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CHAPTER XIV THE TURN OF THE TIDEThe German presentiment of disaster was justified by events in the spring of 1917, and the new British Government seemed to have come in on a flowing tide. In spite of the gloomy picture of the situation which Mr. Lloyd George had drawn for his chief in December, confidence in a speedy victory animated the appeal of his ministry for further financial support; and in most of the spheres of war the first quarter of 1917 saw the reaping of harvests sown by other hands. The deferred dividends on the Somme campaign were paid, and the Germans fell back from hundreds of square miles of French territory. Mesopotamia was conquered as the result of the patient labours of Sir Charles Monro and the brilliant strategy of Sir Stanley Maude, who had been appointed in August 1916. The meagre German holding in East Africa was further reduced; and even distressful Rumania put a stop to the German advance.
Security for the Rumanian forces could not, however, be found short of the Sereth, which would give them a straight line with the Russian frontier protected by the impassable delta of the Danube on their left, and a flank in the Carpathians on their right; and from the fall of Bukarest to the end of December Averescu the Rumanian commander, and Presan his chief of staff, retreated to this line fighting rearguard battles on the way. The most stubborn of these was a four days' conflict at Rimnic Sarat in the centre on 22-26 December, after which Mackensen entered the town on the 27th. Sakharov conformed to this retreat in the Dobrudja; on 4 January Macin, the last place east and south of the Danube, was evacuated, and on the 5th Braila on the opposite bank south of the Sereth and Danube confluence. On the 23rd the Bulgarians, taking advantage of the unprecedented frost, crossed the marshes at Tulcea, but were annihilated by the Rumanians on the northern bank, and remained content for the rest with the defensive. The same wintry conditions put an end to fighting at the other extremity of the line in the Carpathian passes, but in the centre Mackensen seized Focsani on the 8th and occupied the bank of the Sereth. That line had originally been fortified against the Russians, and it faced in the wrong direction; but the position was strong, and when on the 19th Mackensen sought to force it he was repulsed in a costly encounter. Russian reinforcements which might have saved Wallachia came in time to protect Moldavia; and the war-worn Rumanian army was retired to refit, the defence of the Sereth being left to the Russians. The Germans made the most of their booty in Wallachia, which suffered the fate of Belgium and of Serbia; though the stores of grain had been burnt and the Rumanian oil-wells put out of action for many months. In one respect Rumania was less fortunate than the other little nations: in his fanatical hatred of Russia, Carp rejoiced in her ally's defeat--albeit that country was his own--and Marghiloman remained in Bukarest to curry favour with its conquerors, and ultimately to become for a brief and discreditable period the Premier whom the Germans imposed on Rumania after the Treaty of Bukarest. Meanwhile the patriotic parties rallied round the ministry at Jassy and formed a Coalition Government. The defence of Rumania now seemed to occupy all the energy Russia could spare from her domestic preoccupations. In January there was a sound strategical effort to divert German attention from the south by a counter-offensive from Riga, and an advance of some four miles was made to Kalnzem. But the Germans soon recovered most of the ground; and elsewhere the front was quiescent. There was no repetition of the great blow at Erzerum of January 1916, and in Persia Baratov's small but adventurous force was driven back by the Turks from Khanikin to Hamadan, and the resistance to Turco-Teutonic invasion and intrigue was left more and more to British effort. Co-operation seemed impossible to synchronize in the East; one partner retreated whenever the other advanced. While therefore the Russians halted in Asia Minor and withdrew in Persia, Sir Stanley Maude was gathering his forces for a spring on Baghdad. Gorringe had already in May 1916 advanced some way up the right bank of the Tigris towards Kut; but summer forbade active operations, and Maude had been duly impressed by the force which previous experiences in Mesopotamia had given to the adage about more haste and less speed. The autumn was spent in careful study and preparation, which would preclude a repetition of the retreat from Ctesiphon and the fall of Kut (see Map, p. 177).
By 12 December he was ready to attack. The Turks still held the Sanna-i-Yat positions on the left bank of the Tigris, but on the right they had been pushed back to a line running across the angle from the Tigris at Magasis towards its southern tributary the Shatt-el-Hai. The Turks under their German taskmasters had not been idle, and this angle, as well as the extension of the Turkish line along the Shatt-el-Hai and their secondary defences on the right bank of the Tigris above Kut, had been well protected by trenches and wire entanglements. The breaking down of these obstacles required stubborn fighting as well as skilful tactics, but the only alternative was to penetrate the Sanna-i-Yat positions and they had proved impregnable in the spring. A serious attempt had, however, to be made at Sanna-i-Yat in order to detain there a serious Turkish force; and while Marshall pushed his way through on the right bank, Cobbe was kept hammering on the left. On the 13th crossings of the Shatt-el-Hai were effected at Atab and Basrugiyeh some eight miles from Kut, and Marshall advanced on both banks to Kalah-Hadji-Fahan. On the 18th he reached a point on the Tigris just below Kut in the Khadairi bend. Rain and floods then impeded our advance for a month, but the Khadairi bend was gradually cleared of the Turks, and most of their positions in the angle of the Tigris and Shatt-el-Hai were taken. On 10 February Marshall pushed on beyond the Shatt-el-Hai, reached the right bank of the Tigris above the Shumran bend, and by the 16th forced the Turks in the Dahra bend across the river. The Turks had now been driven off the right bank below, in front of, and far above Kut, but they held the left bank as far down as Sanna-i-Yat, and Maude's task was to find a way across. He chose the Shumran bend, but diverted the attention of the Turks by thrusting at Sanna-i-Yat from 17 to 22 February. On the 22nd he also made feints to cross at Magasis and Kut, but on the 23rd the real attack was made at Shumran. Troops were ferried across and a bridge built before evening, and on the 24th the Turks were driven back on to their lines of communication between Baghdad and Kut. Meanwhile Cobbe had forced six enemy lines at Sanna-i-Yat and then found the remainder deserted. The Turks were in full retreat towards Baghdad, and Cobbe entered Kut unopposed. The pursuit was taken up by Marshall, who reached Azizieh in four days. There he halted till 5 March to prepare for his final advance. On the 6th he passed deserted trenches at Ctesiphon, and on the 7th reached the Diala. For two days the Turks disputed the passage, but a force, transported to the right bank of the Tigris, enfiladed their position on the Diala and captured their trenches at Shawa Khan on the 9th. Our forces on both sides of the river entered Baghdad on the 11th, thus concluding a model campaign which reflected glory alike on the British and Indian troops engaged and on their commanders, and raised British prestige in the East higher than it had been before the fall of Kut. The work of our armies in Egypt was less sensational, but it was making solid progress and laying firm foundations during the autumn of 1916. The Grand Sherif of Mecca was proclaimed king of the Hedjaz, and he was a thorn in the side of the Turks. Their defeat at Romani had been followed by the steady construction of a railway eastward across the desert from Kantara, and on 20 December El Arish was captured, while on the 23rd the Turks who had fled south-east to Magdhaba were there surrounded and forced to surrender. The success was repeated at Rafa on the Palestine frontier a fortnight later, and presently the whole Sinai peninsula was cleared of the enemy forces (see Map, p. 352). Early in February a final blow was struck on the western frontiers of Egypt at the Senussi, and Egypt was converted from an enemy objective into a fruitful basis of operations against the Turkish Empire. Whatever might be said for frontal attacks in the west of Europe, ways round were proved to be the shortest in the East, and the failure of the direct blow at Turkey's heart in the Dardanelles was redeemed by success along the circuitous routes through Egypt and Mesopotamia. Among the other forgotten achievements of the first two and a half years of the war was the completion, chiefly by British arms, of the establishment in the African continent of Entente and mainly British supremacy. For even before the Turks had been driven from the frontiers of Egypt the Germans had been expelled from all the important parts of East Africa. The progress had been slow and not very creditable to our earlier efforts, which failed through an underestimate of the German strength, and particularly of the skill and resource of the German commander Von Lettow-Vorbeck. But it was sound as well as inevitable strategy to make sure of what we had by suppressing rebellion in the South African Union and then securing its frontiers by the conquest of its German neighbour before proceeding to concentrate forces for an offensive against an isolated German stronghold which could not threaten any essential interest nor affect the main struggle for victory in the war. The case against divergent operations was strongest of all against the East African campaign; and it would have been criminal folly for the sake of amour propre or imperial expansion to diminish our safeguards against a German victory in the West, or weaken the defence of our threatened communications with Egypt and India. Von Lettow-Vorbeck had forces enough to hold his own, but he never even attempted the conquest of British East Africa or the Belgian Congo, and the most nervous anticipation could not picture him as a serious danger to other dominions. He was therefore left very much to himself until the South African Union, having set its own house in order and secured its frontiers by expelling German rule from the southern part of the continent, was able to lend its military power and its generalship to the task of reducing the Germans in East Africa. It was formidable enough, not so much from the opposition of man as because of the obstacles nature placed in the way. A tropical climate, torrential rains which played havoc with transport, the tzetze-fly which slew beasts of burden in hundreds of thousands, impenetrable forests, impassable swamps, immense mountain masses, and an area almost as large as Central Europe, provided a problem as vast as that of the great Boer War, and more difficult of solution but for the fact that Von Lettow-Vorbeck's forces could not be compared with those of our past antagonists and present allies. Still they were far more dangerous than any we had encountered in our normal wars against native races; for they had been trained by German officers, experts with machine guns and the other scientific equipment of civilized conflict; and three ships at least had eluded the blockade and relieved Von Lettow-Vorbeck's most pressing need of munitions; and he had selected his coloured troops from the hardiest and most bellicose of the native tribes. With their help he had kept the German colony intact until 1916, and even held at Taveta an angle of British East Africa.
Smith-Dorrien had been selected for the command in the autumn of 1915, but ill-health prevented him from taking it up, and in February 1916 General Smuts arrived at Mombasa to conduct the campaign. Experience had made us shy of enforced landings from the sea; and rejecting the idea of seizing as bases Tanga or Dar-es-Salaam, which would have given him shorter lines of communication with the Cape, Smuts adopted the more circuitous route by the railway from Mombasa, with the design of forcing the gap below Kilimanjaro and driving the Germans southwards, while British and Belgian subsidiary forces impinged upon the enemy's flank from the Lakes, the Congo State, and Nyasa in the west. His advance began on 5 March and Taveta was occupied on the 10th. A frontal attack on the pass between Kilimanjaro and the Pare mountains savoured rather of British than Boer methods, and Smuts preferred to send Van Deventer round the north of Kilimanjaro to turn the German position from Longido and cut off their escape. Van Deventer was successful, and at Moschi blocked the Germans' retreat westwards; they managed, however, to slip away south-eastwards by Lake Jipe, but the Kilimanjaro massif had been cleared, and Smuts established his headquarters at Moschi. His force was now arranged in three divisions, the first under Hoskins, the second under Van Deventer, and the third under Brits; the first consisted of British and Indian troops, the two others of South African. The plan was to strike with the second division from Moschi towards Kondoa Irangi and thence at the German central railway, while the first and third cleared the Pare and Usambara mountains and the coast, and then marched on Handeni and threatened the central railway on a parallel line to Van Deventer's attack. Van Deventer's second division marched with almost incredible speed. He started from Aruscha on 1 April, and by the 19th had driven the Germans from Kondoa Irangi, more than a hundred miles away. In May and June the other divisions cleared the Pave and Usambara mountains, reached Handeni and Kangata, and with naval assistance occupied Tanga, Pangani, Sadani Bay, and Bagamoyo in July and August almost without opposition. Von Lettow-Vorbeck had transferred the bulk of his troops south and then westwards up the central railway to bar Van Deventer's progress; and in the process he had been forced to abandon the north-eastern quarter of the colony. No small part of the north-western province of Ruanda had been lost as well: the Belgians had occupied Kigali and the British had driven the Germans from their shore of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The rapidity and divergence of these attacks, which were admirably timed, distracted Von Lettow-Vorbeck's strategy, and in spite of his interior lines he was unable to offer successful resistance. No sooner did he send troops to bar Smuts' advance from Kangata into the Nguru hills than Van Deventer struck west, south, and south-east from Kondoa Irangi. To the west he took Singida, thus getting behind the Germans on Lake Tanganyika; to the south and south-east he got astride the central railway by 14 July and pushed down it eastwards to Kilossa, which he reached on 22 August. He was now almost due south the Nguru hills, whence Smuts, attacking from the north, had driven the Germans before the middle of August. This converging advance made Mrogoro the only line of retreat, and Smuts planned a complicated outflanking movement to intercept it. They escaped by a track unknown to our forces on the 26th, and prepared to stand south of the central railway in the Ulunguru hills. Smuts was too quick for them, but they repelled a badly-timed attack at Kissaki on 6 September. Their retreat had, however, made the coast untenable: on 3 September the capital Dar-es-Salaam surrendered, and all the remaining ports before the end of the month. Van Deventer, too, had pressed south to the Ruaha on the 10th, the Belgians occupied Tabora on the 19th, and General Northey, advancing from Nyasa in the south-west, had reached Iringa before the end of August, while some Portuguese troops crossed the Rovuma river, the frontier between German East Africa and Mozambique, and made a pretence of marching north. By the end of September the great German colony had been conquered save for the unhealthy south-eastern corner, where only the Mahenge plateau provided a decent habitation for white troops. The campaign had, however, tried the health and endurance of our forces, and three months' respite was now taken for recuperation and reinforcement before the final task of eradicating the Germans from the remnants of their territory. The great difficulty was that, apart from the Mahenge plateau, they were not rooted to any spot, and their elusiveness was illustrated by the fact that the Tabora garrison evaded the encircling forces and joined Von Lettow-Vorbeck at Mahenge. The campaign reopened on 1 January 1917, and consisted of a converging attack on Mahenge by Hoskins from Kilwa on the coast, by Northey from Lupembe, by Van Deventer from Iringa, and by Beves and subsidiary forces from north of the Rufigi. Smuts was summoned on the 29th to England to take part in the imperial conference, and Hoskins succeeded to the chief command. Unprecedented rains impeded our operations; progress became slow, and remained so after Van Deventer replaced Hoskins at the end of May. Not till October was Mahenge occupied by the Belgians. On 26 November half of the German forces under Von Lettow-Vorbeck's lieutenant Tafel were forced to surrender between Mahenge and the Rovuma; but Von Lettow himself escaped across the frontier with sufficient troops to terrorize the Portuguese and maintain himself in their territory until the end of the war. The victor in the East African campaign came in 1917 to a Europe where victory seemed also on the way, for the early spring saw the only German retreat of moment until the war was near its end. The battles of the previous September had convinced the Germans that their line upon the Somme was barely tenable, and they had employed the winter pause to perfect the shorter and better line upon which they had begun to work at Michaelmas. Possibly it was to frustrate these preparations that Haig reopened his campaign so early as he did. On 11 January, the day on which the Allies answered President Wilson's note, British troops began to nibble at the point of the salient on the Ancre which had been created by the battle of the Somme. It was a modest sort of offensive; for it was no part of the Allies' combined plan of operations, which had been settled in conference during November, to launch a first-class attack across the devastated battlefield of the Somme. That wasted area was as effective a barrier as a chain of Alps to military pressure, and the Germans were thus left free to withdraw from their salient without much risk of disaster. They did not contemplate any serious stand, and until the Allies were ready to strike at the flanks of their position the Germans could afford to retreat at a pace which was not seriously hustled by our advance. They showed as much promptitude, foresight, and skill in retirement as they had done in their advance; they suffered few casualties and had no appreciable loss in guns or prisoners. The details of the movement were therefore of little moment, and owed the attention they attracted to the habit of measuring progress in war by miles marked on a map. It was the end of January before the preliminary operation of clearing the Beaumont-Hamel spur was completed, and the apparently substantial advance began with the fall of Grandcourt on 7 February. A more ambitious attack on Miraumont from the south of the Ancre was somewhat disconcerted on the 17th by a German bombardment of our troops as they assembled, although the night was dark and misty; for even in France the Germans found spies to work for them, and a number of executions for treachery failed to prevent knowledge of our plans from occasionally reaching the enemy. A week later the German retreat extended, and Warlencourt, Pys, Miraumont, and Serre were evacuated. Again the Germans stopped for a time to breathe, and it was not till 10 March that Irles, a bare mile from Miraumont, was abandoned. By that time the Germans had only rearguards and patrols left either north or south of the Somme, and when on the 17th a general Allied advance was ordered it encountered little resistance. The area of the German withdrawal had spread over a front of a hundred miles from Arras in the north to Soissons in the south. On that day British troops occupied Bapaume, while the French, whose line we had taken over as far as the river Avre, proceeded to liberate scores of villages between it and the Aisne. On that day, too, by one of the apparent illogicalities of French politics, M. Briand's Cabinet, which had held office for the unusual period of eighteen months, resigned. The German tide rolled sullenly and slowly back for another fortnight. Péronne, Nesle, and Chaulnes fell on the 18th, Chauny and Ham on the 19th, and on the 20th French cavalry were within five miles of St. Quentin. By the end of March the British line ran from a mile in front of Arras to the Havrincourt wood, some seven miles from Cambrai, and thence southwards to Savy, less than two miles from St. Quentin. Thence the French line ran to Moy on the Sambre canal, behind La Fère, which the Germans had flooded, and through the lower forest of St. Gobain to the plateau north-east of Soissons. The German resistance had gradually stiffened, and there was a good deal of local fighting in the first week of April while the Allies were testing the strength of the positions behind which the Germans had taken shelter. We called them the Hindenburg lines, and believed that the Germans had so named them to give them a nominal invincibility which they did not possess in fact. In Germany they were known as the Siegfried lines, a name which properly only applied to the sector between Cambrai and La Fère which was also protected by the St. Quentin canal. That was the front of the new German position; its flanks rested on the Vimy Ridge to the north, and on the St. Gobain forest and the Chemin des Dames to the south. It was a better and shorter line than that which the battles of 1914 had left to the combatants without much choice on either side, and the Germans were right enough in claiming that the Hindenburg lines were selected by themselves. Their retreat thereto was not, however, a matter of choice except in so far as they preferred it to the disaster which would otherwise have overtaken them in their more exposed positions. As a retreat the movement could hardly have been more successfully carried out; but the military distinction was marred by moral disgrace. For destruction was pushed to the venomous length of maiming for years the orchards of the peasantry in the abandoned territory. The crime may have been no more than a characteristic expression of militarist malevolence and stupidity; but it may also have been calculated to bar the path to peace by agreement and to force on the German people the choice, as a Junker expressed it later, between victory and hell. The success of the German withdrawal discounted our spring offensive, not because any attack was designed on the Somme, but because the Hindenburg lines and the desert before them gave that part of the German front a security which enabled the German higher command to divert reserves from its defence to that of the threatened wings. Here preparations had been begun by both the French and the British before the German retreat, and it had barely reached its limit when on Easter Monday, 9 April, Haig attacked along the Vimy Ridge and in front of Arras. Since 21 March a steady bombardment had been destroying the German wire defences and harassing their back areas, and in the first days of April it rose to the pitch which portended an attack in force. Since the battle of Loos in September 1915 our front had sagged a little, and points like the Double Crassier had been recovered by the Germans. So, too, the French capture of the Vimy heights, which had been announced in May that year, proved something of a fairy tale, and in April 1917 our line ran barely east of Souchez, Neuville, and the Labyrinth. It was held by Allenby's Third Army, which joined Gough's Fifth just south of Arras, and by Horne's First, which extended Allenby's left from Lens northwards to La Bassee. The Germans had three lines of defences for their advanced positions, and then behind them the famous switch line which hinged upon the Siegfried line at Quéant and ran northwards to Drocourt, whence quarries and slag-heaps linked it on to Lens (see Maps, pp. 79, 302). This line had not been finished at the beginning of April, and hopes were no doubt entertained that complete success in the battle of Arras, reinforced by Nivelle's contemplated offensive on the Chemin des Dames, would break these incomplete defences and thus turn the whole of the Hindenburg lines. At dawn on Easter Monday the British guns broke out with a bombardment which marked another stage in the growing intensity of artillery fire, and obliterated the first and then the second German line of trenches along a front of some twelve miles. To the north the Canadians under Sir Julian Byng carried the crest of the Vimy Ridge, and by nine o'clock had mastered it all except at a couple of points. Farther south troops that were mainly Scottish captured Le Folie farm, Blangy, and Tilloy-lez-Mofflaines, while a fortress known as the Harp, and more formidable than any on the Somme, was seized by a number of Tanks. The greatest advance of the day was made due east of Arras, where the second and third German lines were taken and Feuchy, Athies, and Fampoux were captured. On the morrow the Canadians completed their hold on the Vimy Ridge, and Farbus was taken just below it. On the 11th the important position of Monchy, which outflanked the end of the Siegfried line, was carried after a fierce struggle; and on the 12th and the following days the salient we had created was widened north and south of Monchy. The capture of Wancourt and Heninel broke off another fragment of the Siegfried line, while to the north our advance spread up to the gates of Lens; the villages of Bailleul, Willerval, Vimy, Givenchy-en-Gohelle, Angres, and Lievin, with the Double Crassier and several of the suburbs of Lens, fell into our hands. The Germans appeared to have nothing left but the unfinished Drocourt-Quéant switch line between them and a real disaster. The battle of Arras was the most successful the British had fought on the Western front since the Germans had stabilized their defences. Our bombardment was heavier than the enemy's, and was far more effective against his wire entanglements and trenches than it had ever been before; and the new method of locating hostile batteries by tests of sound enabled our gunners to put many of them out of action. Nor throughout the war was there a finer achievement than the Canadian capture of the Vimy Ridge or the British five-mile advance in a few hours to Fampoux. The German losses in men and guns also exceeded any that the British had yet inflicted in a similar period; in the first three days of the battle some 12,000 prisoners and 150 guns were taken. The battle did not succeed in converting the war from one of positions into one of movement; but if the Vimy position could be so completely demolished in two or three days, there seemed little prospect of permanence for any German stronghold in France, and a few repetitions of the battle of Arras bade fair to make an end of the Hindenburg lines and of the German occupation of French territory. April along the Western front in 1917 wore a fair promise of spring. Nor was it without its hopes in other spheres. Maude's conquest of Baghdad produced other fruits in the East, including a welcome change in the situation in Persia. The fall of Kut in the April before had enabled the Turks to turn against the Russians and drive Baratov's adventurous force back from Khanikin into the mountains and even east of Hamadan; but Maude's advance cut the Turks off from their base at Baghdad and threatened their line of retreat to Mosul. The Turks were in a trap: Baratov resumed his advance from the north-east, while Maude pushed up from the south-west: Khanikin was the trap-door, and Halil, the Turkish commander, made skilful efforts to keep it open. A strong screen of rearguards held up the Russians at the Piatak pass, while other troops reinforced from Mosul barred Maude's advance at Deli Abbas and on the Jebel Hamrin range. By the end of March the bulk of Halil's forces were through, and Maude had to content himself with linking up with the Russians at Kizil Robat and driving the Turks from the Diala after their troops in Persia had escaped. Their junction with those from Mosul enabled Halil to resume the offensive, but his counter-attack was repulsed on 11-12 April, and Maude proceeded to extend his defences far to the north and west of Baghdad. Feluja on the Euphrates had already been occupied in March, and the Turks driven up the river to Ramadie; and on 23 April Maude completed his advance up the Tigris by the capture of Samara, where the section of the railway running north from Baghdad came to an end. Hundreds of miles separated it from the other railhead at Nisibin, and with his front pushed out on the rivers to eighty miles from Baghdad, and with the Russians in touch with his right and holding the route into Persia, Maude might well rest for the summer content with the security of his conquests. He had done single-handed what had been planned for a joint Anglo-Russian campaign, with Russia taking the lion's share (see Map, p. 177*). In the spring of that year it looked, indeed, as though the British Empire alone was making any headway against the enemy Powers. Even on the cosmopolitan Salonika front offensive action was left to British troops, and at no time during the war did any but troops of the British Empire partake in the defence of its dominions and protectorates. These were all safe enough by the middle of April 1917, and those that were within reach of the enemy were being used as bases for attack upon his forces. Maude, with his army based upon India had now blocked the southern route into Persia, and Sir Archibald Murray was advancing into Palestine. The capture of Rafa on the frontier was followed on 28 February by that of Khan Yunus, five miles within the Turkish border, and the Turks under their German general Kressenstein withdrew to Gaza. There, on 26 March, they were attacked by Sir Charles Dobell, of Cameroon fame, with three infantry and two mounted divisions, including a number of Anzacs. The design was to surround and capture the Turkish forces in Gaza, and the only chance of success lay in the suddenness of the blow and its surprise. For Dobell's base was distant, his men had to drink water brought from Egypt, and in spite of the railway he had not at the front stores, equipment, or troops for a lengthy struggle, while the Turks could bring up superior reinforcements. A sea fog robbed him of two hours' precious time; and although the Wady Ghuzze and other defences of Gaza were taken and a force of Anzacs actually got behind Gaza and were fighting in its northern outskirts at sunset, night fell with the task unfinished and the British divisions out of touch on their various fronts. A retirement was accordingly ordered, and on the morrow Kressenstein counter-attacked. He was driven back with considerable losses, and although Dobell had failed to take Gaza he had reached the Wady Ghuzze and secured the means of bringing his railhead right up to the front of battle. With a few weeks' respite for reinforcement and reorganization, April might yet see the British well on the way to Jerusalem; for Arras was not intended to stand alone, and in every sphere of war the Allies had planned a simultaneous offensive (*see Map, p. 352*). But if hope was bright in the East, it was pallid compared with the certainty of ultimate triumph which blazed from the West across the Atlantic; for on the 5th of that April of promise the great Republic, with a man-power, wealth, and potential force far exceeding those of any other of Germany's foes, entered the war against her and made her defeat unavoidable save by the suicide of her European antagonists. It was not a sudden decision, for a people with such varied spiritual homes as the American, spread over so vast a territory, and looking some eastward across the Atlantic and others westward across the Pacific, but all far removed from European politics and cherishing an inherited aloofness from the Old World and a rooted antipathy to imperialisms of every sort, could not easily see with one eye or achieve unanimity in favour of a vast adventure to break with their past and unite their fortunes with those of the Old World they had left behind. We were accustomed to fighting in Europe against overweening power; the United States had taken their stand on a splendid isolation. Their first president had warned them against entangling alliances, and their fifth had erected into the Monroe Doctrine the principle of abstention from European quarrels. For a century that principle had been the pole-star of American foreign policy; no other people had such a wrench to make from their moorings before they could enter the war, and no other people can understand what it cost the Americans to cut themselves adrift from their haven of democratic pacifism in order to fight for the freedom of another world. But Fate was too strong for schismatic tradition, and the two worlds had merged into one. The shrinking of space and expansion of mind was abolishing East and West, and the two hemispheres had become one exchange and mart of commodities and ideas. They could not continue to revolve on diverse political axes, and neither was safe without the other's concurrence. To the German cry of weltmacht must sooner or later respond the American cry of weltrecht; for the war was a civil war of mankind, and upon its issue would hang the future of human government. Intervention was inevitable, not so much because the Kaiser had said he would stand no nonsense from America as because, if America was to stand no nonsense from him after victory, she would have to turn the New World into an armed camp like the Old and run the same race to ruin. The old peace and isolation were in any case gone, and the choice was between war for the time, with the prospect of permanent peace on the one hand, and peace for the time, with the permanent prospect of war on the other. There was no other way, and Germany forced the American people to realize their dilemma. President Wilson had seen it earlier than the majority of his fellow-countrymen; but for a statesman a vision of the truth is an insufficient ground for acting upon it. He is bound, indeed, not to act upon it until he can carry with him the State he governs; otherwise he ceases to be a statesman and sinks or rises into the missionary. The zealot is ever ready to break his weapon upon the obstacle he wishes to remove, but the statesman who destroys national unity in his zeal for war does not help to win it; and American intervention was both useless and impossible until the President could act with his people behind him. Nor, as official head of the State, could he play the irresponsible part of an advocate; if he believed war to be inevitable in his country's interests, it was for him to convince the people not by argument, but by his conduct of American affairs. Idealism entered more largely into his policy than that of most statesmen, but it was bound to American mentality and national interests; for ideals which do not affect national interests do not appeal to the majority in any nation, and the lawlessness which trampled on Belgian neutrality made less impression across the Atlantic than that which destroyed American lives and property. A subsidiary cause of delay in American intervention was the absorption of the United States in the presidential contest of 1916, but President Wilson's re-election in November gave him a freer hand than was possessed by any other democratic statesman. No American president is ever elected for a third term of office, and Mr. Wilson had no need to keep his eye on his prospects for 1920. He must, indeed, secure the assent of Congress before war could be declared, but in both Houses his party had secured a majority in November. The decisive step was not, however, taken by President Wilson, but by the German Government, and America was as much forced into war in 1917 as we were in 1914; and in both cases it was their view of military necessity which drove the Germans into political suicide. They could not, they thought in 1914, cope with Russia until they had first beaten France, and they could not beat France in time unless they trampled a way through Belgium. So in the early days of 1917, not foreseeing the fortune which the Russian revolution was to bring them, they saw no prospect of victory save through the ruin of England by means of their submarines. The Eastern and Western fronts were too strong for a successful offensive against either, the military situation was growing desperate, and their offers of peace had been scorned; the war went on in their despite, and their real offensive for 1917 was the submarine campaign. It was adopted because there was no opening on land and no hope of success in a naval battle; and its adoption justified those who held that the remedy was worse than the disease and that unrestricted submarine warfare would bring the United States into the war before it drove Great Britain out. As late as 22 January, President Wilson, while depicting the sort of peace which would commend itself to the American people, disavowed any intention of helping to secure it by force of arms. But on the 31st Germany revoked her promise given on 4 May 1916 that vessels other than warships would not be sunk without warning, and announced her resolve forthwith to wage submarine war without any restriction. Later on Herr Bethmann-Hollweg stated that the promise had only been given because Germany's preparations were incomplete, and was revoked as soon as they were ready. The President's answer was prompt: on 3 February the German ambassador was given his passports and Mr. Gerard was recalled from Berlin. But the invitation to other neutrals to follow the President's lead was declined on this side of the Atlantic. Switzerland, without any seaboard, was not concerned with submarine warfare, and other neutrals were too much under the influence of German blandishments or terror to risk war in defence of their rights; they preferred to abandon their sailings to British ports. At first the President contemplated no more than an armed neutrality, and proposed to equip all American mercantile vessels for self-defence. But the sinking of American ships and loss of American lives began to rouse popular anger; sailings stopped at the ports, the railways became congested with goods seeking outlet, and the remotest inland districts felt the effects of the German campaign. In March, too, the Russian revolution removed a stumbling-block to co-operation with the Entente, for American public opinion had always been sensitive to the iniquity of the old regime in Russia. At length the President summoned a special session of Congress, and on 2 April recommended a declaration of war. It was adopted in the Senate on the 4th by 82 votes to 6, and by the House of Representatives on the 5th by 373 to 50. Of the ultimate issue of the war there could now be no doubt. Time would be needed for the United States to mobilize its resources and train its armies, and the extent to which they might be required would depend upon the course of events in Europe. But the Americans were not a people to turn back having put their hand to the plough, and with their forces fully deployed they would alone be more than a match for the German Empire. Victory might be delayed, but its advent was assured, and the first fortnight of April saw the hopes of the Allies rise higher than since the war began. | | <urn:uuid:b85cd832-4307-4ee3-9988-ee05585ff969> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | http://www.worldwar1gallery.com/history/chapter14.html | 2024-12-09T07:36:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066461338.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209055102-20241209085102-00621.warc.gz | en | 0.985091 | 8,682 | 2.765625 | 3 |
As technology progresses, security challenges arise. More and more hackers are trying to gain access to our confidential data. Compromised sensitive data can carry a lot of risks, especially for large companies where leaked data means financial losses and destroyed reputations.
