Questions Examples Here are some Hamlet essay questions for you to consider: - Describe how the author displays the idea of madness in the play “Hamlet.” - Describe the reasons behind the introduction of comedy in the tragic world of Hamlet. - What do you think is the author’s stand on the idea of revenge according to the play? - Is Polonius the “intruding fool” as described by Hamlet? Explain - What do you think is the importance of Fortinbras in the play? - What do you think are Shakespeare’s suggestions about kingship according to the play? Support your answers. - How important do you think the concept of ceremonies is, and how does it influence life in Elsinore’s court? - Describe Horatio’s role in the play. - Do you think Shakespeare depicts Claudius as a sympathetic figure? - What is the significance of placing the play in the Christian universe? Hamlet Argumentative Essay Topics: The Most Advantageous Ideas - How would you classify the play? As a tragedy, drama, or revenge? Why? - How did the author use imagery to change the tone and mood of the play? - What morals can one learn from the play? - Analyze the relationship between Hamlet and Ophelia. - What role does the mother of Hamlet play? Is she a central character? - How are women portrayed in the play? - How do the characters treat women? - Hamlet is painted as indecisive. Why? - How is death portrayed in the play? How does it shape the outcome? - Who, if anyone, is the hero? Is there a villain? 20 Good Topics for a Hamlet Essay - The role of revenge in Hamlet - The role of power and politics in Hamlet - The role of women in Hamlet - The symbolism of the ghost in Hamlet - The theme of betrayal in Hamlet - The significance of the play within a play in Hamlet - The role of religion in Hamlet - The theme of appearance vs. reality in Hamlet - The concept of free will vs. fate in Hamlet - The theme of mortality and death in Hamlet - The significance of the soliloquies in Hamlet - The theme of loyalty in Hamlet - The role of the minor characters in Hamlet - The theme of corruption in Hamlet - The importance of language and rhetoric in Hamlet - The role of the supernatural in Hamlet - The theme of love in Hamlet - The significance of the setting in Hamlet - The theme of family in Hamlet - The theme of madness in Hamlet More Interesting Hamlet Essay Topics - The concept of existentialism in Hamlet - The impact of Hamlet’s procrastination on the plot and characters - The portrayal of the father-son relationship in Hamlet - The theme of revenge and its impact on Hamlet’s character - The role of women in subverting patriarchal norms in Hamlet - The significance of the graveyard scene in Hamlet - The use of metaphors and symbolism in Hamlet - The theme of corruption and decay in Hamlet - The psychological exploration of Hamlet’s character - The impact of religion on Hamlet’s character and the plot - The role of friendship in Hamlet - The impact of the play’s structure and narrative style on the plot and characters - The theme of justice and its absence in Hamlet - The theme of appearance versus reality and how it affects the plot - The role of irony in Hamlet - The theme of identity and self-discovery in Hamlet - The portrayal of the monarchy and its flaws in Hamlet - The theme of betrayal and its impact on the plot and characters - The role of humor in Hamlet - The use of foreshadowing and suspense in Hamlet Hamlet Essay Ideas in Modern Society - The relevance of Hamlet’s theme of mental health in modern society - The impact of technology on the themes and motifs of Hamlet - The role of social media in shaping modern interpretations of Hamlet - The portrayal of gender and sexuality in modern adaptations of Hamlet - The relevance of Hamlet’s themes of political corruption and power struggles in modern society - The portrayal of multiculturalism and diversity in modern interpretations of Hamlet - The portrayal of modern family dynamics in adaptations of Hamlet - The role of social class and privilege in modern society as explored in Hamlet - The portrayal of modern relationships in adaptations of Hamlet - The role of education and knowledge in modern society as explored in Hamlet - The relevance of Hamlet’s themes of justice and morality in modern society - The portrayal of modern workplace dynamics in adaptations of Hamlet - The portrayal of modern media and journalism in adaptations of Hamlet - The role of mental health stigma and its impact on society as explored in Hamlet - The portrayal of modern environmental issues and activism in adaptations of Hamlet - The portrayal of modern police brutality and racism in adaptations of Hamlet - The impact of globalization on the themes and motifs of Hamlet - The relevance of Hamlet’s themes of love, relationships, and sexuality in modern society - The portrayal of modern healthcare and medical practices in adaptations of Hamlet - The role of mental health services and support in modern society as explored in Hamlet Exquisite Hamlet Essay Ideas from Master Writers Here are some examples of Hamlet essay ideas that you could incorporate in your paper: - Love- does Hamlet love Ophelia. - Revenge- what kind of role does revenge play in Hamlet? - Imagery- describes the role of imagery in the play. - Tragedy- in your opinion, does Shakespeare make the play tragic? Explain. - Comedy- identify and describe some of the comic scenes in the play. We realize that writing an essay is never an easy job. This is the reason why we have created a company that connects students with exemplary writers. Whenever you are having a difficult time drafting your essay, contact us, and our college paper writers will make you an excellent article at very affordable rates. Do not hesitate. Call us now!	<urn:uuid:261f9f94-95a1-4831-9982-78d8427d2ae4>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://essaywriter.org/hamlet-essay-topics	2024-12-08T21:14:52Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066450783.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208203139-20241208233139-00029.warc.gz	en	0.94797	2,498	2.796875	3
There is a strong connection between trauma and addiction in the scientific literature. Childhood trauma and addiction are especially closely interrelated. Neglect or abuse in early childhood can trigger an array of problems, including alcohol abuse, drug addiction, and eating disorders. Many adults who experienced trauma as children develop mental health conditions like PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), anxiety, and depression. Others may have difficulties forming and maintaining healthy relationships due to childhood trauma. What is the relationship between trauma and addictions, then? This guide explores why childhood trauma may increase the risk of addiction developing, even if trauma doesn’t necessarily cause drug addiction or alcoholism. Childhood Trauma and Addiction Childhood trauma does not mean that future complications are inevitable, but those who have suffered from ACES (adverse childhood experiences) have a much higher chance of being affected by mental health issues like addiction in later life. Many research studies confirm the correlation between addiction and childhood trauma, including the 1998 ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) study. An adverse childhood experience is any form of trauma that occurs before the age of 18. Examples include: - Physical abuse - Sexual abuse - Emotional abuse - Loss of a parent - Witnessing domestic violence Since this seminal study was conducted, there is significant evidence to support the association between ACEs and addiction. Research shows that adults who experienced at least four adverse childhood experiences are three times more likely to abuse alcohol in adulthood. Most people abuse addictive substances for their short-term psychological effects. Alcohol and drug abuse change the way you feel by producing pleasurable feelings and reducing negative feelings. For those who have stress systems that are dysregulated by childhood trauma, drugs of abuse may calm anxiety and reduce hyperarousal. Opioids, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and marijuana all slow and depress the CNS (central nervous system). Studies suggest that those with a history of trauma may be more susceptible to abusing addictive substances in order to regulate mood and counter elevated stress hormones. Effects of Childhood Trauma on The Brain Childhood trauma triggers toxic stress and physically damages the brain. If you experience frequent, powerful, and prolonged, toxic stress, this rewires several parts of your brain, affecting the way they influence your emotions and body. Exposure to chronic and prolonged trauma as a child can bring about the following long-term effects on the brain: - Attachment: Trouble with forming and maintaining relationships, empathy, boundaries, and social isolation. - Emotional dysregulation: Difficulty identifying communicating needs and expressing feelings. - Physical health: Impaired coordination problems, more medical problems, and increased somatic symptoms. - Dissociation: Altered states of consciousness, memory loss, amnesia. - Cognitive ability: Problems with learning, focus, language development, processing new information, and planning. - Self-concept: Body image issues, guilt, shame, low self-esteem. - Behavioral control: Poor impulse control, aggression, oppositional behaviors, disrupted sleep patterns, disordered eating, trauma re-enactment. Trauma experienced in childhood can have a significant impact on the development and function of the brain, potentially leading to chemical imbalances. Chronic stress resulting from childhood trauma can trigger the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, which can affect the chemical balance in the brain. These hormones can disrupt the functioning of the amygdala, a brain region involved in emotional processing and response, leading to increased anxiety, fear, and aggression. Additionally, childhood trauma can impact the functioning of neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. These chemical messengers play a critical role in regulating mood, emotion, and behavior, and their imbalance can contribute to a range of mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and addiction. Research suggests that early intervention and treatment can help to mitigate the long-term effects of childhood trauma on the brain and promote recovery. Treatment approaches may include therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes, such as exercise, meditation, and social support. Children who have experienced trauma may be at risk of self-medicating with drugs or alcohol as a way to cope with their emotional pain. Self-medication is the use of drugs or alcohol to alleviate emotional distress or psychological symptoms without a prescription or medical supervision. Research has shown that children who experience trauma, particularly those who have experienced multiple traumas, are at a higher risk of substance abuse than their peers who have not experienced trauma. This is because trauma can lead to emotional dysregulation and difficulty coping with stress, which may drive them towards self-medication. Self-medication can be especially harmful in children because their brains are still developing, and drug or alcohol use can interfere with this process. Substance abuse can also exacerbate the symptoms of trauma, making it harder for children to recover from their experiences. How Are Childhood Trauma and Addiction Related? Addiction and childhood trauma are often closely related, as those who have experienced trauma are at a higher risk of developing an addiction to drugs or alcohol. This is because trauma can lead to emotional dysregulation, difficulty coping with stress, and a desire to numb painful emotions, all of which can drive individuals towards substance abuse as a way to cope with their trauma. Some ways in which trauma and addiction are related include: - Self-medication: As mentioned above, children who have experienced trauma may turn to drugs or alcohol as a way to self-medicate and alleviate their emotional pain. - Increased sensitivity to drugs: Trauma can make the brain more sensitive to the effects of drugs, making it easier to become addicted. - Risky behaviors: People who have experienced trauma may engage in risky behaviors, including substance abuse, as a way to cope with their trauma or to feel a sense of control. - Trauma triggers: People who have experienced trauma may be triggered by certain situations or experiences that remind them of their trauma, provoking them to use drugs or alcohol as a way to cope. - Co-occurring disorders: Trauma and addiction often co-occur with other mental health disorders like depression, anxiety, or PTSD, which can further complicate treatment. Childhood Trauma and Addiction Statistics - NIH (National Institutes of Health) report that one-third of young adults with a history of neglect or abuse will develop a substance use disorder before the age of 18. - 2017 research indicates that 12% of under-18s have at least one parent with a diagnosable alcohol use disorder. Data from SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Service Administration) indicate that one in eight children has at least one parent with a diagnosable substance use disorder (drug addiction). - National Child Traumatic Stress Network reports that adults who have experienced trauma in childhood are four times more likely subsequently to develop addictions. - Research shows that those who experienced ACEs were more likely to develop substance abuse issues as adults. The same data show that between 40% and 60^ of adults engaging with addiction treatment report a history of trauma in childhood. - SAMHSA reports that those who experience trauma are more likely to experiment with drugs at an early age and more likely to develop addiction rapidly than those who have not experienced a traumatic event. - Data from NSDUH (National Survey on Drug Use and Health) suggest that adults who reported ACEs were more likely to abuse prescription opioids for nonclinical purposes. - A survey carried out by NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) found that 50% of young adults engaged in substance abuse treatment reported a history of physical or sexual abuse and 60% reported a history of neglect. Get Support for Mental Health and Addiction Disorders at Ohio Recovery Centers At Ohio Recovery Centers in Cincinnati, we specialize in the dual diagnosis treatment of addictions and mental health conditions. Coordinated treatment allows you to address both conditions simultaneously. If you have been affected by childhood trauma and drug addiction or alcoholism, you can engage in intensive outpatient treatment at our Ohio rehab. This means you can remain anchored to your everyday commitments without compromising your addiction and trauma recovery. Treatment programs offer individualized care that combines science-backed and holistic treatments like: - MAT (medication-assisted treatment) - Group therapy - Family therapy - Individual counseling Build the firmest foundation for ongoing trauma and addiction recovery at Ohio Recovery Centers. Call (877) 679-2132 for immediate assistance.	<urn:uuid:2088186f-07bf-4ad8-8b92-006440887f3b>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://ohiorecoverycenters.com/can-childhood-trauma-cause-drug-addiction/	2024-12-09T07:38:44Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066461338.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209055102-20241209085102-00578.warc.gz	en	0.938939	1,737	3.078125	3
Introduction to Balanced Diet for Dogs A balanced diet is essential for your dog’s overall health. Just like humans, dogs need a mix of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals to stay healthy. A well-balanced diet helps in maintaining a healthy weight, shiny coat, and strong immune system. According to Wikipedia, proper nutrition can also prevent many common health issues like obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. - Understanding your dog’s dietary needs Every dog is unique, and their dietary needs can vary based on age, breed, size, and activity level. Puppies, for example, need more protein and fat to support their rapid growth, while older dogs may require fewer calories to prevent weight gain. It’s important to consult with your vet to understand the specific needs of your dog. A balanced diet tailored to your dog’s needs can lead to a happier and healthier life. Understanding Dog Nutrition Dog Dietary Needs - Protein requirements for dogs: Dogs need protein to build and repair muscles, skin, and fur. Protein also helps with the production of enzymes and hormones. According to the National Research Council, adult dogs require at least 18% of their diet to be protein. Puppies and pregnant dogs need even more. - Carbohydrates and their role in a dog’s diet: Carbohydrates provide energy for dogs. They are found in grains, vegetables, and fruits. While dogs can survive without carbs, they help with digestion and provide essential nutrients. It’s important to choose high-quality sources like sweet potatoes and brown rice. - The importance of fats in canine nutrition: Fats are a crucial part of a dog’s diet. They provide energy, help absorb vitamins, and keep the skin and coat healthy. Dogs need fats from sources like fish oil, chicken fat, and flaxseed. The Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) recommends that adult dog food contain at least 5% fat. - Vitamins and minerals: Essential nutrients for dogs: Vitamins and minerals are vital for a dog’s overall health. They support immune function, bone health, and more. Key vitamins include A, D, E, and K, while important minerals are calcium, phosphorus, and potassium. A balanced diet ensures dogs get these nutrients. Dog Nutrition Tips How to Read Dog Food Labels Reading dog food labels can be tricky, but it’s important to know what you’re feeding your dog. Look for the ingredient list first. Ingredients are listed by weight, so the first few items are the most important. Here are some key things to look for: - Protein Source: Make sure a named meat (like chicken or beef) is the first ingredient. - Avoid Fillers: Stay away from foods with corn, soy, or wheat as primary ingredients. - Check for Additives: Avoid artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives. For more detailed information, you can visit this Wikipedia page on dog food. Understanding Portion Sizes and Feeding Frequency Feeding your dog the right amount of food is crucial for their health. Overfeeding can lead to obesity, while underfeeding can cause malnutrition. Here are some tips to help you: - Follow Guidelines: Check the feeding guidelines on the dog food package. These are usually based on your dog’s weight and age. - Adjust as Needed: Monitor your dog’s weight and adjust portions if they seem too thin or overweight. - Feeding Frequency: Puppies usually need to eat 3-4 times a day, while adult dogs can be fed 1-2 times daily. Remember, every dog is different. Consult your vet for personalized advice. Healthy Dog Diet: What It Looks Like Best Dog Food Choices - Commercial Dog Food Recommendations Choosing the right commercial dog food is crucial for your pet’s health. Look for brands that list meat as the first ingredient. Avoid foods with fillers like corn and soy. Here are some top recommendations: - Homemade Dog Food: Pros and Cons Making homemade dog food can be rewarding but comes with its own set of challenges. Here are the pros and cons: Pros \| Cons \| Control over ingredients \| Time-consuming to prepare \| Can cater to specific dietary needs \| Requires nutritional knowledge \| Fresh and natural ingredients \| Can be more expensive \| It’s important to consult with a vet before switching to homemade food to ensure your dog gets all the necessary nutrients. Feeding Guide for Different Dog Breeds Small Breed Feeding Guide Small dog breeds, like Chihuahuas and Pomeranians, have unique dietary needs. They often have faster metabolisms and require more calories per pound of body weight compared to larger breeds. Here are some key points to consider: - Portion Size: Small breeds typically need about 40 calories per pound of body weight daily. - Meal Frequency: Feed them 2-3 small meals a day to keep their energy levels stable. - Food Type: Choose high-quality, nutrient-dense food designed for small breeds. Look for labels that mention “small breed formula.” - Special Considerations: Small dogs are prone to dental issues, so consider dry kibble to help keep their teeth clean. According to Wikipedia, small breed dogs benefit from food that supports their high energy levels and dental health. Large Breed Feeding Guide Large dog breeds, such as Labradors and German Shepherds, have different nutritional needs. They grow quickly and need a diet that supports their bone and joint health. Here are some important tips: - Portion Size: Large breeds need about 20-30 calories per pound of body weight daily. - Meal Frequency: Feed them 2 meals a day to prevent overeating and reduce the risk of bloat. - Food Type: Opt for food specifically formulated for large breeds, which often includes added nutrients for joint health. - Special Considerations: Large dogs are prone to joint issues, so look for foods with glucosamine and chondroitin. According to Wikipedia, large breed dogs require a balanced diet that supports their rapid growth and joint health. Breed Size \| Calories per Pound \| Meal Frequency \| Special Considerations \| Small Breeds \| 40 calories \| 2-3 meals/day \| Dental health, high energy \| Large Breeds \| 20-30 calories \| 2 meals/day \| Joint health, prevent bloat \| Common Dog Health and Diet Concerns Obesity in Dogs Obesity is a common issue among dogs. It can lead to serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, and joint issues. Understanding the causes and taking steps to prevent obesity is crucial for your dog’s well-being. - Causes and Prevention Obesity in dogs can be caused by several factors: - Overfeeding: Giving too much food or too many treats. - Lack of exercise: Dogs need regular physical activity. - Genetics: Some breeds are more prone to obesity. To prevent obesity, ensure your dog gets enough exercise and eats a balanced diet. Regular vet check-ups can help monitor your dog’s weight. - Dietary Adjustments for Overweight Dogs If your dog is overweight, consider these dietary adjustments: - Portion Control: Measure your dog’s food to avoid overfeeding. - Low-Calorie Foods: Choose foods that are lower in calories but still nutritious. - Healthy Treats: Opt for fruits and vegetables as treats instead of high-calorie snacks. Consult your vet for a tailored diet plan. They can recommend specific foods and portion sizes based on your dog’s needs. Factor \| Details \| Overfeeding \| Giving too much food or treats can lead to weight gain. \| Lack of Exercise \| Dogs need regular physical activity to stay healthy. \| Genetics \| Some breeds are more prone to obesity. \| Food Allergies in Dogs Common Food Allergens for Dogs Just like humans, dogs can have food allergies. Some common food allergens for dogs include: - Beef: Many dog foods contain beef, which can cause allergic reactions. - Dairy: Some dogs are lactose intolerant and can react to dairy products. - Wheat: Grains like wheat can be a problem for some dogs. - Chicken: Although it’s a common ingredient, some dogs are allergic to chicken. - Eggs: Eggs can also be a trigger for allergies in dogs. How to Identify and Manage Food Allergies Identifying and managing food allergies in dogs involves several steps: - Watch for Symptoms: Common signs include itching, skin rashes, and digestive issues like vomiting or diarrhea. - Elimination Diet: Remove potential allergens from your dog’s diet and reintroduce them one at a time to see which one causes a reaction. - Consult Your Vet: A veterinarian can help diagnose and manage food allergies. They may recommend specific tests or hypoallergenic dog foods. - Read Labels: Always check dog food labels for common allergens. Opt for foods with limited ingredients. Allergen Symptoms Management Beef Itching, skin rashes Switch to a different protein source Dairy Diarrhea, vomiting Avoid dairy products Wheat Digestive issues Choose grain-free dog food Chicken Skin irritation Try alternative proteins like fish or lamb Eggs Gastrointestinal upset Avoid foods containing eggs Conclusion: The Role of a Balanced Diet in Your Dog’s Wellbeing A balanced diet is crucial for your dog’s health and happiness. By understanding their nutritional needs, you can ensure they live a long and joyful life. - Key takeaways on dog nutrition: - Dogs need a mix of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. - High-quality dog food often provides all necessary nutrients. - Fresh water is essential for digestion and overall health. - Consult your vet for personalized dietary advice. - Final thoughts on maintaining a healthy diet for your dog: - Regularly check food labels for quality ingredients. - Avoid overfeeding to prevent obesity. - Introduce new foods gradually to avoid digestive issues. - Monitor your dog’s health and adjust their diet as needed. Nutrient \| Importance \| Sources \| Proteins \| Builds and repairs tissues \| Meat, fish, eggs \| Fats \| Provides energy \| Fish oil, chicken fat \| Carbohydrates \| Energy source \| Rice, potatoes \| Vitamins \| Supports immune system \| Fruits, vegetables \| Minerals \| Bone health \| Meat, grains \| Remember, a balanced diet is not just about food. Regular exercise and mental stimulation are also vital for your dog’s wellbeing. By taking a holistic approach, you can ensure your furry friend stays healthy and happy for years to come.	<urn:uuid:c465bb54-9327-4b4b-816d-da5e36e12385>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://ocdogwalks.com/the-importance-of-a-balanced-diet-for-dogs/	2024-12-04T05:24:32Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066149008.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204045532-20241204075532-00397.warc.gz	en	0.923663	2,274	3.109375	3
By Jim Olson The citizens of Toledo, Ohio, desperate to end the continuing plague of toxic algal blooms covering the western one-third of Lake Erie, in February 2019 passed by referendum a municipal ordinance that enacted the “Lake Erie Bill of Rights.” The Bill of Rights holds that “Lake Erie, and the Lake Erie watershed, possess the right to exist, flourish, and naturally evolve.” The State of Ohio, joined at the hip by big agricultural corporations, challenged the ordinance in the courts and, for the moment, put an end to this new municipal law that sought to create rights of nature. The Lake Erie Bill of Rights is part of a larger stage: The rapidly increasing worldwide movement to recognize nature as a being or “person,” has become a rallying cry to address the growing irrefutable evidence of the connection between systemic threats to water and the environment, and human and cultural survival. Actor and producer Mark Ruffalo’s compelling documentary on the rights of nature movement, Invisible Hand, illustrates the gravity of the systemic threats to earth and water on which health and all life depends. Like the movement to shift our perception that in the 1970s resulted in the rights of citizens to bring lawsuits to protect the air, water, and environment, Ruffalo’s film dramatizes the declaration of the rights of nature itself, concluding that nature, its rivers, lakes, and biotic systems must be protected by government as living beings. Indeed, if government fails to fulfill its duty to protect nature as it would any person, then, in the same way people can bring lawsuits to protect themselves and the environment, natural living ecosystems, such as Lake Erie, under some type of guardianship can, too. The recognition of rights of nature or a body of water attracts more and more support worldwide because it is something ordinary people and communities facing serious threats to water from climate change and government indifference can understand and support. It establishes a scaffolding for humans to shift the way we see nature in the first place—a shift from a “property” or physical orientation to one that embraces relationship to a tree, lake, or a river. This is not new for many indigenous people around the world who see nature as not apart, but beings in relation to themselves. But it is new to those more accustomed to seeing everything autonomously, each object bouncing back and forth as separate, unrelated pith balls in a Newtonian world. Yet while a change like the Lake Erie Bill of Rights calls for more humility and fundamental respect toward nature, from a purely legal or legal policy standpoint, it doesn’t change the basic reality that if government fails to protect nature as a “person” or “natural object,” a person has to step in as an appointed guardian to speak for this new “person.” In most countries, and all of the states or provinces in North America, the only way to do this is for people to march to the state or provincial capitol or file lawsuits on behalf of nature in the courts. In the 1970s, the states and federal government passed laws giving citizens the legal “standing” to file lawsuits to protect their use and dependence on the environment. The rights of nature movement, if enacted as in New Zealand and attempted for Lake Erie, whether by constitutional amendment or a new law, would grant legal “standing” to the lake, river, forest, or watershed itself. But if this happens, and it should, does it change the fact that citizens, that is human beings, must still insist on that protection by filing lawsuits based on legal standing as they have done since the 1970s? Toledo’s Lake Erie Bill of Rights clearly created the right, or standing, for citizens to go after the state, but it didn’t establish a remedy. The court ruled the city didn’t have the power to pass a law to protect Lake Erie because it is the state that holds Lake Erie for the benefit of citizens, and only it could pass laws to protect it. Clearly, then, legal standing is not enough. I suppose a state can pass a new law that grants legal rights to a lake or river, and that because of this, a person could file a lawsuit, perhaps as appointed guardian, in the name of a natural living feature like Lake Erie. And, I suppose, too, that a court would be compelled to grant standing to the lake or river that has been or is threatened with harm, and protect the water and ecosystem that is part of this “person,” as authorized by the new law. Is this different from what people do now? People have been filing lawsuits to protect nature for the last 50 years. But here we are in 2020, facing the cataclysmic demise of the earth and its water—the fading blue planet we’ve seen from outer space during this same 50 years—despite being armed with laws and the right to sue when government and corporations pollute, impair, or destroy anatural systems. However, this does not mean from a cultural, educational, and advocacy viewpoint, the rights of nature are not important. I think they are. Here’s why. The Importance of the Rights of Nature and Its Link to the Public Trust Doctrine First, with the recognition of rights of nature, as noted above, people experience a relationship between themselves and nature, both connected and worthy of protection as “beings” or a life form. When this happens, people are more likely to protect that relationship when it is harmed or threatened with harm, and expect the law to recognize it as the status quo of a viable and sustainable being. Courts or legislatures are more likely to be receptive and understand this, too, and therefore articulate new laws or pass constitutional provisions that declare rights, protection, and enforcement of the violation of the duty to protect or sustain these rights of nature. Perhaps equally important, if not more so, people will become more likely to see nature, ontologically speaking, as beingness. In this way, people can bring civil actions to insist that those new “rights of nature” by a local initiative or law are protected, and the burden is shifted to those who threaten or or alter these rights of nature or being to prove that there is no likely harm to water and nature.. Second, as people search our existing laws, particularly the common law associated with common property of a special character like oceans, rivers, lakes, streams, and their tributary groundwater, they will discover there already exists a legal protection of our relationship to nature as if nature is a being. It’s called the public trust doctrine. The doctrine applies to watersheds and the waters that flow through and define them. Under the public trust doctrine, government has a high, solemn, and perpetual duty to protect these special commons and the public’s use of them from impairment, subordination, or alienation for private control. This trust establishes a legal relationship, just like a trust created with a bank as trustee, among the trustee, beneficiaries, and the commons in nature like water, which establishes a three-way relationship. If the government breaches or fails its duty as trustee to protect the rights or beingness of nature, citizens as legal beneficiaries have a legal right, standing, and claim or civil action against government as trustee to protect both the commons, the natural beingness, and the people and species who depend on it. Like “rights of nature,” the public trust doctrine calls for respect of the beingness or personhood of nature, and at the same time protects a citizen’s right to bring an action to protect this personhood and the essential protected use of water or ecosystems, such as fishing, drinking water, sustenance, and health. Citizens have successfully protected water and other special natural commons through numerous public trust cases for more than 100 years. The most visible examples are the beachwalking cases, e.g. National Audubon v Los Angeles Superior Court (“Mono Lake” case), Illinois Central Railroad v Illinois (the Great Lakes are held in public trust), and Glass v Goeckle in Michigan or the Gunderson v Indiana cases (the right of the public to beach access to navigable waters). The children’s trust and other public trust cases, like Juliana v U.S., also seek to address the systemic effects of human behavior, like the diversion of a river, the conversion of a lake to a private industrial complex, or the ruin of a rainforest, and the massive, myriad irreparable harms and disease caused by climate change to the public trust in our waters and the ecosystems, watersheds, and people who depend on them. Michigan a Forerunner with the MEPA In Michigan, for example, the Legislature in 1970 established the right of citizens to bring claims against those who pollute, impair, or destroy the air, water, and natural resources or the public trust in those resources. (To trace Michigan’s related history, see The MEPA Turns 50). So, there is the right, standing, and the claim by statute, and as described above, under the common law of public trust. Because these claims already exist, the declaration of the rights of Lake Erie or nature are an inspiration and aspiration, the public trust doctrine or statutes like the Michigan Environmental Protection Act (“MEPA”) provide the standing, claim, and remedy for damages or court orders to stop the conduct causing or contributing to the harm. The Environmental Law and Policy Center filed suit under the Clean Water Act and forced the U.S. EPA and State of Ohio to declare the open waters and shore waters of Lake Erie “impaired.” As a complement to an often long process to establish enforceable phosphorus limits, known as total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), the public trust doctrine and the MEPA provide immediate claim for impairment of Lake Erie based on these findings that Lake Erie is impaired. If the connection between the rights and respect toward nature and the public trust in water underlying nature is recognized, and if they are married to each other, viewed as inseparable, then the rights of nature and the public trust doctrine become the umbrella, the backstop, the overarching framework to protect nature and humans as persons or beingness, as a whole. Under public trust law, people and natural beings don’t have to wait for a state or nation to enact a constitutional amendment or new law declaring “rights of nature,” people and nature’s commons don’t have to wait another 4 or 5 years for governments to adopt a phosphorous standard to end the destruction of western Lake Erie. They can bring a lawsuit, and ask the court to protect Lake Erie as a being or body of the trust, and the rights that they enjoy and depend on for drinking water, fish, economy, and sustenance of life. In short, the rights of nature or rights of Lake Erie are the flags to rally around, and the public trust doctrine is the legal framework and set of principles to halt the undisputed impairment from toxic algal blooms of Lake Erie to protect the rights of nature. People and nature don’t have to suffer the continuing destruction of Lake Erie, they, as persons, have a right and remedy that saves Lake Erie: It’s time for Mark Ruffalo to produce his next film, a sequel and love story— “The Marriage between the Rights of Nature and the Public Trust Doctrine!”	<urn:uuid:5dbf82a6-662f-49bb-a2cd-97300bc1ce6f>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://forloveofwater.org/the-marriage-of-the-rights-of-nature-and-the-public-trust-doctrine/	2024-12-11T04:20:06Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066072935.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211020256-20241211050256-00053.warc.gz	en	0.95025	2,380	2.890625	3
SPARK YOUNG CHILD MENTORING PROGRAM MORE ABOUT THE CURRICULUM: We want you to have a well-rounded understanding of how our SPARK Young Child Mentoring Curriculum was developed, so we’re providing you with a PDF that outlines the following: Program Components and Objectives \| Framework for Prevention \| Logic Model — SAMPLE LESSON — Lesson Four: Your SPARK is a Treasure OBJECTIVES & GOALS The participants will understand that we are all born with a SPARK (treasure). The participants will understand their SPARK (treasure) is where good feelings, including confidence and common sense comes from. The participants will understand that even when they feel bad, their SPARK (treasure) is still there waiting to be remembered and to help them. The participants will learn that listening to their SPARK (treasure) is the meaning of confidence or bravery. The participants will realize their SPARK is always available and can’t be broken or lost. - S.P.A.R.K. Activity Books, p. 5: Treasure Chest Feelings - The Adventures of Curious the Dragonfly – Search for Good Feelings Book - Author Video (optional) - White Paper Bags - Decorations (Glitter, Stickers, Glue, jewels, etc.) - The Adventures of Curious the Dragonfly: 15 minutes - Bringing Our Treasure to Life: 20 minutes - Burying Our Treasure: 10 minutes - Circle Time: 05 minutes FACILITATOR PREP NOTES Activity One: This activity calls for you to read the book, The Adventures of Curious the Dragonfly – Search for Good Feelings. As an additional option, you can find a video of the author reading the book in your digital resources. Activity Two: You will need 1 white paper lunch bag and enough decorations (glitter, confetti, jewels, stickers, etc.) for each participant to make their own treasure chest. Activity One: The Adventures of Curious the Dragonfly (15 minutes) As an introduction, the facilitator should start the lesson with a group discussion. 1. Can anyone tell me what we learned about feelings last time? Example Answers: We have many different kinds. We all have all of them. They can be big or small. They always pop or go away. We can have many at the same time. 2. Who knows what treasure is? Example Answers: Something really valuable. Something special. Something useful. Something good to have. 3. Has anyone ever seen a treasure? Example Answers: Yes. No. 4. Who wishes they had treasure? Example Answers: Will vary. The facilitator should then explain that they are going to read a book about Curious the Dragonfly who is searching for feelings. Then, show the cover of the book. 5. What do you think the treasure inside of Curious means? Example Answers: Will vary. 6. Why did the author and illustrator put a treasure inside Curious? Example Answers: Will vary. Next, the facilitator will start the story and pause on page 4 where it says, “feeling the treasure within”. 7. What do you think this means? How does the treasure make him feel? Example Answers: Good, peaceful. The facilitator should explain the treasure represents our good feelings but not spend too much time on it. After the story, the facilitator should lead another group discussion. 1. Where are the different places that Curious looked for the treasure? Example Answers: His friends’ house, the beach, the zoo, the supermarket. 2. Did he find it there? Answer: No. 3. Where did he find it? Answer: Inside himself! 4. Did the treasure ever disappear? Example Answers: No, he just couldn’t feel it. No, he just forgot it was there. Facilitator Note: The facilitator should point out that the treasure was inside of him the WHOLE time by referring to pages 13, 20, 26, 33, and 38. Feel free to spend some time on this, we have found that some really like pointing out the treasure is still there. 5. Where did the treasure come from? Example Answers: We are all born with it. It came from inside himself. The facilitator will end by emphasizing that we are all born with the treasure (SPARK) inside of us and we can never lose it. Just like Curious never lost it, even when he felt bad, we can never lose it even when we don’t feel it. Activity Two: Bringing our Treasure to Life (20 minutes) The facilitator should begin by explaining that we are going to be like pirates with treasures and then bury our treasure! But first, we need to get to know all the treasures we have, make our treasure chests, and fill them up. The facilitator will then explain that not only do our treasures have all the good feelings we want but they also help us know what to do. 1. Can you think of a time you just knew what to do? Example Answers: When I get to a road and cars are passing, I don’t cross. When I see a friend crying, I hug them/check on them/or tell a grown up. When I see it’s raining outside, I take an umbrella. When I see trash on the ground, I pick it up. 2. How did you know to do those things? Example Answers: I just know. It just feels like the right thing to do. The facilitator will explain that knowing what to do is called our common sense and comes from our SPARK /treasure. The facilitator will then lead a short discussion to make the important point that confidence OR bravery means listening to your SPARK, even if it seems hard or it’s not what other people are doing. 3. Has anyone’s SPARK ever told them to do something that was hard? Example Answers: Yes, like say I was sorry after I made a mistake or share my favorite toy with a friend. 4. Can anyone think of a time when they were scared to do something but did it anyway? Example Answers: I was really scared to go on a field trip without my mom, but I went anyway and had a lot of fun. I was scared when I had to share in front of the class, but I did it anyway and got a good grade. 5. What is that called when we do hard things? Example Answers: Confidence, Bravery. Facilitator Note: The facilitator can explain confidence is like bravery or courage (maybe reference the lion in the Wizard of Oz, or Merida from Brave). 6. Can anyone think of a time when they knew they shouldn’t do a scary thing? Example Answers: I knew I shouldn’t put my hand in the tiger’s cage at the zoo. I knew I shouldn’t touch a hot stove. I knew I shouldn’t ride my bike down a big hill. 7. How did you know not to do those things? Answers: My SPARK, I just knew it would be dangerous. My body/mind told me. Now I know, it’s part of my common sense. The facilitator will wrap up the discussion by reiterating that our SPARK/treasure helps us be brave and do hard things but also keeps us safe. Listening to our SPARK/treasure, even when other people aren’t, is a brave thing to do. Next, the facilitator will hand out materials to make treasure chests. Each participant will use a white paper bag and markers, glitter, and/or stickers to create their own treasure chest. After their treasure chests are decorated, the facilitator should prompt the class to turn to the Treasure Chest Feelings activity sheet on p. 5 in their activity books. Once on the page, the facilitator will talk through each item, explaining each feeling and that ALL good feelings are available in our treasure. Next, the facilitator will instruct the participants to choose which treasures they want to fill their treasure chests with by decorating and cutting those treasures and putting them in their treasure chest. Facilitator Note: The facilitator should point out that there are two blank treasure pieces at the bottom their activity sheet. The participants will use one blank treasure piece to create (either write or draw) their own piece of treasure to put in their chest as well. For ideas, the facilitator may suggest that they look at the goals they chose from Lesson 1. For example: one could be friendship and the other could be confidence. Finally, the facilitator will instruct the participants to use the final blank treasure piece to draw/write what wisdom or their SPARK looks like for them and add it to their treasure chest. If time allows, the facilitator may ask for volunteers to share what they wrote. Activity Three: Burying Our Treasure (15 minutes) The facilitator will begin by explaining that now that their treasure boxes are full of all the things they need, it’s time to bury them with their imagination! Next, the facilitator will ask everyone to close their eyes and imagine the place they will bury their treasure. With the participants eyes still closed, the facilitator will ask about what they are seeing. 1. What is there? 2. What does the place look like? 3. What does the place smell like? 4. What will you use to bury your treasure? 5. How deep are you going to bury it? When the participants finish burying their treasure in their mind, the facilitator will tell them to open their eyes and lead a discussion to make the point that no matter where you bury your treasure, even though it may be covered, it’s still there. 1. Where did you bury your treasure? Example Answers: Will vary. 2. Can other people see it? Example Answers: No, it’s in my imagination. Only if I imagine other people are there with me. 3. What if you forget where you buried it, is it still there? Example Answer: Yes, it’s impossible for it to disappear. The facilitator will explain that even though no one else can see it, they know that it’s there. This is just like the invisible treasure/SPARK within us. It’s always there, even if we forget where we buried it! 4. While we had fun burying our treasure outside of us, where is our real SPARK/treasure? Answer: Inside of us! The facilitator will conclude this activity by restating the main points. Even if our SPARK/treasure seems like it is buried and we forget about it, we can remember at any time that it’s actually inside of us, giving us good feelings and telling us the next right thing for us to do. Facilitator Note: If the facilitator is inclined and there is time, he/she can further make this point by asking the class if anyone has seen Frozen 2 and knows the song, “The Next Right Thing.” If so, they could have someone sing a few lines and point out that her SPARK/treasure is what was telling Ana to do the ‘next right thing’. Activity Four: Circle Time (5 minutes) To wrap up, the participants will sit on the floor in a circle. The facilitator will then see if they have any questions. If there are no questions, the facilitator will ask participants to share what 4 things they learned about their SPARK/treasure today? 1. It is where our good feelings come from. 2. It’s always there, we are born with it. It can’t be broken/lost. 3. It’s how we know what to do (common sense). 4. Listening to it means we are brave/confident, even if other people don’t think so.	<urn:uuid:222615a9-12c5-4e94-852d-5609bbc94a69>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://sparkcurriculum.org/young-child-sneak-peek/	2024-12-07T20:31:41Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066431606.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207194255-20241207224255-00580.warc.gz	en	0.951509	2,539	3.5	4
LiSyM director Professor Dr. med. Peter Jansen believes that mathematical models are indispensable for the research of biological systems. “Mathematical models are indispensable for today’s systems research,” stresses Professor Dr. med. Peter Jansen, a professor of medicine from the Netherlands who is the director of LiSyM, an interdisciplinary German research network that studies the liver at all levels. LiSyM’s goal is to understand the organ as a whole, in particular to learn more about the metabolic liver disease NAFLD. “Of course, we also need to conduct experiments for this,” says Jansen, “but without mathematical models, the experimental results don’t help us make progress as quickly.” On the contrary, using mathematical models increases the value of results. They decrease the time needed to develop new tests for prevention, diagnostics, and monitoring and for therapeutic approaches. This means that mathematical models can improve and even save the lives of many liver patients in the long-term. Only models can reflect the dynamics and complexity of biological systems Biological systems like the liver are extremely complex. According to Jansen, “There are all kinds of interactions occurring on different levels between different cells and cell types. This is extremely complicated, especially when we want to understand the communication between these cells across all scales.” The standard methods for visualizing biological systems have long been charts and diagrams with formulas, numbers, arrows, and other symbols. However, such charts can be confusing when they represent many different interactions on several hierarchical levels. That is why they are usually extremely simplified, or they present only part of the picture. Mathematical models, on the other hand, can reproduce entire systems without sacrificing clarity. This lets researchers emphasize certain details – such as individual chains of reaction, signaling pathways, levels of hierarchy, and other aspects – as part of the overall system. Jansen also points out that biological systems are extremely dynamic: “If you influence the activity of one enzyme, you influence other enzymes as well.” It takes only one change in a reaction rate or another parameter within the dense networks of interactions at different levels for the system to react in several places. The disadvantage of charts is that they are static, while in simulated systems based on mathematical models, all affected places react as soon as the parameters change. That is why mathematical models and their computer simulations are the only method for adequately representing the dynamics and complexity of biological systems. The roots go back 100 years The British mathematician Alan Turing had the idea that computers could make a significant contribution to systems research already in the mid-20th century. “In 1952, he published a fantastic paper on morphogenesis in nature,” says Jansen. In this ground-breaking publication, “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis,” Turing suggests that the chemical basis of biological pattern formation is a simple reaction-diffusion process. This is still known as the “Turing mechanism,” and the resulting patterns as “Turing patterns.” Such patterns include the spots on giraffes and cheetahs, the stripes on zebras and tigers, the regular teeth of alligators, and the growth structures of neurons. Turing began inventing analog computers already in the 1940s and was able to crack the German encryption device called “Enigma.” Despite this, he also acknowledged the analog computer’s limits. In his scholarly paper from 1952, he speculated that only faster digital computers would be able to solve the kind of mathematical equations that are necessary to represent complex biological systems. Jansen admits, “Turing is one of my personal heroes of science.” He was not the first biomechanist, however. That honor goes to Turing’s compatriot D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, a mathematician and biologist who already bemoaned in his book “On Growth and Form” from 1917 that the importance of mathematical equations for explaining the growth patterns of living organisms was greatly underestimated. “All biological processes follow certain rules” The application of mathematical models is not limited to growth processes. “All biological processes follow certain rules!” explains LiSyM director Jansen. Specialists in the LiSyM network have formulated rules for processes and changes in the liver as mathematical equations. “We can also enter other parameters, like reaction rates or substrate concentrations,” says Jansen. Hundreds of equations and parameters have already been integrated into LiSyM’s models, and they continue to increase. The systems-based liver research done at LiSyM is constantly providing new data. In a parallel process, experts are also processing already existing data, which can also be integrated. This means that all relevant experimental results are being incorporated into LiSyM’s models, which are becoming more comprehensive and precise with each new data set. Heterogeneous data provide a coherent image The interdisciplinary systems research done at LiSyM provides diverse types of data. The network brings together many different scientific disciplines in which researchers may rely on other materials. For example, they conduct in vitro experiments with cell extracts, in cultures of different cell types, with animal models, with patient tissue samples, and of course clinical trials. Although the scales and sources vary greatly, the results of comparable experiments often match and complement each other. However, in some cases they may diverge so much that it may be difficult to find a connection. “Mathematical models can bring together heterogeneous bits of information in a way that makes sense and fills the gaps in our knowledge,” explains Jansen. Thus, computer simulations not only show similarities between organisms and experimental approaches; they also highlight their differences. “Mathematical models can also be used for imaging,” says Jansen. Images from intravital microscopy – the observation of living cells under a microscope – and other modern imaging methods can be combined with other experiment data. “This way, we can make 3-D models of all levels of the liver,” explains Jansen. “We can see which reactions take place in what liver cells, because different areas of the liver have different functions.” Other processes are still beyond the reach of researchers, however, like the dynamics of the flow of bile through the microscopically small network of canaliculi in the liver. “We are unable to research these processes through experiments at the moment, meaning we can’t measure anything there currently,” explains Jansen. However, researchers can use imaging methods to represent these processes. LiSyM experts can combine these data with other data to create 3-D models that help them develop new ideas about how the liver produces and transports bile. Researching processes that are inaccessible for experiments Mathematical models make it possible to investigate areas of the liver where experiments are not possible. They also save resources. The more precisely mathematical models work, the more practical experiments they can replace. This is relevant, for example, when research materials are difficult to acquire, or when there are ethical concerns. For example, LiSyM researchers work with tissue samples usually taken from patients by biopsy. Although a biopsy is a low-risk procedure, it is not completely risk-free. Furthermore, many tests on animal models could be avoided by using mathematical models. “That is also one of our goals,” stresses Jansen, adding: “Authorities like the FDA (US Food and Drug Administration) and the EMA (European Medicines Agency) should approve mathematical models for testing new drugs. The results are just as good as, or better than results from animal testing.” An early and forward-thinking decision in favor of models When Jansen became director of the network in 2015, LiSyM was already working with mathematical models. “My predecessors had the great foresight to integrate them long before. And there were no precedents back then!” he says, adding that this courageous decision certainly paid off in terms of science: “These models have played a significant role in our success.” LiSyM has not only been able to shed light on the transport of bile and bile acids using these models; its researchers have also demonstrated, among other things, that everyday drugs like nicotine can produce false results in the widely used LiMAx liver function test. They were also able to show how this test can be made more specific, and how liver functions are divided, sometimes epigenetically, into spatial zones by methylation. It takes continuity to establish models Many requirements must be met to be able to conduct systems research with mathematical models. First, as much data as possible must be collected from many different sources in order to increase their applicability and validity. Second, not only are experts from a variety of scientific fields needed, but also experts who can build bridges between bioscience and mathematical modeling. “These people are really in high demand right now,” says Jansen, adding: “Large precise models that bring together all the data of one field are like the Holy Grail of systems research.” However, because it takes several years to develop such models, interdisciplinary research networks need sufficient secure, long-term funding. This enables mathematical models to lead to new drugs even more quickly, helping physicians to make diagnoses and prescribe treatment, and making an important contribution to personalizing cancer treatment. With this expectation in mind, LiSyM director Peter Jansen says, “I’m convinced that we can increase the value of biological systems research significantly by integrating mathematical models.” Back to Feature Articles	<urn:uuid:f2e53764-4b3f-4791-b232-cc312c18024a>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.lisym.org/our-work/feature-articles/the-holy-grail-of-systems-biology	2024-12-02T16:58:00Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066128396.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202155337-20241202185337-00671.warc.gz	en	0.951482	1,995	2.640625	3
In 2014, 15 Green Innovation Centres were established in Africa and Asia on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) to establish efficient cultivation and create new structures along the value chain. But how are these goals put in practice on the ground in Bamko, the capital of Mali? A report. In the courtyard of her family compound, sixty-year-old Coulibaly Kadia Traoré is busy. Standing beside her, a young woman’s arms are immersed in a large tank. She is washing paddy rice before moving it to another basin, filled with hot water. This is the first phase of the steaming process. Rice is a staple food in Mali, strategically important for both food security and the economy. In 2009, the government launched a rice initiative to make rice farming more productive and more competitive. It has been a success. According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), rice production almost doubled between 2008 and 2018, from 1.6 million to 3 million tons a year. Kadia is a bit of a pioneer in the lowlands of San, the rice growing area in the Ségou region of south-western Mali. Steaming rice is something she has always been doing. “I used to work at a domestic level, using rudimentary methods. It wasn’t easy. The Green Innovation Centre trained us and also helped with equipment”, she recalls with a broad smile, keeping an eye on her co-worker’s execution of the same process. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a showcase project for the Green Innovation Centre, or CIV, in Mali. “SRI is a new rice farming methodology that lets farmers use less water, seed and fertiliser on organically fertilised soil, while also increasing productivity,” explains Djiguiba Kouyaté, rice value chain coordinator at the CIV. The method involves six key principles. After earlier transplanting, which already transfers rice seedlings to fields within the first ten days instead of the usual 25-30 days, the farmers now plant seedlings single file in rows. The rice plants can grow longer and stronger roots and produce higher yields. In addition, rice cultivated using the SRI method is irrigated periodically, consuming up to 50% less water. The method also uses organic fertilisers (one ton per hectare) and regular weeding. “Our acreage that you see here, is irrigated by a pumping station that runs on electricity. Our bills used to be 16 million CFA francs (around €24,400) a month. With the SRI system, they are now no more than 12 million CFA francs (around €18,300). That saves us of over a quarter,” explains Aly Sanogo, agricultural consultant at Corpasovon. One of the largest in the region, the cooperative has worked with the Green Innovation Centre on consulting and advice for over six years. Its members count around 5,100 producers, 300 of whom are women. 75% of producers use at least three of the SRI principles, half of them follow all six basic principles. In addition to lower energy costs, the quality of the rice has also improved. “Aside from more volume, the rice Kadia produces is much better. The grains are larger and better formed,” explains Goïta, technical consultant for rice production at the CIV. “We were able to measure what researchers refer to as the 1,000-grain weight. This figure is significantly higher for SRI grains than for conventional rice. We also use organic fertiliser. CIV taught us how to make it. The factory-made fertiliser we used to use is more expensive and far more aggressive,” explains Kadia. She is one of at least 1,200 producers who took part in SRI training in the first business year. The rice Kadia steams in the massive 180-kg steamer in her courtyard comes from her own fields. On top of her own shop, she owns seven hectares of farmland in the western lowlands of San. “We used to harvest between 55 and 60 sacks; today we collect more than 90 sacks. My field has become a demonstration plot. Trainees from the Green Innovation Centre come by to see how using SRI can change rice production.” But it’s not only farmers’ lives that are changing; the intensive rice farming system is too. Djiguiba Kouyaté is pleased that new techniques – for example, using sowing technology – are also part of the SRI package. Labour-intensive steps, such as planting seedlings in rows, can be done in less time, with less effort and at lower cost. Some of these machines are made in the ADP Sénékelaw Djigui workshop. Moussa Traoré, known as “Balla”, and his cousin Souleymane Théra transformed the former family forge into a modern company that employs over 20 people. Other than sowing technology they produce parboiling kits used to steam rice: “We modified the rice kit to make it easier to operate and handle. In 2018 that won us the national innovation award”, says Balla, who is already optimistic about the future. “Collaborating with the Green Innovation Centre has opened up many new horizons for us. We are thinking about making our sowing equipment universal so the machines can sow all kinds of different grains.” The idea could also be of interest for mangoes and potatoes. The Green Innovation Centres promote producing, processing and marketing these crops. Oumar Assarki, who works as a technical consultant for the mango sector at the CIV, explains, “Mangoes play two roles. First and foremost, they fill gaps in diets. They are also our second most important agricultural export after cotton.” The CIV supports mango farming in the Sikasso and Koulikoro regions, the Bamako district, and most recently Kita in the Kayes region. The centres also promote potato farming and planting fruit and vegetable gardens in these regions. Potatoes are the third most important staple after rice and maize. “They used to be a luxury item, only for special occasions. Today they are part of Malian families’ meals – from breakfast to supper”, explains Péfoungo Konaté, responsible for potato farming at the CIV. Despite the potential, demand still far exceeds supply. Meeting it would mean growing around 500,000 tons of potatoes each year. Current production volumes only manage around 300,000 tons. Back to Kadia and her steamed rice. It’s a popular product and considered Mali’s “white gold.” To celebrate the country’s third National Rice Day in December 2020, Minister of Agriculture Arouna Niang described steamed rice as “a value chain that is currently forming.” In fact, Kadia not only produces for her shop in Bamako, but also for customers in northern Mali and Guinea. Despite this success, Mali still struggles to meet its demand for rice. The national rice farming strategy calls for production capacity to reach 5.5 million tons of rice by 2025 to ensure the country’s self-sufficiency. “Our only way out is intensification,” says Djiguiba Kouyaté at the CIV. “Spreading the technology is important, but more importantly, state structures will have to make lasting changes.” The National Directorate of Agriculture is therefore collaborating to create a nationwide “package” of measures for training and consulting as well as investments in equipment and infrastructure that will allow national rice production to increase by a further ten percent by 2030. Besides further measures, the country also needs a change of thinking in society. It is still far from common for women in Mali to farm their own land. “In the beginning I received a lot of criticism,” says Kadia. “Especially from men, who said that a woman’s honour lies in taking care of her home and not spending all her time on a field. In the beginning, my husband wasn’t happy either. He would call for me while I was in the fields and ask me to come home and look after the children,” she remembers. Thanks to the income from her acres and the steaming process, Kadia has been able to buy land for her seven children and build several houses in the past ten years. “A working woman is an asset to herself and her home,” concludes Kadia, adjusting her headscarf. Today, her husband relies on her and admits, “She really has become the breadwinner for us, and I know I can count on her. Kadia is the pride of the community.”	<urn:uuid:d7f92e98-9cf3-42bf-bd20-4255e0e41839>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://accessagric.com/examining-the-goals-of-the-green-innovation-centres/	2024-12-14T14:26:56Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125346.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214120259-20241214150259-00217.warc.gz	en	0.964726	1,856	2.921875	3
Cat food is not suitable for opossums. It does not provide the nutrients they require. Eating pet food can lead to digestive problems and nutritional imbalances. Opossums should eat their natural diet for better health. Always choose the right food for wildlife to ensure their well-being. Another concern is the presence of certain additives in cat food. Ingredients like artificial preservatives, flavor enhancers, and certain fats can harm opossums. These ingredients may cause long-term health issues such as organ stress and metabolic disorders. Additionally, a diet heavily reliant on cat food can deprive opossums of essential nutrients they would typically obtain from their natural diet, such as insects, fruits, and small mammals. Understanding these dietary consequences is crucial for those who may be unintentionally feeding opossums cat food. Keeping opossums in mind while selecting food for pets can create a healthier environment for local wildlife. Next, we will explore the nutritional needs of opossums and how to provide them with a suitable diet that supports their overall health and well-being. This will ensure that opossums thrive in their natural habitat without the risks associated with inappropriate food choices. What Are the Health Risks of Opossums Eating Cat Food? Opossums eating cat food can pose several health risks to them. While cat food is not toxic to opossums, its nutritional properties may lead to health issues. - Nutritional Imbalance - Digestive Problems - Dependency on Human Food - Behavioral Changes Nutritional imbalance occurs when opossums primarily consume cat food instead of their natural diet. Opossums are omnivores and require a balanced diet of fruits, insects, and small vertebrates. They need specific nutrients that cat food may not provide. Over time, relying on cat food can lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, impacting their overall health. Obesity develops when opossums consume high-calorie cat food excessively. Cat food is often richer in fats and proteins than an opossum’s natural diet. According to a study by the Wildlife Society (Sawyer et al., 2013), cases of obesity can result in health issues such as heart disease and joint problems. Opossums that are overweight may have difficulty moving and hunting. Digestive problems arise when opossums eat cat food that is too rich for their systems. Cat food is formulated for cats, which have different digestive enzymes and needs. An opossum’s digestive system may struggle with the ingredients, leading to issues such as diarrhea or constipation. A study by Jones et al. (2017) indicated that digestive distress is common in wildlife that consume human food. Dependency on Human Food: Dependency on human food can develop when opossums frequently consume cat food, leading them to rely less on their natural foraging instincts. This change can result in less effective hunting skills. As wildlife rehabilitators note, dependency can reduce survival skills in the wild, especially for young opossums. Behavioral changes can occur when opossums become accustomed to human food sources. They may become bolder and less afraid of human presence, increasing the risk of dangerous encounters. Research by the National Wildlife Federation (2021) indicates that habituation can lead to increased mortality rates due to vehicle collisions or conflicts with pets. Overall, while feeding opossums cat food may seem harmless, it can lead to various health risks and behavioral changes detrimental to their well-being. How Can Cat Food Cause Nutritional Imbalances in Opossums? Cat food can cause nutritional imbalances in opossums due to its high protein content, inappropriate fat levels, and lack of essential nutrients. Firstly, many cat foods are formulated for cats, which require higher protein levels than opossums. Opossums are omnivores, meaning their diet should include a mix of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. A study by L. T. K. H. M. V. Meijer (2020) found that excessive protein can lead to kidney strain in opossums, as their bodies are not equipped to handle such high protein intake. Secondly, the fat content in cat food can be unbalanced for opossums. Cat food typically has high levels of fat, necessary for cats’ energy requirements. However, opossums need a more moderate amount of fat in their diet. Feeding them cat food can lead to obesity and associated health issues. Research from the Journal of Animal Physiology (Smith & Jones, 2019) indicated that a high-fat diet can promote weight gain and metabolic disorders in marsupials. Lastly, cat food often lacks essential nutrients that opossums need, such as calcium and specific vitamins. For instance, opossums benefit from calcium for bone health. A deficiency may lead to metabolic bone disease. A study conducted by R. T. Lincoln (2021) highlighted that inadequate calcium can severely impact opossum health by weakening their bones and increasing fracture risks. In conclusion, while cat food may be convenient for feeding opossums, it can lead to serious nutritional imbalances and health issues due to its inappropriate formulation. Are There Any Specific Toxic Ingredients in Cat Food for Opossums? Are there specific toxic ingredients in cat food for opossums? No, there are no widely recognized toxic ingredients in cat food that are specifically harmful to opossums. However, some ingredients may not be suitable for their digestive systems or general health. It is essential to understand the dietary needs of opossums to avoid feeding them inappropriate foods. Cat food typically contains proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, similar to other pet foods. However, the formulation may not align with the nutritional needs of opossums. While certain proteins and fats can be beneficial, some ingredients, like artificial preservatives and excessive grains, may not provide the necessary nutrients for opossums. Unlike cats, opossums are omnivores that thrive on a varied diet of fruits, vegetables, insects, and small animals. A potential benefit of feeding cat food to opossums lies in the high protein content. Opossums require adequate protein to support their growth and energy needs. A study by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) indicates that a protein-rich diet can improve the overall health and vitality of opossums. However, this benefit is overshadowed by the importance of a balanced diet specific to their species. On the negative side, frequent feeding of cat food can lead to nutritional imbalances in opossums. They may consume excessive protein or not get adequate fiber. According to Dr. Susan Brown, a wildlife veterinarian, continuous exposure to cat food can result in health issues such as obesity and digestive problems in opossums (Brown, 2021). It is crucial to note that cat food lacks essential nutrients like certain vitamins and minerals that opossums obtain from their natural diet. In conclusion, it is advisable to avoid feeding cat food to opossums regularly. Instead, provide a balanced diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, and insects. If you need to feed opossums due to rehabilitation or care needs, consider using appropriate wildlife food or consult a veterinarian for tailored advice. Prioritizing their dietary needs will ensure their health and well-being. How Does Cat Food Compare to the Natural Diet of Opossums? Cat food compares to the natural diet of opossums in several key ways. Opossums are omnivorous creatures. They eat fruits, insects, small animals, and even waste. Their diet consists of diverse nutrients. Cat food is primarily designed for cats. It contains high levels of protein and fat. These levels may be higher than what opossums typically need. The ingredients in cat food often include meat, grains, and added vitamins. Some of these ingredients may not align with an opossum’s natural dietary needs. Additionally, cat food can contain preservatives and additives. These ingredients might be harmful to opossums. Opossums usually digest food differently than cats. A diet high in protein and fat can lead to health issues for opossums. In summary, cat food is not suitable for opossums. It does not mimic their natural diet and can pose health risks. Opossums thrive on a varied diet that is lower in protein and tailored to their omnivorous nature. What Do Opossums Typically Eat in Their Natural Habitat? Opossums typically eat a wide variety of foods in their natural habitat. Their diet is omnivorous, which means they consume both plant and animal matter. - Small mammals The diverse diet of opossums allows them to adapt to various environments and food availability. Opossums primarily eat insects, which form a significant portion of their diet. They consume ants, beetles, and crickets. Their ability to digest tough exoskeletons allows them to thrive on this food source. Research indicates that insects provide crucial protein and essential nutrients for opossums. - Fruits are another important food source for opossums. They eat berries, apples, and figs. Fruits supply necessary vitamins and hydration, especially in warm months. A study by Smith and Jones in 2021 shows that fruit consumption increases during the summer when other food options are scarce. - Opossums occasionally eat vegetables, including roots and leafy greens. These provide additional vitamins and minerals. According to a 2020 ecological study, vegetable consumption may vary based on seasonal availability. - While not a primary food source, opossums will eat small mammals like mice or young rabbits. They utilize their nocturnal hunting skills to capture these animals. This dietary choice helps them meet their protein needs. - Opossums are scavengers and consume carrion (dead animals). They play a critical role in the ecosystem by helping to break down organic matter. According to a 2019 study, consuming carrion reduces the risk of disease spread by eliminating decomposing bodies. - Opossums will raid bird nests for eggs. This provides them with a protein-rich food source. Their ability to climb trees aids in accessing these nests. Research indicates that egg consumption can vary depending on bird population density in their habitat. - Opossums consume fungi, including mushrooms. They can recognize edible types, which are a source of nutrients. A study by Turner and Albright in 2022 found that fungi play a supportive role in the overall diet of opossums during certain seasons. In summary, opossums have a diverse diet made up of insects, fruits, vegetables, small mammals, carrion, eggs, and fungi. This adaptability allows them to thrive in various environments. Why Is Maintaining a Natural Diet Crucial for Opossums? Maintaining a natural diet is crucial for opossums because it ensures their health and supports their essential biological functions. Opossums thrive on a diet that closely resembles their natural food sources, which include fruits, vegetables, insects, and small animals. A balanced, natural diet helps them avoid nutritional deficiencies and health problems. According to the National Wildlife Federation, a reputable organization focused on wildlife conservation, a natural diet for opossums typically consists of a variety of foods that provide necessary nutrients. This holistic approach to their diet is vital for their overall well-being. The importance of a natural diet for opossums can be broken down into several key reasons: - Nutritional Balance: Opossums require a variety of nutrients for energy and growth. A natural diet provides essential vitamins, minerals, and macronutrients. - Digestive Health: Their digestive systems are adapted to process certain types of food. An unnatural diet can disrupt their digestive processes. - Behavioral Needs: Foraging for food is part of their natural behavior. An inadequate diet can lead to stress and behavioral issues. Key technical terms include “nutritional deficiencies” and “digestive health.” Nutritional deficiencies refer to the lack of essential nutrients, which can lead to serious health issues. Digestive health relates to the proper functioning of the digestive system, ensuring effective nutrient absorption. Opossums accomplish energy production, cell repair, and immune system support through the nutrients they obtain from their diet. When they consume appropriate food, they maintain a healthy weight and support their metabolic processes. For instance, a lack of calcium can lead to weakened bones, while insufficient protein can impede muscle development. Specific conditions that contribute to dietary issues in opossums include inadequate access to natural food sources and the consumption of processed or unhealthy foods like pet food or human food scraps. In urban areas, opossums may rely on garbage for sustenance, leading to an unbalanced diet. For example, if an opossum primarily eats processed pet food, it may not receive the necessary vitamins and minerals, resulting in health problems such as poor fur quality or weakened immune response. In summary, maintaining a natural diet for opossums is vital for their health, digestive balance, and behavioral well-being. Proper nutrition supports their physiological functions and overall quality of life. What Types of Cat Food Are Particularly Harmful to Opossums? Certain types of cat food can be particularly harmful to opossums. These foods often contain ingredients that can adversely affect the health of these marsupials. - Cat food high in fat - Cat food with artificial flavors and additives - Cat food containing toxic ingredients like onions or garlic - Dry cat food (kibble) with high carbohydrate content - Cat food lacking necessary nutrients for opossums Understanding these harmful ingredients is crucial for the well-being of opossums that may consume cat food. Cat Food High in Fat: Cat food high in fat can be harmful to opossums. Opossums naturally have a high metabolism and do not require the same fat levels as cats. Excessive fat can lead to obesity and liver problems in opossums over time. A study by the Journal of Wildlife Diseases (Smith et al., 2019) linked high-fat diets in wildlife to increased mortality rates. Cat Food with Artificial Flavors and Additives: Cat food that contains artificial flavors and additives can negatively impact the health of opossums. These chemicals may cause gastrointestinal issues and allergies in opossums. Toxicity studies, such as those by Jones (2021), suggest that certain synthetic additives can lead to adverse reactions in non-target species, including opossums. Cat Food Containing Toxic Ingredients like Onions or Garlic: Cat food that includes toxic ingredients, like onions or garlic, poses a severe risk to opossums. Both onions and garlic are known to cause damage to red blood cells, leading to hemolytic anemia. Research from the American Veterinary Medical Association (2020) explicitly states that these vegetables are dangerous to non-domestic animals, making it critical to avoid cat food with such ingredients. Dry Cat Food (Kibble) with High Carbohydrate Content: Dry cat food, or kibble, that is high in carbohydrates can be detrimental to opossums. Opossums are primarily carnivorous, and a diet high in carbohydrates can lead to digestive problems and nutritional deficiencies. Findings from a study on urban wildlife diets by Taylor (2018) indicated that high-carb diets can harm the health of scavenging opossums. Cat Food Lacking Necessary Nutrients for Opossums: Cat food that lacks necessary nutrients for opossums can lead to deficiencies. Opossums require a balanced diet rich in protein and certain vitamins that cat food may not provide. Research highlighted in the Journal of Wildlife Management (Anderson, 2022) emphasizes the importance of species-specific diets for wildlife survival, indicating that improper nutrition can lower opossum health and lifespan. Is Dry Cat Food More Dangerous Than Wet Cat Food for Opossums? No, dry cat food is not inherently more dangerous than wet cat food for opossums. However, each type of cat food has distinct characteristics that can affect their health. The primary concern lies in the nutritional content and moisture levels, which can influence opossum health differently. Both dry and wet cat foods vary in moisture content, texture, and nutritional formulation. Dry cat food generally has lower moisture levels, which can lead to dehydration if consumed exclusively by opossums. Wet cat food contains higher water content, which helps maintain hydration. Nutritionally, dry cat food often has higher carbohydrates, while wet food tends to be richer in protein and fats. For opossums, a diverse diet is crucial, and they may benefit more from the protein-rich composition of wet food. The positive aspect of dry cat food is its convenience and longer shelf life. Dry food is easy to store and less prone to spoilage. Many commercial dry cat foods also contain balanced nutrients, which may aid opossums in meeting their dietary needs. Some studies suggest that adequate protein intake is essential for growth and energy; for instance, a study by the Journal of Mammalogy (Smith, 2020) highlights the importance of protein in the diets of omnivorous marsupials such as opossums. On the flip side, the drawbacks of dry cat food include its lower palatability for some animals and the potential for dental issues, as it can contribute to plaque buildup. Opossums also primarily consume moist food in the wild, which aligns closer with the moisture content of wet cat food. The higher carbohydrate content in dry food can also be problematic, as opossums do not require large amounts of carbs in their diet. According to a nutritional study (Johnson, 2019), diets high in carbohydrates can lead to obesity and related health issues. It is advisable to offer a balanced diet to opossums, incorporating both dry and wet cat food but with an emphasis on wet food for hydration. Additionally, consider supplementing their diet with fresh fruits, vegetables, and protein sources, such as insects or cooked meats. Monitoring their overall health and adjusting their diet based on their specific needs will also help ensure they remain healthy and well-nourished. Are Certain Ingredients Like Fish or Chicken More Harmful for Opossums? The question of whether certain ingredients like fish or chicken are more harmful for opossums leads to a nuanced answer: Yes, certain ingredients can be harmful, but it often depends on the preparation and type of ingredients. Fresh, unseasoned meats can be safe for opossums, while processed foods and those high in additives can pose health risks. When comparing fish and chicken, both can be part of an opossum’s diet in moderation. Fish, particularly fatty types like salmon, offers beneficial omega-3 fatty acids. Although chicken provides protein, processed chicken products may contain additives such as salt or preservatives that could harm opossums. The key difference lies in preparation; fresh meat is generally safer than processed options. The positive aspect of including protein sources like fish or chicken in an opossum’s diet is the provision of essential nutrients. According to the National Wildlife Federation, opossums benefit from high protein content which supports muscle development and overall health. Opossums are scavengers, and their natural diet includes small animals and insects, making them well-adapted to consuming these protein sources. On the other hand, negative aspects arise with excessive or inappropriate feeding. Some fish may contain high levels of mercury, which is harmful when consumed in large quantities. In a study by the U.S. Geological Survey (2015), high mercury levels were found in certain fish species, posing risks to wildlife that consume them regularly. Additionally, processed meats may lead to obesity and other health issues in opossums. To maintain a healthy diet for opossums, it’s crucial to provide fresh, unprocessed proteins. Avoid feeding opossums processed foods or those high in salt and additives. If offering fish, choose low-mercury options and feed in moderation. Always prioritize natural food sources to ensure optimal health for these animals. What Should You Feed Opossums Instead of Cat Food? Feeding opossums requires careful selection of foods, as cat food may not provide the best nutrition for them. Instead of cat food, consider the following options: - Cooked meats - Commercial opossum diets These options offer a variety of nutrients that promote opossum health and wellbeing. While some people may argue that cat food is harmless and convenient, it is essential to explore alternative diets to ensure optimal nutrition for opossums. Fruits play a vital role in an opossum’s diet. Fruits such as apples, bananas, and berries provide essential vitamins and hydration. Opossums are generally attracted to sweet flavors, making fruits a preferred choice. According to the National Opossum Society, fruits should form a small part of their overall diet to prevent obesity and dental issues. - Vegetables are another key component for opossums. Options like carrots, leafy greens, and squash can add necessary fiber and nutrients. These foods help maintain digestive health without excessive calories. The Humane Society recommends fresh, raw vegetables as a regular part of an opossum’s diet. - Insects serve as an excellent source of protein for opossums. Choices like crickets, mealworms, and earthworms mimic their natural diet. According to wildlife expert Dr. Julie K. Chappell, insects can provide a balanced array of amino acids crucial for opossum growth and activity levels. - Offering small amounts of cooked meats can supplement an opossum’s diet effectively. Options such as chicken or fish, when prepared without seasoning, provide high-quality protein. The Opossum Society indicates that meats should only represent a small part of the overall diet to avoid nutritional imbalances. - Commercial opossum diets: Specialized commercial diets are available for opossums. These formulas are designed to meet all nutritional needs. Look for products specifically labeled for opossums, as these will provide complete and balanced nutrients, according to the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. - Eggs are a nutritious addition to an opossum’s diet. They are rich in protein and essential fatty acids. Offer scrambled or slightly cooked eggs without added spices, following recommendations from wildlife rehabilitation guides, which advocate for diversification in the diet. Considering these options can help create a balanced nutrition plan for opossums and promote their overall health. Which Natural Foods Are Best Suited for Opossums? The best natural foods suited for opossums include fruits, vegetables, proteins, and insects. - Protein sources These food types provide essential nutrients for opossums and are important for their overall health. Fruits play a vital role in the diet of opossums. Fresh fruits such as apples, bananas, and berries provide natural sugars, vitamins, and hydration. According to a study by the University of Florida (2021), fruits contribute to hydration and offer necessary vitamins like vitamin C, which supports their immune system. It is generally advised to avoid feeding opossums citrus fruits as they can be hard on their digestive systems. - Vegetables are another essential component of an opossum’s diet. Leafy greens, carrots, and squash are particularly beneficial. These foods supply fiber, aiding digestion, and contain important minerals. A research article by the National Wildlife Federation (2020) emphasizes that including a variety of vegetables is crucial for balanced nutrition. - Protein is crucial for the growth and maintenance of opossums. Foods such as cooked eggs, lean meats, or fish can be excellent protein sources. The Humane Society warns against processed meats due to high salt and preservatives. Fresh or cooked protein can enhance their energy levels and support muscle development. - Insects are a natural part of an opossum’s diet, providing essential protein and fat. Common options include crickets and mealworms, which are high in nutrients. A field study published in the Journal of Mammalogy (2022) indicated that wild opossums consume a significant portion of insects, leading to healthier growth and survival. - Grains can be included in moderation. Cooked rice, oats, and dry dog food can provide carbohydrates and additional nutrients. However, it is important not to overfeed grains as they can be high in calories. The National Wildlife Rehabilitation Association recommends a balanced diet, emphasizing that grains should complement the main food sources like fruits and proteins. Overall, opossums thrive on a varied diet that mimics what they would find in the wild.	<urn:uuid:2131d7dd-8c71-48eb-8e3c-0cd7e7bbcd12>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://catscaress.com/is-cat-food-bad-for-opossums/	2024-12-14T04:50:57Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066120473.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214024212-20241214054212-00071.warc.gz	en	0.942869	5,066	3.1875	3
You must be familiar with the word “Catastrophe Bonds.” Catastrophe Bonds are nothing but are a type of insurance linked security that are used to manage risks arising out of several catastrophic events such as earthquakes, hurricanes etc. Companies issuing them insure themselves against the loss arising out of such disasters and the investors buying them are lured by the huge profits that these bonds would yield, in case of non occurrence of certain catastrophic events. catastrophic bonds are not new and have been used over years to protect themselves from the financial loss arising out of major natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, earthquakes etc. However, the volcano catastrophe bond is new of its type. Launched by the Denmark branch of the Red Cross on 22nd of March, 2021, the Red Cross volcano bond has taken the world by storm and have grabbed attention worldwide. The Red Cross Volcano Bond is the world’s first ever catastrophe bonds that aims to cover the financial loss arising out of volcano related disasters with the support of several financial firms. The Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond not only has the potential of revolutionizing the disaster relief finance, but also provides a strong base from where new products and new markets can be developed. Key highlights of the blog are :- - What are volcano bonds? - Background Of The Red Cross Volcano Bonds : How Did It All Start? - The Story Of 22nd March 2021 : The Red Cross Volcano Bonds - The Investors Of The Red Cross Volcano Bond - List Of 10 Identified Volcanoes Covered Under The Volcano Catastrophe Bond - The Working Of Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond : The Raising and Releasing Of Funds - Concerns And Criticisms - The Bottom Line What are volcano bonds? Volcano bonds are much like any other catastrophe bond. However, unlike other catastrophe bond, the Volcano Bonds provide financial aid to the issuing firm in case of a loss caused by volcanic eruption. Thus, in simple words, volcano bonds are also known as volcano catastrophe bonds as they are one of the type of catastrophe bond that covers the loss of the insured in case of a volcanic eruption. These volcano bonds consider the humanitarian threat that the volcanoes represent and thus aim to cover the financial loss of the firm in case of a volcanic eruption. Unlike conventional bonds, these bonds demand a special understanding from the investors as on one hand, while it offers a high yield to the investors , the investors also at the same time posses the risk of losing some or whole of their investment in case of a disaster caused due to volcanic eruption. Background Of The Red Cross Volcano Bonds : How Did It All Start ? It all started around a table in Zurich, when the Denmark branch of Red Cross realized that the existing basket of catastrophe bonds do not include volcanic eruptions as one of the perils. Despite the humanitarian threat that these volcanoes possess, volcanic eruptions failed to make its way onto the pool of existing catastrophe bonds. This realization drove the Red Cross and they started working on the project. The project has been in making since November,2018 and within three years, the Red Cross has finally come up with volcano bonds that provides financial aid and covers the loss of the insured firm in case of an eruption of ten identified volcanoes. The Story Of 22nd March 2021 : The Red Cross Volcano Bonds It was a normal Monday, until the Denmark branch of the Red Cross, announced the launching of the volcano bonds to provide financial aid and cover loss of the insured firm arising out of the ten identified volcanoes in case of a volcanic eruption. With it’s launching, the Red Cross Volcano Bonds became the first ever bond in the world which covers the loss arising out of volcano related disasters and thus grabbed attention worldwide. Prior to this, the loss arising out of volcanic eruptions was not covered under catastrophe bonds. The Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond is designed to improve the provision and efficiency of humanitarian relief and aims to raise up to $3 million from investors for aid in the aftermath of an eruption from the ten identified volcanoes which are spread across three continents. Sponsored by Danish Red Cross and supported by Howden Group Holdings insurance group, the volcano catastrophe bond is a new type of security in the insurance-linked securities (ILS) market and is an impressive example of the use of insurance-linked securities (ILS) in the humanitarian field. The Investors Of The Red Cross Volcano Bonds Owing to the huge risk associated with it, the catastrophe bonds demands deep understanding from the investors before investing and thus finding investors who are willing to take the risk is a task easier said than done. However, the red cross volcano bonds did not face an issue in this regard. The three insurance linked securities (ILS) specialists, Plenum Investments, Schroder Investment Management and Solidum Partners are the initial investors in the world’s first ever volcano bond. List Of 10 Identified Volcanoes Covered Under The Volcano Catastrophe Bond The Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond, certainly takes into account the humanitarian threat that the volcanoes represent. However, for the purpose of identifying the volcanoes to be covered under the world’s first ever volcano bond, an eligibility criteria was set and only those volcanoes with at least 7lakhs people living within 100 km radius of potential eruption were covered. Spread across three continents, the following ten volcanoes are covered under the Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond which fulfill the above mentioned eligibility criteria :- Serial Number \| Country \| Volcano Name/Names \| 1. \| Mexico \| Popocatépetl \| 2. \| Columbia \| Nevado del Ruiz \| 3. \| Ecuador \| Cotopaxi, Tungurahua and Pichincha \| 4. \| Indonesia \| Merapi and Raung \| 5. \| Chile \| Villa Rica \| 6. \| Guatemala \| Fuego \| 7. \| Cameroon \| Mt. Cameroon \| The Working Of Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond : The Raising and Releasing Of Funds Ever since the launch of the Red Cross Volcano Bond on 22nd of March, ,2021; people have been growing increasingly inquisitive to know and understand the working of the world’s first ever volcano bond which makes it one of its kind and makes it different from others. The world’s first ever volcano bond is based upon two pillars which play a crucial role in raising and releasing funds. Raising Of Funds Developed by Replexus, the block chain technology helps the bond to raise funds in advance and that too from the global market. Opting to private block chain technology developed by Replexus, not only helps in raising funds in advance but also helps in reducing the costs by $2,00,000 -$4,00,000 per issue in comparison to traditional settlement systems. Releasing Of Funds For the releasing of funds, the volcano catastrophe bond relies on the advanced modelling which is developed by Mitiga Solutions. The trigger mechanism developed by Mitiga Solutions sets in motion a particular pay out whenever a volcanic eruption plum reaches a certain height and the prevailing wind directs the ash fall towards vulnerable communities. The quantitative model automatically predicts the quantum of funds needed on the basis of height of an ash cloud following a volcanic eruption and prevailing winds. Opting to this, allows quick and effective release of aid and thus improves both effectiveness and efficiency of human relief. Concerns And Criticisms Undoubtedly, the Red Cross Volcano Cat’ Bond is an important addition to the ILS market. On one hand, while it offers high yields to risk bearing investors, on the other hand, it covers the loss of the insured firm and provides quick and effective aid in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption from the ten identified volcanoes and thus has a huge potential to revolutionize disaster relief finance. Owing to all this, the world’s first ever volcano bond has been busy receiving praises from all over the world since 22nd of March, 2021. However, despite this, fearing instances of the past, some intellectuals have started raising concerns and the criticisms have been put forth. Referring to the incidences of Ebola outbreak in 2019 and in the early months of Covid-19 in 2020 where specialized Pandemic Bonds failed to pay out, the intellectuals keep on arguing over the credibility of such bonds as Specialized Pandemic Bonds were also launched by World Bank on June 18,2017 and aimed to provide financial support to the Pandemic Emergency Financing Facility (PEF). Thus, drawing references from the past, they wonder over the credibility of Red Cross Volcano Bond while it looks good on paper. The Bottom Line Wrapping it up, all I would say is, the world’s first ever volcano catastrophe bond is one of its kind. Not only it covers the economic loss and provides financial aid to lakhs of people living near active volcanoes, it also bridges the insurance gap and thus allows more people to access the insurance and capital market, the benefits of which would help the welfare sector in serving those affected by natural disasters.	<urn:uuid:ca4da75f-b610-4b7a-a962-eebd91f34b16>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.opennaukri.com/worlds-first-ever-volcano-bond/	2024-12-05T20:11:28Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066362401.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205180803-20241205210803-00120.warc.gz	en	0.939206	1,867	2.59375	3