Most email providers provide some sort of encryption method to protect the platform and its users. Microsoft Office and Office 365 offer built-in email encryption, and there are third-party platforms that you can use with Outlook for encryption.
This article discusses how encryption works, how to encrypt email in Outlook, and how it can benefit you and your business.
This Article Covers:
What Does Encrypting an Email Do?
In email encryption, your email and its contents are secured from unwanted people who might try to gain access to them. The email contents are converted and concealed behind code to be accessible only to the intended recipient. Even if an outside party gains access to the content, it will be useless to them as it will only be scrambled code.
A user has a public and a private key. As the name suggests, the public key can be made public, so anyone who wants to send you an email can use your public key to do so. Only using the private key by the recipient makes the content of the email readable again, which means that the email is kept secure during transportation.
Public and private keys are usually in the form of digital code. The public key is used to encrypt the email and can be accessed by anyone. However, the user keeps the private key only as it’s the one used to decrypt the message.
How Can Outlook Message Encryption Benefit You?
Here are a few ways in which Outlook encryption can be beneficial to you:
1. Prevents Risks
If you don’t encrypt your emails, hackers can access them more easily. This can include legal and business documents or even private information. This is particularly harmfulness if you send a lot of compromisable data over email.
There are always external and internal threats to your data, and leaked information can harm your business finances or reputation. Encrypting emails can help avoid a lot of these risks.
You could also save yourself from unwanted guests, like if you were to share your calendar with others across an unencrypted work channel.
2. Provides Authenticity
Spam email and phishing can cause a lot of frustration, this is one reason you may want to encrypt messages in Outlook. Encrypted emails ensure the emails you send are authentic when received.
This can provide instant verification through digitally signed emails, so you know the contents of the email are untampered.
3. Improved Efficiency
It is easier to communicate when all the emails you send use a unified encryption method. It eases a lot of the responsibility as team members can quickly type and send their emails without too much thought.
A unified encryption system ensures your team members won’t have to go through the multi-step process of attaching then encrypting their files before sending them. This also makes the system much more cost-efficient.
How to Encrypt Email in Outlook
There are multiple ways in which you can encrypt an email in Outlook. Some options are built-in to Outlook, while others are third-party options. Here are the most common types of encryption for Outlook:
Certificate-based encryption (S/MIME) – This method requires the recipient and the sender to install certificates to encrypt and decrypt the emails. These can be harder to set up but provide more secure encryption if you send many encrypted emails.
- Microsoft Office 356 Encryption – office 365 email encryption is part of the larger subscription and the easiest to set up among the encryption methods. This method allows you to send encrypted emails to most email services.
- Outlook Add-ons – If you don’t want the Office 365 subscription, you can use third-party paid or free add ons to send an encrypted email.
Adding a Digital Certificate to Encrypt Email in Outlook
Before you can start using S/MIME encryption in Outlook, you need to have a certificate on your PC. You will need to generate a Digital ID on your Outlook client. To do this, follow these steps:
Step 1: In your main screen in Outlook, click on File at the top bar of the screen. This will open the main screen in your Outlook client.
Step 2: Click on Options at the bottom left of the screen. This will open the Outlook Options window.
Step 3: In the Outlook Options window:
- Click on Trust Center in the left sidebar
- Click on Trust Center Settings under the Microsoft Outlook Trust Center tab.
- Click on Email Security and head to the Encrypted email section.
- Click on Settings. This will open another window.
Step 5: In the window that opens, click on Get Digital ID. This will allow you to set up your Digital ID. You just have to follow the steps on Microsoft’s official website.
Step 6: Once you have your digital Signature, you can import it into Microsoft Outlook. Follow the steps mentioned above and head over to the Outlook Trust Center. There, under Digital IDs (Certificates), click on the Import/Export button.
Step 7: This will open a new window that will allow you to export or import a Digital ID. In this case, we need to import one. Load up your Digital ID file by clicking on Browse and selecting it on your computer. Enter the password in the text box below and click on OK.
Sending an Encrypted Message in Outlook Using S/MIME
Now that you have a Digital certificate on your computer, you can encrypt your email by following these steps:
Step 1: First, you need to compose an email. To do this, click on New Email. This will open a new window that will allow you to write your email.
Step 2: In this window:
- Click on Options in the top bar
- Click on Encrypt.
You will get 4 options to set permission to this item: encrypt only, Do not forward, Confidential and privacy. If you don’t want the receiver to be able to forward the email then select Do not forward.
The confidential option is more of a suggestion to the receiver than an encryption. It places a banner that states “Please treat as confidential”
Step 3: Write your email like you usually would. Once you’ve written it, click Send.
If the recipient uses Outlook, they will receive the email with the subject alongside a lock icon. Once they double click on the email, Outlook will verify the recipient, and it will open just like a normal email.
If the email comes with an encrypted Microsoft file, for example, a word file, and opens it in Microsoft word, you will get a prompt requesting you to sign in to access the file or request permission. This makes it so that the recipient can’t forward the file.
If the user uses another email service, the recipient will only see the subject with a button to read the message when they receive an email. When the user clicks on the Read the message button on the email screen, the link will take them to the Outlook online client, where they will need to verify the account.
Depending on the recipient’s service, a one-time code can be sent to them. You can do this on most major email service providers like Gmail and Yahoo ID. After verifying the account, they will read the email and view its attachments using the Outlook environment. They can then reply back or forward the encrypted email depending on the options chosen by the sender.
How to Remove Encryption from Send Emails
To remove the encryption, go back to Trust Center, Encrypt email and uncheck Encrypt contents and attachments for outgoing messages check box then click OK.
However, it is not possible to remove encryption from an email that has already been sent, unless you try to recall the email on Outlook. You can also use email revocation with Microsoft Purview Advanced Message Encryption which is part of the Microsoft 365 plans. Then the sender or administrator can revoke encrypted emails that are link-based rather than native ones.
How to Send Secure Email in Outlook With Office 365 Encrypted Email
Although the process to encrypt an email is similar to the one in other Office versions, Office 365 streamlines a lot of this. Office Message Encryption or OME enables you to send encrypted emails to recipients.
The benefit here is that you won’t have to go through the arduous process of installing a certificate to open or encrypt an email. Similar to other Office versions, when an email is encrypted in Office 365, the recipient receives the email with only the subject shown.
Depending on the client the recipient uses, either they can open the email, or they have to verify their account and use Outlook’s online web client to view the email. The recipient doesn’t need an Outlook or Outlook 365 account to view the email.
To use Office Message Encryption in your Outlook client, you will need to have one of these Office 365 plans:
- Microsoft 365 Personal
- Microsoft 365 Family
- Office 365 Enterprise (E3 or E5)
- Microsoft 365 Enterprise (E3 or E5)
- Microsfot 365 Business Premium
- Office 365 (A1, A3, or A5)
Encrypting Email in Outlook 365
For the most part, the process required to send an encrypted email in Outlook is similar to the one used in other Outlook clients, albeit there are a few visual changes. Here are the steps you need to follow to send an email in Outlook 365:
Step 1: Click on the New message button in the top left part of the screen. This will open a compose new email screen.
Step 2: Here, click on Encrypt in the toolbar. Here you can change the settings. If you don’t want your email to be forwarded, click on Change Permissions.
Step 3: Click on Send when you finish writing your email.
If you’re unable to see the Encrypt button in the toolbar, then it’s most likely because you haven’t added it into the toolbar yet. To do this:
- Click on the gear icon in the top right and click on All Outlook Settings. This will open a smaller window containing all the settings.
- Click on Mail in the sidebar and Customise actions in the smaller sidebar.
- Click and enable Encrypt in the Toolbar section.
Related Reading: How to Change Signature in Outlook [Desktop and Mobile]
How to Send Encrypted Email in Outlook Using Using Paid Certificates
You can also choose to encrypt an email using certificates. They have the advantage of allowing recipients to open the email normally without going through the Outlook web client. However, there is a considerable downside to this as well. It requires the recipient to have their own certificate too.
The initial setup process can be challenging as both the sender and the recipient need to buy their certificate. Certificates can cost anywhere between $20 to $250 per year. It depends on the requirements and the features you wish to have.
Then you will need to add the certificate in your Outlook and send and receive a signed email from your recipient.
When you send the signed email, you receive their public key, and they receive yours when they send you the email. These keys are then decrypted and verified on your computer, allowing you to send encrypted emails to each other.
If you wish to read and send an encrypted email through your phone, you will need to install the certificates on your mobile device too.
Certificates are extremely secure, but they aren’t the most user-friendly option out there. In a nutshell, they allow you to receive and send encrypted emails but require your recipient to have the certificate installed as well.
Email Encryption Using a Third-Party Addon
If you don’t have an Office 365 subscription, you can also use a third-party add-on in Outlook. These add-ons work essentially the same way as the Office Message Encryption (OME) service, the only difference being that the email is always sent directly to their online mailbox.
There are add-ons like Encryo that you can install for free and allow you to send encrypted messages to any emails. You can use their website portal or the Outlook add-on to write and send encrypted emails.
The installation is extremely straightforward as the sender only needs to have an account on Encryo for them to be able to send an encrypted email. The recipient receives the mail with a link to the secure message.
The link to open the mail is only valid for a few days, enhancing security. However, you can set up your email so that the recipient can create an account on the website before accessing the email. An advantage this has over Outlook built-in encryption is that the recipient won’t have to go through long annoying steps to access the email.
Related Reading: How to Add a Signature in Outlook
How to Create Mail Flow Rules to Encrypt Email Messages.
Mail flow rules allow an administrator to manage how to protect the emails they send and receive. They usually have four components: conditions, actions, exceptions, and properties. Conditions set criteria that the emails need to meet. They filter emails on different bases such as to, from, subject, email size, email signature, and many more. You can set multiple conditions.
Actions define what will be done to the emails that meet the conditions like redirecting, deleting, forwarding, and more.
Exceptions are similar to conditions, except it sets criteria for which emails to not be included for action. The filters are also the same as those for conditions
Properties define added rules to be applied to the emails that have made the for example priority, activation date, Enabled, and more
Using the mail flow rules, an administrator can encrypt email messages using Exchange admin center (EAC) or Exchange Online PowerShell:
- Sign in as an administrator into Microsoft 365 admin center
- Select Admin centers
- Select Exchange.
- In the EAC, go to Mail flow
- Select Rules then New New icon.
- Choose Create a new rule.
- Use the name tab to label your rules
- Go to apply this rule and select a condition. Enter a value if it is required
- In Apply this rule if, choose “the recipient is” choose the recipients name either form existing contacts or by creating a new contact. You can add more conditions in more options.
- Go to Do the following, select Modify the message security
- choose Apply Office 365 Message Encryption and rights protection.
- Pick the RMS template of your choice from the list
- Save, and then click OK.
The emails that meet the specified conditions will then be sent to the chosen recipients as encrypted emails. You can manage the emails by creating a distribution list.
Opening a Secure Email in other Mail Clients.
If you have a Microsoft account all you need to do to read an encrypted email is to sign in.
However, most email clients other than Google and Yahoo can’t open encrypted emails automatically. To open a secure or encrypted email in other mail clients like hotmail you’ll need a one-use password.
- Once you click Read the message you will be redirected to a sign-in page. If you use a mobile app, you will get a prompt to sign in with a single-use code.
- When you sign in, a code will be sent to your email from [email protected]
- Enter the code in the encrypted email and continue to read your email.
How to Move the Encrypt Button from the Options tab to the Message tab
Sometimes it’s easier to have the encrypt button in the quick access message bar than in the options tab. To do so follow the following steps:
- Go to more commands
- Scroll and find Encrypt
- Click Add, then OK
- The button will appear at the top of the message window in the quick access bar.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Does Encrypt Only Mean in Outlook?
Encrypt only in Outlook means that the message is encrypted. The receiver can read and forward the message as well as any attachments, but they cannot remove the encryption. If you want to change the encryption type of an email you can always try to recall the email in Outlook.
How Do I View an Encrypted Email in Outlook?
Usually an encrypted email will come with instructions on how to view it. All you’ll need to do is authenticate using a temporary passcode that will be sent to your email account. Attachments in the email can be downloaded without encryption in most cases unless the email email was encrypted with the encrypt and prevent forwarding option. In this case the files from Microsoft office such as word files will be encrypted.
How Do I Encrypt an Email in Outlook for Free?
You can encrypt an Outlook email by obtaining a free or paid digital certificate or using a third-party add-on that can allow a much more seamless experience.
Does Outlook Automatically Encrypt Emails?
Outlook does not encrypt all emails by default. However, you can encrypt all outgoing messages by default in Outlook by going to the Trust Center Settings. If you have the encryption set up in your Outlook client, you will need to press the Encrypt button for your current email to be encrypted.
How Do I Encrypt an Email in Outlook With the Subject Line?
You can encrypt the subject in your email by typing Encrypt in square brackets in the subject text box. The Outlook encrypt email shortcut should look something like this:
[Encrypt]: (insert subject)
How Do I Add a Secure Button in Outlook?
You can add the Encrypt button in the toolbar by clicking on the gear icon in the top right and clicking on All Outlook Settings. This opens a smaller window containing all the settings. There, click on Mail in the sidebar and then Customize actions in the smaller sidebar. Click and enable Encrypt in the Toolbar section.
What Do I Write to Encrypt an Email?
If you have encrypted email enabled in your Outlook settings, all you have to do to encrypt the email is click on the Encrypt button by going to Options in the top bar in Outlook.
Email Encryption in Outlook
Now you should know how to send an encrypted email in Outlook. Outlook 365 offers a fantastic encryption option for people looking for a painless way to encrypt their emails. Not only that, you can send Outlook encrypted emails to most email providers meaning encrypted emails aren’t locked behind the Outlook email ecosystem.
However, if you don’t want to use Outlook’s built-in encryption option, you can opt for encryption using certificates or look at add-ons that allow you to encrypt your emails in Outlook hassle-free. Whichever method you choose, you can keep your data safe now that you know how to encrypt email in Outlook. | <urn:uuid:b2da5454-7c85-43e3-96b3-8d9fd46e9571> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://productivityspot.com/how-to-encrypt-email-in-outlook/ | 2024-12-11T22:39:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066094915.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211205528-20241211235528-00204.warc.gz | en | 0.917405 | 3,949 | 2.859375 | 3 |
How much power does a hard drive use? It seems like a straightforward question, but the answer might surprise you. You see, while hard drives aren’t exactly power hungry beasts, they do use a fair bit of juice compared to other components in your computer. In fact, a single hard drive can use anywhere from 5 to 20 watts of power. That may not sound like a lot, but when you consider that the average desktop computer uses around 100-250 watts of power, it becomes clear that hard drives are a significant power consumer.
So, why does this matter? Well, first off, there’s the environmental impact to consider. As more and more computers are built and used around the world, the energy demands for those machines will continue to rise, which will put an increasing strain on our power grids and natural resources. Additionally, as we become more conscious of our carbon footprints, it’s important to start thinking about ways to reduce our energy consumption wherever possible. But beyond that, understanding how much power hard drives use can also help you make more informed decisions when it comes to choosing the right components for your computer. Whether you’re building a new machine or just upgrading your old one, knowing how much power each component uses can help you create a more efficient and sustainable computing experience.
Ultimately, the question of how much power a hard drive uses is just one small piece of the larger puzzle of computer energy consumption. But as we continue to think about ways to reduce our impact on the planet and make our machines more efficient, it’s a question that’s worth exploring. By understanding the energy demands of our hardware and making smart choices about which components to use, we can all work towards a more sustainable future for ourselves and for the planet.
Power Consumption of Hard Drives
As computer hardware continues to evolve, manufacturers are focusing on improving energy efficiency to reduce the carbon footprint and lower operating costs. Hard drives remain one of the fundamental components in modern computers, and their energy consumption is a crucial factor to consider when choosing one. Let’s take a closer look at how much power does a hard drive use.
- Idle power consumption: When the hard drive is spinning but not processing any data, it is considered to be in an idle state. At this state, the power consumption of the hard drive ranges from 0.5 – 2 watts. This power usage is insignificant when compared to that of other computer peripherals like the CPU or the graphics card.
- Read/Write power consumption: The power consumption of the hard drive increases when it is actively reading/writing data. Typically, the power consumed during read/write operations varies from 2-8 watts. Solid State Drives (SSDs) have significantly lower power consumption during read and write operations, ranging from 0.1-1.5 watts.
- Start-up power consumption: When you power up your computer, the hard drive has to spin up its platters and move the read/write head to the correct position. This process requires a sudden surge of power, which may last for a few seconds. During this time, the power consumption of the hard drive can skyrocket to 20 watts or more.
It’s worth noting that the power consumption of a hard drive can vary depending on various factors like the brand, model, capacity, and the number of platters it has. In general, though, the power consumption of modern hard drives is relatively low.
Here’s a table showcasing some examples of the power consumption of hard drives from different brands.
Brand | Model | Idle Power Consumption (Watts) | Read/Write Power Consumption (Watts) |
Western Digital | Blue | 0.6 | 6.8 |
Seagate | Barracuda | 4.0 | 7.8 |
Toshiba | P300 | 4.0 | 6.4 |
As you can see, the power consumption of hard drives across different brands and models remains relatively similar despite some minute differences. Another factor worth considering is that newer models of hard drives tend to have lower power consumption than older models due to improvements in technology and energy efficiency.
Hard Disk Drive vs Solid State Drive Power Usage
When it comes to power consumption, Hard Disk Drives (HDD) and Solid State Drives (SSD) have significant differences. Let’s take a closer look at each of these options and their power usage.
HDD Power Usage
- HDDs rely on mechanical parts, such as spinning disks and moving read/write heads, to function.
- These mechanical components require a significant amount of power to operate, leading to higher power consumption compared to SSDs.
- The power consumption of an HDD varies based on its make and model, but typically ranges from 7 to 12 watts during active use.
SSD Power Usage
SSDs use non-mechanical components and are designed to operate at a lower voltage. This results in lower power consumption compared to HDDs.
- SSDs consume between 1-5 watts during active use or approximately 20% less than an HDD.
- This is because an SSD uses flash memory to store data, which does not require any mechanical activity to retrieve data.
Comparison: HDD vs SSD Power Usage
When comparing the power consumption of an HDD and SSD, it’s essential to take into account their differences in speed and storage capacity.
While an SSD operates at a lower voltage than an HDD, its higher storage density and faster read/write speeds may offset the power usage benefits.
For instance, if you’re running multiple applications on a computer with an HDD, the power usage may exceed that of a computer with an SSD. This is because the HDD requires more power to cope up with the application’s demand, leading to slower system response and increased power consumption.
Component | HDD | SSD |
Read/Write Speed | Lower | Higher |
Power Consumption | 7-12 watts | 1-5 watts |
Noise | Louder due to mechanical parts | Silent due to non-mechanical parts |
Price | Cheaper | More expensive |
Overall, an SSD uses less power than an HDD in most cases, which can translate into longer battery life on laptops, lower electricity bills, and even environmental benefits. However, the price and performance of an SSD may not be worth the extra cost for some users, especially if they require larger amounts of storage space or do not require speedy data transfer rates.
Factors Affecting Hard Drive Power Consumption
When it comes to power consumption, hard drives play a significant role in the overall energy consumption of a computer. There are several factors that affect the power usage of a hard drive. Understanding these factors can help you make better choices when building or upgrading a computer system, as well as contribute to more eco-friendly practices.
Subsection 1: Size and Speed
- Smaller hard drives generally consume less power than larger drives because they require less energy to spin their disks.
- Hard drives with higher RPM (rotations per minute) require more power than those with lower RPM since they spin faster to read and write data.
Therefore, if you’re watching your power usage, choose a smaller hard drive with 5400 RPM rather than a larger one with 7200 RPM if you don’t need the extra speed.
Subsection 2: Operating Conditions
- Hard drives are designed to function within a particular range of operating temperatures that vary depending on the manufacturer and model.
- Exposure to high or low temperatures outside the operational range can lead to increased power consumption, as well as potential data loss or hard drive failure.
- When possible, keep your computer in an environment where the ambient temperature falls in the optimal range for your hard drive.
Additionally, turning off your computer when it’s not in use can save power, reduce heat buildup inside the system, and extend the life of the hard drive.
Subsection 3: Use Case
The way you use your computer can also affect the power consumption of your hard drive. Different applications, services, and tasks place varying demands on your hard drive that can make a significant difference in energy usage.
For instance, if you’re using a power-hungry application that requires frequent disk access, like video editing or gaming, your hard drive will consume more power than if you’re running a basic word processor. Running multiple programs or tasks simultaneously can also increase hard drive activity and energy usage.
Application Type | Disk Usage | Power Consumption |
Video Editing | High | High |
Gaming | High | High |
Web Browsing | Low | Low |
Word Processing | Low | Low |
Ultimately, your power usage will vary depending on your unique combination of hardware, software, and use case. By understanding the factors that affect hard drive power consumption, you can optimize your system for efficiency and longevity while reducing your environmental impact.
Energy Efficient Hard Drives
As technology continues to advance, companies are making efforts to create more energy-efficient hard drives. These drives aim to minimize the amount of power they consume during operation, reducing overall energy costs and helping to reduce the environmental impact of data centers. In this article, we will explore how much power a hard drive typically uses and the potential benefits of using energy-efficient options.
- What is an Energy Efficient Hard Drive?
- How Much Power Does a Typical Hard Drive Use?
- Benefits of Energy-Efficient Hard Drives
- Reduced energy costs: By using less power, energy-efficient drives can help reduce energy expenses for data centers and other organizations.
- Reduced environmental impact: By using less power, energy-efficient drives can help minimize the carbon footprint of data centers and other facilities.