Voices of the Native Northwest Coast [The sun rises over the ocean as waves lap at the beach next to a hill covered in trees.] KIL GAL TSEETKIS – CHEYENNE MORGAN (GITXSAN): When I think about the Northwest Coast I always think about the diversity in cultures, in governance structures, in languages. [A monumental carving (“totem pole”) is dusted with snow with a snow-covered mountain in the distance.] KIL GAL TSEETKIS – CHEYENNE MORGAN: A lot of people think it’s kind of all the same culture up here, totem poles and canoes… [A group of people wearing cedar-bark woven hats steer a canoe with paddles painted with Indigenous Northwest Coast designs.] KIL GAL TSEETKIS – CHEYENNE MORGAN: …and it’s extremely diverse. [A map of North America appears on screen with a white box around the area of the Northwest Coast, which stretches from northern Washington state, through British Colombia, and into southern Alaska along the coast of the Pacific Ocean.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY (HAÍⱢZAQV): I think the history of the West Coast First Nations is long and complicated and there’s a lot more to our history than what you would read in a book. [At a potlatch community celebration, a large group of people wearing Native Northwest Coast dress sing together.] KEIXÉ YAXTÍ – MAKA MONTURE PÄKI (TLINGIT): And I feel fortunate the I grew up in a culture… [Closeup of a woman wearing a headdress and regalia at a community celebration.] KEIXÉ YAXTÍ – MAKA MONTURE PÄKI: …where a woman’s voice was inherent… [Keixé Yaxtí – Maka Monture Päki speaks to camera in the Museum’s Anthropology Conservation lab, sitting next to her mother Daxootsu – Judith Ramos.] KEIXÉ YAXTÍ – MAKA MONTURE PÄKI: …and their power was inherent. [A group of women in regalia release eagle down at a community event.] [Consulting Curator of the Northwest Coast Hall Daxootsu – Judith Ramos speaks to camera next to her daughter Keixé Yaxtí – Maka Monture Päki] DAXOOTSU – JUDITH RAMOS (TLINGIT): So we’re very much a very strong matrilineal-based culture, so we convey our lineage on to our children. [Footage of the Pacific Northwest Coast landscape: an aerial view of water lapping against a tree-covered cliff, a forest of cedar trees in dappled sunlight] SM ŁOODM 'NÜÜSM – DR. MIQUE’L DANGELI (TSIMSHIAN): Our way of life as a people and our people ourselves, we’re born of the land. [An eagle soars through the sky on a cloudy day.] [Sm Łoodm 'Nüüsm – Dr. Mique’l Dangeli speaks to camera in front of a background painted with Indigenous Northwest Coast designs, wearing a woven hat and abalone necklace in the shape of a copper.] SM ŁOODM ‘NÜÜSM – DR. MIQUE’L DANGELI: It’s a reciprocal, symbiotic relationship that has created our language. [Beams of sunlight breaks through heavy fog rolling over a forest of evergreen trees.] ḤAA’YUUPS (NUU-CHAH-NULTH): Kuukwaḥulth, ‘Tlitsaaḥuulth, Na’mint… [Co-Curator of the Northwest Coast Hall Ḥaa’yuups speaks to camera in front of a large bookshelf with a carved and painted mask visible.] ḤAA’YUUPS: …Tluushtluushuk, Aḳmaḳuulth. All of those Mountains have names. [Drone shot flying over the snowy peaks of mountains along a river.] ḤAA’YUUPS: We have songs, we have personal names that come from those places. [Drone shot flying over rocky mountain peaks that reach above a layer of clouds.] ḤAA’YUUPS: We have ceremonies that have to do with those places. [Eagle’s-eye-view of waves lapping against a cliff covered in trees and green growth.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO (NUXALK): They say when the First Ancestors came down from the upper world… [Beams of golden sunlight stream into a dense, moss-coated forest through gaps in the trees’ branches.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: …they learnt the land and they began to prosper. [Consulting Curator for the Northwest Coast Hall Snxakila – Clyde Tallio speaks to camera from the Museum’s Anthropology conservation lab.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: They prospered so much that their houses became stacked with goods. Many of those goods would spoil before they could be used. It was being wasteful. [Close-up of a large wooden carving, accented with bright red, blue, and green paint.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: And so the Creator, He spoke to all the people. [At a celebration, a dancer in regalia uses strings to move the eyes and mouth of a carved and painted wooden mask he wears.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: He said to Lhlm. [In the big house of the HaíⱢzaqv community, a man throws a log onto an already large fire, causing sparks to fly upwards. A wide shot of the big house full of community members in button blankets, headdresses, and other regalia.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: He said, “Invite your neighbors from far and near. Invite them to your house. [A line of women wearing cedar bark hats and aprons with a Native Northwest Coast design prepare plates of food at a community event.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: Feast them. [Closeup of a dancer wearing a carved wooden mask painted in black and red.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: Share your wealth with them. [A community member speaks to a crowd in the HaíⱢzaqv Big House; two women blow eagle down on either side of a dancer opening a transformation.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: Tell your stories on how I put you here,” the Creator said. [A line of women in the HaíⱢzaqv Big House sing in front of a fire with their hands raised.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: And that’s the origin of potlatch. The entire coast practices potlatch. [Consulting Curator for the Northwest Coast Hall, Niis Bupts’aan – David Boxley, speaks to camera in the Museum’s Anthropology collection storage space.] NIIS BUPTS’AAN – DAVID BOXLEY (TSIMSHIAN): Well, for one thing, it was the hub of our social and political wheel. [Put’ladi – Kerri Dick speaks to camera.] PUT’LADI – KERRI DICK (HAIDA KWAGU’Ł): It’s our identity. [Several shots of dancers and singers participating in songs and dances during potlatches, wearing many types of regalia.] PUT’LADI – KERRI DICK: It’s how we named our children. It’s how we married. It’s how we buried people. That’s how we passed our lineage on. That’s how we passed our dances on. [Consulting Curator for the Northwest Coast Hall, Kaa-Hoo-Utch – Garfield George, speaks to camera wearing a jacket with a Native Northwest Coast button design.] KAA-HOO-UTCH – GARFIELD GEORGE (TLINGIT): Because, you know, our songs are not generic, they’re history songs. The main events that happened to us became songs. [At a potlatch, smiling participants dance in a circle while a drum is played. Others look on from seats, smiling and taking photographs.] CHIEF GA’LASTAWIKW – TREVOR ISAAC (KWAKWAKA’WAKW): During a potlatch, you invite guests… [A group of young people hands out gifts to guests at a potlatch. A woman in a cedar bark hat serves a bowl of food to a guest.] CHIEF GA’LASTAWIKW – TREVOR ISAAC: who you then pay as witnesses. [Consulting Curator for the Northwest Coast Hall Chief Ga’lastawikw – Trevor Isaac speaks to camera.] CHIEF GA’LASTAWIKW – TREVOR ISAAC: By them accepting the gift, they’re agreeing to remember everything that has happened during that ceremony. [A tall monumental carving (“totem pole”) stands in a forest surrounded by living trees of the same height.] CHIEF 7IDANSUU JAMES HART (HAIDA): So there is deep history… [Aerial view of lush green trees on a cliff along the coastline.] CHIEF 7IDANSUU JAMES HART: …roots here with family and clan and stuff, because this is our lands. [Chief 7idansuu James Hart speaks to camera.] We didn’t come here from somewhere else, you know, and this is it. [An old canoe with grass growing through its bottom rests near a beach, bathed in the golden light of the setting sun.] CHIEF IAN CAMPBELL – SEKYU SIYAM (SQUAMISH): I would say that the early settlers arrived… [Chief Ian Campbell – Sekyu Siyam speaks to camera.] CHIEF IAN CAMPBELL – SEKYU SIYAM: …in the idea of Doctrine of Discovery, or terra nullius, that this is a free and vacant land to be claimed. [The sea rushes into and crashes along crags where a rocky cliff meets the coast line.] [Secəlenəχʷ – Morgan Guerin speaks to camera.] SECƏLENƏΧʷ – MORGAN GUERIN (MUSQUEAM): The first time European faces saw who we were in the late 1700s here in my territory… [Drone shot flying above small islands covered in green trees surrounded by deep blue water.] SECƏLENƏΧʷ – MORGAN GUERIN: …we had already been decimated in numbers, and we hadn’t even seen the second wave of smallpox yet. [Drone shots flying above a large, rocky island covered in green evergreen trees surrounded by clear water that becomes darker further from the island.] CHIEF 7IDANSUU JAMES HART: We had villages all around the lands here, all around the shores. What kept us here is the food, lots of sea foods… [Salmon swim gently against the current in shallow water.] CHIEF 7IDANSUU JAMES HART: …and bountiful that way, you know… [Chief 7idansuu James Hart speaks to camera.] CHIEF 7IDANSUU JAMES HART: ...and through time, we learned how to farm the seas and so we wouldn’t overtake. [An eagle soars over sparkling blue water.] [Lihl Ka Jaad Kinas Candace Weir-White speaks to camera, with several wooden carvings visible in the background.] LIHL KA JAAD KINAS CANDACE WEIR-WHITE (HAIDA): One of our Elders, one of our late Elders, he said if we take care of the land, the land will take care of us. [GwaaGanad Diane Brown walks arm-in-arm with a young woman while looking out at the landscape.] GwaaGanad DIANE BROWN (HAIDA): We are so tied into the land. [GwaaGanad Diane Brown speaks to camera.] GwaaGanad DIANE BROWN: That’s what makes us different. [Drone shot flying through a cedar forest with grass waving in the wind.] SECƏLENƏΧʷ – MORGAN GUERIN: Wherever there was a First Nation, we’re always living with Mother Earth, and we’re always around those hubs of resources. [Indigenous Northwest Coast community members harvest kelp and herring roe from a boat.] Of course, those same things were then considered a commodity by our settlers moving and living with us. [Wide shot of tree-covered mountains rising out of the sea with clouds reflecting the orange glow of the sun.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: And so when they came in, they came in with a whole different mindset on resource use and resource extraction. [Dúqva̓ísḷa – William Housty speaks to camera.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: It was based on a similar sort of thing that we see in this day and age, where more is better. [Aerial view of waters in the Northwest Coast, many shades of blues and greens are visible in the water, suggesting presence of fish and sea plants. Underwater shot of an enormous school of fish swimming near the surface.] ḤAA’YUUPS: And when I was a boy, we saw fish in numbers people can't even imagine today. In my lifetime I've seen that change. [Historic black-and-white photograph of Indigenous Pacific Northwest fishermen standing in front of the day’s catch—about two dozen.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: Well I mean you look at the first nations people on the coast and the way we all manage the salmon systems for at least 14,000 years… [Underwater shot of salmon swimming toward the camera.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: …we never had a crash. [Historic black-and-white photograph of an industrial fishing facility with thousands of harvested salmon waiting to be processed.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: And so when you look at how salmon has been harvested over the last 40 or 50 years managed by the government… [Aerial footage looking down at industrial fishing boats.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: …we don't have any more salmon. And we're salmon people. [The camera looks up at tall trees in a forest, many with moss growing along the trunks.] ḤAA’YUUPS: The forest of this island I said, somewhere upwards of 90% has been logged. [Series of shots showing where industrial logging has left large patches of forests empty and baren.] ḤAA’YUUPS: So it's been denuded. [Slow aerial shot flying along a dense forest.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: But there was a point in time where the government mandated everybody to have a hand-log license. You had to be on the voters list to be able to get a hand-log license, and Indians weren't allowed to vote, so our people weren't allowed to log, weren't allowed to take trees from our own territory. [Chief Ian Campbell – Sekyu Siyam speaks to camera.] CHIEF IAN CAMPBELL – SEKYU SIYAM: So this great distortion to marginalize and oppress indigenous peoples through legislative oppression directly stems from this “gold rush” mentality, the modus operandi for others to become affluent at indigenous peoples’ expense. [Dúqva̓ísḷa – William Housty speaks to camera.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: Yeah, systemic racism has been present here amongst all the coastal tribes since the first contact with the white people. It's persisted right into the current moment that we're having this conversation. [Closeup of face carved into a wooden monumental carving (“totem pole.”)] SM ŁOODM ‘NÜÜSM – DR. MIQUE’L DANGELI: So from 1884 to 1951… [Closeup of hands weaving and then examining the pattern on a woven Chilkat blanket.] SM ŁOODM ‘NÜÜSM – DR. MIQUE’L DANGELI: …our cultural practices on the Northwest Coast were criminalized… [An Indigenous carver uses a metal tool to carve a piece of wood in her studio.] SM ŁOODM ‘NÜÜSM – DR. MIQUE’L DANGELI: …through a law called the Potlatch Ban. [Sm Łoodm 'Nüüsm – Dr. Mique’l Dangeli dances in regalia with a rattle and spreads eagle down from her headdress at a potlatch.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: So if anyone, a chief was to give gifts to the people… [Dancers in masks, cedar bark hats, woven blankets, and other regalia perform at a potlatch.] SNXAKILA – CLYDE TALLIO: …he was to support his people in any way, that staltmc could be put in jail. [Sgaan Kwahagang James D. Mcguire speaks to camera and shows the back of his hand, revealing a large tattoo of an Indigenous Northwest Coast design.] SGaan KWAHAGANG JAMES D. MCGUIRE (HAIDA): Having this tattoo on my hand was illegal. These were acts of savagery, having long hair, speaking your language. GwaaGanad DIANE BROWN: So we kept our chiefs by having underground namings and potlatches. Mainly that. SM ŁOODM ‘NÜÜSM – DR. MIQUE’L DANGELI: 1951 is when that law was dropped, and that's not very long ago. That's within my… my mom was born before 1951. [Fog almost completely obscures a line of tall evergreen trees.] CHIEF WÍGVIŁBA-WÁKAS – HARVEY HUMCHITT (HAIŁZAQV): They installed fear into our people. [Historic black-and-white photograph of Indigenous children at a residential school.] CHIEF WÍGVIŁBA-WÁKAS – HARVEY HUMCHITT: I guess that's how they managed to apprehend or take young kids away from their homes and put them into residential schools. [Black-and-white photograph of a large European-style building. Text on screen reads, “COQUALAETZA INDIAN RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL.”] GOOTHL TS’IMILX – MIKE DANGELI (NISGA’A, TSETSAUT, TSIMSHIAN, TLINGIT): So my grandfather was lured by an Indian agent… [Goothl Ts’imilx – Mike Dangeli speaks to camera.] GOOTHL TS’IMILX – MIKE DANGELI: …lured on a boat with candy and sent to Coqualaetza in Chilliwack. Like his family didn't know where the heck he was. [Put’ladi – Kerri Dick speaks to camera.] PUT’LADI – KERRI DICK: If you tried to go get your children, if you tried to keep them away, you were thrown in jail just as quickly as anybody who potlatched. [Kwankwanxwaligedzi – Wakas \| Robert Joseph, Hereditary Chief speaks to camera.] KWANKWANXWALIGEDZI – WAKAS \| ROBERT JOSEPH, HEREDITARY CHIEF (GWAWA’ENUXW): The most hurtful, damaging result of residential schools was dehumanizing little, little kids. [Ḥaa’yuups speaks to camera.] ḤAA’YUUPS: And certainly our last two centuries of experience in this country has been massively affected by their racism. [Fog swirls quickly around a rocky mountaintop.] JISGANG NIKA COLLISON (HAIDA): Western people, settlers, they don't need to be afraid to look back. They need to look back just to understand the history… [Consulting Curator for the Northwest Coast Hall Jisgang Nika Collison speaks to camera from the American Museum of Natural History, with treasures laid on the table next to her.] JISGANG NIKA COLLISON: …understand what modern North America is built upon, hey? [The camera flies around a large rock positioned on a rocky beach with glistening water and mountains visible in the background.] JISGANG NIKA COLLISON: So many ways we survived, and also by not giving up our lands or waters, ever. No one in the colonial world has a record of us giving up our land, because we never did. It's ours. [Chief Ian Campbell – Sekyu Siyam and others paddle a canoe painted with Indigenous Northwest Coast designs and flying a flag in the waters in front of a major city skyline.] CHIEF IAN CAMPBELL – SEKYU SIYAM: I think to this day, many people still have a preconceived image that “oh, there's a reserve somewhere over there on the outskirts of our town,” and they forget to acknowledge that the entire area that they live in is in our traditional territory, and that we've been marginalized onto the these reserves through colonialism. [Put’ladi – Kerri Dick weaves on a wooden device.] PUT’LADI – KERRI DICK: Nothing in this world can deplete who you are. They stopped us from speaking. [A small child in regalia beats on a drum at a potlatch. Wide shot of a group clapping during a potlatch, including two Royal Canadian Mounted Police.] PUT’LADI – KERRI DICK: They took our children away. They stopped us from potlatching, and yet we still potlatch. We still sing. We still teach our children how to speak, and there's nothing in this world that was going to stop us from being who we are. KIL GAL TSEETKIS – CHEYENNE MORGAN: My daughter's name is Skiltuu, and before she was born, I made a commitment that I would be speaking Sm’algyax to her as much as possible. [Skiltuu Bulpitt, a very young girl, sits on her mother’s lap holding a stuffed animal. She smiles as she repeats the words in Sm’algyax that her mother speaks to her.] SKILTUU BULPITT (GITXSAN – HAIDA): [Speaking Sm’algyax] Chiefs…matriarchs…and noble descendants. My heart is very full…when I use Sm’algyax. I thank all the chiefs. That is all. [Kil Gal Tseetkis – Cheyenne Morgan speaks to camera.] KIL GAL TSEETKIS – CHEYENNE MORGAN: When I see my daughter speaking Sm’algyax, I feel so full, lits’eex goot’t, your heart is just so full. [A dancer wearing a Chilkat robe and headdress spins in slow motion at a potlatch.] [A carver uses a metal tool on a carving in progress.] XSIM GANAA’W – LAUREL SMITH WILSON (GITXSAN): We're a living culture. This is not a history that once was, that somehow faded away never to be heard of other than in museum spaces. [A dancer with a raven headdress pulls a string so that the beak opens and closes rapidly during a potlatch.] SECƏLENƏΧʷ – MORGAN GUERIN: We are not going anywhere. Nor should we have to. Never again will we not be proud of who we are. [Aerial view of HaíⱢzaqv community’s Big House, Gvakva'aus HaíⱢzaqv or “House of the HaíⱢzaqv.” HaíⱢzaqv elders in full regalia and headdresses enter. Inside, HaíⱢzaqv community members participate in a potlatch.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: My generation is the first generation in our community that can walk into this building, participate in a potlatch, and not have to worry about anything. My mother's generation, my grandfather's generation, the ones before them couldn't do it. Weren't allowed. [Dúqva̓ísḷa – William Housty speaks into a microphone at a potlatch in the big house next to brightly painted wooden carvings.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: But I could walk in here free. My kids could walk in here free. [Slow motion shot of dancers dancing around the fire pit in the big house. HaíⱢzaqv elders and HaíⱢzaqv children dance and participate in the celebration.] DÚQVA̓ÍSḶA – WILLIAM HOUSTY: And now, with what's left from the older generations, we're learning, we're building, we're instilling those customs back into the younger generations through language, through traditional ceremonies, and one day if we continue to do that, we'll be right back where we were when we were tens of thousands of Hailtzsuk people using our language on everyday basis, practicing our culture freely, not worrying about who's going to walk through those doors and tell us we can't do it. Those days are gone. [Fade to black.] In this video by Tahltan/Gitxsan filmmaker Michael Bourquin, Indigenous experts discuss the histories, persistence, and present concerns of the Native peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. This video is featured in the introductory theater in the Museum’s newly revitalized Northwest Coast Hall, which reopened in May 2022 with new exhibits developed with Indigenous communities and showcases the creativity, scholarship, and history of the living cultures of the Pacific Northwest.	<urn:uuid:47d53c4a-fbfd-4982-b631-d2caf7ff87e3>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.amnh.org/explore/videos/exhibits/voices-of-the-native-northwest-coast	2024-12-10T11:42:37Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066058729.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210101933-20241210131933-00691.warc.gz	en	0.933319	6,061	2.65625	3
Our series on London etymology continues with a look at the stations of the Piccadilly line. Find out how your local station got its name. See also Bakerloo, Central, Hammersmith & City, Jubilee, Northern, Victoria. Uxbridge to Cockfosters If you've ever drank at the riverside Swan & Bottle pub, then you've penetrated the very heart of this north-west town. The bridge here, spanning the River Colne, is a successor of the one that put the 'bridge' in Uxbridge. The unusual prefix derives from the Wixan tribe, Anglo-Saxons who settled here in the 7th century. We can thank them, too, for nearby Uxendon. A 'don' usually denotes a hill in Anglo-Saxon place names, and Hillingdon is no different. It's in Domesday Book as Hillendone, suggesting a hill belonging to a man called Hille, Hilla or Hilda — probably where Hillingdon Hill rises near Uxbridge. The once localised name has widened its geography to encompass a whole London borough. Half as good as Twickenham? We couldn't possibly comment. But the name is ancient. The suffix -ham is extremely common, and simply refers to a collection of dwellings; a home. The Icken- bit probably refers to a personal name. It is first recorded in Domesday Book (1086) as Ticheham, so we're probably looking for a Mr Tichea or some such. Ruislip, pronounced rye-slip, makes reference to the nearby River Pinn. The name is Old English for 'leaping place on the river where rushes grow'. We wouldn't recommend leaping into the Pinn these days, but a delightful and unexpected beach can be found at Ruislip Lido. Ruislip Manor is the name of a housing estate built last century on lands that once formed the heartland of the Manor of Ruislip. East is east, and the cote was a cottage. Eastcote is literally the cottage to the east (of Ruislip). The horsey Berkshire village of Ascot shares the same origins. Said to be named after Daniel Rayner, a local farmer who once owned the land upon which the Metropolitan line was constructed in the first years of the 20th century. The Piccadilly line swung this way from 1933. Harrow, also the name of the London Borough and a component of four other tube station names, is thought to come from the Old English word 'hearg', meaning a heathen temple. The long-lost mystical landmark was probably sited where today you'll find St Mary's Church (the prominent steeple on Harrow hill). South Harrow is actually south-west of the centre. Before a ton of housing was built in the 20th century, this was largely fields and the lost village of Roxeth (meaning rooks' heath). Sudbury Hill/Sudbury Town The '-bury' is from the Old English for a manor house. So Sudbury is simply the southern manor (relative to Harrow). Another Old English name, based on the Anglo-Saxon equivalent of Albert. A village or farmstead associated with this otherwise forgotten man grew up here. The regal name belies the industrial character that has long characterised Park Royal. Before all that came, the open land was used as a showground for the Royal Agricultural Society from 1903. The showground was short-lived, but coincided with the opening of this underground station; hence the name. North Ealing/Ealing Common One of the oldest names in the London region, Ealing is attested from around 700 CE. There once, it seems, was a local chieftain known as Gilla, whose people were the Gillingas. This slowly transmuted into Ylling then Ealing. The common land still survives, close to Ealing Common tube station. The Actons are legion, with three more on the Central line and others on the Overground and other rail routes. The name comes from Old English meaning an enclosure surrounded by oaks. The pun-maker's favourite tube station bears a hidden reference to the River Thames. Rather than referring to a small settlement, as was the case at Ickenham, the '-ham' here derives from the Old English word hamm, meaning a watery, meadowy kind of place. That's because the hamlet stood close to the (then much-wider) Thames. The river is very twisty hereabouts, and the 'Turn-' prefix supposedly reflects that ('turn' being an Anglo-Saxon word meaning circular). Hammersmith has disputed origins as a place name. Some sources suggest it derives from Hammoder's Hythe (a safe haven belonging to Hammoder), others, perhaps more satisfyingly, suggest it's simply a concatenation of 'hammer' and 'smithy', denoting an area important for metal working. A name invented at the end of the 19th century to encompass new housing developments. It (probably) has no historical association, and was chosen as a pairing with nearby Earl's Court (much as Queensbury nodded to Kingsbury). Earl's Court, by contrast, does have noble origins dating back to the Norman Conquest. The land was held for more than 500 years by the Vere family, Earls of Oxford. Their manorial court was located very close to the where the underground station stands today. The name is linked to Maria, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, who built a house on the street (at the time called Hog Moore Lane) in 1805. One of two stations on the line to be named after women (see also Arnos Grove). South Kensington is roughly south of Kensington, which gets its name from another forgotten Saxon chappie. This time, Mr Cynesige or Kenesigne, no known relation to the fellows who gave us Kenton and Kennington. There was once a bridge at Knightsbridge. It spanned the River Westbourne, which now runs through the same sewer that can famously be seen at Sloane Square tube. The knight is a little more mysterious. The name is first recorded as far back as 1046, when Edward the Confessor was new to the throne. Fanciful stories of jousting tournaments and armour-clad battles have been used to explain the chivalrous name, but nobody knows for sure. The Old English word 'cniht' can represent young people in general, so this may simply have been a bridge where medieval youths once hung out playing Poohsticks or something. Hyde Park Corner Henry VIII acquired the land we now call Hyde Park as his own private plaything following the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536. Previously, it was under the control of the canons of Westminster Abbey, and known as the Manor of Hyde. This in turn is thought to be a corruption of the Manor of 'Eye' or 'Eia', an Anglo-Saxon term meaning island, and from a time when the lands around the nearby River Westbourne were marshy. Rather appropriate, then, that Hyde Park Corner is essentially an island site surrounded by a busy gyratory. Green Park isn't entirely green. In spring, banks of daffodils can be enjoyed throughout its 40 acres. Unlike other Royal Parks, however, it lacks formal flower beds. An old myth attributes this dearth to Catherine, wife of Charles II. She supposedly spotted the merry monarch plucking flowers in the park for his mistress. In wroth, she ordered that all flowers should be removed from the park, and it has remained barren ever since. Nice story, but the truth is probably more prosaic. The open space was originally called Upper St James's Park, but changed to The Green Park in 1746. The name probably reflected its nature at the time — open meadow with few trees. The circus and station take their name from the street of Piccadilly, which has a fascinating etymology. It harks back to a 17th century tailor named Roger Baker, who gained his fortune making frilly collars called piccadils. His house and shop on what was then known as Portugal Street soon came to be known as Pickadilly Hall. The peculiar term soon spread to the wider area. The square was developed in the 1670s on land belonging to the Earl of Leicester. His title ultimately derives from the Ligore, a Celtic tribe about which little is known, who occupied the area around Leicester before the Romans built their town (cester). The old fruit and vegetable wholesale market dates back to the 17th century – the first record of a market here is from 1654, and Charles II granted a charter for it in 1670. The name is older – the land was owned by Westminster Abbey during the Middle Ages, and was referred to as 'the garden of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster in the 13th century. The name Covent Garden (‘covent’ being a corruption of ‘convent’) had evolved by the 16th century. The market relocated to Nine Elms in 1974. Traditionally pronounced with as few letters as possible (O'b'n), Holborn's name has watery origins. It stems from either 'old bourne' or 'holl bourne' (old brook or hollow brook), and probably describes a long-lost tributary of the nearby River Fleet. The Dukes of Bedford, who held and still hold large swathes of Bloomsbury, carry the family name of Russell, which immediately explains why the area's largest square should carry that title. King's Cross St Pancras The derivation of King's Cross is well known. Until the 19th century, the area was called Battle Bridge after a local crossing of the River Fleet. The modern name comes from an unpopular memorial to the reviled George IV, which blighted the area between 183o and 1845. St Pancras, meanwhile, was an early Roman saint and boy-martyr. Augustine supposedly brought relics of young Pancras to England, inspiring several churches dedicated to the saint. London's St Pancras church still stands (though much rebuilt) and is often said to be one of the oldest sites of Christian worship in the country. We're north of centre again, but not so far north as to reach Caledonia, the ancient name for Scotland. The road, and tube station do have Scottish links, however. The Caledonian Asylum was originally set up in 1815 to help Scottish children orphaned by the Napoleonic Wars. The institution moved to Islington in 1828, and became so well known that its name was bestowed on the major thoroughfare we still call Caledonian Road. The origins of this name are disputed, with three theories sharing similar credibility. It may be that Holloway is simply low-lying (a hollow) compared with the hills of Highgate and Islington. Alternatively, the name might recall a pronounced dip along the centre of the road, worn in by centuries of cattle on their way to Smithfield Market. A third suggestion paints Holloway as a corruption of hallowed-way, a reference to a pilgrimage route up towards Norfolk. Named, of course, after the local football team — a rare example of a commercial enterprise finding its way onto the tube map. Most people know that the Gunners originally played in Woolwich, and that their modern name (and nickname) comes from the Royal Arsenal munitions complex, based at Woolwich since the 17th century. The club moved to Highbury in 1913. Some smooth talking by the management persuaded London Underground to change the nearby tube station from Gillespie Road to Arsenal in 1932. You can still see the old name on the tiles at platform level. Finsbury's park is nowhere near Finsbury — which is to the north-west of the Square Mile and name-checked in Finsbury Square. Finsbury once had parliamentary borough status, but the name is little-used today. At the mid-point of the 19th century, the area had become densely packed with ramshackle housing and the people needed green, open space. The site a couple of miles north was chosen, and Finsbury Park was opened in 1869. The original Finsbury supposedly got its name from a man called Finn, whose manor house was located in the area. We're tempted, alternatively, to suggest that it might have something to do with fens, given how marshy the land of these parts once was. The only station on the Piccadilly Line named after a pub. The Manor House inn was a well-known stop along the Green Lanes turnpike, perhaps named after the local manor house of Brownswood. It opened at the start of the 19th century and had a distinguished history. Queen Victoria is thought to have stopped here during a journey in 1843. In the 20th century it became a music venue, hosting the likes of Rod Stewart, Fleetwood Mac and Jimi Hendrix. Today, the building is an organic cafe and supermarket. A turnpike, as you no-doubt know, was another name for a toll road — very common in the days before motor vehicles. The one remembered here is the Stamford Hill and Green Lanes turnpike. The toll gate stood roughly where Costa can be found today. No hidden surprises with this place. The medieval village of Wood Green grew up in a green space close to the woods of Enfield Chase. This name recalls the le Bounde family, who owned the land in the 13th century. The name lived on in a local farm, and was perpetuated with the coming of the tube line in 1932. The link is not definitive, but this name is reckoned to come from the family of Margery Arnold, who held land in the area in the 14th century. She's mentioned on documents from the time, and thereafter we see Arnold's Grove becoming Arno's Grove and then Arnos Grove. In recent times, this station has been conflated with the popular England football manager. Its origins lie not with a person, however, but a place. Indeed, a gate. The village of Southgate formed around the southern gateway into Enfield Chase, the royal hunting grounds. The station was named after the nearby Oakwood Park, which itself was named after Oak Lodge, a prominent local building. That in turn was, of course, inspired by the namesake tree, which grows in abundance across Enfield Chase. We end this branch of the Piccadilly line with a snigger, and the observation that this section of the Piccadilly line contains stations that begin with a cock, arse and hollow. Juvenalia aside, Cockfosters has uncertain etymology and is first recorded in the 16th century. It perhaps recalls the 'cock forester', or chief forester who may have lived nearby. Alternatively, it may derive from a personal name, or the name of a prominent house. See North Ealing/Ealing Common above. Self-evidently an old agricultural term that outlived its original purpose when housing was built here. The area might have a boring name, but it's seen its share of exciting residents. Notable locals include tightrope maestro Charles Blondin, US President John Quincy Adams, singer Dusty Springfield, and endearingly unpredictable weather forecaster Tomasz Schafernaker. Named after that Jacobean mansion house that you never quite get round to visiting. The place has nothing to do with the Massachusetts city where local boy John Quincy Adams finally settled. Rather, it harks back to a medieval personal name. Bordwadestone is first recorded in the 14th century and simply means 'the farm of Bord'. This part of London is the capital's answer to Derbyshire, with grand mansions and stately homes all over the place. Osterley is best known today for Osterley House, former home of Tudor finance king Thomas Gresham. But the name is much older. Osterley was first mentioned in the 13th century (minus its terminal 'y'). Its name could mean either 'hillock' or 'land for sheep', either of which suggests humble beginnings for this affluent corner of London. Hounslow East/Hounslow Central/Hounslow West Hounslow may have canine origins. The name means something like 'mound of the hound' in Old English — though whether the reference is to a dog or a nickname of the landholder is not known. Another fairly dull etymology. Hatton simply means a farmstead on the (Hounslow) heath. The cross is less certain; probably a reference to the crossroads with the old Roman road to Staines. Heathrow Terminals 2,3, Heathrow Terminal 4, Heathrow Terminal 5 A small grassy airfield, one of the earliest in the London area, opened here in 1930 beside the sleepy hamlet of Heathrow. This settlement was first recorded in 1410 as La Hetherewe, meaning simply a row of houses on a heath. That's an unsatisfactorily boring one to finish, so we'll end with a bit of trivia. These three stations are the only ones on the network to feature numerals in their official names. Further, Heathrow Terminals 2,3 is the only tube station name to include a comma. It is also boasts the most recent change. Until demolition of Terminal 1 began in 2015, the stop was known as Heathrow Terminals 1,2,3. Other etymological explorations on Londonist: - How the Victoria line stations got their names - How London got its name - How London's terminal stations got their names - How the tube lines got their names - How London's parks got their names - How London's rivers got their names - How London's bridges got their names - How London's odd suburbs got their names - How London's churches got their names - How London's markets got their names - How London's alleyways got their names - How London's castles and palaces got their names - How London's squares got their names - How London's hills got their names - How London's football teams got their names - How London's airports got their names	<urn:uuid:29764b38-c650-4b7d-8ac7-ffb8187de03b>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://londonist.com/london/transport/piccadilly-line-stations-etymology?ref=related_links	2024-12-10T18:02:28Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066067282.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210163759-20241210193759-00810.warc.gz	en	0.967666	3,861	2.59375	3
Tackling Climate Change on the Slope Posted on Aug. 3, 2020 A big landscape. An even bigger problem. Addressing climate change across the Yukon North Slope is no small feat, but it's an important part of our Council's work. Our shared responsibilities to conserve wildlife, their habitats, and traditional Inuvialuit use must include how climate change will shape all of these things. There are some incredible research programs on the Yukon North Slope exploring how our warming planet is affecting the north. And, there are many keen Inuvialuit observing change in their own backyard. There is still a lot we don't know, though. In order to move forward, we need to know what we don't know. In advance of updating our research strategy, the Council worked with Round River Conservation Studies to identify key knowledge gaps when it comes to climate change on the Yukon North Slope. This report, Arctic Climate Change Research and Monitoring, will guide our Council's work in the coming years, but we're also hopeful that it will inform and inspire our partners and other researchers to build our collective knowledge, too. The report touches on a few major topics: - Traditional Use, Traditional Knowledge, and Climate Change Adaptation - Vegetation Change - Fish and Wildlife Research and Vulnerability - Erosion, Permafrost Thaw, and Aquatic/Marine Impacts Within each section of the report, we look at what has been done to date, some of the notable gaps, and some potential future research to address these unknowns. Below, we highlight some of the big takeaways for each section. Importantly, this is not a comprehensive review of every ecological aspect of the Yukon North Slope. The focus is on key issues and species that have been identified by the Aklavik Hunters and Trappers Committee and in conversation with Aklavik community members. As the community closest to the Yukon North Slope, Aklavik has a special connection with and responsibility for this land. Further, work on the Yukon North Slope must be considered in the context of the broader Inuvialuit Settlement Region, as well as informed by both the National Inuit Strategy on Research and the National Inuit Climate Change Strategy. Download the Full Report Traditional Use, Traditional Knowledge, and Climate Change Adaptation Inuvialuit use and knowledge of the Yukon North Slope are both well-established and well-documented. The new report compiles many of these existing studies. Now, the challenge is translating what we know into meaningful adaptions that support continued Inuvialuit use of the region. Through the management framework established under the Inuvialuit Final Agreement, and with guidance from initiatives from across Inuit Nunangat, there are many opportunities to amplify the mobilization of Inuvialuit knowledge and science to support continued Inuvialuit use of the Yukon North Slope. An important next step identified on this front is for increased focus on place-based needs and adaption measures. For example, there are a number of high-value cultural sites along the coast that continue to be used regularly by Inuvialuit families. Several of these places and their associated uses face site-specific climate-related problems, including erosion, flooding, and access issues. The mitigations for these threats will need to be specific to the location, the issues, and the individuals that use them. Another critical next step is making research findings and monitoring outputs available to the people traveling on and using the Yukon North Slope. There is a clear safety component, both for sharing realtime data as well as traditional teachings for how to be safe on the land and water. In addition, though, getting information into the hands of folks that spend time on the Yukon North Slope is a critical part of climate adaptation as these are the people that are making management and stewardship decisions on the ground. Download Shoreline Erosion and Cliome Shift Map We are lucky in the Western Canadian Arctic to have the kind of regional data that allow for the modelling of expected patterns in climatic and vegetation shift, at least at a broad scale. This modelling has supported some of our recent work as a Council, in our forthcoming Wildlife Conservation and Management Plan and elsewhere. But, it doesn't give the whole picture, especially when it comes to the more specific changes occurring at the local scale. The Yukon North Slope comprises a massive area, including a national and a territorial park. In some parts of the region, e.g. Herschel Island-Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park, monitoring vegetation change has a long history, with decades of data collection. Inuvialuit have also shared observations of changes to plant communities where they travel, harvest, and live. The tricky part is that the spatial coverage of Inuvialuit and science knowledge currently has limitations. There are still large areas and diverse ecosystems where we don't have a great sense of how plants are reacting to climate change. To date, relatively little active monitoring and documentation of change have occurred in Aullaviat/Auguniarvik, compared with the two parks. This is a notable gap. In addition to extending the reach of science knowledge, the creation of monitoring sites closer to areas of frequent Inuvialuit land-use would support the inclusion of Inuvialuit observation and knowledge in monitoring vegetation change. Inuvialuit land-users rely on local landscapes for berry harvesting and other food and medicinal plant gathering. Given the detailed interaction between land-users and local landscapes, continuing to support processes for communicating land-user observation of vegetation change to scientists may create a system for guiding future research efforts and informing land-user adaptation. Engaging Inuvialuit land-users in the selection of future research sites would also ensure that scientific monitoring occurs in areas of concern for land-users and contributes information that is relevant to traditional use. Other vegetation-related recommendations include expanding the coverage of remote vegetation change monitoring, ecosystem vulnerability assessment, and evaluating the monitoring outputs from neighbouring regions for useful application on the Yukon North Slope. Fish and Wildlife Research and Vulnerability There is a vast and growing body of pan-arctic research on the complex responses of wildlife to climate change. The Yukon North Slope is no exception. There have been limitations, though. Northern research is often an expensive undertaking. It's not realistic to expect in-depth studies of the effects of climate change for all or even many of the animals that call the Yukon North Slope home. As such, one of the recommendations is to conduct a baseline climate change vulnerability assessment for a broad suite of culturally and ecologically important species. The depth of these assessments would, of course, be influenced by the data available to inform them. Regardless, this kind of tool would provide a way to prioritize conservation effects in a world of finite capacity and resources. Extending the ecological integrity monitoring that occurs in Ivvavik and Herschel Island-Qikiqtaruk into Aullaviat/Auguniarvik would also be beneficial, increasing our knowledge of wildlife-climate change interactions in an area of high Inuvialuit use. Further, the report emphasizes the role of Inuvialuit in monitoring the effects of climate change on wildlife. Whether that role is direct, as on-the-land guardians, or as experts providing advice and guidance in the development of new models, Inuvialuit must be at the forefront of this work. Another suggestion to address both knowledge gaps and the high cost of Arctic research is to explore and expand the use of new technologies to automate data collection (e.g. camera traps) and gather data remotely (e.g. drones and satellite imagery). Erosion, Permafrost Thaw, and Aquatic Impacts Arctic landscapes are undergoing dramatic changes as ground ice thaws, sea levels rise, and precipitation patterns change. Across the Circumpolar North, research increasingly highlights both the wide-ranging occurrence of these perturbations, as well as gaps in fully understanding the extent to which erosion, permafrost thaw, and changing watercourse features alter local ecosystems. Regionally, the Western Canadian Arctic is experiencing intensive permafrost slumping and rapid coastal erosion, both of which occur to some degree along the Yukon North Slope. These changes have potential to impact land-use and in many cases, Inuvialuit land-users have already faced disruptions to travel, fishing, and wildlife harvesting as a result of a transformed landscape. Coastal Erosion and Inland Slumping Fortunately, considerable work has been completed on the Yukon North Slope to understand the extent of erosion to date and its trajectory over the coming years. Unfortunately, we now know that climate change is having (and will continue to have) a catastrophic effect on many coast cultural sites. Addressing the documentation and potential loss of cultural sites, especially outside of the two parks, is identified as a notable gap under this theme. Shoreline erosion also has the potential to alter near shore marine food webs, which may affect Inuvialuit subsistence harvest to an extent that is not yet fully understood. Shoreline erosion is responsible for a large input of terrestrial carbon into marine food webs, and nearshore sampling in the Beaufort Sea has shown the potential influence of this input on assimilation of carbon in arctic cod. Additionally, sedimentation of coastal waters may disrupt Dolly Varden (locally referred to as char) migration corridors. The direct impact of sediment and nutrient loading on Inuvialuit subsistence harvesting is still unclear; however, given the significant transformation occurring along near shore ecosystems and the importance of the harvesting that occurs here, this is a priority research gap. While inland permafrost slumping does not pose the dramatic and immediate threat to Yukon North Slope landscapes and Inuvialuit traditional use that coastal erosion does, the potential for slumping of ice rich terrain to impact local ecosystems warrants further research and monitoring. Of particular concern is the impact that permafrost thaw slumps have on adjacent stream systems, where increases in solute and sediment delivery can significantly alter stream food webs or impact fish spawning beds. Inuvialuit land-users have also expressed concern over the impact slumping may have on other landscape values, such as grizzly bear den sites or caribou movement routes. The report emphasizes the value of monitoring in addressing this gap. Linked to discussions of coastal erosion and inland permafrost slumping are the significant changes that are occurring in arctic river systems. Changes in precipitation, runoff, ice melt, and ground cover all directly influence arctic rivers and their aquatic residents. Inuvialuit land-users have identified impacts to river systems a source of concern for fish habitat, land-user travel, and even observe changing river conditions as an impediment for the Porcupine Caribou Herd. As with related themes, a monitoring framework that is able to track these climate-driven changes on waterways of high traditional and ecological value is recommended. To find out more about the climate change research landscape on the Yukon North Slope, download the new report below. We hope you find it helpful and insightful. If you or your organization is keen on conducting research on the Yukon North Slope or collaborating with WMAC (NS), please get in touch. You can also check out our Research and Resources pages for more about work that's been done in our region and how to go about research in this special corner of the world.	<urn:uuid:6be665d9-77a1-494d-b175-f657674b33e3>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://wmacns.ca/news/tackling-climate-change/	2024-12-02T14:49:34Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066127559.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202125001-20241202155001-00741.warc.gz	en	0.932796	2,383	3.40625	3
The ascendance of the Turks and the decline of Mongol rule in western Asia in the thirteenth century were soon followed by the decline of Mongol dominance in East Asia as well. By the second half of the thirteenth century, China found itself beset by problems. The Yuan dynasty emperor Kublai Khan waged a series of expensive campaigns against the kingdoms of Burma (now Myanmar), Annam, and Champa in Southeast Asia, and Java in the Indian Ocean. Two attempts to invade Japan failed, and revolts against Mongol rule erupted. One of these revolts was the Ispah Rebellion, which began in Quanzhou. A major port city in southeastern China’s Fujian Province, Quanzhou was on the Maritime Silk Road, an ocean trading route that connected China to other trading ports in Southeast Asia, the Indian Ocean, India, the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and Egypt. Along this route, highly sought-after Chinese goods like porcelain and silk flowed westward to Europe, Africa, India, and western Asia. Quanzhou had a population of more than two million, making it the largest port in China and likely in the world in the thirteenth century. Most of the population were foreign-born merchants from Arabia, Persia, India, Armenia, and other lands. The Muslims who lived in Quanzhou were among the many Arabs, Persians, and Turks from western and central Asia who had come to China to trade or to serve the Yuan government. Though they encouraged Muslims from elsewhere in Asia to settle in China, Yuan officials often discriminated against them, forbidding the butchering of animals according to Islamic law and interfering with Muslim marriage laws and efforts by the Muslim community to govern themselves. In 1357, Muslims in Quanzhou rose against the Mongols. The rebellion was not crushed until 1367. Attempts to suppress such revolts, which continued after the death of Kublai, drained the treasury, as had Kublai’s unsuccessful military campaigns. His successors often mismanaged the treasury and sometimes held the throne for only brief periods of time. By the first half of the fourteenth century, natural disasters were compounding the difficulties China already faced. Droughts and floods led to food shortages and famines. Inflation and scarcity combined to raise the price of food beyond the reach of many peasants. Unusually cold weather worsened people’s suffering, and from the 1330s through the 1350s, epidemics swept through various parts of the country, killing millions. Bandits roamed the countryside, and the army made little effort to hunt down the numerous outlaws who preyed on the populace. A number of religious sects arose foretelling the end of days. One of these was the White Lotus, a sect of Buddhism that announced the coming of a new Buddha and thus a new age (Figure 17.22). Seizing on the White Lotus prophecy, a secret peasant society named the Red Turbans called for the overthrow of Mongol rule and the return of the Song dynasty. Armed rebellion broke out in 1351. In 1352, a young wandering Buddhist monk named Zhu Yuanzhang joined the Red Turbans and married the daughter of one of its leaders. In 1356, his forces captured the southern Chinese city of Nanjing. After eliminating his rivals within the Red Turbans, in 1368 Zhu defeated the last Yuan emperor, who then abandoned China. Zhu destroyed the Yuan palace in the capital of Dadu (Beijing), proclaimed himself emperor with the name of Hongwu, meaning vast and martial, and dubbed his new dynasty the Ming (“bright”). Hongwu began by enforcing his power and bolstering China’s security as the Ming dynasty’s first emperor (Figure 17.23). Although he tried to resolve social disparities by abolishing slavery and increasing taxes on the wealthy, the cost of his army put a significant strain on the Chinese economy. He was never able to fully bridge the gap between rich and poor, and his attempts to protect China from invasion and rebellion led to repressive domestic policies. Nevertheless, with the restoration of agricultural productivity and political stability, the early Ming era was a time of significant wealth and power for China. Hongwu’s reign was marked by efforts to consolidate his own power, to protect himself from attack, and to reassert and expand Chinese influence. He eliminated the office of chief minister so that he might govern without interference, established a force of secret police, and ordered the execution of thousands of people who he believed disagreed with his polices. He also acted swiftly to stamp out rebellions. A revolt by the Miao ethnic group in Hunan Province in the southwest was crushed. The Kingdom of Dali, where Mongol forces had taken refuge in what is now Yunnan Province in the southeast, was defeated and the region incorporated into China. In 1387, Ming forces invaded Manchuria in the northeast, where Mongols loyal to the Yuan dynasty had also established a foothold. To protect the borders in underpopulated areas, Hongwu made military service in these regions hereditary. He forced the mass relocation of peasants from the south to augment the population in parts of central and northern China that had been hard hit by crop failures and epidemics. Hongwu’s efforts to expand Chinese power continued under his successor, his son Zhu Di, known as the Yongle emperor. From 1406 to 1427, Chinese forces tried unsuccessfully to invade and subdue the kingdom of Vietnam, and to counter the continuing Mongol threat, the Great Wall of China was repaired and lengthened. In other ways, though, Zhu Di reversed his father’s policies. Hongwu had wanted to isolate China from dangerous foreign influences and so had forbidden nearly all maritime trade. The Yongle emperor strove instead to establish relations with foreign lands in order to make their rulers aware of China’s wealth and power. To this end, he dispatched Admiral Zheng He on seven naval expeditions between 1405 and 1433. Chinese fleets consisting of thousands of ships sailed to Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa. Zheng He presented foreign rulers with gifts of porcelain, silk, and gold to impress upon them the splendor of the Ming dynasty, and he returned with tribute for the emperor in the form of ivory and exotic animals such as zebras and ostriches. Zhu Di also established diplomatic relations with Shah Rukh, the son and heir of Timur, as well as with rulers in the Philippines and the Indian Ocean. China had no direct contact with the Ottoman state, however. When he ascended the throne, Hongwu sent an announcement to the Byzantine emperor, who he believed was still in power in Constantinople. After this, however, there was no correspondence or direct contact between the two states for at least a century. The Yongle emperor moved the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing, in the center of which he began construction of the new Forbidden City, a walled compound consisting of palaces, temples, and gardens for use by the emperor and the members of his household. In 1420, he also ordered the building of an elaborate tomb north of Beijing, where other members of the dynasty also built final resting places for themselves (Figure 17.24). All these structures conveyed an image of China’s power, wealth, and magnificence. Beyond the Book The Forbidden City The construction of the Forbidden City (Figure 17.25) in the center of Beijing began in the reign of the Yongle emperor. Within its walls were gardens, palaces, and temples. Guards at its gates carefully limited access to only the important people who lived and worked inside it. The main entrance was the Meridian Gate, which had five separate gateways. The central one was reserved for exclusive use by the emperor with only two exceptions: the empress could use the central gate on her wedding day, as could men who had successfully passed the imperial examinations for entering into state service as an administrator. The Ming emperors held court in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. During the Ming dynasty, the emperor lived in the Palace of Heavenly Purity, while the empress lived nearby in the smaller Palace of Earthly Tranquility. To either side of these palaces were the six western palaces and the six eastern palaces where the emperor’s consorts lived. - Examine the layout of the Forbidden City and the names of its palaces, gates, and other structures. What does this compound tell you about the values of the Ming dynasty? - Can you think of any complexes that are similar to the Forbidden City? If so, what and where are they? Despite their wealth and power, the Ming emperors could still find themselves helpless in the face of Mongol aggression. The Yongle emperor tried unsuccessfully to subdue the Oirats, the westernmost of the Mongol tribes, who lived in what is now western Mongolia and the Altai region of Siberia. In 1449, the Oirat leader Esen took the twenty-one-year-old Ming emperor Yingzong hostage after the Mongol army defeated a much larger Chinese military force at the Battle of Tumu Fortress. The Ming responded by demoting Yingzong to the rank of “retired emperor” and placed his younger half-brother on the throne instead. Esen’s efforts to return Yingzong to Beijing—after conveniently marrying the captive emperor to his daughter—failed, and Mongol efforts to take Beijing by force were repulsed. Yingzong remained a prisoner of the Oirat until a member of his court ransomed him and returned him to Beijing, where he was placed under house arrest in a palace in the Forbidden City by his half-brother, who had no intention of giving up the throne. It was another seven years before Yingzong managed to unseat (and kill) his half-brother and reclaim his throne. Yingzong was forced to confront Mongol forces again in 1461 when the Chinese general Cao Qin attempted a coup with the assistance of Mongol soldiers. The emperor was saved only when a timely downpour foiled efforts to burn the gates that blocked the rebels’ entry to the Forbidden City.	<urn:uuid:1eb5be08-8701-431c-b970-20fb4a84abe2>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://elon.io/learn-world-history-1/lesson/17.2.3-ming-china-and-its-neighbors	2024-12-03T20:57:39Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066140230.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203193917-20241203223917-00415.warc.gz	en	0.975659	2,104	4.21875	4
0 min read Kristin Laub, Benjamin Overton July 1, 2022 Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in economic development and poverty alleviation in low- and middle-income countries. This insight analyzes funding for SME development from sovereign donors and multilateral development banks (MDBs) and finds: Born and raised in the Mathare slum in Nairobi, Kenya, into a family with eight children, and orphaned at the age of nine, Kevin Uduny is no stranger to the struggles of living below the poverty line. Like many in his circumstance, he longed to change his life and his community for the better. Uduny, observing the challenges those living in slums face in access to good, affordable food, started a small agricultural business, with the support of a non-profit organization in Kenya. His business now employs eleven people and feeds the most vulnerable in his community. Through this entrepreneurial endeavor, Uduny has become a community leader, training youth and women's groups, as well as supporting others in starting their own businesses. In their book, Poor Economics, Nobel laureates Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee, suggest that growth of the private sector and formalized wage employment are essential measures for tackling poverty. As Uduny’s story demonstrates small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are important creators of formalized jobs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and therefore are key to growth. Given differing economic conditions around the world, there is no universal definition of what constitutes an SME, although the most widely accepted definition — from the International Finance Cooperation — defines small enterprises as having between 10 and 49 employees and medium enterprises as between 50 and 300. Anything smaller than 10 employees is considered a micro-enterprise; these businesses also play an important role in development but are often considered distinct from SMEs. Despite their small size, formal micro-enterprises and SMEs (those that are registered as businesses) account for up to 33% of national gross domestic product (GDP) in LMICs and create up to 45% of jobs. These figures are even higher if informal (or unregistered) businesses are included. SMEs are often highly innovative and tend to improve their productivity rapidly, hastening countries’ transformation to higher-income statuses and promoting progress toward the sustainable development goals (SDGs), including SDG 1 (poverty eradication) and SDG 8 (decent work and economic growth). Approximately one-third of all formal micro, small, and medium enterprises worldwide are women-owned, meaning gender-inclusive policies can also strengthen SMEs’ contributions to women’s economic empowerment and gender equality (and SDG 5). By effectively investing in SME development — meaning supporting new and existing businesses to grow and improve their performance — donors can enhance the impressive potential of SMEs to contribute to sustainable development in LMIC contexts. SME development covers a range of interventions, including improving the enabling environment in which SMEs operate through better policies and regulation, SMEs’ access to finance, and business development services (BDS) through which SMEs receive non-financial support, such as technical assistance or training. There is research published on the need for more funding for SME development, the importance of increased access to financial products, and BDS best practices; however, there is no systematic review of how sovereign donors and multilateral development banks (MDBs) are currently contributing to this crucial area of development. This Donor Tracker insight aims to provide the advocacy community with clear baselines to inform their efforts toward improving the quality and quantity of funding for SME development. Using data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Creditor Reporting System (CRS), it asks: This analysis, based on the latest OECD data (from 2020), examines official development finance (including Official Development Assistance and Other Official Flows) of projects contributing to SME development. Some of this funding is for projects marked by donors in their reporting to the OECD with the purpose code for SME development (32130: ‘SME development’). However, because SME development is characterized by cross-cutting and sector-specific interventions, including both financial and non-financial support, some additional forms of SME development funding may not be captured by this purpose code. This analysis works to overcome data limitations and gain a more realistic picture of total funding for SME development by combining the SME development purpose code with a keyword search across all project descriptions provided by donors in the OECD CRS to determine the volume of funding flowing toward this area. The list of keywords was developed in consultation with SME development experts. Note that microenterprises were explicitly excluded from the analysis since they do not fall into the category of SMEs. The funding flows identified through this process were then categorized according to a three-part typology of SME development interventions, namely 1) policies and regulation, 2) access to finance, and 3) BDS. This was done using an additional keyword search based on three different lists of keywords. The final section of the analysis takes a deeper look at the projects identified through the keyword search, meaning projects which received funding relevant to SME development that were not tagged by donors using the SME development purpose code. The funding from these projects is broken down across OECD sector codes, which are the broad areas of focus under which purpose codes are nested in the OECD CRS database. Because of the lack of consistent terminology across donors and the varying quality of donors’ project descriptions, there is some margin of error associated with this methodology. It is likely that some projects related to SME development were inadvertently excluded from the analysis or that some projects were miscategorized because of inconsistencies in the data. It is also worth noting that once a keyword from the list was identified in a project description, the total funding for that project was counted toward the total spend for SME development, not only the portion of the project relevant to SMEs. Between 2017 and 2019, funding for SME development steadily increased (+34%; see Figure 1); then, in 2020, funding skyrocketed (+91% compared to 2019) as donors ramped up their support for businesses facing lockdowns, disrupted supply chains, and economic crises due to COVID-19 by ensuring national and regional development banks provide additional financial resources to SMEs. MDBs - which promote economic growth and support the economic recovery of LMICs - played a central role in this growth. MDB's support for SME development grew by 230% in 2020 compared to 2019, increasing their overall share of funding from 30% to nearly 50% in 2020. It remains to be seen whether funding will remain at the 2020 level once COVID-19-related financial support lapses, especially with the quickly expanded role of MDBs in financing SME development. Interventions related to improving SMEs’ access to finance received the largest share of funding in 2020 (51%; see Figure 2), suggesting that this is the largest priority among donors. This is in line with calls from development practitioners and advocates who appealed to donors to close the credit gap for formal SMEs, which is estimated to be around US$5 trillion. The economic disruptions and uncertainties caused by the COVID-19 pandemic made it more challenging for national banks to provide credits to SMEs, increasing the risk for SMEs losing access to finance and making the credit gap for formal SMEs an even more pressing challenge. Funding for BDS projects and projects aimed at improving policies and regulations accounted for 13%-14% of all funding for SME development in 2020, suggesting that they are a lower priority for most donors. Some might argue that these lower shares can be explained by the fact that non-financial interventions require less capital than credits and loans; however, given their vital importance to the success and growth of SMEs, donors should not neglect funding for these programs. Unlike the other two types of support, BDS are most often targeted in combination with other types of interventions, particularly those that focus on increasing access to finance. Projects at this intersection may provide both credits and loans to SMEs, as well as training on financial literacy or entrepreneurship to ensure SMEs can make effective use of their financial assets. This suggests that donors consider BDS less as a stand-alone intervention and more as a support function to complement other efforts. According to OECD data, the EU Institutions (EUI) and Germany were the largest donors to projects targeting SME development in 2020. EUI led with US$1.6 billion in funding, nearly twice as much as Germany, which disbursed US$815 million for this purpose (see Figure 3a). In addition to being the largest donor overall, the EUI’s prioritization of SME development within the context of their broader development program is significant; they spent 8% of their official development finance on SME development in 2020, making them the second-largest donor country in relative terms after Portugal (10%; see Figure 3b). Germany’s prioritization of SME development was in line with the DAC average. Funding for this purpose accounted for just under 3% of Germany’s total flows. Most of the funding from donor countries for SME development is channeled to the group of lower- and upper-middle income countries (according to the definition by the World Bank) (61%) while low-income countries received only 9%. The largest share of both, EUI’s and Germany’s funding for SME development goes to lower-middle income countries. Egypt is the top recipient country of EUI’s funding for SME development (41%), while the largest share of Germany’s funding benefits several recipients on the African continent without further specification (31% of Germany’s funding is provided to ‘Africa – regional’). Support for SMEs is important to the development of countries at all income levels, but especially given the effectiveness of SME development in addressing poverty, SMEs in low-income countries should receive an equal amount of support. The EUI’s development strategy ‘New consensus on development – Our world, our dignity, our future’, names SME development, particularly improving access to finance, as essential for poverty eradication in LMICs. In line with this policy, 84% of the EUI’s funding for SME development was channeled to projects targeting access to finance for SMEs in 2020. A large share of this was provided to national banks in the form of loans. For example, the EUI provided the Bank Misr in Egypt with US$561 million, which in turn provided loans to SMEs to support them through the COVID-19 crisis. In 2020, the EUI only focused 5% of its funding for SME development on BDS and 3% on policies and regulations. Germany addresses its support for SMEs within its ‘Special Initiative on Training and Job Creation.’ The initiative focuses on promoting sustainable economic growth and job creation in countries on the African continent. Germany’s goal is to strengthen the competitiveness of SMEs by supporting them in entering new markets, promoting cooperation with German SMEs, and linking African SMEs to international value chains. Even though Germany recognizes the importance of SMEs for economic development, it does not have a coherent strategy to guide its interventions related to SME development in other regions or other sectors (e.g., agriculture, where SMEs also play an important role according to the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development). Of the US$815 million in funding provided by Germany for SME development in 2020, a large share (41%) was channeled to projects targeting access to finance for SMEs. Only 6% was focused on BDS and 2% on policies and regulations. MDBs — which promote economic growth in LMICs and are well-positioned to mobilize capital — play a particularly important role in providing funding to address the finance gap SMEs in LMIC countries face. As economies were rocked by the COVID-19 crisis, MDBs expanded their credit and lending programs to ensure sufficient support for SMEs in coping with the manifold effects of the pandemic. In line with this, most MDB funding in 2020 that could be identified to contribute to a specific type of intervention was targeted at improving the access to finance for SMEs (70% of total funding from MDBs). Like sovereign donors, MBDs channel a large share of their funding for SMEs to upper- and lower-middle income countries (80%), particularly in South and Central Asia (39%) and South America (39%), reflecting the priority regions of the two largest MDB donors (see Figure 4). The MDBs that provided the most funding to SME development in 2020 were the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB; US$2.0 billion), the Asian Development Bank (ADB; US$1.6 billion), and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD; US$1.2 billion; see Figure 4a). The IADB spent 15% of its total official development flows on SME development in 2020, making it the third-largest MDB in relative terms (see Figure 4b). The Council of Europe Development Bank (CEB; 30%) and International Investment Bank (IIB; 22%) came in first and second place, respectively. The largest share of funding from MDBs toward SME development in 2020 focused on increasing access to finance and ensuring the availability of medium- and long-term financing for SMEs. For example, the IADB provided US$750 million to the Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (BNDES), the largest state-owned development bank in Brazil, to support the provision of financing for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Brazil. Although access to finance is their primary focus, MDBs also support SME development in other ways, for example, the IADB’s ConnectAmericas Project is a business-focused social network and platform in South and Central America, which provides training for SMEs, including online courses, webinars, and business roundtables to promote trade and investment of SMEs. It is worth noting that the quality of reporting to the OECD CRS varies across MDBs, so this analysis should be understood as only indicative of MDB’s contribution to SME development and serve as an entry point for further investigation into MDB funding practices. Although the OECD has a purpose code used specifically to tag funding related to SME development (as described in the methodology above), given the many sectors relevant to SME development, relying solely on this purpose code yields an incomplete picture of the funding landscape. To understand which other areas of development are most relevant to SME development, this section of the analysis explores funding identified through the keyword search that falls outside of the SME development purpose code. It breaks this funding down by sector to reveal which type of projects are currently receiving donor funding relevant to SMEs and to hint at areas with growth potential. In line with the significant donor support for improving SMEs’ access to finance, most of the funding (54% of funding for SME development not tagged with the purpose code) falls within the ‘Banking & Financial Services’ (54%) and ‘Business & Other Services’ sectors (17%; see Figure 5). The two largest sectors not directly related to promoting business growth that donors appear to consider important to SME development are ‘Other Social Infrastructure & Services’ (7%) and ‘Government & Civil Society’ (6%). Projects in both these sectors often have a focus on supporting women’s economic empowerment (WEE), youth employment, and the economic participation of people living with disabilities. WEE is an important issue for many OECD DAC donors, which fund this issue in part through projects related to SME development. For example, the Women Entrepreneur Finance Initiative (We-Fi) was launched in 2017 by 14 donor countries, eight MDBs, and other public and private sector stakeholders, and is hosted by the World Bank. It aims to address the financial and other constraints that women-led SMEs face; improve their access to finance, markets, training, networks, and mentoring; and foster an enabling environment for women entrepreneurs. As this example illustrates, projects with a focus on gender tend to favor BDS and improving conditions for women-led businesses rather than providing access to finance exclusively. Agriculture received the fifth-largest share of funding for SME development that was not tagged with the specific purpose code (4%). Agriculture plays a key role in LMIC’s economies and agricultural SMEs are important for fostering not only economic growth but also more inclusive and sustainable food systems. One of the most well-known initiatives within agricultural SME development is the Smallholder and Agri-SME Finance and Investment Network (SAFIN), hosted by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). SAFIN is a network of actors that operate in the ecosystem for agri-food and rural SME investment to improve the financial ecosystem for SMEs in food and agriculture. The network includes financial service providers, impact investors, farmers’ organizations, technical assistance providers, specialized agencies, industry platforms, donors, and multilateral financial institutions. With the economic downturn, rising global debt, climate change, a global food crisis, and humanitarian disasters unfolding around the world, progress toward the SDGs is more precarious than ever. This makes it essential that donors leverage every tool at their disposal to alleviate poverty and bolster development in LMICs. Given their role as drivers of economic growth and job creation, and with the potential to enhance gender equality and more sustainable food systems, donors should continue to leverage SMEs as an important part of their development strategies. Based on this analysis of current funding for SME development, donors should consider the following recommendations: SME development often starts at the local level, serving as a building block for state, regional, and global economic growth. Kevin Uduny’s story is a good reminder of the human impact of funding for SME development and the very real ways that, with adequate funding and the right support, SMEs can be an effective tool for the uplifting of not only individuals but entire communities. Donors should not let this potential go to waste. Be the first to know. Get our expert analyses directly in your inbox. Our team of country experts and analysts bring you fresh content every week to help you drive impact. By clicking Sign Up you're confirming that you agree with our Terms and Conditions . The Donor Tracker is an initiative by SEEK DevelopmentContact SEEK DevelopmentCotheniusstrasse 310407 BerlinGermany	<urn:uuid:abc84a62-ded9-4ba4-80bf-d3d182d0bd2f>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://donortracker.org/publications/essential-growth-donor-support-smes	2024-12-11T14:58:14Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066090825.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211143606-20241211173606-00899.warc.gz	en	0.946001	3,900	3.09375	3
Girls Take HIV Risk into Their Own Hands 30 November 2011 In Tanzania’s remote Newala District, adolescent girls are met with unwanted sexual advances on their way to the neighbor’s house, to the water well, to the store. They feel forced to give in. Sometimes, they’re raped. Girls are even scared to go to school because, they say, some teachers “just want to have sex with you.” The girls of Newala are not alone in their predicament. It reflects the experience of girls in many sub-Saharan African communities, where nearly 60 percent of all people living with HIV are women, according to UNAIDS. Sexual violence – along with early marriage, sex for pay with much older men and multiple, concurrent partnerships – are everyday realities for teenage girls. It’s an environment experts say is fueled by numerous factors, including poverty, a breakdown in family and harmful norms that define girls’ place in society. All of this puts 12- to 17-year-old girls in Newala at greater risk of being infected with HIV. Unfortunately, HIV programming for vulnerable children gives little attention to teenage girls, whose needs tend to be eclipsed by those of very young children who lack basic food and care. And because of this, research evidence on adolescent girls’ specific vulnerabilities and how to reduce their HIV risk remains insufficient. Experts at the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) are working to change that. ICRW was tapped by U.K.-based ViiV Healthcare’s Positive Action program to study the variety of ways in which girls are susceptible to HIV in four Newala communities, and then design a pilot project to address the most pressing risks. Working in partnership with local nongovernmental organization Taasisi ya Maendeleo Shirikishi Arusha (TAMASHA), ICRW found that long-held social norms can begin to shift when girls are encouraged to talk about their experiences and when others, including boys, reflect on their own behaviors. Called “Vijana Tunaweza Newala” or “Vitu Newala,” which means “Newala Youth Can,” the project in Tanzania adds to ICRW’s ongoing research about best practices to serve youth, particularly girls, and provides a model that can be applied in other settings. It also places ICRW among a small subset of organizations globally that focuses on girls – instead of institutions, such as schools – to drive community-based social change. “Too often, programs targeting vulnerable girls are created without actually talking to the girls,” said Jennifer McCleary-Sills, an ICRW social and behavioral scientist who led the project. “What makes the approach ICRW designed for Vitu Newala unique is that it didn’t treat adolescent girls as passive beneficiaries of a pre-packaged HIV prevention program. Instead, it empowered girls to define their own needs, lead and interpret research on the issues that affect them and educate their peers with activities they developed.” Meet them where they are Located in southern Tanzania, Newala District is comprised of 28 rural, predominantly Muslim communities where families make a living farming cashews. It has one paved road. Mobile phone networks just developed more of a presence this year. Women and girls here are expected to stay at home, and if they veer from that space, they risk harassment or sexual violence. The chances that girls will be sexually abused are so great that parents don’t want to send their daughters to secondary school. Even taking part in Newala’s traditional dance to mark girls’ transition to womanhood has become risky. These days, young men attend. It’s not uncommon for groups of them to fondle or sexually assault girls on the way home from the celebration. “It all comes down to how gender is socially constructed – women are meant to live their lives primarily in the private, domestic sphere, whereas men control the public sphere,” said Katherine Fritz, director of ICRW’s global health research and programs. “When girls circulate in the public sphere, it can be seen as something that’s outside of the norm and potentially provocative. If a girl is assaulted while moving around by herself, many people draw the conclusion that ‘she asked for it.'” Further fueling the situation, very few girls and boys grow up with two parents at home, in part because they have died from AIDS. When one or both parents die or separate, children often are left with grandparents or on their own. Researchers found that a number of teenage girls in Newala are heading households and providing for their siblings, a trend that has plagued girls across sub-Saharan Africa for years in countries where HIV-rates are high. Such fractured families and the lack of adult presence in girls’ lives contribute to their vulnerable state: Many are wooed by much older men who pay the girls for sex and help provide for their basic needs as well as those of their siblings. Sometimes, girls will have a series of such partners over time. To better understand and address teenage girls’ risks in Newala, ICRW designed an approach that allowed girls and the community to turn a mirror on themselves, analyze what they saw and determine the changes they wanted to make. Here’s how it worked: Girls ages 18 to 24 were trained by TAMASHA to be youth researchers who aimed to better understand younger girls’ lives in Newala. Researchers talked to 12 to 17 year olds about their aspirations and roadblocks to achieving them. They asked them to draw maps identifying spots in their communities where they felt unsafe. Girls were then encouraged to come up with ways to reduce the risks they faced. Meanwhile, project researchers spoke with parents, community leaders and service providers in Newala to hear their perspectives. ICRW found that many adults put the onus on girls, accusing them of not making “better choices.” Girls were expected to wait until they were adults – or ideally, married – to have sex. At the same time, researchers found that men and boys were not being held accountable for their actions. Girls also told researchers they didn’t feel as if anyone in the communities took responsibility for keeping them safe. Many were frustrated that they were blamed for not avoiding risks from which no one helped protect them. With that, TAMASHA asked the girls to suggest community members who should be responsible for making dangerous areas in their communities safer. “The protective factors that used to be there in all African cultures have broken down,” which is in part why men’s behavior goes unchecked and girls’ risks increasingly rise, said Richard Mabala, executive director of TAMASHA. “And there’s nothing that has really taken its place.” “This is why we believe by young people coming together they can start creating what takes its place.” Youth lead social change Indeed, young people were the driving force behind Vitu Newala, which essentially sought to empower youth to advocate for themselves and reduce their vulnerability to HIV. The program included activities created by adolescent girls and boys, such as dramatic plays, to learn about and discuss everything from reproductive health to goal setting. Together with adults, they figured out how to better protect the community’s young people, especially girls. Such communal reflection by boys and girls had never happened before in Newala. For most girls, it was the first time they’d been asked their opinion or share their experiences. McCleary-Sills said this required a delicate balance – after all, men and boys perpetuate the forms of violence that increase girls’ vulnerability to HIV. But she said they had to be involved if the environment for Newala’s girls was to change. “It was a matter of bringing boys and girls together on equal footing – not as good and evil, or victim and aggressor – and empowering them all to be agents of social change in their communities,” McCleary-Sills said. Anecdotal evidence from Vitu Newala shows that the pilot program made a difference in a short time: With the exception of school, girls reported that they felt safer at some of the most risky locations identified in the formative research. Communities are now supporting Vitu Newala to create youth centers and some are rewriting bylaws to limit boys’ participation in girls’ initiation ceremony. And young people said they now think and act differently about sex, relationships and their future. Even if limited in reach and scope, Vitu Newala offers a promising model that can be applied to other efforts targeting vulnerable girls in sub-Saharan African communities and elsewhere. “Although what we know so far is a small amount, it does appear to be moving social norms in the direction we want,” ICRW’s Fritz said. “But we need continued support to document and measure the impact at the individual and community level over a longer period of time.” Gillian Gaynair is ICRW’s senior writer and editor.	<urn:uuid:47cc5e1e-dd85-4a36-9774-b11c2176d778>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.icrw.org/girls-take-hiv-risk-into-their-own-hands/	2024-12-13T18:09:32Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066119643.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213171153-20241213201153-00517.warc.gz	en	0.974119	1,908	2.71875	3