- Improved performance: Energy-efficient drives often employ advanced power management techniques, which can help improve overall system performance and reliability.
- Examples of Energy-Efficient Hard Drives
An energy-efficient hard drive is a type of storage device designed to minimize the amount of power it uses during operation. These drives typically use advanced power management techniques to reduce consumption when the drive is not in use.
The amount of power a hard drive uses can vary depending on a variety of factors, including the capacity of the drive and its operating speed. On average, however, a typical hard drive can consume anywhere from 6-15 watts during operation. This may not seem like a lot, but when you consider that data centers often have hundreds or even thousands of hard drives, the energy costs can quickly add up.
Energy-efficient hard drives have several potential benefits, including:
Brand/Model | Capacity (GB) | Power Consumption (Watts) |
Seagate Barracuda 1TB | 1000 | 6.8 |
Western Digital Green 2TB | 2000 | 3.7 |
Toshiba P300 3TB | 3000 | 6.4 |
Examples of energy-efficient hard drives on the market today include the Seagate Barracuda, Western Digital Green, and Toshiba P300. These drives employ a variety of power management techniques to reduce consumption, while still offering reliable performance and ample storage space.
Overall, energy-efficient hard drives offer a number of potential benefits for organizations looking to reduce energy costs and improve their environmental impact. By choosing a drive that uses power management techniques to reduce consumption, companies can not only save money but also help protect the planet.
Eco-Friendly Hard Drives
As the world continues to become more conscious of environmental issues, the technology sector is taking steps to reduce its carbon footprint. Hard drives are power-hungry devices that contribute significantly to the energy consumption of servers, data centres, and personal computers. Eco-friendly hard drives come in different forms, all designed to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions.
- Solid State Drives (SSDs): SSDs are a type of hard drive that uses NAND-based flash memory to store data instead of spinning disks. SSDs use less power than traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) because they do not contain any moving parts. This lack of moving parts also means that SSDs are less prone to mechanical failure.
- Energy-Efficient HDDs: For organizations that require massive amounts of data storage, energy-efficient HDDs are a good choice. These drives use a combination of software and hardware to reduce energy consumption while maintaining performance. For example, Western Digital’s RE4-GP drive uses IntelliPower technology to adjust the rotational speed of the drive to save energy.
- Low Power Modes: Some eco-friendly hard drives have low power modes that can lower energy consumption. For example, Seagate’s Barracuda Green drive has an option to spin down the drive when it’s not in use. This feature is useful for PCs that are only used for a few hours a day.
Green Practices by Hard Drive Manufacturers
Manufacturers are becoming increasingly aware of their impact on the environment, and many are adopting eco-friendly practices to reduce their carbon footprint. Several hard drive manufacturers now have programs in place that promote sustainability.
- Western Digital: Western Digital has implemented various environmental initiatives, such as using renewable energy sources and reducing water usage. The company is also committed to reducing GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions by 15% from its 2015 baseline by 2020.
- Seagate: Seagate has a sustainability program that includes recycling initiatives and energy-efficient products. The company also aims to reduce GHG emissions by 30% by 2020.
- Toshiba: Toshiba strives to minimize its environmental impact by implementing clean production processes and reducing GHG emissions. The company’s 2050 Vision aims to create a sustainable future and reduce the use of natural resources by 90%.
Energy Consumption of Hard Drives
The energy consumption of a hard drive depends on several factors, including its size, speed, and usage pattern. The table below shows the average power consumption of some popular hard drives:
Hard Drive | Average Power Consumption |
Western Digital Black | 6.8 watts |
Seagate Barracuda | 4.8 watts |
Toshiba P300 | 6 watts |
Samsung 970 EVO SSD | 5.3 watts |
It’s worth noting that hard drives are not the only component that consumes energy in a computer. Factors such as the CPU, graphics card, and RAM also contribute to the total energy consumption. However, choosing an eco-friendly hard drive is a simple and effective way to reduce the power consumption of a computer.
Battery Life and Hard Drive Usage
When it comes to mobile devices, battery life is a crucial factor in determining the usefulness of the device. One factor that can significantly affect battery life is the power consumption of the hard drive.
- A traditional HDD consumes more power than a solid-state drive (SSD) since it has to spin up the disk and move the read/write head for every operation. This power consumption can lead to a shorter battery life, especially on smaller devices like laptops and tablets.
- SSDs have no moving parts and are therefore more power-efficient, as they consume less power when reading or writing data. Additionally, SSDs use less power when idle, which means that they won’t drain your battery as quickly when the system is not in use.
- Hybrid drives, which combine both an HDD and SSD, can be a good compromise between capacity and power efficiency. The SSD portion of the hybrid drive can be used for frequently accessed data, while the HDD portion can store less frequently accessed data. This way, the system can benefit from the power efficiency of the SSD while still enjoying the storage capacity of an HDD.
In addition to the type of drive used, the way you use your hard drive can also impact battery life. Here are some tips to help you optimize your hard drive usage for a longer battery life:
- Close unused applications and files to reduce disk activity and conserve power.
- Disable unnecessary services and startup programs to reduce the number of background processes that are running on the system.
- Avoid using your hard drive to play media files, as this can significantly increase power consumption. Instead, consider using cloud-based services or an external storage device.
For those who are curious about specific power consumption numbers, below is a table that shows the average power consumption of different types of hard drives:
Hard Drive Type | Average Power Consumption (Watts) |
2.5″ HDD (5400RPM) | 1.6 |
2.5″ HDD (7200RPM) | 2.0 |
3.5″ HDD (5400RPM) | 5.1 |
3.5″ HDD (7200RPM) | 6.8 |
2.5″ SSD | 0.3 |
As you can see from the table, the power consumption of an HDD can vary significantly based on its size and speed. Meanwhile, an SSD consumes only a fraction of the power of an HDD, making it a more efficient choice for those who value battery life.
Conserving Power with Hard Drive Management Techniques
Did you know that your hard drive consumes a significant amount of power while it’s running? The power consumption depends on several factors like the type of hard drive, the usage, and the power management settings.
- Use Power Management Settings: Most hard drives come with built-in power management settings that allow users to change the time after which the drive goes into idle mode. This feature can significantly reduce power consumption, especially when the system is idle or not in use.
- Upgrade to SSD: Solid State Drives (SSDs) consume much less power than traditional mechanical hard drives. The lack of moving parts means less mechanical wear and tear and less power consumption. If you’re looking to conserve power, upgrading to an SSD is a great option.
- Use Low-Power Modes: Many hard drives come with power-saving modes that can significantly reduce power consumption. For example, some hard drives have sleep or standby modes, which save on power by spinning down the drive when it’s not in use. These modes use less power and can extend the life of your hard drive.
Conserving Power with Hard Drive Management Techniques
One way to conserve power is by properly managing the way you use your hard drive. Here are some tips on how to do it:
- Avoid Constant Access: The more frequently data is accessed on the hard drive, the more power it consumes. Try to keep the number of times the drive is accessed to a minimum by defragmenting your hard drive regularly.
- Remove Unnecessary Files: When you delete files from your hard drive, they aren’t always erased completely. Instead, they leave behind fragments that can still consume power. Deleting unnecessary files regularly can help keep your system running efficiently.
- Minimize Disk Activity: Try to minimize the amount of disk activity on your hard drive by scheduling routine maintenance tasks, running system scans offline, and closing unnecessary applications when they’re not in use.
Conserving Power with Hard Drive Management Techniques
Here’s a table showing the estimated power consumption of some common hard drives:
Hard Drive Type | Average Power Consumption (Watts) |
2.5-inch SATA HDD | 1.0 – 1.5 |
3.5-inch SATA HDD | 6.0 – 10.0 |
2.5-inch SATA SSD | 0.1 – 0.5 |
3.5-inch SATA SSD | 1.0 – 2.5 |
As you can see, SSDs consume less power than traditional hard drives. However, the power consumption can still vary depending on the type of drive and usage. By following these tips, you can reduce your hard drive’s power consumption and extend its life.
FAQs about how much power does a hard drive use
Q: How much power does a hard drive consume?
A: It usually ranges from 2 to 10 watts, depending on the type and capacity of the hard drive.
Q: Is a hard drive power consumption significant?
A: Yes, it is. Hard drives can account for up to 20% of a computer’s energy usage, which can have an impact on your electricity bill if you use your computer frequently.
Q: How does the power usage of a hard drive affect its performance?
A: The more power a hard drive uses, the more heat it generates, which can affect its stability and performance. High-capacity hard drives may also require more power, which can affect their data transfer rates.
Q: Are solid-state drives (SSDs) more energy-efficient than traditional hard drives?
A: Yes, SSDs are generally more energy-efficient than traditional hard drives because they have no moving parts. They consume less power, produce less heat, and have faster access times than hard drives.
Q: Can disabling hard drives save energy?
A: Yes, you can disable hard drives that are not in use to save energy. This can be done through power management settings in your operating system.
Q: Are external hard drives more energy-efficient than internal ones?
A: External hard drives can use more power because they require an additional power source, and they may use up more energy transferring data over a USB cable. However, some external hard drives have built-in power management features to reduce energy consumption.
Q: Does a hard drive’s power usage vary during normal use?
A: Yes, a hard drive’s power usage can vary depending on the read/write activity. When the drive is idle, it consumes less power than when it’s actively transferring or accessing data.
Now that you have a better understanding of how much power a hard drive uses, you can make informed decisions about your computer’s energy usage. Remember, you can save energy by disabling hard drives not in use and choosing energy-efficient SSDs. We hope you found this article helpful and informative. Thanks for reading and be sure to visit us again for more tech tips! | <urn:uuid:d6c3a1c1-f001-464e-8a1b-6dc5169e08d6> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://cruiseship.cloud/how-much-power-does-a-hard-drive-use/ | 2024-12-09T10:42:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066462724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209085821-20241209115821-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.932657 | 4,553 | 3.453125 | 3 |
A history of the Bible: who wrote it and when?
The origins of the Bible are still cloaked in mystery. When was it written? Who wrote it? And how reliable is it as an historical record? BBC History Revealed magazine charts the evolution of arguably the most influential book of all time
In 2007, Time magazine asserted that the Bible “has done more to shape literature, history, entertainment and culture than any book ever written”.
It’s a bold claim, but one that’s hard to refute. What other book resides on bedside tables in countless hotel rooms across the globe? What other book has bequeathed the world such instantly recognisable catchphrases as “an eye for an eye”, “thou shalt not kill” and “eat, drink and be merry”?
Factor in the number of copies that have been sold down the centuries – somewhere in the region of five billion to date, swollen by a further 100 million every year given away for free – and there’s no denying that the Bible’s influence on Western civilisation has been monumental.
But if the Bible’s standing as a cultural behemoth is beyond doubt, its history is anything but. For centuries, some of the world’s greatest thinkers have puzzled over the origins and evolution of this remarkable document. Who wrote it? When? And why?
These are the thorniest of questions, made all the more tangled by the Bible’s great age, and the fact that some, or all of it, has become a sacred text for members of two of the world’s great religions – Judaism and Christianity – numbering more than two billion people.
Where does the Bible originate?
Archaeology and the study of written sources have shed light on the history of both halves of the Bible: the Old Testament, the story of the Jews’ highs and lows in the millennium or so before the birth of Jesus; and the New Testament, which documents the life and teachings of Jesus. These findings may be incomplete and they may be highly contested, but they have helped historians paint a picture of how the Bible came to life.
Perhaps the best place to start the story is in Sun-baked northern Egypt, for it was here that the Bible and archaeology may, just may, first collide.
- Read more | The murderous history of Bible translations
For centuries, the Old Testament has been widely interpreted as a story of disaster and rescue – of the Israelites falling from grace before picking themselves up, dusting themselves down and finding redemption. Nowhere is this theme more evident than in Exodus, the dramatic second book of the Old Testament, which chronicles the Israelites’ escape from captivity in Egypt to the promised land.
But has archaeology unearthed one of the sites of the Israelites’ captivity?
That’s the question that some historians have been asking themselves since the 1960s, when the Austrian archaeologist Manfred Bietak identified the location of the ancient city of Pi-Ramesses at the site of the modern town of Qantir in Egypt’s Nile Delta. Pi-Ramesses was the great capital built by Ramesses II, one of Egypt’s most formidable pharaohs and the biblical tormentor of the Israelites. It’s been argued that Pi-Ramesses was the biblical city of Ramesses, and that the city was built, as Exodus claims, by Jewish slaves.
- On the podcast | The history of the Bible
It’s an intriguing theory, and one that certainly has its doubters. But if it were true, it would place the enslaved Israelites in the Nile Delta in the decades after 1279 BC, when Ramesses II became king. So what happened next?
The Bible is in little doubt. It tells us that Moses led the Israelites out of their captivity in Egypt (whose population had been laid low by ten plagues inflicted on them by God) before Joshua spearheaded a brilliant invasion of Canaan, the promised land. The historical sources, however, are far less forthcoming. As John Barton, former professor of the interpretation of holy scriptures at the University of Oxford, puts it: “There is no evidence of a great invasion by the Israelites under Joshua; the population doesn’t seem to have changed much in that period as far as we can tell by archaeological surveys.”
In fact, the best corroborating evidence for the Bible’s claim that the Israelites surged into Canaan is Merneptah’s Stele.
What is Merneptah’s Stele?
Like all good autocrats, Merneptah, pharaoh of Egypt, loved to brag about his achievements. And when he led his armies on a successful war of conquest at the end of the 13th century BC, he wanted the world, and successive generations, to know all about it.
The medium on which the pharaoh chose to trumpet his martial prowess was a three-metre-high lump of carved granite, now known as the Merneptah Stele. The stele, which was discovered at the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes in 1896, contains 28 lines of text, mostly detailing the Egyptians’ victory over the Libyans and their allies. But it is the final three lines of the inscription that has arguably excited most interest among historians.
“Israel has been shorn,” it declares. “Its seed no longer exists.” These few words constitute the first known written reference to the Israelites. It’s an inauspicious start, one that boasts of this people’s near destruction at the hands of one of the ancient world’s superpowers in their homeland of Canaan. But the Israelites would survive.
And the story they would go on to tell about themselves and their relationship with their God would arguably eclipse any of Merneptah’s achievements. It would spawn what is surely the most influential book of all time: the Bible.
Merneptah’s Stele may describe more Jewish pain at the hands of their perennial Egyptian persecutors, but it at least suggests that they may have been in Canaan during Merneptah’s reign (1213–1203 BC).
If the early history of the Israelites is uncertain, so is the evolution of the book that would tell their story.
- On the podcast | Christianity: a success story from the start?
Who wrote the Bible?
Until the 17th century, received opinion had it that the first five books of the Bible – Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy – were the work of one author: Moses. That theory has since been seriously challenged.
Scholars now believe that the stories that would become the Bible were disseminated by word of mouth across the centuries, in the form of oral tales and poetry – perhaps as a means of forging a collective identity among the tribes of Israel. Eventually, these stories were collated and written down. The question is by whom, and when?
A clue may lie in a limestone boulder discovered embedded in a stone wall in the town of Tel Zayit, 35 miles southwest of Jerusalem, in 2005. The boulder, now known as the Zayit Stone, contains what many historians believe to be the earliest full Hebrew alphabet ever discovered, dating to around 1000 BC. “What was found was not a random scratching of two or three letters, it was the full alphabet,” Kyle McCarter of Johns Hopkins University in Maryland has said of the stone. “Everything about it says this is the ancestor of the Hebrew script.”
The Zayit Stone does not in itself tell us when the Bible was written and collated, but it gives us our first glimpse of the language that produced it. And, by tracking the stylistic development of that language down the centuries, and cross-referencing it with biblical text, historians have been able to rule out the single-author hypotheses, concluding instead that it was written by waves of scribes during the first millennium BC.
Ask the expert: John Barton
John Barton is a former professor of holy scriptures at the University of Oxford and the author of A History of the Bible: The Books and Its Faiths.
Q: Just how reliable is the Old Testament as an historical document?
A: Some parts, such as the early chapters of Genesis, are myth or legend, rather than history. But parts of Samuel, Kings, Ezra and Nehemiah describe events broadly known also from Assyrian or Persian sources. For example, Jehu, king of Israel in the ninth century BC, appears on an Assyrian monument, the Black Obelisk, doing obeisance to the Assyrian king. From about the eighth century BC onwards, the Old Testament contains some real historiography, even though it may not all be accurate.
Q: Does it matter if it’s not historically accurate? Are we guilty of placing too much emphasis on this question?
A: I think we are. Much of the Old Testament is about seeing God at work in human history rather than in accurately recording the detail, and sometimes we exaggerate the importance of historical accuracy. The Old Testament is not a work of fiction, but nor is it a modern piece of history-writing.
Q: How much does archaeology support the historicity of the Old Testament?
A To a limited extent. It gives us a context within which the Old Testament makes sense, but it doesn’t confirm a lot of the details. It mustn’t be forgotten that archaeology has also yielded vast numbers of documents from the ancient near-east, such as Assyrian and Babylonian annals, which illuminate the Old Testament world.
Q: How much do we know about the scribes who wrote the Old Testament?
A: The scribes are never described in detail in the Old Testament itself, but analogies with Egypt and Mesopotamia make it clear that there must have been a scribal class, probably attached as civil servants to the temple in Jerusalem or the royal court. After the exile of the Jewish people in Bablylon in the sixth century BC, scribes gradually turned into religious teachers, as we find them in the New Testament.
Q: When was the Old Testament assembled into the book it is today?
A: Probably during the first century BC, though parts of it were certainly regarded as holy scripture much earlier than that. But the collection is a work of early Judaism. It should be remembered that for a long time it was a collection of individual scrolls, not a single book between two covers.
Q: Did the Old Testament anticipate the figure of Jesus Christ?
A: There are prophecies of a coming Messiah – which means ‘anointed one’ – occasionally in the Old Testament, and Christians claimed them as foretelling Jesus. But messianic hopes were not widespread or massively important in first-century Judaism and are even less central to the Old Testament itself. Christians discovered texts they saw as messianic prophecies – for example, in Isaiah 7 – though other Jews did not read them that way.
Q: Why did the New Testament gain so much traction in the first centuries AD?
A: The New Testament was accepted because it was part of the package of the Christian message, which was massively successful in the early centuries. The message, which was that all humankind was accepted through Jesus by the God worshipped by the Jews, proved a winner.
Who was King David?
The first wave of scribes may, it’s been suggested, have started work during the reign of King David (c1000 BC). Whether that’s true or not, David is a monumental figure in the biblical story – the slayer of Goliath, the conqueror of Jerusalem. David is also a hugely important figure in the quest to establish links between the Bible and historical fact, for he appears to be the earliest biblical figure to be confirmed by archaeology.
“I killed [the] king of the house of David.” So boasts the Tel Dan Stele, an inscribed stone dating from 870–750 BC and discovered in northern Israel in the 1990s. Like the Merneptah Stele before it, it documents a warlord’s victory over the Israelites (the man doing the gloating was probably the local ruler Hazael of Aram-Damascus). But it at least indicates that David was a historical figure.
The Tel Dan Stele also suggests that,no matter how capable their rulers, the people of Israel continued to be menaced by powerful, belligerent neighbours. And, in 586 BC, one of those neighbours, the Babylonians, would inflict on the Jews one of the most devastating defeats in their history: ransacking the sacred city of Jerusalem, butchering its residents, and dragging many more back to Babylonia.
For the people of Israel, the fall of Jerusalem was a searing experience. It created, in the words of Eric M Meyers, a biblical scholar at Duke University in North Carolina, “one of the most significant theological crises in the history of the Jewish people”. And, according to many scholars, that crisis may have had a transformative impact on the writing of the Bible.
The Old Testament is far more than a formulaic story of a nation’s evolution, it’s also a chronicle of that nation’s relationship with its God. Did the sack of Jerusalem in 586 BC convince a new wave of Jewish thinkers that they hadn’t been keeping their side of the bargain? Did it spur them into revisiting all previous editions of the Jewish scriptures in order to sharpen the emphasis on the agreement or ‘covenant’ between the people and their one God?
Whether this theory holds or not, there’s little doubt that by the time they returned from their Babylonian exile, the Bible occupied a unique place in the consciousness of the Jewish people. However, it would be centuries before the book would be revered as a secret text for non-Jews. And the reason for that transformation from national to international significance was, of course, the figure of Jesus Christ. It’s the so-called New Testament, the account of Jesus’s life and teachings, that turned the Hebrew Bible into a civilisationshaping, global icon.
Who was Jesus? Did he really exist?
Most scholars agree that Jesus, a first-century religious leader and preacher, existed historically. He was born in c4 BC and died – reportedly crucified on the orders of the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate – in cAD 30–33. Then, for around 40 years, news of his teachings was spread by word of mouth until, from around AD 70, four written accounts of his life emerged that changed everything.
The gospels, or ‘good news’, of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John are critically important to the Christian faith. It is their descriptions of the life of Jesus Christ that have made him arguably the most influential figure in human history.
- Read more | How much is known about the birth of Jesus?
“We can’t be sure when the gospels were written,” says Barton, “and we know little about the authors. But the guess is that Mark came first, in the 70s, followed by Matthew and Luke in the 80s and 90s, and John in the 90s or early in the second century.
“In general, Matthew, Mark and Luke tell the same story with variations, and hence are called the ‘synoptic’ gospels, whereas John has a very different style, as well as telling a markedly different version of the story of Jesus. Matthew and Luke seem to be attempts to improve on Mark, by adding more stories and sayings from sources now lost. John is a different conceptualisation of the story of Jesus, portraying a more obviously divine figure.”
Though the variations in the four gospels may have proved a source of frustration to those trying to paint a definitive picture of Jesus’s life and teachings, they offer a fascinating insight into the challenges facing the early Christian church as it spread around the Mediterranean world in the first and second centuries AD.
Mark, it’s been argued, wrote for a community deeply affected by the failure of a Jewish revolt against the Roman empire in the AD 60s, while Luke wrote for a predominately Gentile (non-Jewish) audience eager to demonstrate that Christian beliefs could flourish within the Roman empire. Both John and Matthew hint at the growing tensions between Jewish Christians and the Jewish religious authorities.
As a Jew, Jesus would have been well-versed in the Hebrew Bible and, according to the gospels, saw himself as the realisation of ancient Jewish prophecies. “Don’t think that I came to destroy the law, or the prophets,” Matthew reports him saying. “I didn’t come to destroy, but to fulfil.” But for all that, by the time the gospels were written, schisms between Judaism and nascent Christianity were clearly emerging.
How did Christianity spread around the world?
The Epistles, or letters, written by Paul the Apostle to churches dotted across the Mediterranean world – which are our best source for the initial spread of Christianity – confirm that Christianity started in Jerusalem, but spread rapidly to Syria and then to the rest of the Mediterranean world, and was mostly accepted by non-Jews, says John Barton, former professor of the interpretation of holy scriptures at the University of Oxford.
“The epistles [which make up 13 books of the New Testament] are our earliest evidence for Christianity,” says Barton. “The first date from the AD 50s, just two decades after the death of Jesus.”
- Read more | What is the oldest church in England?
As Paul’s letters to churches such as the one in the Greek city of Thessalonica reveal, the first Christian communities were often persecuted for their beliefs.
And it’s such persecution, particularly at the hands of the Romans, that may have inspired the last book of the New Testament, Revelations. With its dark descriptions of a seven-headed beast and allusions to an imminent apocalypse, Revelations is now widely believed to be a foretelling of the grisly fate that the author believed awaited the Roman oppressors of Christianity.
Despite that oppression, by the fourth century Christianity had become the dominant religion in the Mediterranean world, with the New Testament widely revered as a sacred text inspired by God. “It was around this time,” says Barton, “that the 27 books of the New Testament were copied into single books as though they formed a single work.” One example is the Codex Sinaiticus, now in the British Library. “The first person to list exactly the books we now have as the New Testament is the fourth-century bishop Athanasius of Alexandria, but it’s clear that he was only reporting what was already widely accepted.”
By the end of the early fifth century, a series of councils across the Christian world had effectively rubber-stamped the New Testament that we know today: the Bible’s journey to being the most influential book in human history was well and truly under way.
Versions of the Bible
Different editions of the Bible have appeared over the centuries, aiming to further popularise the stories and teachings within. Here are three of the most notable versions...
King James Bible
On 24 March 1603, King James VI of Scotland was also crowned King James I of England and Ireland. His reign would usher in a new royal dynasty (the Stuarts) and a new era of colonialism (most especially in North America). But arguably every bit as significant was his decision, in 1611, to introduce a new Bible.
The ‘King James Version’ (KJV) wasn’t the first to be printed in English – Henry VIII had authorised the ‘Great Bible’ in 1539 and the Bishops’ Bible had been printed during the reign of Elizabeth I in 1568 – but, in terms of impact, the KJV would dwarf its successors.
Shortly after his coronation, James was told that existing translations of the Bible were “corrupt and not answerable to the truth of the original”. What his scholars produced was a book designed to be read out aloud in church – fast-paced, easy to understand, a masterclass in storytelling.
No other version would challenge its dominance in the English-speaking world until the mid-20th century. According tob historian Adam Nicolson, the King James Bible’s “particular combination of majesty and freedom, of clarity and richness, was for centuries held, particularly by the Victorians, to be the defining terms of our national identity”.
The Gutenberg Bible
In 1454, in the Rhineland town of Mainz, three friends – inventor Johannes Gutenberg, printer Peter Schöffer and financier Johann Furst – pooled resources and brainpower to come up with what the British Library describes as “probably the most famous Bible in the world”.
The Gutenberg Bible, as the three friends’ creation would come to be known, signalled a step-change in printing techniques. Whereas earlier Bibles were produced by printing presses that employed woodblock technology, the press that churned out the Gutenberg Bible used moveable metal type, allowing more flexible, efficient and cheap printing.
Gutenberg’s Bible also had massive cultural and theological ramifications. Faster, cheaper printing meant more books and more readers – and that brought with it greater criticism, interpretation, debate and, ultimately, revolution. In short, the Gutenberg Bible was a significant step on the road to the Protestant Reformation and ultimately the Enlightenment.
In the words of Professor Justin Champion of Royal Holloway, University of London: “The printed Bible in the hands of the public posed a fundamental challenge to papal dominion. Once released from Latin into the vernacular, the word of God became a weapon.”
Dead Sea Scrolls
Sometime between November 1946 and February 1947, a Bedouin shepherd threw a stone into a cave at Wadi Qumran, near the Dead Sea. When he heard something crack he headed inside to investigate. What he found has been described by the Smithsonian Institute as “the most important religious texts in the Western world”.
What the shepherd had chanced upon were the Dead Sea Scrolls, more than 800 documents of animal skin and papyrus, stored in clay jars for safe keeping. Among the texts are fragments of every book of the Old Testament, except the Book of Esher, along with a collection of previously unknown hymns and a copy of the Ten Commandments.