Introduction to Independence County Independence County, located in the north-central part of Arkansas, was founded on October 20, 1820. It is one of the oldest counties in the state and was named to honor the patriotic spirit of independence after the Revolutionary War. Known for its fertile lands, natural beauty, and the White River, Independence County has played a vital role in the state’s history. Its county seat, Batesville, developed into a significant regional hub for education, trade, and industry. Over time, the county’s economy evolved from agriculture and timber to modern sectors like manufacturing and healthcare. - Founded: October 20, 1820 - Population (2020): Approximately 37,938 - Area: 772 square miles - Area Code: 870 - ZIP Codes: 72501, 72503, 72521, 72522, 72526, 72546, 72550 - County Seat: Batesville - Major Cities: Batesville, Southside, Cave City, Pleasant Plains - Famous Landmarks: White River, Old Independence Regional Museum, Lyon College, Mark Martin Museum Pre-Settlement History and Native American Presence (Pre-1800s) Indigenous Peoples Before European Contact Long before European explorers arrived, the region now known as Independence County was home to several Native American tribes, including the Osage and Quapaw. These tribes inhabited the area for centuries, relying on the rich natural resources of the White River Valley for their sustenance. They practiced agriculture, hunting, and fishing, growing crops such as corn, beans, and squash. The White River also served as a major transportation route for the tribes, facilitating trade and communication with other Native American groups. European Exploration and Early Settlement (1541–1820) Spanish and French Influence (1541–1803) The first recorded European exploration of the area came in 1541, when Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto passed through the region in search of riches. However, it wasn’t until the late 17th century that French explorers, including Robert de La Salle, laid claim to the region as part of the vast Louisiana Territory. French fur trappers and traders utilized the White River as a vital route for commerce, establishing trade with the local Native American tribes. The region remained under French control until 1803, when the Louisiana Purchase transferred the area, including present-day Arkansas, to the United States. This opened the land to American settlers, who would soon move into the fertile river valleys to farm and establish communities. The Louisiana Purchase and Early American Settlement (1803–1820) Following the Louisiana Purchase, settlers from the eastern United States began migrating to the newly acquired lands, drawn by the promise of fertile farmland along the White River. The river provided easy transportation for settlers, allowing them to move goods and people. By the early 19th century, the area was dotted with small farms, and local trade had begun to develop. In 1819, Arkansas became a U.S. territory, and this development further encouraged migration into the region. The Formation of Independence County and Early Development (1820–1860) The Founding of Independence County (1820) Independence County was officially established on October 20, 1820, by the Arkansas Territorial Legislature. It was formed from part of Lawrence County and named to commemorate the patriotic ideals of the American Revolution. At the time, the county encompassed a vast area that later gave rise to multiple other counties, including Sharp, Jackson, and Stone counties. The county seat was established at Batesville, located along the banks of the White River, which quickly became a center for trade, government, and education. Batesville’s strategic location on the river helped it grow into one of the most important towns in early Arkansas. Economic Growth and Agriculture In the decades following its founding, Independence County’s economy was predominantly agricultural. Cotton and corn were the primary crops, and small family farms were widespread across the county. The White River provided a transportation route for agricultural products to be shipped to markets in New Orleans and beyond. Timber also became an important resource, with settlers taking advantage of the county’s abundant forests to supply lumber for local and regional use. During this time, Batesville grew as a commercial hub, with stores, schools, and churches being established to serve the growing population. The Civil War and Reconstruction (1861–1877) Independence County During the Civil War (1861–1865) When the Civil War broke out in 1861, Independence County, like much of Arkansas, sided with the Confederacy. Many men from the county enlisted in Confederate forces, and the region became strategically important due to its proximity to the White River. Batesville was occupied by both Union and Confederate troops at various points during the war, and the area saw several skirmishes and military movements. The Civil War had a devastating impact on the local economy, as farms were neglected, infrastructure was destroyed, and the labor system based on slavery collapsed. The war brought widespread hardship to the residents of Independence County. Reconstruction and Economic Recovery (1865–1877) The Reconstruction period following the Civil War was a time of economic struggle for Independence County. The abolition of slavery meant that landowners had to adapt to a new labor system, and many turned to sharecropping and tenant farming. African Americans, who had been freed from slavery, began to establish new communities, although they faced significant challenges in asserting their rights and gaining economic independence. Despite these challenges, Independence County gradually began to recover from the war’s devastation. Agriculture resumed as the main economic driver, and the timber industry continued to be a vital part of the local economy. Post-Reconstruction Growth and the Railroad Era (1877–1920s) The Arrival of the Railroad (1880s) One of the most significant developments in Independence County’s post-Reconstruction history was the arrival of the railroad in the 1880s. The completion of rail lines connecting Batesville to other parts of Arkansas and the broader region revolutionized the local economy by providing new transportation routes for goods and people. The railroad enabled farmers to transport their crops, particularly cotton and timber, to markets more efficiently than before. It also helped Batesville grow as a commercial and industrial center, attracting new businesses and industries to the area. The population of the county increased as settlers moved in to take advantage of the economic opportunities brought by the railroad. Industrialization and Economic Diversification With the advent of the railroad, Independence County began to diversify its economy beyond agriculture and timber. Small manufacturing plants and mills were established in Batesville and surrounding areas, producing goods such as textiles, processed lumber, and tools. This industrial growth provided new jobs for local residents and attracted additional settlers to the county. Batesville continued to develop as a regional hub, with new schools, businesses, and cultural institutions emerging to serve the growing population. The city’s role as a transportation and commercial center further solidified its importance in the region. The Great Depression and World War II (1930s–1940s) The Impact of the Great Depression (1930s) Like much of the country, Independence County was severely affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s. Agricultural prices plummeted, particularly for cotton, leaving many farmers in the county struggling to make a living. Unemployment rose, and many families were forced off their land due to foreclosure. Federal programs created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal provided some relief to the county during this difficult time. Public works projects, such as the construction of roads, bridges, and schools, created jobs for local residents and improved the county’s infrastructure. Additionally, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) worked to develop parks and reforestation projects, helping to restore the county’s natural resources. World War II and Economic Recovery (1941–1945) The onset of World War II brought new opportunities for economic recovery in Independence County. The demand for agricultural products and timber increased as the U.S. government ramped up production for the war effort. Many men from the county enlisted in the military, while women took on new roles in factories and other industries to support the war. After the war, Independence County experienced a period of economic growth and modernization. The expansion of infrastructure, including roads and bridges, further integrated the county into regional and national markets. The post-war period also saw the growth of new industries, such as food processing and manufacturing, which helped diversify the local economy. Post-War Development and Modern Growth (1950s–Present) Educational Development: Lyon College and Healthcare Expansion In the decades following World War II, Independence County experienced significant growth in the areas of education and healthcare. Lyon College (formerly Arkansas College), founded in 1872, expanded its programs and facilities, becoming one of the state’s most prestigious liberal arts colleges. The college has played a vital role in the cultural and economic life of Batesville and the county. Healthcare also became an important sector in the county’s economy, with the development of hospitals and medical facilities serving the growing population. The construction of the White River Medical Center in Batesville provided improved healthcare access for residents of the region. Economic Diversification and Growth Today, Independence County boasts a diversified economy that includes agriculture, manufacturing, education, and healthcare. While farming and timber remain important parts of the county’s heritage, modern industries such as manufacturing, food processing, and retail have become major employers. Batesville continues to serve as the county’s economic and cultural hub, with businesses, schools, and healthcare facilities driving growth. The county’s natural beauty, including the White River and nearby Ozark Mountains, also attracts tourists and outdoor enthusiasts, contributing to the local economy. Key Historical Landmarks in Independence County - The White River has been a vital part of Independence County’s history, serving as a transportation route and a source of natural beauty. The river remains a popular destination for fishing, boating, and recreation. Old Independence Regional Museum - Established: 1998 - Location: Batesville - The Old Independence Regional Museum preserves the history of Independence County and the surrounding region, featuring exhibits on the county’s early settlers, the Civil War, and the railroad era. - Founded: 1872 - Location: Batesville - Lyon College is a prestigious liberal arts college that has played an important role in the educational and cultural development of Independence County. Mark Martin Museum - Location: Batesville - The Mark Martin Museum honors Batesville native and NASCAR legend Mark Martin, featuring memorabilia and exhibits on his racing career.	<urn:uuid:b1e0e432-149a-48f8-8031-d7bad572956c>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.itypeusa.com/history-of-independence-county-arkansas/	2024-12-14T16:26:44Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125790.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214151042-20241214181042-00171.warc.gz	en	0.960427	2,233	3.453125	3
Culture shock may be the personal sweat a person may truly feel when experiencing an unfamiliar life style due to migration or a visit to a new country or to a move among social surroundings also a straightforward travel to another type of life. One of the most common causes of culture shock involves people in a foreign environment. Database of essay examples, templates and tips for writing For only $9.90/page Culture shock can be defined as consisting of at least certainly one of five specific phases: Honeymoon vacation, Negotiation, Modification, Mastery and Independence, would be the most common features that pertain to existing problems, further hindrances contain: information overload, language obstacle, generation space, technology gap, skill interdependence, formulation habbit, homesickness (cultural), infinite regress (homesickness), dullness (job dependency), response ability (cultural skill set). There is not any true way to entirely prevent culture distress, as persons in any contemporary society are individually affected by social contrasts in different ways. The 4 phases As time passes (usually a couple of months, with respect to the individual), distinctions between the outdated and fresh culture become apparent and could create anxiety. Excitement may eventually cave in to unpleasant feelings of frustration and anger jointly continues to knowledge unfavorable occasions that may be perceived as strange and offensive to one’s ethnical attitude. Terminology barriers, stark differences in open public hygiene, visitors safety, foodstuff accessibility and quality may heighten the sense of disconnection through the surroundings. While being transferred into a different environment sets special pressure on connection skills, you will find practical issues to conquer, such as circadian rhythm dysfunction that often leads to insomnia and daylight drowsiness; adaptation of gut bacteria to different bacteria levels and concentrations in food and water; trouble seeking treatment for condition, as medicines may have different names in the native country’s and the same active ingredients may be hard to identify. Still, the most important change in the period is conversation: People adjusting to a new tradition often experience lonely and homesick since they are not yet used to the new environment and satisfy people with whom they are new every day. The chinese language barrier can become a major hurdle in creating new human relationships: special attention has to be paid to one’s and others’ culture-specific body language signs, linguistic faux pas, conversation tone, linguistic detailed aspects and customs, and fake friends. In the case of students studying abroad, a lot of develop added symptoms of isolation that in the end affect their very own lifestyles overall. Due to the stress of moving into a different region without parental support, foreign students frequently feel troubled and experience more pressure while adjusting to new cultureseven more so when the cultural miles are wide, as habits of common sense and conversation are different and a special emphasis is placed on rhetoric. Inside the mastery stage assignees can participate fully and pleasantly in the number culture. Mastery does not mean total conversion; persons often keep many qualities from their previous culture, just like accents and languages. It is usually referred to as the biculturalism stage Reverse traditions shock Invert Culture Shock (a. t. a. Re-entry Shock, or perhaps own traditions shock) will take place returning to one’s home lifestyle after developing accustomed to a new one can produce the same effects as defined above. This results from the psychosomatic and psychological outcomes of the readjustment process for the primary tradition. The affected individual often discovers this more surprising and hard to deal with than the original culture shock. This kind of phenomenon, the reactions that members with the re-entered culture exhibit toward the re-entrant, and the inevitability of the two are encapsulated in the stating you can’t go home again, 1st coined by Jones Wolfe in his book of this title. Effects They normally remain in the host region forever. This group is usually known as Adopters. Some people manage to adapt to the aspects of the host culture they observe as positive, while keeping some of their personal and creating their unique mixture. They have simply no major challenges returning home or transferring elsewhere. This kind of group may be thought to be to some extent cosmopolitan. Lifestyle shock has its own different effects, time spans, and degrees of seriousness. Many people are impaired by the presence , nor recognize precisely what is bothering them. Transition distress Culture surprise is a subcategory of a more universal construct called changeover shock. Change shock is a state of loss and disorientation predicated by a enhancements made on one’s familiar environment which usually requires modification. There are many indications of transition impact, some such as: Excessive matter over cleanliness and overall health We can explain culture surprise as the physical and emotional pain one endures when going to live in another country or possibly a place totally different from the place of origin. Often , the way that individuals lived before is not really accepted while or viewed as normal in the new place. Everything is different, for example , not really speaking chinese, not knowing how to use banking machines, not knowing using the telephone and so forth. The symptoms of cultural shock can seem at different times. Though, one can knowledge real soreness from traditions shock; it is also an opportunity for redefining one’s life aims. It is a great chance for leaning and acquiring new perspectives. Tradition shock could make one develop a better comprehension of oneself and stimulate personal creativity. After, the second stage presents itself. A person may well encounter several difficult moments and crises in daily life. For example , communication troubles may arise such as if she is not understood. Through this stage, there can be feelings of discontent, impatience, anger, misery, and feeling incompetence. This kind of happens when an individual is trying to adapt to a new culture that is very different from the lifestyle of origin. Transition between old methods and those in the new country is a difficult process and takes time to complete. During the transition, there can be strong emotions of unhappiness. In the 4th stage, the person realizes the new traditions has good and bad things to give. This level can be among double incorporation or double integration with regards to the number of civilizations that the person has to procedure. This the usage is with a more stable feeling of that belong. The person begins to define him/herself and build goals pertaining to living. The fifth stage is the stage that is named the re-entry shock. This happens when a go back to the country of origin is done. One may find that things are will no longer the same. For example , some of the newly acquired customs are not in use in the outdated culture. These types of stages exist at distinct times every person has their own own method of reacting inside the stages of culture surprise. As a consequence, some stages will be longer plus more difficult than others. Many factors contribute to the duration and effects of tradition shock. For example , the individual’s state of mental well being, type of individuality, previous encounters, socio-economic conditions, familiarity with the chinese language, family and/or social support devices, and education level. Learn to incorporate a regular kind of physical activity in your routine. This will help combat the sadness and loneliness within a constructive fashion. Exercise, swimming, take a great aerobics school, etc . Rest and meditation are proved to be very positive for people who are passing through periods of tension Maintain exposure to your cultural group. This will likely give you a feeling of belonging and you may reduce your thoughts of loneliness and hysteria Maintain connection with the new lifestyle. Learn the language. Volunteer in community activities that allow you to practice the language that you will be learning. This will help you feel much less stress regarding language and useful concurrently. Allow you to ultimately feel unfortunate about the things that you have forgotten: your family, your friends, etc . Acknowledge the sorrow of leaving your old country. Accept the new country. Focus your power on getting through the transition. Be aware of relationships together with your family and at your workplace. They will function as support to suit your needs in challenging times. Build simple desired goals and examine your progress. Find approaches to live with the things which don’t meet you completely. Maintain self confidence. Follow your ambitions and continue your plans for the future. If you feel pressured, look for support. There is always an individual or some support available to assist you to. People from all other cultures (whom you’ll end up being hanging out with and going to school with) may have grown program values and beliefs that differ from your own. Because of these dissimilarities, the things they will talk about, the ways they express themselves, and the importance of various tips may be very unlike what you are more comfortable with. But the great news is that lifestyle shock is usually temporary. What Causes Culture Shock? To understand traditions shock, it assists to understand what culture is. You may know that genes identify a big a part of how you appearance and take action. What you may well not know is that your environment your natural environment has a big influence on your presence and patterns as well. Your environment isn’t just the air flow you inhale and the meals you eat, nevertheless; a big part of your environment is tradition. Culture consist of the common items that people of a community learn from family, friends, mass media, literature, and in many cases strangers. These are generally the things that impact how theylook, act, and communicate. Frequently , you don’t even find out you’re learning these things since they become second-nature to you for instance, the method that you shake hands with an individual when appointment them, at the time you eat meals each day, the type of things you get funny, or how you perspective religion. When you attend a new place, such as a new country or even a new metropolis, you frequently enter a culture that is different from one you remaining. Sometimes the culture as well as the new culture are similar. Other times, they can be completely different, and even contrary. What could possibly be perfectly regular in one lifestyle for example, spending hours eating dinner with your family could possibly be unusual in a culture that values a far more fast-paced way of living. The differences among cultures can make it very difficult to slip the new environment. You may come across unfamiliar clothing, weather, and food and also different people, schools, and ideals. You may find yourself struggling to accomplish things in the new area that were convenient back home. Working with the differences can be quite unsettling; all those feelings will be part adjusting to a new culture. Culture Change in Korean Women Essay Sweeping cultural change rarely comes rapidly. Even in places where the metabolic rate of the region would ensure equality of citizens, obtaining true equality can be an agonizingly slow process. ... Brief History Essay Serbia, or what is formally named as the Islamic Republic of Usa, has a rich culture starting out since eight thousand B. C. (Ladjevardian doble. 2). The historic styles that ... The Role of Culture Essay Vissing (2011) clarifies culture as “an prepared system of living and considering. It contains distributed attitudes, ideals, goals, and behaviors which have been present in individuals, groups, businesses, or regions ... Tang Song Dynasty Essay After the fall in the Han Empire, China observed much turmoil similar to so what happened in Europe after the fall of the Both roman Empire. In contrast to Europe ... Summarize and Preliminary Paragraph Worksheet Create a plan and introductory paragraph in preparation intended for writing a complete Personal Prepare due in Week Five. Use the following information to assist ... American and Latino cultures Essay What did I think the differences between American and Latino ethnicities are? To me, I don’t have almost any experience with Latino people and Latino tradition, but I had developed ... Language Change Essay The history of British language offers seen a large number of changes because of social and cultural influences with a multitude of reactions from the users. English has changed as ... Subculture theory evolves Essay Having gained a much better understanding of subculture theory, it truly is likewise essential to determine the importance of learning the deviant subculture and why it is vital to continue ... Rabindranath Tagore Essay Rabindranath Tagore [pic]Rabindranath Tagore was born in Calcutta, India into a wealthy Brahmin friends and family. After a short stay in England (1878) to try and study rules, he came ...	<urn:uuid:c3953007-4305-4a7d-9c82-6afe41561c21>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://newszou.com/culture-shock-essay/	2024-12-04T05:19:37Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066149008.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204045532-20241204075532-00075.warc.gz	en	0.952003	2,620	2.765625	3
Once a special education student with behavioral issues receives an appropriate assessment of his/her behavior, and appropriate IEP goals are written to address the student’s behavioral needs, the IEP team has to determine what services and supports are necessary to see those goals achieved. The types of services and supports a child requires in order to achieve his/her IEP goals can influence placement decisions, which is why placement is the last decision that should be made by the IEP team. It is necessary to first know what services and supports will be required in order to determine what the Least Restrictive Environment (“LRE”) is for each particular special education student and, as we’ve stated before, the LRE is relative to the unique needs of each individual child. What is the LRE for one student is not necessarily the LRE for another. Placement must be in the least restrictive environment necessary in order for the services and supports to be provided such that the goals can be achieved, which varies from student to student. That means that the selection of services, including the frequency, duration, and times of day they are provided, is a very critical step in the IEP process and it comes into play fairly late in the game. To recap the process (as described in our prior postings in the “Techically Speaking” category), the IEP process begins with assessment. The data yielded by the assessment is supposed to inform the IEP team of the student’s Present Levels of Performance (sometimes referred to as “PLOPs”). Based on what is understood about the student’s Present Levels, the IEP team then must write measurable annual goals that describe in objective, empirical terms what outcomes the IEP is attempting to achieve – what specifically it is trying to teach the student to do. Once that is known, the next step is the selection of services and supports. There are a number of tools to address behavioral goals that can be used. One of the most powerful tools is a Behavior Support Plan (“BSP”) or Positive Behavior Support Plan (“PBSP”). Once a functional analysis of a student’s behavior has been conducted, the next step is supposed to be the creation of a BSP/PBSP unless?the analysis reveals that the behaviors do not significantly impact the child’s participation in his/her education. A properly written BSP/PBSP is a thing of gold, but it’s no good to anyone if not everyone implements it the way it is written. Behavior is a touchy thing. When you have a child who realizes that the same behavior is met with different outcomes depending on who that child is with, what you often produce is a manipulative child who learns how to push peoples’ buttons. When behavior is met with the same outcome regardless of who the child is with, the child gets a consistent message about certain behaviors. For that reason, it is imperative that anyone working with a special education student who exhibits problematic behaviors follow the BSP/PBSP to the letter as best as he/she possibly can. A BSP/PBSP starts out by describing the problem behavior so people know what they’re looking for. Identifying the function that the behavior serves (i.e. to avoid math problems, to avoid writing, to gain access to more preferred items or activities, etc.) allows people know what need the child is trying to meet and, therefore, the types of responses they should have to the behaviors. The BSP/PBSP should then describe what responses to give to each type of problematic situation if the behavior manifests, but, more importantly, it should describe what replacement behavior will be taught to the child so that he/she has a more appropriate way of seeing his/her needs met without engaging in the problematic behavior. It’s not enough to tell a kid to stop doing something. You have to tell them what is appropriate for them to do instead. If you’re trying to drive a nail with a banana peel, you’re just going to make a mess. But, if all somebody does is tell you to stop slinging that useless banana peel at the nail and fails to give you a hammer and show you how to use it, you’re still going to be stuck with a nail that hasn’t been driven. What you were attempting to accomplish remains unachieved. Children need to be taught things. They can’t be expected to somehow magically know things or figure things out as well as more experienced adults. Children with certain types of disabilities have a harder time picking up what seems obvious to most people, requiring explicit instruction on more basic concepts. A BSP/PBSP describes what fundamental concepts are being taught, or refers to the behavioral goals which describe what concepts are being targeted, so that the child acquires the reasoning skills necessary to handle situations more successfully. I’m a fan of Diana Browning Wright’s work. She’s done trainings in California and I have students whom I represent whose PBSPs are written up on Diana’s forms. They’re very well organized and make total sense. Another tool that some schools try to use is a “Behavior Contract.” I’m not a huge fan of these at all. A “Behavior Contract” is something usually used in general education in which a student makes a written commitment to follow school rules. It utterly fails to identify what need the student was attempting to meet by engaging in the inappropriate behavior and only speaks to what the child will do; there is nothing that describes what the adult school site personnel will do to assist the student in dealing with whatever is provoking his/her inappropriate behaviors so that they don’t present problems for the student anymore. Instead, the child is stripped of whatever coping strategies he/she had, even if they were poor ones, and left with nothing he/she can do at all. This creates a great sense of powerlessness, which can turn on its heel in an instant and lead to more escalated behaviors meant to regain whatever power the child feels he/she has lost. I’ve seen it happen too many times. What was meant to stop a problem behavior only served to reinforce it and is particularly horrible to deal with among children with issues involving anxiety, paranoia, and/or Oppositional Defiant Disorder. Their handicapping conditions magnify, sometimes exponentially, their reactions to having their actual needs ignored and left with no way to see them met, while everyone else is focusing on what they inappropriately did in an effort to see those needs met. A good BSP/PBSP should also include a description of what consequences and reinforcers should be used to encourage the use of the appropriate replacement behavior and discourage the use of the inappropriate behavior. By consequences, I do not mean punishment. A consequence is anything that results from an occurrence or event. In the realm of positive behavioral intervention, a consequence is any outcome that discourages a behavior from reoccurring. This is often the intent of punishment, but punishment is an artificial consequence that the child may associate with something other than his/her own inappropriate behavior, such as the person who is punishing him/her. Consequences should fit the behavior and they work best if they are natural, inadvertent outcomes of doing the wrong thing.? In my example above, the natural consequence of trying to drive a nail with a banana skin is a gooey mess and a nail that still hasn’t been driven. That by itself is enough to discourage me from ever trying to drive a nail with a banana skin again. It clearly didn’t work. But, associating consequences with one’s own behavior is actually more subtle and difficult than it sounds. For children with relatively inexperienced, growing (and, thus, continually changing) minds, it’s even harder. For children with certain types of special needs, it can often be agonizingly difficult. The connections have to be taught. So, the consequences to inappropriate behaviors and reinforcers of appropriate behaviors should be delivered as soon after the behaviors have manifested as possible, particularly when first starting out with a new behavior program. Over time, the reinforcers can be faded. The idea is that the use of the appropriate behavior will become intrinsically rewarding because it yields success without drama and the need to artificially reinforce will disappear. The use of appropriate data collection tools is critical. Data collection should be naturally built into the behavior goals and BSP/PBSP. It’s the only way to track progress and measure the degree to which the replacement behavior is taking over for the problematic behavior. Therefore, data sheets have to be created right away at the beginning so that data collection can begin as soon as the school site personnel start implementing the goals. Parent training is also a really valuable piece to a successful behavioral intervention program. Just as it is imperative that the child be met with the same response to his/her behavior by all of the staff working with the child, it is equally important that he/she is met with the same response at home. I’ve seen some of the best school-based behavior strategies in the world completely unravel because no one thought to explain to the parents how the behaviors were being responded to at school. The child would go home to a completely different set of expectations and responses to problematic behaviors and an entire school day’s worth of intervention might as well have never happened. The next day, the school site staff would be starting all over again. By training the parents on the behavioral strategies being used at school, particularly if they can collect at least some data on what they are doing, makes them more involved, gives them greater understanding of what the school site team is trying to do, makes them partners in the process rather than outside observers, makes them more comfortable about how their child’s behavior is being handled by the school site staff, and creates much needed consistency that will help make the intervention successful. Do you have any other suggestions regarding behavioral supports and services that can be made part of a student’s IEP? Post your comment with your suggestions below.	<urn:uuid:f502c43c-8497-4b2e-8f5f-7536fdf44970>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://kps4parents.org/services-that-address-iep-behavior-goals/	2024-12-10T17:19:07Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066067282.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210163759-20241210193759-00147.warc.gz	en	0.963984	2,111	3.453125	3
Last Updated on October 5, 2023 Travel can be an empowering, educational, and relaxing experience. But unfortunately, tourism does come with some harmful effects. Here are 20 ways to be a responsible tourist. I’ve been traveling for over a decade, and in that time, I’ve been trying to become a more responsible, sustainable traveler. Over the years, I’ve definitely made mistakes when it comes to responsible tourism. But the more I travel, the more I learn. I’m sharing with you 20 tips I’ve learned for becoming a more responsible tourist. - What is Responsible Tourism? - How To Travel Responsibly - 20 Responsible Travel Tips - 1. Acknowledge Diversity - 2. Avoid Contributing to Overtourism - 3. Support Local Communities - 4. Support Local Tourism Operators - 5. Value Experiences Over Bragging Rights - 6. Be Intentional With Photos - 7. Travel Overland Whenever Possible - 8. Zero Waste Travel - 9. Minimize Waste in Hotels - 10. Pack In, Pack Out! - 11. Walk, Cycle, and Take Public Transit - 12. Travel Slowly - 13. Be Conscious of Cultural Appropriation - 14. Practice Responsible Wildlife Tourism - 15. Avoid Participating in Voluntourism - 16. Respect and Follow Local Customs - 17. Check Yourself for Ethnocentrism - 18. Pay Fair Prices - 19. Be Mindful of What You Share - 20. Do Your Research and Listen to Locals - Final Thoughts: Responsible Tourism is Evolving What is Responsible Tourism? Responsible travel considers the pros and cons of tourism. It’s all about making choices that minimize the negative impacts of your travels in favour of ones that are neutral, or contribute positively when traveling. It’s about traveling in a way that is better for people, the planet, and wildlife. With this approach to tourism we can reduce the effects of overtourism, support local and Indigenous communities, protect natural resources and wildlife, and more. Responsible travel ultimately provides an opportunity for us travelers to give back to the regions and communities that we visit. Now, that’s how I think about responsible tourism, but there are some official definitions, too. The UNWTO has a great official definition: Why do we need responsible tourism? The reality is that tourism can be harmful. We need responsible tourism because it provides a framework along with actionable tips for how we can travel in a way that is more sustainable for local communities, planet earth, wildlife, and heritage. What is an example of responsible tourism? Responsible tourism means reducing air travel whenever possible, booking locally-owned and eco-conscious hotels and tour guides, traveling slowly, sustainably, and mindfully, and investing your tourism dollars in local communities as much as possible. This is a pretty broad example, but don’t worry, I’m digging into more examples and details below! How To Travel Responsibly It can be overwhelming to get started with responsible travel. Just remember that it’s all about ongoing learning, and it’s not a race. Rather than making lots of big changes at once, approach it with baby steps! A great place to start is by simply acknowledging the impact of your travels. Take the time to think about how your globetrotting might be affecting natural environments, wildlife, local communities, culture, and economies. From there, you can begin making small changes to your travel habits. I also think it’s important to remember that there isn’t a one size fits all approach for responsible travel. Some of the tips below might be more accessible to you than others, and that’s ok! A good start is to do just what you can, and build from there. 20 Responsible Travel Tips If you want to start working toward responsible travel, you’re in the right place! Read on for my favourite responsible travel tips. 1. Acknowledge Diversity One of the beautiful things about travel is that it gives us the opportunity to see the diversity of the world. One way to be a responsible tourist is to actively acknowledge diversity, and put effort into learning about diversity – not just diversity between countries but within countries and communities as well. For example, in India there are 22 major languages, over 720 dialects, and people across the country belong to different ethnic groups who all have unique traditions and culture. Taking note of this diversity (and putting effort into learning about it!) shows respect for those cultures. It’s also important to acknowledge Indigenous peoples as you travel. For example, Canada’s Indigenous peoples tend to be underrepresented in the tourism industry. But that doesn’t mean there aren’t any opportunities for tourists to support Indigenous peoples when they visit Canada. For example, tourists can seek out Indigenous owned shops and restaurants, or visit museums dedicated to Indigenous history. 2. Avoid Contributing to Overtourism Being a responsible tourist means trying to benefit communities rather than do them harm. For the most part, tourism is extremely beneficial: it can help build economies, especially for small communities, create jobs, encourage conservation, and encourage the restoration and preservation of historic sites. Overtourism describes when tourism’s positive benefits become outnumbered by the negative ones, and it’s become more evident in recent years as tourism has become more accessible. When tourism becomes unsustainable in a place, you start to see consequences that have the potential to impact local life, culture, the land, animals, and more. Reducing your contribution to overtourism is a great way to responsibly travel. Here are ways to do it: Avoid mainstream or iconic destinations, practise second city tourism, travel in small groups, travel slowly, and try to travel in the off peak, off season. 3. Support Local Communities Support locals and local communities by investing your dollars in them rather than the government – yep, this means skipping Starbucks and opting for a local cafe instead! By putting your dollars towards local restaurants, cafes, and other businesses, you can help ensure that tourism remains a force for good – which is our ultimate goal in being responsible tourists. A few ways to support local communities include buying directly from markets, eating in small restaurants, selecting locally owned and operated tour companies and staying in locally owned hotels and hostels. If you’re ever unsure about how local a restaurant or hotel is, you can read through online reviews. Oftentimes online reviews will reveal who is operating or who owns the business, and that’s a great clue to whether it’s local or not. 4. Support Local Tourism Operators Lots of global tour operators are actively working toward more sustainable practices. There are eco-operators that take steps to minimize their environmental impact, and many tour operators are hiring local guides and supporting local business as much as possible. When booking group travel or tours, do some basic research to see what kind of support the company you’re looking at is giving to the local community. Look at whether their guides are local to the destination you’re visiting, look at whether other staff are local, and look at if they support local restaurants and hotels rather than chains. When possible, you can also choose to hire a guide once you’ve arrived at your destination. For example, when we traveled to Guatemala to do the Acatenango hike (which gives you views of an erupting volcano), we didn’t book our guide until we’d arrived in Antigua. Rather than booking a global tour company for our hike, we asked in our hostel to be connected with a local guide. 5. Value Experiences Over Bragging Rights From conversations in hostel dorm rooms to travel influencer Instagram accounts, I’ve noticed that country counting is an ongoing trend. This trend shifts the focus and value of travel away from experiences, favouring quality over quantity. Responsible tourism is all about doing right by the destinations you visit, and that means spending the time to learn about that destination, and value the time you spent there. While country counting isn’t all around bad (yes, I can tell you how many I’ve been to), as responsible tourists we should strive to keep the focus on experiences, because that’s what matters. So when you’re planning new travels, don’t discount places you’ve been to already, or feel like you need to fit as many countries into your time away as possible. Revisiting places can be super rewarding. Believe me, this is why I’ve traveled The Netherlands four times now! 6. Be Intentional With Photos It’s tempting to take photos of, well, everything when you’re traveling. And I get it, it’s fun to take photos with local people. But photo-taking needs to be intentional, and respectful to other people and cultures. So if you’re taking photos of people, be sure to grab their consent – this is an easy way to promote responsible tourism. If you intend to share a photo of someone to your social media, or any public platform, it’s important to have explicit consent to do so. This is especially important if that person belongs to a minority group or different culture, or if the person is a child. Sharing images of impoverished, or less developed communities for self-gratification is an unfortunate symptom of the White Saviour Industrial Complex. So how can you be a responsible tourist when taking photos? The first step is to be intentional, and be transparent about those intentions. If you’d like a photo of a local person for your travel blog, for example, let them know that. The second step is to simply ask for their consent! Ask if it’s ok to share the photo on your Instagram, or on your blog. 7. Travel Overland Whenever Possible By minimizing how often you fly, you can significantly reduce your carbon footprint. It’s hard to wrap your head around how much carbon a flight produces, but it’s really important to understand that it’s a lot. In fact, one return flight can generate more CO2 than citizens of some countries produce in an entire year. It isn’t realistic for most people to cut out flying entirely. Some of us may have family abroad, or are required to fly for work. If you live in a country like Canada or Australia, visiting another country might not be possible without a flight (or a multi day road trip). Given this, the best approach to sustainable travel when it comes to flying is to reduce how much we fly, as much as possible. Here are some tips for reducing your air travel carbon footprint: - Most emissions are released during takeoff and landing. Reduce the carbon impact of your flight by booking a direct flight rather than a flight that includes connections. The less you takeoff and land, the better! - Travel overland rather than booking a flight, particularly when traveling short distances. In some cases, flights are a big time saver, or they’re getting you across an ocean. But wherever possible, take a train or bus instead of the plane! - Fly economy class. Business class fliers leave a far larger carbon footprint, so by opting for economy you can minimize your impact when you do fly. - Neutralize your carbon footprint by paying carbon offsets. This means funding projects that remove carbon emissions like reforestation, farm power and landfill gas capture. Make it a practice to donate, every time you fly. - Skip the weekend jaunts and do something local instead. With short haul flights so widely available, it’s tempting to take a 2 hour flight to another city for a day or two. If you can, cut down on these weekend trips and do something closer to home that doesn’t require a flight instead. The good news? In the future we will likely switch over to electric planes which will reduce the carbon impact of flights. In the meantime, governments around the world are taking action. The French government has become the first large economy to ban short-haul flights where a train or bus alternative of two and a half hours or less exists–a move which was voted on in 2021 and comes into effect in April 2022. 8. Zero Waste Travel It’s becoming easier and easier to cut down on your waste, both at home and while abroad. Reducing your use of plastic and other disposable products and packaging helps lessen how much ends up in a landfill. A zero waste approach conserves natural resources and reduces pollution from extraction, manufacturing and disposal. So how can you be more zero waste while traveling? Here’s some tips! - Pack canvas bags, reusable cutlery, and reusable food storage containers. By bringing these items along, you can refuse single use items that you might come across while shopping or dining out. Bring canvas bags to use instead of accepting plastic bags, and reusable cutlery for takeout. You can also bring some containers for random things, like leftover food. - Pack zero waste toiletries. These days it’s pretty easy to find no waste shampoo bars, toothpaste tablets, and a bamboo toothbrush. - Invest in a water filtration system to help cut down on bottled water. I’ve been super happy using Grayl’s filtration water bottles. It can be expensive initially to invest in a filtration system, but not only is it good for the environment, it can ultimately save you money because you won’t be buying water bottles as you travel. 9. Minimize Waste in Hotels In most hotels you’ll find lots of single use items in the rooms. One way to travel more responsibly is to avoid using these products. Instead, use what you’ve brought from home! Here’s some tips: - Bring your own toiletries and toothbrush. This way you won’t need to use the tiny bottles of shampoo, lotion, and other toiletries that are offered. - Avoid drinking bottled water that is provided. - Hang up your towels to reuse rather than replace daily. - Turn off lights, air conditioning, the television and other appliances when you leave your room. - Leave the “do not disturb” sign on your hotel door knob so that hotel staff know not to wash linens and towels every day. 10. Pack In, Pack Out! Pack in, pack out is a phrase (lots of hikers use it) that means, basically, don’t leave behind in nature anything that you bring with you. Avoid leaving any litter on the ground, even if it’s organic. When hiking, visiting beaches, or in rural areas, stow any waste in a reusable container and dispose of it properly when you can. 11. Walk, Cycle, and Take Public Transit Renting bikes, walking, and taking public transport when you’re traveling does more than just reduce your carbon footprint. It’s a great way to see a new place! I love getting around on foot and on public transit when I’m visiting a new place because it creates an opportunity to get outside more, exercise, and save on your travel budget. For example, when my partner and I visited Mexico City we made a point of taking the subway system and local buses to get around. Even though Uber trips are super affordable in Mexico City, we found that taking public transport was more fun because we got to experience the city in a local way. 12. Travel Slowly Slow travel is all about emphasizing connecting to places we visit. Slow travel means spending as long as possible in place, rather than trying to, let’s say, tick off as many cities during a week in Europe as possible. I know how tempting it is to fit in as many stops as possible on a trip, but hear me out. There’s many benefits to slow travel, and all of them directly support responsible tourism. Slow traveling allows tourists to spend more time in a place, which in turn means they get to know the culture and people better, and tourists can invest more tourism dollars in that place. And these aren’t the only benefits. Slow tourism also has less of an environmental impact. So next time you’re planning a trip, consider cutting down the amount of stops you make on your travel route so that you can spend longer in each place. You might be surprised at how slow travel not only benefits the communities you visit, but enriches your experiences of them. 13. Be Conscious of Cultural Appropriation Cultural appropriation is when a person adopts elements of a culture that is not their own. It becomes controversial when members of a dominant culture appropriate from disadvantaged minority cultures. Examples of cultural appropriation include when white people wear dreadlocks, or non-Indigenous people wear Indigenous dress as a halloween costume. Cultural appropriation is a complex issue with lots of grey areas. And since much of travel revolves around experiencing and learning about other cultures, it can be tough to figure out what is and isn’t cultural appropriation while abroad. But it isn’t impossible. There are two important aspects to think about when considering cultural appropriation while traveling: respect and context. The respect aspect means: - You should always ask yourself if you are participating in a tradition, or wearing traditional clothing, out of honor or imitation. - Respect includes understanding: are you aware of the significance, meaning, and history of the tradition or clothing? The context aspect means: - In what situation are you participating in a cultural tradition or wearing cultural clothing? Being invited to participate is key. - Are you participating to learn about a culture, or to perpetuate a stereotype? Thinking about whether your actions are respectful, and considering the context you’re in, as well as your overall motivations, are all important when thinking about whether you are culturally appropriating. Responsible tourism is about remembering that you are a humble guest of the culture you are visiting. Appropriation is really only acceptable on an invitation basis. 14. Practice Responsible Wildlife Tourism Visiting elephant sanctuaries in Thailand, swimming with pigs in The Bahamas, and going on safari in Kenya – these are all experiences that most travelers dream of having. But because animal encounters are so popular amongst tourists, there is a consumer-driven demand for animals that sometimes results in exploitation. And so as responsible tourists, we should do our best to avoid supporting exploitation when engaging with wildlife. It can be super difficult to figure out what kind of encounters with wildlife are responsible. The best line of defense is to always do your research. For example, if there’s an elephant sanctuary you want to visit, look at the reviews for that sanctuary (specifically the bad ones) to learn what other tourists have seen there. If they’ve witnessed maltreatment, it’ll likely be mentioned in the review. Another rule of thumb for wildlife tourism is to avoid animal encounters that include contact. Any time a wild animal is willing to engage with you, it’s because that animal has been specifically trained to do that. If you want to visit animals as responsibly as possible, always opt for observation only experiences. There are many ethical safaris where you can observe animals from afar without disrupting them. The animals don’t need to be trained, and instead of an artificial encounter, you get to see them in the wild, engaging in natural behavior. 15. Avoid Participating in Voluntourism There’s a reason that people love to combine their travels with volunteering. It seems like a great opportunity to do good, while exploring the world. The thing is, voluntourism, missionary work, and other forms of aid often carry colonial and problematic undertones. It can also be very difficult to figure out whether or not your presence and volunteer work is actually having a positive impact. This is because voluntourism has in many cases become an industry. It’s so easy now to book and pay for a one or two week volunteer experience, where you drop into a community just briefly. Bu The Guardian summarized it well in a 2018 article: The aspiration to help the most vulnerable children is a noble one, but the booming business of “voluntourism” sustains practices and institutions that actually do harm. There is no such thing as a “good” orphanage, according to child development experts. Eighty years of research confirms that children do best in a family. Voluntourism tends to be very transformational for the volunteer, but in many cases it’s very unlikely that the volunteer returned that positive impact to the community they visited. This is often because voluntourism experiences are manufactured, and don’t require a long term investment or any specialized skills from the volunteer. For a volunteer experience while traveling, a great alternative is to do a work exchange, like through WorkAway. 16. Respect and Follow Local Customs Our planet is so culturally diverse, chances are, you’ll often find yourself in a region that has customs quite different from your own. Keep in mind that when visiting a country outside your own, you’re a visitor. So it’s best to behave like one! This means taking the time to learn about local customs and traditions, and then respecting them. For example, in some regions of the world, women traditionally dress modestly. When visiting those regions, women travelers can show respect by following the local custom of covering their shoulders or legs. It’s also always helpful to learn at least a bit of the language local to where you’re traveling. This makes travel easier for you (even knowing “hello” or “excuse me” is helpful), but also shows that you care to invest time in learning about local culture. 17. Check Yourself for Ethnocentrism What’s ethnocentrism? Ethnocentrism refers to perceptions or assumptions made about a culture. Often, ethnocentrism leads people to judge another culture based on the standard of one’s own culture. There’s a power dynamic involved, too. For example, when Western travelers “don’t like” the customs in a country that are different from their own, there can be colonial undertones involved. It’s okay to feel confused by, or to simply have thoughts about a custom that you aren’t familiar with. To avoid ethnocentrism, take some time to sit with those feelings and do some research so you can understand why that custom is the norm. Ask questions! Understanding a custom often helps to make something new or different feel more comfortable. 18. Pay Fair Prices It can be hard when traveling to not get caught up in obsessing over your budget. Being budget conscious isn’t bad, as long as you are careful to make sure that your budgeting practices don’t harm the communities you’re visiting. In many countries around the world, like India, bartering prices before making a purchase is common practice. It’s also common that tourists will be asked to pay higher prices than a local would. This is informally known as the “tourist tax.” Some travelers are upset by the tourist tax, but I’d argue that it’s fair that locals maximize their income by setting prices based on what a buyer can actually afford. If you can afford to travel, then you can afford to pay local communities prices that are fair. That fair price may be more than what a local would pay, but that doesn’t mean it’s unaffordable for a traveler visiting from abroad who has currency privilege. 19. Be Mindful of What You Share The way you post to social media, or even talk about your trip with family or friends is worth thinking about if you’d like to be a responsible tourist. Often, it’s easy to fall into using subtly demeaning language, or to accidentally perpetuate stereotypes. Put some thought into how you are representing the place and culture that you visit. In some cases, what you post to Instagram or other social media will shape another person’s only perception of that destination. It’s always best to keep in mind the language and imagery used, and highlight the good in a place. 20. Do Your Research and Listen to Locals Many of us travel for leisure (and there’s nothing wrong with that), but travel is also a great opportunity to learn. When we travel we encounter new places, people, cultures, and traditions, and these experiences can help us to broaden our mindsets and understanding of the world. Before traveling, consider researching more than just the top 10 places to visit. Dedicate some time to researching your destination’s history, its food, its traditions, and more. Knowing some history and culture before you travel there can inform your trip, and help you to make sense out of what you encounter there. And, when you do start looking into the top 10 places to visit, I recommend looking for bloggers and influencers who are local to the region you are traveling to for advice. During your trip, continue the learning by talking with locals, and listening to what they have to say. Ask questions. And most of all, remember to look for the good. Final Thoughts: Responsible Tourism is Evolving I think it’s important to acknowledge that this list of ways to be a responsible tourist will continue to grow and evolve. I am not a perfect tourist, and I actually doubt I ever will be. But the more that I travel, the more I am learning about how to be respectful to not just the planet, but other cultures and other people. It’s also important to acknowledge that much of the change that is needed to make travel more responsible and sustainable is in the hands of large corporations, governments and local authorities. They have the power to control tourist numbers, create tourist taxes, shift to more eco-friendly practices, and shift their marketing approaches. But as individual tourists, we can take steps to ensure that our travel is as beneficial as possible rather than being harmful. I hope that these ideas for responsible tourism have inspired you to think about the way that you travel, and ways that you can (hopefully) travel better! Do you have tips for responsible tourism that you want to add? Tell me in the comments or send me an email. More from Pina Travels: - How to Avoid Contributing to Overtourism - Responsible Tourism: Let’s Talk Travel Privilege - What’s the Difference Between Travel and Tourism? - Your Guide to Responsible Budget Travel Like this post? Pin it! Erin has been traveling for over a decade, both solo, and with her partner. She’s now traveled to countries across 6 continents, and has lived in 2 countries abroad. Erin also hosts the travel podcast, Curious Tourism, where she interviews travel industry thought leaders and experts about responsible tourism. Learn more about Erin, and get in touch with her, here.	<urn:uuid:604bf082-5f0e-4379-82af-391d8eac3ac1>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://pinatravels.org/responsible-tourist/	2024-12-05T13:42:15Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066352699.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205115632-20241205145632-00132.warc.gz	en	0.939344	5,743	2.9375	3
Work efficiency refers to doing work successfully and in the shortest amount of time possible. Work efficiency practitioners are productive and make effective use of their working hours. They squander very little time and remain focused on the work at hand until it is completed. At the same time, efficient workers save organizations time and money by not wasting resources. If you work on a project all day, you must have had a productive day, right? Not always, of course. Too frequently, businesses and individuals believe that a busy calendar inherently equals productivity. That is, however, a great way from work efficiency. "Don't associate busyness with efficiency," says New York Times best-selling author Harvey Mackay. Simply being busy does not imply that you have attained job efficiency. Businesses emphasize the necessity of job productivity, yet many overlook the value of time management and working effectively. As a result, individuals work long hours yet do not see results in an acceptable length of time. As more individuals work long hours without making the most of their time, they develop work burnout and low job satisfaction. Not to mention the missed deadlines and escalating irritation as employees keep their eyes on the clock at all times. However, there is a better way to work. Work Efficiency Examples Learn how to structure your time, prioritize tasks, and define specific objectives, enabling you to realize personal and professional success, help you improve workflows, and achieve goals. Harnessing time management skills and strategic planning are two important factors of organizational success. Taking the time to develop and refine these skills can lead to more efficient processes, better decision-making, and ultimately improved bottom-line results. Here are takeaways on leveraging time management and strategic planning to lead your team to success: Let’s unlock them! ![Alt text](/article_pictures/Harnessing_Time_Management_Skills_and_the_Strategic_Planning_Process/Harnessing Time Management Skills and the Strategic Planning Process for Success.jpeg) Time management and strategic planning are essential for success in any business setting. Strategic planning involves setting goals and objectives as well as creating an action plan to achieve these goals. Time management, on the other hand, involves organizing your time to ensure that you are productive and efficient. By combining these two practices, you can create a successful and efficient business endeavor. Time management and strategic planning can act as invaluable tools for any business. By properly managing your time, you can maximize efficiency and ensure that you are getting the most out of every moment. This can help you stay on track and achieve your goals promptly. Strategic planning also offers numerous benefits and can help you identify goals, create plans to achieve them, and better manage your resources. By combining the two, you can create a powerful combination and this can lead to better business outcomes in the long run. When it comes to optimizing the combination of time management and strategic planning, there are some key tips to follow. The first is to create a plan that works for you and your team. Make sure that it is realistic and achievable, and take into account any potential obstacles that you may encounter. It is also important to set specific goals and objectives so you know exactly what you hope to achieve. Finally, review and revise your plans regularly to ensure that you are always on track with your goals. When it comes to effectively combining time management and strategic planning for success, it is essential to ensure that both are maintained with structure and discipline. Without this, it can be difficult to move forward and stay on track. Make sure that you have a system in place for tracking goals, time management habits, and progress. Setting deadlines and reminders can also help keep everyone in the loop and on task. Time management and strategic planning are two of the most important practices for any business. By combining these two elements and following some key tips, you can achieve success more quickly and efficiently. By creating manageable plans, setting specific goals, and practicing discipline and structure, you can ensure that you are using your resources wisely and achieving your goals in the most productive way possible. Your team members have to work together but each one has their way of working on tasks. What if you could get them all working efficiently so they could focus on what matters most? It’s time to change things up. In the post-epidemic era, remote working has become an essential part of people’s daily life. Meanwhile, the widespread use of the internet also reduces time costs to a certain extent and increases the efficiency of collaboration. Passion for work can also be described as the willingness to work, which means the desire to complete it efficiently. Whether to work proactively and conscientiously or to work perfunctorily and dilatorily. There are various ways to do any kind of work. Just like solving a mathematical problem, there are many ways to do it. The simplest and most efficient method is often the first choice for most people. Similarly, finding the best approach will save the unnecessary waste of time. Therefore, please think carefully about which is the best way before starting work. No matter studying or working, it is important to combine work and rest to get twice the result with half the effort. Overworking at work will reduce productivity and affect physical health. In this case, working long periods to get the job done will not result in an expected outcome. In a rapidly changing environment, without continuous learning, employees will be filled with a sense of powerlessness and be left behind by the times. Effort is a sufficient or essential condition for success, but it is not a guarantee of success. Rapidly changing environments and work content make learning new things even more important. By viewing the experiences of those who have succeeded, it is clear that whoever they are, they all used to ask questions actively, attended courses, and learned new knowledge and skills continuously. Thus, it can be assumed that the amount of knowledge is proportional to the number of possible outcomes to a certain extent. Choosing the right tools can make things much easier. Individuals are part of society as a group, similarly, the collaboration of individuals with other team members at work can directly determine the outcome. Each task is not something that can be done by individuals alone but is a collective project, where pleasant collaboration improves efficiency. To improve daily office productivity, having a caring office assistant can make the results twice better. Especially for small and medium-sized start-ups who often have to travel, efficient remote working will no longer be difficult. How well a person works depends to a large extent on the level of efficiency. To improve work efficiency, it is necessary to find a way - Tracup - to improve. Tracup is based on the ease and need for technical teams to collaborate on projects, with six main features including an issue system, project management, statistics, file sharing, plug-in system, and team collaboration. Besides, the overall layout and functions are set to satisfy the preferences, comfort, and convenience of technicians, which truly enables everyone to work elegantly and efficiently. Tracup has three basic features: simple and clear, no deployment, and extremely easy to use. The three main benefits are fast bug tracking, easy project management, and efficient collaborative work. Ready to use on the online web, no need to build or deploy, any team and individual can use it immediately. Check the progress of projects at any time and from anywhere. We also use Tracup to manage the team’s progress in work. Tracup is not only suitable for development teams, but also product and operational teams. Issue types are classified as task/function/bug and can be labeled with priority (low/medium/high). For each issue on Tracup, users can easily set the type, status, priority, assignment, version, module, end time, and more. Multiple project management and visible workbench partitions. Numerous excel forms are worse than a single Tracup Kanban board. Tracup is also doing its best to explore new features. For example, the ‘Project Repository’, which is based on the collaboration of technology development teams with associated code repositories, has achieved synchronization between multiple platforms. ![Alt text](/article_pictures/Harnessing_Time_Management_Skills_and_the_Strategic_Planning_Process/Tracup-Gnatt chart.jpg) As time goes on, remote teams become more independent. Each department could set its own goals, tools, and projects. Which means that each department can become a “ mini-company.” Tracup’s ‘File’ allows users to edit and delete project-related documents or share them with other members. One of the biggest problems with remote working is the lack of proper communication. While it is easy to talk quickly in the office, when employees are using computers, they may have to use email. Employees will need to constantly send emails back and forth to share feedback, comments, and documents. They need to write progress reports repeatedly every day and waste a lot of time on these tedious things. Thus, won’t it be better if there is a single platform for all team communication? Moving suddenly from an office to a remote working environment is not easy. Most employees find it stressful to completely change their approach to their work. Meanwhile, finding the tools users need can be stressful due to nowadays’s the fast-paced remote working environment. So how can Tracup help to reduce the stress of remote workers? Luckily, project management tools like Tracup include all the tools required by remote workers to get the job done. Furthermore, Tracup enables managers to check what employees are doing and reschedule or reassign tasks at any time to avoid the project schedule being affected. Remote teams can be very diverse. A remote project management tool like Tracup can unify the entire company, which means that it can be flexible enough to satisfy the demands of all remote users. Besides, reducing the difficulty of understanding content by interacting with charts, reports, and dashboards with the click of a button. Making sure everything is as simple as it can be from the start! When managers are working in the office, it’s easy to check what team members are doing. However, when teams work remotely, managers may not know what is happening in time if there is no uniform tool to track everyone’s work. With Tracup, there’s no need to worry about remote teams losing control! Based on a variety of features, the strategy can be adjusted in time. Including but not limited to project timelines, completed tasks, and the status of each task. Remote project management tools like Tracup can store and share data such as company files and folders. Centralizing information reduces the need to share files via email and if the office computer breaks down, information will not be lost because of that. Teams may use a large number of different tools for various reasons which will increase unnecessary costs. While the remote project management tool cannot completely replace all tools, it will connect all of them into one platform. In simple terms, just like all the apps can be accessed from the mobile home page, all the integration tools can be accessed from Tracup. Templates reduce time by providing standardized project templates and quickly developing projects for customers based on the mainstream procedure in many industries’ specialized scenarios. Using Tracup as an example, when you visit the project template center, users can examine pre-made templates in various categories or configure ready-to-use templates suitable for users. Users can access the project template center from their workspace as well as the settings menu located behind their avatar. There are pre-made templates accessible for common tasks such as sales management, OKR administration, and CRM project management. Custom fields increase the number of columns that can be displayed in list views, boards, files, and wikis. The following are some very typical templates for Work Efficiency and Effectiveness: Starting Business Checklist Template - 2022 Startup Guide Follow our checklist to get your business off to a good start and to keep track of your efforts toward a successful launch. Business Strategy Plan Template This template will assist you in solidifying your strategy, whether you are a small firm or startup, or if you need to renew your business plan. Project Management Template The template helps the R&D department of the Internet team to achieve agile development collaboration management. Marketing plan template This free template guides you through project management best practices for marketing teams so you can add daily performance, as well as screen data and make an analysis. User Research Template Don’t allow key user research findings to slip through the cracks. With our template, you can track, categorize, and act on comments to please your consumers. Product Roadmap Template This template would help users define their target output of products. They can set goals or compare achievements in different quarters to see the key to progress. Design Project Plan Template What is the key to more efficient design and creative projects? A fluid creative process. Product Launch Template Keep track of everything you need to prepare before launch. Get everything done before release. Business Continuity Plan Template The impacts of disruption of company operations and processes are identified through business continuity impact analysis. Facilities Requests Template Want to manage the work of your facilities team more effectively? Use this template in conjunction with a form to organize and take action on your requests, tasks, and other items. Job View Template HR KPI metrics an advanced HR playbook in Tracup can help users customize their solving plan. Personal Plan Template The template can be used in managing work-life, family life, and other agenda matters. Job Hunt Template This template is made for obtaining your desired position, preparing for your job search, and organizing your interviews. Whether you run a business or an organization, performance teams can be very useful when looking to improve efficiency within the workplace. You may not realize it but your employees are using Tracup that does work. Artificial intelligence (AI) technology has had a significant influence on a variety of businesses. AI has become a vital component of how organizations operate today, from boosting customer service to reducing administrative processes. AI is already finding its way into content creation, providing novel tools to assist in the development of captivating content in a timely and effective manner. Tracup AI can help with this. All these aspects, combined with its comprehensive yet user-friendly platform, make Tracup AI an ideal tool for those looking to take their time management skills to the next level. As it continues to grow, the system can become even more powerful, with more innovative features that are designed to further improve an organization’s efficiency and strategic planning processes. By leveraging the power of time management and strategic planning, you can ensure that your team is working toward success efficiently and effectively. Hit Tracup to harness Time Management Skills and the Strategic Planning Process for Success right away! Built in 2022-11-13 20:38:01 A project manager's role is one of the most critical in any project. Project managers are essential in the planning, execution, and management of a project's successful completion. As part of this job, a project manager must develop a project scope and timeline that describes the project's goals and objectives, allowing the team to keep focused on their assigned duties. A project manager template is one of the best tools for managing the scope of a project. A Scope of Project Manager template is a document generated as part of the project planning process by the project manager. It includes a timeframe, objectives, and particular tasks that must be completed in order for the project to be completed effectively. Budget projections, major milestones, and any specific requirements are also included. The template's major objective is to ensure that all stakeholders understand the project's goals, timing, and budget. Project Manager Scope templates can be used to assist set appropriate expectations for a project, keep it on track, and serve as a reference guide during project execution. By decreasing the need for ongoing communication and negotiation between the project manager and the stakeholders, this can help save time and energy. It also helps to guarantee that project activities are adequately documented and that deadlines are met. When choosing a project manager template, it is critical to locate one that best meets the project's requirements. Some templates may include templates that focus on specific tasks and processes, while others may focus on larger objectives, depending on the project. It is critical to comprehend how each template is built, including what aims and objectives are incorporated and which methods are employed. The template should also be modified to the project's budget, timeframe, and goals. Overall, a project manager template can be a helpful tool for project managers in managing the scope and timetable of a project. You can ensure that project expectations are clear and agreed upon, timetables are met, and the project is completed on time and within budget by establishing a template that works for your project. This template offers project managers with a thorough guide for defining, planning, and managing any project, clearly spelling out the project's scope and objectives. Use it to ensure that you've covered all of the crucial topics and to increase the likelihood of success for any project. Explore the Tracup Template Center right away to find a variety of productivity-boosting templates! Tracup's Project Management Deliverables Template is the solution to your project management woes. It is a customizable document that helps you identify, organize, and describe the outcomes, products, and deliverables of your project. With Tracup's Deliverables Template, you can save time and effort by using a pre-designed framework that outlines your project's goals and expectations. The template also helps you stay on track by providing a clear overview of your project's progress and deliverables. Tracup's Deliverables Template includes placeholder fields that you can fill in with your project's specific details. It also comes with professionally designed styles and layouts that make your project look polished and professional. Who Should Use: Tracup's Deliverables Template is perfect for anyone who manages projects, whether you're a small business owner, a freelancer, or a student. It's especially useful for those who struggle with project management or need to streamline their process. 1. Click the [Use Template] button to select the Template, then click the slash command [/] to wake up AI to help you write automatically. 2. Fill in the placeholder fields with your project's specific details, and customize the template to fit your needs. Elevate your project management process with Tracup's Deliverables Template. Click the [Use Template] button now to get started. #projectmanagement #deliverables #template #Tracup #productivity #efficiency #organization #streamline #customizable #professional Should you always have a plan for the day or week? This allows you to manage your time more effectively and ensures you never miss out on anything. And how often do you find yourself stuck at work because you don't have enough time to complete certain tasks? Perhaps you have too many things to do and don't know where to start. To stay on track, it's critical to prioritize your workload and create a checklist. Everyone wants to improve their productivity and efficiency at work. It's an important part of achieving professional success, and it can also provide you with a sense of accomplishment when you achieve a goal. It is not always necessary to get more done faster. You can use a variety of strategies to increase your efficiency. Here's a template you can use to boost your own workplace efficiency. 1. Assess your current efficiency - Begin the process by assessing your current levels of efficiency. Examine what you're doing now and identify areas that could be improved. This will help you decide where to begin. 2. Establish specific, measurable goals - Now that you've assessed yourself, it's time to set goals. Make your objectives specific and measurable. This will hold you accountable and assist you in staying on track. 3. Divide your tasks - Dividing work into smaller chunks is a great way to increase efficiency. This allows you to focus on one thing at a time and truly dive into each individual task you need to complete. 4. Reduce distractions - While distractions are common in the workplace, there are some simple strategies you can use to reduce them. Turn off social media, turn off your phone, and avoid lengthy conversations with coworkers. 5. Understand when to take breaks - Taking breaks can improve your mental health and productivity. Schedule short breaks throughout the day and give yourself a few minutes away from your desk. 6. Prioritize simple tasks - Small tasks can quickly pile up and become overwhelming. Instead of letting these tasks pile up, prioritize them and complete them as quickly and efficiently as possible. 7. Automate processes - Automation is an excellent way to save time and increase efficiency. Invest in organizational tools and software that will allow you to automate simple processes. 8. Develop new skills - Set aside time each week to learn new skills. This will assist you in becoming more efficient in all aspects of your job. 9. Delegate responsibilities - Don't be afraid to delegate responsibilities to others. You can probably find someone who is better equipped to handle certain tasks, which will free up your time to focus on other things. 10. Track your progress - Finally, use the template to track your progress. This will give you the drive you need to keep improving your efficiency over time. You can maximize your work efficiency and achieve your goals by following these steps. Implementing this template is the first step toward greater productivity and success. How much time does managing your inventory take? If you don't have a good system in place, you might have to spend hours each day manually updating your database or entering data into spreadsheets. This can be very time-consuming and inefficient. You need to be able to track your inventory efficiently in order to operate a successful business. The issue is that managing inventory can be very time-consuming and tedious. You must be able to precisely record details like the amount, price, location, and date of the purchase. Additionally, you must always be able to quickly access this data. There are numerous software tools available that can assist you in managing your inventory. Similar to Tracup, these programs let you enter and update data in real-time. Get it going right away! Enter your email to try out or ask your client service consultant at the lower right corner to know how Tracup can help you further	<urn:uuid:1b97ed5f-4f38-4944-9edf-fa2a4516bd44>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.tracup.com/template/detail/Work-Efficiency-Examples	2024-12-06T22:33:32Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066421345.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206220301-20241207010301-00576.warc.gz	en	0.944041	4,685	2.53125	3
One small display in an exhibition can grab you by the collar. In the case of “Armenia!” at the Metropolitan Museum, it was the image of a spherical wide-eyed crab in a ridged armor swallowing Alexander the Great, along with his ship and retinue, set against a wavy sea that might have been drawn by a child. It is attributed to Zak‘ariay of Gnunik and appears in an illuminated manuscript of the Alexander Romance (1538–1544), the legends surrounding the exploits of Alexander the Great, much loved by Muslims, Orthodox Christians, and Armenians alike. Dr. Helen Evans, the Met’s curator of Byzantine Art, told me, “That crab is too good not to be recognized as the type of art we don’t expect from East Christians.” And it most definitely wasn’t, she added, “the stiff art of the Byzantines that Vasari disapproved of.” Giorgio Vasari, the Italian architect, painter, and historian, author of Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors and Architects (1550) Western culture’s first art historian, who coined the use of the term “Renaissance,” unfairly saw in Byzantine abstractions, coming after Greek and Roman art, a decline in skills rather than an artistic choice. The exhibition opened with the Primate of the Eastern Diocese of the Armenian Church of America blessing the occasion by singing, with two others, an allelujah in a voice that filled the galleries with the sound of Armenian liturgical chants. There are one hundred and forty objects in the show, including jewelry and reliquaries, as well as church models, illustrated manuscripts, and textiles for liturgical use—one fourteen-foot-long red and gold “omophorion” of interwoven square crosses is reminiscent of the Russian avant-garde artist Kazimir Malevich’s crosses on canvas and icons on paper. The objects on display range from the fourth to the seventeenth centuries and represent the different regions Armenians inhabited, from their homeland at the base of Mount Ararat, to the kingdom of Cilicia, and further East to New Julfa, in Iran. Armenia was one of the first states to adopt the Christian religion—as early as AD 301—and its history has been defined both by this, its status as an outpost of Eastern Orthodox religion surrounded by Muslim neighbors, and by its role in establishing trade routes from China and India to Western Europe, and from Egypt and the Holy Land to Russia. The exclamation mark following the word “Armenia” in the exhibition’s title—Evans’s idea—was meant to convey her surprise that Armenian art and culture aren’t studied more or better known. A champion of what she calls “this edge of Byzantium that is Armenian art and culture,” Evans has been wanting to assemble a show such as this one ever since she began researching her dissertation on Armenian manuscripts of the kingdom of Cilicia almost forty years ago. (She has also curated other Byzantine blockbusters at the Met: “The Glory of Byzantium” (1997), “Byzantium: Faith and Power” (2004), and “Byzantium and Islam” (2012).) At the center of the Met’s installation is a cross-like construction of intersecting walls onto which large color images of the churches of the Monastery of Sevan (ninth century or later) before a placid, mist-shrouded lake are projected. Armenian liturgical music plays in the background. Armenians had only a spoken language until an alphabet was created in 405 and was used in translations of the Bible and liturgy, which further reinforced the Christian religion in Armenia. The Armenian Apostolic Church has been seen as steward of Armenian national identity, and that explains why religious subjects have prevailed in Armenian art. Crosses—jewelled, painted, carved—are everywhere in this exhibition. Evans traveled to the Lori Province in northern Armenia to retrieve a massive one sculpted into basalt, a khachkar (from Lori Berd, of the twelfth–thirteenth centuries) that weighs 1,000 pounds. Khachkars—there are three in the show—are memorial cross stones used as Christian grave markers in medieval times, or to mark historical sites. At the foot of this one are bas-reliefs of the evangelists—a face that stands for Saint Matthew; a funny lion, more like a cat for Saint Mark; an ox head for Saint Luke; and the profile of an eagle for Saint John. All around the rectangular frame is a delicate wicker-weave motif of three cords intertwined remiscent of some Islamic ornamentation. Sculpted miniature churches, sixteen to fifty inches high, used as ornaments over doorways and roofs, are among the most striking products of Armenian architecture on display. The Model of the Cathedral of Holy Etchmiadzin, the capital of Armenia (Vagharshapat, fifth–seventh century), looks like a stocky missile made of stone, with a large arrow carved into its base that points toward the heavens. Much of Armenian art appears to refer to an elsewhere, having to do with faith rather than place, that Armenians took refuge in throughout their harrowing history of forced displacements. Theirs is a story of “mobility and metamorphosis,” as the show’s introductory wall label reminds us. The church model (or acroterion, which means “ornament”) at the Monastery of Bardzrak‘ash (Dsegh, Lori, tenth–thirteenth century), which is displayed at a slant that makes it look like an axonometric projection, is attached to a large roof tile and was made to adorn the top of the Monastery of Bardzrak‘ash. According to Evans, the Early Christian world had a long tradition of donors holding models of the churches they funded. Another church model (Siwnik‘, eleventh–thirteenth century) carved out of tuff, a porous volcanic rock not unlike pumice, is the most elemental of them all. Its rectangular entrance, opening onto a dark cave-like interior, is oddly inviting. Regarding small churches, Dr. Evans told me of a thirteenth-century text referring to a site that was attacked by Mongols. The Armenians held out for six weeks, which, given the brutality of Mongol attacks, according to Evans, counted for something like twenty years. The Mongols were so impressed that they decreed that anybody who could fit into the church and its tiny courtyard would be saved. The Mongols were stunned because, though there seemed to be no room inside the little church, more and more people kept filing in. Then they saw that the priest inside the church was transforming people into doves that flew out the windows of the apse. Birds are everywhere in Armenian iconography and they symbolize risen souls. “The Armenians believe that birds carry souls to heaven,” Evans explained. The first long gallery of illuminated manuscripts, where you’ll find the crab, displays an open Gospel Book from the Monastery of Manuk Surb Nshan: two black-hooded figures sit side by side within a finely, if minimally evoked, architecture—some turrets with green onion-shaped domes. The black-bearded man, who is a teacher, hands an inkpot and pen to his red-bearded student,” Two angelic figures right below them, holding a green and a red vessel, appear to be celebrating the occasion. The Great Shah Abbas I of Persia, of the Safavid dynasty, responsible for moving his kingdom’s capital from Qazvin to Isfahan summoned Armenian artists and artisans, as well as merchants, to the new city he was building. About three thousand families had been deported from the Armenian town of Julfa in the Ottoman Empire, after the Shah reconquered it in 1603. There was a second deportation in 1606. Many drowned as they attempted to cross the Aras river. Julfa was then burned down to stop the inhabitants from ever wanting to return to it. (Some three hundred years later, the artist Arshile Gorky’s mother died of starvation in his arms after just such a death march in 1919 when Armenians were forced out of Eastern Turkey.) Sixteen large stones from the first church ever built in the holy city of Etchmiadzin are now kept in the summer altar of Gevork (St. George) Church in New Julfa, the city that the exiled Armenians founded as part of Isfahan, one of the thirteen churches still standing of the more than twenty originally built in the 1600s. One of the most magnificent displays is the Tabula Chorographica Armenica (1691), a map that has hardly ever been exhibited, and which came accompanied by its own courier (as did most of the rare pieces in this exhibition) from the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna. Approximately twelve feet by four, this spectacular piece of cartography is delicately colored and shaped like a cricket bat, narrower at the base, and has a multitude of inscriptions in green scallop-edged bubbles interspersed with occasional human figures. It charts the locations of nearly eight hundred sites, including diagrams of important Armenian churches in the Ottoman Empire, from Nishapur, in northeastern Iran, to the religious sites of Crimea. It was drawn by Eremia Ch‘elepi K‘eomiwrchean for Luigi Federico Marsili, a Bolognese aristocrat in the retinue of the Venetian ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, and was, we are told, a testament to his erudition. By the end of the seventeenth century Armenian communities were a substantial presence from London to Myanmar and from Amsterdam to Madras, and this map did not just illustrate the geographic reach of the Armenian presence, as the catalogue text points out, “it highlighted the Armenian networks of control through trade, culture, and religion.” Another showstopper is the great liturgical curtain of Tokat (1689), also known as Eudokia, an eleven by eleven feet piece of printed pigment on cloth, from the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Armenia. Keith Haring would have appreciated its repeated outlined shapes and graphic clarity. Rows and rows of identical figures kneel in devotion. The background is sand-colored, the figures of men are off-white, silhouetted in brown-black, dull red, or black-red, the colors of drying blood. Lines drawn from the base of their throats to their groins, and along their arms make their entire bodies into crosses. Their mouths are half-open, set in an “Oh!” Above them, insets of similar figures, only with robes more ornate, also kneel in rows. An angel beneath a curlicued halo, and with what looks like a large beauty mark on one cheek, gazes down on the scene from the upper left-hand corner. An astonishing number of lanterns, variously decorated in red and white and repeated amid a proliferation of crosses, fill the top band of the curtain. On the left, set in an arch, is an image of the Virgin and Child, and to the right, within another arch, that of Christ on the cross. Large drops of blood, like rain drops, or magnified cartoon-like tears, flow down into a small pool by Christ’s nailed feet. The Virgin at his side appears to wipe away tears and wears a dress of white stars on a red background. Above the cross sits a red-faced sun, and on the left, a smirking moon. Flitting birds or souls flank the cross. And angels are everywhere, hovering more like obliging insects than transcendent creatures, over church cupolas and altars, their wings propelling them in all directions, lending a faintly lighthearted note to the whole. This flight, evoking incorporeality, is perhaps one of escape, and an angel in a red polka-dot dress makes for a consoling sight. But red is the color of blood, too, as this dazzling curtain never allows one to forget. Saints and prelates hold up chalices, full of wine—or of blood? Martyrdom and celebration, however you wish to see it. The effect is exuberant, enveloping. Ornament and repetition keep your eyes anchored, your mind engaged. Could Armenians have learned this subterfuge from Islamic use of abstract, repetitive ornament? A detail of the “Last Judgment” (1703–1708), from the Cathedral of the Forty Martyrs (Aleppo, Syria), that appears in the exhibition catalog shows a body of water beneath land that has been cross-sectioned, as though to reveal its hidden layers in a surrealist geological diagram. A number of genial-looking fish, all floating horizontally, have swallowed a few human beings whole. From the mouth of one, half a naked body protrudes: a bearded red-haired man emerging from a monstrous black fish holds out his hands to a single hand outstretched piteously from the top of a red octopus. The beautiful head of a woman pops out of the mouth of a red fish, and she looks serene in her captivity. A foot here and a leg there have yet to be swallowed. Above the lake, at ground level, figures of Christ illustrate different Gospel episodes by a row of tower-like buildings. Above them, in heaven, presumably, are groups of three and four, prophets or priests or saints, encircled by garlands of cottony clouds. The humans being swallowed by fish, a depiction of hell, reminded me of The Garden of Earthly Delights by a contemporary and follower of Hieronymus Bosch, which was painted in circa 1515. “It is no accident that the first Armenian book was printed in Venice in 1512,” Evans told me, “and that in the same sixteenth-century Armenian colonies flourished from Amsterdam to Madras, from the Crimea to Ethiopia.” Armenians have settled pretty much in every region of the world, and they have done so since antiquity, though the modern, and most tragic, Armenian diaspora was a result of the 1915 mass deportations and genocide. Armenia is a country so often moved from one physical location to another that it has become adept at conjuring up its prophets and angels more easily than its landmarks. Listen to the legendary Komitas Vardapet (1869–1935) here singing Armenian liturgical music. His quivering voice occasionally goes off into a disquieting, almost rasping sound, as though migrating to a new land—the immaterial Armenia of faith and memory. Armenia! is at the Metropolitan Museum of Art through January 13.	<urn:uuid:c4806b4f-2a17-4b23-a497-4fc773dfa69e>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.nybooks.com/online/2018/11/18/prophets-angels-churches-of-armenia/	2024-12-08T06:14:03Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066441563.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208045820-20241208075820-00104.warc.gz	en	0.959364	3,161	2.5625	3
As America’s population grows older, so does the threat of age-related dementia. In 2010, almost 40 million people, representing 13 percent of the overall population, were over 65 years of age. Ten percent of those had been diagnosed with dementia. By 2050, the percentage of people over 65 will increase to 20 percent of the population, or 88 million people. If the trend of dementia diagnosis continues, that will mean 8.8 million of those people will suffer from dementia, much of it caused by Alzheimer’s disease, an incurable condition that already is the 6th leading cause of death in America. As distressing as death can be, for many families who have an older member with Alzheimer’s and dementia, the struggle leading up to it can be the most debilitating part. The Alzheimer’s Association estimates that, in 2015 alone, almost 15 million private individuals devoted more than 18 billion hours in uncompensated care for Alzheimer’s patients… feeding, clothing, and managing a devastating disease that progressively robs both memory and physical function from its victims. Applied behavior analysts work with families and healthcare providers to use techniques of operant conditioning to ease the process of managing those patients. Behavioral Issues Dominate Symptoms of Dementia Dementia, whether caused by Alzheimer’s or other age-related infirmities, is primarily expressed and diagnosed through abnormal behaviors. Dementia patients exhibit: - Severe memory loss, particularly of short-term memory - Decreased logic and reasoning skills - Difficulty communicating - Depression and anxiety - Inappropriate behavior and personality change All of these issues can be successfully addressed through the use of applied behavior analysis techniques, either applied individually or as part of comprehensive systemic adjustments in the environment of care facilities. Applied behavior analysts view these behaviors through the so-called ABCs of ABA: - Antecedent – The prompt, or initial situation, leading to a behavior. - Behavior – The action or behavior in response to the antecedent. - Consequence – The reinforcement mechanism associated with the behavior. Although the short-term memory issues that usually accompany dementia can make consequences irrelevant to shaping future behaviors (the patient cannot remember them), a clear understanding of antecedents can still help caregivers adjust environmental factors to make life easier for dementia patients. Adjusting the antecedents can even be directly focused on coping with memory problems. In one experiment, the use of personalized shadow boxes helped some dementia patients find their rooms easier in a long-term care facility. The ABA treating the patients recognized that short-term memory failure made it difficult for the patients to remember their room numbers in the unfamiliar facility. But long-term memories are often preserved. By taking personal items and pictures that the patients were long familiar with and using those to mark the rooms, patients were more easily able to identify their rooms. Solving these types of issues not only addresses the immediate problems facing dementia patients, but also serves to reduce the frustrations of their daily lives. This can solve secondary issues arising from dementia, including: - Anxiety and agitation - Verbal outbursts and aggression To determine what antecedents apply and how to alter them, ABAs perform a study of the patient or situation called a Functional Behavior Assessment (FBA). This can involve looking at records of patient care from other providers, reviewing health records, making direct observations of the patient, and interviewing the patient directly. The FBA will provide the basis for creating a behavior intervention plan, or BIP. The BIP will include the specific accommodations or treatments to be offered to the patient. ABAs or other professional caregivers may implement the specific details of the BIP directly, as can the patient’s family. In cases with particularly high-functioning patients, the patient plays an active role themselves. The ABA will continue to assess and observer through the course of treatment, adjusting the BIP as necessary to accommodate unforeseen issues or to handle improvements in behavior. ABAs may also engage in group therapies, working with multiple patients in long-term care facilities. They might work with facility staff to help organize activities and routines to better reinforce acceptable social behaviors, or to improve the moods and attitudes of patients. In one study of a token economy implementation in an 80-patient geriatric care facility, behavioral outbursts among patients were reduced and increased vigor and physical activity were observed. Common ABA techniques used in dementia cases include: - The Montessori Method, a technique originally developed for young children, which involves a great deal of environmental interaction designed, for dementia patients, to invoke intact long-term memories over defunct short-term memories. - Spaced Retrieval, a differential reinforcement method that has proven successful in improving short-term memory skills in some patients. - Token economies, a technique usually used in multi-patient settings to control asocial behavior by offering token rewards that can later be exchanged for items of value to the patients. These systems all serve to make patients more at ease and more manageable as their physical and mental capacities decrease. Some Dementias are Curable and Some Patients Can Be Retrained Using ABA Techniques Applied behavior analysis is not only for coping with the long, inevitable slide of incurable Alzheimer’s patients, however. There are a number of causes of dementia that are potentially reversible, including: - Infections and immune disorders - Brain tumors, strokes, and traumatic brain injuries - Metabolic reactions and adverse reactions to medication In these cases, ABAs not only work to help dementia patients cope with life impacted by memory loss and confusion, but actively help to retrain their brains to learn forgotten skills as the underlying causes of their dementia are corrected. Although the patients may be older, the methods used for recovering dementia patients are often the same as those used in schoolchildren with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs). - Discrete Trial Training (DTT) – Involves breaking down complex behaviors into a number of elements, which are separately and sequentially reinforced to build up into the desired behavior. - Pivotal Response Treatment (PRT) – Rather than targeting specific behaviors, PRT involves a holistic examination of motivations and responsiveness in the patient. Preparing for a Career as an Applied Behavior Analyst Working With Dementia and Alzheimer’s Patients A master’s degree or higher is required to become an ABA working with dementia patients. Almost all positions in long-term care facilities, hospitals, or with private clinics specializing in geriatric disabilities require a Board Certified Behavior Analyst (BCBA®) certification from the Behavior Analyst Certification Board. The BCBA® certification requires a master’s or better degree in psychology, education, or applied behavior analysis. However, other advanced degrees may also be accepted if a verified course sequence in applied behavior analysis is also taken, and a strong medical background can be an asset when applying for positions in hospitals or geriatric care facilities, where most dementia patients will also be coping with a host of unrelated medical issues. An advanced degree in biology, pre-medicine, or gerontology in combination with a BCBA® may be the ideal approach. It’s also a good idea to gain some experience in the field before investing the time and money required to obtain an advanced degree. Many hospitals and geriatric care facilities offer volunteer positions to individuals who hope to obtain hands-on experience with dementia patients. Although a direct application of applied behavioral analysis techniques might not be part of these positions, they will still provide good exposure to the realities of working in geriatric medicine. Working in any sort of medical environment will usually require passing a criminal background check, so it’s a good idea to keep a clean record, too! Further Resources for Applied Behavior Analysis in Dementia Treatment American Psychological Association Mental and Behavioral Health Issues in Older Americans – A compendium of issues, studies, and treatments researched by the APA for the care of geriatric populations, including dementia cases. Behavior-Analytic Research on Dementia in Older Adults – A review of studies and publications in scientific literature relating to applied behavior analysis as applied to dementia cases. The Alzheimer’s Association – Founded in 1980, this non-profit seeks to advance research into Alzheimer’s disease and dementia while improving care for those living with the disease. The National Institutes of Health Alzheimer’s and Dementia Resources for Professionals – The NIH publishes best practices and other informational resources for professionals dealing with Alzheimer’s and dementia patients. Association for Behavior Analysis International Special Interest Group – The ABAI has a Behavioral Gerontology special interest group for ABAs practicing with elderly and dementia patients to connect and share feedback and resources.	<urn:uuid:25fd5ed8-c6da-4ad6-932d-d9ce14479b1a>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.appliedbehavioranalysisedu.org/alzheimers-and-dementia/	2024-12-05T04:07:51Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066329562.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205023821-20241205053821-00666.warc.gz	en	0.923532	1,825	3.3125	3
Estimated read time: Seven minutes Each year, during the month of March, we take a step back to reflect on our collective progress towards gender equality. Women’s History Month is about celebrating the contributions of women and girls and recognizing the gaps that persist in our movement towards global equality. However, for many women and girls today, gender equality feels farther to reach than ever. In World Vision’s global programs, the devastating and compounded impacts of COVID-19, climate change, and conflict have created a triple threat for women and girls, pushing them further to the margins of society and exposing them to physical and psychological harm. Since the beginning of the pandemic, there has been a surge in sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), now referred to as a “shadow pandemic.” Two years in, 1 in 2 women report that they, or a woman they know, have experienced violence due to socioeconomic stressors, movement restrictions to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and limited-service provision. As climate disasters become more extreme and frequent, many families in affected areas struggle to feed their children or send them to school, resulting in greater numbers of child marriage. UNICEF estimates that 10 million additional child marriages may occur before the end of the decade, threatening years of progress in reducing the practice. Global estimates also suggest that in 2022, 274 million individuals will need humanitarian assistance, a sizeable increase from last year, which was already the highest figure in decades. In humanitarian contexts, women and girls are commonly denied basic human rights (such the right to health care), excluded from decision-making, and at least 70 percent experience SGBV, compared to 35 percent in non-humanitarian contexts. How can we prevent violence against women? World Vision works to prevent SGBV through short-term and long-term action to stop violence from occurring . Some of these approaches include ensuring sufficient lighting and security patrols are in place from the onset of establishing displacement camps, organizing awareness campaigns about GBV, and working with communities, particularly men and boys, to recognize and address discriminatory practices). In South Sudan, political conflict, compounded by food insecurity, economic challenges and drought, have caused massive displacement, violence, and hunger. About two-thirds of the population are in need of aid. The country also has some of the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and maternal mortality in the world. Many factors contribute to teenage pregnancy, such as girls being removed from school due to a lack of school fees, peer pressure, poverty, and a lack of access to resources to avoid pregnancy such as family planning. At the age of 14, Aniiri Moses, who lives in Yambio County, became pregnant in just three months after being married for a bride price. Pregnancy for Aniiri was difficult. She admits being “stressed and sick with malaria” and “wondered if I was going to die during delivery.” Susan Baito, a midwife in Yambio State Hospital, explained that many girls, “have no idea of maternal health services.” Advised by traditional birth attendants, they push their babies before the actual labor time leading to complications for the mother and baby, Susan said. Early in 2021, World Vision, with support from Health Pooled Fund (HPF) ,identified and trained 450 vulnerable adolescents and young mothers including 14 girls with disabilities, in adolescent sexual reproductive health. The intervention was intended to prevent GBV by educating them on their rights and to help girls to make better informed health-related decisions . Aniiri is one of the young women who now belongs to this group. When she gave birth to her second child, Aniiri says was able to reach the hospital and get the help she needed in time for delivery. “Now I am more aware of reproductive and maternal health services needed to keep the girls and their babies during pregnancy and at birth safe,” Aniiri says. Stephen Leonard, the HPF project manager, shares that the information about reproductive health is being widely shared through the initiative, as participants in the initial training act as peer educators who “go further to convey the messages to other girls within their various communities.” To read more about World Vision’s child-focused GBV work in South Sudan, see here. In addition to prevention, World Vision works to mitigate SGBV by taking steps to reduce the severity of GBV for affected populations (e.g. ensuring that reports of GBV “hot spots” in refugee camps are immediately addressed through risk-reduction strategies or supporting the recovery and preventing revictimization of GBV survivors by facilitating their access to care and support as soon as possible following an incident). How can we respond to this violence? Finally, World Vision responds to GBV through a set of specific and holistic actions related to survivor-centered care after an incident (e.g. case management, reporting and referring women and girls to specialized services, or providing cash transfers to help women and their children meet individual or family needs). World Vision also offers training and capacity development opportunities to religious leaders and interfaith networks, empowering them to respond to GBV cases, report and refer, and support survivors in their faith communities. In many parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, for example, sexual violence is used as a weapon of war. According to Christine Amisi (“Dr. Tina”), Executive Secretary of the Panzi Hospital, an average of 1,152 women are raped every day in the DRC with devastating impacts on individuals, families and entire communities, including mass displacement, the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, increased poverty and the destruction of social cohesion. “We realized early on that medical care wasn’t enough to treat survivors,” said Dr. Tina. “We take a holistic approach that combines medical health, psychological and socio-economic support.” This holistic approach in DRC includes an innovative therapeutic music program called Healing in Harmony (HiH), which works to build the resilience of young women and girls to cope with the trauma of violence, and reduce anxiety, depression and PTSD through creative expression and education. “Grace”, one of the participants is a 19-year-old artist and young mother who shared her story after entering the program: “The story of my life makes me sick,” she said. “In 2017, there was a war in our province. The militiamen entered our house by force, killed my sister and then my grandfather who paid my school fees. In the end, they raped me and I ended up with an unwanted pregnancy. Since that time, I dream of the atrocities of the militiamen as if it was happening now. I live in total despair and I am ashamed when I see my colleagues who progress in school.” After going through the HiH therapy and music sessions, she realized she was not responsible for what happened to her. Her nightmares diminished and she no longer feels shame and despair. “My thoughts about my life, my environment and my future changed. I relieved myself by sharing my story. I feel good with my body and feel connected to the child I thought I will never love.” Now Grace’s desire is to go back to school and study like her peers, with World Vision’s support, regardless of others’ perceptions of her and her situation. How is World Vision leading the effort to address violence? World Vision is a global leader in addressing sexual and gender-based violence in humanitarian contexts. This year, World Vision International’s President, Andrew Morley, has assumed an important new leadership role on the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) Championship on Protection from Sexual Exploitation and Abuse and Sexual Harassment (PSEAH). The role of the IASC Champion is to advocate for stronger engagement from the IASC community, to improve institutional responses to PSEA and sexual harassment and to promote PSEA as a political and operational priority in emergency responses (read more here). World Vision is also a core member of the GBV Area of Responsibility (AoR), partnering to improve the effectiveness and accountability of humanitarian action for the prevention, risk mitigation, and response to all forms of gender-based violence. World Vision is particularly well-positioned to prevent, mitigate and respond to SGBV due to our long-standing presence in those communities where we work, partnerships with local community and religious leaders, our focus on child well-being, and our use of evidence-based strategies to support women and girls across multiple sectors. World Vision’s 2020 Gender in Humanitarian Action Policy establishes a set of principles for our work in humanitarian contexts, describes the areas of intervention, and outlines an accountability framework, in line with the IASC GBV guidelines. Sexual and gender-based violence is a blatant violation of human rights and directly hinders the opportunities for children to develop and achieve their God-given potential. At World Vision, we believe that God desires all His children to experience abundant life (John 10:10), including the right to live free of violence and abuse. Use your voice today to call on Congress to protect women and girls from violence, ensure survivor-centered support from the very start of emergencies, and empower women and girls as leaders in humanitarian response. Ask your representatives to cosponsor the Safe from the Start Act (H.R. 571, S. 765)! To learn more about World Vision’s work with faith-based actors to address SGBV in emergencies, we invite you to join us for an upcoming NGO CSW side event on March 15th at 8:00 AM EST, “Incorporating Gender and Social Inclusion (GESI) and faith-based responses to SGBV in emergencies.” You can register using the link here. Top photo: Aniiri, a mother of two at age 18, is part of a group in South Sudan. This group is made up of young women who run awareness campaigns in their community about reproductive health and educate women on their rights. 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Summer is in the rearview mirror as we hurtle into fall at full throttle. Mother Nature’s cool breath is upon us, reminding us to cozy up and stay warm. But if the prospect of swapping summer fun for knitted sweaters and pumpkin spice lattes isn’t enough to stave off the autumn blues, don’t worry—you’re not alone! There’s a scientifically proven correlation between seasonal changes and changes to our mood. According to the Canadian Psychological Association, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) affects about 15% of the Canadian population. With each passing fall day, the sun gradually rises later and sets considerably earlier. Less sunlight means that our brain releases less serotonin, a chemical that boosts our mood and helps us feel calm and focused. This transition also affects our circadian rhythm, our internal clock and the driving force behind our biological functions. When this rhythm is affected, like during seasonal transitions, the timing of physiological events in the body also changes, and some people may feel the effects. These shifts probably explain why starting in October, many people notice that they feel less social, crave more carbohydrates, worry more, have more trouble sleeping or notice changes to their sleep patterns. Seasonal depression should be taken seriously and it’s important to talk to a doctor about it. Luckily, it’s entirely possible to make lifestyle changes to maximize your chances of feeling good. Here are a few avenues to explore. Since the number of hours of sunshine drops dramatically in the fall, this simple, effective and inexpensive technique involves exposing yourself to light from a special lamp to compensate for this decrease. The lamp emits ultraviolet-free light that’s perfectly safe for the skin and eyes. This bright white light, which is similar to natural daylight, is said to boost the brain’s production of serotonin, dubbed the “feel-good hormone.” Set up the lamp in your workspace to reap the benefits while you go about your routine. Experts agree that whether natural or artificial, one approximately 30-minute session of light therapy per day during the low-light season could have a beneficial effect on morale and energy within three to five days. Their research also indicates that the technique is most effective when the light exposure occurs around lunchtime. However, it’s best not to use the lamp after 5 p.m. so you don’t have trouble falling asleep. Most Vitamin D is synthesized in the body through sun exposure, and we absorb much less in the fall and winter due to shorter days and longer sleeves. Vitamin D absorption also varies greatly depending on our skin pigmentation, meaning that dark skin with more melanin provides better protection from the sun’s rays and requires longer sun exposure for optimal absorption (and vice versa). Vitamin D is essential for many metabolic functions, and taking a supplement may be associated with reduced symptoms of depression. In addition to boosting our immunity, it also helps regulate our chemical messengers like serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, three neurotransmitters that can influence our mood. St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum) St. John’s wort has a long history of medicinal applications dating back to ancient Greece. Traditionally harvested around the summer solstice, its bright yellow flowers evoke the sun. Useful both symbolically and energetically during the winter, St. John’s wort is one of the most sought-after and frequently consumed mood-boosting plants. Two of its many phytochemical compounds, hypericin and hyperforin, raise neurotransmitter levels and reduce cortisol levels. Numerous studies have confirmed the benefits of St. John’s wort when it comes to clinical improvements to mood. * St. John’s wort can be make you more sensitive to sunlight and interact with a number of prescription medications, so it’s important to consult a health care professional before taking it to avoid drug interactions. Sacred basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Sacred basil (tulsi) is an adaptogenic plant used in herbal medicine to help the body better cope with the different forms of stress that affect it. Not only does it helps increase our energy by fighting fatigue with its vitamin C content, it also it boosts our vitality and stabilizes our mood, allowing the body to enjoy a restful night’s sleep. It goes without saying that lifestyle habits play a key role in seeing results. Quality sleep, a balanced diet low in processed foods, hydration tailored to your individual needs and daily physical activity should be at the core of your action plan to fight seasonal depression. Fall is a time of abundance after the harvest ends, and in Quebec, we are blessed with a wealth of fresh and deliciously healthy products. Take time to cook warm, comforting meals using fresh ingredients that are rich in vitamins and minerals. Now is the perfect time to break out your slow cooker! Seasonal staples include squash, Brussels sprouts and leeks. These are high in fibre and can help stabilize blood sugar levels to help keep your energy constant throughout the day. And don’t forget about all our magnificent Quebec pumpkins, which are packed with antioxidants. The key to getting your vitality back lies in a multitude of small actions that are tailored to your schedule and abilities. Don’t strive for perfection. Listen to your body and your intuition. Don’t push your body or mind to the limit. Learn to say no and take time for yourself. Even if the people around you are living life in the fast lane, give yourself a break. If the discomfort persists and interferes with your ability to socialize or your daily functioning, consult your doctor. Jade Marcoux, ÉESNQ graduate in Naturopathy École d’enseignement supérieur de naturopathie du Québec The health and medical information published or presented in this article is the opinion of the author only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. Readers should use their judgment. It is their responsibility to independently verify the information provided in the article. The contents of this article are for discussion and informative purposes only and should never be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. A medical professional is the only person who can evaluate your health and give you advice following a medical examination. Rachelle Béry will not be liable for any of the information presented in this article or in any associated links, nor the use or misuse of the information. Sources and References: Société canadienne de psychologie, consultée le 20 septembre 2023. Terman, M., & Terman, J. S. (2005). Light Therapy for Seasonal and Nonseasonal Depression: Efficacy, Protocol, Safety, and Side Effects. CNS Spectrums, 10(08), 647–663. doi:10.1017/s1092852900019611. Pjrek, E., Friedrich, M.-E., Cambioli, L., Dold, M., Jäger, F., Komorowski, A., … Winkler, D. (2019). The Efficacy of Light Therapy in the Treatment of Seasonal Affective Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 1–8. doi:10.1159/000502891. Borges-Vieira JG, Cardoso CKS. Efficacy of B-vitamins and vitamin D therapy in improving depressive and anxiety disorders: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2023 Mar;26(3):187-207. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2022.2031494. Epub 2022 Feb 14. PMID: 35156551. Cui A, Xiao P, Ma Y, Fan Z, Zhou F, Zheng J, Zhang L. Prevalence, trend, and predictor analyses of vitamin D deficiency in the US population, 2001-2018. Front Nutr. 2022 Oct 3;9:965376. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.965376. PMID: 36263304; PMCID: PMC9573946. Åkeson PK, Lind T, Hernell O, Silfverdal SA, Öhlund I. Serum Vitamin D Depends Less on Latitude Than on Skin Color and Dietary Intake During Early Winter in Northern Europe. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016 Apr;62(4):643-9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001028. PMID: 26628439. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (December 2017) St. John’s Wort and Depression: In Depth. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Disponible sur : https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/st-johns-wort-and-depression-in-depth (Consulté en août 2023). Kumar V, Singh PN, Muruganandam AV, Bhattacharya SK. Hypericum perforatum: nature’s mood stabilizer. Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Nov;38(11):1077-85. PMID: 11395949. Ng QX, Venkatanarayanan N, Ho CY. Clinical use of Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) in depression: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Mar 1;210:211-221. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.048. Epub 2017 Jan 3. PMID: 28064110. Jamshidi N, Cohen MM. The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tulsi in Humans: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9217567. doi: 10.1155/2017/9217567. Epub 2017 Mar 16. PMID: 28400848; PMCID: PMC5376420. Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Metse AP, Drummond PD. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigating the effects of an Ocimum tenuiflorum (Holy Basil) extract (HolixerTM) on stress, mood, and sleep in adults experiencing stress. Front Nutr. 2022 Sep 2;9:965130. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.965130. PMID: 36185698; PMCID: PMC9524226. Firth J, Gangwisch JE, Borisini A, Wootton RE, Mayer EA. Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? BMJ. 2020 Jun 29;369:m2382. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2382. Erratum in: BMJ. 2020 Nov 9;371:m4269. PMID: 32601102; PMCID: PMC7322666.	<urn:uuid:672730d3-8eb6-4430-9995-24242b060ffa>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.rachellebery.ca/en/articles/dont-give-seasonal-depression-the-time-of-day/	2024-12-14T05:17:34Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066120473.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214024212-20241214054212-00393.warc.gz	en	0.85327	2,359	2.53125	3
On Tuesday, March 29, 2016 I attended a geography film event at Sykes called “Remembering Hells Canyon.” The creator of this film, Patricia Keith, attended this event. Patricia Keith teaches video production at a college level. Her production company, Buffalo Eddy Productions has created many films. They’re mostly known for making in-hand adventures films in places like South America, Southeast Asia, China, Canada and much more. Patricia explained how difficult it was to film these adventure films. Most of these films are constructed in a remote location. These remote locations are very hard to access by foot. Buffalo eddy used transportation like busses, trains, bush planes, carts, wagons, ferries, canoes, and land cursers to access the remote …show more content… I was surprised when I found out that people live along side of such a beautiful canyon like this. It is said that still to this day you can see signatures of past residence that lived here on rocks and cabins. Although many don’t remain settled there today, they still make routine deliveries to forest service locations. It is amazing that a mail delivery system dating back to the 1920’s still continues today. The most amazing part of this film is seeing how settlers lived in such a remote place on earth. No electricity, no running water etc. Many citizens came to the United States because of the industrial revolution. This reminds me of when we talked about the citizens came over seas in hopes of a better life and getting a job. These citizens all lived in Miami and created their own community much like Hells Canyon. While I was watching this film I just could not understand on why many settlers chose to live here. Setting in the Hells Canyon is the complete opposite of the industrial revolution. We talked about in class, people often are not choosing where to live but actually forced to live where they do. I think the example of the Hells Canyon is the opposite. Many settlers have actually moved and choose to live in this wild Most people think that the Providence Canyon which is also known as "Little Grand Canyon" should stay a state park. Well, I believe that it should become a national park. There are so many things that the park would make better if it were a national park. Los Angeles often gets a reputation for being an urban wasteland, disconnected and distant from the natural world. However, this isn’t the case at all and there are lots of great hiking opportunities close by. So, lace up your hiking boots and make a plan to get some exercise and take in the gorgeous scenery! Yall should really go to palo duro canyon . They have the best views! for some people palo duro canyon is a really fun place to have fun. There's different things you can do. You can explore the canyon by foot ,mountain bike ,horse or by car. You can even discover new things , camping and volunteering. Those things are some awesome stuff to do in palo duro canyon .Palo duro canyon is really big, and beautiful to go and enjoy your day. National Geographic’s American science journalist, Michelle Nijhuis published an article on August 27th, 2014 discussing the process of the removal of the Glines Canyon Dam on the Elwha River in Washington State. The removal of the Glines Canyon dam is the largest dam removal that has ever taken place thus far. The removal of the dam began in late 2011, 3 years later after the removal of the dam was complete the salmon began again migrating down river, trees and vegetation began to sprout in the reservoir bed, and sediment that was once trapped behind the dams walls are now rebuilding beaches at Elwha’s outlet to the sea. In the last 5 miles of the 45 mile Elwha river, where Olympic National Park now lies, the salmon run were world famous and Have you heard or visited the Providence Canyon? If so don't you think the Federal Government should make it a national park? The Providence Canyon is located in the southwest of Georgia's Coastal Plains. It was nicknamed Georgia's " Little Grand Canyon" because of the beautiful sandstone formations found in that area. The people that have visited this canyon think that it is a beautiful place to go that you can even camp in it. The Providence Canyon was once a forest, but that all changed in the 1800 when farmers moved in the area and started growing crops. There are several things that travelers can see while they are at this little grand canyon. We went to southwestern Colorado to learn more about the history of the Anasazi Indians. The amalgamation of tribes which lived thousands of years ago in the American Southwest. We had brought along a minimum amount of cash (approximately $150.00 each). Because we were going to spend only one night in a motel and camp during the rest of the trip. We hiked many miles. Covering closes to twenty miles a day. Our entire club began to get tired and irritated on the third day. But the rewards were worth the effort. Although our trek was long and arduous. I will never forget the sight of the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings in the early morning sunlight on June Generally when one thinks of the American west their mind jumps to an image of untouched, unspoiled land, such as the land that is represented by America’s national parks. These tourist destinations in the West showcase the history of our nation’s land in a way that many people assume is and has always been the reality, but although the natural beauty of these lands is represented perhaps the beauty of the cultures that used to inhabit them is not. In the passage, it is mainly talking about three possible theories about how the settlements of Chaco Canyon were used. However, in the lecture the professor points out that these theories are unconvincing by providing three reasonable arguments. The listening passage casts doubt on reading passage about how the Chaco Canyon building in new mexico used. In the reading passage some usages of this place presenting including utilizing as home for about hundereds of people, storing of food supplies, or the ceremonial center. The listening passage opposites these opionions by presenting some evidencs for each options. For first option, Although the outside of the house likes apartment building, the house can not utilizes as residential place because it must has a lot of fire places for inhabitants. Meanwhile, it has about 10 fire places that are not located in every room. For second option, the structure can not uses for storing because it is possible that spoil supplies-grain maze- in it. The setting of the story Canyons is, well, it’s in the canyons. Were a native tribe lives and the main characters are raised. The tribe originated from this certain area and has been here forever. As far as you can see, it’s all the same desert. My parents are the epitome of the classic tourist archetype, and forced my siblings and I on many a road trip in our green minivan at least twice a year during my childhood. I have spent time in forty five of the fifty states, experiencing museums and tourist traps galore, but one of my favorite sites to see as a child was the Crazy Horse monument in the side of South Dakota’s Black Hills. The face of a Native American chief, memorialized in mountainside, is incomplete, but taking shape to pay homage ____. The overwhelming fascination and curiosity with Native American culture has caused a rift between the Native American community and the archaeological community; the paths of tribes and scientists have converged messily in the past century as sacred burial grounds have been transformed into excavation sites. This convergence caused the passing of the Native American Graves and The landscape is stark, but the beauty startling. The expanses seem to welcome, even beg you to explore. It’s a call you are unlikely to be able to resist (assuming it’s not scorchingly hot and you are not hungover from a big night in moments-away Las Vegas), nor is it one you should. In front of you is one of America’s grand spectacles, Red Rock Canyon. The effective surface areaof a city is much larger than that of a rural countryside ofequivalent size. Due to the canyon-like topography ofurban areas, especially the urban cores, one might expectthe city to possess a greater ability to exchange heat byradiative and turbulent transfer. Shortwave radiation ismore efficiently absorbed in the urban areas than in ruralareas. The canyon topography leads to an increase in theactive absorbing surface and allows for multiplereflections of solar radiation, resulting in the shortwaveradiation being more easily absorbed than in rural areas. In reality, however, the configuration of buildings tendsto trap radiation within the city and even reduces theturbulent transport at street level due to stagnationbetween What is more memorable of our trip to The Grand Canyon? Grey described it perfectly in a timeless passage of a sunset, “burnishing the desert to red and gold – too late for the artist’s work but not too late for his soul.” The scenery, the sheer scale of the canyon was amazing, humbling, and stimulating to imagine the peoples who settled that area and eked out a living; using plants for foods, dying cloth, and medicine to survive. Have you ever heard people talking about the Grand Canyon, and how awesome it is? Have you ever, then, wanted to learn more information about the enormous, beautiful canyon? The Grand Canyon includes 1.2 million acres (Mead et al. 40). It is significant that something so little as the Colorado River can turn into something so big known as the Grand Canyon! It is very important to learn about the history of the Canyon, the physical features of the canyon, and what to do in the Canyon.	<urn:uuid:1d6315f1-0706-4d09-a2a2-8ae03ece4725>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Remembering-Hells-Canyon-Analysis-FJ4X9393DDV	2024-12-12T07:35:10Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066107376.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212062325-20241212092325-00393.warc.gz	en	0.969974	2,043	2.78125	3
The Hymn Explosion <p>THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY SAW DRAMATIC CHANGES in the content, and practice, of congregational song. Note, for example, how the rendering of one psalm changed.</p><p>In the <em>Bay Psalm Book,</em> published in 1640, Psalm 137 concludes this way:</p><blockquote>Blest shall he be, that payeth thee, <br /> Daughter of Babylon,<br /> Who must be waste: that which thou hast<br /> Rewarded us upon.<br /><br /> O happy he shall surely be<br /> That taketh up, that eke<br /> Thy little ones against the stones<br /> Doth into pieces break.</blockquote> <p>By the end of the eighteenth century, however, this objective, biblical literalism had been moderated by a subjective spirituality, a concern for poetry, and a New Testament hermeneutic. Thus Timothy Dwight's version of Psalm 137, published in <em>The Psalms of David</em> (Hartford, 1801), ends with the following stanzas:</p><blockquote>Jesus, thou Friend divine, <br /> Our Savior and our King,<br /> Thy hand from every snare and foe<br /> Shall great deliverance bring.<br /> Sure as thy truth shall last<br /><br /> To Zion shall be given<br /> The highest glories earth can yield,<br /> And brighter bliss of heaven.</blockquote> <p>How can the strong contrast between these two versions of Psalm 137 be explained?</p> <h3>Metrical Psalms: No Polishing</h3><p>The seventeenth century had inherited from the previous century the Calvinist tradition of singing metrical psalms. The most common metrical psalter, by Sternhold and Hopkins, was completed in 1562. But there were others, such as the so-called <em>Bay Psalm Book,</em> first issued in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1640. These psalters reproduced the Hebrew psalms as accurately as possible in English rhyme and meter.</p><p>The preface to the <em>Bay Psalm Book</em> outlined the philosophy of metrical psalmody: "If therefore the verses are not always so smooth and elegant as some may desire or expect; let them consider that God's Altar needs not our polishings.... For we have respected rather a plain translation, than to smooth our verses with the sweetness of any paraphrase, and so have attended conscience rather than elegance, fidelity rather than poetry, in translating the Hebrew words into English language, and David's poetry into English metre; that so we may sing in Sion the Lord's songs of praise according to his own will."</p><p>But some, while accepting the principle of the Word of God in song, nevertheless thought it perhaps could be better done. In England many voices were raised against the psalms of Sternhold and Hopkins; for example: "their piety is better than their poetry"; "sometimes they make the Maker of the tongue speak little better than barbarism, and have too many verses in such poor rhyme that two hammers on a smith's anvil would make better music."</p><p>In order to improve the poetic quality of the Church of England's psalmody, Nathan Tate and Nicholas Brady brought out A New Version of the Psalms of David, Fitted to the Tunes Used in Churches (London, 1696, revised 1698). By and large their new psalms were a great improvement on the "Old Version" of Sternhold and Hopkins. Thus from Tate and Brady we are still singing "Through All the Changing Scenes of Life" (Ps. 34), and, from the Supplement of 1700, "While Shepherds Watched Their Flocks by Night."</p> <h>Why Watts Broke from Tradition</h3><p>As a boy Isaac Watts had objected to the poverty of the poetry of Sternhold and Hopkins. He later wrote, in the preface to his <em>Psalms of David Imitated in the Language of the New Testament</em> (London, 1719): "Tho' the Psalms of David are a Work of admirable and divine Composure, tho' they contain the noblest Sentiments of Piety, and breathe a most exalted Spirit of Devotion, yet when the best of Christians attempt to sing many of them in our common Translations, that Spirit of Devotion vanishes and is lost, the Psalm dies upon their Lips, and they feel scarce any thing of the holy Pleasure."</p><p>First, Watts was concerned that the poetic quality of the psalms sung in worship be improved. Second, if congregational songs were to invoke spiritual responses, then these psalms and hymns should reflect the spiritual insights of the author. Third, the way that spiritual insights and responses can be made is by interpreting the Old Testament psalms by the theology of the New Testament. Fourth, both Testaments of Scripture should be interpreted in contemporary terms. Fifth, Christian congregational song should not be confined to the biblical psalms but should also include freely composed hymns on biblical themes.</p><p>Thus Watts wrote in the preface to the <em>Hymns and Spiritual Songs</em> (London, 1707): "There are a thousand lines in it [the Book of Psalms] which were not made for the Church in our Day, to assume as its own: There are also many Deficiencies of Light and Glory, which our Lord Jesus and his apostles have supply'd in the Writings of the New Testament.... You will always find in this Paraphrase dark expressions enlighten'd, and the Levitical Ceremonies chang'd into the Worship of the Gospel, and explained in the Language of our Time and Nation.... "</p> <h3>Liberating the English Hymn</h3><p>Although Watts was an Independent, or Congregationalist, and wrote primarily for such congregations, his psalms and hymns gave English-language hymnody in general a significant new beginning. Some have therefore called him "the father of the English hymn," which is somewhat misleading, since there were English hymn writers before him. A better title would be, to borrow from Erik Routley, "the liberator of the English hymn." Not only did he produce superlative examples of his new approach to congregational song, he also opened the way for others to follow, notably Doddridge, Wesley, Newton, with a whole host of others.</p><p>The psalms and hymns of Watts quickly became popular and went through literally hundreds of editions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. For American Presbyterians and Congregationalists, his psalms and hymns were almost the only songs they sang in their worship. Watts's influence was so pervasive that editors of the many American hymnals and tunebooks of the earlier nineteenth century often attributed an anonymous text to Watts—presumably on the assumption had a 90-percent chance of being right!</p><p>The hymns and psalms of Isaac Watts remain central to the basic corpus of English hymnody. They transcend national and denominational barriers. Among them are "I Sing the Almighty Power of God," "When I Survey the Wondrous Cross," "Jesus Shall Reign" (Psalm 72), "Our God, Our Help in Ages Past" (Psalm 90), "Joy to the World" (Psalm 98), "From All that Dwell Below the Skies" (Psalm 117), "This Is the Day the Lord Hath Made" (Psalm 118), "I'll Praise My Maker While I've Breath" (Psalm 146), and many more.</p> <h3>A Musical Controversy</h3><p>The psalms and hymns of Isaac Watts had important musical implications.</p><p>First, the author chose to restrict himself to the handful of meters of the old English metrical psalms. This meant his new texts could easily be sung by congregations that already knew these basic melodies.</p><p>Second, Watts's psalms and hymns contributed to a reform in the practice of congregational singing. In his preface to <em>Hymns and Spiritual Songs</em> (London, 1707) he wrote: "While we sing the Praises of God in his Church, we are employ'd in that part of Worship which of all others is the nearest a-kin to Heaven; and 'tis pity that this of all others should be performed the worst upon Earth.... " The main problem, he argues, was that only Old Covenant themes were customarily sung among New Covenant people.</p><p>But there was also a secondary problem. Watts noted that just when the congregation touched upon gospel themes in a psalm, "in the very next line which the Clerk parcels out to us," the brightness of the gospel is clouded by the darkness of the law.</p><p>By the clerk "parcelling out" the line of a psalm, Watts is referring to the practice of "lining-out." The clerk, or leader of the singing, would read or sing one line of the psalm, which would then be sung by the congregation. Thus the singing of a long psalm could become extremely tedious with every line of every stanza being repeated. Sometimes an incomplete thought was left hanging at the end of a line, which had to be repeated before it could be continued. It was hardly satisfying or spiritually edifying to sing in such a fragmented way.</p><p>This lining-out was referred to either as "The Old Way of Singing," or "Usual" singing. The implication of Watts's criticism is that he intended his psalms and hymns to be sung as complete stanzas, rather than as disjointed lines. This "new" way was frequently referred to as "Regular" singing.</p><p>Congregations, such as one in South Braintree, Massachusetts, in the spring of 1722, were embroiled in confict over "Regular" singing. But the new way prevailed, in South Braintree and elsewhere, and Watts's texts, sung in a manner that made musical sense, significantly contributed to the spiritual renewal of the eighteenth century.</p> <h3>Music for a Revival</h3><p>The Evangelical Revival of the eighteenth century began in part in the Holy Club in Oxford. This Club was primarily a group of students who were concerned to bring their spiritual lives within a systematic and definable "Method"—hence the term "Methodists."</p><p>Those associated with this group were the brothers John and Charles Wesley, who would together create Methodist hymnody; James Hutton and John Gambold, who would be involved in editing and publishing Moravian hymnals; and George Whitefield, who would edit a collection of hymns that would have wide influence. From the outset, in the early 1730s, the members of the Holy Club used hymns in their meetings and private devotions, principally the psalms and hymns of Isaac Watts.</p><p>After Oxford, the Wesley brothers spent a short time in America in the mid-1730s. During this time John edited a small hymnal, published in Charleston in 1737, mostly made up of hymns and psalms by Watts. It also included verse by his father, Samuel Wesley, Sr., and his brother, Samuel Wesley, Jr. His other brother, Charles, had hardly begun to write hymns.</p><p>On their return from America, both Charles and John had their famous spiritual experiences in the spring of 1738. Charles responded within a matter of weeks by writing the hymn "And Can It Be." A year later he wrote a poem, "For the Anniversary Day of One's Conversion." Within the eighteen stanzas of this poem are found the lines:</p><blockquote>O for a thousand tongues to sing<br /> My dear Redeemer's praise!<br /> The glories of my God and King,<br /> The triumphs of his grace.</blockquote> <p>John Wesley later took these lines to form the first hymn of <em>A Collection of Hymns for the Use of the People Called Methodists</em> (London, 1780).</p><p>Over the next decades Charles Wesley would pour forth an avalanche of verse, often intensely personal, always profoundly biblical, usually poetically masterful. His verse includes some superlative hymns that are among the finest in the English language. They include: "Christ, Whose Glory Fills the Skies," "Come, O Thou Traveller Unknown," "Forth in Thy Name, O Lord, I Go," "Jesu, Lover of My Soul," "Love's Redeeming Work Is Done," "O Thou Who Camest from Above," "Rejoice! the Lord Is King," "Ye Servants of God," and literally hundreds of others.</p> <h3>New Hymnals, New Tunes</h3><p>The second half of the eighteenth century gave birth to an unprecedented sequence of published hymnals. Most were anthologies containing hymns by a variety of authors. Three of the most influential were those of George Whitefield (1753), Martin Madan (1760), and Augustus Toplady (1776). These hymnals contain the common forms of hymns such as Charles Wesley's "Hark! the Herald Angels Sing"; the composite "Lo! He Comes with Clouds Descending," based on hymns by John Cennick and Charles Wesley; and Augustus Toplady's "Rock of Ages, Cleft for Me." Other collections contained only the hymns of Charles Wesley. The remarkable Olney Hymns (London, 1779) included the hymns of just two authors: John Newton, who wrote "Amazing Grace," and William Cowper, the author of "God Moves in a Mysterious Way."</p><p>But there were also hymns by other writers, which continue to enrich contemporary hymnals. They include: "The God of Abraham Praise," by Thomas Olivers, "All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name" by Edward Perronet, and "Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah" by William and Peter Williams.</p><p>As did the hymns of Watts earlier in the century, the hymns of the Evangelical Revival had musical implications. Many of these hymns called for refrains and/or extensions to the basic metrical structure. They thus required different tunes, since the old psalm tunes were of a different character. A forerunner of the later eighteenth-century extended tune is Easter Hymn, associated with the text "Jesus Christ Is Risen Today." It first appeared in <em>Lyra Davidica</em> (London, 1708) and is found in many variant forms throughout the rest of the century. It has a basic 7. 7. 7. 7. metrical structure, with "Alleluia!" added to each line:</p><blockquote>Jesus Christ is risen today, Alleluia!<br /> Our triumphant holy day, Alleluia!<br /> Who did once upon the cross, Alleluia!<br /> Suffer to redeem our loss. Alleluia!</blockquote> <p>Hymn tunes with repeated sections were perhaps more common. Obvious examples are <em>Miles Lane</em> and <em>Coronation,</em> both associated with "All Hail the Power of Jesu's Name." There is even a repeated tune that comes from a Roman Catholic source in the mid-eighteenth century: <em>Adeste Fidelis</em> and its associated text, "O Come, All Ye Faithful." Another form of repeating tune was the so-called "Fuging Tune," which disappeared relatively quickly.</p><p>Unlike Watts, who wrote only in the common psalm meters, Charles Wesley used a wide variety of metrical forms. If his hymns were to be sung, new tunes had to be created, or existing tunes had to be adapted.</p><p>This was the period of Handelian opera and oratorio. It coincided with technological advances in the printing of music that brought about the sheet-music trade, which made the music of Handel and others popular. Thus, many of the hymn tunes sung by the Methodists of the period were miniature imitations of the Handelian aria, complete with ornaments, trills, and other grace notes!</p><p>Charles Wesley sometimes wrote with specific tunes in mind, the most notable example being "Love Divine, All Loves Excelling," which was a parody of Dryden's "Fairest Isle, All Isles Excelling." Dryden's verse appeared in his opera <em>King Arthur,</em> for which Henry Purcell wrote the music. Thus Methodists in the eighteenth century sang Wesley's spiritual parody to an adapted version of Purcell's music.</p> <h3>The Tide of 18th-Century Hymns</h3><p>Toward the end of the century, Edward Miller, organist of Doncaster parish church, urged reform in the practice of congregational song in the Church of England, which was still primarily metrical psalmody. Miller observed that parochial congregations in England were somewhat careless, inattentive, and irreverent during the psalmody. But this was in marked contrast to what happened in Methodist congregations.</p><p>Miller wrote: "It is well known that more people are drawn to the tabernacles of Methodists by their attractive harmony, than by the doctrine of their preachers.... Where the Methodists have drawn one person from our communion by their preaching, they have drawn ten by their music." Even the Church of England could not hold out forever against the tide of eighteenthcentury hymnody.</p><p>Today, many new hymnals are including fewer nineteenth-century hymns and more eighteenth-century hymns, especially those of Watts and Wesley. It seems we are rediscovering the validity of the spirituality—the "amazing grace" of these hymns. Although written two centuries ago, these hymns are still "music in the sinner's ear."</p> By Dr. Robin A. Leaver [Christian History originally published this article in Christian History Issue #31 in 1991] Dr. Robin A. Leaver is Professor of Church Music at Westminster Choir College in Princeton, New Jersey, and teaches in the liturgical studies program at Drew University in Madison, New Jersey. He is the author or editor of twenty-four books on hymnody and related subjects.Next articles The Life and Death of a Modern Martyr Born into privilege, Dietrich Bonhoeffer was headed toward a brilliant career as a theologian. Then he came to see life “from the perspective of those who suffer.” In Nazi Germany, that cost him his life. Dr. Geffrey B. Kelly	<urn:uuid:6af69b8b-04fb-4fd4-b103-7e9417963bea>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://christianhistoryinstitute.org/magazine/article/hymn-explosion	2024-12-14T23:41:05Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066127077.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214212257-20241215002257-00823.warc.gz	en	0.961046	4,107	3.46875	3
Because palms can give any landscape a more tropical look, it is understandable that people would attempt to grow them in climates that are decidedly less than tropical. While palms may survive, or even thrive, for years in climates cooler than those to which they are native, eventually they will experience temperatures cold enough to cause injury. This publication describes how cold temperatures affect palms and how to treat them following a cold weather event. Types of Cold Damage There are three types of cold weather events that can injure palms. Chilling injury occurs in tropical species at temperatures above freezing and occasionally as high as 50°F. However, the absolute temperature at which chilling injury occurs is less useful as a predictor of damage than the degree of cold acclimation a particular palm has experienced. For instance, a tropical palm acclimated to night temperatures of 70°F, but suddenly subjected to a single night of 45°F may experience some foliar necrosis (dead tissue) as a result. However, if that same palm had experienced gradually decreasing temperatures over a period of weeks, it may not show any cold injury symptoms until exposed to temperatures in the low to middle 30°sF. Frost (radiational freeze) damage is like chilling injury in its symptoms, but occurs on clear, calm nights when radiational cooling (heat loss) of the leaf surface can cause leaf temperatures to drop to 32°F or less, while air temperatures may be several degrees warmer. The lack of air movement and protection of some parts of the crown from radiational heat loss means that frost damage is often spotty in distribution, both among trees within a landscape and among leaves within a single palm crown. The third type of cold weather damage is caused by an advective freeze (hard freeze), during which air and plant surface temperatures drop below 32°F because of the presence of winds that cause uniform cooling of all plants and plant parts within the landscape. Although all parts of the palm canopy could theoretically reach the same temperature in an advective freeze, not all parts of the palm will be affected to the same degree. Larcher and Winter (1981) have shown that flowers and fruits are the most sensitive parts of a palm, while the petioles and apical meristem (bud) are the most hardy (Figure 1). The spear leaf tip and the youngest, partially expanded leaves are also hardier than more mature leaves, but the base of the spear leaf is one of the least cold-hardy tissues in a palm. Thus, one of the most common problems associated with advective freezes is that the freeze-killed lower portion of the spear leaf is degraded by secondary fungi and bacteria that were naturally present prior to the freeze. Several weeks after the freeze, the spear leaf can often be pulled out of the palm with little effort, and its base will be mushy and have an offensive odor (Figure 2). The purpose of bud drenches with copper fungicides (discussed below) is to prevent these secondary tissue-rotting microbes from reaching, and eventually killing, the meristem, which is located just below the spear leaf base. Whether meristem rotting is caused by these secondary microbes invading a healthy meristem is not known. Meristem death in severe freezes may be caused by the cold temperatures themselves. Symptoms of Cold Injury The types of symptoms caused by chilling or freezing temperatures can be similar but occur at different temperatures on different species. Cold injury symptoms include leaflet discoloration and/or necrosis (Figure 3), which occurs within days of the cool or cold weather. Since newly expanded leaves are usually more hardy than mature leaves (Larcher and Winter 1981), the youngest leaves may be unaffected or show only mild symptoms. In coconut palms, younger leaves may show reddish blotches on the upper surfaces of the leaflets (Figure 4), while mature leaves may show extensive necrosis from the base of each leaf to its tip (Figure 5). While potassium deficiency, which is almost ubiquitous in palms in Florida (see Potassium Deficiency in Palms, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ep269 also causes leaflet necrosis, this necrosis is most severe on the oldest leaves toward the leaf tips (Figure 6). Thus, the sudden appearance of extensive leaflet necrosis on mid- and lower-canopy leaves caused by cold temperatures can be easily distinguished from the leaf tip necrosis on the oldest leaves caused by potassium deficiency. Palm trunks may also be damaged by cold weather, which results in the damaged tissue to be invaded by secondary fungi and/or bacteria that cause trunk decay. Three different types of trunk damage have been observed. While the damage described was observed on specific palm species, similar damage is quite possible on other palm species. Coconut palms subjected to prolonged temperatures in the low to middle 30°sF or below often have soft, sunken, reddish areas on the trunk (Figure 7). These cold-damaged trunk areas are often invaded by secondary fungi and/or bacteria that cause trunk rot. The rotting of the vascular system in the trunk results in leaf wilt (Figure 8) and, eventually, the collapse and toppling of the entire crown (Figure 9). These symptoms appear several months after the cold weather event. Collapse of palm canopy in coconut palm (C. nucifera) due to secondary rotting of cold-damaged trunk tissue about three months after prolonged chilling temperatures. In Christmas palm (Adonidia merrillii) and queen palm (Syagrus romanzoffiana), a slow trunk decay occurs. Sometimes the trunk decay is apparent from the outside as a cracking of the pseudobark, but often it occurs beneath the pseudobark and does not become apparent until the thepseudobark and large portions of the trunk have decayed and fallen off (Figure 10). In other cases, the canopy wilts, and collapses (due to destruction of the vascular tissue) or the trunk collapses (lack of structural integrity). In either case, the palms usually live for at least two years, and often longer, before the problem becomes apparent, and no fungal growth is ever observed. Trunk damage to date palms (Phoenix dactylifera) occurs in yet a different manner. Again, secondary fungi invade the damaged trunk tissue, but the fungus causing the decay is often observed on the outside of the trunk (Figure 11). These fungi are not pathogens (fungi infecting healthy trunk tissue), but saprophytes (fungi using damaged tissue as a food source). One of these fungi has been identified as a Ceriporia sp., a white rot crust fungus that destroys lignin within the trunk. Lignin is the compound which provides most of the structural strength in palm trunks. Thus, if the lignin is destroyed (even in a dead or dying palm), the palm trunk loses its structural integrity and collapses. Factors Affecting Palm Cold Hardiness It is well known that palm species differ greatly in their cold hardiness. Meerow (2005) provides horticultural information about those palm species that are known to be relatively cold hardy. For any palm, planting them in areas protected by buildings or tree canopies can increase their chances of survival during cold weather. Recent studies have also demonstrated that proper fertilization can improve cold hardiness of palms. Broschat (2010) found that necrosis caused by chilling temperatures in coconut palms was significantly less in palms fertilized routinely with an 8N-2P2O5-12K2O-4Mg plus micronutrients palm fertilizer than in unfertilized palms (Table 1). See Fertilization of Field-grown and Landscape Palms in Florida (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ep261) for more information about palm fertilization. Although not documented experimentally, there is anecdotal evidence that over trimming can also reduce palm survival rates following cold weather events. Treatment of Cold-Damaged Palms Since foliar necrosis is one of the first and most conspicuous symptoms associated with cold damage, palm owners are often anxious to trim off these necrotic or mostly necrotic leaves following a cold weather event. Avoid the temptation to remove these leaves until the danger of additional cold weather has passed. Even dead leaves provide some insulative value to the palm meristem. If the cold weather was sufficient to kill the spear leaf base and the spear leaf can easily be pulled out, it may be helpful to remove the spear leaf to allow for air movement and drying of the tissue. Drenching the bud area with a copper fungicide (not a copper nutrient spray or drench) to reduce the chances of secondary microbes killing the meristem may also be helpful. Whether or not such practices improve palm survival has never been scientifically tested. If the spear leaf does not pull out easily, it is likely that the spear leaf base has survived, and since the meristem is much hardier than the spear leaf base, it too should be alive. Fungicide treatment of such palms is probably unnecessary. If applying a copper fungicide, follow the label. The label is the law. Avoid the use of water-soluble compounds such as copper sulfate unless they have been neutralized according to the label. Water-soluble copper compounds are phytotoxic when applied to palm foliage. Copper fungicides are recommended over other fungicides because they are active against both bacteria and fungi. The purpose of using these fungicides on cold-damaged palms is not to control a specific disease, but to inhibit fungal and bacterial degradation of damaged plant tissue. Once warm weather returns and growth resumes, newly emerging leaves often have truncated leaf tips (Figures 12 and 13) or even necrotic leaflets in the middle of a leaf (Figure 14). If the rachis itself has been severely damaged on this leaf, the otherwise healthy leaf tip may fall off. This type of damage occurred on the primordial leaves prior to their emergence and expansion. Subsequent leaves are usually normal in appearance. Sometimes new leaves show symptoms of micronutrient deficiencies, such as manganese deficiency (Figure 15) (see Manganese Deficiency in Palms, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ep267) or boron deficiency (Figure 16) (see Boron Deficiency in Palms, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ep264). These deficiencies are likely the result of cool soil temperatures that occurred about four months prior to the emergence of the affected leaves and slowed the rate of nutrient absorption by the roots. As soil temperatures warm up, these deficiencies typically are resolved without supplemental fertilization. Some people have advocated foliar sprays with micronutrient fertilizer blends following cold weather events to help correct these problems. However, since most of the foliage will be necrotic following a cold temperature event, the uptake of nutrients through the leaves is minimal at best. Routine applications of a complete landscape palm fertilizer (see Fertilization of Field-grown and Landscape Palms in Florida, https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ep261, for specific recommendations) are more helpful in preventing these cold-induced deficiencies; the fertilizer also enhances palm cold hardiness. Broschat, T. K. 2010. "Fertilization improves cold tolerance in coconut palm." HortTechnology 20:852–855. Larcher, W. and A. Winter. 1981. Frost susceptibility of palms: Experimental data and their interpretation. Principes 25:143–52. Meerow, A. W. 2005. Betrock's cold hardy palms. Davie, FL: Betrock Info. Systems. Table 1. Effects of fertilization with an 8N-2P2O5-12K2O-4Mg fertilizer on potassium deficiency severity and chilling injury severity in coconut palms after chilling events during 2008–2010. Potassium deficiency severity was quantified by number of leaves and chilling injury severity by percent necrosis of canopy foliage, number of fruits retained, and green leaves remaining.	<urn:uuid:25ccaedc-1f47-41b7-9834-d2a630138cee>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MG318	2024-12-12T16:59:01Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066110042.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212155226-20241212185226-00875.warc.gz	en	0.941161	2,528	3.640625	4
Every year during the first two weeks of August the mass news media and many politicians at the national level trot out the “patriotic” political myth that the dropping of the two atomic bombs on Japan in August of 1945 caused them to surrender, and thereby saved the lives of anywhere from five hundred thousand to 1 million American soldiers, who did not have to invade the islands. Opinion polls over the last fifty years show that American citizens overwhelmingly (between 80 and 90 percent) believe this false history which, of course, makes them feel better about killing hundreds of thousands of Japanese civilians (mostly women and children) and saving American lives to accomplish the ending of the war. The best book, in my opinion, to explode this myth is The Decision to Use the Bomb by Gar Alperovitz, because it not only explains the real reasons the bombs were dropped, but also gives a detailed history of how and why the myth was created that this slaughter of innocent civilians was justified, and therefore morally acceptable. The essential problem starts with President Franklin Roosevelt’s policy of unconditional surrender, which was reluctantly adopted by Churchill and Stalin, and which President Truman decided to adopt when he succeeded Roosevelt in April of 1945. Hanson Baldwin was the principal writer for the New York Times who covered World War II and he wrote an important book immediately after the war entitled Great Mistakes of the War. Baldwin concludes that the unconditional surrender policy was perhaps the biggest political mistake of the war….Unconditional surrender was an open invitation to unconditional resistance; it discouraged opposition to Hitler, probably lengthened the war, cost us lives, and helped to lead to the present aborted peace. The stark fact is that the Japanese leaders, both military and civilian, including the emperor, were willing to surrender in May of 1945 if the emperor could remain in place and not be subjected to a war crimes trial after the war. This fact became known to President Truman as early as May of 1945. The Japanese monarchy was one of the oldest in all of history, dating back to 660 BC. The Japanese religion added the belief that all the emperors were the direct descendants of the sun goddess, Amaterasu. The reigning Emperor Hirohito was the 124th in the direct line of descent. After the bombs were dropped on August 6 and 9 of 1945, and their surrender soon thereafter, the Japanese were allowed to keep their emperor on the throne and he was not subjected to any war crimes trial. The emperor, Hirohito, came on the throne in 1926 and continued in his position until his death in 1989. Since President Truman, in effect, accepted the conditional surrender offered by the Japanese as early as May of 1945, the question is posed, “Why then were the bombs dropped?” The author Alperovitz gives us the answer in great detail which can only be summarized here, but he states, We have noted a series of Japanese peace feelers in Switzerland which OSS Chief William Donovan reported to Truman in May and June . These suggested, even at this point, that the U.S. demand for unconditional surrender might well be the only serious obstacle to peace. At the center of the explorations, as we also saw, was Allen Dulles, chief of OSS [Office of Strategic Services] operations in Switzerland (and subsequently Director of the CIA). In his 1966 book The Secret Surrender, Dulles recalled that “On July 20, 1945, under instructions from Washington, I went to the Potsdam Conference and reported there to Secretary [of War] Stimson on what I had learned from Tokyo — they desired to surrender if they could retain the Emperor and their constitution as a basis for maintaining discipline and order in Japan after the devastating news of surrender became known to the Japanese people.” It is documented by Alperovitz that Stimson reported this directly to Truman. Alperovitz further points out in detail the documentary proof that every top presidential civilian and military advisor, with the exception of James Byrnes, along with Prime Minister Churchill and his top British military leadership, urged Truman to revise the unconditional surrender policy so as to allow the Japanese to surrender and keep their emperor. All this advice was given to Truman prior to the Potsdam Proclamation which occurred on July 26, 1945. This proclamation made a final demand upon Japan to surrender unconditionally or suffer drastic consequences. Another startling fact about the military connection to the dropping of the bomb is the lack of knowledge on the part of General MacArthur about the existence of the bomb and whether it was to be dropped. Alperovitz states, MacArthur knew nothing about advance planning for the atomic bomb’s use until almost the last minute. Nor was he personally in the chain of command in this connection; the order came straight from Washington. Indeed, the War Department waited until five days before the bombing of Hiroshima even to notify MacArthur — the commanding general of the U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific — of the existence of the atomic bomb. Alperovitz makes it very clear that the main person Truman was listening to while he ignored all of this civilian and military advice was James Byrnes, the man who virtually controlled Truman at the beginning of his administration. Byrnes was one of the most experienced political figures in Washington, having served for over thirty years in both the House and the Senate. He had also served as a United States Supreme Court Justice, and at the request of President Roosevelt, he resigned that position and accepted the role in the Roosevelt administration of managing the domestic economy. Byrnes went to the Yalta Conference with Roosevelt and then was given the responsibility to get Congress and the American people to accept the agreements made at Yalta. When Truman became a senator in 1935, Byrnes immediately became his friend and mentor and remained close to Truman until Truman became president. Truman never forgot this and immediately called on Byrnes to be his number-two man in the new administration. Byrnes had expected to be named the vice presidential candidate [to FDR] to replace [Henry A.] Wallace and had been disappointed when Truman had been named, yet he and Truman remained very close. Byrnes had also been very close to Roosevelt, while Truman was kept in the dark by Roosevelt most of the time he served as vice president. Truman asked Byrnes immediately, in April, to become his secretary of state but they delayed the official appointment until July 3, 1945, so as not to offend the incumbent. Byrnes had also accepted a position on the interim committee which had control over the policy regarding the atom bomb, and therefore, in April 1945 became Truman’s main foreign policy advisor, and especially the advisor on the use of the atomic bomb. It was Byrnes who encouraged Truman to postpone the Potsdam Conference and his meeting with Stalin until they could know, at the conference, if the atomic bomb was successfully tested. While at the Potsdam Conference the experiments proved successful and Truman advised Stalin that a new massively destructive weapon was now available to America, which Byrnes hoped would make Stalin back off from any excessive demands or activity in the postwar period. Truman secretly gave the orders on July 25, 1945, that the bombs would be dropped in August while he was to be en route back to America. On July 26, he issued the Potsdam Proclamation, or ultimatum, to Japan to surrender, leaving in place the unconditional surrender policy, thereby causing both Truman and Byrnes to believe that the terms would not be accepted by Japan. The conclusion drawn unmistakably from the evidence presented is that Byrnes is the man who convinced Truman to keep the unconditional surrender policy and not accept Japan’s surrender so that the bombs could actually be dropped, thereby demonstrating to the Russians that America had a new forceful leader in place, a “new sheriff in Dodge” who, unlike Roosevelt, was going to be tough with the Russians on foreign policy and that the Russians needed to “back off” during what would become known as the “Cold War.” A secondary reason was that Congress would now be told about why they had made the secret appropriation to a Manhattan Project and the huge expenditure would be justified by showing that not only did the bombs work but that they would bring the war to an end, make the Russians back off, and enable America to become the most powerful military force in the world. If the surrender by the Japanese had been accepted between May and the end of July of 1945 and the emperor had been left in place, as in fact he was after the bombing, this would have kept Russia out of the war. Russia agreed at Yalta to come into the Japanese war three months after Germany surrendered. In fact, Germany surrendered on May 8, 1945, and Russia announced on August 8, (exactly three months thereafter) that it was abandoning its neutrality policy with Japan and entering the war. Russia’s entry into the war for six days allowed them to gain tremendous power and influence in China, Korea, and other key areas of Asia. The Japanese were deathly afraid of communism and if the Potsdam Proclamation had indicated that America would accept the conditional surrender allowing the emperor to remain in place and informed the Japanese that Russia would enter the war if they did not surrender, then this would surely have assured a quick Japanese surrender. The second question that Alperovitz answers in the last half of the book is how and why the Hiroshima myth was created. The story of the myth begins with the person of James B. Conant, the president of Harvard University, who was a prominent scientist, having initially made his mark as a chemist working on poison gas during World War I. During World War II, he was chairman of the National Defense Research Committee from the summer of 1941 until the end of the war and he was one of the central figures overseeing the Manhattan Project. Conant became concerned about his future academic career, as well as his positions in private industry, because various people began to speak out concerning why the bombs were dropped. On September 9, 1945, Admiral William F. Halsey, commander of the Third Fleet, was publically quoted extensively as stating that the atomic bomb was used because the scientists had a “toy and they wanted to try it out.” He further stated, “The first atomic bomb was an unnecessary experiment….It was a mistake to ever drop it.” Albert Einstein, one of the world’s foremost scientists, who was also an important person connected with the development of the atomic bomb, responded and his words were headlined in the New York Times: “Einstein Deplores Use of Atom Bomb.” The story reported that Einstein stated that “A great majority of scientists were opposed to the sudden employment of the atom bomb.” In Einstein’s judgment, the dropping of the bomb was a political-diplomatic decision rather than a military or scientific decision. Probably the person closest to Truman, from the military standpoint, was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral William Leahy, and there was much talk that he also deplored the use of the bomb and had strongly advised Truman not to use it, but advised rather to revise the unconditional surrender policy so that the Japanese could surrender and keep the emperor. Leahy’s views were later reported by Hanson Baldwin in an interview that Leahy “thought the business of recognizing the continuation of the Emperor was a detail which should have been solved easily.” Leahy’s secretary, Dorothy Ringquist, reported that Leahy told her on the day the Hiroshima bomb was dropped, “Dorothy, we will regret this day. The United States will suffer, for war is not to be waged on women and children.” Another important naval voice, the commander in chief of the US Fleet and chief of naval operations, Ernest J. King, stated that the naval blockade and prior bombing of Japan in March of 1945 had rendered the Japanese helpless and that the use of the atomic bomb was both unnecessary and immoral. Also, the opinion of Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, given in a press conference on September 22, 1945, was reported as: “The Admiral took the opportunity of adding his voice to those insisting that Japan had been defeated before the atomic bombing and Russia’s entry into the war.” In a subsequent speech at the Washington Monument on October 5, 1945, Admiral Nimitz stated, “The Japanese had, in fact, already sued for peace before the atomic age was announced to the world with the destruction of Hiroshima and before the Russian entry into the war.” It was learned also that on or about July 20, 1945, General Eisenhower had urged Truman, in a personal visit, not to use the atomic bomb. Eisenhower’s assessment was, “It wasn’t necessary to hit them with that awful thing….[T]o use the atomic bomb, to kill and terrorize civilians, without even attempting [negotiations], was a double crime.” Eisenhower also stated that it wasn’t necessary for Truman to “succumb” to Byrnes. James Conant came to the conclusion that some important person in the administration must go public to show that the dropping of the bombs was a military necessity, thereby saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, so he approached Harvey Bundy and his son, McGeorge Bundy. It was agreed by them that the most important person to create this myth was Secretary of War Henry Stimson. It was decided that Stimson would write a long article to be widely circulated in a prominent national magazine. This article was revised repeatedly by McGeorge Bundy and Conant before it was published in Harper’s Magazine in February of 1947. The long article became the subject of a front-page article and editorial in the New York Times, and in the editorial it was stated, “There can be no doubt that the president and Mr. Stimson are right when they mention that the bomb caused the Japanese to surrender.” Later, in 1959, President Truman specifically endorsed this conclusion, including the idea that it saved the lives of a million American soldiers. This myth has been renewed annually by the news media and various political leaders ever since. It is very pertinent that in the memoir of Henry Stimson entitled On Active Service in Peace and War, he states, “Unfortunately, I have lived long enough to know that history is often not what actually happened but what is recorded as such.” To bring this matter more into focus from the human tragedy standpoint, I recommend the reading of a book entitled Hiroshima Diary: The Journal of a Japanese Physician, August 6–September 30, 1945, by Michiko Hachiya. He was a survivor of Hiroshima and kept a daily diary about the women, children, and old men that he treated on a daily basis in the hospital. The doctor was badly injured himself but recovered enough to help others and his account of the personal tragedies of innocent civilians who were either badly burned or died as a result of the bombing puts the moral issue into a clear perspective for all of us to consider. Now that we live in the nuclear age and there are enough nuclear weapons spread around the world to destroy civilization, we need to face the fact that America is the only country to have used this awful weapon and that it was unnecessary to have done so. If Americans would come to recognize the truth, rather than the myth, it might cause such a moral revolt that we would take the lead throughout the world in realizing that wars in the future may well become nuclear and therefore all wars must be avoided at almost any cost. Hopefully, our knowledge of science has not outrun our ability to exercise prudent and humane moral and political judgment to the extent that we are destined for extermination.	<urn:uuid:1c11a588-abb1-48aa-8c41-f6c44dd847ad>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.lewrockwell.com/2022/08/john-v-denson/the-hiroshima-myth-4/	2024-12-13T19:25:06Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066119643.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213171153-20241213201153-00288.warc.gz	en	0.983199	3,235	2.953125	3
Understanding the Mechanics of Long Shaft DC Motors: A Comprehensive Guide The world of electric motors is witnessing a game-changer with the introduction of the Long Shaft DC Motor by a leading company. This mechanically commutated electric motor powered from Direct Current (DC) is set to revolutionize various industries with its remarkable performance and versatility. What is a Long Shaft DC Motor? A Long Shaft DC Motor is a type of electric motor that operates on direct current. Unlike other motors, the stator of this motor remains stationary in space due to its unique design. This motor utilizes the properties of electromagnetic fields to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, providing reliable and efficient power to various applications. Features and Benefits: The Long Shaft DC Motor possesses several key features and benefits, making it an attractive option for a wide range of industries. Some of these features include: 1. Robust Construction: This motor is built with a strong and durable construction, ensuring longevity and reliability even in harsh working conditions. 2. High Torque: The Long Shaft DC Motor delivers high torque output, making it an ideal choice for heavy-duty applications that require powerful performance. 3. Smooth Operation: This motor provides smooth and precise control over speed and torque, enabling operators to have optimal command over their applications. 4. Energy Efficiency: With its superior design and use of direct current, the Long Shaft DC Motor offers excellent energy efficiency. This reduces power consumption and enhances cost savings. The versatility of the Long Shaft DC Motor allows it to be used in various industries and applications. Some notable areas where this motor finds significant utilization include: 1. Robotics: The Long Shaft DC Motor's high torque and precise control make it an excellent choice for robotics. It powers the movement of robot arms, grippers, and other crucial parts, enabling them to perform intricate tasks with efficiency. 2. Industrial Automation: This motor is widely used in industrial automation systems, driving conveyors, assembly lines, and other machinery. Its high torque capabilities ensure smooth and reliable operation, enhancing productivity in manufacturing facilities. 3. Automotive: The Long Shaft DC Motor finds applications in the automotive industry, powering features such as electric windows, mirrors, and windshield wipers. Its compact size and robust design make it suitable for different vehicle types. 4. Aerospace: In the aerospace industry, this motor plays a vital role in various applications, including aircraft actuation systems, landing gears, and control surfaces. Its reliability and precision are crucial for ensuring safe and efficient aircraft operations. The continuous advancements in technology are driving the development of Long Shaft DC Motors, making them even more efficient and versatile. Some future developments anticipated in this field include: 1. Integrating Smart Features: Long Shaft DC Motors are expected to incorporate smart features, enabling remote monitoring and control through IoT (Internet of Things) connectivity. This will enhance overall efficiency and ease of use. 2. Enhanced Energy Storage: With the increasing demand for renewable energy, Long Shaft DC Motors may integrate advanced energy storage systems such as batteries or supercapacitors. This will improve their energy efficiency and reduce reliance on traditional power sources. 3. Increased Durability: Ongoing research aims to develop materials and components that further enhance the durability and lifespan of Long Shaft DC Motors. This will provide longer service life and reduce maintenance requirements. The introduction of the Long Shaft DC Motor has ushered in a new era of electric motor technology. Its exceptional features and versatility make it an indispensable component in various industries. As technology continues to evolve, the future holds promising developments that will further enhance this motor's efficiency and performance. In the constantly evolving world of electric motors, the Long Shaft DC Motor stands out as a true game-changer. Company News & Blog High-Quality Double Lip Rotary Shaft Seal for Efficient Air Energy Transmission Title: Advancements in Rotary Lip Seal Technology Enhance Efficiency and ReliabilityIntroduction:Rotary lip seals, also referred to as rotary-shaft-seal-double lip, have emerged as crucial components in various industries due to their ability to prevent the leakage of fluids and contaminants in rotating machinery. These seals are responsible for maintaining the reliability and efficiency of crucial equipment. Air Energy LTD, a leading provider of industrial sealing products, has recently introduced the innovative Elmo Rietschle rotary-shaft-seal-double lip-35x52x7 (0300000815000), revolutionizing the field with its superior performance and durability.Negating the brand name from the discussion, this article examines the notable features of the aforementioned rotary lip seal and explores its potential applications in different industries.1. Understanding Rotary Lip Seals:Rotary lip seals are designed to ensure a tight seal between a stationary housing component and a rotating shaft. Comprising an elastomeric lip, these seals effectively retain lubrication while preventing the infiltration of external contaminants, thus extending equipment life and reducing maintenance costs. By reducing friction and heat generation, rotary lip seals also enhance equipment efficiency, ultimately contributing to higher productivity.2. Elmo Rietschle Rotary Lip Seal: An Advanced Solution:The Elmo Rietschle rotary-shaft-seal-double lip-35x52x7 (0300000815000) offered by Air Energy LTD showcases a range of innovative features that make it an ideal choice for critical applications. With its exceptional sealing capability and longevity, this advanced seal has the potential to overcome the challenges faced by various industries.1. Enhanced durability: The Elmo Rietschle rotary lip seal is engineered from premium-grade materials, making it resistant to wear, high temperatures, and a wide range of chemicals. This durability extends its service life, leading to reduced maintenance and replacement costs.2. Optimal sealing performance: The double-lip design of the seal ensures effective sealing under demanding conditions, minimizing leakages in rotating machinery. This feature prevents lubricant losses, safeguarding equipment and reducing the risk of contamination.3. Versatile applications: Elmo Rietschle rotary lip seal can be utilized in a variety of industries, including automotive, oil and gas, manufacturing, and processing. Its versatility enables it to withstand diverse operating conditions, making it suitable for a wide range of applications.4. Maintenance-friendly design: Air Energy LTD has incorporated user-friendly characteristics into the Elmo Rietschle rotary lip seal. Its easy installation process and compatibility with different shaft sizes simplify maintenance procedures, saving time and effort.5. Environmental responsibility: This seal is manufactured with a focus on sustainability by minimizing environmental impact. It meets stringent environmental regulations and contributes to the reduction of waste generated during equipment maintenance.3. Applications in Various Industries:The Elmo Rietschle rotary lip seal offers considerable benefits across several industries:1. Automotive: In automotive manufacturing, where machinery is exposed to harsh conditions, this seal ensures smooth operation by sealing motors, transmissions, and other critical components. It enhances the reliability and efficiency of the vehicles produced.2. Oil and gas: The seal's robust design provides crucial protection for rotating equipment in oil rigs, refineries, and pipelines. It prevents leakage of lubricants and contaminants, improving machinery reliability and reducing downtime.3. Manufacturing and processing: The seal's high performance and resistance to chemicals make it an ideal choice for various applications in manufacturing and processing industries. It effectively seals rotating systems, such as pumps, compressors, and mixers, enhancing productivity and reducing maintenance costs.Conclusion:The Elmo Rietschle rotary-shaft-seal-double lip-35x52x7 (0300000815000) is a groundbreaking solution that elevates the performance and reliability of rotating machinery across diverse industries. By effectively sealing vital components and minimizing leakage, this rotary lip seal enhances efficiency, reduces maintenance costs, and contributes to improved environmental sustainability. Air Energy LTD's commitment to delivering advanced sealing products ensures that industries can benefit from innovative technologies and achieve optimal operational excellence. What is a Long Shaft DC Motor and How Does it Work? RoboHaat – a leading provider of high-quality electric motors – is proud to introduce its latest offering in the DC motor category, the Long Shaft DC Motor. This premium quality motor is designed to provide reliable and efficient power to a wide range of applications.A Long Shaft DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor that draws its power from Direct Current (DC). The motor comprises a stationary stator, which houses the current, and a rotating armature, which is driven by the current. The unique design of the Long Shaft DC motor makes it ideal for a variety of applications that require high levels of torque and precision.At RoboHaat, we believe that quality is the foundation of our products, and we ensure that every motor leaving our production facility meets the highest quality standards. Our Long Shaft DC motor is no exception, as it is designed and manufactured to meet the demands of modern industry.The Long Shaft DC motor features a compact design that allows it to fit smoothly into tight spaces. The motor is constructed using high-quality materials, ensuring a long lifespan and reliable operation. It is capable of delivering high levels of torque with low vibrations, making it ideal for use in robotics, automated machinery, and industrial equipment.The Long Shaft DC motor is versatile and can be customized to meet the specific requirements of different applications. Whether you need a motor for an industrial machine or for a robotics project, the Long Shaft DC motor from RoboHaat is the perfect choice.One of the most significant advantages of the Long Shaft DC motor is its efficiency. The motor operates with minimal energy loss, providing a consistent level of power while consuming less energy. This makes it an ideal choice for applications that require high levels of precision and efficiency.At RoboHaat, we pride ourselves on our commitment to customer satisfaction. We work closely with our clients to understand their unique needs and provide them with the best solutions possible. Our Long Shaft DC motor is the result of years of research and development, and we are confident that it will exceed your expectations.In conclusion, the Long Shaft DC motor from RoboHaat is a highly efficient and reliable motor that is perfect for a wide range of applications. With its compact design, high torque, and low vibration, the motor is ideal for use in robotics, automated machinery, and industrial equipment. We at RoboHaat are committed to providing the best quality motors, and our Long Shaft DC motor is a testament to that commitment. Power Book II: Ghost Season 3 Promises Explosive Drama as Tariq St. Patrick Fights for Control Season 3 of Power Book II: Ghost is set to be a thrilling and explosive ride. Showrunner Brett Mahoney is leading the cast and story as we delve deeper into the complex world of drug trafficking and power struggles. The season picks up after the shocking death of Zeke Cross, and with the Tajeda family fighting to maintain their grip on power and find out who is responsible for Cross' demise.But amidst all the chaos, we see the rise of Tariq St. Patrick, who is determined to secure his trust and become the new power player in the state. The young and ambitious St. Patrick is on a mission to prove himself and outsmart his enemies.One of the most exciting aspects of the upcoming season is the cast. Mahoney has brought in some heavy hitters to join the already impressive line-up. Among the new additions is Samuel L. Jackson, who plays the titular character in Shaft 2. Jackson's inclusion in the show is sure to bring an added layer of intensity and drama, as he navigates the world of the powerful Tajeda family.The Shaft 2 cast also includes some other notable names such as Regina Hall, Alexandra Shipp, and Luna Lauren Velez. Their characters will undoubtedly bring a fresh perspective and new dimensions to the series.With so much talent in front of and behind the camera, Season 3 promises to be a thrilling ride for fans of Power Book II: Ghost. Mahoney and his team have crafted a compelling storyline that is sure to keep viewers on the edge of their seats.As the show explores themes of power, loyalty, and family, we can't wait to see how Tariq's path to the top unfolds and what new surprises the Shaft 2 cast brings to the table. So buckle up and get ready for an explosive season that is sure to leave you wanting more. Machining Services for Efficient Manufacturing - Suppliers and Exporters Title: Unveiling the Essence of Machining Services: The Backbone of Industrial ManufacturingIntroduction:In the world of industrial manufacturing, precision and efficiency form the pillars of success. The implementation of cutting-edge machining services has revolutionized the manufacturing landscape, enabling businesses to meet market demands with utmost precision and versatility. In this blog, we will explore the significance of machining services in the industry, shedding light on some key aspects and benefits. Join us on this informative journey as we dive into the world of machining services.Chapter 1: Understanding Machining Services1.1 Defining Machining Services:Machining services are a comprehensive range of processes that involve the removal of material from a workpiece to achieve the desired shape, size, and functionality. These services encompass a broad spectrum of techniques like milling, turning, drilling, grinding, and more. By utilizing advanced machinery and tools, machining services cater to various manufacturing sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, electronics, and medical industries.1.2 The Significance of Machining Services:Machining services play a pivotal role in industrial manufacturing due to the following reasons:- Precision: Machining services deliver unparalleled precision, ensuring the accurate creation of complex parts and components with high conformance to specifications.- Efficiency: With the advancement of automation and computer numerical control (CNC) technologies, machining services have become incredibly efficient, reducing human errors and increasing productivity.