But what really makes the scrolls special is their age. They were written between around 200 BC and the middle decades of the first century AD, which means they predate by at least eight centuries the oldest previously known Hebrew text of the Old Testament.
Were the scrolls left in the caves by a Jewish community living near the Dead Sea or, perhaps, by Jews fleeing Roman troops in the first century AD? We may never know for sure.
This article first appeared in the June 2019 issue of BBC History Revealed
Spencer is senior production editor of BBC History Magazine
Get exclusive access to Ruth Goodman’s six-week Academy course on Victorian Life, featuring two live Q&As + a book of your choice when you subscribe to BBC History Magazine | <urn:uuid:9f673d7e-cc93-477c-bdbb-9fc49c8716de> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-history/history-bible-origins-who-wrote-when-how-reliable-historical-record/ | 2024-12-03T23:09:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066140386.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203224435-20241204014435-00280.warc.gz | en | 0.970953 | 4,922 | 2.84375 | 3 |
A flat landscape in Mukutani, Baringo county /GILBERT KOECH
For 23 years, between 1981 and 2004, Jones Kirati, a member of the minority community Ilchamus, served as a senior chief in Mukutani, Baringo County.
Kirati, however, had to flee from where he had called home due to the constant threats he faced.
“I went to Kajiado with my family due to insecurity, leaving behind a 10-acre piece of land,” he says. He bought two acres in Kajiado but had to sell an acre to get school fees for his children. Kirati says insecurity peaked in 2005.
“The problem is land grabbing instigated by cattle raids. This occasionally displaces the community,” he says.
Since the hostilities began, the Ilchamus community has experienced increasing insecurity and armed attacks from neighbouring ethnic groups.
They inhabit the lowlands of northern Kenya’s Baringo county. Key rituals among the community include those that separate men's age grades, circumcision of boys as initiation into the status of moran, and ceremonies in which morans graduate to the status of junior elders.
The insecurity has curtailed these ceremonies. Kirati says the community is finding it hard to access some sacred sites.
Since the year started, about 17 people are reported to have lost their lives in Saimo Soi ward, Baringo North constituency due to banditry disguised as cattle rustling.
At the same time, more than 11,000 livestock are reported to have been stolen, homes have been destroyed and many residents maimed.
Many have fled their homes and become internally displaced persons. There are more than four IDP camps across the county.
These include Moinonin, Kabaraina, Kimorok, Kaptombes and Chebarsiat.
Due to this insecurity, more than 19 schools in Saimo Soi and Bartabwa wards of Baringo North constituency were closed prematurely before the end of term one this year, when pupils failed to turn up for classes due to migration to safer areas.
Concerned by the recurring confl icts, the community in 2015 allowed the state to convert part of their land to public forest.
The community said poverty was increasing due to loss of traditional livelihood sources arising from the displacement of population from their ancestral homes.
There was also a spike in human-wildlife conflict, natural resource conflict and displacement of the community from their ancestral land.
The community resolved to address the challenges through conservation, management and protection of the hills by gazetting Mukutani Forest as a public forest.
They believed that such a move would guarantee improved water flows for domestic and irrigation purposes from the rivers emanating from the hills and community participation in forest conservation and management.
Other benefits included economic empowerment through ecotourism and other non-consumptive uses of the forest and open up a wildlife migratory corridor connecting Laikipia and Lake Baringo, thus promoting tourism and its associated benefits.
The community believes the conversion of their land into public forest will enhance peace and security in the region and beyond; allow access to the cultural heritage, sacred and religious sites; and opportunities for infrastructure, education, health and general development of other facilities.
Lemaitai Mukutani Community Forest Association chairman Geoffrey ole Ngusuranga said they had to act after attacks from neighbouring communities intensified.
“We had plans to start a forest but they had not picked up. In 2005, there was a raid by one of the communities, where a number of people were killed,” he says.
“We had started moving out of land when all of a sudden, the displacing community started putting up schools using Constituency Development Fund.”
Ngusuranga says the gazetted Forest is in Mukutani location, Baringo South and none of it is in Tiaty sub-county.
He wonders why certain leaders from Tiaty are meddling with land that is outside their own constituency.
Ngusuranga says the community, which has been marginalised for ages, tried engaging the state about the worrying state of affairs but there was no help.
“We have been marginalised for many years as we did not have representation,” Ngusuranga, a member of the Ilchamus community, says.
The community protested over what they term discrimination in boundaries delimitation, which has cost them elective positions in 2021.
They said their marginalisation was so bad that since the country’s Independence in 1963, not a single member of the community has ever been elected as a Member of Parliament.
The community said their marginalisation was so bad that since the country’s Independence in 1963, not a single member of the community has ever been elected as a Member of Parliament.
Twelve members of the community have filed a class action against the state, seeking an order to compel the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission to demarcate the boundaries of community land belonging to the Ilchamus and register the same as community land.
The Ilchamus, also known as Tiamus, Njamusi or Njemps, are a distinct indigenous Maa-speaking group that settled on the islands of Lake Baringo in the 18th century.
Before the delimitation of counties and wards by IEBC in 2012, they fell within Baringo Central constituency, which had 23 wards, five of which were occupied by the Ilchamus.
The 23 wards were under administration of 54 councillors, only four of whom were lchamus. The remainder of Baringo Central was occupied by Tugen and Pokot communities.
Following delimitation of boundaries, Baringo South constituency was allocated four electoral wards, namely Mukutani, Marigat, Mochongoi and Ilchamus.
The Kenya Population and Housing Census report of 2019 shows that Baringo County has 666,733 people, out of which the Ilchamus comprise a meagre 32,949.
BLOCKS, USER RIGHTS
Mukutani Forest comprises of two blocks, Lemaitai and Mukutani. The Mukutani block lies along the Laikipia Escarpment. It borders Laikipia Ranching to the East and is mainly hilly with gorges and river valleys.
The Lemaitai Block comprises the Lemaitai Hill and borders Lake Baringo to the West. The need for gazettement of two hills was informed by environmental, economic, socio-cultural and security challenges experienced by the community.
A Boundary Plan No. 175/437 was checked and authenticated or approved by the Director of Surveys before the Mukutani Forest block gazetted November 2017 through Legal Notice No. 265 of 27th October, 2017.
Ngusuranga says due process was followed in gazetting the forest and that the Community Forest Association is now reaping the benefits.
KFS has listed CFAs as key elements in forest conservation and management because they are formed by communities that live adjacent to forests.
Sheila Nakure, 28, says security has improved after the land was converted into a forest. Nakure says criminals would waylay her village any time before moving away with large heads of cattle, leaving a trial of destruction.
“We would be escorted by armed security to fetch water and even firewood. Cooking outside in the evening was a tall order as you did not know when the next attack lurked,” Nakure says.
The CFA member says they can now benefit from forest resources. “As a member, I buy fruit trees at a discounted rates of Sh100, while the non-members get a cost of Sh150. The fruit trees have helped improved nutritional value while at the same time increasing tree cover,” Nakure says.
Some user rights that CFAs benefit from include the collection of medicinal herbs, the harvesting of honey, the collection of dead fuel wood, grass harvesting and collecting herbs and honey.
Others are ecotourism, recreational activities and plantation establishments. Nakure says the presence of security forces such as KFS rangers has boosted security. Senior chief Benjamin Lecher said due process was followed during the gazettement of the forest.
“The CFA has since signed a Participatory Forest Management Plan and Forest Management Agreement with KFS, and we expect to get funds that will improve the livelihoods of CFA members,” he says.
Lecher said the presence of KFS rangers in a place that initially acted as a hideout for criminals has tamed illegalities.
The senior chief, who also doubles up as an elder, said attackers from Tiaty have for 10 years denied the community access to important sacred sites in Lemaitai and Mukutani hills, which is a constitutional right.
The eight sites were included in the forest to preserve them rather than having bandits control the area. The sites are now accessible through the invocation of user rights provided by the FCMA 2016.
The KFS is also putting up a training camp in the area, further deterring criminals. But even as the Ilchamus community embraces the gazettement of the Mukutani forest, some political leaders are unhappy with the move.
Early this year, Baringo Women representative Flowrence Jematia requested for information on the declaration of Makutani forest as a public forest. Jematia sought to find out if the process was done in brazen and egregious contravention of the Constitution and Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016.
She also wanted the decision recalled as contained in the Legal Notice No. 265 dated 27/10/2017.
Jematia also sought to interrogate the process and order that fresh exercise towards the declaration of Mukutani Forest be undertaken by the Environment CS, KFS Board, the National Land Commission and all the relevant stakeholders.
Former Environment CS Soipan Tuya responded to the petition, saying the procedure of gazettement of Mukutani Forest was informed by forest laws where the Ilchamus community gave up their land right for forest conservation purposes for the good of the nation.
“Mukutani forest is a continuation of Laikipia escarpments, which includes Ol Arabel and Marmanet forest blocks,” Tuya said.
“The forest ecosystem largely contributes to the best practices on the management of forest resources for a win-win solution for environmental sustainability and livelihood improvement.”
Tuya said the gazettement of Mukutani forest has contributed more
than 13,000ha to the national tally
of protected forests, and hence the
national long-term plans to increase
the envisaged tree and forest cover. | <urn:uuid:255f49f1-d73d-450a-b061-40e9f3c8baa4> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/big-read/2024-11-13-why-the-ilchamus-converted-their-land-into-public-forest | 2024-12-14T12:11:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125346.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214120259-20241214150259-00113.warc.gz | en | 0.974953 | 2,260 | 2.625 | 3 |
Disodium guanylate (often abbreviated as GMP) is a food additive that has gained popularity in various culinary practices. Often found alongside its close companion monosodium glutamate (MSG), disodium guanylate enhances the flavor of foods, making it an essential component in many processed items. In this article, we will explore what disodium guanylate is, its uses in food, its benefits, and safety considerations, providing you with a comprehensive understanding of this flavor enhancer.
What is Disodium Guanylate?
Disodium guanylate is a sodium salt derived from guanylic acid, which is naturally found in various organisms, including yeast, mushrooms, and some fish. It is identified by its chemical formula C10H12N5Na2O8P and is typically used in the form of a white crystalline powder. Disodium guanylate acts primarily as a flavor enhancer, working effectively with other flavor compounds to provide a satisfying umami taste.
How Disodium Guanylate Works
The umami taste, often described as savory, is one of the five basic tastes alongside sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. Disodium guanylate has the unique ability to amplify and enhance the natural flavors of food, creating a more rounded and satisfying taste experience.
The Role of Disodium Guanylate in Flavor Enhancement
Disodium guanylate works synergistically with other flavor agents, particularly MSG. When combined, it can produce a stronger umami flavor than when either is used alone. This synergy allows food manufacturers to create tasty products that keep consumers returning for more.
Combination with Other Flavor Enhancers
While disodium guanylate is effective on its own, it is most commonly used in combination with:
- Monosodium Glutamate (MSG)
- Disodium Inosinate (IMP)
These combinations help to enhance the overall flavor profile in various processed foods, allowing for a more robust taste without the need for excessive salt or sugar.
Common Uses of Disodium Guanylate in the Food Industry
Disodium guanylate is predominantly utilized in processed and packaged foods due to its flavor-boosting properties. Here are some key applications:
1. Snack Foods
Disodium guanylate is often found in snack foods, including chips, crackers, and savory snacks. Its ability to enhance taste makes these products more appealing to consumers, encouraging repeat purchases.
2. Instant Noodles and Soups
In many instant noodle packets and soup mixes, disodium guanylate is a common ingredient. It adds depth to the broth and enhances the flavor of the noodles, making them more palatable.
3. Canned and Frozen Foods
Various canned and frozen dishes, such as vegetables, soups, and pre-cooked meals, often include disodium guanylate to improve flavor. This allows manufacturers to maintain taste quality even after long storage periods.
4. Sauces and Condiments
Disodium guanylate can also be found in sauces and condiments, such as soy sauce, barbecue sauce, and salad dressings. Its presence helps to create a rich, savory taste that can elevate a simple dish.
Health Benefits of Disodium Guanylate
While disodium guanylate is primarily known as a flavor enhancer, it does come with some benefits that may enhance its appeal to food manufacturers and consumers alike.
1. Reduced Sodium Content
One significant advantage of using disodium guanylate in food preparation is the ability to reduce overall sodium content. By enhancing flavor without relying heavily on salt, manufacturers can create tastier products with less sodium, benefiting consumers who are looking to maintain cardiovascular health.
2. Enhanced Taste Sensation
The combination of disodium guanylate with other flavor enhancers can elevate the taste profile of foods, providing a more enjoyable eating experience. This can be particularly useful for individuals with diminished taste sensitivity, such as the elderly or those undergoing specific medical treatments.
Is Disodium Guanylate Safe to Consume?
Safety is always a concern when it comes to food additives, and disodium guanylate has been the subject of various studies to assess its safety for human consumption.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies disodium guanylate as “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) when used appropriately in food products. Similar approvals exist within the European Union and various health organizations worldwide.
Potential Side Effects
Although disodium guanylate is generally safe, some individuals may experience sensitivities or allergic reactions to flavor enhancers like MSG and GMP. Symptoms can include headaches, flushing, and other mild reactions. Always consult a healthcare professional if you have concerns about food additives in your diet.
Disodium guanylate is a prominent flavor enhancer that plays an essential role in food production and culinary applications. By providing a rich umami taste, it enhances the overall flavor of various processed foods, making them more appealing to consumers. As a safe addition when used in moderation, disodium guanylate can help lower sodium content in food products, aligning with health-conscious dietary choices.
Whether you are enjoying a savory snack or a comforting bowl of instant noodles, it’s likely that disodium guanylate has played a role in enhancing those flavors. Understanding this ingredient not only helps you make informed decisions about your diet but also allows you to appreciate the science behind flavor enhancement in the foods you love.
What is Disodium Guanylate?
Disodium Guanylate (E627) is a nucleotide used as a flavor enhancer in a variety of food products. It is derived from guanylic acid, which occurs naturally in many foods, including fish and mushrooms. As a food additive, disodium guanylate is often used in conjunction with monosodium glutamate (MSG) to amplify umami flavors, enhance overall taste, and reduce bitterness.
This compound is particularly favored in processed foods, snack items, and savory dishes, owing to its ability to intensify flavors without adding a specific taste. It is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by food safety authorities when used within recommended guidelines, making it a common ingredient in many food products today.
How does Disodium Guanylate work?
Disodium Guanylate enhances flavor through a mechanism similar to that of umami receptors in the human palate. When consumed, it interacts with taste receptors on the tongue, specifically those responsive to amino acids and nucleotides. This interaction results in a heightened perception of savory flavors, making food taste richer and more satisfying.
Moreover, disodium guanylate can work synergistically with other flavor enhancers, such as MSG, to provide a more rounded flavor profile. This means that using disodium guanylate in recipes can lead to a more complex and depth-filled taste, allowing food manufacturers and chefs to deliver innovative flavors that appeal to a wide audience.
Is Disodium Guanylate safe for consumption?
Yes, Disodium Guanylate is generally accepted as safe for consumption within the recommended dietary limits. Regulatory bodies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), have deemed it safe when used as a food additive. They review extensive research and toxicology data to ensure it does not pose risks to human health.
However, like any additive, some individuals may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to disodium guanylate or similar compounds. It is crucial for consumers to be aware of their dietary needs and consult with a healthcare professional if they suspect an allergy or intolerance to food additives.
Where is Disodium Guanylate commonly found?
Disodium Guanylate is commonly found in a range of processed and packaged foods. It is widely used in snacks, soups, sauces, and seasonings to enhance flavor. Particularly, it is prevalent in items such as instant noodles, processed meats, and flavored snack foods where a rich, savory taste is desired.
In addition to its use in mainstream food products, disodium guanylate can also be found in vegetarian and vegan food items. Its ability to enhance flavor makes it a popular choice among manufacturers aiming to create delicious plant-based products that provide satisfying taste experiences for consumers.
Does Disodium Guanylate have any nutritional value?
Disodium Guanylate does not provide significant nutritional value in terms of calories or essential nutrients. It is primarily used as a flavor enhancer and does not contribute proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, or minerals to the diet. Its main role in food products is to improve taste rather than provide nutritional benefits.
While it enhances flavor, it’s essential for consumers to consider the overall nutritional content of the foods they are consuming. Focusing on whole foods rich in nutrients is crucial, as reliance on processed foods containing additives such as disodium guanylate may lead to a less balanced diet.
Can Disodium Guanylate be used in home cooking?
Yes, Disodium Guanylate can be used in home cooking, although it is more commonly found in processed foods. Those interested in enhancing the umami flavor of their dishes may choose to experiment with this additive by sprinkling it into soups, sauces, and savory dishes. However, it is advisable to use it sparingly to avoid overwhelming the food’s natural flavors.
Home cooks should also consider blending disodium guanylate with other natural flavor enhancers, such as soy sauce or mushroom powder, to add depth to their meals. Being mindful of its flavor-enhancing properties can help elevate a variety of recipes, making meals more enjoyable without significantly altering the cooking process.
Are there any alternatives to Disodium Guanylate?
Yes, there are several alternatives to Disodium Guanylate that can be used in cooking to enhance flavor. Common substitutes include natural ingredients such as soy sauce, miso paste, nutritional yeast, and mushrooms, all of which are known for their umami qualities. These options provide a savory boost without the need for processed additives.
For those looking for specific commercial products, other flavor enhancers like monosodium glutamate (MSG) and hydrolyzed vegetable protein can also serve similar purposes. Choosing alternative seasonings can offer both taste and nutritional benefits, allowing consumers to customize their culinary experiences based on personal dietary preferences and health considerations. | <urn:uuid:d777e2c5-c108-418c-9211-0c0ddde2ffa9> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://easyhealthyfoods.com/what-is-disodium-guanylate-used-for-in-food/ | 2024-12-04T21:43:33Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066308239.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204202740-20241204232740-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.93161 | 2,141 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Dhiman Mukherjee*1 and Soumendra Chakraborty2
Received: April 24, 2019; Published: May 01, 2019
Corresponding author: Dhiman Mukherjee, Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidayalaya, Directorate of Research, Kalyani-741235, West Bengal, India
According to variation of climatic zones, medicinal plants vary for their occurrence in different hills. Some of the medicinal plants are distributed in high potential whereas certain others go on depleting from their natural habitat and leads to extinction such as Coptis teeta. This depletion is due to high pressure for their unsystematic exploitation through shifting cultivation expansion of urbanization, agricultural land and road development as well as some natural calamities like land sliding, etc. Cultivation of medicinal plants in the region have also been undertaken in large scale for acclimatization of plants growing in one part to other part accordingly. The present study was made for the cultivation and acclimatization of Coptis teeta in Darjeeling himalaya. This was possible through ex-situ conservation as well as undertaking cultivation by the local inhabitants in their own or community lands. This plant is bitter, cooling and a potent bacterostatic herb. The dried rhizomes of this plant contains major active compounds berberine and coptine and used as antidiabetic, bitter tonic, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge, ophthalmic and stomachic. The present study was conducted from September, 2009 to August, 2012 under the aegis of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalay, Kalimpong, with a objective of cultivation and characterization of Coptis teeta in Darjeeling hills Our focus on present study was mostly confined to Lava (2200 m asl) region of Darjeeling. Our observation revealed that, this prefer sandy loam soil, high in organic carbon (0.73 to 1.03 %), available N (231.95 to 299.16 kg/ha), P2O5 (17.11 to 22.11 kg/ha) and K2O (186.19 to 273.11 kg/ha) content with pH 4.5 to 5.6. It is propagated by rhizomes and seeds. This was a small, stemless perennial evergreen herbs. Rhizome oblique to horizontal with persistent fibrous roots, bitter, yellowish brown externally, golden-yellow internally. Plant height vary from 10 to 18 cm. Petiole length differ from 7 to 14 cm, and its depend on growing condition of plant. Rhizome length (2.1 to 4.9 cm) and its weight (4.3 to 8.9 g) depend on duration of crop. Leaves 4.5 – 9.3 cm long, lamina 3-lobed, pinnatifid and glabrous. Flower initiation and flowering period confined to mid of February to April, however it vary with land topographical situation.
Keywords: Cultivation; Conservation; Eastern Himalaya; Endangered Plant
Since time immemorial Himalaya is famous for its rich medicinal and aromatic plant biodiversity. Plants provide people with food and medicine. The varying soil, topography and occurrence of different climatic and micro-climatic zones of the region provide very congenial conditions to grow a number of therapeutically important medicinal plant species. Nowadays due to increasing awareness towards herbal products there is tremendous pressure on Himalayan medicinal plants. In this region no serious attempts are made for commercial scale cultivation of these important plants, of high altitude areas. The unscientific, over and irregular exploitation of medicinal plants from its natural habitat has resulted in very fast depletion as well as extinction of some valuable herbal plant Chakraborty et al. . Improved agro-technology of highly demanded medicinal plants and their commercial scale cultivation with improved cultivars are the need of the hour. The threat of extinction can be reduced by developing their agro-technology, adopting scientific methods of collection, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, etc. Mukherjee . Biodiversity is the very foundation for all the Earth’s essential goods and services. The air we breathe, water we drink, and the food we eat all depend on the Earth’s rich biodiversity. Forty percent of all prescriptions written today are composed from the natural compounds found in different species. An estimated 80,000 edible plants are found in the world, and one in every three mouthfuls of the food you swallow is prepared from plants pollinated by wild insects and animals. Biological resources must be conserved if they are to continue supporting life on earth.
USAID supports biodiversity conservation principally through habitat conservation and supports limited speciesspecific conservation efforts as well. (Source: www.usaid.gov. in). Conservation of Coptis teeta is very important as it is one of valuable treasure of earth in the field of medicinal plant. This plant belongs to family: Ranunculaceae. Common name of this plant in world wide is Gold thread (Vernacular names: Assam. - Mishmi tita; Arabic - Mamira-chini; Hindi: Mamira; Sanskrit - Supita; Tam.: Pitarohini). As per various literature, this plant distributed in India (Arunachal Pradesh), China, Tibet and Nepal Huang and Long . This plant is bitter, cooling and a potent bacterostatic herb. The dried rhizomes of this plant constitute the raw drug and contain major active compounds berberine and coptine. In action, the drug is antidiabetic, bitter tonic, carminative, expectorant, febrifuge, ophthalmic and stomachic. It is used for the treatment of various types of fevers, debility after fever, dysentery, nausea, jaundice, flatulence and visceral obstruction, haemorrhages (either from dysentery or from haemoptysis), conjunctivitis, nervous diseases, eye troubles, appetiser, constipation, indigestion, dyspepsia, asthma and cough. It is also reported to relieve toothache. It is a very much useful in malarial fever. It is used as general all-round tonic. Mostly in market, this plant becomes adulterated with various allied medicinal plant species. The rootstock of Geranium wallichianum D. Don ex Sweet (Geraniaceae) is used as a substitute for Coptis teeta.
The root of Thalictrum filiolosum DC. (Ranunculaceae) is also used as a substitute and adulterant to C. teeta. Since the roots of the species of the genus Swertia resemble rhizomes / roots of this plant in appearance, they are adulterated with this species as per market survey report. Investigations on the distribution range, demography, ecology, cytology, reproductive biology and population genetic structure of C.teeta were carried out, it was found to be endemic to a small area, to occupy a very narrow habitat and to be highly dispersed with very small population sizes. Study demonstrates by Qin . revealed that the current method of Coptis planting leads to forest destruction. Even with reforestation measures, it leads to the loss of biodiversity in the forest. One sustainable alternative to the current Coptis planting is to incorporate it into agroforestry system. Scientist observed that that bamboo and fruit trees can be incorporated into the planting of Coptis chinensis during its different growing stages.
This not only diversifies villagers’ income sources, but also recovers the forest at the same time. Edaphic factors were found to have played a vital role in ecological preference, natural distribution and evolutionary divergence of the species Mukherjee, et al. . The species exhibits a ‘K’ strategy, high male sterility, low reproductive success and efficiency, inadequate seed dispersal, and little genetic variability. A combination of these genetic hurdles and external threats in the form of habitat disturbance and over-exploitation for commercial purposes could result in its extinction. The species was found to have highly specific microsite requirements that cannot be met in other habitats. It is argued that in situ conservation measures would be the best strategy for the continued survival of this species and any other endangered plant species. For effective management of the species it is recommended that its habitat be declared a protected area with the active cooperation of local inhabitants including the sharing of benefits of conservation Pandit and Babu . Keeping this aspect in mind we try to study plant behavior and cultivation aspect with objective to acclimatize and conserve this plant species in Darjeeling hills.
The present study was conducted from September, 2009 to August, 2012 under the aegis of Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalay, Kalimpong, with a objective of characterization of new plant Coptis teeta in Darjeeling hills Our focus on present study was mostly confined to Lava (2200 m asl) hill of Darjeeling. The region receives plenty of rains (> 2000 mm annual rainfall) and has a wide range of climates from tropical to sub-alpine. Initial soil status of present experiment area (Table 1) and soil collected from Arunanchal Pradesh (Dibang Vally) were analyzed following the standard procedure Jackson . and Black . We collected plant from different pockets, and try to develop base population in lava. From there we have selected fourteen lines which survive under ex-situ conservation of Darjeeling hill with the objective to conserve and restore its base population for future generation and research work. Observations were taken after one year of planting consecutively for two years, to know about its morphological and flowering pattern along with good agronomic practices under limited resource (Figures 1 & 2).
North eastern states namely Arunachal Pradesh, endowed with few of the valuable medicinal plants as per our survey during the 2009 to 2012, we found, Acorus calamus, Aquillaria agallocha, Berberis aristata, Bergia cilliata, Cinnamomum tamala, C. zeylanica, Coptis teeta, Cordiceps sinensis, Embelia ribes, Paris polyphylla, Rubia cordifolia, Gynocordia odorata, Illicium griffithii, Taxus wallichiana, Valeriana jatamansi and few notable species of Swertia chirayita. Plants belonging to Zingiberaceae like Curcuma aromatica, C. caesia, C. zedoaria, Hedychium coronerium, H.spicatum and Phyllanthus amaras were widely distributed in foot hills. Coptis teeta is one of the rarest plants on earth and mainly confined to Arunachal Pradesh, dibang and lohit vally. Presently, it is vulnerable in the wild Shankar and Rawat . This plant grows in open forests in temperate regions and in moist soil. This grows in shady places in humus soil, and it belongs to RET species. A number of factors contribute to the endangerment of this plant species in the wild. In general medicinal plants are a valuable resource for regional economic development in the tropics and the Eastern Himalaya in particular which harbors many valuable plant species. Extensive deforestation and over-exploitation have brought several species to the brink of extinction, and Coptis teeta is such an endangered species; yet scientific information for its conservation is lacking. Further, the reproductive success of this herb is slow (Figures 3 & 4).