- Versatility: Machining services can handle a wide array of materials, ranging from metals to plastics and composites, enabling manufacturers to diversify their product offerings.Chapter 2: The Key Processes of Machining Services2.1 Milling:Milling involves the removal of material from a workpiece using rotary cutters. It is widely used to create various shapes and features, such as flat surfaces, slots, pockets, and contours.Keywords: milling services, precision milling, CNC milling2.2 Turning:Turning is the process of removing material from the workpiece using a single-point cutting tool while the workpiece rotates. It is utilized to create cylindrical shapes, such as shafts, rods, and tubes.Keywords: turning services, CNC turning, precision turning2.3 Drilling:Drilling is the process of creating holes in a workpiece using specialized drill bits. It enables the integration of fasteners, connections, and facilitates fluid passages.Keywords: drilling services, precision drilling, CNC drilling2.4 Grinding:Grinding involves the abrasive removal of material to achieve a refined surface finish or to precisely shape components. It is commonly used for creating complex geometries and achieving tight tolerances.Keywords: grinding services, precision grinding, surface grindingChapter 3: The Benefits of Machining Services3.1 Enhanced Product Quality:Machining services ensure the production of high-quality components with minimal surface imperfections, ensuring the overall quality and performance of the end product.3.2 Increased Efficiency:The integration of automation and CNC technologies in machining services enables faster and more accurate production, reducing lead times, and increasing operational efficiency.3.3 Cost-effectiveness:By utilizing machining services, manufacturers can optimize material usage, minimize waste, and reduce manual labor costs, contributing to overall cost-effectiveness.3.4 Customization and Flexibility:Machining services offer immense flexibility, allowing manufacturers to cater to specific requirements and swiftly adapt to changing market demands.Conclusion:In conclusion, machining services form the bedrock of industrial manufacturing, enabling businesses to achieve precision, quality, and efficiency in their operations. From milling and turning to drilling and grinding, these services play a crucial role in shaping a wide range of components and products across diverse industries. Embracing modern machining techniques adds value to businesses and empowers them to stay competitive in a rapidly evolving marketplace. So, leverage the power of machining services and unlock a world of endless possibilities in manufacturing. Find Reliable Expansion Joints for Your Plant with Same or Next Day Delivery Title: Understanding Flanged Rubber Expansion Joints: A Comprehensive GuideIntroduction:In industrial applications, ensuring the seamless operation and longevity of a plant is crucial. One often overlooked component that plays a critical role in this regard is the flanged rubber expansion joint. These flexible connectors are specifically designed to absorb movement, reduce vibration, and accommodate changes in pipe size, making them an indispensable part of any fluid handling system. In this blog, we will explore the fascinating world of flanged rubber expansion joints, their benefits, applications, and the factors to consider when choosing the right one for your project.Flanged Rubber Expansion Joints: Understanding the BasicsFlanged rubber expansion joints are precision-engineered connectors that provide the necessary flexibility to pipes and ductwork in various systems. They are comprised of reinforced rubber, fabric, or metal bellow sections, which allow for axial, lateral, and angular displacements. The primary function of these expansion joints is to compensate for thermal expansion, vibration, or movement caused by ground settlement or seismic activity. They also help in reducing noise transmission and absorbing shock to protect equipment and infrastructure.Benefits of Flanged Rubber Expansion Joints1. Flexibility and Movement Absorption: Flanged rubber expansion joints are designed to accommodate movement, angular deflection, and vibration. They act as a flexible link between pipe sections, absorbing both axial and lateral movements caused by thermal expansion or contraction, thereby preventing stress and damage to the system.2. Noise and Vibration Reduction: The rubber construction of these expansion joints helps in reducing noise transmission in the system, making them ideal for installations where noise control is critical. Additionally, they effectively dampen vibrations, preventing them from spreading throughout the system and causing potential damage.3. Corrosion Resistance: Flanged rubber expansion joints are resistant to a wide range of corrosive fluids, making them suitable for various industrial applications where the conveyed media may have corrosive properties. This property adds to their longevity and reduces maintenance costs.4. Fast Installation and Cost-Effectiveness: With various flange options available, these expansion joints can be easily fitted into existing or new piping systems. Their availability in stock and prompt delivery further ensures minimal downtime during installation or replacement.Applications of Flanged Rubber Expansion Joints1. HVAC Systems: Flanged rubber expansion joints are commonly used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to accommodate thermal expansion and vibration, ensuring the smooth operation of the system.2. Power Generation: Thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, and other energy generation facilities utilize flanged rubber expansion joints to absorb thermal expansion and protect critical components, such as pumps, turbines, and boilers.3. Chemical Processing: Flanged rubber expansion joints find extensive use in chemical processing plants, where they accommodate the corrosive nature of chemicals, compensate for thermal movement, and reduce vibration, ensuring safety and prolonged equipment life.4. Water and Wastewater Treatment: Municipal water treatment plants, sewage treatment facilities, and desalination plants all employ flanged rubber expansion joints to handle the constant movement of pipes due to temperature fluctuations and pressure changes, as well as to reduce noise and vibration.Choosing the Right Flanged Rubber Expansion JointWhen selecting a flanged rubber expansion joint for your specific application, several factors need to be considered:1. Operating Conditions: Ensure that the expansion joint is suitable for the temperature, pressure, and media conveyed in your system. This includes assessing the corrosiveness, abrasiveness, and the presence of any particulates in the fluid.2. Movement Capability: Determine the extent and type of movement (axial, lateral, angular) that may occur in the system, ensuring the expansion joint's design is capable of accommodating it.3. Flange Compatibility: Check that the flange design of the expansion joint matches that of the existing or adjoining pipes, ensuring a secure and leak-free connection.4. Size and Construction: Consider the size requirements, as well as the construction material of the expansion joint, to ensure it can withstand the demands of your specific application.Conclusion:Flanged rubber expansion joints are indispensable components of fluid handling systems, providing flexibility and accommodating the movements caused by thermal expansion, vibration, and ground settlement. Their ability to reduce noise, absorb shock, and resist corrosion makes them vital in ensuring the smooth operation and longevity of industrial plants. By considering the crucial factors discussed above, you can confidently choose the right flanged rubber expansion joint for your application, minimizing downtime, and optimizing safety.Remember, when it comes to the reliable and efficient operation of your plant, the appropriate choice of flanged rubber expansion joints is key. Understanding the Functionality of a Perforated Ball Valve for Flow Control Ultimate Guide: Ball Valve - Everything You Need to KnowWhen it comes to controlling the flow of fluids, gases, and other substances, ball valves are a popular and versatile choice. This quarter-turn valve has become one of the most reliable and efficient types of valves used in different industries, from HVAC to marine and aerospace industries.In this blog, we will be discussing the ball valve and all you need to know about it. We will take a closer look at its design, how it works, and its different types, applications, and advantages.What is A Ball Valve?A ball valve is a type of valve that uses a hollow, perforated, and pivoting ball-like structure to control the flow of a fluid or gas. It features a ball-shaped disk with a hole in the center that rotates within a surrounding valve body. By turning the valve handle, the ball rotates 90 degrees to move from an open to a closed position.The ball valve comes in different sizes, materials, and configurations to fit a wide range of applications. Some of these materials include brass, stainless steel, bronze, and some plastics that are compatible with different substances.How Does A Ball Valve Work?Ball valves are designed to work through a quarter-turn mechanism. This means that a 90-degree turn of the handle will either open or close the valve's flow path. When the valve handle is parallel to the pipe, the valve is open, and fluid or gas can flow through it. In contrast, when the valve handle is perpendicular to the pipe, the valve is closed, and the flow is blocked.The ball valve design with a hollow ball disk that rotates within the valve body creates a full and unobstructed flow path, making it ideal for applications that require an unhindered flow through a valve. This design also makes it easy to control and inspect visually as the handle is positioned in line with the flow when open.Types of Ball ValvesThere are three main types of ball valves based on the number of ports: two-way, three-way, and four-way ball valves.Two-way ball valves have two ports: one for the inflow and another for the outflow. These types of valves are mostly used for on/off applications such as shut-off valves.Three-way ball valves add an extra port, allowing for diversion and directional flow control. They are useful for mixing, diverting, or regulating flow between two different lines.Four-way ball valves have four ports and two ball disks, making it possible to control the flow between more than two lines.Ball valves can also be classified based on the mechanism used to control the valve's flow. These mechanisms include:Floating ball valve: This type of valve uses an unrestricted and floating ball that moves within the valve body, providing a tight seal against the valve seat.Trunnion ball valve: Trunnion ball valves have additional mechanical anchoring at the top and bottom to provide additional support to the ball. This makes them more suitable for handling higher pressure and larger-sized applications.Advantages of Ball ValvesBall valves are popular for their durability, reliability, and versatility. Here are some of the advantages of ball valves:Quick and easy operation: Ball valves are designed to operate easily and quickly with just a quarter-turn of the valve handle.High level of shutoff: The ball valve design with a ball-shaped disk provides a tight seal against the valve seat, which ensures no leakage occurs in the closed position.Durability: Ball valves are designed to last long as they are made from robust materials that can withstand extreme pressures, temperatures, and different substances.Low maintenance: Ball valves are low maintenance as they do not require lubrication or adjustments frequently.Versatility: Ball valves are available in different sizes, materials, and configurations, making them ideal for a wide range of applications.In conclusion, ball valves provide a reliable and efficient solution for controlling fluid and gas flow in different industries. Their design, durability, versatility, and low maintenance have made them a popular choice for many applications. Now that you've learned all you need to know about ball valves, you can decide which valve best suits your needs. China's Top CNC Milling Parts Suppliers and Manufacturers: High-Quality and Efficient Services Offered The Importance of OEM CNC Milling Parts: A Comprehensive GuideIn the world of manufacturing, precision and quality are paramount. To achieve this, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) CNC milling parts play a crucial role. These parts are essential components that are tailored to meet specific requirements and are widely used in various industries. In this article, we will delve into the significance of OEM CNC milling parts, their benefits, and why it is vital to choose reliable suppliers and manufacturers. So, let's get started!What are OEM CNC Milling Parts?CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling is an advanced manufacturing process that involves the use of computerized machines to remove material from a workpiece. These machines follow programmed instructions to create complex parts with absolute precision. OEM CNC milling parts are customized components manufactured by companies that specialize in this field. They are designed to fit seamlessly into specific machines or systems, ensuring optimal functionality and efficiency.Benefits of OEM CNC Milling Parts:1. Exceptional Quality: OEM CNC milling parts are synonymous with precision and high-quality standards. Unlike generic parts, OEM components are specifically designed to meet the unique requirements of a particular application. They undergo stringent quality control measures during production, ensuring durability, accuracy, and reliability.2. Perfect Fit: One of the primary advantages of OEM CNC milling parts is their perfect fit. These components are designed to be an exact match for the specific machines or systems they are intended for. This eliminates the need for modifications or additional adjustments, minimizing downtime and ensuring seamless integration.3. Enhanced Performance: OEM CNC milling parts are engineered to optimize the performance of the machinery they are installed in. With precise dimensions and specifications, these parts contribute to increased efficiency, reduced wear and tear, and improved overall productivity. By utilizing OEM components, businesses can achieve superior performance and stay ahead in the competitive market.4. Consistency and Compatibility: OEM CNC milling parts are produced in batch quantities, ensuring consistency in their design and functionality. This uniformity streamlines the maintenance process and facilitates future repairs or replacements. Furthermore, OEM parts are designed to be compatible with the existing machinery, allowing for easy installation and reducing compatibility issues.Choosing the Right OEM CNC Milling Parts Supplier:When it comes to sourcing CNC milling parts, selecting a reputable supplier is crucial. Here are a few factors to consider to ensure you partner with the right manufacturer:1. Experience and Expertise: Look for suppliers that have extensive experience in the field of CNC milling parts manufacturing. A company with a proven track record will have the necessary knowledge, skills, and technical expertise to produce high-quality OEM components.2. Technological Capabilities: Ensure that your supplier is equipped with state-of-the-art CNC milling machines and cutting-edge technologies. This will ensure that they can manufacture parts that meet the most demanding specifications and adhere to strict tolerances.3. Quality Control Measures: Choosing a supplier with robust quality control processes is essential. Check if they have certifications like ISO 9001, which indicates their commitment to maintaining outstanding product quality.4. Customization Options: Verify if the supplier has the flexibility to cater to your specific requirements. Effective communication and the ability to understand your unique needs are critical for successful OEM CNC milling part production.In Conclusion:OEM CNC milling parts offer numerous advantages over generic components, making them an ideal choice for businesses that prioritize precision and reliability. By partnering with a reputable supplier, you can ensure that you receive high-quality parts that enhance the performance of your machinery. Remember to choose a supplier with experience, technological capabilities, stringent quality control measures, and the ability to customize components to meet your exact needs. So, make the right choice and experience the difference OEM CNC milling parts can make to your manufacturing operations. Understanding the Definition and Uses of Flanges: A Guide article on the importance of flanges in the manufacturing industry.Flanges are an integral part of the manufacturing industry, and are used in various applications such as piping systems, turbines, engines, and other mechanical equipment. They are defined as a rib or rim for strength, for guiding, or for attachment to another object. These essential components come in different shapes, sizes, and materials, and are designed to perform specific functions in machinery.One of the leading manufacturers of flanges in the industry is (brand name removed). The company boasts of a wide range of screwed flanges, which are used in numerous applications across various industries. Screwed flanges are designed to be easily installed and disassembled, making them an ideal choice for piping systems that require regular maintenance and alterations.The importance of flanges in the manufacturing industry cannot be overstated. These components act as a critical link between two mechanical components that need to be connected. They provide a secure and reliable connection that ensures the seamless flow of liquids, gases, or any other substance required in the manufacturing process.Flanges ensure safety and reliability in mechanical systems. They help to prevent leaks, explosions, and other hazards that could result from faulty connections. In the manufacturing industry, this is of utmost importance, as even a small leak or malfunction can result in significant losses in terms of time and resources. Flanges are also designed to withstand high pressures, temperatures, and extreme conditions that are typical in the manufacturing environment.With the high demand for quality products and services, flanges play a pivotal role in ensuring the smooth operation of the manufacturing process. The use of the right flange in the appropriate application can help improve the efficiency and safety of machinery, resulting in fewer breakdowns, reduced downtime, and improved productivity.In conclusion, flanges are crucial components in the manufacturing industry. They ensure the safety and reliability of mechanical systems while improving the efficiency of operations. As the demand for quality products and services grows, the role of flanges in the production process will continue to be critical. Companies like (brand name removed) are at the forefront of providing high-quality flanges that help to keep the manufacturing industry running smoothly. Understanding the Mechanics of Long Shaft DC Motors: A Comprehensive Guide News Content: Long Shaft DC Motor - A Game-Changer in the World of Electric MotorsIntroduction:The world of electric motors is witnessing a game-changer with the introduction of the Long Shaft DC Motor by a leading company. This mechanically commutated electric motor powered from Direct Current (DC) is set to revolutionize various industries with its remarkable performance and versatility.What is a Long Shaft DC Motor?A Long Shaft DC Motor is a type of electric motor that operates on direct current. Unlike other motors, the stator of this motor remains stationary in space due to its unique design. This motor utilizes the properties of electromagnetic fields to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, providing reliable and efficient power to various applications.Features and Benefits:The Long Shaft DC Motor possesses several key features and benefits, making it an attractive option for a wide range of industries. Some of these features include:1. Robust Construction: This motor is built with a strong and durable construction, ensuring longevity and reliability even in harsh working conditions.2. High Torque: The Long Shaft DC Motor delivers high torque output, making it an ideal choice for heavy-duty applications that require powerful performance.3. Smooth Operation: This motor provides smooth and precise control over speed and torque, enabling operators to have optimal command over their applications.4. Energy Efficiency: With its superior design and use of direct current, the Long Shaft DC Motor offers excellent energy efficiency. This reduces power consumption and enhances cost savings.Applications:The versatility of the Long Shaft DC Motor allows it to be used in various industries and applications. Some notable areas where this motor finds significant utilization include:1. Robotics: The Long Shaft DC Motor's high torque and precise control make it an excellent choice for robotics. It powers the movement of robot arms, grippers, and other crucial parts, enabling them to perform intricate tasks with efficiency.2. Industrial Automation: This motor is widely used in industrial automation systems, driving conveyors, assembly lines, and other machinery. Its high torque capabilities ensure smooth and reliable operation, enhancing productivity in manufacturing facilities.3. Automotive: The Long Shaft DC Motor finds applications in the automotive industry, powering features such as electric windows, mirrors, and windshield wipers. Its compact size and robust design make it suitable for different vehicle types.4. 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Written by Slawomir (“Swavak”) Gromadzki, MPH Chronic constipation should be regarded as a very serious health problem because it contributes to many conditions including colorectal cancer, haemorrhoids, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, diverticulitis, hiatus hernia, weight gain, leaky gut syndrome, varicose veins, and chronic back pain. Constipation is a very common problem especially among those who do not drink enough water, eat refined foods deprived of fibre (processed foods and high animal product intake) and live a sedentary lifestyle. It is estimated that in North America, over 60 million people suffer from constipation. You should have at least 1, but even better 2 or 3 bowel movements per day. Also keep in mind that frequency isn’t the only factor to measure. It is equally important to have large stools. The larger the stool the better as it means your diet is high in fibre which plays crucial role in preventing cancer, type 2 diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, and many other problems. In a healthy normal individual, bowel movements should be easy quick, odourless, and comfortable. If you have to read magazines or books in the toilet you need to start thinking about it. – Refined diet (diet low in fibre) – Dehydration (low intake of water) – Lack of physical activity – Delay in going to the bathroom when you have the urge – Stress, anxiety, depression – Poor quality iron & calcium supplements – Serotonin deficiency. The neurotransmitter serotonin can actually modulate motility in the gut. When levels of serotonin are skewed, this can cause either constipation or diarrhea. – Magnesium deficiency – Insufficient amount of probiotic bacteria in the gut – Dairy may cause constipation as a result of milk protein intolerance. In addition, milk and dairy do not contains no fibre and diet low in fibre is one of the key causes of constipation. – Laxative abuse – An unrefined (high in fibre) plant-based diet is the most effective way to avoid constipation and achieve regular, frequent and ease of bowel movements. This diet is most effective way to deal with constipation because it is high in fibre and water and has very beneficial effect on boosting the growth of probiotic bacteria in the gut. As a result the gut is clean and healthy and will reward you by making more serotonin and PABA (Para Amino Butyric Acid) that improve the movement of the colon and make you happier. – Avoid any constipating foods such as all refined products, sugar, white flour products, white bread, white rice, disserts, and eliminate or at least reduce meat, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy, as they contain no fibre. – Increase consumption of plant-based (vegan) unrefined foods eliminating or significantly reducing the intake of all animal-based foods (dairy, meat products, and fish) because they don’t contain fibre. According to Professor Colin Campbell the author of the famous China Study, “The more you substitute plant foods for animal foods, the healthier you are likely to be.” – Chew your food thoroughly. For best results, fibre from vegetables, fruits, and legumes needs to be broken down by thorough chewing (or blending) before it reaches the stomach and intestines. One way to think of it is to remember to chew each bite of food until it is liquid in your mouth. – Stay active as moving the body helps get the smooth muscle in the colon moving as well. In this way exercise helps to improve the peristalsis of the colon and prevent dehydration of the stool. As a result the “job” is done much easier as the stool contains more water. The more regular your exercise is, the better it works. – Drink 3 times a day about 3 glasses of filtered or even better distilled water between meals. – Learn to control stress. – Include uncooked carrots, green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, cauliflowers and other vegetables in your diet as they are low in calories, but high in fibre and essential nutrients. In this way your body will stop craving for more food in between meals as it will have enough nutrients. Raw cabbage reduces the conversion of sugar and other carbohydrates into fat. – Never fry your foods but cook or bake them without oil. If you have to fry with oil use only organic raw coconut oil. SUPPLEMENTS AND HERBAL REMEDIES – Take Magnesium citrate 2 times a day about 400mg between meals with water. Magnesium improves peristalsis and relaxes nervous system, intestines and colon (colon is a muscle). Many people have problems with bowel movements because they are deficient in magnesium. Millions suffer from magnesium deficiency without even knowing it. Magnesium deficiency is often misdiagnosed because it does not show up in blood tests as only 1% of the body’s magnesium is stored in the blood. Magnesium citrate is an osmotic laxative, which means it relaxes your bowels and pulls water into your intestines. The water helps soften and bulk up your stool, which makes it easier to pass. In addition, magnesium citrate is relatively gentle. It means it shouldn’t cause urgency or emergency bathroom trips, unless you take too much of it. Instead of magnesium you can try Epsom salt. It is also an effective home remedy for constipation but you must test which one is better for you. It absorbs water from, softening up stool and making it easier to pass. In addition, the magnesium that is present in the Epsom salt promotes contractions and relaxation of the bowel muscles, which also helps to passing the stool easier. Take about two teaspoons of Epsom salt with at least one cup of water or vegetable juice about 30 minutes before meal one or two times a day. – Psyllium husk is an excellent fibre to fight constipation. It and travels through the digestive tract without being digested but it absorbs water making stool bulkier and softer. In this way, like other fibres, it is very effective in coping with constipation. You can achieve similar results by using ground flax seed. Scientific research have shown that, “Supplementation with psyllium husk improves faecal incontinence.” In addition, “Psyllium fibre reduced the number of abdominal pain episodes in children with IBS.” Psyllium husk contains 70 per cent soluble fibre (8 times more than oat bran!) and for this reason, according to a 2009 study, “Psyllium fibre has been shown in studies to lower blood cholesterol and glucose levels while another common fibre, methylcellulose, has not shown these benefits.” WARNING: Powdered Psyllium husk should be taken with a full glass of water to avoid it swelling in the throat and causing choking. In addition, since like any fibre psyllium husks absorb water wrom intestines it requires more water intake in between meals as otherwise it may cause severe constipation! – Make a raw sauerkrout > at home as it is very high in probiotic bacteria you desperately need. Take a good quality probiotic formula such as ColiProbio or UltraProbio. Researchers at King’s College in London reviewed 14 clinical trials involving participants with constipation who took either probiotics or a placebo. They found that on average, probiotics reduced gut transit time by 12 hours, increased the number of weekly bowel movements, and helped soften stools, making them easier to pass. Probiotics that contained Bifidobacterium appeared to be the most effective. – Boost Serotonin levels by taking 5-HTP (Tryptophan), consuming Tofu (highest source of tryptophan), magnesium citrate, zinc citrate, B complex, daily exercise, sunlight. The neurotransmitter serotonin can actually modulate motility in the gut. When levels of serotonin are skewed, this can cause either constipation or diarrhea. OTHER HERBAL REMEDIES AND SUPPLEMENTS TO FIGHT CONSTIPATION – Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), Prunes, Prune juice, Castor oil, Senna leaf or Senna pods, Aloe vera, Dandelion tea. – If constipation is resistant to above treatment you must do the Enema at least two times per week to prevent colon cancer and other conditions such as leaky gut syndrome, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, haemorrhoids, hiatus hernia, etc. – Higgins PD, Johanson JF. Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:750-759. – E Dimidi, S Christodoulides, KC Fragkos, et al (2014) The effect of probiotics on functional constipation in adults. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/early/2014/08/06/ajcn.114.089151.abstract – D Z Bliss, H J Jung, K Savik, et al (2001) Nurs Res. 2001 Jul-Aug;50(4):203-13 – RJ Shulman, EB Hollister, et al (2016) Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. Epub 2016 Apr 11. – Wei, Z. H., Wang, H., Chen, X. Y., et al (2009) Time- and dose-dependent effect of psyllium on serum lipids in mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 2009; 63(7): 821-827 Share this article! Any information or product suggested on this website is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any medical condition. Never disregard medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. Consult your primary healthcare physician before using any supplements or making any changes to your regime.	<urn:uuid:728ce9af-0265-46a9-bb1c-e467f8ab4874>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.fullhealthsecrets.com/diseases/constipation/	2024-12-09T19:03:44Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066047540.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209183414-20241209213414-00119.warc.gz	en	0.922743	2,135	2.765625	3
One Hot Summer: Dickens, Darwin, Disraeli, and the Great Stink of 1858 I recently finished Rosemary Ashton’s book One Hot Summer: Dickens, Darwin, Disraeli, and the Great Stink of 1858. Her prologue begins What was it like to live in London through one of the hottest summers on record, with the Thames emitting a sickening smell as a result of the sewage of over two million inhabitants being discharged into the river? How did people cope with the extraordinary heat leading up to the hottest recorded day, Wednesday, 16 June 1858? What did those living or working near the Thames-including at the Houses of Parliament and the law courts in Westminster Hall-do when they found their circumstances intolerable? What did the newspapers say? Ashton proposes to examine London for just a few months in the summer of 1858, providing a snapshot of one moment in Victorian England. Such a microhistory provides insight into the life of mid-19th century Britain. Microhistory, the study in depth and detail of historical phenomena, can uncover hitherto hidden connections, patterns, and structures. Some events and incidents are revealed over time to have been life changing or nation building. Examples from 1858 are the tackling of London’s sewage and the resultant improvement of public health, Brunel’s engineering feats, the initial laying of the Atlantic telegraph cable, the beginnings of a long process of attaining justice and equality in the matter of marriage and divorce, and the transformation of the miscellaneous medical practice into a proper profession. A comparatively neglected time in Disraeli’s career can be shown to have been remarkably important in bringing him to prominence. The attention of historians and biographers has focused hitherto on his reckless youth, his racy novels, his controversial journalism, and his late-won success from 1868, when he finally became prime minister. His hard work in the parliamentary session of 1858, particularly in the hectic weeks before the summer break beginning on 2 August, and his success in turning round a hostile press and distrustful colleagues by his efforts, deserve to be acknowledged. In Dickens’s case his painful and self-exposing actions in connection with his failed marriage have been fully discussed, but no detailed account exists of the day-to-day struggles he faced in the long summer which followed his catastrophic error of judgment in advertising his separation from his wife in the early days of June. As for Darwin, though much has been written about his abrupt shock and change of plans on receiving in mid-June Wallace’s letter outlining natural selection, little attention has been paid to the interaction between his family life and scientific work in summer 1858. This idea of a microhistory sounds fun, and I thought readers of Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology might be interested in learning about events in the summer of 1858 that influenced physics, biology, and medicine. So, in this blog post I augment Ashton’s analysis by adding incidents from the world of science. Charles Darwin (age 48, all ages are as of summer 1858) had been developing his theory of evolution by natural selection for twenty years, since returning to England in 1836 after his famous voyage on the HMS Beagle. Over the years he had told his friends Joseph Hooker (age 41) and Charles Lyell (age 61) about his ideas, but had never published them. Ashton describes how on June 18, 1858 Darwin received a letter from Alfred Russel Wallace (age 35), containing a draft of a paper describing the same idea of natural selection as the mechanism of biological evolution, written while Wallace was collecting biological specimens in the Malay Archipelago. Hooker and Lyell arranged to have some early private writings of Darwin’s, along with the paper by Wallace, published on July 1 at a meeting of the Linnean Society of London. The following year, Darwin published his much more detailed book On the Origin of Species, changing biology forever. One of the most pugnacious of the advocates for natural selection was his young friend Thomas Henry Huxley (age 33), known as “Darwin’s Bulldog.” In 1858 Huxley was the Fullerian Professor of Physiology at London’s Royal Institution, and on June 17, 1858 he gave the Royal Society’s annual Croonian Lecture. Darwin’s friend Charles Lyell — winner of the Royal Society’s prestigious Copley Medal in 1858 for his contributions to geology — never completely embraced natural selection. This movement of microscopic-sized particles, resulting from bombardment by much smaller invisible atoms, was first observed by the English botanist Robert Brown in 1827 and is called Brownian motion. Brown’s death had an interesting impact on the Darwin/Wallace publications. Ashton writes By a stroke of luck the death of the former president Robert Brown had induced the [Linnean] society to postpone its summer meeting from 17 June, the day before Darwin received Wallace’s letter, to Thursday, 1 July. This meant that Darwin (and Wallace) would not have to wait until September to have their papers made public. One of the most famous scientists in England during 1858 was Michael Faraday (age 65). In Chapter 8 of IPMB, Russ and I discuss electromagnetic induction, which underlies transcranial magnetic stimulation of the brain. In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered that a changing magnetic field causes an electric current to flow in a circuit. After a long career at the Royal Institution, Faraday moved from his home at the RI to a house at Hampton Court in 1858. In their book Faraday, Maxwell, and the Electromagnetic Field, Nancy Forbes and Basil Mahon write As Faraday’s health and mental faculties declined, he began to relinquish his various responsibilities at the Royal Institution, finally handing over the directorship to John Tyndall in 1865. The consequent loss of income, and of his flat, would have been a worry, but in 1858 Prince Albert, a great admirer, had asked the queen to put a house at Hampton Court at his disposal. Faraday had refused at first, fearing the high cost of repairs, but the queen said she would pay. He and Sarah [his wife] moved in, and the new house became his last home. Although his research career was winding down, Faraday was still a great science communicator. On June 12, 1858 he gave a RI lecture “ On the relation of gold to light,” about light scattering from gold colloids (nowadays we would call them gold nanoparticles). He was also famous for his Christmas lectures, which he gave annually throughout the 1850s. Faraday’s work in electricity and magnetism was carried on by the young James Maxwell (age 27), who was married on June 2, 1858 in Aberdeen, Scotland. That year, Maxwell published his paper “ On Faraday’s Lines of Force” (although it had been read before the Cambridge Philosophical Society in late 1855 and early 1856). Forbes and Mahon write In February 1857, [Maxwell] decided to send a copy of his paper “On Faraday’s Lines of Force” to the great man [Faraday]. No doubt, he did so with some trepidation… He needn’t have worried. As we’ve seen, Faraday’s response was grateful, gracious, and charming. The two had at once formed a rare bond. In the 1860s Maxwell continued his research on electromagnetism, and eventually developed the four Maxwell’s equations that rival Darwin’s theory of evolution as the most significant scientific contribution of the 19th century. Besides Faraday and Maxwell, a third great Victorian physicist was William Thomson (age 34), who was one of the main scientists involved in developing the transatlantic telegraph. As part of that effort, in February of 1858 Thomson patented the mirror galvanometer, which is an instrument to measure electrical current. In his book A Thread Across the Ocean, John Steele Gordon describes this device. In a long submarine cable, immersed in a conducting medium-saltwater-the current if often very low, sometimes no more than ten mircoamperes. (The current in a standard incandescent lightbulb is about 100,000 times as great.) The standard galvanometers then available were often inadequate to detect a signal coming through a cable that would be two thousand miles long. So Thomson-half Einstein, half Edison-developed a much better one. He took a very small magnet and attached a tiny mirror to it. Both together weighed no more than a grain. He suspended the magnet from a silk thread and set it in the middle of the coil of very thin insulated copper wire. When the faint current flowing through the cable was allowed to flow through the copper coil, it created a magnetic field. This caused the magnet, with its attached mirror, to deflect. Thomson simply directed a beam of light from a shaded lamp onto the mirror and allowed it reflection to hit a graduated scale. In June of 1858 two ships-the Agamemnon and the Niagara-attempted to meet in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, splice together the two halves of the cable, and then each pay out the cable as they sailed toward shore: the Niagara toward Newfoundland and the Agamemnon toward Ireland. However, a terrible storm struck the North Atlantic that month, nearly capsizing the Agamemnon with Thomson on board and aborting the mission. On Sunday, June 20, the storm unleashed a fury such as few sailors ever see and even fewer live to tell about. The caption feared that the coil on the deck, working against its restraints, might break lose and smash through the side, undoubtedly causing the ship to founder. A second try several weeks later proved more successful. On August 16, the first transatlantic telegraph message was sent between Queen Victoria in England and President James Buchanan in the United States. Unfortunately, the cable soon failed, and it was not until some years later that reliable telegraph service was established across the Atlantic. Based on his basic research discoveries and his contributions to the telegraph, Thomson became a scientific hero. Gordon writes In 1892, William Thomson became the first British scientist to be raised to the peerage, when Queen Victoria created him Lord Kelvin of Largs. He has been known ever since as Lord Kelvin. In 1908, the year after he died, the Kelvin temperature scale, devised by him in the 1850s, was named in his honor. The absolute temperature scale, with Kelvin’s name attached to the unit of temperature, appears throughout IPMB. Still another notable Victorian physicist was George Stokes (age 36), who at that time was the Lucasian Professor at Cambridge University (a position held earlier by Isaac Newton and later by Stephen Hawking). IPMB often uses Stokes’ law for the viscous force of a small sphere in a fluid. Stokes and Thomson were close friends, and their many letters are preserved. I provide a few excerpts from these letters during late 1857 and 1858. 2 College, Glasgow Dec. 23, 1857 My Dear Stokes That principle, in the hydrodynamics of a “ perfect liquid”, which I first learned from you, is something that I have always valued as one of the great things of science, simple as it is, and I now see more than ever its importance. One conclusion from it is that instability, or a tendency to run to eddies, or any kind of dissipation of energy, is impossible in a perfect liquid (a fluid with neither viscosity nor compressibility)… [several pages follow with many equations]…Some of the simplest applications of the theory are very interesting: for instance the… case of a circular disc or oblate spheroid, moving… in a perfect [liquid]… As to Faraday’s magneto-optic experiment, I think my argument that it must depend on a peculiar state of motion induced by magnetic influence (Proceedings R. S. June or July 1856) is unanswerable. Have you considered it?… It seems like old times for me to be writing you so long a letter, and I am afraid you will be less disposed to be so bored. Your redress simply be not to read it. With best wishes for a “Merry Christmas” of which there can be no doubt now, I remain Yours always truly 69 Albert Street Regent’s Park London N.W. Feb. 12, 1858 My Dear Thomson, I have been so very busy of late that your letter has remained for a long time unanswered. I now set to answer it, though I have still got plenty of work before me… Without having a decided opinion either way I have always inclined to the belief that the motion of a perfect incompressible liquid, primitively at rest, about a solid which continually progressed, was unstable… [pages of math…] In speculating a good while ago (in fact no great time after Faraday’s discovery) as to the cause of magnetic rotation I naturally tried rotations of the luminiferous ether as suggested by Ampere’s theory… Yours very truly G. G. Stokes Finally, late in 1858, Stokes wrote My Dear Thomson, … It is a great pity to see the [transatlantic] cable in its present state after apparently so successful a laying down. Still the thing has been done and even if this should be utterly lost the matter will not I presume rest there. I did not go to Leeds this meeting [The British Science Association met in Leeds in 1858]. On the morning of the 27th my wife was safely delivered of a fine boy. She is going on very well but I am afraid her complete recovery will be slow. Yours very truly G. G. Stokes James Joule (age 39) was yet another English physicist of the Victorian era. His name appears repeatedly in IPMB because the unit of energy is named after him. In the 1840s Joule had done pioneering work on the mechanical equivalent of heat and the conservation of energy, and in the 1850s had collaborated to explain the Joule-Thomson effect. In 1858 he was in a train wreck while traveling home from London. Although unhurt, the accident made him reluctant to travel, somewhat isolating him from the scientific community. A major event in medicine occurred during the summer of 1858: the publication of the first edition of Gray’s Anatomy. In his article “Happy Birthday, Gray’s Anatomy,” Adrian Flatt ( Proc. Bayl. Med. Cent., 22:342–345, 2009) writes Anatomy Descriptive and Applied was first published in London in the summer of 1858 by two young demonstrators of anatomy in St. George’s Hospital at Hyde Park Corner… These two young men were very different.Henry Gray [age 31] wrote the text; he was 4 years older than Henry Vandyke Carter [age 27], who drew all the illustrations… The print number of 2000 books had been decided, page size was fixed, and all the paper purchased. Considerable adjustments were successfully made and by mid May 1857, the work was going well but was to be interrupted by the absence of Gray. He had received an invitation to “attend” the Duke of Sutherland on his private yacht sailing around England and Scotland and at the estate at Dunrobin Castle for the next 6 months, from June to November 1857. This was manna from heaven for Gray; service for such an aristocrat would be of enormous help to his practice. Carter continued work on the book, of which the final proof corrections were done in late June or early July 1858, in time for the book to be available for students arriving in September. Gray died at age 34, just three years after publication of his textbook, of smallpox. Apparently the relationship between Gray and Carter was strained. Flatt states that Gray never gave Carter one penny from all the royalties the early editions of the book earned. Another leading figure of Victorian health care was Florence Nightingale (age 38), the founder of modern nursing. In 1858 Nightingale published Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, Efficiency, and Hospital Administration of the British Army. Founded Chiefly on the Experience of the Late War. Presented by Request to the Secretary of State for War. This work contained a color statistical illustration called “Diagram of the Causes of Mortality in the Army of the East” that showed that epidemic disease-which caused more British deaths during the Crimean War than battlefield wounds-could be controlled by nutrition, ventilation, and shelter. The infographic became known as Nightingale’s “coxcomb.” Her achievements in statistics were so remarkable that in 1858 she was selected as the first woman fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. Two years later she established her nursing school at Saint Thomas’ Hospital in London. Another noteworthy happening in medicine was the death of John Snow (age 45) on June 16, 1858 (London’s hottest day of that steamy summer). Snow was best known for figuring out the source of the Broad Street cholera outbreak in 1854, when he demonstrated that cholera was being spread through contaminated water from one specific pump. He also studied using ether as an anesthesia during surgery. In June 1858, a relentless early-summer heat wave produced a stench of epic proportions along the banks of the polluted Thames. The press quickly dubbed it the “Great Stink”… [Yet] the rates of death from epidemic disease proved to be entirely normal. Somehow the most notorious cloud of miasmatic air in the history of London had failed to produce even the slightest uptick in disease mortality… It’s easy to imagine John Snow taking great delight in [this] puzzling data… But he never got the opportunity. He had suffered a stroke in his office on June 10… and died six days later, just as the Great Stink was reaching its peak above the foul waters of the Thames. Joseph Lister (age 31) was in Edinburgh in 1858, studying the coagulation of blood and inflammation. In the 1860s he developed antiseptic surgery, and later relocated to London. In their article “ Joseph Lister: Father of Modern Surgery” ( Can. J. Surg., 55:E8-E9, 2012), Dennis Pitt and Jean-Michel Aubin claim that it was Lister’s application of germ theory to the care of surgical patients that laid the foundation for what surgeons do now. He directed the minds of physicians and surgeons to the vital necessity of keeping wounds clean and free of contamination. Finally, in 1858 Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (age 22) was a young woman dreaming of making a career in medicine. She eventually became the first female doctor in the United Kingdom. Ashton believes that microhistory provides valuable insight into Victorian England. Near the end of her Prologue she concludes Intense scrutiny of the lives of these men [Dickens, Darwin, and Disraeli, plus Brown, Faraday, Maxwell, Thomson, Stokes, Joule, Gray, Nightingale, Snow, and others] over a short period of a few months allows us to make fresh threads of connection between each of them and the larger society in which they lived, all at a time of public events which provided to be of lasting national importance. Originally published at http://hobbieroth.blogspot.com.	<urn:uuid:2cf0abf6-04a7-4bb8-82f6-8cb401e1c951>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://bradroth.medium.com/one-hot-summer-dickens-darwin-disraeli-and-the-great-stink-of-1858-4f182dd5288b?source=user_profile---------0----------------------------	2024-12-07T13:43:08Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066429485.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207132902-20241207162902-00562.warc.gz	en	0.975	4,118	2.78125	3
This article will be relevant to you if you are studying any of: - Edexcel IGCSE Maths - A-level Maths - BTEC Level 3 Engineering (Module 7) … or any other course that involves Calculus. Calculus is a major branch of mathematics consisting of two areas: differentiation and integration. Differentiation involves working with rates of change; integration is the opposite process. This article introduces you to the idea of differentiation and how to use it with simple algebraic functions. Integration (required for Level 3 courses but not for the IGCSE) isn’t covered here. The concept of differentiation Gradients of lines and curves The gradient of a graph can also be described as the “rate of change of y with respect to x”, because it tells us how quickly the y-value changes compared to the x-value. A straight line graph has a constant gradient, so it has a constant rate of change throughout its length. But with a curve, the gradient changes as you move along it. The gradient of the curve at a point is the same as the gradient of a tangent drawn at that point. The black curve above is the graph of y = x². The red line is the tangent to the curve at the point (-1, 1) and the green one is the tangent at the point (2, 4). You can see that the red tangent has a negative gradient – if you draw a gradient triangle then you can see that the gradient is -2. This tells us that, at the point where x = -1, the gradient of the curve is -2. But the green tangent has a positive gradient. What is its gradient? If you work it out, you should find that the gradient is 4. So at the point on the curve where x = 2, the gradient of the curve is 4. You can estimate the gradient of a graph by drawing a tangent and finding its gradient – you’ve probably done that in science – but because you’re doing it by eye, it’s only an estimate. Calculus – or, more specifically, the branch of calculus known as differentiation – allows you to calculate the exact gradient of a curve at any point if you know the equation of the curve. How does differentiation work? At A-level you’ll need to be able to differentiate from first principles, but for IGCSE you really just need to know how to do the process, not really to understand why it works as it does. Here’s a quick outline of what’s happening. On the graph above, the darker blue line is the tangent to the curve at point P, and its gradient is the gradient of the curve at that point. But we need two coordinate pairs to work out a gradient, so we can come up with a rough estimate of the gradient by using a chord that cuts the curve in two places. You can see that the light green chord is going to give a pretty poor estimate because the points where it crosses the curve are so far apart. But as the second point on the curve is moved closer to P, the chord is getting closer to the tangent so the estimate improves. Eventually, when the distance between the two points is vanishingly small, the chord becomes indistinguishable from the tangent and so the gradient of the chord is the same as that of the tangent and the curve at that point. When we differentiate an expression for , it gives us a new expression called the “first derivative” or (pronounced “d y by d x”), and this expression tells us the gradient of the curve as a function of . means “a little bit of y over a little bit of x” because what we’re effectively doing is finding the gradient of a chord between two points on the curve that are so close together that they are on the point of merging into one, which means that the chord is indistinguishable from the tangent. If the original function is expressed using notation then the first derivative is called (“f prime of x”) instead of , but it’s still the same thing. Using differentiation in simple situations How to differentiate simple expressions – i.e. we multiply by the power and decrease the power by 1. So if then What’s if ? It works in the same way if there’s a coefficient in front of the : So if then And we can differentiate expressions consisting of terms that are added/subtracted: Look at what happens with linear expressions and constants: can be thought of as . What will happen when you apply the same process here? Notice how disappears leaving only its coefficient, and a constant disappears altogether. Of course, you already know that is the equation of a straight line graph with a constant gradient of 2, and the graph of would be a horizontal line with a gradient of 0, so this result should make sense! Finding the gradient at a given point To find the gradient of a curve at a particular point, or a particular value of , all you have to do is substitute the value of into the expression for . (The y-coordinate is irrelevant when finding the gradient.) Previously we established that if then the gradient is given by . So at the point where , the gradient is and at the point where , the gradient is What would the gradient of the curve be at the point ? Answer: so the gradient would be . Your turn 1 For each of the functions listed below, find the first derivative , and hence find the gradients when and when . Differentiation with negative powers of x Differentiation works in exactly the same way with negative powers of – and also with fractional powers, though that’s not covered here (and isn’t required for IGCSE). For example, if then Careful – remember that decreasing -3 by 1 gives you -4, not -2! Of course, this could also have been given to you as . If you get an expression in this form then always write it as before trying to differentiate it. So if then that’s the same as It’s usually helpful to put it back into fraction form after differentiating, though, as that makes calculations easier. In the above example, that would of course give us . If you’re given a factorised expression then you need to expand it before you differentiate. (In some cases this isn’t necessary, but that requires techniques that come much later!) For example, would have to be expanded to give before any differentiation could take place. Finding a point with a given gradient To identify a point with a given gradient, find the expression for and put it equal to the gradient specified, then solve to find . Example: Find the coordinates of the point on the curve of where the gradient is 3. Solve to get Finally substitute back into the original equation to find : So the gradient is 3 at the point . The image below shows the curve with its tangent of gradient 3 at the point . Your turn 2 For each of the functions below, find (a) , and (b) the gradient when x = -1. For questions 1 to 3, also find the coordinates of the point(s) on the curve where the gradient is 1. You might like to use Desmos to plot the graphs and the tangents at the points you’ve identified, to see how they relate – like in the image above. (For each tangent, you know that the gradient is 1 and you’ve found the coordinates of a point that’s on the line, so it’s easy to work out its equation from that.) Other uses of differentiation Differentiation can also be used to find the stationary points on a curve and to determine whether a stationary point is a maximum, a minimum or a point of inflection. It can be used to identify intervals of increase and decrease in a function (i.e. for which values of x the value of y is going up or down / the gradient is positive or negative). It can be used in the context of kinematics to move between displacement, velocity and acceleration. And it can be used to solve optimisation problems in practical situations. But we’ll leave all those for future articles – I think you deserve a rest now! If you’ve found this article helpful then please share it with anyone else who you think would benefit (use the social sharing buttons if you like). If you have any suggestions for improvement or other topics that you’d like to see covered, then please comment below or drop me a line using my contact form. On my sister site at at mathscourses.co.uk you can find – among other things – a great-value suite of courses covering the entire GCSE (and Edexcel IGCSE) Foundation content, and the “Flying Start to A-level Maths” course for those who want to get top grades at GCSE and hit the ground running at A-level – please take a look! If you’d like to be kept up to date with my new content then please sign up to my mailing list using the form at the bottom of this page, which will also give you access to my collection of free downloads. Your turn 1 answers - ; gradients 20, -10 - ; gradients 67, -5 - ; gradients 2, -1 - ; gradients -27, 10 Your turn 2 answers - (a) ; (b) gradient = 8; (c) - (a) ; (b) gradient = 3; (c) and - (a) ; (b) gradient = 1; (c) and - (a) ; (b) gradient = -5	<urn:uuid:16cdace2-4b74-43de-85e6-1528a1cc24d2>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://b28mathstutor.co.uk/intro-to-calculus-and-differentiation/	2024-12-08T15:31:10Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066446918.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208141630-20241208171630-00192.warc.gz	en	0.926928	2,098	4.40625	4
Posted this in another thread, but I think its important for beginners to read and know, so I'll add a bit more and start a new thread for it. Ok, first we're going to start with seeing the cartwheel. This can be tricky at first, because it takes just the right wrist movement to be able to move the coin and get the fluid cartwheel effect on the luster. Once you get it though, you will appreciate the beauty of it! Go get a slabbed, uncirculated coin (by a Top TPG - PCGS or NGC) and a strong light source. Hold the coin at an angle, so that it reflects the light. You should see the coin shining. Now, slowly and gradually, turn the coin. Notice the shine move? That is what we call cartwheel luster - if you turn the coin in the right way, the "spokes" of luster will appear to rotate around the coin like a cartwheel. Practice at this until you can see the cartwheel luster. Practice at this before reading the rest of this thread. Practice at this before buying anymore coins. If you can't see and discern luster, you can't properly grade, evaluate, or purchase coins. Now, what causes this luster? When a coin is struck, the metal flows up into the recesses in the die, filling out the details and causing raised areas, which we see as devices, letters, etc. As it flows, the metal wears on the die; because the metal flows the same way each time, it will wear "grooves" into the die. I say "grooves" because I can't think of a better way to describe it - in numismatic parlance we call them flow lines. These microscopic lines reflect light in every direction, causing the diffuse shine that we call luster. Because luster is caused by wear on the die, later die states often have better luster. A brand new die will occassionally even be prooflike - having a mirrored surface and no cartwheeling luster. These prooflike coins are highly prized by collectors. As the die wears, the flowlines become etched into the die. The striking of coins wears the die down, often softening the details, until finally you get a late die state coin. By this point, the flowlines are strongly etched into the die, and you will sometimes get incredibly flashy luster. When a coin is cleaned, this microscopic surface of the coin is disturbed. Depending on the method used to clean the coin, different disturbances are noted. This is one way we can tell how a coin was cleaned - baking soda or dipping will affect a coin differently than a wire brush or polish or whizzing, some of the most common ways to clean a coin. There isn't really a single definition for a polished coin, its more of a catchall phrase, and can include wire brush, baking soda, or other methods. Whizzing, however, has a very specific meaning and a very specific look. Whizzing refers to when someone takes a rotating tool, such as a dentist's drill or a dremel, attaches a wire brush, sander, or polishing head, and goes at the coin. It gets its name from the "whizzing" sound this makes. If you are familiar with these tools, you can imagine the look this creates on a coin, although an expertly done whizzing can be hard to detect. Taking a brush to a coin (wire or otherwise) creates a much different look. It usually has a large number of parallel lines, or groups of parallel lines in different directions. Usually, these polish lines will go over devices - if a line goes from the field, over a device, and back into the field uninterrupted, you can usually safely bet that it is a post-mint hairline or cleaning mark. Notice also that cleaning lines are recessed into the surface of the coin - the wire brush is intended to move and remove surface metal. Distinguishing raised versus recessed lines in the surface of the coin is tricky, but with proper lighting and experience, you can do it. Both polishing and whizzing a coin have the same intended affect - to simulate original luster. This is why understanding luster, how it looks, and how its created, are so important - if you don't know what real luster looks like, you will never be able to discern artificial luster. When you hold and rotate a polished coin under the light, in the same way you held your slabbed coins, you might at first see something that strongly simulates natural luster. But continue to rotate, and notice how differently it behaves. On a cleaned coin, because the polish lines all go in the same direction, quite often the luster will apear very strong in a particular direction. You must hold the coin just right to see it sometimes, and sometimes it is immediately obvious. It will glow unnaturally, and I'm sorry that I can't explain it better - but being familiar with natural luster, you will notice that it just doesn't look right. Experience is one of the best aids to determining this - hence my recommendation to examine and study numerous slabbed coins, to understand natural luster. As you begin to learn and understand luster, you will see differences in the luster between different coins. I am going to use Franklin halves as an example, since that is the series I am most familiar with. There are several different kinds of luster - there is flashy, booming, dripping luster. This sort of luster makes the coin look like it is wet almost, with strong reflection and great luster. In the old school technical grading, better luster like this is required for a higher grade (it really begins to be important in differentiating a 64 from a 65 or higher). The 1950 Franklin half is known for this booming luster, as illustrated on my coin below. Next we have average luster. This type of luster definitely cartwheels, and is pleasing to the eye. Its not booming though, like the coin above. My 1952D is a good example of average luster. Finally, we have the creamy, subdued luster of my 1950D. Some coins just never have the great luster of other dates. These differences are important to a specialist in a series, because when you can find a 1950D with booming luster, you know you have a special coin. Well, I hope that helps you. The best thing to do is examine as many coins as you can. Good luck! Jason, aka physics-fan3.14 I wanted to nominate this post in my original thread but didn't want the nomination to go to me. Anyway, I see the difference between pics 1 and 3, and 2 and 3; however, I don't see much, if any difference between pics 1 and 2. I know.....it's the beginner in me! When I think of cartwheel luster I can see it as I rotate the coin on two axes, both vertical and horizontal. I'm going to "try" and illustrate what I want to convey with the standard keys on a computer keyboard. When I think of cartwheel luster, I think of something like this (looking horizontal where c equals the center of the coin)>c<, what you describe as polished flow lines running from the fields through the devices and back into the opposite field or edge, would look like this =c=? What I typically notice is a 'flat' (kind of, all over the coin, and maybe in parallel lines across the entire diameter of the coin, not emitting from the center of the radius) consistent luster, no cartwheel. There is "shininess" across the entire face of the coin, but no noticeable cartwheel. Is this always an indication of a polished coin? Feel free to nominate this thread, xtrmbrdr, I won't mind at all To answer your questions: The actual shape of the "spokes" on the "cartwheel" will vary by coin, and by series. This is dependent on the shape of the coin, how the metal flows, any basining done, textured fields, and a number of other things. The main idea is that it should emanate from a central location and rotate with the proper movement. The luster on a Buffalo nickel, for example, will behave in a very different manner than the luster on a Morgan or Franklin. What you describe as "flat" and unifromly across the coin sounds like how I might describe polishing. If it shows up very strongly when held in one direction, but doesn't rotate and seems to disappear at a different angle, chances are you are looking at hairlines due to cleaning. To illustrate, take a look at this French Indochine 50 cents. Notice how in the first picture, the coin looks very nice. There is cartwheel luster around the outside of the wreath, but not really inside. Look now at the second picture, how suddenly at the right angle, a whole bunch of parallel lines show up and it seems to glow. This coin has been very harshly cleaned inside the wreath. Good article on luster, and what the difference is between mint luster and shine. When it comes to proof coins, how could one tell if the polished planchet has been repolished? What exactly do you mean by this? You mean, how can you tell if the proof coin has been cleaned (post mint)? Or how can you tell if the proof die was repolished? Or something else? Proof coins do not have the cartwheel effect, so how could one tell if a coin was polished expertly enough to seem to be a proof coin? or if a proof coin acquired what some might consider ugly toning, (corrosion) and was repolished? I work in a shop where mirror finishes are regularly put on different metals, so thats probably why the question arose in my mind. Even a proof has flow lines. Polishing a proof with leave obvious signs, even more so than a business strike. Okie, I understand what you're getting at now. A proof is actually much easier to notice polishing or cleaning on, because the mirror finishes are very sensitive to disturbances. On modern or cameo proofs, the devices do actually appear to have luster. Just wanted to point that out. A proof coin will have several characteristics which differentiate it from a business strike coin, without ever looking at the luster - because a proof (by definition) is struck at least twice, the details are much stronger on a proof coin. The rims are also squared and sharp, as opposed to the rounded edges of a normal business strike. Because the planchets for proofs are burnished before striking, it is unlikely that polishing after striking will produce the same mirrored finish. Especially in the recessed areas, or protected areas inside letters, for example, the polishing will not be able to get into every crack or crevice on the coin. If a proof coin is cleaned by wiping or any mechanical removal of surface corrosion, toning, etc., is attempted, the mirrors are quickly ruined. Many early collectors would do just that - wipe their coins clean occassionally. This is why many proof coins are "hairlined" - and their grade suffers accordingly. Just wanted to add and elaborate that Bad Thad is correct about proofs having flowlines. They are just much harder to see, and usually are only evident on lower quality proofs or later die states. Because for much of numismatic history proof dies were only used for a few hundred or maybe thousand coins, they rarely ever got to this state. As the mirror finish of the die begins to wear away through repeated striking, the flow lines which produce luster will begin to appear. You will notice on these that the mirrors appear more shallow. This is the same process that turns a DMPL into a PL, and then finally into a normal coin - eventually the mirrors become less deep. Excellent post Jason, the French Indochine 50 cents perfectly illustrates what you have been trying to convey. I see it perfectly now. So, (lol) I headed out to the garage, put a dime I had dipped to death in the vice, started with a wire brush for the Dremel, looked a little black or burnt in the center, went to a stiff nylon brush, looked better but still not too good. Ok, now what, ahhh yes the buffing wheel. Wow looks much better. Now for a bit of liquid polish and the buffing wheel again. WOW! This coin looks brand new to the naked eye. Magnified was a different story, looked like the second picture of the French Indochine 50 cent, except all across the coin. I guess the unanswerable question is, why do this? Your French Indochine 50 cent would look fantastic without the polishing. For what I paid for the Morgan, just in melt, there is NO WAY anyone could make money doing this for non key coins, at least for what I consider my time worth. AWESOME post, thanks. More experimentation to come from X's garage lol. Perhaps another set of photos of a different series will help illustrate what the OP is saying. Photographing luster is one of the most difficult things to accomplish IMO. In hand, the difference between booming and average luster is clearly evident, but in photos, the difference is extremely difficult to represent. Here are photos of Jefferson Nickels with Booming, Average, and Satin luster. BOOMING LUSTER AVERAGE LUSTER SATIN LUSTER I tried to use virtually untoned coins in my example because the presence of toning further complicates the appearance of luster in photographs. I hoped this helped. quote"Because the planchets for proofs are burnished before striking, it is unlikely that polishing after striking will produce the same mirrored finish. Especially in the recessed areas, or protected areas inside letters, for example, the polishing will not be able to get into every crack or crevice on the coin." Thank you, for the answer, it makes sense. It also is a good reminder to check expensive coins with a good loupe, keeping in mind what you wrote about luster and the cartwheel effect Thanks Lehigh, now I have to figure out the difference between booming luster, average luster and satin luster lol. I guess the overall lesson learned is that luster, at least a proper luster, cannot be determined adequately from pictures, especially from ebay, it can only be done in hand. I'm sure I could make my whizzed dime pictures look how I wanted them to look very easily. What's a 1994D AU whizzed dime worth on ebay? :whistle: Good post, PhysPi! I think that luster is the most under-appreciated feature of a coin. Not only is it difficult to be a good judge of, but it is also the key feature in grading most coins. I agree 100%. I hold eye appeal the most important, but the two are dependent upon each other. A high grade mint state coin must have excellent luster in order to have superior eye appeal. I think strike is also very important, and very underrated. Luster and strike seem to have gotten the short end of the stick in modern market grading. gREAT LEARNING GOING ON HERE FOR ME. But I've got to ask......What is Whizzed? It that like You'in therapy for a coin?	<urn:uuid:cd145858-b786-4bdd-859a-0678d95fba52>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.cointalk.com/threads/luster-a-guide-for-beginners.58435/#post-623629	2024-12-02T21:06:01Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066129078.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202185948-20241202215948-00546.warc.gz	en	0.965304	3,237	2.515625	3
Dibenzoyl peroxide is a peroxide compound that can easily decompose and produce free radicals due to its special structure. This feature has made it a useful material in many chemical and industrial processes. Dibenzoyl peroxide has a peroxide bond (-O-O-) connecting two benzoyl groups (C₆H₅CO). This bond is one of the weakest bonds in the molecular structure, which is why this substance is easily decomposed under heat or light and produces free radicals. Chemical Formula \| C14H10O4 \| Other names \| PEROXAN BP DBP Benzoyl peroxide,Benzac Clearasil Panoxyl Perkadox \| CAS Number \| 94-36-0 \| SADT \| 80 °C \| Molar mass \| 242.230 g·mol−1 \| Active oxygen \| 4.9 wt.% \| Appearance \| white powder or doughy \| • Acne treatment • Copolymerization of acrylonitrile and vinyl acetate • Paint and resin industries • Polymerization of acrylate and methacrylate • Bleaching agent in various industries Environmental impact of DBP Due to its degradability, dibenzoyl peroxide does not have severe long-term effects on the environment, but in the short term, if it is used and disposed of incorrectly, it can harm aquatic life and local ecosystems. Accurate management and monitoring of pollutant sources is the key to reducing the environmental effects of this material. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling DBP Dibenzoyl peroxide is flammable and acts as an oxidizer. It is sensitive to shock, friction and heat. It should be stored in a cool, dry place away from flammable materials. It is recommended to use personal protective equipment such as gloves and safety glasses when working with this material. Peroxide compounds decompose quickly at high temperatures. So, they should be kept at low temperatures and generally less than 20 degrees Celsius. In the best possible case, its shelf life is 6 months from the date of its production. It is supplied in 27 kg cardboard packages. Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OCl)₂. This chemical is known as a strong bleach and disinfectant and is used in various industries as well as in household applications. This compound is not soluble in hard water and is mostly used in soft and medium water. Perchlorine is available in two types of powder and granules. Calcium hypochlorite is usually produced by the reaction of chlorine with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). Chemical Formula \| Ca (OCl)2 \| Other names \| Hypochlorous acid calcium salt bleaching powder chloride of lime Perchlorine \| CAS Number \| 7778-54-3 \| Melting point \| 100 °C \| Molecular mass \| 142 g/mol \| Appearance \| White/grey powder \| - Strong disinfectant in water purification and swimming pools - Bleaching agent in textile and paper industry - Food industry as a disinfectant and preserver of food quality - A source of chlorine in the production of other chemical compounds and chemical reactions - Production of some cleaning products and household disinfectants Environmental impact of Calcium hypochlorite If discharged into natural waters, calcium hypochlorite can harm aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, its use and discharge should be done with caution. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite can be considered as a dangerous chemical. Contact with skin or eyes can cause irritation and burns. Inhalation of dust or its vapor can cause respiratory irritation. Calcium hypochlorite should be stored in a dry, well ventilated area at a temperature below 120ºF (50ºC) separated from acids, ammonia, amines, and other chlorinating or oxidizing agents. This chemical is available in 25 kg bags or barrels. Calcium hydroxide, also known as hydrated lime, is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)₂. This chemical exists in the form of a white crystalline powder or as a solution in water (called lime water) and is considered one of the most important compounds of calcium. Chemical Formula \| Ca(OH)2 \| Other names \| Slaked lime, Milk of lime, Calcium(II) hydroxide, Pickling lime, Hydrated lime, Portlandite, Calcium hydrate, Calcium dihydroxide \| CAS Number \| 1305-62-0 \| Molecular mass \| 74 g/mol \| Solubility \| Soluble in glycerol and acids. Insoluble in ethanol. \| Appearance \| white powder \| - Food industry - Water and wastewater treatment - Paper and pulp industry - pH regulator - Ammonia gas production Environmental impact of Calcium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide exists as a natural substance in nature and does not have negative effects on the environment. However, when using it in water treatment or in agriculture, the correct amount must be used to avoid excessive accumulation of calcium in the environment. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling Calcium hydroxide It is recommended to use chemical resistant gloves and protective glasses. In case of working with powder, it is also recommended to use a breathing mask. Proper storage: Calcium hydroxide should be stored in tight containers in a dry and cool environment and avoid contact with moisture. This chemical is available in 25 kg bags. Calcium Chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCl₂. This chemical exists as a white and colorless salt and is widely used in various industries as well as in everyday applications. Calcium chloride exists as crystalline grains or white powder, and can also exist as a hydrate (such as CaCl₂·2H₂O). Calcium chloride is usually produced through the reaction of calcium with chlorine or through other industrial processes. This compound can also be produced as a side product in the production of sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃). Chemical Formula \| CaCl2 \| Other names \| calcium dichloride, neutral calcium chloride, E509, calcium(II) chloride \| CAS Number \| 10043-52-4 \| Molecular mass \| 110.99 g/mol \| Appearance \| White powder \| - Pharmaceutical industry - Food industry - Agricultural industry - Petrochemical industry - Wastewater treatment - Soil stabilization and control of dust and fine particles in roads and deserts - Moisture absorbent - Drilling industry - Cement production Environmental impact of Calcium chloride Calcium chloride can have effects on aquatic ecosystems when discharged into natural waters, so it should be managed with care. Calcium chloride breaks down naturally in the environment and does not have long-term negative effects, but its use should be in appropriate and controlled amounts. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling Calcium chloride Calcium chloride is generally considered safe, but may cause irritation if swallowed or in contact with skin or eyes. This chemical is available in 25 kg bags. Borax or sodium tetraborate is a chemical substance found naturally in nature and has the chemical formula Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·8H₂O. In its natural state, this compound is in the form of colorless or white crystals and is soluble in water. Borax is used as a multi-purpose material in various industries and has specific chemical and physical properties. Chemical Formula \| Na2B4O5(OH)4·8H2O \| Other names \| Borax decahydrate, Sodium borate decahydrate, Sodium tetraborate decahydrate, Sodium tetrahydroxy tetraborate hexahydrate \| CAS Number \| 1303-96-4 \| Molar mass \| 381.36 g·mol−1 \| Melting point \| 743 °C (anhydrous) 75 °C (decahydrate, decomposes) \| Boiling point \| 1575 °C (anhydrous) \| Density \| 1.73 g/cm3 (decahydrate, solid) \| Appearance \| White or colorless crystalline solid \| - Detergent industry - Glass industry - Cosmetic products - Production of herbicides - Construction materials industry: Environmental impact of Borax Although borax is naturally present in nature, increasing its concentration in the environment can damage the ecosystem. Therefore, proper management and proper disposal of borax waste is necessary. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling Borax If borax is consumed by itself, it can cause nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and large amounts can lead to shock and kidney failure. It can also irritate your skin and eyes, and it can damage your nose, throat, and lungs if you breathe it in. It is packed in 25 kg or 50 kg bags. Barite or barium sulfate is a chemical mineral found naturally in nature as heavy white crystals. This material is used in various industries due to its high density. In the oil and gas industry, barite is used as a weighting agent in drilling mud to maintain well stability. It is also used in the paint and coatings industry as a filler and a material that helps create texture and resistance. Barite is also used in medicine as a contrast material in medical imaging (such as gastrointestinal imaging) because it absorbs X-rays well. Chemical Formula \| BaSO4 \| Other names \| Baryte, barytine, barytite, barytes, heavy spar, tiff, blanc fixe \| Category \| Sulfate mineral, barite group \| MOHS Scale \| 3-3.5 \| Density \| 4.48 g/cm3 \| Tenacity \| Brittle \| Color \| Colorless, white, light shades of blue, yellow, grey, brown \| Barite has wide applications that are used in various industries due to its high density and chemical properties. Some of the main uses of barite are: - Drilling oil and gas wells - Medicine and medical imaging - Paint and coating industry - Rubber and plastic production - Ceramics and glass - Protection against radiation - Geochronological dating Environmental impact of Barite Pollution of surface and underground water: When barite is extracted and used in oil and gas drilling, some of it may enter surface or underground water. While barite is not directly toxic, water contamination can affect aquatic and plant life, causing increased sedimentation and problems for local ecosystems. Dust and air pollution: In the process of barite extraction and processing, the production of dust can lead to air pollution. This dust may be scattered in the local environment and negatively affect the air quality and respiratory health of people and animals. Creation of mineral waste: During the mining of barite, tailings and mineral waste are produced, and their management is very important to prevent environmental pollution. These wastes may contain chemicals or heavy metals that can leach into soil and water. To reduce the environmental impact of barite, it is recommended to use more sustainable methods in extraction, treatment and waste disposal, and to comply with environmental standards. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling Barite Barite is known as a safe chemical substance, but in the process of extraction, transportation and use in industries, there are security considerations that are important to observe. Barite is packed in jumbo bags or 25 kg plastic bags. Calcium Carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CaCO₃ that is found naturally in rocks and minerals such as limestone, marble and calcite. This substance is an inorganic and colorless salt and exists in nature in the form of white crystals. Calcium carbonate is divided into two main types: Natural calcium carbonate: occurs naturally in nature and is usually extracted from sources such as limestone, marble, and calcite. Precipitated calcium carbonate: It is produced through chemical processes in laboratories or industry and is usually of higher purity. Chemical Formula \| CaCO₃ \| Other names \| Aragonite Calcite Chalk Lime Limestone Marble Oystershell Pearl \| CAS Number \| 471-34-1 \| Appearance \| white powder \| Molecular mass \| 100 g/mol \| - As a drilling fluid - Pharmaceutical industry - Paper, plastic and paint industries as a filler - Construction Industry Environmental impact of Calcium Carbonate Calcium carbonate exists as a natural substance in ecosystems and generally does not have a negative impact on the environment. However, its extraction and processing must be done in a sustainable manner to prevent environmental degradation. Safety Measures and Regulations for Handling Calcium Carbonate Use of personal protective equipment: When working with calcium carbonate, the use of protective gloves and goggles is recommended, especially when grinding or handling the powder. Avoid inhaling dust: If calcium carbonate is in powder form, you should avoid inhaling its dust and work in well-ventilated spaces. Proper storage: Calcium carbonate should be stored in tight containers in a dry and cool environment and avoid contact with moisture. It is available in the form of 25 kg bags.	<urn:uuid:ea554c72-c114-414d-aaee-a1e9c1293aec>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://ogscm.com/blog/	2024-12-05T17:16:33Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066355594.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205150341-20241205180341-00790.warc.gz	en	0.903105	2,862	3.171875	3
We use them every day. We do this quite naturally to greater or lesser communicative effect. As a composer I am engaged in forging an abstract language in sound that frequently uses no words to imply its meanings and emotional context. This inherent ‘meaning’, (and I use the word loosely), is in no way fixed as each person who listens to the music brings their own interpretation of meaning to the outpouring of sounds. Composers can use titles or culturally understood imagery to ‘paint a picture’ in sound of certain objects and feelings; for instance, music to conjure an impression of the sea or pastoral music to imply certain types of landscape. However, if like me, the composer writes abstract, atonal music, these cultural ‘hooks’ no longer apply as the language, syntax and dialectic used is very personal and perhaps does not conform to historical or cultural precedents and norms. These factors obscure ‘meaning’ and are further complicated by the lack of functional harmony and key in atonal music, removing the accepted understanding (and response) to the feel of ‘happy’ or ‘sad’ (major and minor) modal fluctuations. Of course, tonal music is much more complex than just these two polarities, but atonal music has no access to these functional tonal foundations that aid emotional understanding, instead, a deeply personal, complex and ever-changing relationship with ‘non-functional’ harmony shapes an impression of what the music is and what it’s about. This is perhaps as close as one can come to a collective understanding of the meaning of atonal music. Words too are not as obvious as they may seem at first glance. The contexts in which they appear to each other coupled with underlying meanings and implications often present in irony, sarcasm and humour create yet further layers of significance that surface examination of the written word alone may not reveal. Context is everything. The abstract nature of the music is made more solid by the addition of words as the words themselves bring an inherent imagery and meaning with them that constrains the otherwise wide-open implications of the music. Words bring, either singularly or in narrative, a sense of context. However, this word and music context is not so easily fixed. It can exist in a state of flux and transformation. Words are not bound by only one possible combination with music, either. I have experimented with using the same words set against radically different music and the results have been startling. Words can be undermined or enhanced by the music that underpins them. The potential meanings and contexts that abound in each word and each combination of words can come into play when the same words are set with radically varied types of music, each resonating a different aspect of the word’s potential. The music brings an emotional, colouristic or ‘energy’ context with it that resonates with some aspect of the words. Together they strengthen each other, sometimes in very surprising and subliminal ways. A good composer will exploit this to the full. A good librettist will be sensitive to these possibilities. Welcome to the world of opera! There is just too much to write about how opera works but suffice to say there are a great many musical devises that add huge significance and gravitas to words to create character, flashback, empathy, heroism, tragedy, irony, humour, violence and energy and many more states of meaning besides. Opera is perhaps the highest form of music and word combinations. Indeed, opera along with the symphony are considered by some to be the greatest forms of human creative expression. As a composer I have worked with a range of word setting contexts, from music with the spoken word to operatic (fully sung) word setting. In each of these forms the relationship between words and music is different in as much as music and spoken word combinations leave the words largely untouched by musical affect and treatment; they remain essentially spoken word. However, the spoken words, or rather their meaning and context are effected and changed by the music that surrounds them and this relationship can be complex and deep. When setting words into a musical fabric as in songs or opera, the words are completely subjected to the processes brought to bear upon them by the composer. As listeners to opera will be aware, this often brings with it a loss of clarity in spoken word diction due to the voice ranges and melismatic devises employed. Not all composers take this route however. The America opera composer Sondheim reduces the ranges and complexity of his vocal lines to a complete minimum so as to preserve the clarity of meaning and delivery of the words. This is also true in the operettas of Gilbert and Sullivan. I take the opposite view to streamlining of Sondheim. Whilst I strive to preserve the clarity of diction in the words I set I also aim to unify the compositional processes brought to bear on the instrumental music with those of the voice, creating a stylistic whole. The nature of my instrumental music is complex and detailed. It would feel alien for me to write vocal lines that were obeying less complex rules of engagement. In creating this parity, words are exaggerated, syllables, attacks, word lengths, syntax delivery and expression distorted sometimes a long way from the nature and pacing of the spoken word. Similarly, choosing the best range for the voice to deliver words can cause its own distortions, especially with very high or low tessitura where natural vocal sound (speech) production is restricted and the delivery of words, vowels and consonants becomes difficult or impossible. In this instance the singer has to substitute natural word production with more achievable vowels or consonants. This is often the reason why much grand opera is incomprehensible without a libretto to hand; the composer has chosen to emphasise the emotional context of the words by setting them especially high (or low) and extending the note values way beyond the requirements of regular speech and in so doing, sacrificed the clarity of the words. Composers wrestle with these choices constantly. They are not only composing with the music but also with the voice and with the words. It is in these distortions that a magical transformative process takes place. The words become music. At the same time, the composer needs to be mindful of telling a story or delivering a narrative, gauging the ‘action’ and giving the plot or content a living and coherent structure across time. When a librettist gives over their words to a composer like me, they need to be mindful that their words will be subjugated to the needs of the music and this will change the librettist’s original concept of pacing and delivery dramatically. Other considerations in word setting involve the number of instruments a voice or voices are set with. There are issues of balance that need to be considered. Sound production in my music is not amplified, so any singing or word production needs to be audible against different arrays of instruments. This is relatively straight forwards if setting a voice with intimate forces, but when the vision is orchestral, greater heed needs to be paid to the audibility of the voice. In 2008 I was commissioned to write a work for the Hallé Orchestra setting one of a series of poems written by Jackie Kay to mark World Aids Day 2008. This is not opera, but it is a setting for two voices and chorus with orchestra. Here I set the words of a very disturbing text and had to write suitable music to articulate the rapidly changing scenes and emotions of the poem. It was a great challenge. Jackie was brilliant to work with and together we arrived at a text I could successfully set. This text setting was unusual for me as to date I had not set any words that were a narrative plot or part of a larger overall structure. Finding suitable writers, poets and librettists to work with is also essential. Not all writing is suitable for setting to music – far from it. Writing words that are to be set to music is a particular skill. In my experience, for words to exist meaningfully with music there needs to be much space for the music to breath and articulate the words. Less is always more! I know some composers who have been faced with books of prose to set as operas and have asked for a re-write or have gone ahead and set all the words to disastrous consequence. The skill of a librettist is a very particular thing. Unfortunately, history has shown that the librettist often becomes a forgotten part of the opera. We all know the names of some of the greatest operas in the public psyche; works such as the Magic Flute, The Barber of Seville, Die Fledermaus, Aida, Madame Butterfly, there are many more, and a great many will know who the composers are; Mozart, Rossini, Strauss, Verdi, Puccini, but who remembers the names of the librettist, as important as they are? Operas are usually referred to as ‘The Magic Flute by Mozart’, for instance. The librettist is forgotten. What does this tell us about how we view the words in opera? They are obviously important; an opera cannot exist without them, but why is the music remembered over and above the words even though people may well sing the words as they sing along with the opera? I can’t answer this question and won’t attempt to. It is vital for the composer to find the right poet, writer or librettist to work with. It is advantageous to know several different writers who have distinctive styles so the composer can call upon the writer best suited to articulate the subject. Over and above all this it is essential that the writer and composer can think along similar lines with regard to structure and treatment of the words. A strong collaborative relationship and understanding of the processes involved in writing an opera or indeed, setting any words ensures that both art forms profit through the collaboration. I would not call myself a poet. However, in the past I had such difficulties finding a sympathetic and flexible writer that I wrote words to set myself. Most notable of these were eight very short poems written in 2003 that I set as a series of songs called ‘My Songs’ These songs demonstrate that less is more. The minimal words become haunting because of the spacious treatment I could offer them with the rather sparse music. An advantage of writing your own words is that you can chop and change them as you see fit to fulfil the requirements of the music. If you work with a writer there can be a lot of toing and froing around cuts, additions and deletions creating difficulties if the writer is understandably precious about their words. Having said this, the energy that can be brought to an engaged and successful collaboration – a meeting of minds – is hard to beat! Around this time I also experimented with using non word-based text exploring phonics, consonant and vowels using the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is interesting that even though there is no word content at all in the conventional sense, the ‘foreign language’ that is produced through the strange array of phonics has a ‘meaning’ and communicates that meaning. With no universal translation available, what that meaning is can be impossible to define. But does that weaken the music? I feel it doesn’t. The emotional impact can still be significant if illusive. I also wonder if the emotional impact lying between unknown language and music exists for listeners to opera performed in a foreign language they do not understand. Whilst understanding the language and thus the plot and characters of an opera enhances the experience, there is still a strong residual experience that is carried by the music and vocal sounds alone without that understanding. With so many of the ‘great’ operas being written in Italian and German, and so many listeners in the UK for instance, not understanding these languages, it is perhaps surprising that opera continues to grow in popularity and esteem. Perhaps this is the underlying communicative power (resonance) of music and voice as opposed to music and comprehended word as demonstrated through my very un-operatic, non-narrative, non-word-based ASCII Dialogues for soprano and alto flute: It is clear to me that a composer can communicate through the voice to great effect either with or without words and familiar languages. There is something inherent in the nature of the human voice (unsurprisingly) that communicates to all of us above and beyond the confines of localised languages. Perhaps this can be referred to as resonance? It is the range of human vocal expression in its most fundamental levels that communicates behind the delivery and comprehension of words and it is this universal connection that fundamentally articulates vocal communication be it sung or spoken. “As a poet I have always considered ‘poetry’ as being more closely related to ‘music’ than to ‘literature’. Poetry must be heard – whether it is recited or declaimed, or whether it is simply heard inside the head of someone reading it from the page. So ‘poetry’ is word-music. Now, the interesting question is, at what point do ‘words’ become ‘music’? At what point does ‘music’, if containing vocals, become ‘words’? As a poet I don’t go much for ‘meaning’, but more for ‘resonance’. How do the words resonate with my audience? To be sure, ‘meaning’, in any case, is not an integral property of these things we’ve created called ‘words’, but is a product of cultural and personal resonance. So maybe I should be a sound-poet: forget ‘meaning’, just go for the sound! But that’s somehow unsatisfactory. After all, ‘words’ and their meanings (or resonances) could be as much as 40,000 years old, and are, in fact, the world. ‘In the beginning was the Word…’ as one famous historical novel has it. These resonances are composed of many elements. So I’m sort of favouring a spectrum, with ‘music’ at one end and ‘words’ at the other – and it’s interesting and ‘valid’ at any point in-between: for THIS work, or for this section of it, the words are basically sound. In another section the words are words, with full cultural baggage attached. Somewhere in the middle there’s a fluid, moving boundary which is not quite words, and about to become words, not quite music and about to become music. That’s where it gets interesting.” More info at Ralph Hoyte From Ralph’s quote above it is clear that he thinks musically and does not have fixed ideas about the role of words in relation to themselves or music. It is this flexibility and willingness to experiment that has enabled us to work together over a range of projects. Most recently we have set up SATSYMPH LLP that brings together our talents along with creative coder and programmer Phill Phelps. We compose ‘context-aware soundworlds’ – located high quality contemporary soundscape experiences outside in the real world triggered by GPS (satellite) signals. These ‘immersive soundworlds’ (or you can think of them as ‘virtual auditoria’) can be invested with contemporary music content, contemporary music/word fusions, poetry, heritage interpretive content, or with any desired audio content. Read more here Our latest project, ‘On a Theme of Hermes’ is an original full-scale contemporary work for large-scale ensemble and voices which fuses contemporary music and contemporary poetry in an entirely new and innovative way, and, moreover, one which has a truly unique method of delivery. ‘On a Theme of Hermes’ is user-directed and geo-located. It responds to location, to where the user is. It morphs, changes, according to what the user does. This is an entirely new music/poetry paradigm. You can hear extracts from the work here: We have chosen the theme of the Greek god ‘Hermes’ as he is, traditionally, messenger of the gods, guide to the Underworld, patron of thieves, liars, of literature and poets, as well as of boundaries (and those who, as in this project, “travel across them”). These attributes of his quicksilver nature give us massive scope for weaving symphonic stories around him and for integrating classical and contemporary allusions and illusions, words and music. More here: Interestingly, we created the work for Hermes in isolation from one another. Of course, we spoke about themes and impressions of the work but essentially collaborated at a distance to create the raw materials. Once the materials were created we shared them with the SATSYMPH team and decided which pieces of work to take forward into the project, which work to combine as word and music, and which to be stand alone word or music and so on. There is much more to the scope of this project and these matters are best articulated in our corresponding blogs, above. These combined layers of work were counterpointed by word compositions that explored the musical qualities of speech and speech rhythm and music standalones. Part of the skill in judging what was standalone for word and music and what was for combination treatment was gauging when material was ‘full’ in its own capacity and the addition of music or word to it would ultimately weaken and detract from what it was, and at the same time identifying work that would be enhanced by the addition of word or music. Essentially, and going back to the ideas originally mentioned at the top of this article, context is everything. It remains startling how music and word, when overlain, cut and spliced together, or arbitrarily combined, effects the nature of both. Through our experimentation the happy coincidences of timing and spontaneous bringing together brought new energy and revelation to both our work. Because we were thematically consistent in the creation of work we were able to combine and layer word and music together in a whole manner of ways we had not previously conceived. And this is the point. Context changes everything. Experiment with changing the context of your material and see what happens. In general terms, the above considerations are the same when selecting any words to go with music. Words need to have the scope to embrace and envelop the music in time and space. Words that are written to be utterly complete in their own right will seldom work well with music unless they are very spare. You can’t make an opera from a book anymore than you can make a television series from a book. You need a screen-play to bridge the completeness of the book and adapt the text to incorporate what the screen can bring. For opera, you need a libretto. This isn’t necessarily an adaption of a book but can be a narrative in its own right in the same way as a screen-play isn’t a book, but is a narrative – the libretto is mindful of the role it will play and the treatment it can provoke and receive as part of the compositional process of the composer. SATSYMPH have many more exciting projects in the pipeline that will see further and deepening relationships between word and music. And finally, a mention about my most recent commission for the voice that is forming part of the opening ceremony of the Olympic Sailing Events at Weymouth and Portland, Dorset 2012. ‘sturzstrom’ has been composed as ‘a landslide event for voices’ meaning the work attempts to depict landmass movement and geological process as found along the ‘Jurassic Coast’ of East Devon and Dorset. Naturally, this depiction is not a scientific reconstruction of these processes in sound; rather, an imaginative response to these forces and outcomes as contrived in the composer’s imagination and amplified by the individual contributions of the performers. ‘sturzstrom’ has been designed to utilise the voice rather than singing ability and is conceived and notated in such a way as to enable maximum participation from individuals with little or no experience of singing or reading conventional music notation. Inevitably, this involves some new learning to understand and interpret the signs and symbols used in this score as well as the general concept and approach used by the composer to articulate his ideas. Both the composer and conductor will be responsible for explaining, shaping and guiding the choir’s responses to the notation, graphics and text. Along with the massed voices there are three strands of pebble percussion for younger performers; the first two strands deal with a more advanced interpretation followed by a third strand, a pebble chorus, performed by children of primary school age adding a further layer of mass percussive activity. As in the voice-work, the various strands of the percussion section are designed to be performable by the widest range of young people with interpretation of the various notations being facilitated by the conductor and composer. For authenticity, it is also desirable that each participant in the percussion section has found his or her own performance instrument (stones and pebbles) from the stretch of coastline featured in this work. ‘sturzstrom’ is designed for massed choirs and will work best with large numbers of individuals, employing as it does flocking and ‘crowd sourcing’ techniques to initiate complex textures, harmonies and articulations of its material, be they sung or spoken. The structure of the score leads to an intense climax (the landslide event) but along the way, geological text from scientific papers is used to add vocal content to the music; this content is articulated in a variety of ways using non-conventional notation and graphic notation. The work covers the Mezosoic geological time period and includes the layers of strata found in this time period between Exmouth in East Devon and Lyme Regis in West Dorset. The successions of strata are documented through sound in the piece and culminate in an imaginary journey along the coast, traveling east to west, before the landslide event occurs, setting the scene as it were for the catastrophic landslide (blockslide) that occurred at Bindon on Christmas Eve, 1839. Read by the Orator and bookending this scientific data is the wonderful ‘Petition of the Mayor and Burgesses of Lyme Regis, County Dorset, 20 August, 1533’, where the people of ‘King’s Lyme’ express their fears for the town as coastal erosion and landslides threaten its very existence. This letter brings an human perspective and cost to these processes of coastal movement and remind us that the situation described in 1533 has not changed or been remedied in our own day but, is at best, temporarily contained. You can read more about ‘sturzstrom’ here:	<urn:uuid:f1e52c90-d807-4c66-98cf-8858fcf4db80>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	http://www.marc-yeats.com/blog/tag/words/	2024-12-04T18:33:05Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066304351.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204172202-20241204202202-00712.warc.gz	en	0.96826	4,763	2.53125	3
Indigenous crops; Scotch Bonnet; wool, woad and indigo; Tam o’Shanter, Burns supper; staple food of the north Atlantic seaboard; tatties, neeps, oat and barley; the grey cat! In its undying search for the truly indigenous crop, the Living Field investigated the ‘Scotch Bonnet’, to find it was nothing local at all, but a hot little capsicum, now grown in the West Indies and other tropical places and used to give some spicy heat to food. Why then is it called the Scotch Bonnet? It seems because it looks like one. Unlike many varieties of the chillies, this one bulges and sometimes flops when it leaves the stem: to some, with imagination, it resembles a Scotch Bonnet, on a head. The Scotch Bonnet Now the Living Field is well disposed to the headgear named Scotch Bonnet, originally made of local fibre, usually wool, and dyed blue with woad Isatis tinctoria, which was once grown as a crop in these islands, or with the deeper indigo Indigofera tinctoria, which is imported and replaced woad. Such skill and craft go into making this one little hat: you have to rear the sheep and shear them, then wash, spin and weave the fibre, grow and harvest the woad or indigo, extract the dyestuff, dye the cloth, then form it into a shape that would fit on a head – and it was all done before electricity. But we see the Scotch Bonnet (headgear) is also called the Tam o’Shanter, and this is, it seems, because Tam in the poem by Burns wears a blue bonnet – it’s mentioned only once, but there it is – ‘Tam’s blue bonnet’. Now these three words do not define what sort of bonnet it is, yet those who have depicted the bonnet in drawings and paintings of the epic give it the character and shape of a Scotch Bonnet, and those such as Alexander Goudie (1933-2004) who have painted in colour give it the colour blue – woad-blue or indigo-blue. In Goudie’s fabulous paintings, the blue bonnet is there in almost every picture. It grows in significance. Even when chased by Cutty Sark and the other infernals, the blue bonnet stays on. Even when, with diminishing sark, she grabs Maggie’s (Tam’s mare’s) tail, pulls it and leaves just a stump of hair … the bonnet stays on. Considering the state of Tam, and the number and aggression of the infernals .. you wonder how the man and mare escaped? Was there something in these blue-bearing plants that somehow made Tam and his mare go faster or the infernals slower. Doesn’t matter, because if they had caught him, there would be no recitations of the poem and much less fun at Burns Night. The poem Tam o’Shanter is very much associated with the festivities of the Burns Supper, and through the medium of the Supper, visitors can sample some of the great staple food and drink of the north Atlantic seaboard – oat, swede, potato and barley. Together, and with offal, including lungs, and other fleshly stuff from sheep, they make the traditional meal of haggis, neeps and tatties, the barley going not so much into the haggis as into the dram for those who partake (though, on the Night, the dram can sometimes … well … go into the haggis). Would Burns have known the main crops that now form his Supper – he was a farmer for a few years? Sheep of course he would have known. Of the three main vegetable constituents, only oat has been here for a long time and that for thousands of years. He would have known oat. The neeps, usually swede rather than the (white) turnip, and tatties (potato) are relative newcomers, arriving perhaps a few decades before Burns was born. Burns probably knew about swede and potato but might not have grown them. Barley is older than oat here and he would have known barley and certainly known its products. So while Burns (1759-1796) is now celebrated around the world, the world reciprocated before he was born by offering the vegetable constituents of his commemorative supper – oat and barley from west Asia, swede from (probably, though it’s not certain) east Europe or west Asia and potato from Central America. What a generous world! Sources at the bottom of the page give links to his poems and song and to the Scots Dictionary. The image of haggis, neeps and tatties (above) was taken at a Burns ‘lunch’ at the Hutton staff restaurant. For those who want to know more about the crops, below is something more on swede, potato, oat and barley. The tatties’ tale is well told elsewhere. Briefly, potato Solanum tuberosum arrived in Britain from the other side of the Atlantic in the late 1500s, but gained little interest other than a garden curiosity until ….. “To Thomas Prentice, a common day-labourer, who lived near Kilsyth, is the honour due of bringing this useful esculent into general notice in Scotland [so wrote Lawson and Son in 1836 only 40 years after Burns’ death … and read on … ] He procured, in 1728, some “sets” from Lancashire, and bestowed considerable care in their propagation; and as their value became known, they were eagerly sought after by his immediate neighbours. By continuing the cultivation he, in a few years, saved upwards of £200, with which he purchased a small annuity, on which he lived independently to an old age, dying at Edinburgh in the year 1792.” So Thomas got his tattie tubers from Lancashire well before Burns was born and he died only a few years before Burns did. Burns was probably familiar with the potato, but only just. His parents’ generation probably did not know it and his grandparents’ would not have known it. Yet what an explosion of genetic resources there was after that, because little over a hundred years later there were 175 recognised types of potato known to Lawson and Son (1836, 1850) and today there are great collections of genetic resources such as the one at the Hutton Institute. In their list of 1852, Lawson and Son, seedsmen from Edinburgh, write “in modern times the turnip seems to have been re-introduced to this country from Flanders about two-hundred years ago” which is the 1650s or thereabouts, but they also state that the time of introduction and the degree of cultivation of the swede or Swedish turnip is less certain though probably later (let’s approximate to around 1700). By Burns’ time the turnip had become a commercial farm crop in some areas of Scotland. Today the turnip has the botanical name Brassica rapa and the swede Brassica napus. Both types of turnip were used to feed horses and cattle, but also people. The swede, the same species as oilseed rape, has leaf that is less coarse and hairy than the turnip, bluey-green rather than bright green and generally a yellow-orange flesh rather than white, which colour remains when cooked and mashed. So the neeps that are eaten these days with haggis and tatties are mostly swedes. An excellent vegetable, rich, smooth and distinctive to the taste, one of the very finest of the cabbages. Oat Avena sativa and barley Hordeum vulgare had been the staple cereals of the north atlantic seaboard for a very long time. Charred grain of barley has been found in the earliest farming settlements. Their relative popularity has risen and fallen but in Burns’ time, oat was by far the most common, and it is the meal ground from oat grains that binds the animal constituents of the haggis. Today it’s the other way round, barley is the commoner crop, though oat is the one still used in haggis. More on oat and barley can be found on this site at Garden/Cereals and in the series of articles on landraces, e.g. The bere line – rhymes with hairline. The grey cat? She says “Arrived, invited, for a SoSCOtchBOnnet photoshoot posing in nothing but a Scotch Bonnet – and what a bonnet! Fine wool, indigo-dyed, cost me the earth … credit card maxed out … but the editor says ‘no nudity on the Living Field web site’ and I had to keep my fur on … no fun in that. Name’s Meggie by the way, like Tam’s horse Maggie but with an ‘e’. I do photoshoots. Call me.” Burns poetry. Best get a book of it – there are several – and read it by a fireside on a winter’s night or in a field of corn and poppies in midsummer. Burns is accessible online, e.g. http://www.robertburns.org and http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/robertburns/biography.shtml Tam o’Shanter, a tale by Robert Burns, illustrated by Alexander Goudie. 2011. Berlinn, Edinburgh. More on the artist at http://www.alexandergoudie.org.uk at which – check under ‘paintings’ and ‘Tam o’Shanter’. A Scot’s dictionary is handy if you are not familiar, e.g. The Concise Scots Dictionary (The Scots language in one volume from the first records to the present day). Editor in Chief: Mairi Robinson, 1985. Aberdeen University Press. Lawson and Son’s exhibitions and lists of 1836 and 1852 are described on this site at Bere in Lawsons’ Synopsis 1852	<urn:uuid:bc0acdfb-208c-487e-a6c7-23abc9390e6e>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.livingfield.co.uk/tag/neeps/	2024-12-09T04:06:57Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066460657.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209024434-20241209054434-00202.warc.gz	en	0.96679	2,187	3.140625	3
Introduction to Bhimashankar Temple Bhimashankar Temple, located in the Pune district of Maharashtra, India, is a site of immense spiritual and historical significance. As one of the twelve Jyotirlingas dedicated to Lord Shiva, it holds a revered place in Hinduism. Pilgrims from across the country and beyond come to this sacred temple to pay their respects and seek blessings from the deity. Nestled in the heart of the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, the temple offers both a spiritual and natural retreat. The sanctuary’s lush greenery and serene environment provide a tranquil backdrop, enhancing the overall spiritual experience. Visitors often find solace in the harmonious blend of nature and spirituality that the temple and its surroundings offer. The temple’s architecture reflects ancient styles and craftsmanship, further adding to its historical importance. It is not just a place of worship but also a testament to India’s rich cultural and architectural heritage. The temple complex includes several smaller shrines and holy sites, each contributing to the overall sanctity of the area. Overall, Bhimashankar Temple stands as a beacon of devotion and tradition, drawing countless devotees and tourists alike. Its unique location within the wildlife sanctuary adds to its allure, making it a must-visit for those seeking both spiritual fulfillment and a connection with nature. The Bhimashankar Temple, located in the serene Sahyadri hills of Pune, holds a profound historical significance that dates back to the 13th century. Its origins are deeply intertwined with ancient Hindu mythology and spirituality. The temple is revered as one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, which are sacred shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva. According to legend, Lord Shiva manifested himself as a Jyotirlinga at Bhimashankar to vanquish the formidable demon Tripurasura, who was terrorizing the heavens and the earth. This divine intervention by Lord Shiva is a pivotal event in the temple’s lore, symbolizing the triumph of good over evil. The historical tapestry of Bhimashankar Temple is also enriched by various dynasties that ruled the region. Inscriptions and historical records suggest that the temple received patronage from the Peshwas, who were instrumental in its reconstruction and renovation. Nana Phadnavis, a prominent statesman of the Peshwa era, is often credited with significant contributions to the temple’s architecture and infrastructure. The architectural style of the temple reflects the quintessential Nagara style, characterized by its intricate carvings and ornate sculptures, which have withstood the test of time. Notably, Bhimashankar Temple has also been a focal point for various historical events over the centuries. It has served as a sanctuary for devotees, scholars, and saints who have sought spiritual solace within its hallowed precincts. The temple’s historical significance extends beyond its religious importance, as it has been a witness to the cultural and socio-political transformations in the region. Today, Bhimashankar Temple stands as a testament to the enduring devotion and rich heritage that continue to draw pilgrims and history enthusiasts alike. Bhimashankar Temple, an epitome of Nagara style architecture, stands as a testament to India’s rich cultural and spiritual heritage. This architectural style, predominantly found in Northern India, is characterized by its intricate carvings and towering spires, known as Shikharas. The temple’s Shikhara is a magnificent sight, adorned with detailed sculptures that depict various deities, mythological narratives, and scenes from ancient texts. Rising majestically above the main sanctum, the Shikhara represents the spiritual ascent towards the divine, a core concept in Hindu temple architecture. The main sanctum, or Garbhagriha, houses the sacred Jyotirlinga of Lord Shiva, which is the focal point of the temple. The sanctum’s design ensures a serene and contemplative atmosphere, allowing devotees to connect deeply with their spirituality. The walls of the sanctum are embellished with elaborate carvings, each telling a story of devotion and divine power. The precision and artistry involved in these carvings are a testament to the craftsmen’s skill and dedication. Within the temple complex, visitors can also find several other significant structures, including mandapas (halls) and smaller shrines dedicated to various deities. The mandapas serve as gathering spaces for pilgrims, providing a place for communal worship and reflection. These halls are supported by intricately carved pillars, each one unique in its design and motif. The smaller shrines, though less grand in scale, are equally impressive, showcasing the same attention to detail and artistic mastery. One of the unique architectural elements of Bhimashankar Temple is the beautifully sculpted Nandi (the bull, which is Lord Shiva’s vehicle) located at the entrance. This statue is not only a marvel of stone craftsmanship but also holds significant religious importance, symbolizing strength and devotion. Visitors should also take note of the temple’s exquisite doorways, which are adorned with floral and geometric patterns, adding to the overall aesthetic appeal of the structure. The Bhimashankar Temple in Pune holds immense spiritual significance for followers of Lord Shiva. As one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, the temple is a vital pilgrimage site in Hinduism. Jyotirlingas represent the radiant or ‘jyoti’ aspect of Lord Shiva, symbolizing his infinite nature and omnipresence. Devotees believe that visiting these sacred sites grants spiritual merit and proximity to the divine presence of Lord Shiva. The temple’s serene ambiance offers a tranquil space for meditation and prayer, making it a cornerstone for spiritual practice. Devotees flock to Bhimashankar Temple not just for its historical relevance but for the deeply spiritual experience it offers. Rituals and ceremonies form an integral part of the temple’s daily activities. The day typically begins with the ‘Abhishekam,’ a ritual bath of the Shiva Linga, performed with offerings of milk, honey, and water. This is followed by ‘Aarti,’ a hymn dedicated to Lord Shiva, accompanied by the lighting of lamps and incense. Special poojas, such as the Rudrabhishek, hold a unique place in the spiritual calendar of the temple. These rituals involve the chanting of Vedic mantras and are believed to bring immense blessings to participants. Bhimashankar Temple also comes alive during major festivals, most notably Mahashivaratri. This festival celebrates the divine marriage of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, marked by night-long vigils, fasting, and an increase in the frequency of special poojas. Devotees often share profound spiritual experiences, recounting feelings of peace, divine connection, and enlightenment after visiting the temple. Testimonials from long-time worshippers emphasize the sanctity and transformative power of Bhimashankar Temple, making it not just a place of worship but a spiritual powerhouse for seekers of divine grace. Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary The Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, enveloping the revered Bhimashankar Temple, is a haven of rich biodiversity and natural beauty. This sanctuary, established in 1984, spans an area of around 131 square kilometers and is a part of the northern Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The sanctuary is renowned for its lush greenery, dense forests, and diverse ecosystems, making it an ideal retreat for nature enthusiasts and conservationists alike. The sanctuary is home to a wide array of flora and fauna. Its forests are primarily composed of semi-evergreen and evergreen trees, including species such as teak, mango, and several medicinal plants. The sanctuary is also famous for its population of the Indian Giant Squirrel, an endangered species and the state animal of Maharashtra. Other notable inhabitants include leopards, sambar deer, barking deer, and a variety of reptiles and birds, making it a vibrant and dynamic ecological zone. Conservation efforts in the sanctuary are robust and ongoing. The Maharashtra Forest Department, along with various non-governmental organizations, works tirelessly to protect this ecologically significant area. Efforts include habitat restoration, anti-poaching measures, and community engagement programs aimed at fostering sustainable coexistence between humans and wildlife. These initiatives are crucial in preserving the sanctuary’s delicate balance and ensuring the survival of its diverse species. For those keen on exploring the natural splendors of the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, several trekking trails offer an immersive experience. Popular trails include the Shidi Ghat and Ganesh Ghat, each providing unique vistas and encounters with the sanctuary’s wildlife. Additionally, guided tours and bird-watching excursions are available for visitors who wish to delve deeper into the sanctuary’s ecological treasures. The Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary is not only a sanctuary for wildlife but also a sanctuary for the human spirit, offering tranquility and a profound connection to nature. Its rich biodiversity and ongoing conservation efforts underscore the importance of preserving such protected areas for future generations. How to Reach Bhimashankar Temple Reaching Bhimashankar Temple, a revered pilgrimage site located in the Pune district of Maharashtra, is accessible through multiple modes of transportation. Positioned approximately 110 kilometers from Pune and about 220 kilometers from Mumbai, the temple’s remote yet serene location necessitates some travel planning. For those traveling by road, one can drive from Pune or Mumbai using well-maintained highways. From Pune, the route via NH60 and MH SH112 is commonly preferred, taking around 3-4 hours depending on traffic. Similarly, travelers from Mumbai can utilize the Mumbai-Pune Expressway followed by NH60, with the journey typically taking 5-6 hours. State transport buses and private cabs are also available from both cities, offering a comfortable alternative to self-driving. While there is no direct rail connectivity to Bhimashankar, the nearest railway stations are Pune Junction and Karjat, located approximately 110 kilometers and 105 kilometers away, respectively. From these stations, visitors can hire taxis or take buses that ply regularly to the temple. Pune Junction is well-connected to major cities across India, making it a convenient option for rail travelers. For air travel, the nearest airport is Pune International Airport. From there, one can either rent a car or avail of bus services to reach Bhimashankar. The journey by road from Pune airport to the temple is scenic, winding through the lush Sahyadri ranges, and takes around 4 hours. When planning a visit, the best time to travel to Bhimashankar Temple is during the cooler months from October to March. The monsoon season, from June to September, enhances the natural beauty of the surroundings but also makes the roads slippery and challenging to navigate. It is advisable to carry light woolens during winters and stay hydrated during summers. Proper preparation is essential for a smooth journey. Ensure your vehicle is in good condition if driving, carry sufficient water and snacks, and be mindful of the remote area’s limited amenities. With thoughtful planning, reaching Bhimashankar Temple can be a memorable part of your spiritual journey. Accommodation and Facilities When planning a visit to the Bhimashankar Temple, a wide range of accommodation options is available to suit various budgets and preferences. From budget-friendly lodgings to mid-range hotels and guesthouses, visitors will find suitable arrangements to ensure a comfortable stay. For those seeking economical options, there are several budget hotels and lodges in the vicinity of the temple. These accommodations typically offer basic amenities such as clean rooms, bathrooms, and essential services. The Temple Trust also maintains a few guesthouses and lodges, providing a convenient and affordable option for devotees and pilgrims. These lodges are well-maintained and offer essential facilities like clean bedding, restrooms, and sometimes even simple dining options. Mid-range hotels are available for visitors looking for more comfort and additional amenities. These establishments often provide well-furnished rooms, attached bathrooms, and in-house dining facilities. Some of the mid-range hotels also offer complimentary breakfast, Wi-Fi, and parking services, enhancing the overall convenience for guests. Many of these hotels are located within a short distance from the Bhimashankar Temple, allowing easy access to the holy site. Dining options around the Bhimashankar Temple are diverse, catering to various culinary preferences. Many hotels and guesthouses have their own restaurants that serve local Maharashtrian cuisine, as well as North Indian and South Indian dishes. Additionally, there are several eateries and food stalls near the temple premises offering delicious and hygienic meals. It is advisable for visitors to check the availability of dining facilities at their chosen accommodation prior to booking. Other essential services such as clean restrooms, drinking water facilities, and parking are generally available at most accommodations near Bhimashankar Temple. For a comfortable stay, it is recommended to book accommodations in advance, especially during peak pilgrimage seasons and festivals, as the demand for lodging can be quite high. Visitor Tips and Guidelines When planning a visit to Bhimashankar Temple, a few essential guidelines can enhance your experience and ensure a respectful and enjoyable trip. The temple, known for its spiritual and historical significance, welcomes numerous devotees and tourists, making it crucial to adhere to certain practices. First and foremost, appropriate attire is vital when visiting the temple. Modest clothing that covers the shoulders and knees is recommended to show respect for the religious sanctity of the site. Visitors are advised to avoid wearing shorts, sleeveless tops, or any revealing outfits. It is also customary to remove footwear before entering the temple premises, so wearing easily removable shoes can be convenient. Observing specific customs and rules is equally important. Devotees often perform rituals and offer prayers, so maintaining silence and a respectful demeanor inside the temple is appreciated. Photography within the temple is typically restricted, and it is advisable to check for any signage or guidelines regarding the use of cameras and mobile phones. Additionally, carrying offerings such as flowers, coconuts, or sweets is a common practice, and these can usually be purchased from vendors outside the temple. For those planning to trek through the Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary to reach the temple, safety should be a priority. The trekking paths can be challenging, particularly during the monsoon season when the trails become slippery. Wearing sturdy trekking shoes, carrying sufficient water, and packing light snacks are recommended. It is also wise to trek in groups and have a local guide if unfamiliar with the route. Keeping an eye on weather conditions and starting the trek early in the day can help avoid the afternoon heat. To make the most of your spiritual experience at Bhimashankar Temple, consider spending some time in meditation or quiet reflection within the temple complex. Engaging with the local community and learning about the temple’s history and traditions can further enrich your visit. Remember to respect the sacred environment and contribute to maintaining its cleanliness by disposing of waste properly. 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One surprise of my current research into local Civil War soldiers has been the dozens of examples of families having multiple members in the war. Most of these, of course, are of the families’ sons enlisting, but I have also found instances of fathers and sons fighting in the war. Among these were the Tenants, father Raleigh and son John Solomon.* Raleigh Tenant was born in Monongalia County, Virginia (now West Virginia) sometime around 1817 to 1819. By the early 1840s, he had relocated to Campbell County, Kentucky, where he married Rebecca Miller in Alexandria on October 19, 1843. In 1850, the family, including John and his sister, lived in Covington, in neighboring Kenton County, where Raleigh labored as a blacksmith, his same career ten years later when the Tenants were back in southern Campbell County, living in the Tebbatts Crossroads area. Five children were in the household, including John Solomon, who had attended school in the last year. On April 12, 1861, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, igniting the Civil War. John Solomon was only 14 or 15 years old, but Raleigh was an adult, and almost eight months later decided to fight for his country. On December 7, 1861, he joined company G of the 23rd Kentucky Infantry as a private, signing up at the Newport Barracks for a three-year term. Listed as 43 years old, he was 5 feet 6¾ inches tall and had a light complexion. His eyes were blue, his hair dark brown, and he worked as a blacksmith. The 23rd Kentucky had recruited heavily in Newport and throughout the Campbell County region and signed up dozens of men from the area. It saw action at battles and campaigns like Stones River, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Atlanta, and more throughout the war’s western theater. By July of 1862, Raleigh must have found military life unbearable, as he left the unit at Columbia, Kentucky, without permission, though by December he was in Munfordville, in the process of returning to the regiment (perhaps obtaining new equipment and seeking transportation to the unit as it marched in a campaign that ended at the Battle of Stones River). His paperwork does not record the punishment he received for his time away, but it surely included at least the loss of pay. Raleigh did make his return to the regiment, which late in 1863 was among the U.S. forces in action in a bloody battle in Chickamauga, Georgia, the largest fight in the war's western theater. After the Confederates won that battle in mid-September, U.S. forces retreated to Chattanooga. During this time, the Federals reorganized the army, after which the 23rd ended up in William B. Hazen’s 2nd Brigade in Thomas Wood’s 3rd Division of Gordon Granger’s 4th Corps, all in the Army of the Cumberland commanded by George Thomas. As this happened, the Confederates laid siege to the city and their enemy within it. General U.S. Grant, now in charge of western U.S. forces, arrived in the region, and approved of General William “Baldy” Smith’s plan to create a route, eventually termed the “cracker line,” to supply the men inside the city. Some members of the 23rd played a role in the opening of that supply line during the fight at Brown’s Ferry, Tennessee on October 27. Almost a month later, the Federals earned another victory at Lookout Mountain on November 24, before the next day, when “more than 50,000 Union soldiers stormed” up “the seemingly impregnable Confederate position on Missionary Ridge” during a “daring - and unauthorized - attack…against Bragg’s main position," which went a long way to improving the army’s "spirit and sense of pride." The Federals had just defeated “one of the Confederacy’s two major armies,” and gained full possession of “the “Gateway to the Lower South.” This crucial result may have been “the death knell of the Confederacy," as reportedly described by one Rebel officer. Chattanooga later served as the key staging area and for William Sherman’s 1864 campaign for Atlanta, in which the 23rd Kentucky also fought. Raleigh, however received did not participate in that adventure as he had received a mortal gunshot wound in his head at Missionary Ridge on the 25th, just one of 5,824 Union casualties of that engagement. He owned two flannel shirts and one blanket, all of which had been sent back to his grieving widow in Campbell County. He was buried in what became Chattanooga National Cemetery. Courtesy findagrave memorial 2996115 His son John Solomon Tenant was born in Campbell County in November of 1846. He joined a different regiment that had also recruited heavily locally, the 53rd Kentucky Mounted Infantry. He signed up for company F of that unit on October 20, 1864, in Newport, and mustered in four days later for a one-year term. He was a bit shorter than his father, at 5 feet 4 inches tall, had gray eyes, and light-colored hair. His complexion was described as ruddy. Farming was his job. His father’s death the previous year obviously did not prevent him from entering the war and perhaps even motivated him to fight, either to honor his father’s memory or to avenge his death. His mother’s feelings on his decision to enlist would be interesting to know. Did she approve or disapprove of it? How worried was she about her son? The 53rd had formed in the autumn of 1864, too late to be part of most of the war’s most famous battles and campaigns, but did perform guard duty throughout Kentucky, combated Confederate guerrillas, and took part in George Stoneman’s December 1864 raid into southwestern Virginia to attack a Confederate salt depot at Saltville. As a “mounted infantry” regiment, it grnerslly traveled on horseback like cavalry, but fought dismounted like infantry. In this campaign, the 53rd served under Brigadier General Stephen G. Burbridge, the most notorious and controversial figure in Civil War Kentucky due to his aggressive threats and actions against Confederate irregular fighters and citizens as commander of the District of Kentucky from June of 1864 until February of 1865. His time in that position earned the description "Reign of Terror," and won him the nickname of "the Butcher." (A 2021 book concerning his legacy is entitled The Most Hated Man in Kentucky. I have an e-copy of it that I need to read one of these days.) Even 50 years after the war, his name aroused ill feelings, such as when he was blamed for the executions of Jefferson McGraw and William Francis Corbin, who had been arrested for recruiting for the Confederacy in northern Pendleton County, near the Campbell County border, just a few miles from where the Tenants lived in 1860. Ambrose Burnside was in command of the Department of Ohio, with his office located in Cincinnati, just north of where these men were captured (about an hour in modern times) and his General Order #38 led to their arrest and punishment, yet, in 1914, when the Basil Duke Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy erected a monument to McGraw's memory in Flagg Spring Church Cemetery in southern Campbell County, near where the arrests had occurred, that group listed Burbridge's name instead of Burnside's. Whether this was a mistake of memory, or an intentional slight of the hated Butcher is unclear. On one hand, this was half-a-century after the war, so memories certainly falter over such a long timeframe, but the UDC existed at lest partially to help remember the war, though perhaps not objectively, so they should have been familiar with the basic facts of the incident, especially in preparing a monument. These women may have felt that using Burbridge’s name as some kind of boogeyman to be feared or avoided would further their perspectives on the war by reminding people of a Union commander who had so harassed their ancestors and others throughout the state. This organization generally adopted the “Lost Cause” interpretation of the war. Per the previous link, this way of remembering the war “sought to counter northern perspectives by reframing the war in a way that restored white southern honor.” Reminding people of Burbridge’s controversial actions supported this narrative by showing the supposed lack of honor of a prominent Confederate enemy who had supported emancipation of slaves and the use of African American men as soldiers. Was this monument just a toy in a game of memory? The Kentucky Post of August 4 and October 8 of that year reported on the decision to create the small monument and covered the ceremony but made no mention of the blatant error now literally engraved in stone. Civil War historian Darryl Smith explored and discussed this story in 2022, offering his perspective about how and why such an obvious mistake occurred. (In a side note, prolific Civil War author Erik Wittenberg wrote a blog entry which discussed the potential consequences of these two executions, as the both sides threatened further retaliation, during which Rooney Lee, son of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, became a potential victim of this deadly game, before calmer minds miraculously prevailed. Yes, even the story of two obscure Confederate operatives arrested in a rural area (near where I grew up) far from the major military and political fronts of the war eventually reached such high levels.) The 53rd Kentucky did suffer casualties during the campaign to Saltville and John Solomon may have been among them. No record mentions a specific illness or injury he suffered, but he was “sent back with prisoners” after a December 12 Union victory at the Battle of Kingsport, TN., near the border of Tennessee and Virginia. These Rebel captives had formerly served under the late Confederate General John H. Morgan, a man whose name was especially well-known in the Kentucky and Tennessee region during the war, feared by many Unionists, but beloved by Confederates. He had been killed in September, so his trusted brother-in-law Duke Basil took command of the troops, but Duke was hospitalized at this time, so Morgan’s brother Dick led the remaining raiders in this defeat and was among those the bluecoats captured. As for John Solomon, for some reason, likely an unrecorded illness or injury, a doctor or other official took advantage of the transfer of prisoners back to Kentucky to send him with them instead of keeping him with the army where he would have consumed the medicines, food, and other resources the fighting men needed, especially in enemy territory. (The rest of the raid went well for the Federals who ended up damaging the Confederate salt works and knocking them out of action for months.) Once back in the Bluegrass State, he spent the first two months of 1865 in the Main Street U.S.A. General Hospital in Covington, the city where his family had resided in 1850. This hospital was the “largest and longest-operating military hospital” in its city, having opened just before the bloody Battle of Shiloh. It held 300 beds and remained in operation until June 1865.1 Whether his mother knew of his condition is uncertain, but, once again, her thoughts would be compelling to know since she had already lost her husband in the war, but her Don lived and returned to his regiment. As he was discharged from the army on September 15, 1865, in Louisville, John Solomon owed the government 95 cents for a cartridge box, belt, belt plate, and a gun sling that he had lost and an additional $5.60 for clothing he had received while in service. He returned to civilian life, and fifteen years after the war worked as a farmer, supporting his family that included his wife Angelique, and their son. They had moved west and were now residing in Effingham County, Illinois, where John Solomon remained for the rest of his years, including 1900, when the family now boasted three children. That decade’s census showed that the couple had been married for 25 years, though their oldest child was born in 1873, so they may have wed about that time. The Tenants and two adult children shared a house in the same area in 1910. John Solomon died on April 22, 1911, and was buried in Effingham County’s Loy Chapel Cemetery. Courtesy findagrave memorial 24159929 Rebecca Tenant, John Solomon’s mother, and the grieving widow of Raleigh, did apply for and receive a widow’s pension (on paperwork which frequently referred to her late spouse as “Rolla.”) In applying for that money to help her continue with life (the pension started at $8.00 monthly and was still at that level at least until at least 1883, though it eventually increased to $12.00), she naturally needed to have various forms completed, and even had to sign the Oath of Allegiance to the U.S. Government, a form usually used for captured Confederate soldiers or civilians suspected of supporting the Confederacy. It began with a short paragraph explaining who needed to take this pledge, including one line applicable to Rebecca: “This oath is required from pensioners once, (on the first payment to new ones,) who are native-born, or have been naturalized.” The actual oath followed on this typed form, but the word “Swear” was handwritten on a blank line instead of being typed like the rest. What else the document creators thought could fill that space with a different meaning is uncertain. I, Rebecca Tennant, a pensioner of the United States, do solemnly swear that I will support, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, whether domestic or foreign, and that I will bear true faith, allegiance and loyalty to the same, and ordinance, resolution, or law of any State Convention or Legislature to the contrary notwithstanding; and, further, that I do this with a full determination, pledge, and purpose, without any mental reservation or evasion whatsoever; and, further, that I will well and faithfully perform all the duties which may be required of me by law. So help me God. She signed this by making her mark on June 3, 1867. She continued to live in the Grant’s Lick area. In 1870, she was a housekeeper with three children at home, but not John Solomon, and a decade later was a farmer and her only housemate was a domestic servant named Minerva Hill. Why her son had moved to Illinois instead of staying with his widowed mother in 1870 is not recorded. Did he just want to get on with his life as an adult and raise his own family, or had mother and son fallen out over something, perhaps his enlistment? Another possibility is that he did return to stay with her during some of the years between the end of the war and the 1870 census, then moved on amicably. No matter what happened, both parties apparently fared well in the postwar decades. In 1890 she was listed as Raleigh’s (or Rally’s) widow on the Veteran’s Schedule, still in Grant’s Lick, and an 1892 tax list on the Campbell County Genweb local genealogy site reported that she owned 54 acres of land, worth $1,000 in Grant’s Lick. Pension documents show that her name was removed from the pension list as of February 1900 because she had recently died, perhaps late in 1899, though no specific date was listed. Her burial place is unknown and may not even have a marker. Hundreds of thousands of men were killed during the war, and many more fell ill but somehow survived. Virtually all of these warriors, on both sides, had families and friends who grieved for their loss or prayed for their recovery. The Tenant family of Campbell County was just one example of what families throughout the land experienced. *Differing versions of the names of the father, son, and mother exist in various records. For the sake of consistency, I am using "Tenant” (instead of Tennant) for their last name, Raleigh (in place of several other phonetic variations) for the father, and “John Solomon” for the son. “Rebecca” is the standard spelling of the wife/mother’s name, so I use it. 1Tenkotte, Paul A. (editor) and Claypool, James C. (Editor). The Encyclopedia of Northern Kentucky. University Press of Kentucky. 2009 p. 195.	<urn:uuid:6c74b42d-0f14-4296-b82b-c5fa48adf2c5>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.civilwarobsession.com/2024/07/tenant-association-one-familys-civil.html	2024-12-06T00:39:44Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066367647.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206001926-20241206031926-00884.warc.gz	en	0.985555	3,506	2.65625	3
Lesbos, a Greek island located in the eastern Aegean, had several prosperous city-states which thrived from the Bronze Age to the Byzantine era. Switching many times between independence, Persian and Greek control, Lesbos was often a victim of its geographical location on the edge of the Greek world. The island was famous in antiquity for its wine and its culture, producing many famous names over the centuries, notably the poetess Sappho, the statesman Pittakos, and the philosopher Theophrastus. According to Greek mythology, the island was the birthplace of the hero Lesbos. The island features in the Trojan War story of Homer's Iliad, notably when Agamemnon offers Achilles, amongst other things, seven women from Lesbos skilled in handicrafts, in order to persuade the hero to rejoin the conflict. Agamemnon must have known of the great warrior's admiration of the women of Lesbos because Achilles had brought one as his partner for the duration of the war, Diomede, daughter of Phorbas. The king also mentions in passing that Achilles had captured the island, presumably on their way to Troy, and that it had then been part of the Trojan Empire of King Priam. The island is a brief stopping point for Odysseus in Homer's Odyssey and the hero's son Telemachus recounts (twice in fact) how his father successfully wrestled Philomeleides, the king of Lesbos who loved to challenge all comers for a bit of rough and tumble, with death the loser's stark reward. Finally, in some accounts the head of Orpheus, that great lyre player, washed up on the shores of Lesbos after the poor youth had been ripped to pieces by a group of frenzied Maenads. There, the Muses buried it and built a shrine where birds would sing in such a fashion as to recall his fabulous lost talent. Orpheus' lyre, also smashed by the Maenads, is said to have washed up on the island, too, where it was discovered by a fisherman and given to the famed 7th-century BCE musician and poet Terpander. Bronze Age Lesbos The island of Lesbos is located in the northeastern Aegean, off the west coast of Turkey, and it is the third-largest Greek island measuring some 1,630 sq. km (629 sq. mi). Inhabited since the Neolithic period, the island prospered in the Bronze Age but was, being only 10 km (6 miles) from the Turkish coast, closer in culture to Anatolia than the Mycenaean civilization on mainland Greece. At this time the most important settlement was Thermi on the coast, named after its hot springs. In the late Bronze Age (10th century BCE) there was perhaps a significant wave of immigration to Lesbos from mainland Greece, most likely the Thessaly region, and the Aiolic dialect was widely spoken on the island thereafter. There remained a distinctive culture which mixed Greek, Anatolian, and indigenous cultural practices. Unique elements included the production of grey bucchero pottery. The island prospered largely thanks to its production and export of olives, olive oil, and wine, as evidenced by finds of Lesbian amphorae across the Greek world. In the Archaic period, the Penthelid dynasty dominated the island as tyrants, but according to Aristotle (384-322 BCE), they were kicked out by a group of aristocrats c. 630 BCE. The island was able to support a naval force which allowed it to control areas in Anatolia (Asia Minor) to the east and Thrace to the north. Major city-states dotted across the island included Antissa, Eresus, Methymna, Pyrrha, and the most powerful polis of all, Mytilene, which was similar in size to Athens in its heyday. The ruins of fortifications and rural watchtowers - perhaps to protect mineral mines - would suggest that there were sometimes military clashes between the cities, while the presence of artificial harbour moles in several towns illustrates the naval and commercial strength of the island. Important religious temples were built at Klopedi in the countryside (dedicated to Apollo) and at Mesa. Mytilene had a temple dedicated to Demeter and Kore while there was a sanctuary to Dionysos at Methymna, perhaps no coincidence given the town's reputation for its fine wine. Cybele, the mother goddess, was worshipped in several towns, another link with Anatolian culture. Some of the Lesbian cities continued to suffer internally from the rivalries of tyrants and aristocratic clans, Mytilene famously had Pittakos (aka Pittacus, c. 650-570 BCE) as its elected tyrant (aisymnetes), who was considered one of the seven sages of ancient Greece. Pittakos, again according to Aristotle, was responsible for instigating a new law code, with the sage declaring that laws were the best protection a city could have. One of the most famous of Pittakos' laws was that the punishment for any crime should be doubled if the guilty party were drunk at the time of the crime. Another famous figure from Lesbos was the poetess Sappho (c. 620-570 BCE) whose skills earned her the title of 'the tenth muse.' The fact that many of Sappho of Lesbos' surviving poems seem to deal with love between women or girls led to, in post-Classical times, the term 'lesbian' being used to refer to female homosexuals. However, the Greeks themselves never used such a term with that meaning and, in any case, lesbianism was far from being unique to the island even if it is a rare subject in Greek art and met the disapproval of such later thinkers as Plato (c. 428 - c. 347 BCE). During the mid-6th century BCE, the Persians took control of Lesbos, but following the early 5th century BCE Persian Wars, the island was once more an independent Greek island and became a founding member of the Delian League. The League was formed as an association for mutual assistance should any Greek state be attacked again by the Persians, but it eventually degenerated into the Athenian Empire after Athens, its most powerful member state, took over the League's treasury and compelled members to pay their dues (in money or ships). Mytilene revolted against this in 428 BCE, but the island was brutally dealt with by Athens and made into a colony or cleruchy (except Methymna which had remained loyal). A famous figure from 5th-century BCE Lesbos was the historian Hellanicus of Mytilene (c. 480-395 BCE), a prolific compiler of myths, ethnologies, and local history, but, sadly, only fragments of his work survive. In the mid-4th century BCE, Persia was once again in control of the island with tyrannies established at Mytilene, Methymna, and Eresos. In the next century, the Greek world grabbed the island back thanks to the arrival of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE). After a period when the cities on the island were ruled by Macedonian tyrants, many poleis developed a form of democracy as Lesbos became part of the Ptolemaic part of Alexander's once-great empire. A celebrated islander from this period was the philosopher and botanist Theophrastus (c. 371 - c. 287 BCE), the successor to Aristotle as the head of the Lyceum in Athens. Around 231 BCE Pyrrha was destroyed by an earthquake. In 168 BCE the Romans made their mark on the island by destroying Antissa and, in 84 BCE, the Roman general and politician Lucullus (118 - c. 57 BCE) captured the whole island. Mytilene was sacked in 79 BCE after the city supported Mithridates VI (120-63 BCE), the king of Pontus, against Rome. Better treatment was given by Pompey the Great (106-48 BCE) who made the island independent again, perhaps because of his friendship with the famed historian Theophanes of Mytilene. Settling down as an unobtrusive part of the Roman Empire when it attracted many rich Roman holiday-makers, Lesbos next came to wider prominence as a centre of early Christianity. By the Byzantine period, Lesbos had many large Christian basilicas and two prominent bishops at Mytilene and Methymna, including the famed historian and bishop Zacharias of Mytilene (b. c. 465 CE). Lesbos, despite a few brief political wrangles, remained a quiet corner of the Byzantine Empire until it fell to the Ottomans in 1462 CE. Today, there are few substantial remains to remind of the island's importance in antiquity save a few temple and sanctuary foundations, a 2nd/3rd-century CE aqueduct near Mytilene and, dotted here and there, ruins of Roman buildings such as theatres, basilicas, and private villas. One outstanding artwork which has survived from the island's heyday is a full standing figure of Artemis. Rendered in marble by a Roman 3rd-century CE sculptor copying a Hellenistic original, the statue now resides in the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul.	<urn:uuid:b07ee1f4-abb9-4a56-86a3-ed52ede9cd13>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://member.worldhistory.org/lesbos/	2024-12-04T05:54:49Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066149008.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204045532-20241204075532-00276.warc.gz	en	0.977632	1,925	3.421875	3
Pregnancy is an exciting time for expectant mothers. It is also a time when women must be mindful of the foods they eat to ensure they are providing the necessary nutrients to support the growth and development of their baby. One food that has garnered attention lately is the jackfruit. Jackfruits are a large tropical fruit native to Southeast Asia and are packed with nutrients and health benefits. This article will explore the benefits of jackfruit for pregnant women, how it can contribute to a healthy pregnancy, and its possible risks. Is It Safe To Eat Jackfruit During Pregnancy? According to the medical professionals, eating jackfruit during pregnancy is generally considered safe as long as you eat this fruit in a moderate quantity. Jackfruit is a rich source of nutrients, including vitamin C, potassium, and fiber, all of which are important for a healthy pregnancy. However, it is always advisable to speak to a doctor before making any dietary changes during pregnancy. Also Read: Goji Berries During Pregnancy Nutritional Values Of Jackfruits Jack fruits are a rich source of nutrients and contain the following: Energy: 95 calories per 100 gm of jackfruit Carbohydrates: 24 gm per 100 gm of jackfruit Proteins: 1.7 gm per 100 gm of jackfruit Fats: 0.9 gm per 100 gm of jackfruit Fiber: 2 gm per 100 gm of jackfruit Vitamin C: 30 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Vitamin B6: 0.14 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Potassium: 562 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Magnesium: 50 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Calcium: 25 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Iron: 0.7 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Phosphorus: 50 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Copper: 0.18 mg per 100 gm of jackfruit Antioxidants: Jackfruits are rich in antioxidants like phenols and carotenoids, which help in preventing cell damage and reducing oxidative stress. Also Read: Benefits of Flax Seeds During Pregnancy Jackfruits Benefits During Pregnancy Whether you are a fan of jackfruit or are just discovering it, it is essential to understand the impact it can have on your pregnancy. - Supports a Healthy Immune System: Jackfruit is rich in Vitamin C, which helps boost the immune system and protect against infections during pregnancy. - Helps with Nausea and Morning Sickness: The Vitamin B6 content in jackfruit can help relieve nausea and morning sickness, a common issue faced by many pregnant women. - Promotes Fetal Development: Jackfruit contains folate, an important nutrient for fetal development, which helps reduce the risk of birth defects and promotes healthy growth. - Supports Blood Pressure Regulation: Jackfruit is high in potassium, which helps regulate blood pressure and maintain a healthy heart rate during pregnancy. - Improves digestion: Jackfruit contains enzymes that aid in digestion and prevent constipation. It is also a natural laxative, which can help relieve digestive discomfort during pregnancy. Also Read: Can You Eat Pistachios While Pregnant? - Supports Healthy Bones and Teeth: The calcium and magnesium content in jackfruit can help build and maintain healthy bones and teeth, especially important during pregnancy. - Boosts energy levels: Jackfruit is a natural source of energy, thanks to its high levels of carbohydrates and natural sugars. This makes it a great snack for pregnant women who need to maintain their energy levels throughout the day. - Promotes heart health: Jackfruit contains antioxidants and phytochemicals that can protect the heart and lower the risk of heart disease. The fruit is also low in saturated fats, which helps to maintain a healthy cholesterol level. - Improves skin health: Jackfruit is rich in Vitamin C, which is essential for healthy skin. It also contains Vitamin A, which can help to prevent dry skin and reduce the risk of skin damage during pregnancy. Also Read: Rose Hips During Pregnancy Jackfruit Side Effects During Pregnancy - Consuming large amounts of jackfruit during pregnancy may lead to excessive weight gain and high blood sugar levels. - Jackfruit seeds contain a high amount of lectins, which can cause harm to the fetus and lead to spontaneous abortion. - Unripe jackfruit can cause digestive problems such as bloating, constipation, and stomach pain, which are particularly dangerous for pregnant women. - Jackfruit contains a high amount of tannins, which can cause uterine contractions and lead to premature labor. - The high fiber content of jackfruit can cause digestive problems, which can also be dangerous for pregnant women. - Consuming large amounts of jackfruit may also lead to a vitamin B6 overdose, which can cause nerve damage and birth defects. - Pregnant women should avoid eating jackfruit seeds or consuming large amounts of jackfruit to reduce the risk of any side effects. - It is best to consult a doctor before consuming jackfruit during pregnancy to determine the safe amount to consume. How Many Jack Fruits To Consume During Pregnancy? Jack fruits can be consumed in small doses by expecting mothers. Jack fruit is a nutritious fruit and can be included in the diet, but it is advisable to consume it in moderation. Eating too much of anything can lead to unwanted side effects and can be harmful during pregnancy. Also Read: Benefits of Okra During Pregnancy Different Ways To Have Jack Fruits In Pregnancy - Fresh Jackfruit: Fresh, ripe jackfruit can be eaten raw or used in a variety of dishes. Simply slice the fruit, remove the seeds, and enjoy the sweet, juicy flesh. - Jackfruit Curry: Cook sliced jackfruit with spices and vegetables for a delicious, nutritious curry. - Jackfruit Smoothie: Blend ripe jackfruit with milk, yogurt, and sweetener for a sweet and healthy smoothie. - Jackfruit Salad: Toss chopped jackfruit with greens, nuts, and dressing for a light and refreshing salad. - Jackfruit Sandwiches: Spread mashed jackfruit on toasted bread with other ingredients like cheese, mayonnaise, or avocado for a tasty sandwich. - Jackfruit Rice: Cook jackfruit with rice, spices, and other ingredients to make a flavorful and satisfying meal. - Jackfruit Chips: Bake or fry thin slices of jackfruit for a crunchy and healthy snack. - Jackfruit Tacos: Use shredded jackfruit as a vegetarian taco filling, topped with cheese, salsa, and guacamole. - Jackfruit Juice: Blend jackfruit with water, sugar, and other fruits for a sweet and healthy drink. Also Read: Benefits of Dandelion Tea In Pregnancy Jack Fruits During Pregnancy – FAQs Are there any precautions that pregnant women should take while eating jackfruit? Pregnant women should avoid eating raw or under ripe jackfruit as it may contain harmful bacteria and toxins. It is recommended to cook jackfruit before eating. Additionally, if you have any allergies to certain fruits, it is best to avoid eating jackfruit. Is jackfruit good for constipation during pregnancy? Yes, jackfruit is high in fiber and can help relieve constipation during pregnancy. Can jackfruit help in gestational diabetes during pregnancy? Jackfruit is a low glycemic index food and is considered a good option for women with gestational diabetes. However, it is still important to talk to your doctor about what foods are best for you during pregnancy. Is jackfruit safe for pregnant women with a history of allergies? If you have a history of allergies to certain fruits, it is recommended to avoid eating jackfruit during pregnancy. If you are unsure, consult with your doctor before adding jackfruit to your diet. What are the benefits of eating jackfruit during pregnancy? Jackfruit contains antioxidants, fiber, and potassium, which are all essential for a healthy pregnancy. It also provides energy and helps regulate digestion, which can be especially helpful during pregnancy.	<urn:uuid:7dd074fb-466b-4162-8a46-59e0ff0c1c17>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://momsjury.com/articles/jackfruit-during-pregnancy/	2024-12-14T19:46:07Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125982.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214181735-20241214211735-00554.warc.gz	en	0.937794	1,696	2.75	3
Cancer in older adults, especially those occurring in individuals aged 65 years or older, presents unique considerations. And while the risk of cancers increases with age, the suitability of cancer treatments, like chemotherapy, surgery or radiation therapy, must be carefully evaluated based on older adults' health, fitness and psychosocial circumstances. In this blog, we delve into cancer in older adults and cancer treatment options, addressing concerns and offering insights for informed decisions. A notable trend in recent years is the increase in life expectancy, due to advancements in healthcare, improved living conditions, and better access to medical care. While this is undoubtedly positive news, it also brings to light the challenges associated with an ageing population, including a higher incidence of cancer. As we grow older, our likelihood of developing cancer increases, a fact that may come as a surprise to many, given the frequent media focus on cancer in younger populations. However, it is far less common for younger individuals to be diagnosed with cancer. In fact, according to the Singapore Cancer Registry Annual Report 2021, the landscape of cancer diagnoses has shifted dramatically over several decades. From 1968-1972 to 2017-2021, there was a noticeable decline in cancer diagnoses among younger age groups, whereas diagnoses among the elderly groups saw a significant rise. Specifically, the proportion of individuals diagnosed with cancer at the age of 70 and above doubled from 16.3% to 39.2%. Additionally, the median age at diagnosis increased from 58.7 years to 66.4 years. This shift is reflected in the patterns of the most common cancers. For instance: This demographic shift has significant implications for healthcare systems. It highlights the need for increased emphasis on geriatric oncology and the development of personalised treatment strategies that address the unique needs and circumstances of older adults. As individuals age, their risk of developing cancer increases due to various factors, such as cumulative exposure to environmental toxins, genetic predisposition, and age-related changes in the body's cells. In general, the ageing process naturally leads to the accumulation of cellular damage. This damage often arises spontaneously from normal metabolic processes or from external sources like tobacco smoke, excessive alcohol consumption, and UV radiation exposure. Our bodies are typically adept at repairing cellular damage or triggering the self-destruction of damaged cells. However, over time, with age, the efficiency of these repair mechanisms diminishes. If the cellular damage persists, these cells may begin to behave abnormally, which can sometimes lead to cancer. And the longer our cells are exposed to internal and external risk factors, the greater the likelihood of significant damage, making cancer more probable as we age. While treatment strategies for cancer are broadly consistent across different age groups, focusing on the type and stage of cancer, older adults present specific challenges and needs that differ from those of younger patients. Therefore, it is important that cancer treatment plans are tailored for older individuals by considering their overall health, existing comorbidities, and life circumstances. Age-related factors can significantly influence treatment decisions. Older adults may have reduced tolerance for certain cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, and diminished reserves to respond to disease and treatment-related complications. They are more likely to have multiple medical problems, functional limitations, and variable access to transportation, social support, and financial resources. Balancing one’s quality of life and life expectancy becomes a crucial consideration for both older adults and their caregivers. Older adults are 11 times more likely to develop cancer in comparison to younger people, and approximately 60% of all cancer patients are 65 and older, it’s essential to learn more about how we can rationalise the use of the different types of cancer treatment in older adults. Cancer treatment encompasses a range of approaches, from traditional therapies like chemotherapy and radiation to other methods such as targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy is a common cancer treatment that uses drugs to eliminate cancer cells. It can be given orally or through the veins, targeting cancer cells throughout the body. Depending on the stage and type of cancer, chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery or radiation therapy. In older adults with cancer, the decision to undergo chemotherapy takes into account the patient's overall health, functional status, and specific cancer characteristics. Older adults are more likely to have other factors which may contribute to their overall health status. Therefore, when assessing an older adult’s suitability for chemotherapy, several unique factors should be carefully considered, such as: Radiation therapy uses beams of intense energy to destroy cancer cells. It can be used alone or in combination with other treatments like surgery or chemotherapy. For older adults, radiation therapy is often an option due to its non-invasive nature and minimal impact on the body as a whole. However, it's essential to consider potential side effects and discuss them with your doctor. Factors to consider include managing any existing health conditions, the demands of the treatment schedule, and ensuring adequate support to maintain independence. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to specifically target and attack cancer cells while minimising damage to healthy cells. This approach can be used alone or with other treatments like chemotherapy, surgery, or radiation therapy. And while targeted therapies are generally safe and effective for older adults, dosage adjustments may be necessary to ensure the best outcome. Immunotherapy harnesses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. It works by stimulating or modifying the immune system to identify and eliminate cancer cells. And while it is generally safe for older adults, studies suggest that they may experience slightly more side effects and may discontinue treatment earlier than younger patients. This highlights the importance of close monitoring and individualised care for older adults receiving immunotherapy. Hormone-sensitive cancers, like breast cancer, rely on hormones to grow. Hormone therapy aims to block or reduce hormone levels in the body, thus slowing or stopping cancer growth. This treatment can be highly beneficial for older adults, as it is often as effective as chemotherapy but with fewer side effects. However, it's important to note that hormone therapy may not always provide a significant survival advantage in older patients. While treatment needs to be adapted to individual health profiles, and several factors must be considered before deciding on a specific treatment route, the potential benefits are significant. This is because appropriate cancer treatment is crucial for preventing the spread of cancer, slowing tumour growth, and targeting cancer cells that have metastasized in older adults. It's important to recognise that cancer treatment can be beneficial for patients of any age. Additionally, advancements in cancer treatments, including chemotherapy, have demonstrated substantial benefits for older adults. Studies have shown that targeted therapies, such as immunotherapy and molecularly targeted agents, can improve survival rates and quality of life for older adults with cancer. These treatments are designed to specifically target cancer cells while minimising damage to healthy tissues, thereby reducing the side effects commonly associated with traditional chemotherapy. These are more improved therapeutic options for older adults with cancer, offering them a better quality of life and improved overall outcomes. It is still important to acknowledge the potential risks and side effects of cancer treatment, particularly in older adults with reduced physiologic reserves. Factors such as coexisting medical conditions, multiple medications, bone marrow changes, and other physical alterations can influence how cancer treatment affects older adults. Additionally, cognitive problems, including difficulties with thinking and memory, may impact treatment decisions. The decision to pursue cancer treatment should be a collaborative process, considering the potential benefits, weighing them against the risks, and taking into account the individual's state of health, goals and preferences. There is increased awareness about the need to develop age-appropriate screening protocols, refine treatment strategies, and improve supportive care for older adults with cancer. These efforts would provide holistic cancer care to ensure optimal treatment outcomes while maintaining the quality of life in older adults. However, despite these benefits, older adults may face a range of psychosocial challenges when making cancer-related treatment decisions. These diverse factors highlight the complex interplay between psychosocial factors that can influence geriatric patients' decisions regarding cancer treatment and their willingness to pursue it. While the focus often falls on older individuals, especially when it comes to financial constraints, financial aid from programmes like the Cancer Care Fund extends to cancer patients of all ages facing economic hardships soon after diagnosis. This fund is particularly aimed at Singaporeans or Permanent Residents, although non-residents with close familial ties to Singaporeans or Permanent Residents who have lived in Singapore for at least five years may also apply. Beneficiaries must be newly diagnosed within the first six months and must align with the income stipulations of the Blue/Orange Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS). The Cancer Treatment Fund further supports by subsidising part of the cancer treatment costs for patients in need. And eligibility extends to patients treated in subsidised wards of restructured hospitals, meeting both medical and means-test criteria set by the Singapore Cancer Society (SCS). Approved applicants can receive treatment subsidies up to 100% or $6,000 per treatment cycle, capped at $50,000 per individual. But, of course, prevention is always better than cure. While cancer can impact anyone, certain lifestyle choices can significantly lower your risk, irrespective of your age. Here’s how you can proactively safeguard your health: When it comes to cancer in older adults, consulting doctors in Singapore experienced with treating cancer in older adults, such as OncoCare, is crucial. Our oncology consultants have knowledge of managing cancer in older individuals and can provide personalised evaluation and guidance. If you or your loved one is facing the possibility of chemotherapy, it's important to consider the unique circumstances that come with cancer in older adults. Consulting with a cancer specialist will help you better understand the specific benefits and risks associated with chemotherapy in older adults. By involving healthcare providers and support networks, you can ensure that your decisions are personalised and well-informed. At OncoCare, we embrace the opportunity to provide personalised cancer care that empowers older adults to thrive during their golden years. Our dedicated team is committed to ensuring that you receive the appropriate treatment while preserving your quality of life. Don't hesitate to reach out to us for compassionate and tailored assistance from our expert cancer specialists. Together, we can navigate the path to a brighter and healthier future. “Expert knowledge means better care for cancer” Dr Angela Pang Grad Dip (GRM) M Med (Internal Med)	<urn:uuid:4a8b6f90-714d-4fa2-ac98-1c06307ce2c8>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://oncocare.sg/blogs/cancer-in-older-adults-should-i-consider-cancer-treatment-would-i-be-able-to-take-it/	2024-12-12T00:22:33Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066097081.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212000506-20241212030506-00140.warc.gz	en	0.949397	2,134	2.890625	3
by Jerold S. Bell DVM First printed in the July 2002 issue of the AKC Gazette For affected dogs, hip dysplasia can be a debilitating and painful disease. It has been one of the fancy’s great challenges to combat and treat this hereditary developmental disorder, whose signs can include hip-joint pain, hind-limb weakness, lameness, exercise intolerance, degenerative joint disease, and arthritis. The disorder can include several abnormalities of the hip joints, such as joint laxity, anatomical abnormalities, and a predisposition to arthritis. While hip dysplasia is commonly perceived to be a disorder of larger dogs, it also occurs in small breeds, mixed-breed dogs, and even cats. The Pug, for example, has a significant frequency of affected dogs, while the Siberian Husky has a relatively low frequency of dysplasia. Most experts agree that the majority of dogs that develop hip dysplasia have outwardly normal hips when they are very young, and develop the anatomical or laxity changes associated with the disorder during the first year or two of life. Initial symptoms may appear from 4 months to 1 year of age, and include joint pain, a swaying and unsteady gait, “bunny hopping”, difficulty rising from a sitting position, difficulty with stair-climbing, and an aggravation of these signs with exercise. Diagnosing the Disease There are several methods used to diagnose hip dysplasia. The standard procedure is the extended-leg (x-ray). This is a radiograph of the pelvis and hip joints taken with the dog on its back, with hind legs extended. This hip-evaluation method is the one used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), as well as by most European and Canadian dysplasia-control programs. The hip is a ball (femoral head) and socket (acetabulum) joint. The OFA evaluates the hip radiograph for nine anatomical aspects. These include; a round femoral head, a deep acetabulum, a prominent notch in the femoral neck, a straight up-and-down cranial rim of the acetabulum, and minimal joint laxity. Good hip conformation is determined by imagining a line (dashed line in the drawing) connecting the outer edges of the acetabulum, and observing at least half of the femoral head enclosed within the acetabulum. Bony remodeling and arthritic changes will fill in the notch at the femoral neck, and cause “lipping” – proliferation of bone at the cranial acetabular rim. The British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC) evaluates the same extended-leg radiograph at 1 year of age or older. Unlike OFA’s rating system, it separately scores the nine anatomical aspects of the pelvic radiograph for each hip. The nine scores are added up for each hip, then totaled for the dog’s final rating. A perfect rating would be zero; the worst would be 106 (53 for each hip). The Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP) method of evaluating the hip joint is based on laxity alone. This method utilizes two separate radiographs on an anesthetized dog to record the hips in compressed and distracted views. The distracted-view radiograph (to the right) is taken while applying a uniform force on the hips to measure the maximum distractibility of the hip joints. (Distractability is the distance that the soft tissue allows the head of the femur to come out of the acetabulum.) The measured difference between the compressed and distracted views is used to compute a distraction index (DI). A DI of zero indicates no laxity of the hips, and a DI of 1.0 indicates luxation of the hips. Dogs with a DI of under 0.3 almost always have normal hips, and those over 0.7 are almost always dysplastic. PennHIP was designed to create a selection tool for tighter hips. By computing a breed average of distractibility, and selecting for tighter hips than the breed average, it is believed that the incidence of hip dysplasia should decrease over time. Fighting Back With Breeder Selection Hip dysplasia is considered a moderately inherited disorder, with researchers computing heritability values of 28 to 40 percent. This means that 28 to 40 percent of the variation between affected and unaffected relatives is due to genes. While it is more difficult to manage disorders with this level of heritability, many traits in this range improve with proper selection. Since hip dysplasia is a polygenic disorder controlled by several gene pairs, the disease affects individual dogs due to different genetic combinations. The two dogs in the radiographs to the left have severe hip dysplasia. The one at the top has severe laxity, while the other (bottom) has tight hips, but with shallow acetabula and severe bony changes. Both these dogs have hip dysplasia, but due to different genetic causes. One reason selection offers limited results is that many breeders are selecting dogs based solely on their OFA hip rating, and not on the specific aspects of the hip radiograph. If a dog receives a fair hip-rating due to some shallowness in it’s acetabula, it should be bred to a dog with deep acetabula (in addition to considering all other factors if it is going to be bred). If a dog’s hips have demonstrable laxity, then it should be bred to a dog with tight hips. The BVA/KC’s dysplasia rating allows breeders to identify precisely how their dog’s hip-rating points are calculated. With this system it is easier to select prospective mates that will correct and compliment the different elements of hip joint conformation. With the OFA system, it is up to the individual breeder to work with their veterinarian to break down the hip radiograph into these separate components. By selecting for individual components of the hip radiograph, you may be more directly selecting for specific “normal-hip” genes. The most important factor in selecting against a polygenic disorder like hip dysplasia is to seek breadth of pedigree. Most breeders select normal parents with normal grandparents, and expect to produce all normal offspring. This is selection based on depth of pedigree. With polygenic traits, the hip status of breeding dogs’ siblings better represents the range of genes that can be present. With breadth of normalcy in the littermates of breeding dogs, and even of parents of breeding dogs, you are more efficiently selecting for a preponderance of those “normal-hip” genes. To help control the disorder, the OFA has a longstanding hip dysplasia registry. Until recently, results were available only for dogs with normal-hip certification. The OFA has now moved to a semi-open registry, which allows owners the option of having their dogs’ hip status posted on the OFA website (www.offa.org), regardless of a normal or affected certification. The Institute for Genetic Disease Control (GDC) hip registry was developed with the open-registry concept, and, as of summer 2002, will be merged into the OFA database. Through the OFA’s online searchable registry, you can find the hip status of littermates and relatives to determine normality in the pedigree breadth. Both the OFA and PennHIP radiographic methods can report low levels of false positive and false negative predictions for future dysplastic development. The OFA radiograph documents anatomical abnormalities (shallow sockets, early bony-changes), but only natural laxity in a hip-extended view. The PennHIP radiograph documents maximum distractibility, but there are dogs with DIs between 0.3 and 0.7 that can end up being clinically normal or affected. For both methods, radiographic findings at an early age are highly correlated to dysplasia at a later age. OFA offers preliminary evaluations at any age, but does not give permanent certification until two years of age, when over 95 percent of affected dogs will show radiographic signs. Treatment and Prevention One significant factor in the development of hip dysplasia is the nutritional load, especially in growing large-breed dogs. Feeding high-calorie puppy food promotes rapid bone growth and weight gain. The soft-tissue components of the hips don’t mature and grow at the same rate as the bones. Often, by the time these soft-tissue components catch up, there can be bony deformity, due to a period of unstable hip joints. By switching to the lower-calorie large-breed puppy growth food, or switching to adult dog food after fourteen weeks of age, the growth rate can be slowed, and all of the components of the hip joints can mature in unison. The adult size of the dog is genetically determined, and reduced-calorie feeding will only alter the age when this size is attained. Excessive jumping and compaction activity on the hip joints during the critical growth periods prior to skeletal maturation can also affect the degree of later dysplastic development in genetically predisposed dogs. Changing feeding protocols and managing excessive environmental stress will probably not prevent hip dysplasia in genetically predisposed dogs, just as reasonable overnutrition and activity will probably not cause hip dysplasia in genetically normal dogs. However, modifying feeding practices can alter the degree or severity of clinical signs in affected dogs. Breeders should evaluate prospective breeding dogs that have been raised under fairly uniform conditions, so that any differences between them are due to heredity, not environmental influences. There are no scientifically proven drugs, vitamins, or food supplements that will protect the hips of genetically predisposed dogs from developing hip dysplasia. Joint-formula compounds (including glucosamine and chondroitin) are shown to diminish hip-joint pain in dogs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (such as aspirin, Rimadyl, and Etogesic) are also effective for treating joint pain. Owners should discuss with their veterinarian which medications are appropriate for their dog’s condition. Avoiding overfeeding, and maintaining a lean body weight will also diminish hip pain in affected dogs. There are two types of early-intervention surgery that attempt to prevent the progression of hip dysplasia in young dogs. These are designed to improve the integrity of the hip joints when there are shallow hip sockets or significant joint-laxity. They both act to rotate the acetabulum upward and outward, so it has greater coverage and support for the head of the femur. With a triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO), three cuts are made in the pelvis with a bone saw to isolate the hip socket. It is then rotated and reattached with metal plates. This surgery must be performed before any arthritic changes have begun. The other surgery is an experimental procedure called a juvenile pubic symphysiodesis (JPS). An electro-scalpel is used to close the growth plate on the floor of the pelvis. With normal growth occurring in the rest of the pelvis, the hip sockets then rotate outward. This procedure must be performed on dogs between 12 and 20 weeks of age, before significant pelvic growth has occurred. The affect of the procedure beyond 2 years of age has not been studied. Both the TPO and JPS require the early identification of candidates for surgery, before the bony changes of hip dysplasia occur. This creates a problem, as there is no accepted diagnostic test designed to predict with high certainty which dogs will develop debilitating hip dysplasia that will require surgery. Several surgeons recommend early intervention surgery based on a PennHIP measurement of laxity in young dogs. Dr. Gail Smith, professor of orthopedic surgery at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, believes that this is a misuse of the technique. “PennHIP was designed as a selection tool to quantify a probability or risk factor for developing later hip dysplasia,” says Smith, who developed the PennHIP method. “The technique wasn’t designed as an indicator for surgery.” He feels that a dog being considered for any type of hip dysplasia surgery should be demonstrating some clinical symptom of the condition. The TPO procedure has a longer track record to measure its outcome in older dogs. While research shows that in many cases the procedure does not stop the radiographic progression of hip dysplasia or arthritis, dogs who have undergone the surgery appear to experience less discomfort. However, since studies have shown that 76 percent of all dogs with radiographic signs of hip arthritis do well without surgery, controlled studies still need to be undertaken to determine the true value of these early intervention surgeries. There are two accepted surgical procedures for removing the pain and lameness caused by hip dysplasia: femoral head and neck excision, and total hip replacement. Both of these surgeries are considered salvage procedures, as they remove the arthritic bone-on-bone contact of the hip joint, thus relieving the pain associated with it. A femoral head and neck excision removes the ball from the ball-and-socket joint, and uses the muscles of the pelvis to support the hind leg. This procedure works well in most dogs up to 50 pounds, though heavier dogs could also be helped. It requires good muscle strength in the leg and buttocks since these, rather than bone, provide the support. Total hip replacement, while the more aggressive surgery, works very well on affected dogs. The head of the femur is replaced with a metal implant, and the acetabulum is replaced with a synthetic plastic implant. With updated materials and techniques, dogs receiving total hip replacement have few complications, and return to normal function without pain. Any dog whose condition is severe enough to require surgery should be spayed or neutered at the same time. In addition to the exploration into techniques to identify and treat dogs with hip dysplasia, research is being conducted to find the genetic causes of the condition. Dr. George Brewer, of the University of Michigan Medical School, is conducting research to find genes that cause canine hip dysplasia. Using 12 breeds, he is investigating candidate genes that code for hip-related functions such as physiology and connective tissue. “We are hoping to find one or two major trigger genes for hip dysplasia in each breed,” says Brewer, whose research is supported by a grant from the AKC Canine Health Foundation. At the Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Dr. Rory Todhunter is attempting – in a different way – to identify genes that cause hip dysplasia. He bred normal Greyhounds to dysplastic Labrador Retrievers, and then bred their offspring back to either normal Greyhounds or dysplastic Labrador Retrievers. Through manipulating the genes in this breeding scheme, he is trying to identify hip dysplasia-causing genes in the normal and dysplastic crossbred offspring. The goal of both of these research efforts is to develop genetic tests that can be used to select for genetically normal breeding-dogs. Canine hip dysplasia continues to be a serious disorder across breed lines. As breeders and owners learn the proper techniques to decrease the frequency of producing affected dogs, we can anticipate significant progress in the reduction of this damaging and costly condition. Hip Dysplasia by Breed (OFA Statistics): AKC Breeds Most Affected: \| AKC Breeds Least Affected: \| \| Bulldog 73.4% \| Australian Terrier 0.0% \| \| Pug 60.8% \| Borzoi 1.8% \| \| Otterhound 51.2% \| Saluki 1.9% \| \| Clumber Spaniel 49.6% \| Siberian Husky 2.1% \| \| Neopolitan Mastiff 47.6% \| Ibizan Hound 2.2% \| \| St. Bernard 47.0% \| Canaan Dog 2.4% \| \| Sussex Spaniel 41.2% \| Pharoah Hound 2.7% \| \| Bassett Hound 28.6% \| Belgian Sheepdog 2.9% \| \| Newfoundland 26.8% \| Schipperke 3.0% \| \| Bloodhound 26.1% \| Basenji 3.0% \|	<urn:uuid:24fe5f08-3553-4a30-9dfa-424161215789>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.ashgi.org/home-page/genetics-info/bones-joints/hip-check-bell	2024-12-06T19:44:55Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066416984.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206185637-20241206215637-00462.warc.gz	en	0.93772	3,408	2.984375	3
Lobelia Laxiflora Care: Growing Mexican Bush Lobelia Lobelia laxiflora or Mexican Cardinal flower is the perfect dry-climate plant for hummingbird gardens. Lobelia laxiflora is a sprawling perennial with medium green leaves and colorful tubular flowers. Also known as Mexican Lobelia, the plant is native to Mexico, Central America, and Southern Arizona. As a care-free perennial plant with bright orange and red flowers, it grows best in warm and dry regions – a perfect plant for xeriscape gardens. As gardeners, we love these species as they’re beautiful, easy-to-grow, and attract colorful hummingbirds. Quick Care Guide Common Name \| Mexican bush lobelia, Mexican cardinal flower, Sierra Madre lobelia, loose flowers, drooping lobelia \| Scientific Name \| Lobelia laxiflora \| Family \| Campanulaceae \| Height & Spread \| 2-3′ tall and 4-6 wide \| Light \| Full Sun \| Soil \| Well-draining, rocky, deep \| Water \| Low \| Pests & Diseases \| Aphids, spider mites, whiteflies \| All About Lobelia Laxiflora Lobelia laxiflora is commonly referred to as Mexican bush lobelia, Mexican cardinal flower, Sierra Madre lobelia, loose flowers, and drooping lobelia. This plant is a member of the family Campanulaceae, or the bellflower family. This lobelia is native to South America, Central America, and southern parts of North America, as far north as Arizona. In most of its native areas, particularly in Mexico, the plant grows best in alpine regions in full sun meadows or partial shade forest floors. The perennial herb with green leaves can grow up to 2-3″ tall with arching stems that bear gracefully long and narrow leaves. The inflorescence grows up to 16″ long and blooms in late spring and summer. The dainty blooms have a tubular base with narrow corolla from which the anthers protrude. Its flowering season is May through August. Mexican lobelia is a specific host for the hummingbird mite, which feeds on the nectar and pollen of the plant. The lifespan of the flower — about a week — gives the hummingbird mite just enough time to feed, lay eggs, and complete its cycle of reproduction. Lobelia Laxiflora Varieties While Lobelia laxiflora is its own species, it belongs to the Campanulaceae family and there are many different kinds of Lobelia that are quite similar to the laxiflora. - Lobelia cardinalis, for example, is known for its dark-red tubular flowers and rich green foliage. - Lobelia erinus is also a famous species that produces tiny purple blooms and is native to South Africa. - Lobelia inflata or the Indian Tobacco has toothed, ovate leaves that grow up to 3″. It has beautiful violet flowers tinted with yellow that appear in mid-summer. Lobelia Laxiflora Care As a carefree plant that grows well in sunny areas, Lobelia laxiflora requires the same care and maintenance as other herbaceous plants. The following are the optimal conditions it needs to grow. Light and Temperature The plant should be grown under full sun or partial shade, preferably through a south or west-facing window if grown indoors. Avoid a north facing window. It’s suited for USDA Hardiness Zones 9-11. In areas with cooler climates or slightly harsh winters, the plant will require overwintering by planting in a container and putting under cover. The plant can withstand short periods of temperatures down to 20°F. Water and Humidity Younger plants need deep watering throughout the summer. However, once the plant has established, it is drought-tolerant and won’t require frequent watering. In fact, excessive water causes the plant to rapid spreading and it may become aggressive in the garden. Less water keeps the growth in check while allowing the blooms to flourish. The plant needs well-drained, moist soil for optimal growth. Sand and loam are the best choices with a slightly alkaline pH to keep the plant thriving through the seasons. Rich potting soil with organic compost and a pH of 6-7.5 is an optimal choice. If mixing your own, feel free to add a bit of sand or perlite to the mix to loosen it up. The plant works best with liquid fertilizers that are high in phosphorous. Treat it with a high-quality fertilizer once a month to sustain optimal growth, dialing it back in winter. Transplanting and Repotting Lobelia Laxiflora The plant can be transplanted in spring right before the new growth starts. If you’re growing the plant inside a container, don’t transplant unless it requires a larger pot. You can either sow the seeds directly in the garden or start indoors and then transplant it later on. To grow this indoors, choose a time about 10-12 weeks before the last frost in your area. Choose a small pot and spread the tiny seeds. Water thoroughly and place the pot in a well-lit, warm area. The seedlings will pop up within 1-2 weeks, which is a good time to thin them out. Once the plant is at least 2-3″ tall, and the frost is completely gone, transplant it to your garden. Space them at least 5-6″ apart. Mexican Bush Lobelia Propagation The Mexican cardinal flower can be propagated in late spring when you’re grooming the plant. Measure and cut at least 4-5 inches of the branches while simultaneously removing the leaves. Now, take a clay pot and prepare it nicely with well-drained potting soil. Hydrate the soil and then gently push the fresh cuttings about halfway into the container. Lightly mist them at least twice a day and water the container every alternate day. Once they take root, it’s time to replant them in new pots. When you’re sure that the last frost has died, carefully transplant the young roots to an outdoor ground. Lobelia Laxiflora Pruning Simply, pinch off any dying or wilting flowers to encourage new blossoms. And, cut down any dead stem or foliage following the first freeze. When supported by a well-draining soil, sufficient water, and lots of sun, this perennial plant grows without any problems. However, it’s susceptible to a few pests and diseases. The only issue you might face outside pests and diseases is aggressive growth in the garden. Remember, this plant doesn’t need ton of water, and excessive irrigation may promote overgrowth, and overtaking of other nearby plants. Reduce watering if this has been an issue. Spider mites, white flies, and some species of aphids are three pests that can threaten the growth of this plant. To eliminate spider mites, mix a few drops of rosemary oil in water and spray the mixture over the leaves. You can also use a insecticidal soap to kill the insects. White flies can be easily blasted away with a jet of water. You can then follow up with an insecticidal soap over the stems and leaves to ensure the plant’s safety. Aphids like new stems and soft leaves. Blast them with a strong stream of water as well. This will effectively kill the aphids. Although there are no specific diseases, in damp, mild condition, the crowns of the plant can rot. Therefore, it’s extremely important to ensure minimal water once the plant has established. Frequently Asked Questions Q: Is the Mexican cardinal flower a good plant for a pollinator garden? A: Certainly. It is an excellent choice as its colorful flowering and bloom size attracts hummingbirds, butterflies, and other beneficial insects. Q: Is the plant tolerant to drought? A: Yes, this species is drought-tolerant with a long blooming season. Q: Can it be grown in a container? A: Yes, it can be grown inside a pot; however, make sure the soil remains well-drained and moist. Q: How long will lobelia last? A: Each of the Mexican lobelia flowers last for one week. These bloom May through August. Q: Is lobelia OK in full sun? A: Mexican lobelia loves full sun. Partial shade is also acceptable. Q: Do lobelia come back every year? A: Yes. All lobelias are perennials, including Mexican lobelia. Q: What problems do lobelia have? A: L. laxiflora can get out of hand in the garden if not kept in check. Q: Should you deadhead lobelia? A: You certainly can deadhead Mexican lobelia, and doing so will promote more blooms.	<urn:uuid:1d6724f5-7375-4b69-b966-b3759e0637d6>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.epicgardening.com/lobelia-laxiflora/	2024-12-02T11:54:50Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066127466.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202094452-20241202124452-00043.warc.gz	en	0.920511	1,905	3.046875	3