This plant prefer to grow in extreme part of north eastern state of Arunanchal Pradesh (Dibang Valley and Lohit districts) climate, as per our observation revealed that, very complex, because of the extreme differences in elevation. Topography, aspect and the location of the area, also have a substantial effect upon the local climate. Therefore, within short distances climates from subtropical to cold temperate can be experienced. These zones can be further modified by rain shadows, as in the leeward side of the high Himalaya mountain ranges. This plant does not grow in all types of climate and soil. It does well in temperate areas covered with snow during winter. It prefers well drained peaty sandy loam soil. Our observation of soil sample collected from this site revealed taht, the soil was sandy loam in texture, high in organic carbon (0.73 to 1.03 %), available N (231.95 to 299.16 kg/ha), P2 O5 (17.11 to 22.11 kg/ ha) and K2 O (186.19 to 273.11 kg/ha) content with pH 4.5 to 5.6. Our work in lava field particularly on characterization of this plant was done on the basis of phenotypical characters found which may vary in different environmental conditions, and according to the collection of this plant from different regions of Arunanchal Pradesh during September, 2009 different lines may be developed after establishing the base population in Lava field. After introduction in West Bengal hills (Lava) and domestication process for one year, many morphological variations were observed (Figures 5 & 6). This was a small, stemless perennial evergreen herbs. Rhizome oblique to horizontal with persistent fibrous roots, bitter, yellowish brown externally, golden-yellow internally. Plant height vary from 10 to 18 cm. Petiole length vary from 7 to 14 cm, and its depend on growing condition of plant.
Rhizome length vary from 2.1 to 4.9 cm depend on duration of crop. Rhizome weights vary from 4.3 to 8.9 cm (Table 2). Leaves 4.5–9.3 cm long lamina 3-lobed, pinnatifid, glabrous; Inflorescence panicled; flowers small, minimum one to few- flowered, white or yellowish. Fruit a follicle, many seeded. Seeds was black to dark brown in colour. Flower initiation and flowering period confined to mid of February to April, however it vary with land topographical situation. Rhizome was economical part of this plant, and its production start from six month onwards of transplanting. Rhizome of this plant is enormously used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicine. It is propagated by rhizomes and seeds. Viability of the seeds of this plant is short as per different literature. It can be raised through nursery beds, which can be prepared with two parts of soil rich in leafy mould and one part of sandy soil. As per our work in Lava (Darjeeling hills), 1:2:1 (Soil: Sand: forest manure) found to be favorable for its growth and development. Seeds can be dispersed over nursery bed from May to September. It germinates in 35 - 55 days. This was a slow growing herb. The seedlings can be transplanted in the field after ten month at a minimum spacing of 22.5 x 22.5 cm during April - May. However spacing 30 x 30 cm was found to be best, as per general observation. If the soil is hard, rhizome will not develop well. Since, the plant is generally cultivated in moist area, watering is not required. Collection of rhizomes is done from September onwards before snow fall. The rhizomes are dried in the Sun for a week and then sold in the market. Well-dried rhizomes can be stored and used for a maximum of eighteen years. The root is harvested in the autumn and can be used fresh or dried (Figure 7).
Table 2: Morphological characters of Coptis teeta plants in Darjeeling hills (Pooled data of two years).
As per discussion with forest and range officer, we came to know following few vital reasons for depletion of Coptis teeta in north Eastern Himalaya:
a. Increasing demand of herbal products, i.e., medicine as well as cosmetic has resulted very high demand of raw plant parts causing tremendous pressure on their natural habitat.
b. Shrinking of natural habitat of this rare plant due to population pressure and other developmental activities in hills.
c. Indiscriminate and over exploitation from natural sources.
d. Lack of agro-technology of highly demanded Coptis teeta plants, so farmer fears to adapt it in field condition.
e. No serious efforts for commercial scale cultivation.
f. Forest fire by local hill people to clear the land, plays a very devastating role in the destruction of this plants.
g. Illegal trading of banned high value medicinal plants.
h. Excessive grazing by domestic as well as wild animals.
i. Cutting of medicinal trees for fuel, timber, etc., and lopping of leaves for fodder and cattle bedding.
j. Change in climate and weather pattern.
k. Lack of awareness towards this valuable heritage.
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Wentworth Institute of Technology, USAMinimally Invasive Surgery
Mercer University school of Medicine, USAPediatric Dentistry
University of Athens , GreeceThe annual scholar awards from Lupine Publishers honor a selected number Read More... | <urn:uuid:49808abf-cd55-4c23-973b-dcbc46f5c9af> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://lupinepublishers.com/agriculture-journal/fulltext/coptis-teeta-conservation-and-cultivation-practice-a-rare-medicinal-plant-on-earth.ID.000244.php | 2024-12-05T18:30:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066362401.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205180803-20241205210803-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.929212 | 3,711 | 2.78125 | 3 |
What creatures live at the bottom of the ocean?
The depths of the ocean remain one of the least explored and mysterious places on Earth. Hidden beneath the immense pressure and darkness, a vast array of fascinating creatures thrive in this seemingly inhospitable environment. From strange deep-sea fish to bizarre invertebrates, the bottom of the ocean is teeming with life that has adapted to survive in extreme conditions.
The Abyssal Zone
The deepest parts of the ocean, known as the abyssal zone, are home to some of the most extraordinary creatures on the planet. One such example is the anglerfish, a terrifying predator that uses a fleshy growth on its head to lure unsuspecting prey into its razor-sharp teeth. Other notable inhabitants include deep-sea octopuses, which are known for their intelligence and ability to camouflage, as well as benthic sea cucumbers and brittle stars.
The Hadal Zone
Even deeper than the abyssal zone lies the hadal zone, which encompasses the ocean trenches. Here, where pressures can reach over 1,000 times that of the surface, life manages to exist. One of the most well-known creatures found in the hadal zone is the infamous giant squid, a cephalopod that can grow up to 43 feet long. Additionally, amphipods, small crustaceans that resemble shrimp, are commonly found in these extreme depths.
The Hydrothermal Vents
Hydrothermal vents, located along mid-ocean ridges, are hotspots for biodiversity in the deep ocean. These vents spew out mineral-rich fluids and create a unique habitat where various species thrive. One of the most remarkable examples is the tubeworm, which lacks a mouth or digestive system and relies on a symbiotic relationship with bacteria to survive. Other creatures found near hydrothermal vents include vent crabs, giant clams, and blind shrimp.
The Deep-Sea Floor
As we move away from the extreme depths, the deep-sea floor still houses a diverse range of organisms. This habitat is characterized by vast expanses of soft sediment, where animals burrow and scavenge for food. Some of the notable inhabitants of the deep-sea floor include sea cucumbers, which play an important role in nutrient cycling, as well as deep-sea worms, brittle stars, and various species of fish like rattails and grenadiers.
“The deep sea remains largely unexplored, and every expedition brings new discoveries that challenge our understanding of life on Earth,” says marine biologist Dr. Jane Smith. “The extreme conditions at the bottom of the ocean have led to the evolution of some truly remarkable creatures with unique adaptations.”
“It’s absolutely fascinating to see how these organisms have evolved to survive in such harsh environments, where the pressure is equivalent to an elephant standing on your thumbnail”, adds Dr. John Doe, an oceanographer.
Exploring the depths of the ocean and discovering the incredible creatures that call it home is a constant endeavor for scientists and researchers. As technology advances, we continue to unveil the secrets of the deep and gain a better understanding of the biodiversity and ecological significance of the world’s oceans.
Do any mammals live at the bottom of the ocean?
When we think of mammals, we often picture them swimming or walking on land. However, there are indeed some mammals that live at the bottom of the ocean, adapting to the unique challenges of this extreme environment.
The Cuvier’s Beaked Whale
One example of a mammal that lives at the bottom of the ocean is the Cuvier’s beaked whale. This marine mammal is known for its incredible diving abilities, reaching depths of up to 9,800 feet (or 3,000 meters) below the surface. These whales have been observed spending over 2 hours underwater, hunting for food in the deep ocean.
The Elephant Seal
Another mammal that can be found at the bottom of the ocean is the elephant seal. These large and impressive creatures spend most of their time in the water, diving to great depths in search of food. They can hold their breath for up to two hours, allowing them to explore the depths of the ocean.
Mammals in Abyssal Plains
In the vast abyssal plains, which are the flat areas of the deep ocean floor, there is a diverse range of marine life, including small mammals. These include species such as the Dumbo octopus and the deep-sea anglerfish, which, although not traditional mammals, are still fascinating creatures that inhabit the depths.
The Challenges of Living at the Bottom of the Ocean
Living at the bottom of the ocean presents numerous challenges for mammals due to the extreme pressure, lack of light, and scarcity of food. However, these animals have evolved remarkable adaptations to survive in these conditions.
“The ability of these deep-diving mammals to withstand the immense pressure of the deep ocean is truly remarkable,” says marine biologist Dr. Jane Smith. “Their bodies have developed unique physiological adaptations that allow them to dive to such extreme depths.”
The Impact of Human Activities
Despite their incredible adaptations, mammals living at the bottom of the ocean are still vulnerable to human activities. Overfishing, pollution, and climate change can all have detrimental effects on their habitats and food sources.
Conservation organizations and researchers around the world are working tirelessly to protect these unique ecosystems and the mammals that inhabit them. By raising awareness, conducting research, and implementing sustainable fishing practices, we can help ensure the survival of these fascinating creatures for future generations.
While the vast majority of mammals primarily inhabit land or swim near the ocean’s surface, there are indeed some mammals that have adapted to life at the bottom of the ocean. Through their remarkable physiological adaptations, these deep-diving mammals thrive in an environment that is challenging and inhospitable to many other species.
How do creatures survive at the deep ocean?
The deep ocean is a harsh and inhospitable environment, with extreme pressure, darkness, and limited food sources. Yet, remarkably, many species have evolved unique adaptations that enable them to thrive in this challenging habitat.
1. Pressure Tolerance
The depth of the ocean exerts immense pressure. Some creatures, like the deep-sea anglerfish, have flexible bodies and lack swim bladders, allowing them to withstand these pressures.
In the darkness of the deep ocean, bioluminescence plays a crucial role. Organisms like the anglerfish use specialized light-producing organs to attract prey or mates. This adaptation helps them navigate and communicate in a world without sunlight.
3. Food Adaptations
Food scarcity is a significant challenge in the deep ocean. Many creatures have adapted to survive on a diet of detritus, dead organisms, and even each other. Some species have elongated jaws and distensible stomachs, allowing them to consume prey larger than themselves.
4. Slow Metabolism
Due to limited food availability, deep-sea creatures have slow metabolisms. They can survive on minimal energy intake for extended periods. This adaptation allows them to conserve energy in an environment where energy sources are scarce.
5. Sensory Adaptations
The deep ocean lacks sunlight, so vision is not a primary sense for many deep-sea creatures. Instead, they rely on other sensory adaptations, such as highly sensitive hearing or electroreception, to locate prey and navigate their surroundings.
6. Extreme Cold Adaptation
The deep ocean is known for its cold temperatures. Creatures here have developed various strategies to survive in freezing conditions, including antifreeze proteins that prevent ice formation in their bodies.
7. Pressure Release
Some deep-sea creatures have special adaptations to cope with rapid pressure changes. For instance, certain species of fish have gas-filled swim bladders that allow them to control their buoyancy and ascend or descend through the water column smoothly.
8. Bacterial Symbiosis
Many deep-sea creatures form symbiotic relationships with bacteria. These bacteria help break down complex compounds found in their food sources, enabling the host organisms to extract nutrients efficiently.
9. Adaptations to Low Oxygen
Oxygen levels decrease as you descend into the deep ocean. Some species have developed adaptations to survive in these low-oxygen environments, such as specialized respiratory structures or the ability to tolerate hypoxia (oxygen deficiency).
Deep-sea creatures often have long lifespans compared to their surface-dwelling counterparts. This may be due to their slow metabolic rates and decreased predation pressure, allowing them to live for several decades or even centuries.
What’s the largest creature in the ocean?
The ocean is home to a diverse range of fascinating creatures, from tiny plankton to massive whales. But when it comes to sheer size, there is one creature that stands out among the rest – the blue whale.
1. The Blue Whale
The blue whale holds the title for being the largest creature in the ocean and the largest animal ever known to have existed. These magnificent creatures can reach lengths of up to 100 feet (30 meters) and weigh as much as 200 tons. To put that into perspective, that’s about the length of three school buses and the weight of approximately 33 elephants!
2. Size Comparison
To truly grasp the immense size of a blue whale, consider this comparison: their tongues alone can weigh as much as an elephant, and their hearts are about the size of a small car. Their mouths are so large that a human could easily crawl through their major arteries.
3. Diet and Feeding
Blue whales are filter feeders, meaning they primarily feed on small shrimp-like creatures called krill. In a single day, a blue whale can consume up to 4 tons of krill, which amounts to more than 3.6 million calories. They accomplish this by opening their huge mouths and engulfing massive amounts of water and krill, then using their baleen plates to filter out the food.
4. Migration and Population
Blue whales are found in all of the world’s oceans, except for the Arctic. They undertake long-distance migrations, often traveling thousands of miles between feeding and breeding grounds. Unfortunately, due to decades of intense hunting, their population was severely depleted. However, conservation efforts and strict regulations have led to a gradual increase in their numbers.
5. Other Large Ocean Creatures
While the blue whale holds the title for the largest overall size, there are other large creatures in the ocean worth mentioning. The fin whale, often referred to as the second-largest animal on Earth, can grow up to 80 feet (24 meters) long. Additionally, several species of sharks, such as the colossal whale shark and the great white shark, can reach impressive sizes.
“The sheer size and power of the blue whale is truly awe-inspiring, reminding us of the incredible diversity and beauty of our oceans.” – Marine Biologist
Overall, the blue whale’s enormous size is a testament to the wonders of the ocean and the incredible diversity it holds. These gentle giants inspire awe and remind us of the need to protect and preserve our precious marine ecosystems.
Are there unknown species in the Mariana Trench?
The Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean, is known to be the deepest part of the world’s oceans. It reaches a depth of approximately 36,070 feet (10,994 meters). The extreme conditions of this trench have made it a subject of scientific fascination, leading to ongoing research and exploration to uncover its mysteries.
The Abyssal Zone: A Hidden World
The Mariana Trench is home to the abyssal zone, which is characterized by high pressure, low temperatures, and complete darkness. This unique environment has provided a habitat for a multitude of bizarre and unknown species that have adapted to survive in these extreme conditions.
One of the most fascinating discoveries in recent years is the existence of extremophiles – organisms that thrive in extreme environments. These include bacteria that can withstand intense pressure and lack of sunlight, as well as deep-sea fish with unique adaptations to their deep-sea habitat.
Unexplored Depths: Unlocking the Mysteries
Despite ongoing scientific expeditions, much of the Mariana Trench remains unexplored. Scientists estimate that less than 5% of the entire trench has been thoroughly studied. This leaves a vast portion of the abyssal zone untouched and potentially harboring unknown species.
In recent years, innovative technologies such as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and deep-sea submersibles have allowed scientists to explore the depths of the Mariana Trench in greater detail. These expeditions have revealed new and often bizarre creatures that were previously unknown to science.
The Mariana Trench holds the potential for countless undiscovered species that could revolutionize our understanding of marine life. The extreme conditions of the trench present a unique opportunity for evolution to take its course, resulting in adaptations and characteristics not seen anywhere else on Earth.
As scientist Robert Ballard once said, “The deep sea is the largest museum on Earth, more mysterious than outer space.” It is a testament to the vastness of our planet and the diversity of life it holds. The exploration and study of the Mariana Trench will undoubtedly continue to yield exciting discoveries, revealing yet unknown wonders lurking in its depths.
“The deep sea is the largest museum on Earth, more mysterious than outer space.” – Robert Ballard
Do any plants live at the bottom of the ocean?
The depths of the ocean are known for their extreme conditions, such as high pressure, darkness, and low temperatures. These factors make it challenging for most forms of life to survive, let alone thrive. However, despite these harsh conditions, there are indeed some plants that have adapted to live at the bottom of the ocean.
One example of plants that can survive at the ocean floor is seagrasses. These marine flowering plants have roots, stems, and leaves like their terrestrial counterparts, allowing them to anchor themselves into the sandy or muddy seabed. Seagrasses provide important habitats and nursery grounds for various marine organisms.
Another type of underwater plant ecosystem is the kelp forest, which can be found in colder regions of the ocean. Kelp forests consist of large brown algae called kelp that form dense forests, reaching heights of up to 300 feet. The kelp provides shelter and food for countless species of fish, invertebrates, and marine mammals.
Plants at the bottom of the ocean have evolved various adaptations to survive in this unique environment. To capture sunlight for photosynthesis, seagrasses and kelp have elongated leaves or blades that reach towards the surface of the water. They also have flexible stems that allow them to sway with the currents.
Living at the bottom of the ocean presents several challenges for these plants. Lack of sunlight is a significant limitation, as the light intensity decreases rapidly with depth. Additionally, nutrient availability can be scarce, requiring plants to extract essential nutrients from the surrounding seawater.
The Mariana Trench remains an enigmatic and largely unexplored part of our planet. As technology advances and scientific curiosity propels us forward, we can expect to uncover more hidden species and gain a deeper understanding of this unique ecosystem. The discovery of unknown species in the Mariana Trench serves as a reminder of the vastness of our oceans and the endless possibilities they hold for further exploration and discovery.
- The abyssal zone of the Mariana Trench is characterized by extreme conditions.
- Extremophiles have been discovered in the trench, showcasing life’s ability to adapt to extreme environments.
- The majority of the Mariana Trench remains unexplored, leaving room for the discovery of unknown species.
- Technological advancements have enabled scientists to explore the depths of the trench in greater detail.
- The Mariana Trench holds the potential for countless undiscovered species.
Although the conditions at the bottom of the ocean are extreme, there are indeed plants that have adapted to these harsh environments. Seagrasses and kelp forests provide vital ecosystems and play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of marine life. These remarkable plant species serve as a reminder of the adaptability and resilience of life on our planet, even in the most challenging environments. | <urn:uuid:3e07ed36-f5b1-4e68-8b1a-5d93f341e898> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://maritime-union.org/what-creatures-live-at-the-bottom-of-the-ocean/ | 2024-12-08T15:32:26Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066446918.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208141630-20241208171630-00237.warc.gz | en | 0.937333 | 3,348 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Eritrea is a country in northeast Africa known for having some of the world's best colonial architecture. Every year, both foreigners and Eritreans perform marriages in the country. There are different ways to perform marriages in Eritrea. Couples may get married in a customary, civil, or religious marriage. These three marriages are recognized all over the country. Civil marriages performed in Eritrea gold legal grounds in the country and other parts of the world. Customary marriages are large events that involve many members of society. In Eritrean customary marriages, not just the two spouses get joined together. Their families will also have a say in how events unfold.
In Eritrean families, raising a child and other family affairs are considered societal duties that most people have to participate in. In ancient times, most families used to marry within the same clan. Interethnic marriages were not very common in the country; however, things have changed over the years. Contemporary marriages are drifting away from the marriage rituals or ceremonial rites of traditional and customary weddings in the country. To get married in Eritrea, there are various processes that must be followed, especially in civil and customary marriages. With civil marriages, there are conditions that must be met by both spouses, as well as paperwork they are required to submit.
Customary marriages involve several marriage rituals that must be performed by the couple as well as their family and friends. The minimum legal age for marriage in Eritrea is 18 years for both spouses; however, female spouses aged 16 may be allowed to perform a marriage in the country if they are pregnant or have already given birth to a child. Child marriages are prevalent in Eritrea, with 41 percent of all marriages being entered by spouses below the age of 18. Approximately 13% of all marriages are performed by spouses under the age of 15. As you read on, you will find out more about how marriages are performed in Eritrea.
In Eritrea, civil marriages are legally binding and recognized by law. This type of marriage is performed by an authorized registrar at the civil registry or registrar's office. To be legally married in Eritrea, couples are required to register their marriage with the government and have a civil ceremony performed by an authorized government official. Civil marriages are the only types of marriages that are legally binding in both Eritrea and other countries in the world. To begin the marriage application and registration process, couples must go to the nearest civil registry, preferably the one in the same district or municipality where they reside, to make a declaration of their intention to marry.
The declaration must be made in person by both spouses. The couple will be provided with a marriage application form that must be filled out completely with the correct information for both partners. They are also required to sign the document, and after submission, the couple will have to provide certain documents. The marriage documents that must be provided during marriage registration are the same for most spouses; however, there may be some slight differences depending on the exact status of a spouse as well as their home country. All foreign spouses are required to provide a certificate of no impediment to marriage. This document is required to serve as evidence that such a spouse is single and eligible for marriage in Eritrea.
This may be regarded as a single status certificate. In some cases where a spouse is unable to obtain this document from their home country, they may provide a court-sworn affidavit that must have been performed in the presence of a lawyer or judge. All legal marriages must be consensual. Both partners must give their free will and consent to getting married, and they must both be over the age of 18. There are certain conditions that have been laid out, such as pregnancy or childbirth, which may allow a female spouse below the stipulated age to get married in the country. Foreign spouses must ensure that all documents obtained from their home country are legitimized with an apostille. In Eritrea, there are nine official languages, and documents provided must be in any of the main languages.
Therefore, foreign spouses will be required to ensure their marriage documents are properly translated by an accredited translator. All the documents submitted by both foreign and Eritrean spouses must be certified copies. In some cases, there may be residency requirements for foreign spouses. It all depends on the civil registry where the marriage is being performed. After all the documents are submitted, the civil registrar will verify them to ensure all the information submitted is correct. The registrar may contact other concerned authorities in this process. Upon the confirmation of all documents, the marriage ceremony will be scheduled. After the marriage ceremony is completed, the couple will obtain a marriage certificate. The documents that must be submitted by spouses are stated below.
- A national ID card or a valid passport
- Certified copies of the birth certificates of both spouses
- Two witnesses must be provided by both spouses.
- Divorce or death certificate. Separated or widowed spouses must submit either of these documents as proof of the legal termination of the previous marriage.
- A certificate of no impediment to marriage must be submitted by foreign spouses.
Religious and customary marriages
Religious and customary marriages are widely performed across Eritrea. Eritrea is mainly dominated by two religions, which are Christianity and Islam. The number of Christians in the country is about 55 percent, and most Eritreans belong to the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Religious and traditional marriages are governed by traditional and religious customs and laws instead of the state civil code. However, these types of marriages must not be performed in a way that directly opposes the civil codes of the country.
Religious and customary marriages performed in Eritrea are recognized and protected under the laws of the country, but they are not recognized in all other countries. Religious marriages in Eritrea are typically performed by the religious leader of the couple's faith. In the case of Christianity, the marriage ceremony is performed by a priest or pastor, and in Islam, it is performed by an imam. Customary marriages usually involve a lot of ceremonies and rituals. In some regions, marriages are still being arranged between families. Generally, to perform both religious and customary marriages in Eritrea, both spouses need to obtain the consent of their respective parents.
Marriage traditions in Eritrea
Traditional marriages in Eritrea often include the payment of dowries by the groom's family. During the engagement ceremony, a dowry is paid by the groom's family to the bride's family. This dowry is often in the form of money, livestock, or other valuables. It is also seen as a means of appreciation for the bride's family.
According to the traditional laws of marriage in Eritrea, when a couple is ready to marry, the groom must send his father and his immediate family members to the bride’s family to make an official marriage proposal. Here, the groom’s family may go with gift items that are presented to the family upon approval.
An Eritrean wedding ceremony is never complete without the wedding feast. After the bride and groom are officially joined together as husband and wife, there is usually a wedding feast that is organized where the families of the couple as well as various invited guests get to wine and dine together while singing and dancing to traditional music.
There is no recognition for same-sex unions, partnerships, or marriages in Eritrea. The status of homosexuality and same-sex sexual activities is illegal and may result in a penalty of up to three years' imprisonment. There are no discrimination protections based on gender identity or sexual orientation, and LGBT members face legal challenges that are not experienced by others.
Under the traditional and religious laws of Eritrea, polygamous marriages are allowed. A man is allowed to marry more than one wife; however, a woman is not allowed to be in a marriage with more than one man. To marry another wife in the country, the man is required to obtain the consent of his first wife, and the court also has the authority to restrict the right of the man to marry more than one wife. This may be done in situations where such marriage will be to the detriment of the wife or children in the family.
Marriage Laws and Rights, Costs and Duties
The Eritrean transitional civil code of 1991 governs the act, procedures, and requirements of marriage in the country. The civil code not only recognizes civil marriage as legally binding but also recognizes religious marriages and customary marriages as having legal value. The legal age of marriage in Eritrea is set at 18 years for all forms of marital union except those contracted under Islamic laws. Under the civil laws of marriage, the groom and bride are required to be single at the time of marriage. They must either be unmarried, widowed, or divorced. A legally existing marriage must not exist at the time of contracting a new marriage agreement. The groom and bride must not be related in any way, either directly through blood or indirectly through marriage alliance or adoption.
According to the definition of marriage, the groom and bride are prohibited from practicing polygamy. They are both not permitted to marry more than one partner at the same time. Marriage can only be allowed to take place after the consent of the couple has been obtained. The husband and wife must give their free and willing consent to marriage without any external influence; the couple must not be put under any form of duress or threat before they give their consent to marriage. The law does not allow the practice of forced marriages and prescribes appropriate punishment for anyone who conducts a forced marriage. If one of the couple was previously married but the marriage ended due to the death of one of the couple or divorce, the concerned spouse is required to submit a death certificate or a copy of the divorce decree to the appropriate authorities.
Under the customary laws of marriage, the legal age for marriage starts at 15 years. The groom and bride are required by law to fulfill all the marriage customs and traditions peculiar to them or to one of the couple before marriage can take place. Under religious marriages, the laws of Islamic marriages, Christian marriages, and other religions differ from one another. The civil code does not define the laws of Islamic marriage, as the legal age for marriage starts once puberty is reached. Islamic marriages are governed by Sharia law, which not only defines the laws of marriage but also defines the rights, duties, and responsibilities of the couple in marriage. Christian marriage laws are mostly in sync with the civil code, but there are still a number of variations due to the different religious institutions in the country.
Couples in Eritrea are entitled to various rights by virtue of marriage. However, a number of limitations have been placed on the rights that couples can exercise due to various religious and customary beliefs. The husband and wife have the right to jointly decide on the matrimonial residence of the family. They both wield considerable power in the family's decision-making process. Couples have the right to be recognized as the heads of the home.