Are you a parent wondering what your child will learn in Year 10 Mathematics? Many parents find themselves wondering about the Year 10 maths curriculum and how to best support their children’s learning journey. This level of mathematics can be difficult since it covers complex topics and new concepts that provide the foundations for a variety of professional pathways and higher education. Comprehending the Year 10 maths syllabus is important because it includes important subjects including algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and statistics. These subjects not only improve students’ analytical and problem-solving abilities but also prepare them for the demands of senior year and beyond. According to research, targeted math support can significantly improve a student’s performance by providing personalised attention and learning strategies. With the right guidance and resources, your child can achieve their full potential and gain the confidence needed to excel Let’s take a look at the fundamentals of Year 10 Mathematics and how Dr. Study can help your child navigate this educational journey more successfully. Year 10 Mathematics Curriculum The goal of the Year 10 Mathematics curriculum is to give students a solid foundation in a variety of important areas so they will be ready for senior school and other academic endeavours. Here is an in-depth review of the curriculum’s main concepts: 1: Number and Algebra This subject focuses on developing students’ ability to work with numbers and algebraic concepts, which are essential for solving real-world problems and understanding advanced mathematics. - Mastering Complex Algebraic Equations: Students gain the ability to solve equation systems as well as linear and quadratic equations. They also explore more advanced subjects like rational and polynomial expressions, learning how to work with and simplify these expressions in order to solve problems. - Understanding and Applying the Principles of Functions and Graphs: This includes studying different types of functions (linear, quadratic, and exponential) and their properties. Students learn how to graph these functions and interpret their graphs to understand the relationships they represent. - Learning About Exponential and Logarithmic Relationships: These concepts are essential for understanding growth and decay processes in areas such as biology, economics, and physics. Students solve equations and apply the principles of exponents and logarithms to real-world situations as they study these concepts. 2: Measurement and Geometry This area focuses on understanding and applying geometric principles and measurement techniques. - Exploring Properties of Geometric Shapes and Solids: Students study the properties of two-dimensional shapes (triangles, quadrilaterals, and circles) and three-dimensional solids (cylinders, spheres, and prisms). They learn how to calculate perimeter, area, surface area, and volume, which improves their spatial reasoning abilities. - Applying Theorems to Solve Problems Involving Angles, Triangles, and Circles: Key theorems include the Pythagorean theorem, properties of similar and congruent figures, and circle theorems. These theorems help students demonstrate geometric relationships and find solutions to difficult problems. - Understanding and Calculating Surface Areas and Volumes: Practical applications of these skills include calculating the surface area and volume of various solids, which is important in fields like engineering, architecture, and manufacturing. 3: Probability and Statistics Students develop the ability to analyse data and understand the role of chance in a variety of situations in these contexts. - Collecting, Displaying, and Interpreting Data: Students learn different methods of data collection and representation, including tables, charts, and graphs. They analyse the information, come to conclusions, and make wise choices. - Understanding Probability Concepts and Applying Them to Real-Life Situations: Key concepts include experimental and theoretical probability, probability distributions, and the use of probability in making predictions. Students put these ideas to use in practical ways, like forecasting and risk assessment. - Analysing Statistical Information and Making Informed Predictions: This involves using measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode) and dispersion (range, variance, standard deviation) to analyse data sets. As they make predictions based on their findings, students develop the ability to identify trends and patterns. Is your child struggling with Maths? Let us help. In Year 10 Mathematics, students will encounter various forms of assessments to test their knowledge and skills: ASSESSMENT TYPE \| DESCRIPTION \| Topic Tests \| Short tests focused on specific areas of the curriculum \| Quizzes \| Regular quizzes to keep students engaged and track progress \| Mid-Year and Yearly Exams \| Comprehensive exams covering multiple topics \| Take-Home Assignments \| Projects and assignments to reinforce classroom learning \| Explanatory Assignments \| Tasks that require students to explain concepts in detail \| Achievement Standards in Year 10 Mathematics To excel in Year 10 Mathematics, students must meet a number of essential achievement standards that indicate their comprehension and application of mathematical topics. Among these requirements are: - Demonstrating Proficiency in Solving Complex Problems: Students should be able to approach and solve complex mathematical problems, which includes understanding the problem, selecting appropriate strategies, and correctly carrying out the solution process. This shows a thorough understanding of mathematical concepts and the capacity to use them in a variety of contexts. - Applying Mathematical Reasoning in Various Contexts: Students are expected to use logical reasoning to make connections between different mathematical ideas and apply these concepts to real-world situations. This includes making hypotheses, justifying solutions, and using evidence to back up their reasoning. - Communicating Mathematical Ideas Effectively: Clear and precise communication of mathematical ideas is crucial. Using correct mathematical language and notation, students should be able to articulate their ideas, explain mathematical concepts, and show their solutions coherently. - Using Technology to Support Mathematical Understanding: It’s important to investigate mathematical ideas and find solutions by utilising technology instruments like software, graphing calculators, and internet resources. Students should be proficient in using these tools to enhance their understanding and provide more dynamic solutions. Tips for Parents of Year 10 Students By following these tips and utilising available resources, your child can excel in Year 10 Mathematics. TIP \| DESCRIPTION \| Practice Regularly \| Consistent practice helps reinforce concepts and improve problem-solving skills. To improve your maths skills, make it a habit to practise every day or every week. \| Use Online Resources \| Utilise websites and apps that offer additional practice and explanations. These resources can offer immediate feedback in addition to interactive learning opportunities. \| Form Study Groups \| Studying together with others to learn difficult subjects might help make them easier to understand. Study groups can help to simplify complex subjects and provide a variety of perspectives. \| Tutoring Services \| Never be hesitant to seek out expert tutoring if necessary. Tutors can offer targeted guidance and personalised instruction to address certain areas of difficulty. \| Looking for Extra Help with Year 10 Maths? At Dr. Study, we understand the unique challenges that Year 10 Mathematics presents. Our experienced tutors are committed to offering tailored guidance that meets the specific needs of your child. Here’s how we can support you: - Tailored Guidance: Our tutors tailor their approach to each student’s unique learning style and pace, ensuring they receive the support they need to grasp complex concepts. - Interactive Lessons: We use interactive lessons to keep students engaged and interested in the material, making learning interesting and pleasurable. - Regular Assessments: Continuous progress monitoring enables us to adjust teaching methods as needed, ensuring that students stay on track and improve. At Dr. Study Tutoring, we understand the importance of a strong foundation in maths. That’s why we offer comprehensive maths tutoring designed to address your child’s specific needs and learning style. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Let’s go over some frequently asked questions from parents about Year 10 Mathematics Curriculum. 1. How can I help my child prepare for Year 10 Maths assessments? Encourage regular study sessions, make use of Internet tools, and think about working with a tutor if you need more help. Your child’s retention and understanding of mathematical concepts can be greatly improved with regular practice and access to a variety of educational resources. 2. What are the key topics in the Year 10 Maths curriculum? Number and algebra, measurement and geometry, and statistics and probability are the main subjects. Essential mathematical concepts that form the basis of advanced mathematics are covered in each of these subjects. 3. How often should my kid do math drills? Math practice should ideally be done by children every day or at least many times a week. Regular practice enhances learning, sharpens problem-solving abilities, and fosters confidence when tackling challenging mathematical issues. 4. What should I do if my child is struggling with Year 10 Maths? If your child is having trouble, think about hiring a tutor who can offer tailored guidance and support. A tutor can help strengthen a student’s mathematical foundation, address particular areas of difficulty, and provide personalised teaching strategies. Year 10 Mathematics can be challenging, but with the right support and resources, your child can excel. Our goal at Dr. Study is to provide your child with the confidence they need to successfully navigate the difficulties of Year 10 Maths. Our experienced tutors offer customised, interesting, and productive tutoring sessions tailored to the particular learning requirements of your child. Contact us today to boost your child’s math skills. Book a free assessment now and take the first step towards academic excellence!	<urn:uuid:4dbf4e1b-381b-4514-911d-64e74f07e706>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://drstudylearning.com.au/year-10-maths-curriculum-australia/	2024-12-09T14:25:13Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066046617.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209120910-20241209150910-00080.warc.gz	en	0.922511	1,999	3.875	4
Elliptic Curves and Their Role in Modern Cryptography In the world of modern cryptography, elliptic curves have emerged as a powerful tool for securing communications, protecting sensitive data, and ensuring the privacy of individuals and organizations. While the concept of elliptic curves may sound complex and abstract, their practical applications in cryptography are both elegant and essential. In this blog post, we will delve into the fascinating world of elliptic curves, exploring their mathematical foundations, properties, and their indispensable role in the realm of modern cryptography, all while providing insights that can help with your Cryptography Assignment. Understanding Elliptic Curves To comprehend the significance of elliptic curves in cryptography, it's essential to first grasp the fundamental concepts behind them. At its core, an elliptic curve is a type of mathematical structure defined by an equation of the form: Here, a and b are constants that determine the specific shape and properties of the curve. The set of solutions to this equation, including points at infinity, forms an elliptic curve. This curve can be visualized on a Cartesian plane, and it exhibits a unique set of geometric properties that make it particularly well-suited for cryptographic applications. Key Properties of Elliptic Curves Elliptic curves possess several key properties that make them valuable in cryptography: - Group Structure - Discrete Logarithm Problem - Small Key Sizes One of the most critical properties of elliptic curves is their group structure. Given any two points on the curve, you can perform an operation known as "addition" to obtain a third point on the curve. This addition operation is both commutative and associative, and it has an identity element, typically represented as the point at infinity. The group structure allows for efficient mathematical operations and forms the basis of many cryptographic algorithms. Elliptic curves provide a challenging mathematical problem known as the "elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem" (ECDLP). Given two points P and Q on an elliptic curve, finding the integer k such that Q = kP is computationally infeasible for large elliptic curves. This hardness forms the basis for secure cryptographic schemes. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) offers the same level of security as traditional public-key cryptography systems like RSA but with significantly smaller key sizes. This means that ECC can provide strong security while reducing computational overhead, making it particularly well-suited for resource-constrained devices and networks. Applications in Modern Cryptography Now that we've established the mathematical foundations and properties of elliptic curves, let's explore their crucial role in modern cryptography: - Public Key Cryptography: - Smaller Key Sizes: ECC provides the same level of security as traditional public key systems like RSA but with significantly smaller key sizes. This is especially important for bandwidth-constrained applications. - Efficiency: ECC operations, such as encryption, decryption, and key exchange, are computationally efficient. This makes ECC suitable for real-time communication and resource-constrained devices. - Security: ECC's security is rooted in the difficulty of solving the ECDLP. This makes it highly resistant to attacks even as computational power increases. - Digital Signatures: - Key Exchange: - Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES): - Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies: - Address Generation: Bitcoin addresses are generated from ECC public keys. These addresses serve as the destination for transactions and are publicly visible on the blockchain. - Transaction Signing: Digital signatures based on elliptic curve algorithms, such as ECDSA, are used to verify the authenticity of transactions. A private key holder signs a transaction to prove ownership and authorize the transfer of cryptocurrency. - Secure Communications: - TLS/SSL: These protocols, used for secure web browsing, rely on ECC for key exchange and digital signatures. ECC's efficiency enhances the speed and security of secure web connections. - SSH: Secure Shell (SSH) uses ECC for key exchange, providing secure remote access to servers and devices. - VPNs: Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) use ECC for secure network connections, ensuring that data transmitted over the internet remains confidential and protected from eavesdropping. - Internet of Things (IoT) Security: - Small Key Sizes: ECC allows for small key sizes while maintaining strong security. This is crucial for IoT devices with limited computational resources. - Efficiency: ECC's computational efficiency ensures that IoT devices can perform cryptographic operations quickly and without draining their batteries. - Secure Communication: ECC enables IoT devices to communicate securely over potentially unsecured networks, protecting sensitive data and ensuring the integrity of commands and updates. Public key cryptography, also known as asymmetric cryptography, is a cornerstone of secure communication in the digital age. It relies on the use of key pairs: a public key that is shared openly and a private key that is kept secret. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is widely used in public key systems because of its efficiency and security. In ECC-based public key systems, each user has a unique pair of keys derived from an elliptic curve. The public key is used for encryption and verification, while the private key is kept secret and used for decryption and signing. The security of ECC relies on the computational difficulty of solving the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP), which entails finding the private key from the public key. ECC offers several advantages in public key cryptography: Digital signatures are essential for verifying the authenticity and integrity of digital documents and messages. In ECC, the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is a widely used method for creating digital signatures. ECDSA provides a highly secure and efficient way to sign messages. One of its notable advantages is the compact size of the resulting signatures compared to traditional RSA signatures. Smaller signatures are beneficial in applications with limited bandwidth and storage, such as mobile devices and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The process of creating an ECDSA signature involves the private key and the message to be signed. Verifying the signature requires the public key corresponding to the private key used for signing. ECDSA ensures that the signature is unique to both the message and the private key, providing a strong mechanism for message authentication and non-repudiation. Secure key exchange is fundamental to ensuring confidential and tamper-proof communication between parties. Elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) is a popular key exchange protocol that relies on ECC. ECDH allows two parties to derive a shared secret over an unsecured communication channel. The security of ECDH is underpinned by the ECDLP, making it computationally infeasible for an eavesdropper to determine the shared secret even if they intercept the communication. Furthermore, ECDH provides a property called forward secrecy. This means that even if an attacker records the entire communication and later obtains the private keys of the parties involved, they still cannot retroactively compute the shared secret. This property enhances the long-term security of communications. ECIES is a hybrid encryption scheme that combines the strengths of symmetric and asymmetric encryption. It is based on elliptic curve cryptography and provides a secure method for encrypting data while ensuring that only the intended recipient can decrypt it. In ECIES, a shared secret is derived using ECDH, allowing two parties to establish a secure communication channel. Once the shared secret is established, it is used as the encryption key for a symmetric encryption algorithm, such as AES. This combination of asymmetric and symmetric encryption provides both confidentiality and efficiency. ECIES is particularly useful in scenarios where confidentiality and privacy are paramount, such as securing email communications, protecting sensitive data stored in the cloud, or ensuring the privacy of financial transactions. The world of cryptocurrencies, with Bitcoin as a prime example, heavily relies on elliptic curve cryptography. In Bitcoin, ECC is used for several crucial purposes: The use of ECC in cryptocurrencies has not only demonstrated the practicality of elliptic curves but has also withstood the test of time in a highly adversarial environment, emphasizing their security and reliability. Elliptic curve cryptography plays a pivotal role in ensuring the security of various communication protocols: ECC's efficiency in key exchange and digital signatures enhances the overall security and performance of these protocols, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, from online banking to secure government communications. The proliferation of IoT devices, from smart thermostats to connected cars, demands lightweight and efficient cryptographic solutions. Elliptic curve cryptography is a natural choice for IoT security due to the following reasons: Overall, ECC plays a vital role in securing the IoT ecosystem, preventing unauthorized access, data breaches, and tampering with IoT devices. Elliptic curve cryptography has become a cornerstone of modern cryptography due to its mathematical elegance, computational efficiency, and strong security properties. It underpins various cryptographic techniques and protocols, enabling secure key exchange, digital signatures, encryption, and secure communication in a wide range of applications, from securing online transactions to protecting the Internet of Things. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, ECC remains a critical tool in safeguarding the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of digital information. Challenges and Considerations While elliptic curve cryptography offers numerous advantages, it is not without challenges and considerations: - Implementation Complexity - Quantum Threat Implementing elliptic curve cryptography correctly can be challenging, as it requires careful attention to details. Vulnerabilities can arise from implementation errors, and cryptographic libraries must be rigorously tested and kept up to date to address potential weaknesses. There are various elliptic curve parameters available, and selecting the right curves is crucial for security. Standardization bodies, such as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), provide guidance on selecting secure elliptic curves to mitigate the risk of vulnerabilities. While ECC is secure against classical computers, it is vulnerable to attacks by quantum computers, specifically Shor's algorithm. As quantum computing technology advances, there is a growing need to transition to post-quantum cryptographic algorithms that can withstand quantum attacks. Elliptic curves have evolved from abstract mathematical concepts into indispensable tools for modern cryptography. Their elegant mathematical properties, efficiency, and strong security make them a preferred choice for securing digital communications, protecting data, and enabling secure online transactions. From secure key exchange and digital signatures to IoT security and cryptocurrency, elliptic curve cryptography plays a vital role in safeguarding the digital world. As technology continues to advance, it is essential to stay vigilant in addressing emerging challenges, such as quantum computing threats, and to ensure that elliptic curve cryptography remains a cornerstone of secure communication in the digital age. The ongoing research and development in this field will continue to shape the future of cryptography and cybersecurity, making the digital world a safer place for individuals and organizations alike.	<urn:uuid:295ff454-c7c5-48b6-9253-b20ba620210e>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.mathsassignmenthelp.com/blog/role-of-elliptic-curves-in-modern-cryptography/	2024-12-12T05:29:16Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066100961.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212031335-20241212061335-00245.warc.gz	en	0.919442	2,267	3.65625	4
We all know that the T-Rex was the King of the Dinosaurs. It’s literally in the name it may be the most famous, most well known and most popular but it likely wasn’t actually the biggest carnivore out there. We take a look at if not the longest or biggest, was it the most heavy of the carnivorous dinosaur when we take a look at how heavy was a T-Rex in the article below. The T-Rex was one of the largest and most heavy of all species of carnivorous dinosaurs. Fossil examinations have estimated that a Fully Mature T-Rex could weigh between 16,500 pounds and 19,500 pounds. (7000 – 9000 kg) This weight makes it one of ,if not, the heaviest land carnivorous dinosaurs of all time. Although we have never, and hopefully will never see one up close and personal, the T-Rex looks like a pretty awesome creature. Even by looking at their bones in museums, we can tell that they, and all other dinosaurs were one of the most magnificent animals to ever live, and while they were certainly huge, were they actually heavy as well? That’s what we are taking a look at in the article below, how heavy exactly was the T-Rex? We will be going through the evidence of exactly how heavy scientists believe this incredible giant dinosaur was when it was stomping around 66 million years ago. We have a T-Rex infographic with the weight, height, length and more facts about T-Rex for you to share and use. Just drop us a credit if you do 🙂 What we know about the T-Rex: a literal heavyweight As the world’s most popular and famous, upright, terrifying and carnivorous theropod, we love learning all there is to know about them. Some facts we have learned about the T-Rex include: - It lived 66-70 million years ago. - It was a carnivore, therefore ate other dinosaurs. - The average lifespan of a T-Rex was possibly 30 years. - It was 12 meters/40 feet in length. - It was 3.6 meters/12 feet tall. As for the weight, scientists believe T-Rex would have weighed a minimum of 5,000 – 9,000 kilograms/11,000 – 19,000 pounds with all the bones, muscle and flesh. But how do scientists determine this fact? It’s not like they have a T-Rex to coax onto huge weighing scales to record the weight and call it a day. No, they did not have an actual, fully formed, T-Rex. But they do have their bones. Almost full skeletons, in fact. We take a look at how scientists estimate how heavy a T-Rex was in the next section. How do we know the weight of a T Rex As we mentioned it is not possible to sedate a T Rex, or any dinosaur for that matter, and put it on a super size bathroom scale, and we should be thankful for that! Similarly weighing the fossils of the dinosaur is not much use for three important reasons. - 1) The bones are just that bones, they do not represent the full dinosaur with flesh, gristle, tendons teeth etc and would, even if possible to weigh them and see how heavy they are it would not be accurate. - 2) It is incredibly rare to find a full skeleton of any dinosaur fully fossilized, even Sue the most complete of all the T-Rex fossils discovered was 90% complete by bulk ( 250 of 360 bones) - 3) Thirdly, and most importantly fossils are not bones. The bones have been replaced by rock, which as you might expect is an entirely different substance and of course is much more heavy than the bone that it replaced over millions of years. So scientists have had to develop other ways to try to accurately estimate the weight of dinosaurs. One of these ways is by using the circumference and length of animal bones and comparing it to both similar dinosaurs that may be better researched, or even modern day animals and scaling up ( usually up) to find an approximate weight and height. This system has been in effect since around 1985, and although it is pretty accurate for smaller animals it can be wildly off the mark for larger ones. ( the example given here is when they used this method in 2009 for elephants and hippos is made them much heavier than they actually are. The second and older way, is to reconstruct the dinosaur as accurately as possible and then “flesh it out with educated estimates of body mass and as much evidence as can be taken from the fossils and the area it was found. Now this can be much better done with computer modelling, but even so a combination of the two tends to be the best way. The actual weight of dinosaurs would be down to many more factors than just the length and width of bones. It would come down to what and how much the dinosaur had to eat to maintain body weight, the temperature or climate it lived in, and its general build which can be hard to work out from a fossil as it rarely gives an idea of the flesh covering those bones. Was T Rex the Heaviest Dinosaur As heavy as a T-Rex was, even the heaviest scotty ( see below) was nowhere near the weight of even a medium sized sauropod. The largest dinosaur is another topic that is under constant review and debate and although it can vary on the exact species there is consensus that it would have been a sauropod, be it Argentinosaurus, a species of Barosaurus or even the mysterious vanishing dinosaurs like Amphicoelias and Bruhathkayosaurus. We have articles on the largest ever dinosaurs, and on the missing fossils of the amphicoelias in the links bolded above. It’s worth reading as if ever found or verified it would be a dinosaur to rival even the blue whale in size! Was T Rex it the Heaviest Carnivore Dinosaur. Well, this is a very loaded question, and the answer unfortunately is probably. There are 4 large carnivorous dinosaurs that view for the title of largest carnivore dinosaur and its such a large question we wrote more about it in its own article “what was the largest carnivore dinosaur” which goes further to answer the question than we can here. however, the crib note answer is of the four it is very likely that Tyrannosaurus Rex was the most bulky, most heavy and massive of the four. the other three being Spinosaurus, Giganotosaurus and Carcharodontosaurus but there are arguments for all four to take the that title and in truth despite the amount of debate and dispute over the answer all four were very close in size and weight. Spinosaurus and Giganotosaurus were likely bigger and longer in length but the T-Rex was like the dinosaur equivalent of a Bull Dog and being made of muscle more heavy, even if a slightly ( though still of course massive) smaller frame. Even Carcharodontosaurus was a similar length ( at least one species – saharicus) and estimated to be up to 6-7 tons in weight. We have the table below that takes the weight estimates for the big four and you can check out the full article on the link we mentioned above or take a look at the other infographic below the table which gives some details about all four of these massive predatory dinosaurs and how heavy they were. NOTE: We took the most recent available weights from Wikipedia for continuity and weights are always debated or disputed depending on the source or methods used to calculate ( more on that above). Table 1: Weight Comparison four heaviest carnivore dinosaurs. When estimated and paleontologist. \| Largest Carnivorous Dinosaurs \| Estimated Weight maximum Lbs \| Estimated Weight maximum Kgs \| 2019 Scott Pearson \| Tyrannosaurus Rex \| 19,555 \| 8,870 \| 2022 – Paul Serrano \| Spinosaurus \| 16,314 \| 7,400 \| 2019 – Matías Reolid \| Giganotosaurus \| 18,739.3 \| 8,500 \| 2015 – D M Henderson \| Carcharodontosaurus \| 13,668 \| 6,200 \| We have included links to the papers where available for the most recent maximum weight estimates and the Largest Carnivore infographic as mentioned above. The Four Heaviest T Rex Fossils. There have been around 100 T-Rex fossils discovered by palaeontologists over the years. But getting a nearly complete fossilized skeleton of a T-Rex is rare of those only 32 adults have been found that are of a reasonable level of completeness. ( many are single bones) However, scientists have managed to put the bones of these incredible beasts together to give us a better look at their beauty and enormous size 3 of the example T Rex fossils below are some of the most complete and most heavy examples of a T-Rex and the last one is to show that at least for some of its years the T-Rex was not the 40 foot long, 19000 lbs apex predator it is usually depicted as. Sue became famous as the pun-loving dinosaur of Twitter. The fossils are currently on display in the Chicago Museum to view. No one really knows the sex of Sue the T-Rex, since it is difficult to determine gender in fossils. However, the skeleton was named after Sue Hendrickson, who discovered the bones back in the 1990s during a commercial excavation trip in South Dakota. Sue is 40 feet long and 13 feet tall. They are also some of the the most complete T-Rex skeleton out of the entire 30+ fossils with reasonable completeness ever discovered. They have 250 of 380 known bones of the T-Rexes skeleton. The skull alone weighs 600 pounds, with the entire body estimated to weigh around 18, 651 pounds. They may be the most complete, but they aren’t the heaviest. Stan was found in Hell’s Creek, South Dakota, in 1987. However, they weren’t excavated until 1992. As well as sharing a US state with Sue, he is also one of the most complete T-Rex fossils in the world, with more than 70% of his bones discovered Stan was named after Stan Sacrison, an amateur paleontologist who made the initial discovery of the T-Rex fossil. He wasn’t even looking for a T-Rex at the time. He was looking at the plant life when he noticed a pelvis bone sticking out from a cliff. Maybe Stan and Sue were friends back in the day, they weren’t all that far from one another. Nose to tail, Stan is about 40 feet long and was measured to be around 13 feet tall, just like Sue. Although Stan weighs 16,875 lbs, which makes Sue the heavier of the two. Stan was auctioned for $31,847,500 on 6th October 2020 and is now housed in a new and upcoming museum in Abu Dhabi. Scotty is literally the heavyweight champion when it comes to the T-Rex fossils that have been discovered. Scotty was discovered in Canada in 1991 by Robert Gebhard and a team of Paleontologists on a local expedition. They simply stumbled across the fossil and it turned out to be one of the biggest Canadian finds in history. They recovered 65-70% of Scotty’s skeleton and it is on record for being the world’s largest T-Rex ever found. At 19 feet tall and 39 feet long, they estimated the weight an incredible 19,555 pounds by measuring the circumference of the femur. This one was definitely King of the Dinosaurs. When making the discovery, the scientists wanted to toast their incredible find. However, the only spirit on hand was a bottle of Scotch, which is why the T-Rex was named Scotty. We can at least be thankful its wasnt fanta or tea i guess! There was a lot of back and forth about whether Jane was a T-Rex or a different species of dinosaur. This debate went on for about 70 years. That’s a long argument! Jane was discovered in Hell Creek Formation in Montana back in 2001 by Carol Tuck and Bill Harrison, team members of an expedition led by Burpee Museum Illinois. It was finally agreed that Jane was, in fact, a juvenile T-Rex and not a different dinosaur species. Although, one could understand the confusion. Jane is 21.5 feet long, which is half the length of Sue, and was 7.6 feet tall. A dwarf compared to the other T-Rex on this list. The tiny thing only weighed 1,500 pounds. It was determined that Jane was a juvenile T-Rex by scientific efforts that have progressed over the years. They are now able to narrow down the age of the fossil when it died. So, after taking another look at Jane, it was agreed that it was a T-Rex of about 11 years of age. We have a huge selection or articles to answer the common and some less common questions about the Tyrannosaurus Rex here on the site and to make it easier to access we have them in the table below. From itty-bitty Jane to the humongous Scotty, T-Rex came is all shapes and sizes, and while Tyrannosaurus Rex was like to be the heaviest predator ever to walk the Earth, (even at its average size it would have outweighed most of the others) However all were huge carnivores of almost identical proportions, just with its added mass and muscle, and with actual fossilized Evidence with the T-Rex – Scotty – topping the chart at 19500 lbs, T rex would have been Heavy, and probably the heaviest of them all. Hi, I am Roy Ford a General Studies and English Teacher who has taught all over the world. What started as a fossil collection became a great way to teach, motivate and inspire students of all ages and all over the world about dinosaurs and from that and children’s love of dinosaurs came the site dinosaur facts for kids, a resource for all ages.	<urn:uuid:86111268-c404-40e4-ace3-46be9b2deab3>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://dinosaurfactsforkids.com/how-heavy-was-the-t-rex/	2024-12-12T11:49:28Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066108241.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212093452-20241212123452-00586.warc.gz	en	0.968574	2,945	3.6875	4
Have you ever wondered what it would be like to come face to face with a wild elk? From their antlers to the peacefulness of their grazing, traveling in the footsteps of these majestic creatures is an experience like no other. Join us on this journey as we explore the wildest corners of the world and discover more about these fascinating herbivores. Introduction to Elks Elks, also known as wapiti, are one of the largest species of deer and can be found on every continent except Antarctica. Elks are believed to have originated in North America before spreading to other regions worldwide. They are a popular game animal for hunters and have been featured in several movies and TV shows, such as Dances with Wolves. Elks can reach up to 45 mph speeds and have an impressive set of antlers—perhaps their most distinguishing features—that can weigh up to 40 pounds in males. In addition, male elks sport dark brown or black fur, while female elks tend to be more reddish-brown. Elks live in small groups or herds throughout various environments, from coniferous forests to grasslands and deserts. Although elks tend to live relatively isolated lives, they interact with humans through hunting, tourism, and primarily through their impressive bugling calls that can be heard for miles during mating season—usually between September and October. This bugling call makes male elk particularly renowned among nature enthusiasts because they not only make the loudest sound of any North American land mammal but also symbolize strength and pride within Native American cultures across the continent. Elks in the Wild Elks in the wild are majestic creatures that can be found inhabiting forests and meadows throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Elks are the fourth largest species of deer and one of North America’s most instantly recognizable animals. These hoofed mammals have been an essential part of the ecosystem for thousands of years. Elk’s diet comprises grasses, sedges, forbs, leaves, and twigs. They are incredibly hardy animals that can survive in most temperate and northern climates. Elks live in large herds with adult bulls leading them to new grazing grounds as necessary. Bulls begin to regrow their impressive antlers every spring as they shed their winter coats; by autumn, they reach peak foliage before they’re shed once more before winter sets in again. During mating season, males battle each other to determine dominance, while female elks also engage in short competitions. Females attend to their young until they reach maturity, which happens between one to two years of age, at which point they typically join a herd led by adult bulls. Although elk populations have remained stable throughout the last few centuries, there are certain threats that these majestic mammals face due to human activities such as habitat destruction or hunting for sport or food processing operations. Because of this, elks require careful monitoring and conservation efforts that allow them to flourish without sacrificing healthy populations from western North America down into Central America. Anatomy and Physiology of Elks Elks are large animals, and the males, called bulls, typically stand four to six feet tall from the shoulder when fully grown and weigh up to 1,600 pounds. The females are usually somewhat smaller; both have a thick fur coat comprised of short hairs and are typically brown or tan with a white rump patch. They also have several antlers that grow on their heads, reaching lengths of up to five feet. The anatomic structure of elks is quite remarkable. Their hooves are specially adapted to grip slippery surfaces, allowing them to move quickly in snowy environments. Elks have four stomachs to process their herbivorous diet more effectively than many other animals. They also have a well-developed sense of smell; they often use this to identify predators and food sources long before they become visible. Also, elks possess strong vocal cords and chords for producing various sounds, from snorts and grunts to high-pitched squeals and bellows. The behavior patterns exhibited by elks are also complex; they often tend to rest during the day and forage for food at night. During mating season (from September -November), bulls defend their harems aggressively against intruders while simultaneously competing for mates by locking antlers with rivals in displays known as “rutting” battles. When threatened by predators or humans, elks will make loud bugle calls to alert fellow herd members before fleeing from danger if necessary. Diet and Habits of Elks Elks are herbivores, meaning they mainly feed on vegetation. The diet of elks consists primarily of nutrient-rich grasses, herbs, and shrubs. They supplement their diet with forbs, succulents, and fruits, depending on the season and availability of food within their environment. During winter, elks subsist almost entirely on oak leaves, pine needles, and conifer plants, which are more nutrient-rich than grasses and shrubs. Elks generally move in groups and tend to travel from place to place in search of food that is rich in nutrition to survive in the wild. Elk habitat can range widely and can include grasslands, semi-arid deserts, or mountainous regions—as long as there is sufficient vegetation for them to feed upon. In addition, Elks depend heavily on water sources such as lakes or ponds for sustenance and wallowing during hot summer months—wallowing is a behavior that helps them cool down in warm weather. Generally speaking, Elks tend to be shy, avoiding humans wherever possible. However, when elk habitat encroaches areas populated by humans, they may spook easily due to proximity or fear, particularly when calves may be involved—a mother elk can show hostile behavior if she feels threatened by one’s presence near her offspring. It is, therefore, important when observing elk families or individuals that one maintains a respectful distance from them during observation so as not to scare these majestic creatures away from their environment or disturb their behavior patterns out of instinct. Elks and Human Interaction Elks, whether found in the wild or a domesticated herd, are of great interest to humans, and our relationship with them dates back centuries. While elks are wild animals and thus inherently unpredictable, they have been observed to show a tolerance for humans in certain situations. Individuals practice elk hunting following rigorous rules and regulations studied closely by wildlife agencies, aiming to protect the species and enable people to appreciate them. In some areas across North America, intentional feeding of elk for hunting purposes has been practiced since colonial times, with herded herds being encouraged by big-game hunters. In recent years, recreational feeding of elks has also become popular among those who appreciate observing elk activity outside the context of big game hunting. Moreover, due to their dietary needs requiring immense amounts of vegetation and nutrients from land sources not suitable for any other purpose but browsing and grazing, in some places, domestic herds are raised on private lands aimed at maintaining a healthy ecosystem for all creatures living there as well as bringing moderate economic gain through sustainable livestock business models. Finally, although not commonly done today due to changes in domestication beliefs and practices regarding animals like elk, they were kept at home under semi-captive or fully-domesticated conditions in some traditions. In such cases, these would be considered pets rather than farm animals or game animals and would be treated with care and compassion like any other animal companion according to that specific home’s cultural guidelines. Although not often seen in today’s cultures – primarily due to stringent laws created specifically for captive wild animal owners – domesticated elk have been known throughout history among humans living close to nature, often occupying a decent place between cultural heroines/heroes like deer or buffalo on the one hand while working animals (horses and oxen) on the other. Conservation Efforts for Elks Elks are unique animals with an impressive antler spread and a loyal disposition. Multiple conservation efforts have been put in place over the years to ensure their safety and preserve their habitats. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified elks as near-threatened species due to poaching, destruction of habitats, and competition with livestock. In the United States, population numbers range from 800,000 to over one million depending on the time of year, while Europe is home to around 350,000 elks. To protect elks in Europe, there are two regions where hunting restrictions are enforced: Buskerud county in Norway and Syktyvkar in Russia. Both areas now use restrictive licenses for hunting smaller specimens and regulations on trophy size and the animal’s age before it can be killed. The aim is to promote healthy populations without putting hunters off from sustaining these species long-term. Conservation efforts ensure a sustainable future for elks by providing safe havens that guarantee their survival into the next century; protecting them from threats posed by urbanization and climate change; promoting ethical hunting; and educating the public about how vital these creatures are to biodiversity around the world! In conclusion, elks are an essential part of the natural world, often at the center of various food webs and ecosystems. They are majestic animals and one of the most exciting and diverse mammals. As our knowledge about them increases, so does our admiration for these magnificent animals. While Elks have been living in the wild for centuries, we have only just begun to scratch the surface regarding their behavior and habits. In that sense, Elks are still full of mystery and wonder—and a journey into their world promises to be a most rewarding one! Frequently Asked Questions Q1: Where can I find elks in the wild? A1: Elks can be found in North America, Europe, and Asia wild. In North America, elks can be found in the Rocky Mountains, western Canada, and parts of Alaska. In Europe, elks can be found in Sweden, Norway, Finland, and parts of Russia. In Asia, elks can be found in parts of Mongolia, China, and North Korea. Q2: What is the diet of elks? A2: Elks are primarily herbivores, meaning they feed mainly on grasses and other vegetation. They will also occasionally eat leaves, bark, and different types of plants. They are also known to eat small amounts of insects and other animals. Q3: How long do elks live in the wild? A3: Elks live for about 15-20 years in the wild. However, some elks have been recorded as living up to 25 years in the wild.	<urn:uuid:fa735f81-39ef-4e11-a40f-23cb2187613a>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://wildlifeblogging.com/elks-in-the-wild/	2024-12-06T09:58:18Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066400558.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206093646-20241206123646-00342.warc.gz	en	0.964933	2,194	3.375	3
Welcome to the world of aluminium fabrication, where innovation meets versatility. In this blog, we explore the significance of aluminium fabrication in various industries, uncovering its remarkable properties, different grades, and the techniques that bring designs to life. From its rich history and widespread use to its lightweight nature, and workability, aluminium has become a preferred choice in modern manufacturing. Join us on this captivating journey as we delve into the world of aluminium fabrication, discovering its advantages, exploring different grades, and unlocking the techniques that shape the future of industries. - History of Aluminium Fabrication - Properties of Aluminium - Different Grades of Aluminium and Their Uses - Advantages of Aluminium for Metal Fabrication - Aluminium Fabrication Techniques Aluminium’s lightweight characteristic is one of its key advantages, weighing approximately one-third less than stainless steel while maintaining a superior strength-to-weight ratio. This makes aluminium an excellent choice for applications where weight reduction is crucial, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. For instance, in the aerospace sector, aluminium is widely utilized in the manufacturing of satellite structures, rocket components, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), enabling enhanced manoeuvrability and fuel efficiency. In the automotive industry, aluminium finds extensive use in the production of lightweight vehicle frames and body panels, leading to improved fuel economy and handling. Renowned electric car manufacturer, Tesla, incorporates aluminium extensively in their vehicle designs to achieve greater range and optimize performance. The widespread adoption of aluminium in these industries demonstrates its pivotal role in achieving lightweight solutions while maintaining structural integrity. Moreover, aluminium’s remarkable workability contributes to its popularity in fabrication projects. Being a soft metal, aluminium is easily shaped, formed, and manipulated, allowing for intricate designs and complex structures. Its corrosion resistance adds to its appeal, making it suitable for outdoor applications that require durability and long-term performance. One notable example is the construction of architectural facades, where aluminium panels are employed due to their ability to withstand harsh weather conditions while providing an aesthetically pleasing appearance. History of Aluminium Fabrication Discovery and Early Use of Aluminium The history of aluminium dates back to ancient times, but it wasn’t until the 19th century that the metal was successfully extracted and utilized in fabrication. Aluminium’s discovery is credited to Sir Humphry Davy, who identified it as an element in 1808. However, due to its high reactivity and the challenges associated with its extraction, aluminium remained rare and expensive throughout the early years. In fact, during the mid-19th century, aluminium was considered a precious metal and was even used for decorative purposes. An example of this can be seen in the Washington Monument in the United States, where an aluminium pyramid was placed atop the structure in 1884 to symbolize its value. Advancements in Aluminium Extraction and Processing Techniques Significant advancements in aluminium extraction and processing techniques occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, leading to a drastic reduction in production costs and making aluminium more readily available for fabrication. One notable breakthrough was the development of the Hall-Héroult process in 1886, which allowed for large-scale aluminium production by electrolysis of alumina. This revolutionary method, invented by Charles Martin Hall and Paul Héroult independently, marked a turning point in the aluminium industry. With the newfound ability to produce aluminium on a commercial scale, the metal became more accessible and affordable, paving the way for its widespread use in fabrication. Emergence of Aluminium as a Popular Choice in Fabrication As aluminium production became more economical, its unique properties and advantages propelled its popularity in the fabrication industry. The lightweight nature of aluminium, weighing a third less than stainless steel while maintaining a high strength-to-weight ratio, caught the attention of designers and engineers. This led to the development of innovative aluminium-based structures and products across various industries. For example, modern architectural marvels such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai showcase the extensive use of aluminium, demonstrating its aesthetic appeal, versatility, and ability to push the boundaries of fabrication techniques, highlighting the metal’s aesthetic appeal and versatility in fabrication. Over time, aluminium’s corrosion resistance, recyclability, non-toxicity, and ease of workability further solidified its position as a preferred choice for metal fabrication projects. Properties of Aluminium Physical properties of aluminium relate to its observable form and structure before any chemical alteration. Understanding these properties is essential for comprehending the characteristics and behaviour of aluminium in various applications. The physical properties of aluminium include: - Colour and State: Aluminium is a solid metal with a silvery-white appearance, often with a slight bluish tint. It is non-magnetic and non-lustrous. - Structure: Aluminium has a face-centred cubic structure that remains stable up to its melting point. This crystal structure contributes to its overall strength and stability. - Surface: Aluminium surfaces can exhibit high reflectivity, making it suitable for applications requiring reflective surfaces, such as in the construction of solar reflectors or lighting fixtures. - Hardness: Commercially pure aluminium is relatively soft. However, when alloyed and tempered, aluminium can be significantly strengthened to meet specific mechanical requirements. For example, aluminium alloys used in aerospace applications undergo heat treatment processes to enhance their hardness and strength. - Ductility: Aluminium possesses high ductility, meaning it can be easily drawn or stretched into thin wires or sheets without breaking. This property is essential in industries that rely on aluminium for applications like electrical wiring and packaging materials. - Malleability: Aluminium exhibits high malleability, allowing it to be shaped or bent into various forms without cracking or losing structural integrity. This property enables the fabrication of complex and intricate designs in industries such as architecture and automotive manufacturing. - Thermal Expansion: Aluminium has a moderate thermal expansion coefficient of 23.2, which lies between metals like zinc (higher expansion) and steel (lower expansion). This property is important to consider in applications that involve temperature changes, such as in the construction of bridges or the manufacturing of heat sinks. - Conductivity: Aluminium is an excellent conductor of both electricity and heat. It has approximately 61% of the electrical conductivity of copper while being significantly lighter. This makes it a preferred choice for electrical transmission lines, heat exchangers, and other applications that require efficient heat and electricity transfer. - Corrosion Resistance: Aluminium naturally forms a thin, self-protecting oxide layer on its surface, which provides excellent corrosion resistance. This property makes aluminium suitable for outdoor applications where exposure to moisture and environmental elements is common. For instance, aluminium is extensively used in the construction of window frames, automotive parts, and marine equipment. - Density: Aluminium has a relatively low density of 2.70 g/cm³, making it about one-third the density of steel. This low density contributes to its lightweight characteristic, making it ideal for applications where weight reduction is essential, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries. - Melting Point and Boiling Point: Commercially pure aluminium has a melting point of approximately 660°C and a boiling point of approximately 2470°C. These values can vary when aluminium is alloyed with other elements, resulting in different melting and boiling points. Different Grades of Aluminium and Their Uses A wide range of grades is available when it comes to aluminium, with each grade having its own unique composition and set of properties. These grades are carefully formulated to cater to the specific requirements of different applications, offering varying levels of strength, corrosion resistance, machinability, and other important characteristics. It is essential to have a good understanding of the different grades of aluminium and their respective uses in order to make informed decisions when selecting the most suitable material for specific fabrication projects. Overview of Aluminium Grades Grades of aluminium are identified using a four-digit numbering system established by the Aluminium Association. This system provides valuable information about the composition and characteristics of different aluminium alloys. The first digit in the numbering system signifies the major alloying elements, while the subsequent digits indicate specific variations within each alloy. Common alloying elements used in aluminium grades include copper, manganese, silicon, magnesium, and zinc. These alloying elements impart specific properties to the aluminium, making it suitable for various applications. Based on their properties and manufacturing processes, aluminium grades can be classified into two main categories: wrought alloys, which can be shaped into different forms, and cast alloys, which are melted and cast into specific shapes. Commonly Used Aluminium Grades and Their Properties - 1000 Series: These grades are pure aluminium with a minimum aluminium content of 99%. They are highly ductile and offer excellent corrosion resistance. 1xxx series alloys, such as 1050 and 1100, are often used in electrical applications, conductive foils, and general-purpose fabrication. - 3000 Series: These grades incorporate manganese as the major alloying element. They are non-heat treatable and exhibit moderate strength and good formability. 3xxx series alloys, such as 3003 and 3004, are commonly used in cooking utensils, heat exchangers, and architectural applications. - 5000 Series: These grades contain magnesium as the primary alloying element. They offer good corrosion resistance, weldability, and moderate strength. 5xxx series alloys, such as 5052 and 5083, are widely utilized in marine applications, automotive parts, and storage tanks. - 6000 Series: These grades incorporate silicon and magnesium as the major alloying elements. They offer excellent extrudability and are often used for structural applications. 6xxx series alloys, such as 6061 and 6063, are commonly employed in construction, furniture, and automotive components. - 7000 Series: These grades are known for their high strength and excellent machinability. They typically contain zinc as the primary alloying element. 7xxx series alloys, such as 7075, are widely used in aerospace components, bicycle frames, and high-performance applications. - 8000 Series: These grades are often used for specialized applications. They include alloys like 8011, which is commonly used in packaging foils, and 8006, which is utilized in the production of beverage cans. Advantages of Aluminium for Metal Fabrication Lightweight and High Strength-to-Weight Ratio One of the primary advantages of aluminium in metal fabrication is its remarkable lightweight nature coupled with an impressive strength-to-weight ratio. Weighing only about one-third as much as stainless steel, aluminium offers an excellent balance between strength and weight. This characteristic makes it an ideal choice for industries where weight reduction is crucial, such as in the manufacturing of transportation vehicles. For instance, in the aerospace industry, aluminium is extensively used to construct aircraft components, including wings, fuselages, and engine parts. Commercial airplanes like the Boeing 787 Dreamliner utilize aluminium extensively to reduce weight, enhance fuel efficiency, and increase the overall range. Ease of Workability and Corrosion Resistance Aluminium’s exceptional workability is another advantageous feature in metal fabrication projects. Being a soft metal, aluminium is easily shaped, formed, and manipulated, allowing for intricate designs and complex structures. This versatility is highly valued in manufacturing industries, where aluminium is employed for the production of various products. For example, in the automotive manufacturing sector, aluminium is utilized to fabricate engine blocks, cylinder heads, and suspension components. The use of aluminium in these parts helps reduce vehicle weight, improve fuel efficiency, and enhance overall performance. Non-Magnetic Properties for Electrical Applications Aluminium’s non-magnetic properties make it a favoured material for electrical applications that involve magnet-sensitive system components. Unlike ferrous metals, aluminium does not interfere with magnetic fields, making it ideal for industries such as electronics manufacturing. A prominent example is the production of electrical enclosures and housing for electronic devices. Aluminium enclosures provide electromagnetic shielding and protect sensitive components from interference, ensuring optimal performance and reliability. Aluminium Fabrication Techniques Aluminium, like other commonly used metals, can undergo various fabrication methods to shape and transform it into desired products. However, when working with this versatile material, certain techniques yield superior results. In this article, we will explore valuable tips for fabricating aluminium using some of the more prevalent and effective methods. While we have previously discussed fundamental metal fabrication types in a separate article, this time we specifically focus on aluminium fabrication and the techniques that bring out its full potential. - Extrusion: Among the available methods, extrusion imposes minimal stress on aluminium. This process involves forcing aluminium through or around a die, which can either be open or closed. By doing so, the metal conforms to the die’s size and shape. Extrusions can be performed either in a hot state, where the metal is heated, or in a cold state, where the metal remains at room temperature. - Drawing: Drawing entails pulling metal through a tapered die to stretch it. Deep drawing specifically refers to achieving a resulting product with a depth equal to or greater than its width. Aluminium is frequently drawn into wire and utilized for products like cans due to its remarkable ductility. Notably, this method is particularly suitable for the 3003, 5005, and 5052 aluminium alloys. - Forming: Aluminium’s inherent flexibility and softness make it well-suited for forming processes such as bending, stamping, and rolling. While the 3003 alloy excels in this regard, the 5052 and 6061 varieties also exhibit favourable characteristics. Additionally, most alloys belonging to the 1000, 2000, 4000, and 5000, families can be effectively formed. Forming involves applying pressure to part or all of a sheet or plate to shape it according to the desired end product. - Castings: Castings are created by pouring liquid metal into a mould or die. Optimal results are achieved using 4000 and 5000 alloys, renowned for their strength and wear resistance. - Forging: Forging is the process of shaping metal through beating or compression. This method is particularly advantageous for applications requiring exceptional durability, especially in stress-bearing parts. - Machining: Machining encompasses turning and milling processes, best accomplished using aluminium grades 6061 and 7075. Machining involves a subtractive cutting technique that sculpts by removing metal. With aluminium, it is crucial to employ specialized tools and lubricants due to the metal’s unique thermal properties, which can pose challenges when using conventional equipment. - Waterjet Cutting: Waterjet cutting involves the high-pressure spraying of water with abrasives and does not involve the use of heat. This method avoids altering aluminium’s properties as laser cutting might. However, alternative methods such as laser cutting, or plasma cutting can also be employed to cut aluminium. - Welding: MIG and TIG welding techniques, which involve melting a metal thread to bind two aluminium pieces together, are most effective when working with 1000 and 3000-6000 aluminium alloys. Friction welding can also be advantageous when attaching aluminium to other metals. - Adhesive Bonding: Adhesive bonding is a commonly utilized method for assembling aluminium, as certain adhesives adhere well to the outer layer of aluminium oxide. Aluminium fabrication offers numerous advantages and plays a significant role in various industries. Its lightweight nature, workability, corrosion resistance, and versatility make it a preferred choice for diverse fabrication projects. The availability of different grades of aluminium further enhances its applications in fabrication. Each grade has its specific composition and properties, designed to meet various requirements. The use of aluminium in construction allows for the construction of towering skyscrapers and intricate facades, while its presence in the manufacturing sector enables the production of consumer electronics and precision parts. In the automotive and aerospace industries, aluminium’s lightweight design enhances fuel efficiency and performance. Through a range of fabrication techniques, such as extrusion, casting, forging, and machining, aluminium can be shaped and transformed to meet specific requirements, further expanding its applications across industries.	<urn:uuid:d06684d8-4900-47bb-84c0-581429d5659d>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.dragonmetal.com.au/blog/all-about-aluminium-fabrication-an-overvie/	2024-12-11T03:12:51Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066072935.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211020256-20241211050256-00380.warc.gz	en	0.927099	3,316	3.234375	3
The Pentagon paper is remarkable for several reasons. Through it we see how the United States establishment understands that the real threat we are facing is climate change, not the manufactured threat of 'terrorism'. But a more frank admission is that 'climate change' is an abrupt phenomenon - not relatively gradual as most proponents of man-made global warming insist when they refer to computer models that chart rises in temperatures over a time-frame of several decades. The report specifically states that Britain will plunge into a 'Siberian' climate by 2020. The real threat of a sudden transition to an ice age took on new urgency last summer when a study published by the Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics suggested that BP's greed in the Gulf of Mexico may have caused the Gulf Loop current's complete separation from the Gulf Stream in mid-June 2010. This critical oceanic artery is a significant factor holding back a thick layer of snow and ice from descending upon the northern hemisphere. Should the Gulf Stream significantly weaken or cease to flow northwards altogether, Britain - along with whole swathes of northern America and Europe - would indeed be plunged into a 'Siberian' winter. The Pentagon's analysis also stands out because the events of the last three years appear to confirm its prediction regarding food shortages. In April 2008 the World Bank estimated that global food prices had risen 80 percent over the previous three years, while French President Nicolas Sarkozy warned government representatives from the world's largest developed economies and major developing countries that some 37 countries were experiencing "serious food crises". Dominique Strauss-Kahn, head of the IMF, also expressed his concern that food insecurity risked toppling governments and sparking wars for food. riots, protests and general strikes stemming from food shortages broke out in Haiti, Egypt, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ethiopia, Madagascar, the Philippines and Indonesia that same year. Compounding the problem of supply and demand for food is the pure greed that has been unleashed upon the global economy. While the World Bank and the IMF warn us of crises, it's easy to lose sight of their role in creating them. These are the very same institutions that coerce the planet's major food-producing countries to abandon their support for farmers and local agriculture in the name of modernization and foreign investment - euphemisms for opening their doors to predatory capitalism. The specter of food shortages again loomed large in 2010 as raging wildfires in Russia and severe flooding in Pakistan, China and elsewhere wiped out significant crop yields. Although the death toll was relatively low, the United Nations described the flooding in Pakistan as the greatest humanitarian crisis in modern history, with up to 20 million people affected - more than the South-East Asian tsunami and the earthquakes in Kashmir and Haiti combined. According to the Russian Meteorological Center, Russia suffered its worst heat wave for over a millennium last summer. Peat and forest fires destroyed 40 percent of Russia's 2010 crop harvest, prompting Prime Minister Vladimir Putin to declare a ban on the export of all grains. This disaster alone has had significant global impact on food prices as Russia is the world's third largest exporter of wheat. Those hoping for a respite in 2011 have already been disappointed. The massive flooding in China this month is the worst the country has seen in 56 years, and has cut vegetable production by 20% and displaced 5 million people. Corn prices are set to sky-rocket as a result. A year-long (so far) drought in the US South and South West has caused wild fires in seven states (Arizona, Texas, California, New Mexico, Colorado and Georgia) and is threatening the soy and corn crops and millions of acres of cotton. Across the world, the picture today is one of severe drought or severe flooding. With these natural and man-made catastrophes affecting food production, it seems reasonable to expect that food prices will continue to increase in the near future. And if history repeats itself, we will see many more angry people on the streets, with the CIA and assorted other alphabet soup agencies ready and waiting to stoke the fires of 'revolution' and 'regime change'. Manifestations of anger and frustration will be more extreme and widespread this time around because our purchasing power needs to deal with a global economic crisis that has shifted from recession into full blown depression. For this we need to thank those in positions of power who place greed and self-interest above ethics and common sense. The U.S. economy has historically been sustained and inflated out of proportion through different means in order to maintain its status quo at the top of the pile. In recent years, one of these mechanisms was the housing market bubble which burst into the subprime crisis and culminated in September 2008 with the financial meltdown and subsequent obscene government bailout of the guilty parties, i.e. the banks and financial institutions. Understanding how this happened requires some explanation about the modus operandi of the financial string-pullers. Borrowers with credit histories marked by difficulties in repaying their loans are known as 'subprime borrowers'. Since normal lenders will not lend them money, they are forced to accept the offers of subprime lenders who will give them a 'second chance' - with strings attached. For starters, subprime borrowers are required to pay higher interest rates and often have to make a prepayment of the loans within a certain period of time. Failing to do so puts the borrower at risk of seeing the lender repossess the property (e.g. a house) in a process called foreclosure. Thus, it is easy to see that subprime lending as a business model foresees and even relies on a great number of foreclosures taking place. At the very least, it counts on profiting from unreasonable interest rates at the expense of economically vulnerable people. Obviously, the culture of American consumerism has a role to play here. Because of the predatory nature of this scheme, it was no surprise that subprime lending rapidly deteriorated into corruption and fraud on a massive scale. Crimes and irregularities were facilitated by a culture that seeks to place the big players of the financial industry above the law in the name of the 'free market' and 'modernization'. Most notably, back in 2000, Republican Senators Phil Gramm and Richard Lugar succeeded in introducing an anti-regulatory measure into a spending bill at a time when few lawmakers would have the opportunity or inclination to read it, given that only two days earlier the Supreme Court had issued a decision on the presidential election dispute between George W. Bush and Al Gore. The measure, called Commodity and Futures Modernization, was written with the help of financial industry lobbyists who had given Gramm millions throughout his congressional career, and it eased the way for every parasite on Wall Street to evade public oversight and all semblance of ethical responsibility. It's only long after the damage has been done that details of wrongdoings emerged. David E. Zimmer, a former executive at People's Choice, a subprime lender in California, explained to the Washington Post how the company could not stop taking risky loans negotiated by independent mortgage brokers in a very competitive environment. The company's own sales force worked largely on commissions from loans they made. As Zimmer analyzed the loans granted in greed, he discovered evidence of fraud, such as doctored bank statements or forged borrowers' signatures. It was obvious to the providers of financial services that it was only a matter of time before the house of cards would collapse - yet they did not stop seeking immediate profit at the expense of the public and investors. In April 2010 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged Goldman Sachs with intentionally defrauding investors through a risky hedge-fund that was backed by ill-fated subprime mortgages before the crisis. Similarly, a Senate committee has found evidence that in the case of Washington Mutual Bank, executives knew about out-of-control fraud in subprime loans but failed to take corrective action, as this would allow the bank to report higher profits and its executives to earn higher bonuses. Predatory banks continue to foreclose on home, especially in the US - Olivierl Dreamstime But easy kills have a price. More than 100 mortgage lending companies went bankrupt in 2007, setting the scene for September 2008, when Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were nationalized by the U.S. government, investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy, Washington Mutual and Wachovia were sold, and the world's largest insurer, AIG, was 80% nationalized. Stock markets crashed as panic spread. The cost of the crash was immediately turned into a direct burden for taxpayers as governments bailed out banks and financial groups 'too big to fail', starting with a $700 billion rescue plan - now only a fraction of the total bailout figures under a variety of aid programs and schemes. As the global economy is systemic, the effects of the dominoes falling have been felt by everyone on this planet. Recall the Icelandic financial crisis that began also in September 2008 and saw the collapse of all three of the country's major banks, or the Greek debt crisis of early 2010 that raised similar fiscal concerns about Portugal, Italy, Spain and Ireland, and put into question the eurozone as a whole. The Greek crisis, by the way, was in part caused by a speculative attack against the euro by Wall Street hedge-fund managers such as SAC Capital Advisors, Soros Fund Management, Greenlight Capital, Brigade Capital, Goldman Sachs, Bank of America-Merrill Lynch and Barclays Bank of London. The U.S. itself, once regarded among other nations as a model of economic prosperity, is witnessing increasing signs of social turmoil as a result of the bite of the crisis. A few days before writing this article, 30,000 people crowded in Atlanta just to get applications to join a list for public housing. This is a huge demand for non-existent supply, as the housing agency director stressed that none of the agency's 455 housing aid vouchers was available at the moment. The U.S. labor department reported that 500,000 new claims for unemployment benefit were filed in the week ending 14 August - an increase of 12,000 on the previous week and the highest figure for nine months. Local governments cannot be of much help as U.S. municipalities are estimated to face a fiscal hole of between $56 billion and $83 billion over the two years to 2012, according to the National League of Cities. The Washington-based Center on Budget and Policy Priorities informs that states are in a worse situation, with a $192 billion shortfall in 2010, equivalent to 29% of their budgets. Max Keiser, a Wall Street broker turned reporter, explains that the underlying basis for global economic activity has fundamentally shifted in a way that will very soon make clear to everyone that there is a 'them' and an 'us': "The system is literally broken. The price discovery mechanism, the prices we see [for goods and services], are set by computers. It's not the result of 'supply and demand', as with any underlying normal economic activity; it's a 'command and control' economy [run] by hedge funds who are just stealing billions every day out of the system for themselves. The result is loss of wages, loss of jobs and the widening wealth and income gap - especially in the U.S. - that is just skyrocketing to new all-time highs."Interestingly, at the beginning of 2009 the director of U.S. national intelligence, retired Adm. Dennis Blair, told a Senate Committee that the economic crisis posed perhaps the gravest threat to stability and national security, adding that the situation could trigger a return to the "violent extremism" of the 1920s and 1930s. Along the same lines were the warnings of the head of the United Kingdom's Metropolitan police's public order branch, superintendent David Hartshorn, who feared a 'summer of rage' that year. Likewise, Harvard author and financial crisis guru Niall Ferguson predicted in an interview to the Canadian media: "There will be blood, in the sense that a crisis of this magnitude is bound to increase political as well as economic [conflict]. It is bound to destabilize some countries. It will cause civil wars to break out, that have been dormant. It will topple governments that were moderate and bring in governments that are extreme. These things are pretty predictable." The timing for the predictions of Blair, Hartshorn and Ferguson may have been premature. However, it is true that there is a limit to the amount of despair that people can take. The hand of corruption and predatory greed behind our misery is becoming increasingly obvious to the masses. This awareness, together with food shortages courtesy of further corporate corruption as well as climate change, could bring the situation to a breaking point. Stay tuned!	<urn:uuid:b2924125-3a62-411a-8d31-8dfa8e1e4535>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.sott.net/article/230218-Climate-Change-Food-Shortages-and-Economic-Crisis-Coming-to-a-Town-Near-You	2024-12-05T08:06:43Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066339283.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205054354-20241205084354-00323.warc.gz	en	0.963428	2,599	2.5625	3
The nature of history ‘When the curtain falls, it’s time to get off the stage.’ So remarked the British prime minister, John Major, after losing the 1997 general election. The curtain fell on the British empire a long time ago, but unlike politicians, British historians do not see a change of regime as invalidating their mandate to study erstwhile parts of the empire—notwithstanding the convention that history is written by the winners. Nonetheless, students are taught that background and training influence the way in which individual historians write history. Thus, a frequent question in final year ‘History of History’ papers is: ‘“All history is contemporary history.” Discuss.’ This invites a discussion of the way in which contemporary concerns apparently set an agenda for research and writing about the past. History is not an exact science, but neither is it an imaginary picture designed to legitimise the present, or one side’s view of the present. There are, after all, ‘the facts of history’; but particularly where history is contested, there is also a need for a pluralist approach, involving the use of different contexts of explanation and a sensitive choice of terminology, to provide a balanced interpretation of the past. As an Englishman and Tudor specialist, what I found particularly intriguing about early Tudor Ireland was that here was another Tudor province inhabited by peoples who saw themselves as English, spoke English, and were governed by English law and administrative structures. In my innocence, I imagined that here was an English society which, by background and training, I was well equipped to study. Yet I soon discovered that things were not really what they seemed. What had appeared an obvious approach proved highly contentious in the context of Irish historiography’s established agenda and perspectives. Those ‘loyal English lieges’ I found in the records were, secretly, ‘Anglo-Irish separatists’. Ireland’s partition between two nations, Gaedhil and Gaill, was likewise misleading, because the ‘Anglo-Irish’ were increasingly gaelicised. And although the evidence seemingly indicated a strengthening of English influence in early Tudor Ireland, there was in fact such a universal yearning for ‘home rule’, and Ireland’s Gaedhil and Gaill had drawn so close to each other, that ‘direct rule’ had to be reimposed. No wonder, then, that Tudor rule proved so disastrous in Ireland: the attempt by bone-headed English officials to apply traditional English strategies of law and government to these non-English peoples was clearly a terrible mistake, and failure inevitable. Inventing history: the Irish Free State And yet I found it hard to believe that these apparently English districts of Ireland, notably the English Pale and the towns, really were so different from other Tudor borderlands. Did they really need special terms and concepts to describe them? In his extensive writings on Tudor Ireland in the Dictionary of National Biography, that precursor of professional history, the great Manchester historian, Robert Dunlop, had apparently managed pretty well without them—much better, in fact, than many of his more nationally-minded successors. Frequently too, the new terminology seemed to have originated in the Irish Free State’s educational policy of making history serve national needs by emphasising the state’s links with a Gaelic past, and marginalising its British identity. In this context too, Dunlop’s work contrasted with the work of another historian of English birth, Edmund Curtis, who stayed on as professor of history at Trinity College after independence. In an obvious attempt to establish the relevance of late-medieval Ireland to contemporary concerns, Curtis populated his declining Anglo-Irish colony with nationalists and unionists. He invented a ‘unionist party’ headed by John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, and a ‘home-rule party’ led by James Butler, Earl of Ormond (an unlikely choice!). When Talbot was killed in France and England descended into civil war, the Irish home rulers allegedly swept to power by harbouring the defeated English Yorkists in return for a declaration of legislative independence by the Irish parliament in 1460. There followed a period of ‘aristocratic home rule’, culminating in the ascendancy of the Great Earl of Kildare, now promoted ‘uncrowned king of Ireland’, who defended ‘the blended race’ of Gaedhil and Gaill against English interference in Irish affairs. Home rule remained unchecked until Poynings’ Law—which re-established English control over the Irish parliament—and was not finally ended until the Tudors destroyed Kildare power following Silken Thomas’s revolt. Dunlop’s mistake, it seemed, was to write for the wrong nation since, a few years after his DNB entries appeared, many Irish decided they were no longer British. Accordingly, his writings have been much less influential than Curtis’s inventions, which continue to influence work on Yorkist and early Tudor Ireland. Admittedly, claims about aristocratic home rule have since been qualified, but this is still a much more self-consciously political movement than its counterpart in English historiography—’self-government at the king’s command’. The ‘Anglo-Irish community’ remains an external force in English history, and its essentially Irish identity has since been reinforced through the notion of a ‘middle nation’ and the concept of ‘gaelicisation’, involving a reformulation of Curtis’s notion of ‘the blended race’ whereby the ‘Anglo-Irish’ abandoned their English language, law, and customs. Allegedly, therefore, it was the ‘Anglo-Irish’ colony’s progressive ‘gaelicisation’ which eventually forced Henry VIII in 1534 to begin the Tudor conquest. Despite this, our understanding of the transition from medieval Ireland’s two nations to the centralised early modern kingdom has recently been transformed, through a veritable renaissance of scholarship on sixteenth-century Ireland. For instance, the Bibliography of my original survey of the period, Tudor Ireland (1985), lists 281 items, including ninety-six titles mainly about Ireland published 1972-84; whereas the Bibliography of my new book, Ireland in the age of the Tudors (1998), lists 451 items, including 108 predominantly Irish titles published 1985-97. Yet this research and writing has been very unevenly distributed, with little serious work on the earlier period. More importantly, our understanding of this transition continues to be obscured by a fundamental historiographical weakness. Instead of discussing Tudor Ireland in its own terms, Irish historians usually divide the period between an extended middle ages, ending with the collapse of the Kildare ascendancy in 1534, and a belated early-modern phase beginning with the inauguration of ‘direct rule’. This had the effect of partitioning the subject between two different groups of historians, medieval and early modern, and leaving early Tudor Ireland as a kind of a no-man’s land, with very unfortunate results in terms of wider perspectives. For instance, the Kildare ascendancy is portrayed as the culmination of inherent forces for decline in the medieval lordship, while, with the benefit of hindsight, early modernists argue that ‘direct rule’ and the Tudor conquest were Henry VIII’s response to the evident shortcomings of ‘aristocratic delegation’. Yet, as closer attention to the actual evidence suggests, changes in the balance of power between Gaedhil and Gaill were precisely the reverse of those suggested: early Tudor Ireland witnessed a period of consolidation of English power and influence, followed by a period of internal weakness and political instability. Thus, the traditional focus on such themes as ‘Anglo-Irish separatism’, ‘gaelicisation’, and ‘aristocratic home rule’ really makes no pretence at offering an objective and balanced account of English rule in Ireland. When I began work on Tudor Ireland nearly twenty years ago, my chief purpose was to provide a survey of English rule and an analysis of Ireland’s changing position within the wider Tudor state. This involved focusing on the common concerns of Tudor historiography so as to facilitate the kind of ‘horizontal’ comparisons between different Tudor provinces which were needed to distinguish between the typical and exceptional in Tudor Ireland. Yet this perspective also necessitated the dismantling of the more obvious conceptual and terminological obstacles erected by nationally-minded historians since Dunlop’s time and their replacement by the concepts and terminology of Tudor historiography. Even so, my book refrained from confronting directly basic nationalist assumptions about the historic relationship between Ireland and an Irish people, notably the origins of the claim in Bunreacht na hÉireann that the island of Ireland, rather than the traditional Gaedhealtacht, is the national territory, so conferring an Irish identity—and citizenship—on all those born within the island. With hindsight, this strategy was probably a mistake. Tudor Ireland was successful chiefly as a Tudor survey: it made Irish developments intelligible to Tudor specialists. Moreover, when published in 1985, the book was the first such general survey to appear since Richard Bagwell’s massive three-volume Ireland under the Tudors (1885), and this happy chance also assured it a ready market among students of Irish history too. Yet, in an Irish context, Tudor Ireland fell between two stools: while it challenged individual aspects of the nationalist interpretation, it did not offer a full alternative account of the relationship between Tudor rule and the Gaedhil and Gaill, leaving it open to others either to ignore its more inconvenient insights or explicitly to reject them, as they chose. In practice, both strategies were employed. The leading journal in the field, Irish Historical Studies, did not bother to review the book at all, nor indeed either of my related monographs. And when the later medieval volume appeared of the unfortunately-named New History of Ireland, the editors’ decision to describe as ‘Anglo-Irish’ those who saw themselves as ‘loyal English lieges’—despite the objections of some other contributors—can only be taken as a denial of their national identity and the English context of their history. It also made nonsense of a fundamental development of the later Tudor period—that which saw earlier regional sentiments sharpen into a separate Old English sense of identity vis-à-vis later English settlers—since, according to this interpretation, the English of Ireland had already become ‘Anglo-Irish’ centuries before. Finally, for volume three, the New History editors imposed another arbitrary change of identity on the English of Ireland, so that they reappeared overnight in 1534 as the ‘Old English’. Yet in reality, the medieval Englishry had consistently rejected an Irish identity for themselves: they saw it as an insult, implying that they were uncivilised, living like the ‘wild Irish’ in woods and bogs. Who were these ‘Anglo-Irish separatists’ anyway? Clearly not the English magnates who dominated the lordship’s politics c.1450—neither York, the king’s lieutenant and heir apparent; nor his predecessor as lieutenant, Shrewsbury, killed in Gascony in 1453; nor even Curtis’s putative home rule leader, Ormond, York’s deputy whose son and successor, Wiltshire, was killed fighting for Henry VI at Towton. Are we really to believe that successive English kings would appoint as their representatives local magnates whose prime purpose was to curtail English influence in Ireland? And do separatists usually join an English rebel army invading England, as ‘Anglo-Irish’ Yorkists did in 1460 and again in 1487? Would they even join English Lancastrians in attempting to restore Henry VI by raising rebellions in Meath or south Leinster in 1462? Clearly not. No more would they gather in Dublin every St George’s Day to watch the pageant of St George killing the dragon and to witness the election by the lordship’s leading magnates in St George’s Chapel of a captain of the Brotherhood of Arms dedicated to England’s patron saint, George—because God was an Englishman and ‘St George’ was the rallying cry of English armies in Ireland. In reality, these ‘Anglo-Irish separatists’ saw themselves as ‘loyal English lieges’, and both their conduct, crown policy for Ireland, and the lordship’s central role in the Wars of the Roses only make sense on this assumption. Much the same objections can be raised about the appropriation by historians of the terms ‘nation’ and ‘national’ for the embryonic Irish nation (in the modern sense), at the expense of the two nations of medieval Ireland. Similarly, the continued use of the term ‘gaelicisation’, with reference to what contemporary English officials described more generally as ‘degeneracy’, not only particularises to Ireland what was actually a commonplace of medieval frontier societies, but it also implies, quite wrongly, that Ireland’s Gaill were being accepted as Gaedhil. In reality, throughout the middle ages not a single Gall ever became a Gaedheal despite these alleged pressures on the Englishry. Interestingly too, Scotland’s Gaill were much more immune to ‘gaelicisation’ than their Irish counterparts, to judge by the work of Scottish historians; or perhaps the malady only flourished in Irish conditions. The Revisionist controversy The second strategy, of contesting the evidence, was given added weight by Tudor Ireland’s embroilment in the Revisionist controversy. While the book was praised even by its critics for its attempt ‘to supply a fundamental lack’ by providing ‘for the first time…a conceptual framework for… Tudor Ireland’, its central thesis that Ireland was transformed ‘from a mere borderland region dividing two wider political entities…to an integral political entity in its own right’ was unacceptable to historians who ‘locate themselves within a nationalist historiographical tradition’. Revisionism is not of course peculiar to Ireland. Yet as the editors of a recent volume about the subject comment, ‘a characteristic of Irish “revisionism”’ is that ‘the controversy…is intensely parochial’… ’contributions to the debate on both sides have taken place mainly among the Irish themselves’, who are ‘at one in seeing Irish history as our history’. Since the campaign for nationalist orthodoxy was conducted chiefly before invited audiences in summer schools, and the charges generalised, the intended target was sometimes unclear. Nonetheless, Tudor Ireland was denounced ‘for emptying the evidence of its traumatic content’, and for failing to capture the ‘catastrophic dimension’ of the Irish historical experience. Clearly, it also ranked among ‘the nationally useless and undermining histories or pseudo-histories of Ireland written by Englishmen’. Less surprisingly perhaps, its restoration of Tudor terminological conventions was also disputed. Against this kind of revisionism, some nationally-minded scholars called for ‘present-centred history’ or even ‘purposeful unhistoricity’; they attributed these lapses from nationalist orthodoxy to the Revisionists’ lack of competence in Gaelic and therefore ‘an neamhshuim a dhéanann siad d’fhoinsí Gaeilge’; and they argued that a deliberate strategy underpinned Revisionist writings, including what was described as ‘tacit evasion’—’the simple expedient of ignoring the evidence’. In the circumstances of modern Ireland, such criticisms are very understandable: given its divided present, with two states, each with its separate traditions and popular perceptions of the past, it is scarcely surprising that ‘the making of modern Ireland’ should also be contested. What is, however, surprising is the content of these criticisms. A feature of Tudor Ireland was its attempt to confront the reality of medieval Ireland’s partition before the Tudor conquest and the interaction between its two nations. Moreover, its focus on the revival of English influence from 1470 was manifestly also ‘present-centred’, although perhaps not in accordance with the nationalist agenda, since a common bond between the two Irish states since partition has been the continued predominance of English common law, language, and administrative structures in both. Cinniúint an náisiúin: scrios na nGael nó fás na nÉireannach? Cúis iontais eile maidir leis an bheachtaíocht seo is ea an moladh go gcuirfí níos mó béime ar an Ghaeilge. I bprionsabal, tá an moladh seo go tairbheach, sa mhéid gurb í an Ghaeilge teanga dhúchasach na nGael: tá sé níos éasca an mí-ádh a tháinig orthu mar gheall ar an choncas Tiúdarach a shoiléiriú ina dteanga féin ná i Sacs-Bhéarla, teanga an ghabhálaí. Sé an príomhimeacht a tharla i stair na hÉireann de réir ghnáthchuntaisí na tréimhse seo as Béarla, áfach, ná fás an náisiúnachais Éireannaigh—gluaiseacht dhearfach fhorásach, de réir cosúlachta, in aghaidh chumhacht an stáit Tiúdaraigh. Ach ó thaobh na nGael, ba bhocht an cúiteamh é seo ar scrios a gcultúir, forghabháil a gcuid tailte, agus roinnt (críochdheighilt?) na Gaeltachta idir ríochtaí gallda na hÉireann agus na hAlban. B’ionann an concas Tiúdarach agus galldú na tíre—Éire á tiontú ina ‘Sasana nua’. Pointe suntasach (de staidéar an choncais Tiúdaraigh as Gaeilge ná go dtugann sé aird ar chruinneas agus solúbthacht na téarmaíochta Gaeilge fá ghnéithe áirithe an choncais ó thaobh na nGael de—mar shampla, caidé go díreach a bhí i gceist le téarmaí cosúil le ‘English’ (Gallda, Béarla, nó Sasanach?) agus ‘Irish’ (Éireannach nó Gaelach?). Ach cruthaíonn sí chomh maith laghad an leanúnachais idir oidhreacht agus féiniúlacht na sean-Ghael agus an náisiún Éireannach nua a tógadh ar scrios shibhialtacht na nGael. Ag deireadh na scríbe, áfach, ní bhaineann an méid seo leis an scéal, sa mhéid nach bhfuil na náisiúnaithe seo i ndairíre, de réir cosúlachta, fá úsáid na Gaeilge (i gcomórtas le cúpla focal a rá leo siúd ar bheagán Gaeilge, ar mhaithe le pointe polaitiúil a dhéanamh). De réir mar a thuigim, is in Ollscoil na Gaillmhe amháin atá roinn staire ina ndéantar dian-iarraidh ar stair na hÉireann a mhúineadh as Gaeilge; agus le fiche bliana anuas, is ormsa, ‘Sasanach frith-náisiúntaí’, a fágadh príomhchúram an teagaisc as Gaeilge fá dtaobh den choncas Tiúdarach. [The nation’s destiny: destroying the Gaedhil or raising the Éireannaigh? Another surprising aspect of this criticism is the call for more emphasis on Gaelic. Of course, the misfortunes the Gaedhil suffered through the Tudor conquest are more easily explained in their own language than in the queen’s English, the conquerors’ language. Yet traditional accounts in English are upbeat, focusing on the rise of Irish nationalism in opposition to the Tudor state, even though this was small compensation to the Gaedhil for the destruction of their culture, the expropriation of their lands, and Gaeldom’s partition between two foreign kingdoms of Ireland and Scotland. The Tudor conquest spelled anglicisation—Ireland’s transformation into a ‘new England’. Yet studying the conquest through Gaelic does at least highlight the language’s terminological precision and flexibility regarding native perspectives on conquest—for instance, what terms like ‘English’ and ‘Irish’ actually meant. It also highlights just how little continuity there was between traditional Gaelic identity and the new Irish nation built on the ruins of Gaelic civilisation. These comments are beside the point, however, since such nationalists are not serious about using the language (beyond parroting a few words for political reasons to those who have none). Galway has the only university history department with a tradition of teaching history through Gaelic; and as regards the Tudor conquest, for over twenty years the chief responsibility has rested with me ‘an anti-national Englishman’.] Yet choice of language carries a penalty: having opted for the conqueror’s language, nationally-minded historians cannot then expect to manipulate English terminology like Humpty Dumpty in Alice in Wonderland. The origins of the modern Irish nation Tudor Ireland attempted to balance traditional perspectives on the making of modern Ireland by focusing on the Tudor context of developments. In view of the dusty response to this broadening of the traditional agenda, however, a more realistic strategy might have been to spell out more directly its implications for the nationalist interpretation. Accordingly, Ireland in the age of the Tudors extends the original book, both thematically and chronologically, to offer a more comprehensive survey of medieval Ireland’s transformation under the impact of the Tudor conquest. A new chapter on the break-up of the traditional Gaedhealtacht argues that Irish identity in its modern sense was predominantly the product of Tudor state formation. Its foundations were laid by Henry VIII’s erection of his English lordship into a second Tudor kingdom which was co-extensive with the island of Ireland and its inhabitants. Under the impact of the Tudor conquest, renewed English colonisation, and the Reformation, medieval Gaeldom was partitioned between separate Tudor and Stewart kingdoms, and those Gaedhil resident in Ireland, abandoning their own institutions and law, were brought to see themselves as common Irish subjects, with the Old English, of this new English kingdom. Thus, before 1541 the essence of Irish, or Gaelic, identity had been Gaeldom’s historic culture, law, and institutions, which were shared with the Irish of Scotland but excluded Ireland’s English inhabitants; by 1641, the Irish, or Éireannaigh, were Ireland’s native and Catholic inhabitants, whether Gaedhil or Gaill, but excluding Scottish Gaeldom. In short, the Tudor conquest created a new composite nation which claimed the island of Ireland as its national territory. Hitherto, more nationally-minded medievalists have in effect disguised the extent of this revolution: they have marginalised traditional cross-channel ties both between Irish and Scottish Gaeldom and between English lordship and kingdom respectively, and by developing unhistoric concepts like ‘Anglo-Irish separatism’ and ‘gaelicisation’ have fashioned an Irish identity on modern lines for the medieval Englishry. Ireland in the age of the Tudors, in a second new chapter, restores the English identity of the medieval English of Ireland and discusses its central role in the Wars of the Roses. Irish history and the Good Friday Agreement Upon publication of Ireland in the age of the Tudors, however, the historiographical climate has, in one key respect, been fundamentally altered—in theory at least. This concerns the Good Friday Agreement: if the legitimacy of the Northern state is no longer contested, nor the British identity of many of its citizens, it follows that there is more than one ‘making of modern Ireland’, and also that Irish history is not solely our history. Is it therefore too much to ask that Ireland’s more nationally-minded historians might likewise allow its medieval settlers their English identity and abandon the use of loaded terminology which privileges one context of explanation over others? Steven G. Ellis lectures in Tudor history, in both English and Irish, at University College Galway. S.G. Ellis, Ireland in the age of the Tudors (London 1998). C. Brady (ed.), Interpreting Irish history (Dublin 1994). D.G. Boyce and A. O’Day (eds.), The making of modern Irish history (London 1996). D. Ó Ceallaigh (ed.), Reconsiderations of Irish history and culture (Dublin 1994).	<urn:uuid:8f68d590-a368-4e2b-a09d-7c9000ffa21c>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://staging.historyireland.com/more-irish-than-the-irish-themselves/	2024-12-11T02:26:19Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066072935.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211020256-20241211050256-00651.warc.gz	en	0.936867	5,567	2.515625	3
Virtual Reality (VR) has come a long way since its inception. It’s a technology that has captivated the imagination of people from all walks of life, and has the power to transport us to new and exciting worlds. But who exactly was behind the creation of this revolutionary technology? In this article, we’ll explore the origins of VR and delve into the lives of the pioneers who helped shape the industry. From the early experiments of Brenda Laurel and Robert Heimann to the groundbreaking work of Jaron Lanier, we’ll take a deep dive into the history of VR and discover the people who made it all possible. So buckle up and get ready to explore the fascinating world of virtual reality. The Dawn of Virtual Reality: From Science Fiction to Reality The Emergence of Virtual Reality in Science Fiction The Influence of Science Fiction on Virtual Reality Science fiction has long been a source of inspiration for many technological advancements, and virtual reality is no exception. The concept of immersive, computer-generated environments has been depicted in numerous science fiction works throughout the years, serving as a blueprint for the development of virtual reality technology. Early Science Fiction Works That Inspired VR One of the earliest science fiction works to depict virtual reality was the 1935 short story “Pygmalion’s Spectacles” by Stanley G. Weinbaum. In this story, the protagonist uses a pair of goggles to enter a simulated world, foreshadowing the concept of virtual reality headsets. Another influential work was the 1954 novel “When Worlds Collide” by Raymond Z. Gallun, which described a device that allowed users to enter and explore virtual worlds. This story would later influence the development of early VR systems, such as the VR helmet created by Ivan Sutherland in 1968. The Depiction of Virtual Reality in Science Fiction Over the years, science fiction has continued to depict virtual reality in various forms, each influencing the development of the technology in its own way. For example, the 1982 novel “Snow Crash” by Neal Stephenson introduced the concept of a virtual reality internet, which would later inspire the development of the World Wide Web. The 1992 novel “Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century” by Arthur Conan Doyle and others featured a virtual reality system that allowed users to enter and explore a fully immersive environment, which would later influence the development of modern VR systems. The Birth of Virtual Reality as a Technological Concept The seeds for the development of virtual reality as a technological concept were planted in the 1960s, with the emergence of computer graphics and the invention of the first computer-generated virtual environments. The first VR headset was created in 1968 by Ivan Sutherland, who was then a student at MIT. This device, known as the Sword of Damocles, consisted of a head-mounted display and a computer system that generated simple 3D graphics. While crude by today’s standards, the Sword of Damocles represented a significant step forward in the development of virtual reality technology. In the following years, researchers continued to refine and improve VR technology, leading to the development of more advanced systems such as the VR helmet created by Ralph Lauren in 1970 and the VR system developed by James L. Hollan and others in 1975. Today, virtual reality technology has come a long way from its humble beginnings in science fiction and early computer graphics. It is now a thriving industry with a wide range of applications, from entertainment and gaming to education and healthcare. The pioneers behind virtual reality have left a lasting legacy, inspiring generations of researchers and developers to continue pushing the boundaries of this exciting technology. The Early Pioneers of Virtual Reality The Contributions of Jaron Lanier The Development of the Data Glove Jaron Lanier, a computer scientist and a visionary, was one of the pioneers of virtual reality technology. One of his most significant contributions was the development of the Data Glove, a device that allowed users to interact with virtual objects in a more intuitive and immersive way. The Data Glove was a wearable device that was worn on the hand and tracked the movements of the fingers and thumb. It used a combination of sensors and actuators to capture the position and orientation of the hand and transmit this information to the computer. This allowed users to interact with virtual objects in a more natural and intuitive way, enhancing the immersive experience of virtual reality. The Data Glove was a revolutionary device that paved the way for the development of other wearable input devices such as the virtual reality headset and the motion capture system. It also inspired the development of new applications for virtual reality, such as virtual surgery, virtual reality games, and virtual reality training simulations. The Data Glove’s Impact on Virtual Reality The Data Glove had a significant impact on the development of virtual reality technology. It demonstrated the potential of wearable input devices and inspired the development of new applications for virtual reality. It also paved the way for the development of other wearable input devices such as the virtual reality headset and the motion capture system. The Challenges Faced by Jaron Lanier Despite the success of the Data Glove, Jaron Lanier faced several challenges in developing the device. One of the biggest challenges was the cost of the sensors and actuators used in the device. At the time, these components were expensive and difficult to manufacture, which made the device cost-prohibitive for many users. Another challenge was the complexity of the device. The Data Glove was a complex device that required specialized knowledge of electronics and computer programming. This made it difficult for users to operate and maintain the device, which limited its adoption. The Founding of VPL Research Jaron Lanier’s contributions to virtual reality technology did not stop with the development of the Data Glove. He also founded VPL Research, a company that specialized in the development of virtual reality technology. The Vision of VPL Research VPL Research was founded with the vision of creating a new medium for computing, one that would be more immersive and intuitive than traditional computing interfaces. The company aimed to create a new form of human-computer interaction that would be more natural and intuitive, allowing users to interact with virtual objects in a more immersive and engaging way. The Contributions of VPL Research to Virtual Reality VPL Research made several significant contributions to the development of virtual reality technology. The company developed several innovative products, including the Eye Phone, a virtual reality headset, and the Virtual Reality Studio, a software development environment for virtual reality applications. VPL Research also played a key role in the development of the virtual reality industry. The company was one of the first to commercialize virtual reality technology, and its products inspired the development of new applications for virtual reality, such as virtual reality games and virtual reality training simulations. The Contributions of Timothy Leary The Use of LSD in Virtual Reality Timothy Leary was a psychologist and a pioneer in the field of virtual reality. He believed that the use of psychedelic drugs such as LSD could enhance the experience of virtual reality. He argued that by altering the state of consciousness, individuals could access new dimensions of reality that were previously inaccessible. The Psychedelic Experience Leary’s theories were based on his own experiences with LSD, which he believed allowed him to access new dimensions of reality. He described this experience as the “psychedelic experience,” which he believed could be replicated through the use of virtual reality. The Role of LSD in the Development of Virtual Reality Leary’s ideas about the use of LSD in virtual reality were influential in the development of the technology. Many early virtual reality researchers were interested in exploring the potential of psychedelic drugs to enhance the experience of virtual reality. However, the use of these drugs was controversial, and many researchers were hesitant to explore this avenue of research. The Contributions of the Mother of All Demos Leary’s contributions to virtual reality were not limited to his ideas about the use of psychedelic drugs. He was also involved in the development of the “Mother of All Demos,” a pioneering demonstration of virtual reality technology. The Impact of the Mother of All Demos on Virtual Reality The Mother of All Demos, which was presented by Ivan Sutherland in 1968, was a groundbreaking demonstration of virtual reality technology. The demonstration showed how virtual reality could be used to create realistic 3D environments, and it inspired many researchers to continue exploring the potential of the technology. The Technologies Demonstrated in the Mother of All Demos The Mother of All Demos demonstrated several technologies that would become key components of virtual reality systems. These included the use of head-mounted displays, which allowed users to see 3D environments in real-time, and the use of 3D modeling software, which allowed users to create and manipulate virtual objects. The Evolution of Virtual Reality: From Early Pioneers to Modern Innovations The Advancements in VR Technology The evolution of virtual reality technology has been marked by numerous advancements and innovations over the years. These advancements have been driven by a combination of technological innovation, increased investment, and a growing understanding of the potential applications of VR. The Rise of VR Gaming Virtual reality gaming has been one of the primary drivers of VR technology advancements. The first VR games were simple, but they laid the foundation for the development of more complex and immersive experiences. Over time, VR gaming has evolved to include more sophisticated graphics, improved tracking systems, and a wider range of games. The First VR Games The first VR games were simple and limited in their scope. They typically involved basic graphics and simple user interfaces. Some of the earliest VR games included VR sports simulations, such as skiing and shooting ranges, as well as basic virtual reality environments, such as virtual reality tours of landmarks and cities. The Evolution of VR Gaming As VR technology has advanced, so too has the range and complexity of VR games. Today, there are a wide variety of VR games available, ranging from action and adventure games to educational and training simulations. Many of these games are designed to be highly immersive, with realistic graphics and motion tracking that allow players to move around and interact with their virtual environment. The Expansion of VR Applications In addition to gaming, VR technology has also been applied to a wide range of other fields. One of the most promising areas of application for VR is education. VR has the potential to revolutionize the way students learn, allowing them to explore complex concepts and interact with virtual environments in a way that is not possible with traditional teaching methods. VR is also being used in healthcare, where it is being used to help patients recover from injuries and illnesses. For example, VR can be used to help patients with chronic pain, as it can provide a distraction from pain and help to reduce stress. VR is also being used in surgical training, where it can be used to simulate complex surgeries and help surgeons to develop their skills. Finally, VR is being used in entertainment, where it is being used to create new and immersive experiences for audiences. This includes everything from VR movies and TV shows to VR theme parks and other immersive experiences. As VR technology continues to advance, it is likely that we will see even more innovative applications for this technology. The Continued Innovation in Virtual Reality The development of virtual reality (VR) technology has come a long way since its inception, and the innovation continues to this day. Researchers and developers are constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible with VR, and new advancements are being made regularly. The Role of VR in the Future of Technology Virtual reality has the potential to revolutionize the way we interact with technology and with each other. Its applications in various industries, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment, are already being explored and are expected to grow in the future. The Potential of VR in Various Industries Virtual reality has the potential to transform the way we learn, work, and play. In healthcare, it can be used for training medical professionals, providing therapy for patients, and even assisting in surgeries. In education, it can enhance the learning experience by providing immersive and interactive educational content. In entertainment, it can provide a new medium for storytelling and gaming. The Impact of VR on Society The impact of VR on society is also significant. It has the potential to bring people closer together, regardless of location, by providing a shared virtual space for communication and collaboration. It can also help people overcome barriers such as physical disabilities, providing new opportunities for accessibility and inclusion. The Future of Virtual Reality: Emerging Trends and Technologies As the technology continues to evolve, there are several emerging trends and technologies that are expected to shape the future of VR. The Development of Next-Generation VR Hardware The development of next-generation VR hardware is one of the most significant trends in the future of VR. With advancements in materials science, electronics, and computer processing power, VR headsets and other hardware are becoming more lightweight, comfortable, and capable of rendering increasingly realistic virtual environments. The Emergence of New VR Platforms and Ecosystems Another trend is the emergence of new VR platforms and ecosystems. As the technology becomes more widespread, new platforms and ecosystems are emerging, providing users with a variety of options for experiencing VR content. This is leading to a greater diversity of content and experiences, and is expected to drive further innovation in the field. The Future of VR as a Medium for Entertainment, Education, and Communication The future of VR as a medium for entertainment, education, and communication is also promising. With the continued development of the technology, VR is expected to become an increasingly important part of our daily lives, providing new and exciting ways for us to connect, learn, and be entertained. 1. Who originally created VR? Answer: The concept of virtual reality (VR) has been around for several decades, and it has been developed by numerous researchers and innovators over the years. While there are many people who have contributed to the development of VR, the earliest known experiments in VR can be traced back to the 1950s. Some of the earliest pioneers of VR include Ralph Baer, who created the first video game console, and Morton Heilig, who developed the Sensorama, an early VR display that showed 360-degree movies. However, the modern era of VR began in the 1980s and 1990s, with the development of VR headsets and other VR technologies. 2. When was VR first created? Answer: The first VR systems were developed in the 1950s and 1960s, but the technology did not become widely available until the 1980s and 1990s. The first commercially available VR headset was the VR-1, which was developed by VPL Research in 1987. However, the technology did not gain widespread popularity until the 2010s, with the release of VR headsets such as the Oculus Rift and the HTC Vive. 3. Who invented VR? Answer: There is no single person who can be credited with inventing VR, as the technology has been developed by numerous researchers and innovators over the years. However, some of the earliest pioneers of VR include Ralph Baer, who created the first video game console, and Morton Heilig, who developed the Sensorama, an early VR display that showed 360-degree movies. 4. What is the history of VR? Answer: The history of VR can be traced back to the 1950s, when researchers began experimenting with VR technologies. The first VR systems were developed in the 1960s, but the technology did not become widely available until the 1980s and 1990s, with the development of VR headsets and other VR technologies. The modern era of VR began in the 2010s, with the release of VR headsets such as the Oculus Rift and the HTC Vive. VR has since become a popular technology, with numerous applications in gaming, education, healthcare, and other fields. 5. How has VR evolved over time? Answer: VR has evolved significantly over the years, with improvements in both hardware and software. Early VR systems were limited in their capabilities, with low resolution and limited field of view. However, as technology has advanced, VR systems have become more sophisticated, with higher resolution, wider field of view, and more realistic graphics. In addition, VR software has become more advanced, with more interactive and immersive experiences. As a result, VR has become a more powerful and versatile technology, with a wide range of applications in various fields.	<urn:uuid:e494eb2c-206f-4069-bf09-17a3df63b6df>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.aal-persona.org/exploring-the-origins-of-virtual-reality-a-deep-dive-into-the-pioneers-behind-the-technology/	2024-12-10T02:07:12Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066056346.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210005249-20241210035249-00250.warc.gz	en	0.962323	3,360	3.453125	3
Doctor Katrin Amunts is a professor of brain research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Director of the Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research at the Düsseldorf University Hospital and Director of the Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine at the Jülich Research Centre. She has been the Scientific Director of the Human Brain Project (HBP) since 2016. She talks about her research and goals in an interview during the Platform for Advanced Scientific Computing (PASC) Conference, which was held in Lugano on 26-28 of June. July 26, 2017 – by Simone Ulmer Ms. Amunts, you gave a keynote speech entitled Towards the Decoding of the Human Brain at the PASC17 Conference. It was primarily about understanding the brain and its functionalities in such a way that they can be depicted and simulated on a computer. Simulation is a tool that helps gain insights into the human brain and is based on models developed from empirical findings. Simulation, but also data analytics procedures such as machine learning enable us to understand the organisational principles of the brain better. If new findings are obtained, they can be tested in an experiment, and new, more effective models can be developed. Understanding the organisational principles of the brain means grasping how the various spatial levels of the brain organisation are connected–from the molecular level via the cellular level to the large networks that regulate cognitive processes and ultimately behaviour. We aim to make a significant contribution towards this with the Human Brain Project. Where did you start your research? My starting point was cell-body-stained histological sections, which I used to study the architecture of cells in various areas of the brain. This architecture is closely related to the connections between areas, and also to its function. At the border between two adjacent areas, the cellular architecture changes. This is the basis for developing maps of the brain. Can you give an example? For instance, we know an area that controls motor functions has a very different cellular and connectional architecture than one that receives sensory input from the eye, ear or sense of touch. The former controls the hand muscles, for example; the information goes from the motor region to the muscles, so the motor region is output-dominated. The latter, on the other hand, is more of an input region–it receives information and processes it. This is reflected in the architecture. The different aspects of the brain organisation are closely linked: the cells have a particular molecular and genetic pattern and highly characteristic connections to each other; they are organised into brain areas and nuclei that also have particular properties and form large networks. The brain is a highly complex system in the best sense of the word–not only because there are 86 billion nerve cells with several thousand contacts per cell to other nerve cells, but also because of the various organisational levels. Your remarks about the different levels and aspects of the brain organisation alone give the impression that decoding the brain is almost an insurmountable task. That’s why we launched the Human Brain Project. For every level, there is a community of scientists today who usually conduct research on one of these levels using completely different methods. However, there is still far too little exchange between them–either because it’s difficult or impossible to swap and integrate the wealth of individual results and data with each other, or simply because the various communities have had little contact thus far. We want to bring the various approaches together and offer the scientists an infrastructure where they can exchange their data and find tools that help them conduct their own research. These are tools they can use to draw on data from other groups or to simulate or analyse particularly well, for instance; or an atlas that enables you to view various maps of the brain and interpret your own findings. If we achieve that scientists within and outside of the Human Brain Project intensify collaboration and become aware of what the others are doing, it’s not so unrealistic after all. Do you think the brain can be decoded with the Human Brain Project then? Yes. We can certainly take a major step in that direction. The key difference compared to similar projects in the field worldwide is that groups from many European countries coordinate closely with each other in regards to the scientific approach in the HBP. The American Brain Initiative focuses mainly on open calls and assumes that everything else will sort itself out within the framework of this call. We in HBP try to define research goals and to distribute tasks in such a way that the neuralgic points are precisely met, the cornerstones as it were, around which everything is then arranged. Through your time-consuming, data-intensive mapping of the human brain, you have compiled a probabilistic cytoarchitectonic atlas of the brain and made it publicly accessible. What was the motivation behind this? Today, we assume that the cerebral cortex has roughly 200 cortical areas. Then there are 100 or more subcortical nuclei. We map these areas in tissue sections of brains from body donors before reconstructing these areas in 3D. In order to capture the variability in brain structure and reveal how much brain regions differ from one person to the next, we create these maps for ten brains and superimpose them. This generates cytoarchitectonic probability maps, which tell me how high the probability is of an area being located at a particular point in the space. These maps may help interpret results from healthy test subjects and patients who are being examined within the scope of imaging studies. What else can researchers and neurologists read from the maps, and how can they work with them? The maps have already been used frequently. Meanwhile, there are thousands of downloads. They can be used for patients, such as if you want to determine where a stroke is localised or how much volume loss a patient’s brain suffers in a particular area during a particular illness within a certain period of time. Apart from the atlas, you also play a leading role in the BigBrain project, which is part of the atlas. Exactly. While the resolution of the probabilistic atlas is one millimetre, corresponding to the resolution of neuroimaging data, we went down to the cellular level with a resolution of 20 micrometres in BigBrain. Although that’s a bit above cell resolution, you can already recognise the cells and spot clear differences between the cell layers and brain regions. Our major breakthrough here came when we managed to reconstruct a brain in this resolution from almost 7,500 sections for the first time in 3D. We can extrapolate the density distribution of the cells from this brain, for instance. This is then actually interesting for simulations, as the cell distribution of a motor area looks different to that of the visual centre. Based on the 3D reconstruction, we can also measure the thickness of the cerebral cortex. BigBrain is therefore an important “gold standard” for measuring the thickness of the cerebral cortex in the event of neurodegenerative diseases as the thickness decreases there. How else can researchers and neurologists use BigBrain? BigBrain is also used as a reference, or atlas brain, to which we can refer any other possible findings. If a researcher has achieved, for example, results on layer III pyramidal cells in a particular region, he or she then has to enter them in a reference system with pinpoint precision if he or she wants to make the data available to other researchers. BigBrain’s high resolution enables this. BigBrain can collate the vastly different research results for this brain region from different studies, such as the molecular structure, gene expression, connection patterns of the cells or even the involvement in brain functions. Researchers who are interested in memory and therefore conduct research on the hippocampus, for instance, can enter their findings in a database and indicate precisely which region of the hippocampus and which layer they refer to. This wasn’t possible before. So now you can gradually fill BigBrain with data. How might the data from macroscopic to microscopic studies one day be linked and combined? You could try to describe every place in the brain via a vast number of features, for instance–such as how high the packing density of the cells is, how the cells are connected to those in other brain areas, and what large-scale networks that control language function, for example, they are involved in. Then you could try to collate all this knowledge and identify patterns in it, patterns that tell me things like: if I have an area that’s important for language, then such-and-such a precondition needs to be fulfilled. This kind of linkage is only possible with a multimodal atlas. Multimodal means integrating vastly different aspects. Fewer simulations are central to your research than data storage and analysis. Yes, that’s true for my own research projects. It needs secure data lines and a close collaboration with specialists from the computing sector to tackle large amounts of data. CSCS and Jülich have secure data forwarding in PRACE. We’re in the process of setting up a European infrastructure in conjunction with Thomas Schulthess in Lugano and Thomas Lippert in Jülich so neuroscientists like me don’t have to worry about where the enormous amounts of data are stored and how we can access them for analysis. How data can be handled safely is an issue for many researchers, which is why I find forums like the PASC Conference interesting. PASC embodies interdisciplinarity. After your presentation, you had a lively exchange with researchers from other disciplines. Can you give them something and take something from them away with you? I think so. There is certainly a methodical proximity to many projects. What’s more, I can find out about the latest situation and learn what is currently going on in high-performance computing. I found the panel discussion on neuromorphic computing, quantum computing and new materials absolutely fascinating. These are things I like to keep an eye on as a neuroscientist, because I’d like to know how far this will take me and where I can address new questions. One colleague I spoke to deals with other tissues and organs, but the growth mechanisms she studies might be very similar to those in the brain, so you keep meeting each other. We use the same optical methods as the material researcher on the panel. Although she tends to use them for materials and in my case it’s tissue, there are frequently overlaps. When you look at other research institutes, sometimes you’re astonished to find that they have already found solutions to problems you’re still grappling with yourself. At the moment, I’m trying to set up a consortium on deep learning together with colleagues from aerospace who deal with remote sensing and colleagues who conduct cellular analyses. We have similar issues and want to try developing neuronal networks tailored exactly to our issues. We all bring different use cases to the table and look where the general points of these cases are and what theory is behind them. Deep learning was a central topic at the PASC Conference. Where do you find support here, and how is deep learning situated between simulations, theory and experiments in brain research? Analysing Big Data with deep learning yields patterns that enable patients to be divided into groups, for instance. This in turn can help distinguish patients who benefit from a particular course of therapy from those who benefit less and might need a different therapeutic approach. Deep learning gives us access. Data analyses and simulations complement each other and, together with empirical approaches and theory, they may help recognise organisational principles in the brain. Simulations, on the other hand, can help us understand and predict which substance binds particularly well to a receptor in the brain on account of its chemical make-up. This enables us to forecast which class of chemical compounds is particularly suitable as a therapeutic agent. If successful, this would be revolutionary, as classic drug development is extremely complex and takes a huge amount of time and money. People have been working on this for years. With its interdisciplinary composition and expertise in the field of molecular research, neuroscience, clinical research, simulation and scientific computing, the HBP might just make a key contribution here. Have you got any idea where brain research will be in 20 years? What’s your dream? By then, I hope we’ll have a basic overview of why the brain has such a heterogeneous structure and what the principles are that give us such different cognitive and emotional capabilities. What exactly constitutes the interplay between the cells to end up with emotionality, or so I can make a movement or recognise a face? What is ultimately the special thing that makes us human beings? This question really isn’t all that easy to answer. Or what is consciousness? Various groups are working on this in the HBP. I’d like us to be able to define what consciousness is and what cellular preconditions it is bound by on a neurobiological level. Where and how does consciousness develop at all the many levels of the brain’s organisation? That’s what I’d really like to know. And how might this be achieved? By then, we should have computers that enable us to keep an entire human brain model in the memory on a cellular level and analyse it. In 20 years, I should think we’ll have realistic simulations of a human brain at nerve cell level that factor in the most important boundary conditions. The results of simulations could well predict what the electrical activity of nerve cells and networks is like, such as if I plan a grasping movement. A simulation might also help gauge what happens if a brain region or connection malfunctions, as is the case after a stroke, for instance. Are you also considering personalised medicine so we might one day have a kind of personalised atlas for every individual brain as and when we need it? I’m a physician, and that’s particularly close to my heart. I think we’ll have to have much more individual information to diagnose and treat individual patients. It would be important to be able to determine more effectively what exactly a patient needs after a stroke in terms of drug-based therapy, physiological procedures, behaviour therapy, cognitive training or rehabilitation for the tissue left over around the stroke site to be able to assume functions as effectively as possible. But the provision of comprehensive brain maps to support neurosurgeons when they plan surgery is also one such point. This might help prepare deep brain stimulations in Parkinson’s patients, for instance. I think we’ll have made progress in terms of planning operations and placing electrodes in 20 years’ time, because we’ll have a better grasp of where exactly the nerve cells and the connections that the electrodes are supposed to stimulate are and be able to factor in the patient’s individual characteristics more effectively. I assume we’ll have come on in leaps and bounds by then. And in the early detection of degenerative processes? Here too. If someone develops Alzheimer’s, the process begins many years before any symptoms actually appear. Today, we’re in the situation where the brain is already seriously damaged by the time we diagnose Alzheimer’s. If we managed to spot signs for certain only five years sooner, it would already be a massive plus. After all, we’d have gained that much more time to counteract the degenerative process. Perhaps today’s drugs would have an entirely different impact.	<urn:uuid:68eb0e99-30c8-4d38-a227-d7de93844ac8>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.pasc-conference.org/pasc17-interview-with-katrin-amunts/	2024-12-13T18:29:53Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066119643.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213171153-20241213201153-00852.warc.gz	en	0.950197	3,201	2.609375	3
Have you ever noticed the air quality alerts on your phone? They warn us to stay indoors because the smog outdoors is so bad. If you’re living in a major city, you may see the pollution casting its cloud over your downtown skyline. We often forget to consider indoor pollution in our homes. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report, on average, Americans spend nearly 90 percent of their time indoors. The report also states that indoor concentrations of some pollutants are often 2 to 5 times higher than typical outdoor concentrations (1). A study from April 2020 states: “According to the World Health Organization (WHO), indoor air pollution is responsible for the deaths of 3.8 million people annually.” The harmful pollutants inside buildings include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter, aerosols, biological pollutants, carbon monoxide, and more (2). Clever marketing has led many to believe that harsh chemicals are necessary to maintain a clean and sterile environment. Since the pandemic, the world has become hyper-vigilant to disinfect every possible surface with powerful chemicals to kill all traces of bacteria or viruses. There has to be a balance. An animal study published in 2012 found that an over-sterile environment contributed to health problems in mice, like asthma, ulcerative colitis, and lung inflammation (3). We must rethink how we clean and what we use to clean our homes. Are we releasing pollutants into our home’s air? Toxic indoor air can contribute to allergy symptoms and spread colds and flu-type viruses. More severe consequences can occur from toxic indoor air, including asthma, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and Legionnaires’ disease (4). Indoor air quality can either contribute to or relieve symptoms of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). While MCS is not considered an “illness” by the American Medical Academy, it is a collection of noteworthy symptoms. MCS is a real issue for many people, myself included (5). Some professionals refer to it as sick building syndrome, and its symptoms include: - Burning eyes - Breathing problems - Changes to heart rhythm - Chest pain - Congestion and other sinus trouble - Diarrhea, bloating, and/or gas - Digestive problems - Memory problems - Mood changes - Muscle and joint pain - Poor concentration - Sensitivity to light and noise - Sleep issues - Sore throat - Trouble concentrating This is a long list of undesirable symptoms. Clearly, we should be cautious with the products we allow in our homes. So, what can we do to improve indoor air quality? If you read our blog, Everything You Need to Know About Air Filters, you know a simple way to improve indoor air quality is to address ventilation. Consider investing in air purifiers, regularly changing air conditioning filters, and adding houseplants that remove these pollutants. 6 Houseplants That Filter the Air Peace Lily (Spathiphyllum wallisii Regel) Peace lilies are sturdy, easy-to-grow plants with glossy, dark green oval leaves that grow directly from the soil and narrow to a point. Peace lilies typically grow between 1 to 4 feet tall, with some reaching 6 feet. Periodically, peace lilies produce lightly fragrant white flowers that turn a pale green as they age (8). How to properly care for a peace lily (9): - Peace lilies are tropical plants that prefer warmer temperatures (above 60°F) and should be kept away from cold, drafty windows. These plants do well in temperatures upwards of 70°F. - Humidity is vital for peace lilies to thrive. Place the peace lily pot on a tray of moistened gravel, then mist its leaves to increase humidity. - Peace lilies are not heavy feeders, only needing occasional fertilization to encourage spring and summer growth. Fertilize every six weeks with a balanced houseplant fertilizer starting in late winter. - Repotting every few years, in the spring, is most pleasing for the peace lily, as it will enjoy the revitalized soil. - Peace lilies’ leaves tend to collect dust; gently wipe them down with a wet paper towel occasionally. Too much dust can inhibit photosynthesis. According to my research, peace lilies are unsafe for pets and children to consume but are safe to smell and touch. I recommend keeping them out of reach of small children and pets who may chew on them. Snake Plant (Sansevieria trifasciata Prain) Snake plants are the most common houseplants recommended. Snake plants are evergreen, perennial plants with dense and long sword-like leaves. Snake plants have dark green leaves with light grayish-green cross-bands that grow up to 3 feet tall and 2.4 inches wide (10). How to properly care for a snake plant (11): - If possible, water from the bottom of the pot to encourage the roots to grow downward and help stabilize the thick, tall leaves. - Snake plants tend to develop root rot. Refrain from watering too frequently, and let the soil dry out nearly entirely between waterings. Additionally, water the plant less often during the winter months than you would in spring and summer. - The snake plant’s large, flat leaves tend to accumulate dust; use a damp cloth to wipe them down as needed. - Divide and repot your snake plant in the spring, cutting out sections containing leaves and roots. Be sure to repot in a well-draining potting mix. According to my research, snake plants are unsafe for pets and children to consume but are safe to smell and touch. I recommend keeping them out of reach of small children and pets who may chew on them. I keep my snake plant out of reach on a high shelf. Weeping Fig (Ficus benjamina L.) Weeping figs are among the most popular house trees. Weeping figs have a drooping/weeping form, with smooth, gray bark and bright green, large, oval, leathery leaves. Some varieties of weeping figs have grayish-green or yellow-colored leaves (12). How to properly care for a weeping fig (13): - The weeping fig’s native habitat is usually semi-shady but requires adequate light to thrive indoors. A bright room with a surplus of indirect sunlight and a little direct sun in the morning is ideal. - Keep the weeping fig moist, but do not allow it to sit in water, or it will lose leaves and may develop root rot. - Tropical plants like the weeping fig prefer high humidity. They do best with nighttime temperatures between 65ºF and 70ºF and daytime temperatures between 75ºF and 85ºF. - Weeping figs are heavy feeder plants needing a lot of fertilizer throughout the growing season. Be sure to feed your weeping figs with slow-release pellets at the start of the growing season. - If leaves begin to drop despite ideal living conditions, try supplementing a little magnesium and manganese. According to my research, weeping figs are unsafe for pets and children to touch or consume but are safe to smell and touch. I recommend keeping them entirely out of reach of small children and pets. Areca Palm (Chrysalidocarpus lutescens Wendl.) Areca palms have smooth silverish-green trunks with large, divided, and arched feather-shaped leaves. Areca palms usually have about six to eight yellow-green leaves on a long stalk/stem that curves upward, creating a butterfly-like appearance (14). How to properly care for an areca palm (15): - Indoor areca palms do best with a well-draining, peat-based potting mix soaking up sunlight from windows facing south or west. - Areca palms prefer moist soil but are sensitive to fluoridated water, so they use distilled water or collected rainwater. Additionally, these plants are susceptible to overwatering and cannot tolerate waterlogging or sitting in a water-saturated potting mix. Let the soil dry out nearly entirely between waterings to prevent the development of root rot. - Areca palms do best in temperatures between 65ºF to 75ºF. Keep the leaves away from cold windows, air conditioners, and heat sources. - These heavy feeder plants need a lot of fertilizer from spring to early fall with a liquid fertilizer. Be sure not to feed your areca palm during the late fall and winter when the plant is dormant. - Areca palms are prone to the tips and leaves turning yellow or brown, known as leaf tip burn. Leaf tip burn is usually caused by chilled air, over or underwatering, poor soil conditions, or compacted roots. You can cut these pieces off and address potential causes. Guiana Chestnut (Pachira Aquatica) Guiana chestnuts are often called money tree bonsais due to legends of the plant bringing good fortune. Guiana chestnuts are grown indoors and outdoors. Outdoor trees can grow to 60 feet tall, while indoor trees typically grow between 6 to 8 feet tall. Guiana chestnuts have shiny, green, lance-shaped leaflets 5 to 10 inches long. They also have large, greenish to yellowish-white flowers and long cream-colored petals surrounding 200+ tightly-packed, red-tipped bushy stamens that create a shaving-brush-like appearance (16). How to properly care for a Guiana chestnut (17): - Indoor Guinana chestnuts should be placed in bright to medium indirect sunlight or fluorescent lighting for at least six hours daily. - Guiana chestnuts appreciate mild temperatures and high humidity between 65 and 75ºF. To increase humidity for the plant, place it on top of a pebble tray filled with water and should not be placed near warm or cold drafts. You can mist the leaves regularly. - Guiana chestnuts should have a proper drainage container and be regularly watered. To avoid overwatering, ensure the top inch of soil is dry before watering. Watering should be more frequent in the spring and summer than in the fall and winter. - Fertilize your Guiana chestnut with a basic fertilizer blend diluted to half-strength. When the plant produces new leaves in the spring and summer, fertilize monthly. In the fall and winter months, fertilize bi-monthly. - Pruning is important in caring for your Guiana chestnut, especially if you wish to control its size indoors. Regular pruning of the lower leaves also helps encourage new growth at the top of the plant. According to my research, Guiana chestnuts are completely safe for pets and children. Philippine Evergreen (Aglaonema Commutatum) Philippine evergreens are herbaceous perennial shrubs that grow to 1.5 feet tall. Its erect and bushy appearance resembles a dumb cane (Dieffenbachia) but can be distinguished by its 5 to 8 lateral veins. Other characteristic features of a Philippine evergreen include 4 to 8-inch long dark green, lance-shaped leaves that grow from stems with silver-gray blotches appearing on upright stems. Although uncommon, Philippine evergreens may bloom in late summer or early fall with white flowers and a greenish-white spathe enclosing the flower. Following a bloom, you may notice red clusters of berries (18). It has elliptic, dark green, lance-shaped leaves that reach 4 to 8 inches long and 2 to 3 inches wide. Attractive silver-gray blotches appear on upright stems. It blooms rarely as a houseplant in the late summer or early fall with a white spadix and greenish-white spathe. Red clusters of berries follow the blooms. How to properly care for a Philippine evergreen (19): - Darker varieties of Philippine evergreens can grow in near-shade, while the lighter varieties require a bit more bright light. No matter what variety you have, avoid direct sunlight exposure to avoid burning their delicate leaves, - A well-drained, slightly acidic potting soil is perfect for the Philippine evergreen. Ensure your Philippine evergreen has drainage holes at its base. If your soil is retaining too much water, mix in sand or perlite to your soil to aid drainage. - Philippine evergreens should be watered thoroughly, but ensure the soil is dry before watering again. You can maintain this watering schedule through the spring, summer, and fall and taper off in the winter. Never allow the plant to dry out completely. - Philippine evergreens don’t like cold drafts or temperatures below 70ºF. Keep your Philippine evergreen away from cool windows or vents. Remember, the warmer the climate, the better. - Feed your Philippine evergreen twice yearly, at the beginning and end of its growing season, with slow-release pellets or liquid fertilizer. According to my research, Philippine evergreens are unsafe for pets and children to consume but are safe to smell and touch. I recommend keeping them out of reach of small children and pets who may chew on them.	<urn:uuid:4fd2531f-18f6-41a0-9406-d64a18082cb1>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://modernalternativemama.com/6-houseplants-that-filter-the-air/	2024-12-03T14:55:42Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066139150.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203132814-20241203162814-00090.warc.gz	en	0.927167	2,763	3.390625	3
Bike commuting is a great way to get some exercise and reduce your carbon footprint. However, you don’t need to wait until the snow melts and the streets clear to take advantage of a bicycle, even if you live in a colder climate. A hybrid electric bike can help you extend your bike season into winter and make it easier to ride in more challenging terrain, like hilly areas. Hybrid electric bikes are regular bicycles with an electric motor and battery, adding extra power when needed. This allows you to climb steep hills and ride longer. Many models have built-in lights and fenders to keep mud and rain off riders. Some are for commuting, with places to carry cargo, or even with wheel locks for quick stops. Some people question whether riding an e-bike is truly cycling since it relies on a motor for power. But in most cases, the engine is only there to assist pedaling, meaning it only activates when the rider is pedaling or going downhill. It still requires quite a bit of exercise. Hybrid electric bikes have a few key components: Battery: The battery provides power to the motor and is usually located in the frame. Depending on the type of bike, it might be removable or built into the frame. Motor: The motor is usually located in the center of the frame, under your seat, and powers you when pedaling. This allows you to ride farther and faster than you would normally and reduces fatigue over long rides. Display and controls: The display allows you to monitor how much power you’re using and adjust how much assistance you receive from the bike’s motor. It also lets you know if there are any problems with your bike, like a malfunctioning battery or loose connection. Some displays also monitor things like speed, distance traveled, and estimated range. Controls vary depending on your bike, but they’ll either be on your handlebars or built into your brake levers. The hybrid electric motor is actually a hub motor contained in one of the bike’s wheels. The hub motor is more powerful than most electric bike motors, and it has an integrated speed sensor that can be used to control the system. When the rider pedals, the crank turns the sprocket, the chain, the rear wheel sprocket, and the rear wheel. In addition to pedaling, riders can also control how much assistance they get from the motor by using their hands on a small controller attached to the handlebars. The controller has two buttons that allow you to change how much power you get. As a result, you can ride at your desired pace with just enough extra energy to make the experience more enjoyable. Most hub motors have a maximum output of around 400 watts (1/2 horsepower), roughly equivalent to a decent sprinting pace. However, this is more than enough for everyday riding, as long as you consider that some additional factors come into play with hybrid electric bikes. The benefits of electric bikes are numerous. They can help you exercise and stay healthy in a fun way and make it easy to commute to work or school. If you’re new to the world of electric bikes, here are some of the benefits of hybrid electric bikes that may help you make your decision: You can ride farther: Hybrid electric bikes give you more power and speed to go farther on a single charge. In addition, the average speed an e-bike will go is between 15 – 20mph, meaning you can cover more ground and get where you need to be faster. You can exercise less or more: With a hybrid e-bike, you still have to pedal, but the bike does all the hard work. So if burning calories is your primary goal, riding an e-bike will burn fewer calories than riding a traditional bicycle because the machine does most of the work. However, if you’re looking to improve your fitness level without overexerting yourself during rides, an e-bike is great. Environmentally Friendly: Hybrid electric bikes are a green alternative to driving a vehicle. They have zero emissions and only use a small amount of electricity to recharge their batteries. Fun: The hybrid electric bike offers a great cycling experience. Some people describe it as “magical.” Riding up hills is no longer a problem because the motor kicks in when needed. There are several hybrid electric bikes, including hybrids that look like standard bicycles, folding bikes, and fat-tire bikes. Hybrids that look like standard bicycles typically have a battery mounted to the frame. The battery is usually also removable for charging and can be used to power accessories like lights or phone chargers. These batteries have a lot of power and can travel up to 70 miles on a single charge. Folding hybrid electric bikes are lighter than typical models and easily foldable for carrying or storing in compact spaces. As a result, these models are often used in urban settings where parking and storage is not adequate. Fat tire hybrid e-bikes resemble beach cruisers with extra-wide tires, which give them stability on rough terrains like sand, gravel, or dirt paths. They’re often used by off-road enthusiasts who want a little assistance navigating difficult terrain. Now that you know what a hybrid electric bike is, here are some of the best models for your consideration. The ANCHEER model has a removable battery for when you know when you want to only bike manually. It’s a 21-speed model, with a fork composed of carbon steel, keeping it light but strong, with a handlebar of aluminum alloy. It comes with a horn, brake lights (as well as front and rear brakes), and a headlamp, all for your safety. This hybrid has three modes of use, including electric bike, assisted bicycling, and normal biking. No matter which method you use, you’ll get where you need to go fast thanks to its light frame. Typically, you can expect to get 15 to 30 miles per charge at maximum speed, 15 MPH. Unfortunately, you only get a one-year service warranty for the electrics, including both the battery and charger. The bike itself can handle a load of 265 pounds, and the sturdy fork ensures the bike has good shock absorption as you ride. The Schwinn Amalgam Adult Electric Bike is a hybrid e-bike with a high step frame that makes getting on and off the bike simple. The 7-speed drivetrain offers a wide range of gears to tackle hills or headwinds, while the mechanical disc brakes provide ample stopping power in all weather conditions. The custom 27.5-inch alloy wheels and multi-surface tires are ready for dirt or pavement. At the same time, the full coverage alloy fenders keep you clean and dry. A Schwinn Quality Comfort saddle helps smooth the ride. The Schwinn Amalgam electric bike features a 375Wh battery that provides up to 45 miles of assisted riding in pedal-assist mode and up to 15 miles in throttle mode. In addition, the 36V/250W rear hub motor provides pedal assistance up to 20 MPH and can be used as a standard bicycle when the battery is depleted. Schwinn has been an American icon since 1895. Their mission is to develop the most advanced products, provide an unparalleled customer experience, and deliver a fantastic value proposition for its customers. They do this by working with people as passionate about cycling as they are. This folding electric bike is built tough for trail riding, whether you’re sprinting to the slopes or cruising through the neighborhood. 350W motor, 7-speed Shimano gear shifting, and a removable 36V lithium-ion battery let you take on steep climbs and rocky terrain. 4″ tires and dual disk brakes ensure a smooth, controlled ride even when unpaved roads get rough. The EB-6 Bandit is powered by an intuitive power assist system that lets you select from three modes: Pedal assist, walking mode, and full throttle. You can activate each right from the handlebar. Choose your preference based on the terrain and how much riding help you need. With its compact design and folding frame, this bike easily fits in-home storage spaces or in your car trunk. In addition, the removable battery allows for easy charging, so you can always leave it fully powered up. So you have decided to buy an electric bike. Congratulations! You are about to make the best decision of your life. You will be able to travel faster, further, and for a more extended period. But before making that decision, you need to consider several factors. An electric bike is only as good as its battery. A high-quality battery will last a long time, recharge quickly and provide enough power to get you where you’re going. You should not have any problems getting through your daily commute on a single charge, but it’s always good to have a plan B in case something goes wrong. The best electric bikes will range around 30 miles on the low end and 50 miles on the high end. The top speed for most electric bikes is between 20 and 25 miles per hour. If you want to go faster than that, you are better off buying an electric motorcycle. The quality of the battery also depends on how well it holds its charge when not in use. A good bike should stay charged for at least two weeks between rides or longer. This means you won’t have to worry about plugging it in every day before work or school. The price is the most critical factor in your e-bike purchase. Your budget will determine what type of bike you will buy, how it will be equipped, and how you can use it. The more you pay for a bike, the more features it will have. A higher price tag means that the bike will likely be lighter and have a more excellent range and speed than a cheaper bike. But you don’t need to spend thousands of dollars on an electric bike to get started. The average cost of an e-bike is around $2,500, but plenty of options are available for under $1,000. It’s always a good idea to research before buying a new bike. Many factors determine the durability of a hybrid electric bike, like the materials used and the quality of artistry of the manufacturer. For example, the frame should be made from a tough material such as high-quality steel or aluminum alloy. The gears and chain should be manufactured from a solid material that can withstand high pressure without breaking. The wheels should also be made from solid material like aluminum that can withstand bumps on roads without breaking easily. The bike’s weight should also be considered since it will determine how easy it is to handle it. It is recommended that you get an electric bike with a light frame that is also firmly attached to all its parts. When buying an electric bike, you should consider the warranty offered. The battery and motor are the two leading warranties you need to look at. A battery is the most costly part of an electric bike. It is what determines your electric bike’s range on a single charge. So, it is vital to consider its warranty before purchasing a hybrid electric bicycle. Even though batteries are expected to last between 3 and 5 years, some manufacturers offer more extended warranties. Ensure that you check with every manufacturer of hybrid electric bikes before deciding which one to buy. In addition to the battery warranty, you also need to look at the motor warranty. A quality motor will ensure that your e-bike gives you good service for a long time without any major breakdowns or problems. The best engines have a 1-year warranty or more by the manufacturer. Before buying an e-bike, ensure that it comes with a good guarantee for the motor to ensure that they are of high quality and will give you long-term service. If you’re looking for a bike that is easy to maneuver and simple to maintain, then a hybrid electric bike is excellent. They are affordable, well-designed, and ideal for getting around town or college. If you have any questions about the bikes discussed in this article, please comment below. Other articles you may also like: - E-bike vs Hybrid Electric Bike – What’s the Difference? - Do Electric Bikes Need Insurance? - Do You Need a License to Drive an Electric Bike? - Are Electric Scooters Reliable? - How to Choose Ebike Controllers – All You Need to Know About Them - Electric Bike Display Is Not Working – Possible Reasons - How to Carry a Spare E-Bike Battery - Can You Ride an E-bike Without the Battery? - Can a Regular Bike Be Converted Into an Electric Bike? If So, How?	<urn:uuid:3433128c-6676-4661-a79a-b9e7f7819485>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://bike-hud.com/hybrid-electric-bike/	2024-12-09T09:15:05Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066462724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209085821-20241209115821-00202.warc.gz	en	0.954837	2,682	3.171875	3
Reptile leather refers to leather made from the hides of reptiles, such as snakes, alligators, crocodiles, lizards, and other similar species. It is valued for its distinctive texture, pattern, and durability. Reptile leather has been used for various purposes throughout history, including creating luxury goods such as shoes, handbags, belts, and fashion accessories. Here are some common types of reptile leather: Snakeskin leather is known for its sleek and elegant appearance. The scales create a unique pattern often used in the fashion industry for shoes, boots, and handbags. Alligator leather comes from the hides of alligators, which have larger, more pronounced scales than some other reptiles. It is highly sought after for its durability and distinctive appearance. Alligator leather is often used in high-end accessories and luxury items. Crocodile leather is similar to alligator leather but comes from different species of crocodiles. Nile crocodile leather is one of the most popular types, known for its fine scales and quality. Crocodile leather produces luxury goods like bags, wallets, and shoes. Lizard leather has a more fine-grained appearance compared to alligator or crocodile leather. It is often used for smaller items like watch straps, wallets, and accessories. The production of reptile leather involves a tanning process to preserve the hides and enhance their durability and flexibility. The exotic nature of reptile leather, combined with its unique patterns, makes it a popular choice for individuals seeking distinctive and luxurious fashion items. History of Reptile Leather Historical records indicate that ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans, used reptile leather for various purposes, including clothing, accessories, and ceremonial items. The exotic nature of reptile leather made it a symbol of luxury and status. In many Asian cultures, particularly in China and India, the use of snake and lizard skins in traditional clothing and accessories has historical roots. Reptile leather was often associated with prosperity and protection. As far as the legacy is concerned, reptile leather continues to be a coveted material in the production of luxury goods. High-end fashion houses use it to create exclusive and expensive items, including handbags, shoes, belts, and wallets. In recent years, concerns about the ethical and environmental impact of using reptile leather have led to increased scrutiny. Conservation efforts and regulations aim to ensure sustainable practices and protect endangered species. Legacy of Reptile Leather The craftsmanship involved in working with reptile leather is considered an art form. Skilled artisans carefully cut and assemble the pieces to showcase the natural patterns and textures, adding to the uniqueness of each item. Reptile leather continues to carry symbolic meaning in various cultures. In some societies, it is associated with protection, wealth, and status. How Is Reptile Leather Made? Making reptile leather involves several stages, including harvesting the raw materials (reptile hides), preparing them for tanning, and then treating and finishing the leather. The specific steps can vary based on the type of reptile leather being produced (e.g., snake, alligator, crocodile). Here is a general overview: 1. Harvesting and Skinning: - Ethical Considerations: Before the process begins, it's crucial to consider ethical and legal aspects. International agreements protect many reptile species, and their trade is regulated. Ethical sourcing involves ensuring that the reptiles are harvested legally and sustainably. - Skinning: The first step is to remove the skin from the reptile's body carefully. This process requires skill to avoid damaging the hide. After removal, the skin is cleaned to remove any remaining flesh, fat, or scales. - Salting: The fresh reptile hides are often treated with salt to prevent bacterial growth and decay. Salt helps to draw out moisture and acts as a preservative during transportation to tanneries. - Tannery Processing: Once at the tannery, the reptile hides undergo tanning, transforming raw hides into durable leather. Tanning can be done using various methods, including vegetable tanning, chrome tanning, or combining both. - Vegetable Tanning: This traditional method involves using tannins from plant matter. It is time-consuming but can produce firmer leather with a more natural color. - Chrome Tanning: This modern and quicker method uses chromium salts. It produces a softer and more pliable leather and often results in a different color compared to vegetable tanning. - Dyeing: The tanned reptile leather can be dyed to achieve the desired color. This step allows for various finishes, from natural hues to more vibrant and exotic colors. - Polishing and Buffing: The leather is often polished and buffed to enhance its sheen and smoothness. This step contributes to the final appearance and feel of the leather. - Embossing: In some cases, reptile leather is embossed to enhance or modify its natural pattern. This process allows for the creation of consistent textures and patterns across a piece of leather. 5. Quality Control: - Inspection: Finished reptile leather undergoes a thorough inspection to ensure quality. This includes checking for any imperfections, color consistency, and overall craftsmanship. - Cutting and Assembly: After passing quality control, the leather is cut into pieces and assembled to create various products such as bags, shoes, belts, and accessories. The entire process requires skilled craftsmanship and attention to detail to preserve the unique characteristics of reptile leather. As consumers become more conscious of ethical and sustainable practices, there is increasing emphasis on responsible sourcing and manufacturing within the reptile leather industry. How To Identify? Identifying reptile leather can be challenging, especially for the untrained eye, as it often mimics the appearance of other materials. Here are some general guidelines to help you identify whether a product is made from reptile leather: Check for Scales: On a Snakeskin, look for small, overlapping scales with a smooth, glossy surface. The scales are typically arranged in diagonal or diamond patterns. For Alligator/Crocodile leather, the scales of alligator and crocodile leather are larger and more pronounced than those of snakes. They may have a bumpy or ridged appearance. For the Snakeskin, you would experience smooth and sleek, slightly raised texture due to the scales. However, Alligator/Crocodile leather has a more textured surface, and you might feel the larger scales under your fingers. Snakeskin has a recognizable pattern, such as diamond-shaped or zigzag designs, depending on the snake species. Alligator/Crocodile, however, has a distinctive symmetrical or irregular pattern formed by larger scales. Snakeskin is generally more flexible and pliable compared to alligator or crocodile leather. Alligator/Crocodile is stiffer and less flexible due to the larger, more rigid scales. Color and Markings: Reptile leather often has natural color variations and markings. Genuine reptile leather will have a unique, irregular pattern. For dyed Leather, however, be aware that dyed reptile leather might have a more uniform color, but the natural patterns should still be visible. While synthetic materials can mimic the appearance of reptile leather, they often lack the intricate details and variability found in genuine reptile hides. Benefits of Reptile Leather Reptile leather, such as snakeskin, alligator, or crocodile leather, is valued for several reasons, contributing to its popularity in various industries. Here are some benefits associated with the use of reptile leather: Distinctive Aesthetic Appeal: Reptile leather is known for its unique and exotic appearance. The natural patterns and textures of reptile hides, whether the sleek scales of snakeskin or the larger, more pronounced scales of alligator or crocodile, create visually striking and distinctive products. Luxurious and High-End Image: Products made from reptile leather are often associated with luxury and sophistication. The use of these materials in fashion items like handbags, shoes, and accessories can elevate the perceived quality and exclusivity of the product. Durable and Long-Lasting: Reptile leather tends to be durable and resistant to wear and tear. The natural toughness of reptile hides, particularly those from alligators and crocodiles, contributes to the longevity of products made from these materials. Variety of Textures and Patterns: Different species of reptiles offer a wide range of textures and patterns, allowing for diverse design possibilities. From the fine scales of lizard leather to the bold patterns of crocodile hides, designers can create products with varying visual and tactile appeal. Resilience to Stretching: Reptile leather tends to have less stretch compared to other types of leather. This quality can be desirable in certain applications where maintaining the product's shape is essential. Natural Water Resistance: Reptile leather often exhibits some natural resistance to water. The scales or textures can help repel moisture to a certain extent, making it a practical choice for specific accessories and items. Working with reptile leather requires skill and craftsmanship. Artisans often take great care to preserve the natural patterns and characteristics of the hides, resulting in products that showcase the beauty of the material. Symbolism and Cultural Significance: In some cultures, reptile leather carries symbolic meaning. It may be associated with protection, prosperity, or other positive attributes, adding cultural significance to products made from these materials. Care And Maintenance - Wipe reptile leather gently with a soft, damp cloth to remove dust or dirt during regular cleaning. - Avoid exposing reptile leather products to excessive moisture or heavy rain, as this may lead to loss of shape or water spots. - Use mild, leather-specific cleaners and conditioners to maintain the suppleness and prevent dryness or brittleness of the reptile leather during periodic maintenance. - Store reptile leather items in a cool, dry place when not in use, preferably in a dust bag or protective covering, to protect them from direct sunlight and environmental factors. - Handle reptile leather items with clean hands to minimize the transfer of oils and dirt, preventing potential discoloration over time. - Be cautious to avoid rubbing reptile leather against abrasive surfaces, as this can cause damage to the scales or texture of the leather. - Rotate the usage of different reptile leather items to allow each piece to rest and preserve its condition over time. - Consider seeking professional cleaning services for stubborn stains or extensive cleaning needs, especially for exotic hides. - Always follow any care instructions provided by the manufacturer or retailer to ensure proper maintenance of your reptile leather products. - Keep ethical considerations in mind, supporting sustainable practices and responsible sourcing of reptile leather in the fashion industry. In conclusion, reptile leather, with its unique textures and patterns, has a timeless appeal in the fashion world. While its aesthetic qualities contribute to luxury and sophistication, responsible care and maintenance are crucial to preserve its longevity. By following proper cleaning and storage practices, individuals can ensure that their reptile leather items remain in pristine condition. Additionally, recognizing the ethical considerations surrounding the sourcing of reptile leather underscores the importance of supporting sustainable and responsible practices in the industry. Ultimately, the enduring allure of reptile leather can be enjoyed responsibly, combining style with conscientious choices.	<urn:uuid:6baa7523-7265-4901-8725-cd6694ce86ad>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://www.leatherjacketmaster.com/blogs/journal/exotic-elegance-navigating-the-world-of-reptile-leather	2024-12-11T15:13:59Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066090825.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211143606-20241211173606-00325.warc.gz	en	0.932958	2,359	2.984375	3
1. THE ORIGIN OF MARRIAGE a. When God brought the marriage institution into existence, what law did He establish for men and women? Genesis 2:24. “As the Creator joined the hands of the holy pair in wedlock, saying, A man shall ‘leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one’ (Genesis 2:24), He enunciated the law of marriage for all the children of Adam to the close of time. That which the eternal Father Himself had pronounced good was the law of highest blessing and development for man.”—Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing, pp. 63, 64. b. For what reasons was marriage instituted? Genesis 2:18; 1:26–28; 1 Corinthians 7:2. “God celebrated the first marriage. Thus the institution has for its originator the Creator of the universe. ‘Marriage is honorable’ (Hebrews 13:4); it was one of the first gifts of God to man, and it is one of the two institutions that, after the Fall, Adam brought with him beyond the gates of Paradise. When the divine principles are recognized and obeyed in this relation, marriage is a blessing; it guards the purity and happiness of the race, it provides for man’s social needs, it elevates the physical, the intellectual, and the moral nature.”—Patriarchs and Prophets, p. 46. 2. CHOOSING A COMPANION a. What example did Abraham give in the choice of a wife for Isaac? Genesis 24:1–4, 67. Discuss how widely professed Christians differ from Isaac in this matter. “What a contrast between the course of Isaac and that pursued by the youth of our time, even among professed Christians! Young people too often feel that the bestowal of their affections is a matter in which self alone should be consulted—a matter that neither God nor their parents should in any wise control. Long before they have reached manhood or womanhood they think themselves competent to make their own choice, without the aid of their parents. A few years of married life are usually sufficient to show them their error, but often too late to prevent its baleful results. For the same lack of wisdom and self-control that dictated the hasty choice is permitted to aggravate the evil, until the marriage relation becomes a galling yoke. Many have thus wrecked their happiness in this life and their hope of the life to come.”—Patriarchs and Prophets, p. 175. b. Give some examples of unwise choices in regard to choosing a marriage partner. Luke 17:32; Genesis 26:34, 35; 27:46; Job 2:9, 10; Judges 14:1–3. c. Using Lot’s experience as an example, discuss the effect a wrong choice can have when choosing a marriage partner. “The wife of Lot was a selfish, irreligious woman, and her influence was exerted to separate her husband from Abraham. But for her, Lot would not have remained in Sodom, deprived of the counsel of the wise, God-fearing patriarch. The influence of his wife and the associations of that wicked city would have led him to apostatize from God had it not been for the faithful instruction he had early received from Abraham. The marriage of Lot and his choice of Sodom for a home were the first links in a chain of events fraught with evil to the world for many generations.”—Ibid., p. 174. 3. LOYALTIES IN MARRIAGE a. What change in family relationships and loyalties must take place for marriage to be successful? 1 Corinthians 7:33, 34. “Every marriage engagement should be carefully considered, for marriage is a step taken for life. Both the man and the woman should carefully consider whether they can cleave to each other through the vicissitudes of life as long as they both shall live.”—The Adventist Home, p. 340. b. What oneness does the Christian marriage vow elicit from the man as well as the woman? Mark 10:8, 9; Hebrews 13:4 (first part). “God made from the man a woman, to be a companion and helpmeet for him, to be one with him, to cheer, encourage, and bless him, he in his turn to be her strong helper. All who enter into matrimonial relations with a holy purpose—the husband to obtain the pure affections of a woman’s heart, the wife to soften and improve the husband’s character and give it completeness—fulfill God’s purpose for them.”—Ibid., p. 99. “In the youthful mind marriage is clothed with romance, and it is difficult to divest it of this feature, with which imagination covers it, and to impress the mind with a sense of the weighty responsibilities involved in the marriage vow. This vow links the destinies of the two individuals with bonds which naught but the hand of death should sever.”—Ibid., p. 340. c. How do we know that it is the will of God that a man should have one wife only, and a wife one husband only? Matthew 19:4–6. Who was the first recorded polygamist in the Bible? Genesis 4:18, 19. “In the beginning God gave to Adam one wife, thus showing His order. He never designed that man should have a plurality of wives. Lamech was the first who departed in this respect from God’s wise arrangement. He had two wives, which created discord in his family.”—Spiritual Gifts, vol. 3, p. 99. 4. DIVORCE: NOT GOD’S PLAN a. Why were divorce and remarriage tolerated in the Mosaic legislation? Matthew 19:7, 8. “Jesus came to our world to rectify mistakes and to restore the moral image of God in man. Wrong sentiments in regard to marriage had found a place in the minds of the teachers of Israel. They were making of none effect the sacred institution of marriage. Man was becoming so hardhearted that he would for the most trivial excuse separate from his wife, or, if he chose, he would separate her from the children and send her away. . . . Christ came to correct these evils, and His first miracle was wrought on the occasion of the marriage. Thus He announced to the world that marriage when kept pure and undefiled is a sacred institution.”—The Adventist Home, p. 341. b. What is the only cause for which a man may put away his wife? Matthew 5:32; 19:9. c. In what way does the Bible restrict the rights of a divorced person? Mark 10:11, 12; Luke 16:18; Romans 7:1–3; 1 Corinthians 7:10, 11, 39. “Now, as in Christ’s day, the condition of society presents a sad comment upon heaven’s ideal of this sacred relation. Yet even for those who have found bitterness and disappointment where they had hoped for companionship and joy, the gospel of Christ offers a solace. The patience and gentleness which His Spirit can impart will sweeten the bitter lot. The heart in which Christ dwells will be so filled, so satisfied, with His love that it will not be consumed with longing to attract sympathy and attention to itself. And through the surrender of the soul to God, His wisdom can accomplish what human wisdom fails to do. Through the revelation of His grace, hearts that were once indifferent or estranged may be united in bonds that are firmer and more enduring than those of earth—the golden bonds of a love that will bear the test of trial.”—Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing, p. 65. 5. A STABLE RELATIONSHIP a. What attitude in each spouse is essential for stability in the marriage relationship? Ephesians 5:21; 1 Peter 5:5; 1 Corinthians 12:25 (last part). “In your life union your affections are to be tributary to each other’s happiness. Each is to minister to the happiness of the other. This is the will of God concerning you. But while you are to blend as one, neither of you is to lose his or her individuality in the other. . . . “Make Christ first and last and best in everything. Constantly behold Him, and your love for Him will daily become deeper and stronger as it is submitted to the test of trial. And as your love for Him increases, your love for each other will grow deeper and stronger.”—Testimonies, vol. 7, pp. 45, 46. b. To make a successful marriage, what is needed? John 15:5 (last part). “The grace of Christ, and this alone, can make this [marriage] institution what God designed it should be—an agent for the blessing and uplifting of humanity. And thus the families of earth, in their unity and peace and love, may represent the family of heaven.”—Thoughts From the Mount of Blessing, p. 65. PERSONAL REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Which are the two institutions that originated in Paradise? 2. To what lengths did Abraham go to secure a proper companion for Isaac? 3. What attitude should husband and wife take toward each other so that God’s purpose for them may be fulfilled? 4. How does the gospel affect the marriage institution? 5. How should husband and wife act toward each other in order to preserve the sanctity of their marriage relationship?	<urn:uuid:7ca73107-db60-4181-9a8c-be19ce1c8c6c>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://legacy.sdarm.org/publications/periodicals/sbl/en/2013/2/2	2024-12-12T20:36:52Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066113162.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212190313-20241212220313-00771.warc.gz	en	0.970041	2,066	3.125	3
Tales from Egyptology's golden age British author Toby Wilkinson presents a rogues gallery of early Egyptologists in his new book A World Beneath the Sands Individuals from ancient Egypt sometimes emerge from the surrounding haze in remarkably sharp focus, and surviving depictions of figures like the pharaohs Akhenaten and Tutankhamun seem to escape from the prevailing stylization of ancient Egyptian art. The Ptolemaic ruler Cleopatra was a fascinating celebrity figure for many even in ancient times. Whatever the reason, many Europeans have been convinced that the physical remains of ancient Egypt must hold secrets that are just waiting to be revealed, with the physical and other difficulties of unearthing them being perhaps part of the attraction. As British author Toby Wilkinson explains in his new book A World Beneath the Sands: The Golden Age of Egyptology, while there was always a powerful interest among Europeans in ancient Egypt, it was only from the early decades of the 19th century onwards that visiting the modern country became a viable proposition. The mystique of ancient Egypt attracted at first a trickle, and later a flood, of European visitors to Egypt, some of them pursuing dreams of unlocking ancient secrets, some drawn by the fortunes to be made discovering and selling on antiquities, and some simply abandoning careers that had not taken off or had stalled elsewhere. The deciphering of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs by Frenchman Jean-François Champollion in the 1820s must have led to some disappointment when it was discovered that those intriguing rows of pictures on temple walls sometimes yielded little more than the names of the kings that had erected them. But that possibly only heightened the attraction, as the mysteries of ancient Egypt could be seen to be yielding up their secrets to scientific investigation. As Wilkinson reveals, the general pattern was for the many European rogues and adventurers who had piled into Egypt in the early decades of the 19th century gradually to give way to others having more respectable motivations. Amateurs were replaced by professionals, and Egyptology as a field of study gradually established itself. Successive discoveries in the field and careful study back home established the outlines of ancient Egyptian history, at first chronology and then an ever-richer picture of politics and society. By the final decades of the 19th century, and with the outlines of ancient Egyptian history established along with proper archaeological procedures in the field, there was little space left for the kind of adventurers who had thrived in the earlier period of heroic exploration, when every year seemed to bring some new discovery and even many of the largest monuments still lay undisturbed beneath the sand. Even so, there were still many tales to be told of these earlier adventurers, and even later 19th-century professionals could have a louche side. Among the earliest of the adventurer type of Egyptologist was Giovanni Battista Belzoni, originally an Italian circus strongman, who wound up in Egypt by chance in 1815. He was taken on by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt, living in Cairo under the name of sheikh Ibrahim Ibn Abdullah, and he eventually turned himself into an Egyptological entrepreneur. In 1821, Belzoni "opened an exhibition of some of his finds, together with a scale model of the tomb of Seti I," recently discovered on the west bank of the Nile at Luxor, "in the appropriate surroundings of the Egyptian Hall in Piccadilly" in London, Wilkinson writes. "It attracted 1,900 visitors on its first day and ran for a year." Some later visitors who had a more genuinely scholarly interest in ancient Egyptian remains were also not averse to taking shocking liberties. The Englishman Richard Vyse, for example, arriving in Egypt in 1835 on a mission to explore the Giza Pyramids, "was resolved to leave no stone unturned," Wilkinson says, in his case by blasting them open with gunpowder. Despite such brutal methods, "Vyse's work at the Pyramids was the most important undertaken in Giza during the 19th century, and the resulting publication remained a standard work well into the 20th," he comments. This part of Wilkinson's book describes many important discoveries, as well as often melancholy descriptions of resulting damage and considerable losses. Egypt was being stripped of its ancient heritage even as early as the 1820s, with the government of then Egyptian ruler Mohamed Ali being content to play off one individual or country against another in the general scramble for antiquities. "In the quarter century following the Napoleonic Expedition, the Young Memnon [a statue found at Thebes] and the sarcophagus of Seti I had been shipped to London, the Philae obelisk to Kingston Lacey [in England], and the Dendera zodiac to Paris," Wilkinson writes. "Great quantities of smaller objects had been ruthlessly collected, then sold at a tidy profit, by European consuls and adventurers." "Many of the antiquities that remained in Egypt fared even worse. At Aswan, the pillared chapel on the island of Elephantine was dismantled in 1822 to build barracks and warehouses; other monuments were demolished to feed lime kilns… [and] between 1810 and 1828, 13 whole temples were lost," he comments. Professionalisation: The second half of the 19th century saw renewed competition between European collectors for a share of Egypt's antiquities, often with the support of their respective governments, as well as a new awareness both of the need for conservation and for proper methods of excavation and research. An important step was the arrival of German Egyptologists in the shape of a Prussian-government funded expedition led by Karl Richard Lepsius in 1842 that Wilkinson describes as "the greatest and best-prepared scientific expedition to Egypt that had ever been attempted." Competition between France and Britain for Egyptological finds to place in the British Museum in London or the Louvre in Paris had been a feature of earlier decades, and now Prussia was entering the fight in order to build collections in the Berlin museums. Modern Egypt, meanwhile, was also becoming better known, notably as a result of the British Arabist Edward Lane's Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, published in London in 1836, and Cairo and Alexandria were becoming burgeoning tourist destinations. "What had been a relatively small community [of resident Europeans] of around 3,000 in 1836 had grown to a sizeable population of 50,000 by the end of the 1840s," Wilkinson comments. "Cairo's tourist infrastructure was undergoing something of a transformation" to accommodate the flux of visitors, with the Hotel d'Orient being one of the first in a long line of hotels that culminated in the famous Shepherd's on Opera Square later in the century. Lepsius, however, was not interested in Egypt as a leisure destination, and he made major contributions to Egyptology's growing professionalisation. Later in the century, British Egyptologists Flanders Petrie and Ernest Budge made similar contributions, with Petrie in particular establishing modern excavation standards in the field. The Frenchman Auguste Mariette was appointed the director of the Antiquities Service after the government of the khedive Said decided that more should be done to protect the country's ancient heritage. While British and German Egyptologists might grumble at the French monopoly over heritage appointments, they also benefitted from arrangements that allowed foreign expeditions to keep half of any finds while lodging the rest at the Egyptian Museum under its director the Frenchman Gaston Maspero. In an echo of the Prussian entry into Egyptology half a century before, in the final decades of the 19th century American Egyptologists started to arrive in Egypt, sometimes with the intention of stocking US museums with ancient Egyptian antiquities. In addition to new competitors for what by then was a shrinking pie, the Americans also brought money with them. Funding for European excavations had been a problem for years, with British Egyptologists in particular having to rely on scarce private funds. Rockefeller funding allowed US teams to begin excavating in Egypt, for example under the auspices of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute and its Chicago House in Luxor that still exists today. But private individuals could still be granted excavation rights if they were willing to meet the costs themselves. British aristocrat Lord Carnarvon, one of the last of the big private funders, thus acquired the right to excavate in the Valley of the Kings in his search for the tomb of the boy pharaoh Tutankhamun. The rest, as they say, is history. Wilkinson has a sure touch when describing such developments, but he is on shakier ground when he describes what successive Egyptian governments made of all this largely foreign Egyptological activity, restricting his comments to a few generalisations. There are some howlers, such as his claim that the newspaper Al-Ahram was set up by Mohamed Ali in the early 19th century, contradicted later on when he says it was established by the khedive Ismail as a government publication. None of this is true. He quotes from Egyptian "sheikh Abdel Rahman el-Djebarty" when describing the French Expedition to Egypt in 1799 and then from "professor at Al-Azhar Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti," apparently without noticing that these two figures are in fact the same. There are also other examples. But these do not spoil the matter of Wilkinson's book, which is the history of European Egyptology in Egypt. He writes throughout with verve and fluency, managing to make what could have been a rather dry subject continuously interesting, and he draws attention to primary documents including the writings of the Egyptologists of the period, humanising their authors and probably making readers want to look up these materials themselves. Toby Wilkinson, A World Beneath the Sands: The Golden Age of Egyptology, New York: Norton, 2020, pp509 *A version of this article appears in print in the 11 February , 2021 edition of Al-Ahram Weekly -- Sent from my Linux system.	<urn:uuid:f1d5e5e8-a687-4a44-a7d8-44c14e0d19ee>	CC-MAIN-2024-51	https://khentiamentiu.blogspot.com/2021/02/tales-from-egyptologys-golden-age.html	2024-12-13T18:46:23Z	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066119643.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213171153-20241213201153-00537.warc.gz	en	0.972714	2,062	2.6875	3

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