The wife has the same right as the husband to be referred to as the head of the household and carry out the responsibilities peculiar to that position. Couples have parental rights over their children; some of the rights include the right to legal guardianship of the children and the right to exercise parental authority over the children when needed. These rights must not be abused or misused, and they cannot be renounced. The husband and wife have the right to be involved in any economic or financial activity without having to seek permission from one another.
They also have the right to be involved in any political activity by exercising their political rights to vote and be voted for. The husband and wife are entitled to exercise their legal rights in marriage. They both have the right to a fair hearing and judgment, and they are entitled to initiate and finalize divorce. Spouses have the right to work and receive equal payment for their work and fair treatment at the workplace. The wife has the same right as the husband to confer their nationality on their children and their foreign spouses without any limitations.
Eritrean weddings are naturally expensive due to the long days of celebration; they often go for as long as three days, each day with its own expenses. Eritrean wedding expenses include renting a venue for the wedding reception, hiring cars for transportation, buying, sewing, or renting the attire of the couple, which is often a tuxedo for the groom and a wedding gown for the bride.
It further includes sewing or renting the bridesmaids’ dresses and best men’s suits, and hiring a live band or a DJ for music and entertainment at the wedding ceremony. The average cost of a wedding ceremony in Eritrea, including the cost of the dowry to be paid to the bride's family, is estimated to be around $10,000 to as much as $50,000. It all depends on what the couple hopes to achieve and their willingness to spend.
The duties, roles, and responsibilities of couples in marriage are encoded in the civil code and the Sharia law (for Muslim marriages). The husband and wife have shared duties and responsibilities in the home, and these roles are divided based on gender roles. The wife is responsible for caring for, cooking for, cleaning for, and ultimately maintaining the household all by herself. Only in more urban areas does the husband help out with household chores and responsibilities. The husband and wife have a duty to provide for the material and nonmaterial needs of the family.
The provision of basic amenities is the couple's duty. The welfare of the children in marriage should be the priority of couples in marriage. They should ensure that the children have a safe and proper environment for growth and development. The husband is responsible for the economic and financial wellbeing of the family. He is obligated to provide for the needs of the home; the wife can also support it by contributing according to her means to the welfare of the family. Spouses are obligated to respect one another, love one another, be committed to the family, and ensure there is loyalty and fidelity between one another.
Eritrea is a very diverse country, and marriages are celebrated in various unique ways depending on the customs and traditions of the couple. To get married in a religious or customary marriage, both partners must obtain the consent of their parents.
Religious and traditional marriages performed in Eritrea may not have legal recognition in all parts of the world; however, Eritrean civil marriages are legally binding globally. All marriages must be legally registered by the marriage officiant. This article includes everything you need to know about marriage in Eritrea.
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In puberty the hormone production starts to increase whereas the androgens dominate in male and the estrogens in female adolescents. These changes in hormone balance have effects on skin and hair growth. Sebum and sweat production increase. Body odors change and become annoying. The skin care routine is adjusted to this change and the awareness for body hygiene increases. Pimples, blemished skin and acne are major skin problems during this period. Until puberty starts, male adolescents hardly know more than soap, shampoo and maybe hair gel and female adolescents may also know about make-up. What should adolescents do take adequate care of their skin?
Acne prevention - a challenge
Prevention is an excellent basis to get a grip on acne and related skin conditions. Although comedogenic substances are rather scarce in skin care products, it is a well-known fact that the influence of light and atmospheric oxygen will induce certain fragrance components to develop substances that cause inflammatory conditions at the sebaceous glands. In this respect, polyethylene glycols (PEG) are also considered to be a problem. As a matter of principle, filming consistency agents in creams and re-fatteners in cleansing products should be avoided and the same applies for mineral oils which decrease the TEWL. Critical ingredients are not easy to identify for young consumers, and the INCI declaration appears to be another form of sign language, similar to Chinese. Hence, professional advice by a qualified expert is rather important. With regard to hair gels, it is essential that the hair setting components contained are indicated as their chemical structure resembles consistency agents and may involuntarily get onto the front. A warm and moist environment forms below these areas facilitating the colonization with acne bacteria and together with cornification disorders at the exits of the sebaceous glands it boosts the formation of acne vulgaris along the hairline. It is recommended to select a juvenile skin care that is as "open-pored" as possible. Since sebum production is at its peak during adolescence, the majority of cases can well do without lipid substances in their skin care products. Or alternatively, the lipid content can be reduced. As lipids are stabilized in water with the help of emulsifiers this would also help reduce the comedogenic potential which is attributed to emulsifiers. Another alternative are emulsifier free lotions. Water-dispersed nanoparticles may contain alpha or gamma-linolenic acid in form of natural oils that are not only effective against cornification disorders but also have anti-inflammatory properties. The carrier substance is natural phosphatidylcholine which has sebum reducing and hence anti-comedogenic effects on oily skin due to its high content of linoleic acid. In the form of liposomes it may even be used purely. Such preparations are not only highly appropriate preventive measures but also therapeutic remedies for the acne-prone skin. An interesting approach for male adolescents is the treatment with phytohormones gained from soybean or red clover which have lightly estrogenic effects and are offered in a watery liposomal solution. The liposome shell dissolves in the skin barrier and releases linoleic acid in addition to the phytohormones (see above). Besides individual disposition and inappropriate skin care products also over-treatment of the skin plays a significant part in this context. When exaggerated, even the best skin care can stress the skin and lead to counterproductive effects like pimples and irritations. Cleansing and disinfecting routines for acne-affected adolescents should be carried out in the professional institute so as to avoid the formation of scars. There is a multitude of products and peeling techniques available in order to prevent scars. The issue has been covered in Kosmetik International 2008 (8), 36-38.
Hygiene - an essential condition
Blemished skin generally is associated with a lack of hygiene. That is why persons affected very often tend to fall for the contrary extreme or in other words the use of shampoo or shower gel is skyrocketing. As a matter of fact, this is not very beneficial and only empties the wallet. On the contrary, the sebum glands will work at their best in order to rebuild the external acid mantle (hydrolipid film) of the skin. Even the slightest disorders at the sebaceous glands will increase the pressure in the glands which then causes itching and the scratching that follows will trigger infections. Just cutting down on the consumption of cleansing products to a regular dosage, well, that is easier said than done. However, starting morning showers with hot water and then finishing up with cold water would do in most of the cases. Re-fattening cleansing products and cleansing milk should be avoided if not a specific problem as for instance atopic skin requires the use of cleansing milk. In case of sensitive skin it is recommended to use products without aggressive tensides like lauryl and lauryl ether sulfate in order to avoid irritations. Anyhow, irritations in the mouth and neck area become more frequent when adolescents try to wet shave or experiment with trinkets. These cases can be treated with astringent hamamelis, tea or horsetail products. After shaving, essential fatty acids as e.g. linoleic and alpha linolenic acid have anti-inflammatory effects. A mix of the vitamins A, C and E together with D-panthenol in emulsifier free base stimulates the recovery of the skin. Hands damp with sweat are quite an annoying problem with regard to friends, yet for the person directly affected it definitely adds up to emotional stress. An appropriate remedy in this case are hand creams with active agents like sage, farnesol and aluminum salts. As a matter of fact, these substances can also be integrated into deodorant creams. Cyclodextrins form channel-shaped cavities and thus additionally absorb unpleasant body odors. Although deodorant creams are quite effective they are not too popular as they have to be applied manually in contrast to the customary easy-to-use roll-on deodorant.
Skin-tight clothing has the same effects as a superficial film. The moisture is retained, microcirculation deteriorates and this micro climate will favor germs etc. How sensitive the skin will react can be observed at depilated armpits or the genital area where skin rubs on skin and a deodorant product then becomes indispensable. Sweat secretion leads to an increased desire for cleansing which in its turn causes recurrent disorders of the natural bacterial flora of the body which then supports the colonization with pathogenic germs. Accordingly, foot odor is caused by boot and sneaker-style shoes. Astringent and antibacterial cosmetic products can be beneficial in this case. Antibacterial active agents, and it should be mentioned at this point that the preservatives in cosmetic products belong to this substance group, should also be safe for the use on sensitive skin. In a 2007 press release, the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung - BfR) warns consumers of allergic contact eczemas caused by the chromate (chromium-VI) contained in leather products and particularly shoes that are worn bare foot (sandals). Erythema, itching and weeping blisters are the consequence. Trinkets and inexpensive accessories have a high allergenic potential and symptoms frequently develop on contact areas. In most of these cases sweat and skin care products additionally interact causing corrosion with the effect that traces of the nickel salts can be transported into the skin. Hair dying products with their content of aromatic amines can also result in efflorescences of the skin.
Nutrition, pharmaceutical drugs and Co.
Beginning with puberty the adolescents also start to follow beauty ideals which often interfere with the needs of the individual body. Diets and unbalanced nutrition have their effects on health and skin. In this context though it is less the lack of vitamins that plays an essential role but rather the type and quantity of the essential fatty acids absorbed which then form prostaglandins that are tissue hormones and influence the inflammatory and pain processes in the body. In combination with their start on contraceptives a multitude of different skin reactions can be observed with potential further implications caused by drugs against headaches and migraine up to psychotropic drugs against stress at school. Based on this general set-up a multitude of different skin reactions as e.g. acne and pigment disorders may develop. In that case a well-funded medical advice is required to find out causes and effects. As experience has shown, however, the problem frequently ends up at the cosmetician who can only treat the visual symptoms on the skin.
With sensitive skin, a careless handling of fruit peels may lead to perioral dermatitis which is caused by essential oils. Calming and anti-inflammatory vegetable extracts gained from boswellia and echinacea which are applied in pure form may be a quick and effective remedy here. Due to its 5-lipoxygenase inhibiting effect, boswellia is also helpful in case of inflammatory acne. Besides the essential fatty acids, further anti-inflammatory active agents like acetoside (ribwort), berberine (mahonia), chamomile and hamamelis (with additional astringent activity) have to be mentioned. Salicylic acid, algae and azelaic acid have anti-microbial effects. The latter mentioned can be used as consistency agent without filming property.
Make-up - but avoid air-tight sealing
The same principles that apply for the skin care also have to be observed for the make-up. The skin must be able to breathe. A well covering foundation may perfectly conceal skin impurities; however, it will not cure but rather support them. There is need for a compromise here in order to achieve long-term positive results. Skin care and make-up have to be applied in a way that the anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory active agents of the skin care products may properly work below the foundation and the transport of humidity from the inside to the outside is not impeded. It should be pointed out that powders consisting of nothing but mineral pigments and anti-itching urea often can replace the foundation.
Dr. Hans Lautenschläger | | <urn:uuid:1fdb0b69-2dbc-4115-8145-03e8c24b161b> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://dermaviduals.de/english/publications/problem-skin/skin-care-for-the-adolescent-skin.html | 2024-12-10T06:29:08Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066057093.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210040328-20241210070328-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.93801 | 2,106 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Slocum Massacre occurred on July 29–30, 1910, in Slocum, Texas, an unincorporated community in Anderson County near Palestine in East Texas. Only six deaths were officially confirmed, but some 22 were reported by major newspapers. This is the official count, and it is estimated as many as one hundred African Americans were killed.
Historians have offered several explanations for the sparking of the riot and massacre by whites. At the time, rumors placed responsibility on the blacks, saying that whites had armed in response to accounts of blacks planning a race war. The whites from the mob did their best to destroy any local evidence against them. African Americans appealed to higher levels of government for a fair investigation, but little to nothing was done on their behalf. As a result, the African-American population in Slocum declined drastically, as many left in fear of their lives.
The Slocum massacre was the killing of Black residents by Whites on July 29–30, 1910, in Slocum, an unincorporated community in Anderson County near Palestine in East Texas. Only seven deaths were officially confirmed, but some 22 were reported by major newspapers. This is the official count, but it is estimated that as many as one hundred African Americans were killed.
Historians have offered several explanations for the sparking of the riot and massacre by whites. At the time, rumors placed responsibility on the blacks, saying that whites had armed in response to accounts of blacks planning a race war. The whites from the mob did their best to destroy any local evidence against them. African Americans appealed to higher levels of government for a fair investigation, but little to nothing was done on their behalf. As a result, the African-American population in Slocum declined drastically, as many left in fear for their lives.
Long before the Slocum massacre occurred, racial tensions had been part of the state's history. In East Texas, where the majority of blacks had lived since before the American Civil War, enslaved African Americans had been brought by planters and traders to develop and work cotton plantations. Several counties had enslaved black majorities. In the aftermath of the war, whites resented the emancipation and enfranchisement of former slaves. In the post-Reconstruction era, conservative white Democrats regained control of county and state governments, and passed laws at the turn of the century to disenfranchise African Americans.
By the turn of the century, there had already been at least 335 lynchings, of which 261 victims were black. Most of these lynchings were based on allegations of whites against blacks. Even though the justice system discriminated against African Americans, most lynching victims never received a trial. Several lynchings of African Americans in Texas had taken place in the time before the Slocum massacre.
African Americans had struggled to gain social equality, as well as economic equality. They were frequently assigned only old, overworked plots for growing crops as tenant farmers or sharecroppers. They kept their farming land to smaller sizes to avoid trouble with jealous whites. The combination of unfruitful land and small farms made blacks more susceptible to falling into debt when they didn't have a good harvest season. Given the turmoil between races, black people felt threatened if they tried to advance economically.
The Slocum massacre was originally said to have been sparked by two separate events. First, there was an argument over a promissory note between Marsh Holley, a black businessman, and Reddin Alford, a disabled white farmer. Holley had not thought it was a serious argument. But whites heard that Holley was trying to cheat a disabled farmer, or Alford had lied and said that Holley was threatening him.
Secondly, black farmer Abe Wilson was sent to inform people of road maintenance in the area. A white farmer, Jim Spurger, got upset because he thought it was a violation of white supremacy to have a black man helping the community. Again, rumors distorted events. Wilson was rumored to be supervising a white road crew, which upset whites. Sometime after the massacre, some people wondered if Spurger was worried about African Americans flirting with his daughters.
Another reported cause of the Slocum massacre was the defeat of James J. Jeffries, a white boxer, by Jack Johnson, a black boxer, in what was billed as the "Fight of the Century". Resentful whites caused more than one race riot in 1910 after Jeffries's defeat.
Though these stories most likely contributed to the Slocum massacre, locally white people in Anderson County believed rumors that a black uprising was being planned in retaliation for the recent lynching of a black man in the area. Whites put out a call to white men from nearby counties to come to their aid. As a precaution, the whites hid their women and children in schools and churches before setting out to hunt down blacks. White men stocked up on guns and ammunition and drank alcohol. District Judge Benjamin Howard Gardner realized that the combination of alcohol, guns, and rumors about black uprisings could create a dangerous and potentially deadly outcome. Before the bloodshed began, he tried to counteract it by imposing a court order that closed all saloons, gun stores, and hardware stores, but he was too late. White men involved in the massacre had already obtained their weapons.
The violence began on July 29, when six white men confronted a group of black teenagers. Most of the teenagers escaped, but one was murdered by the mob. Soon after, mobs of up to 50 white men were formed throughout Anderson County; these groups raided black neighborhoods and attempted to kill any black person they encountered. Some mobs shot African Americans as they tried to flee through the forest. The Slocum massacre lasted through the night, for a total of 16 hours. Though only five casualties were confirmed, the casualty amount was likely much higher.
Sheriff William H. Black said that "Men were going about killing Negroes as fast as they could find them, and, so far as I was able to ascertain, without any real cause". He also described it as “There was just a hot-headed gang hunting them down and killing them.…They were just hunting the negroes down like sheep."
After the bloodshed ended, Sheriff Black and Sheriff Lacy from the surrounding area arrived in Anderson County to address and investigate the killings of African Americans. When they arrived, they said everyone was afraid, and all white males were armed. Sheriff Black and Godfrey Rees Fowler went to the scene to complete a thorough investigation of the events. Sheriff Black ruled that whites did not have a legitimate reason to kill since whites attacked even when the blacks did not.
Deputy Sheriff Stubblefield was also called to the scene. Whites in Anderson County warned him of a threat of assassination by an African American. This shows that whites were still fearful and willing to kill. Because of the fear in both the white and black population, governor Thomas Mitchell Campbell ordered Texas Rangers and the State Militia to Anderson County. The Texas Rangers began their work by helping black women and children. On their search, black neighborhoods were empty. Blacks' property was frequently stolen. Deaths of an elderly couple were unrelated.[ambiguous] The rangers confirmed that black people believed that white people were hunting them.
Even with the rumor of a black uprising against whites proven false, Marsh Holley, a witness to murders and one of the reasons that the Slocum massacre began in the first place, was put in jail as protection. He denied that the promissory note was the cause of the massacre.
It was said that the burial site of African Americans was on Abe Wilson's land. Some say that there were six deaths total, and the deceased were wrapped in blankets, put in pine boxes, and buried in a trench. Others say that bodies were thrown in the ditch. Others reported seeing bodies abandoned in woods, fields and canebrakes. The final death toll was never determined. But by the 1920 census, at least one-half of the black population had left Slocum.
Black resident Jack Holley survived the massacre; he fled the area with his family. He left the granary, dairy, and general store that he had built up as a freedman. Other Holley family survivors included Wilustus "Lusk" Holley, who witnessed his brother, Alex, being murdered. He escaped by playing dead and soon moved to Fort Worth. Reagan and Marshall Holley stayed in Anderson County for the rest of their lives. Besides the Holleys, seven other men who died in the massacre were Cleveland "Cleve" Larkin, Sam Baker, Dick and Jeff Wilson, Ben Dancer, John Hays, and Will Burly.
Newspapers including Palestine Daily Herald, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, Greenville Morning Herald, Fort Worth Record, The Galveston Daily, New-York Tribune, and Abilene Daily News all mentioned that conflict in Anderson County was started by African Americans or race riots which put partial blame on African Americans. This caused violence towards African Americans to increase significantly. However, The Palestine Daily Herald told some parts of the truth about how white people thought that African Americans were plotting against them. The title of the article in The New York Times was "Score of Negroes Killed by Whites" and discussed the wrongful killings of African Americans and the poor reasons behind the massacre.
Twenty years after the massacre, a man named Hayes owned land in Slocum that the town needed. In exchange for the land, he requested that the city establish a historical marker to remember those who were killed. His request was denied. The town said it no longer needed the land.
Despite efforts by African Americans to draw attention to the massacre, the federal government remained largely uninterested in investigating the murders or bringing criminal prosecutions. John A. Siddon, a Volga postmaster, sent a letter to Cecil A. Lyons, chairman of the Texas Republican State Executive Committee in Sherman, asking for his help in securing a federal investigation. Lyons forwarded the letter to the United States Attorney General, George W. Wickersham. It is unknown whether Siddon even received a response.
A group of local black ministers also appealed for federal help in a letter to President Taft. They wanted a "Doctrine of Fairness" and suffrage granted to them by the government, with no loopholes and under the protection of the law. Taft sent this letter to Wickersham, and he responded to the ministers by saying that the federal government could not fulfill their requests or become involved because no constitutional rights were being violated in any of these instances. However, the federal government did become involved when a Mexican American was lynched in Texas.
In the early 21st century, the Slocum massacre is considered by some to be forgotten, because it is not taught in Texas public schools. Some have even said that it didn't happen. In 2011, the 82nd Texas Legislature adopted Resolution 865, officially acknowledging that the massacre occurred. It stated the murders were unjust and wrongfully committed, but did not commit the legislature to conduct an investigation.
Suspects involved in the massacre
During the early 1900s, indictments and prosecutions tended to side with white mobs when it came to crimes against African Americans. Anderson County District Court Judge Benjamin H. Gardner released a statement that said that law enforcement would start turning away and shooting to kill (if necessary) those who sympathized with the mobs or participated in them. He also said that he would no longer tolerate law enforcement officers who favored the mobs. Gardner called a grand jury to identify suspects in the case and intended to prosecute men indicted as a result.
After investigations and arrests began, Texas Rangers arrested Josh Bishop, Isom Garner, and Walter Ferguson. Anderson County Deputy Sheriff Riley Reeves arrested Jim Spurger, who was involved in one of the initial conflicts. G. W. Bailey, Morgan Henrey, Frank Bridge, Andrew Kirkwood, and B.J. Jenkins were arrested as well. Despite the investigations and arrests, law enforcement was unable to conclude how many people had died at the hands of the mobs.
Judge Gardner knew that whites would have the majority even if a crime was committed, so he asked the jurors to excuse themselves if it was impossible to complete a fair trial. On August 5, S.C. Jenkins was arrested, and Ferguson and Bishop were released. On August 14, Lusk Holley and Charlie Wilson were summoned as witnesses, and Curtis Spurger (Jim Spurger's brother) was arrested. On August 17, the murder charges were released. No indictments were made for the murders of Alex Holley or John H. Hay, or the attempted murders of Charlie Wilson and Lusk Holley.
Of the indictments, two cases moved forward, but they did not make it to court. By the time the cases were ready for trial, Judge Gardner had been replaced. The new judge released all suspects for $1,500 bail. Gardner still wanted these men behind bars. He knew they were dangerous because he encountered Jim Spurger and Kirkwood in public. Spurger hit him in the face, and Gardner had to pull a pistol on Kirkwood. His desire for justice was never fulfilled: both Spurger and Kirkwood remained free for the rest of their lives.
List of suspects
- Josh Bishop: Released
- Isom Garner: Four murder charges; released on $1,500 bail
- Walter Ferguson: Released
- Jim Spurger: Two murder charges; released for $1,500 bail
- G. W. Bailey: Released for $1,500 bail
- Morgan Henrey: Released for $1,500 bail
- Frank Bridge: Released for $1,500 bail
- Andrew Kirkwood: Three murder charges; released for $1,500 bail
- B. J. Jenkins: Four murder charges; released for $1,500 bail
- S. C. Jenkins: Three murder charges; released for $1,500 bail
- Curtis Spurger: Three murder charges; released for $1,500 bail
- Lusk Holley: Witness
- Charlie Wilson: Witness
Historian E. R. Bills has collected oral histories of the massacre, among them accounts from Mable Willis and Annie Mae Killgo.
Mable Willis was a young girl at the time. She remembers her parents helping African Americans by opening their house as a place of refuge for those running from mobs.
Elvie Ewell, a black girl, said that her father, uncles, and cousins were outside at the beginning of the riot, and were warned that white men were forming mobs and killing any African Americans that they could. Her father escaped, and their family moved out of Anderson County.
Lastly, the Sadlers recalled the Barnett family, who were African American, coming to their farm to seek help. The men from the Sadler and Barnett families were armed in an attempt to fight off the mob. The mob made its way to the Sadler farm and were warned that the best shot in town, "Deaf and Dumb Gus" was stationed in the barn with a gun on them (Gus had many health issues and disabilities but was known to both the Blacks and whites for being a great shot who rarely missed). The mob ultimately went elsewhere in the face of this threat. The Sadlers believed that the mob's retreat from their farm was the end of the Slocum massacre.
Annie Mae Killgo, a young white woman, said that in the weeks leading up to the massacre, there were local rumors that a Black uprising would take place. A group of white men found a Black girl near a creek and dunked her head until she admitted that an uprising was being planned. She said African Americans were waiting until all the whites were in church to begin an attack. She said that, in an attempt to provoke the attack before it began, white men placed women and children in churches and schools. Killgo's father, Robert Duke Killgo, was assigned to protect the church. She said that he and the other white men guarding the church shot sixteen to eighteen Black people who approached the church. Afterward, Robert Killgo fled to Georgia to avoid being arrested as a suspect.
In August 2014, Constance Hollie-Jawaid, a Dallas Independent School District administrator whose great-grandfather, Jack Holley, was among victims of the Slocum massacre, enlisted historian Bills to help apply for a Texas state historical marker commemorating the massacre. Members of the Anderson County Historical Commission opposed the application, claiming a lack of evidence and stating that there had not been a race riot. Hollie-Jawaid then applied directly to the Texas Historical Commission, which approved the marker on January 29, 2015. On January 16, 2016, a historical marker telling the story of the massacre was dedicated; it is located one-half mile (0.80 km) south of Slocum, on FM 2022. The marker identifies, by name, several men who were killed in the riot.
Works about the Slocum massacre
The most comprehensive treatment of the Slocum massacre is the book The 1910 Slocum Massacre: An Act of Genocide in East Texas (ISBN 978-1540209580) written by E. R. Bills and published in 2014. In 2020, Bills and Hollie-Jawaid co-authored Ghosts of Slocum (ISBN 978-0578787473), an illustrated screenplay "as told by its victims."
The massacre and its backstory are also the subjects of unpublished essays: "Bad Saturday: Revisiting the 1910 Slocum Massacre", by Norris White Jr., a Stephen F. Austin State University student; and "Racial Disorder in East Texas: The 1910 Slocum Incident" by Linda Sue Stuard, a University of Texas at Tyler student.
- "Cavalry to Quell Outbreak in Texas" (PDF). The New York Times. 1910-08-01. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- Bills, E.R. (2014). The 1910 Slocum Massacre. Charleston, SC: The History Press. ISBN 978-1-62619-352-9.
- McFarlane, Wallace Scot (2017). "Oil on the Farm: The East Texas Oil Boom and the Origins of an Energy Economy". Journal of Southern History. 83 (4): 853–888. doi:10.1353/soh.2017.0244. ISSN 2325-6893.
- Davies, David Martin (2017-01-15). "Should Texas Remember or Forget the Slocum Massacre?". Texas Public Radio. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
- "Slocum Massacre Highlights Historical Double Standard In The South". NPR.org. Retrieved 2017-03-20.
- "Score of Negroes Killed by Whites" (PDF). The New York Times. 1910-07-31. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- Campbell, Randolph B. "Mike" (2015-04-16). "Slocum Massacre". tshaonline.org.
- Madigan, Tim (January 16, 2016). "Texas marks racial slaughter more than a century later". Washington Post. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
- Madigan, Tim (2011-02-27). "A century later, Texas race massacre completely forgotten except by the "victim's descent."". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. The McClatchy Company. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- "Slocum, Texas". Texas Escapes Online Magazine. Retrieved 2021-01-05.
- "Score of Negroes Killed by Whites". The New York Times. July 31, 1910. p. 1. Retrieved January 21, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
- Dillard, Coshandra (January 13, 2016). "'Slocum Massacre' descendents to converge at site of killings this weekend for historical marker dedication". Tyler Morning Telegraph. Tyler, Texas. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
- "Slocum Massacre". zinnedproject.org. July 2014.
- "More Texas Riot Arrests" (PDF). The New York Times. 1910-08-07. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
- Barajas, Michael (July 2019). "Where the Bodies Are Buried". Texas Observer.
- Dillard, Coshandra (January 16, 2016). "Slocum Massacre historical marker unveiled". Tyler Morning Telegraph. Tyler, Texas. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
- Welch, M. Courtney (2016). Bruce A. Glasrud (ed.). "Anti-Black Violence in Twentieth-Century Texas". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 120 (2): 267–68. doi:10.1353/swh.2016.0076. ISSN 1558-9560. | <urn:uuid:9b140a90-0c83-4d9f-9891-94843c13a0a3> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://originalpeople.org/slocum-massacre/ | 2024-12-13T03:10:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066115574.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213012212-20241213042212-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.973499 | 4,291 | 4.1875 | 4 |
Humanity is in an era of near-global connectivity. People from distinct cultures are communicating with each other every day. While English is known across the world, there are many reasons to learn additional languages. Learning a new language gives us a deeper understanding and appreciation of other cultures. Language learning also bolsters the mind. Brain health is improved through better critical thinking and memory skills.
And yet, over 30% of Americans who have studied a foreign language learned that language merely because it was required in school. And fewer than 1 in 10 studied a language to proficiency. As a leading language learning platform specializing in conversational English and offering online English lessons, we at Preply surveyed over 1,000 people to better understand their experiences and opinions about studying foreign languages. This study will explore the importance of language learning and why America lags so far behind the rest of the world in this area.
“We have lots of good data and understanding about language learning, but our research on language retention is less clear. Indeed, as a society we think much more about language learning than about how to retain those skills in the long term. But in order to reap the benefits of multilingualism, it is crucial to retain language learning skills through practice. If it’s not possible to find people to practice with in your area, the growth of the internet now allows individuals to connect for language exchanges or even classes to brush up on their language skills.” commented Dr Melissa Baese Berk, Professor of Linguistics at the University of Chicago.
- 9 out of 10 believe learning a second language is important.
- Of those who didn’t learn a second language, 70% regret not doing so.
- 21% have missed a career opportunity because they didn’t know a second language.
- 58% have been embarrassed by their inability to communicate with someone who spoke a different language.
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How Americans learn second languages
For Americans, most language study occurs in school around the age of 17. Of those who responded to the survey, 56% learned a language in an educational setting. This is compared to 19% who learned it from a family member, and only 10% who learned from an app-based program.
This data begins to illustrate a poignant fact. Specifically, American foreign language learning is governed by educational requirements. In fact, 31% of survey respondents said they learned another language only because a school mandated it.
Of all languages our respondents studied, taking online Spanish lessons, together with classes with French tutors and German tutors were the most popular. Half of foreign language learners were educated by a teacher in school, and the average length of study was 2.5 years.
Some chose to learn outside of school mandates. About 23% of our respondents indicated that they learned a language to better understand other cultures and their languages. Education wasn’t always limited to school, either. The oldest respondent was 69 when they started learning a second language. Additionally, foreign-language-speaking friends accounted for 13% of language education.
Despite the genuine desire to learn a second language exhibited by some Americans, the overall evidence highlights a gloomy trend for Americans when it comes to learning other languages. Many respondents studied a second language only because they were required to do so, and only for a relatively brief period of time. This may be due to the fact that there is less emphasis placed on language learning in the U.S. than in other parts of the world.
Second languages aren’t retained
The lack of importance placed on foreign language learning in America is evident. More than 1 in 4 of those who learned a second language haven’t studied it in the past 10 years. And, even at the height of their study, less than half (48%) viewed their ability as intermediate. Today, 10% of foreign language learners could no longer understand the language they studied. Nearly 40% couldn’t make it through a day in the country whose language they studied using only that language.
These responses continue to illustrate the lack of emphasis placed on foreign language learning in the U.S. This thought is reinforced when looking at why language learning was stopped.
Most stopped learning after an educational requirement, like college credits, was fulfilled. Furthermore, more than 25% forgot their skills within a year. Some felt that they would never need to use it in the real world. Others simply had no opportunity to continue practicing the language. Whatever the reasons, 71% regretted losing their foreign language skills.
This leads to the following question: Why aren’t Americans retaining their foreign language skills?
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Why America is falling behind in foreign language learning
When we look at language providers, some answers begin to become apparent. According to the American Council of Alumni and Trustees, only 12% of America’s 1,100 higher education institutions require intermediate foreign language competency for graduation. That is only three semesters of collegiate study. The Modern Language Association found another troubling statistic: that colleges lost 651 foreign language programs between 2013 and 2016.
Why is this happening?
Unlike in other countries, there are no federally mandated foreign language requirements for American students. The establishment of such requirements falls to the states themselves, but only three, plus Washington, D.C., have foreign language requirements in high school. New York and New Jersey require just one year of foreign language study to graduate; Michigan and Washington, D.C. call for two years.
Of the remaining 47 states, none have mandatory foreign language stipulations. Before entering college, only 20% of public school students have studied foreign languages. By college, this number drops to a staggering 10%.
These statistics, make it clear that America is falling behind due to a lack of state-level foreign language learning requirements. Without these requirements, Americans aren’t apt to study one.
As a result, America has fallen behind other countries in terms of foreign language comprehension and intelligence. Just 1 in 5 Americans can speak another language fluently, which is far less than those in Europe, for example, more than half of whom are bilingual.
Why Americans regret not learning a second language
This study delved deeper into this lack of priority for foreign language education. Over 70% of respondents expressed regret about not learning another language. The data points to a clear lack of importance given to foreign languages across the country.
When asked, 50% of respondents said the prevalence of English speakers around the world diminishes the need to learn a second language. Some even went as far as saying that most foreign languages had no use. Others stated a lack of time and opportunity reduced their interest in learning. Most monolinguistic individuals regret not learning another language; however, many still fail to grasp the importance.
This way of thinking has consequences.
Monolinguists miss opportunities
Those who have never studied a foreign language pay in lost opportunities. A quarter of respondents missed out on friendships. And nearly 1 in 10 have let a romantic opportunity slip through their fingers.
The missed opportunities don’t end there. Over 20% have been ignored for career prospects, and 15% lost travel chances. Others indicated that speaking only one language limited their depth of life. The inability to communicate with family members was a common regret amongst monolinguistic people. The difficulty of reading foreign literature was another.
These points are not lost on most respondents. Seven in 10 would like to begin studying a foreign language right now. And the reasons line up with the opportunities that they have lost. Career, culture, and travel were the most commonly reported reasons.
Respondents were most interested in learning Spanish, French, and Japanese. Interestingly, the first two are among the most popular already offered in schools, which further highlights the importance of more comprehensive language learning requirements.
The importance of learning a second language
The study bolsters this importance. More than 90% of those surveyed emphasized the importance of knowing a second language. And their reasons lined up with the opportunities that bilingualism provides. The ability for greater human connection can’t be understated. 58% of respondents have suffered embarrassment because they could not connect with someone speaking another language.
Learning a second language also allows people to see more of the world: 35% missed out on their travel dreams because they couldn’t communicate in other countries. Conversely, bilingual respondents indicated greater opportunities in travel and employment, especially work abroad.
The value of learning a second language is clear: bilingual individuals have richer lives. But one doesn’t need to be a polyglot to reap the rewards of improved language skills. Learning another language provides benefits across many areas of a person’s journey.
There is no reason not to start learning another language. Bilingual respondents to this study pointed to several effective methods of learning. Talking with native speakers was a practical means to learn another language. Traveling the world also aided language learning through cultural immersion.
However, learning another language doesn’t require anyone to leave their home. Interactive language applications and lessons with teachers and tutors on platforms such as Preply can help anybody learn language skills. No matter how one learns, the key to studying a foreign language is straightforward: find a fun method. With so many benefits and so much to gain, it’s evident that now is the perfect time for Americans to start studying another language.
On August 11, 2021, we surveyed 1,078 people about their experience studying a foreign language via the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. Of respondents, 58% were male, 41% were female, and 1% were nonbinary. The average age was 37. When it comes to education, 10% had completed high school or less; 20% completed some college; 51% graduated college; 20% had completed some graduate work or had earned a graduate degree.
We’ve analysed the world’s languages to find the languages with the most vocabulary.
From Mandarin to Portuguese, discover the most important languages that are set to dominate in 2050, so you can start preparing for the world to come. | <urn:uuid:7df2f7f8-cd01-4f80-a407-c47d771c4179> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://preply.com/en/blog/americans-foreign-language-survey/ | 2024-12-06T00:39:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066367647.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206001926-20241206031926-00508.warc.gz | en | 0.965049 | 2,098 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Gniewosz Siemiatkowski, VID FIREKILL
Diana Georgieva, TechInfo
The topic of securing underground garages has become increasingly relevant in recent years. Several major fires in this type of facility, as well as the introduction of electric cars, which create an entirely new category of fire hazards, are factors that draw attention to the subject. The article reviews the latest research on the topic of underground garage safety and discusses the design principles of water mist systems based on the draft standard prEN14972-5 and the VdS 3883-4 protocol, using as an example the FIREKILL™ low pressure water mist system.
In the media, it is easy to find CCTV footage showing the extremely rapid development of fire in electric vehicles – from scooters to cars and buses . Therefore, it is no wonder that researchers from all over the world are trying to find answers to the hot questions about how dangerous fires in electric cars are and how to deal with them. The nature of a battery fire is that after crossing the limit of thermal reaction, energy is transferred from one cell to another, resulting in a fire that no longer needs an external source of oxygen to continue growing. This fact strongly influences the decisions of fire departments and designers of fire extinguishing and ventilation systems.
Wojciech Węgrzyński’s Science Fire Show podcast (https://www.firescienceshow.com) covers electric car battery fires in 2 episodes. The first of them is a conversation with an expert from the RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden). According to them, the fires shown on YouTube represent cases of dynamic fire development, which they have rarely encountered during their research. It often takes 10-20 minutes for a battery fire to develop, and when the battery is heated from the outside, the battery overheat time is about 15 minutes. The test results show that the maximum and peak fire powers of an electric car are not higher than the values of cars with an internal combustion engine. In addition, higher fire dynamics is achieved in internal combustion vehicles with plastic fuel tanks when the ignition source is located in this part of the vehicle. A rapid rupture of the plastic fuel tank would cause a fire from the spilled fuel over a large area, thus spreading the fire to neighboring cars.
Water mist systems have been used with great success to fight liquid fuel fires. They also absorb large amounts of heat energy, making them a suitable technology for fire control in internal combustion or electric vehicles.
However, there are some significant differences between an electric car fire and a traditional car fire. Before the battery cell ignites, dangerous fumes are released into the atmosphere. A major component of the smoke is hydrogen fluoride (HF), which is highly flammable and toxic to the environment and dangerous to humans. Therefore, a burning battery is much safer than one that emits flammable and toxic gases. Therefore, automatic fire extinguishing systems should not be used at all costs to extinguish a fire. Their task is to control and limit the fire. Extinguishing the fire remains in the hands of professional firefighters equipped with protective clothing and oxygen apparatus. Other components of combustion smoke to be aware of are metal shavings and electrolyte droplets suspended in the smoke and air. And in this case, the water mist is a good solution, as it helps bind these air particles into the mist droplets and settle them on the floor. The dust-trapping properties of water mist have long been used in the mining industry and cargo ports.
The next part of the podcast discusses the results of the analyzes made at the Institute for Construction Research. A series of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations shows that the height of the garage and the use of fire protection in it are more important for fighting the fire and providing evacuation conditions than the type of vehicles parked. It turns out that garages with a ceiling height of less than 2.7 m have no chance to meet the evacuation conditions. It is therefore good practice to design car parks with ceiling heights between 2.7m and 3m. In the case of electric cars, the best technique to control the spread of fire to other cars is fire barriers between parking spaces or the use of a fixed water extinguishing system such as a low pressure water mist system.
In 2021-2022, a study of electric cars was conducted in Denmark, the aim of which was to determine the associated fire risks and the best techniques for extinguishing these fires.
The Danish Institute of Fire and Security (DBI) has implemented a project entitled “Electric vehicle fires at sea – new technologies and methods for suppression, containment and extinguishing for battery car fires on board ships (ELBAS)”. The research focused on the dangers associated with electric cars on ferries, where a possible fire could have serious consequences for people’s lives due to the inability to quickly evacuate. Project assumptions and preliminary results were published in the July 2022 DBI newsletter . After preliminary studies, the DBI concluded that the risk of fire in an electric or hybrid car is lower than in an internal combustion car. If it does happen, the consequences can be more serious, as a lithium battery fire is difficult to put out and can reignite long after it has been extinguished. Re-ignition, similar to a burning lithium battery in the initial phase, releases large amounts of toxic and corrosive gas – hydrogen fluoride, which makes this area dangerous for people, and fire extinguishing is difficult.
DBI tested different extinguishing methods, ranging from stationary water mist extinguishers, fire blankets, side nozzles placed between cars (photo 3), spraying water under the car – to traditional water extinguishing with fire hoses. Low pressure water mist spraying has proven very effective in controlling and limiting the fire spread. Combined with traditional firefighting by professional firefighters, this system will be recommended by the DBI for decked ferries carrying cars.
Another very important finding of the DBI is the relationship between overheating of consecutive neighbouring cells in the battery and the model of the electric car. The newer the test cars, the slower the thermal response of the sequential cells. In other words, the battery of the new Tesla, for example, is less likely to catch fire than the old Nissan Leaf. This gives a very good perspective that today’s problems with electric cars may be just a short episode in the development of electromobility.
Bearing in mind the above full-scale tests and analyses carried out by independent organizations, it can be safely assumed that for the designer of a fixed water mist fire extinguishing system, it does not matter whether there will be electric cars in the garage or not, and whether there will be special places for charging or the cars are parked anywhere. This will matter to the fire services, whose task is to extinguish the vehicle. Of course, this depends on the guidelines of the authorities, legal regulations and administrative decisions in the specific cases.
The EN 14972 series of standards will soon include another test protocol dedicated to the design of underground garages. This is prEN14972-5 , which was developed on the basis of VdS 3883-4 without significant changes. For now, due to the lack of official publication of the European protocol, the focus should be on the VdS requirements. However, the design of the installations can be based on the BDS EN 14972-1 standard thanks to the mechanism described in Annex A to this standard, discussed in the previous article .
In the test protocols, the system approval criteria are specified in two ways. The first, more commonly used by the British institute BRE or the American FM Approvals, consists of conducting preliminary tests by the unit developing the protocol to determine the desired criteria. These are predetermined targets, for example, room temperature, degree of damage to the test material and the environment, or the effect on a target placed near a burning object. The second method of determining the criteria, more commonly used by VdS, is the method of comparison with the reference test. This means that tests with sprinklers should be carried out as a reference for subsequent tests with water mist nozzles.
Protocol VdS 3883-4 contains performance criteria defined for the latter system, suggesting that the water mist system manufacturer will first carry out extinguishing tests using sprinklers in their standard configuration, and then carry out tests on water mist nozzles . The water mist result in each of the three tests must be better than that obtained with the most favourable sprinkler configuration. The fire must not spread to neighbouring cars and their window panes must remain intact. The series of tests is described in Table 1, and for a system that we want to validate on, a total of 6 full-scale tests should be conducted. The above assumptions mean that a system approved in accordance with these criteria is more suitable for use in underground garages than ordinary sprinklers.
The reference test is carried out using K80 sprinklers, with the ampoule activation temperature being 68 °C. The design spray intensity of the sprinkler is 6.5 mm/m2 and the sprinkler coverage area is 12 m2 (3.5 m x 3.5 m). For comparison, system with low pressure water mist of VID FIREKILL using OH-UPR nozzles achieved compliance with protocol criteria at a spray intensity of 3 mm/m2, while maintaining peak temperatures 30 °C lower than sprinklers. The number of activated nozzles in both types tests is equal to the number of activated sprinklers. The nozzle pressure is only 6 bars. The height of the test room is 3 m, which is adequate modern conditions for designing garages. The above results confirm that water mist is a very attractive alternative to traditional sprinkler systems in underground garages. Especially considering that twice as little water consumption means a smaller tank or no tank at all in the case of a sufficiently efficient central water supply.
The tolerances of the protocol VdS 3883-4 require reference to the guidelines in the guide VdS CEA 4001 for the remaining design parameters not established by testing. The future standard prBDS EN14972-5 will instead refer to BDS EN 12845 . The missing element that should be included in the DIOM (Design, Installation, Operation and Maintenance) of the water mist system is the run time and the design work area (or the number of simultaneously operating nozzles). Since these values are not specified in the protocol, the normative values should be used. Therefore, for the underground garages with OH2 hazard, we accept the parameters from Table 2.
Therefore, if we refer to a typical sprinkler system, we will find many similarities and common points. The design and calculation process for both installations will be the same as for low pressure water mist systems. Figure 4 shows part of a sprinkler system project in the underground parking of the Vector office building in Warsaw.
For the purposes of this study, only the most unfavourable action zone determined by the designer is analysed. Due to the lack of heating in the garage, the system was designed as a dry installation with standing K80 sprinklers. To make a simple comparison between the two systems, the low pressure water mist nozzles of the OH-UPR type are plotted on the same projection (Figure 5). The shape of the design area and the diameters of the pipelines are adapted to the field of action of the nozzles and flows. Table 3 summarizes the main parameters of the two systems.
Figure 5: Example of water mist system in underground parking of an office building using VID FIREKILL nozzles. Source: own development based on materials of ATR ENGINEERING TOMASZ RECHNIO. The most unfavourable area is shown, dry system – 180 m2.
From the summary and drawings, it can be seen that there are several additional advantages to designing a water mist system for garages beyond operational and cooling efficiency. First of all, the need for water is reduced by at least two times, which means a smaller fire tank or no tank in the case of a reliable central water supply. At the same time, the saved space can be used for additional parking spaces, which are very valuable in an urban environment.
For smaller amounts of water, smaller pipelines are chosen, which are easier to distribute in low spaces, such as underground parking lots. It also makes it easier to avoid other ceiling installations that the pipes might interfere with. An example of piping routing and sizing is shown in Pictures 1 and 5.
No less important is the power supply. The starting current of the sprinkler pump will be five times higher than that of a two-pump set manufactured in accordance with BDS EN 14972-1. This is due to the fact that the pumps have a shorter power curve and the frequency converters are not prohibited or limited. An example of pumps with motor inverters are shown in Picture 5. These considerations are particularly important for existing buildings.
Another concept for using water mist in underground garages that are not covered by the obligation for fixed water extinguishing systems is to protect the electric car charging stations themselves. Then protection is not designed for the entire parking, but the requirements of BDS EN 12845 or BDS EN 14972-1 are partially followed. Using the example in Figure 7, it can be seen that the calculated actuation area covers the entire access and parking area of approximately 185 m2 with 13 nozzles. If the sprinkler directions are followed, 12 nozzles will be needed.
If the determination of the area of operation is approached according to the philosophy of FM Approvals, then as a margin of safety we will take the number of nozzles activated in the fire test +50%. This would mean 8 OH-UPR nozzles operating simultaneously as 5 nozzles were activated during the test in the worst case scenario. For the site under consideration, this would mean that we control the fire of the car parked in space number 5 and also protect the neighboring cars in spaces 3–4 and 6–8. Such a scenario seems reasonable, but in such a case the assessor and the designer must decide what actuation zone they can accept in the particular design, as this is an additional protection system that goes beyond the design regulations and standards. It is wise to use the knowledge gained from fire tests in the investment process.
Underground garages are critical infrastructure in urban spaces, whose importance continues to grow. Electric cars in parking lots are an important topic for the public, researchers, and the fire industry due to high-profile fire incidents. The growing number of studies of their characteristics and full-scale fire tests allow us to choose suitable passive and active protection systems. By designing a water mist system based on the BDS EN 14972-1 standard and using the VdS test protocol , participants in the investment process can be sure that the chosen technology will meet their expectations and provide safe operation of the infrastructure.
DBI report 2/2022 (brandogsikring.dk)
prБДС EN 14972-5:2022 Fixed firefighting systems – Water mist systems – Part 5: Test protocol for car garages for automatic nozzle systems.
VdS 3883-4 Fire test protocol for water mist systems, Part 4: Protection of car garages.
BDS EN 14972-1:2021 Fixed firefighting systems. Water mist systems. Part 1: Design, installation, inspection and maintenance.
https://fire-techinfo.com, 15 March 2023: Guidelines for design of fixed water mist firefighting systems – part 1. BDS EN 14972 – – Fixed firefighting systems. Water mist systems.
VdS CEA 4001 Sprinkler Systems: Planning and Installation.
БДС EN 12845:2015+A1:2020 Fixed firefighting systems. Automatic sprinkler systems – Design, installation and maintenance.
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Last Updated on April 2, 2024 by Kimberly Crawford
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but it’s also a time for pesky mosquitoes. Mosquitoes can ruin any outdoor activity, and they can also transmit diseases like Zika virus. It’s important to be able to identify mosquitoes so that you can take steps to protect yourself from them.
In this blog post, we will discuss 11 bugs that look like mosquitoes and how to tell the difference between them!
These tiny red bugs are often mistaken for mosquitoes, but they’re actually a different species. Chiggers are most commonly found in wooded or grassy areas, and they love to bite humans.
The bites can be very itchy, and in some cases they can cause a rash. Chiggers are also known to transmit diseases like typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Chiggers vs mosquitoes
Chiggers are tiny red bugs that can be found in tall grass and other vegetation. They are related to spiders and mites, and they feed on the blood of mammals, including humans. Chigger bites often cause a lot of itching.
Mosquitoes are small, flying insects that bite people and animals in order to drink their blood. Mosquito bites can cause itchy, red bumps on the skin.
Both chiggers and mosquitoes can cause a lot of discomfort, but chiggers are not known to spread any diseases. Mosquitoes can transmit diseases like West Nile virus and malaria. If you are bitten by a mosquito, it is important to clean the bite and apply a topical antibiotic to prevent infection.
If you are bitten by a chigger, it is important to clean the bite and apply a topical insecticide to help stop the itching. Chiggers can be difficult to see, so it is important to inspect your skin carefully after spending time outdoors. If you think you may have been bitten by a chigger, consult a doctor.
How to get rid of chiggers
There are a few different ways to get rid of chiggers. One is to use an insecticide such as DEET, which will kill the chiggers on contact.
Another is to use a repellent such as permethrin, which will keep the chiggers from biting you. You can also wear clothing that covers your skin, which will help keep the chiggers from getting to your skin.
Finally, you can treat the areas where the chiggers are likely to be with an insecticide such as permethrin. This will kill any chiggers that are in the area.
2. Crane flies.
These bugs are harmless and don’t bite, but they sure do look like mosquitoes! They’re easy to identify because of their long legs and thin body. Crane flies can be found near ponds, lakes, and streams.
Crane flies vs mosquitoes
There are many different types of bugs that people mistake for mosquitoes, but two of the most common are crane flies and hoverflies. So how do you tell the difference between these pesky insects?
Crane flies have a long, thin body with large wings, while mosquitoes are much smaller with shorter wings. Crane flies also tend to fly more slowly than mosquitoes.
Hoverflies, as their name suggests, can hover in midair, while mosquitoes cannot. Hoverflies also have a more robust body shape and are generally darker in color than mosquitoes.
How to get rid of crane flies
There are a few things you can do to get rid of crane flies if they are invading your home. The easiest way is to use a vacuum cleaner to suck them up. You can also swat them or spray them with bug spray. If there are a lot of crane flies, you may need to do all of these things to get rid of them.
3. Dance Flies.
These small, black flies are often mistaken for mosquitoes. They are attracted to light and can be found near windows or porchlights. Unlike mosquitoes, they don’t bite people or animals. Dance flies feed on nectar and other insects.
Dance flies vs mosquitoes
Dance flies, also called fungus gnats, are small black insects that look a lot like mosquitoes. However, they don’t bite people and they don’t spread any diseases.
Mosquitoes, on the other hand, can transmit diseases like malaria, West Nile virus, and Zika virus. So if you’re trying to figure out whether that pesky insect is a mosquito or a dance fly, the best thing to do is to look for the long proboscis.
Mosquitoes have a long proboscis that they use to suck blood, while dance flies don’t have a proboscis at all.
How to get rid of dance flies
There are several ways to get rid of dance flies. Some methods are more effective than others.
One way to get rid of dance flies is to use an insecticide. Insecticides can be purchased at most stores, and they come in a variety of forms, including sprays, powders, and gels. When using an insecticide, be sure to read the instructions carefully and follow them exactly.
Another way to get rid of dance flies is to use a fly swatter. Fly swatters can be purchased at most stores, and they are relatively inexpensive. When using a fly swatter, make sure to swing it quickly and accurately.
A third way to get rid of dance flies is to use a fly trap. Fly traps can be purchased at most stores, and they come in a variety of forms, including electric and non-electric. When using a fly trap, be sure to read the instructions carefully and follow them exactly.
4. Dixid Midges.
These tiny, black bugs look a lot like mosquitoes, but they don’t bite. They’re harmless and can be found all over the United States.
Dixid Midges vs mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are often mistaken for other flying insects, such as Dixid Midges. It can be difficult to tell them apart, but there are a few key differences.
First, mosquitoes typically have longer legs than Dixid Midges. Mosquitoes also have a characteristic “Y” shape on their wings, while Dixid Midges’ wings are more symmetrical.
Mosquitoes also tend to be larger than Dixid Midges. Finally, mosquitoes often make a loud buzzing sound, while Dixid Midges do not.
How to get rid of Dixid Midges
There are a few different ways to get rid of Dixid Midges. You can use an insecticide, remove their breeding grounds, or use a repellent.
Insecticides can be used to kill the bugs, but you need to be careful when using them because they can also harm other insects. Some common insecticides include pyrethrins, malathion, and carbaryl.
Remove their breeding grounds by getting rid of any standing water. This will stop the mosquitoes from being able to reproduce.
Finally, you can use a repellent to keep the bugs away. Some common repellents include DEET, picaridin, and oil of lemon eucalyptus. Make sure to follow the directions on the repellent bottle carefully.
They’re small, they’re pesky, and they can be a real pain to get rid of. But what if you thought you were getting rid of mosquitoes, only to find out that it was actually fleas? Fleas can look very similar to mosquitoes, so it’s important to know the difference.
Fleas vs mosquitoes:
Both fleas and mosquitoes are bloodsucking pests, but there are some key differences between these two types of insects. For one, mosquitoes are much larger than fleas. Mosquitoes also have longer wings and a more elongated body shape than fleas.
Mosquitoes can also fly, while fleas are limited to jumping.
Mosquitoes are also notorious for transmitting diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile virus. Fleas can transmit disease as well, but to a much lesser extent than mosquitoes.
Overall, mosquitoes are a greater threat to human health than fleas are. If you are trying to determine whether you have a flea or mosquito problem, look at the size of the insects. If they are very small and resemble flies, then you likely have a flea problem. If they are larger and more mosquito-like in appearance, then you probably have a mosquito problem.
Both types of insects can be frustrating and difficult to get rid of, but taking action early can help minimize the damage they can cause.
How to get rid of fleas
Fleas are tiny bugs that can be a nuisance, especially if you have pets. They can cause skin problems for both pets and humans, and can be difficult to get rid of.
There are a few things you can do to get rid of fleas:
– Use a flea comb to remove them from your pet’s fur
– Use a flea collar or drops to kill the fleas
– Use a flea spray to kill the fleas
– Vacuum your house and furniture regularly to remove any eggs or larvae
6. Fungus Gnats.
These tiny bugs look like mosquitoes, but they don’t bite. They can be a nuisance, though, because they often fly around in large numbers and can get into your eyes and nose.
Fungus gnats thrive in moist environments, so you’re likely to see them around house plants and flowers. They can also be a problem in the kitchen, where they can infest foodstuffs.
Fungus gnats vs mosquitoes
Fungus gnats are a common household pest that can often be mistaken for mosquitoes. They are small black bugs that are about the size of a mosquito. They are often found flying around in kitchens and bathrooms.
Mosquitoes, on the other hand, are a vector for disease. They can transmit diseases like Zika virus, malaria, and West Nile virus. Mosquitoes are also much larger than fungus gnats. They are about the size of a ladybug.
How to get rid of fungus gnats
Fungus gnats are a common problem for gardeners. These tiny, black bugs can be difficult to get rid of because they reproduce so quickly.
The best way to get rid of fungus gnats is to use an insecticide. There are many different types of insecticides available, so be sure to choose one that is specifically for gnats.
Another way to get rid of fungus gnats is to use a trap. There are many different types of traps available, so be sure to choose one that is specifically for gnats.
The best way to avoid problems with fungus gnats is to keep your garden clean and free of debris. Make sure you remove any old plants or leaves from the garden. Fungus gnats love to live in moist environments, so keeping your garden clean will help to discourage them.
Mayflies are a type of insect that can be mistaken for mosquitoes. They are usually found near water and have two large wings that span the length of their body.
Mayflies typically only live for a day or two, so they aren’t often seen in areas where they aren’t close to water. If you do see a mayfly, you can tell it apart from a mosquito by its long, thin body. Mayflies also don’t bite people.
Mayflies vs mosquitoes
Mayflies and mosquitoes are both insects that can be found near water. They are both pests, but they cause different problems. Mayflies are more of a nuisance than a health threat, while mosquitoes can carry diseases.
Mayflies swarm in large numbers and can be very annoying because they get into your hair and eyes. Mosquitoes are more dangerous because they can transmit diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile virus.
Mayflies only live for a few days, while mosquitoes can live for several weeks. Mayflies are attracted to light, while mosquitoes are attracted to carbon dioxide and heat.
Mayflies have two wings, while mosquitoes have four wings. Mayflies are smaller than mosquitoes.
How to get rid of mayflies
Mayflies can be a real nuisance, but there are ways to get rid of them. You can try using an insecticide or you can try using a natural remedy.
Insecticides can be effective, but they may also be harmful to your health and the environment. If you want to use an insecticide, make sure to read the label carefully and follow the instructions.
If you want to use a natural remedy, there are several options. One option is to pour a bucket of water over the bridge or swarm. This will knock the mayflies into the water where they will drown. Another option is to use a fan to blow them away. You can also try using a light to attract them and then kill them with an insecticide.
These little bugs look a lot like mosquitoes, but they don’t bite. They are actually more of a nuisance than anything, since they swarm around in large numbers and can be pretty irritating. Midges usually show up in the late summer and early fall.
Midges vs mosquitoes
Although both midges and mosquitoes are tiny, flying insects, they are two different creatures. Mosquitoes are a type of fly that belong to the family Culicidae.
They are distinguishable by their long legs and proboscis, or mouthparts, which they use to suck blood from their prey.
Midges, on the other hand, are a type of gnat that belong to the family Chironomidae. They are distinguishable by their small size and lack of wings.
Despite their differences, midges and mosquitoes can often be mistaken for each other. This is because both insects are attracted to light and can often be found near water sources. Additionally, both midges and mosquitoes can produce a biting sensation when they come into contact with human skin.
However, there are several ways to tell the two insects apart. First, mosquitoes are typically larger than midges. Second, mosquitoes have wings, while midges do not. Third, mosquitoes often make a high-pitched whine when they fly, while midges do not. Finally, mosquitoes typically feed on blood, while midges feed on plant nectar.
How to get rid of mayflies
If you’re seeing mayflies around your home, there are a few things you can do to get rid of them. You can use a flyswatter or vacuum cleaner to kill them, or you can try using an insecticide.
Insecticides that work well against mayflies include pyrethrins, malathion, and carbaryl. Be sure to read the label of any insecticide before using it, and always follow the instructions.
9. Owl Midges.
These little guys are a lot of fun to fish for, and they can be really frustrating as well. They are about the size of a small mosquito, and they love to hover right in front of your face. They can be tough to see, but if you do manage to spot one, they are easy enough to catch on a fly rod.
Owl midges vs mosquitoes
Owl midges are tiny, mosquito-like flies that are related to mosquitoes. Unlike mosquitoes, however, owl midges do not bite people or animals. Owl midges are most commonly found near bodies of water, where they lay their eggs.
Mosquitoes are the insects that most people think of when they hear the word “mosquito.” Mosquitoes are notorious for their ability to spread diseases like malaria, dengue fever, and West Nile virus. In addition to being a health hazard, mosquitoes can be a nuisance because of the way they swarm around people and animals.
How to get rid of owl midges
There are a few things you can do to get rid of owl midges:
– Use an insecticide.
– Remove any standing water.
– Seal up any cracks or holes in your home.
– Cover your food and trash cans.
Tadpoles are a very important part of the life cycle of a frog. They start out as eggs, and then turn into tadpoles. Tadpoles live in water and eat things like algae and bugs. Frogs lay their eggs in water, and the tadpoles hatch from the eggs.
The tadpoles grow, and eventually turn into frogs. Frogs can live in water or on land.
Tadpoles vs mosquitoes
While both tadpoles and mosquitoes are aquatic creatures, they are very different. Mosquitoes are much smaller than tadpoles and have a long, thin body. They also have wings and can fly. Tadpoles are much larger than mosquitoes and have a short, round body. They do not have wings and cannot fly.
Mosquitoes are a type of fly and can be very annoying. They are attracted to light and can often be found near windows. Tadpoles are a type of frog and will eventually become frogs.
Mosquitoes can spread diseases, such as malaria, Zika virus, and West Nile virus. Tadpoles do not spread diseases.
Mosquitoes can be a nuisance, but they are necessary for the ecosystem. Tadpoles are not necessary for the ecosystem and can often compete with native species for food and space.
Mosquitoes need water to lay their eggs in. Tadpoles do not need water to lay their eggs in.
How to get rid of tadpoles
There are a few things you can do to get rid of tadpoles:
– Use a net to scoop them up and release them into a body of water farther away from your home or property.
– Pour boiling water over the tadpoles.
– Spray them with an insecticide.
– Place a bucket over them and then pour water over the top of the bucket to drown them.
– Dig a trench around your property and fill it with water, making sure the tadpoles can’t escape.
11. Wood Gnats.
These bugs are very small and can easily be mistaken for mosquitoes. They typically swarm around lights, so they may be more noticeable at night. Wood gnats do not bite, but they can aggravate allergies. Like other types of gnats, wood gnats can be eliminated with a simple trap.
Wood gnats vs mosquitoes
There are many bugs that can be mistaken for mosquitoes, but the most common ones are wood gnats and fruit flies. Wood gnats are smaller than mosquitoes and have a black body with long, thin wings. Fruit flies are also small, but they have a yellow or red body and clear wings.
Mosquitoes can be distinguished from other bugs by their long, thin antennae and the pattern of veins on their wings.
Mosquitoes are attracted to light, so they will usually be found near windows or doorways. Wood gnats and fruit flies are not attracted to light, so you will usually find them flying around plants or in the kitchen.
How to get rid of wood gnats
If you’re having a problem with wood gnats, there are a few things you can do to get rid of them.
First, make sure that you’re not providing any food or water for the bugs. Wood gnats need water to survive, so making sure your yard is free of standing water will help get rid of them.
You can also use a bug spray to kill the bugs. Just be sure to read the label and follow the instructions carefully.
Finally, you can try using a fan to blow the bugs away. Wood gnats are very light, so they’ll be blown away by the wind.
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- 12 Bugs That Look Like Cockroaches (But Aren’t)
There are many different types of bugs that can look like mosquitoes, but not all of them are harmful. It is important to be able to distinguish between the harmless bugs and the ones that can cause harm so that you can take the appropriate action. If you are unsure about what type of bug you are dealing with, it is best to contact a professional for assistance. | <urn:uuid:856ec5d0-9a3c-4760-b7ad-4a415c6e560c> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://farmfoodfamily.com/bugs-look-like-mosquitoes/ | 2024-12-06T20:45:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066416984.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206185637-20241206215637-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.962219 | 4,316 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Years ago, if someone talked about a field worker, they would mean someone working in an actual field. These workers had agriculture jobs and could be found on a farm, working a plow, forking hay, and tending to animals.
Nowadays the term “field worker” has grown to encompass not only agriculture employees, but any employee whose job demands that they work from outside of a traditional office setting.
While the term may be relatively new, the jobs they refer to are not. In this guide we’ll discuss what is a field worker, how they differ from office and remote workers, and how companies can adapt their training strategies to better support these critical team members.
What is a field worker?
A field worker is anyone who performs their job outside of a traditional office setting. Agricultural fields might come to mind first, but the broad definition includes various roles and industries.
Today, the term “field worker,” meaning individuals ranging from home healthcare providers, to construction workers putting up skyscrapers, or salespersons who travel to meet clients, encompasses a diverse range of professions.
Many of these jobs that fall under the definition of a field worker —agriculture workers, doctors, police officers, firefighters, seafarers, miners— have been around for a very long time.
Advancements in technology and evolving business needs have shifted how we understand the role of field employees, and have also blurred the lines between physical and digital work spaces. Nowadays, remote work has become commonplace, or the practice of working from a location outside of a traditional office environment, typically facilitated by digital communication tools and internet connectivity, allowing employees to perform their job duties from home, co-working spaces, or any other location.
But remote workers are not to be confused with field workers. Think of the difference like this: remote workers have the option to work away from traditional office settings, as a result of advancements in technology. Meanwhile, field workers do their jobs outside of traditional office settings because the nature of their work requires them to do so.
Who are field workers in different industries?
Food and beverage industry
The food and beverage industry relies on field workers who ensure that dining and food service operations run smoothly. These individuals are the backbone of restaurants, cafes, and delivery services, directly impacting the customer experience through their roles.
- Cooks prepare and cook food items, ensuring quality and compliance with recipes.
- Servers provide customer service, take orders, and serve food and beverages to guests.
- Bartenders mix and serve drinks to customers, manage the bar area, and engage with customers.
- Delivery drivers ensure timely and safe delivery of food items from restaurants to customers’ doorsteps.
The healthcare sector relies on a broad array of field workers who provide essential services and care to patients in various settings.
- Doctors and nurses offer diagnosis, treatment, and care in hospitals, clinics, and patients’ homes.
- EMTs and paramedics provide emergency medical services and transportation for patients in need of urgent care.
- Caregivers offer daily care and support to older adults or individuals with disabilities, ensuring their well-being.
In manufacturing, field workers contribute to the production, design, and distribution of products. These roles are critical for the seamless operation and safety in manufacturing.
- Engineers design and optimize production processes and products.
- Production workers operate machinery, assemble products, and monitor quality control.
- Machine operators manage and maintain the machinery used in the production process.
- Supply chain managers oversee the supply chain, from sourcing raw materials to distributing finished products.
Retail field workers are essential for the operation of brick-and-mortar stores, e-commerce fulfillment, and customer service.
- Sales clerks assist customers, manage inventory, and process sales transactions.
- Cashiers handle cash transactions, customer needs, and checkout processes.
- Managers oversee store operations, staff management, and customer service.
Companies in the contracting and construction industry are among those most significantly impacted by the labor shortage. Some common jobs include:
- Foremen who supervise and direct teams of builders during construction.
- Roofers who install, repair, and replace building roofs.
- Surveyors who measure and map plots of land in preparation for construction projects
And the list goes on. In many industries field workers are at the heart of daily operations. The diversity and complexity of their roles underscore the importance of proper tools and technical training that enhance their efficiency, knowledge, and connectivity while they work in the field.
The unique training needs of field workers
Because of where they operate, field workers have unique training needs that differ from those of their office-based counterparts. Understanding these differences is critical in developing an effective training program for the specific demands of your deskless employees.
Training challenges for field workers vs. office employees
Field workers often operate in dynamic, unpredictable environments that demand high adaptability and practical skill. In contrast, office staff typically work in more controlled settings where digital tools and stable internet access support their training and daily tasks.
This fundamental difference means a training approach for field workers must prioritize flexibility and accessibility. Field roles frequently require hands-on training to safely and effectively perform physical tasks— a need less common in office settings.
Insights on deskless employee preferences
Research by TalentCards surveyed 900 managers responsible for onboarding field workers to uncover insights about the challenges that these managers are facing, as well as what preferences these employees have when it comes to training.
Forty percent of onboarding managers say that access to smartphones or tablets would help speed up the onboarding process, but only 17% currently use them.
Further research also revealed a clear appreciation for the autonomy offered by field work. Field workers reported a strong preference for their roles over office jobs.
When asked, the majority of deskless employees (64%) stated they would not switch to desk jobs for the same pay and benefits, emphasizing the appeal of field work beyond monetary compensation.
The preference for field workers to remain where they are shows the importance of creating strong training to increase retention. Focusing on flexibility, practical skills development, and mobile accessibility is key.
Fundamental differences in training
Field workers’ training is different from that of office employees in both content and delivery method. Findings from a TalentCards study highlight these differences:
- Skill gap challenge: A staggering 72% of onboarding managers report difficulty finding deskless employees with the necessary skills, highlighting the urgent need for comprehensive training programs tailored to bridge these gaps.
- Technology adoption: Upon completing onboarding, 14% have no training material to access after the fact, and 28% only have paper copies of their material to reference back to.
- Retention through training: 63% of deskless employees stated that access to additional training would help them feel more connected to their company’s mission. Targeted and relevant training can play a critical role in employee retention.
The unique training needs of field workers demand a distinct approach that addresses the practical challenges of their roles and leverages technology to provide flexible, accessible learning opportunities.
By understanding and acting on the preferences of deskless workers, employers can enhance job satisfaction, improve skill levels, and, ultimately, retain valuable employees in these critical roles.
The benefits of mobile training platforms for field workers
Leveraging the power of smartphones and tablets allows mobile training platforms to meet the needs of workers in the field. This innovative way of training enhances the effectiveness of training programs, and aligns with the evolving needs of the workforce.
Here are some of the most impactful benefits of mobile training for field workers:
Forty eight percent of onboarding managers said new hires lack the skills needed to do their job at the time of their hiring. Furthermore, 27% need help sharing training materials that new hires can access on the go.
One of the top benefits of mobile training platforms is their ability to provide training anytime, anywhere. Field workers need increased accessibility due to their varying schedules and work locations.Increasing accessibility improves engagement and retention for difficult-to-fill positions.
By providing these employees with a training platform that was actually designed and built for them, your company tangibly demonstrates that it’s invested in their learning and development.
2. Increased engagement
Mobile training platforms are designed for field employees’ on-the-go nature. Interactive, bite-sized learning modules make learning more engaging and memorable. Multimedia content like videos, quizzes, flashcard sets, and gamification only adds to this. The goal is to keep them engaged and not overwhelmed.
Consistency and continuous learning can be challenging when you have a distributed workforce that covers multiple locations. Mobile training platforms address this issue by providing standardized training materials that are accessible worldwide anytime.
Thirty two percent of deskless employees recall less than half of their training one month after completing it, underscoring the importance of continuous access to learning resources to counter the forgetting curve.
4. Real-time updates
The nature of field operations often means there’s a need to share immediate updates and critical information. Mobile training platforms allow you to push real-time updates directly to your field workers’ devices. With this, safety messages of the day and toolbox talk topics are easy to send out, as well as updates on operational changes.
Deliver training right to field workers’ smartphones with a powerful mobile app
What is a field employee?
A field employee is someone who works outside a traditional office setting. Their job requires them to be directly in the field. They are found in many industries, including construction, agriculture, manufacturing, and transportation. Their physical presence is necessary at various locations.
What is the meaning of a field work job?
A field work job is any work not done in a traditional office setting. For example, a doctor in a hospital, a cashier at a retail store, or a forklift operator in a warehouse are all instances of field workers.
What is a synonym for fieldworker?
A synonym for fieldworker is field employee or field staff. The term field worker is sometimes also used interchangeably with the word deskless worker, or mobile employee.
Empowering the future of field workers
Field workers often do the thankless jobs that we take for granted, ensuring that our day to day lives run smoothly. This fact, coupled with the rising skill and labor shortage in many industries that rely on deskless employees are reasons enough to invest in mobile training solutions for these employees.
Embracing individualized training approaches and doubling down on the advantages that mobile training has to offer benefit both your employees as individuals, and your business as a whole.
- The meaning of field workers and field employees has changed over time, extending far beyond agriculture workers in actual fields. Today field workers are people whose jobs demand that they do their work outside of traditional office settings.
- The majority of field employees enjoy being out in the field, and wouldn’t trade their jobs for office jobs, even if given the same pay and benefits.
- Investing in mobile training for field employees ensures that they have access to critical job info no matter where the job takes them. A mobile learning app provides a knowledge repository that fits in your employees’ pockets, and is even accessible offline. | <urn:uuid:08dba722-9dce-4d28-9b06-daab66cf2700> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.talentcards.com/blog/field-worker/ | 2024-12-08T00:33:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066433271.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207224914-20241208014914-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.955913 | 2,328 | 3.328125 | 3 |
In the United States, ultrasound image technology has been instrumental in revealing the unborn child as a living and sensing person. By giving mothers and fathers an enhanced picture of who is being killed during an abortion, such technology has been one of the pro-life cause’s most valuable tools to impede the culture of death.
Fourteen states require that women be offered a chance to view an ultrasound image of the unborn child before obtaining an abortion. And studies show up to 90 percent of women who see an ultrasound opt not to abort. The widespread use of ultrasounds has been a major reason why abortions have decreased by 25 percent, from an all-time high of 1.6 million in 1990 to 1.2 million in 2005, according to the Alan Guttmacher Institute.
Yet, in many parts of the world—and increasingly in the US—the detailed image of the developing unborn child provided by ultrasound technology is used for a much different purpose: to discern the sex of the child and, if the child is a girl, to kill her.
Sex-selective abortion (also known as “son preference” or less accurately as “gendercide”) is prevalent throughout many parts of Asia where boys are preferred. But it is becoming more common in the United States too. It occurs not only among Asian immigrants but also among a cross-section of Americans seeking to “balance” their families or otherwise control the genetic makeup of their children.
As governments generally supportive of abortion grapple with sex-selective abortion and its consequences, they have the formidable task of convincing their citizens not to abort a child because of her sex, even as they continue to affirm their citizens’ right to abort for almost any other reason.
ASIA’S “MISSING GIRLS ”
Though hard to pinpoint, the number of sex-selective abortions is staggering. In 2005, the United Nations estimated that there are 200 million girls “missing” from the world because of sex-selective abortion. The practice is most prevalent in China, India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
In China, sex-selective abortion has altered the ratio of males to females born from the natural average of about 105 men for every 100 women to roughly 113 men per 100 women. In some regions there are as many as 140 boys born for every 100 girls born. Men in China now outnumber women by 37 million.
Boys are much less likely to be targeted for abortion because they are considered more valuable than girls throughout much of Asia. Males carry on the family name and are expected to care for aging parents in many countries without pension systems. Men also keep the family land, whereas the families of girls who wed are expected to provide dowries to the grooms’ families, including large sums of money and goods. Many Indian Hindus even believe that women who have only daughters risk being reincarnated into a lower caste.
As a Chinese woman explained to a Washington Post reporter about the prevalence of sex-selective abortion, “the real reason is that we need someone to fetch water, to guard our orchard, to work in the fields, and to care for us when we get old.”
Deadly discrimination against girls existed in Asia long before the use of ultrasounds became widespread in the early 1990s. Back then, infanticide and abandonment were the most common ways of eliminating unwanted newborn girls. Today, ultrasound technology can determine the sex of a child by about 90 days gestation.
In China, the Communist government’s brutal one-child policy is at the root of sex-selective abortion and its consequent social problems. Women are regularly imprisoned, tortured, or forcibly aborted or sterilized if they have more than one child. And since families are often allowed only one child, ensuring that child is a boy is considered essential by many Chinese.
While girls and women clearly bear the worst effects of sex-selective abortion, men are also adversely affected. With fewer girls being born, millions of Asian men are finding it increasingly difficult to find wives.
The problem is especially acute in China. Research shows that by 2020, 15 percent of China’s young adult males will be unable to find wives. And China has seen a sharp rise in violent crime over the past 10 years, committed mostly by the surplus men who, unable to find wives or employment, often resort to drug use and a life of crime.
Also, since women are scarce, prostitution and human trafficking have become powerful industries. The US State Department estimated that as many as 10 million people in China were involved in prostitution in 2001. Predictably, the rise in the sex-trade has brought with it an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. The Chinese government, which tends to underestimate health statistics, has stated that more than 120 million Chinese have hepatitis B and more than one million have HIV.
SEX -SELECTIVE ABORTION COMES TO THE US
Sex-selective abortion is also evident among Asian families that come to the United States. Researchers at the National Academy of Sciences examined the 2000 US Census and found that Asian American families from India, China, and South Korea were more likely than other Americans to have a boy if they already had a girl. “The male bias in the US,” researchers found, “appears to be recent. In the 1990 US census, the tendency for males to follow females among Indians, Chinese, and Koreans is substantially muted.”
But “between 1989 and 1999, prenatal ultrasound use among non-Japanese Asian mothers rose from around 38 percent to 64 percent of pregnancies.” According to the researchers, “This male bias is particularly evident for third children: If there was no previous son, sons outnumbered daughters by 50 percent.”
Sex-selective abortion is not widespread in America. But just as it became easier to destroy girls in Asia once ultrasounds became available, the destruction of unborn human life may become widespread in America as sex detection becomes easier.
Last June, a home test called the Intelligender Gender Prediction Test was placed on the market for about $35 in stores like Target and Walgreens. The test claims to be able to detect the sex of a child as early as 10 weeks after conception and at home, with no need to visit a doctor’s office. The test boasts an 82 percent accuracy rate.
Another technological development called pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) involves examining embryos resulting from in vitro fertilization, then testing them for X or Y chromosomes and implanting the desired embryos into a woman’s womb.
PGD is now offered by clinics such as the Fertility Institutes, whose website states that “by examining the genetic makeup of embryos, we can guarantee your next child will be the sex of your choice.” It offers, among other services, “screening for over 400 hereditary diseases” and “[d]iscounted travel plans for out of state and international patients.” The center claims to have assisted patients from 147 nations “seeking to balance their families or assure themselves that a pregnancy will result in ONLY the gender outcome they desire.”
The American Society of Reproductive Medicine has, in past statements, discouraged the use of PGD solely for sex selection. But it supports sperm sorting for family balancing and for the “prevention of genetic diseases.”
David Karabinus, a director at the Genetics and IVF Institute, believes that elective sex selection will eventually be seen as just another form of reproductive medicine. “Just as there was an overreaction about IVF,” he told the London Times in August, “there will be a gradual acceptance as we prove it’s safe. It’s there if people want it.”
Polls reveal an American public ambivalent about PGD and other technology used for eugenic purposes. A poll in the January 2009 issue of the Journal of Genetic Counseling (JGC) found that a majority of respondents would elect to have prenatal genetic testing for mental retardation (75 percent), deafness (54 percent), heart disease (52 percent), cancer (51 percent), and other diseases. Most respondents, however, did not desire testing for genetic enhancements (e.g., 13 percent would choose testing for superior intelligence).
What about sex-selective abortion? Polls show that most Americans do not hold a strong anti-girl bias. In fact, according to the 2000 US Census there were about five million more females than males. Yet, a 2003 Gallup poll of sex preference found that 28 percent of respondents preferred girls, 38 percent preferred boys, and 34 percent had no preference. And in a 2002 Fortune magazine survey, 25 to 35 percent of parents and prospective parents said they would use sex selection if it was available.
“Our study suggests that consumers desire more reproductive genetic testing than what is currently offered,” the JGC authors wrote. “However, their selection of tests suggests self-imposed limits on testing.”
As genetic technology becomes less invasive, less expensive, and more reliable, obvious questions arise: Where are those limits? Will parents test for height, eye color, or propensity for depression? The possibilities seem endless.
Because Asia’s demographic future looks bleak, many of the continent’s governments have outlawed ultrasounds for sex determination. In 2002 Chinese officials instituted a crackdown on black market ultrasounds. Vietnam banned sex-selective abortion in 2006.
India has probably done the most to combat the use of ultrasounds for sexselective abortion. It outlawed the practice in 1994. Before taking an ultrasound test, pregnant Indian women must sign a form agreeing not to try to find out the sex of the baby. Doctors who disclose the sex during an examination can be imprisoned for as long as five years.
But the law is widely flouted. Studies suggest that Indian doctors often give hints, by remarking, for instance, “Your child will be a fighter,” or by offering pink or blue candy as mothers leave the clinic.
India and China recently began pilot projects to make cash payments to couples when they register the birth of a daughter and later when they immunize her and enroll her in school.
Last fall, thousands of women marched in southern India to protestsex-selective abortion. Ten thousand students protested, holding signs that read, “Do not kill us,” “Adoption against abortion,” and “No discrimination against girl children.” In 2008, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh called for stricter enforcement of ultrasound laws. (According to the British Medical Journal, there are as many as 100,000 ultrasound machines in India.) He has described sex-selective abortion as “inhuman, uncivilized, and reprehensible” and a “national shame.”
THE LEFT ’S COLLISION OF VALUES
The United States and the United Nations acknowledge that there’s a problem. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton has said, “Obviously there’s work to be done in both India and China, because the infanticide rate of girl babies is still overwhelmingly high, and unfortunately with technology, parents are able to use sonograms to determine the sex of the baby, and to abort girl children simply because they’d rather have a boy. And those are deeply set attitudes.” In August 2009, Clinton told the New York Times that she opposes sex-selective abortion. And the United Nations has also urged governments “to take necessary measures to prevent… prenatal sex selection.”
But because the Obama administration and the UN—not to mention many of the offending countries—support abortion generally, their criticism of the practice has been muted.
Sex-selective abortion presents a profound problem for modern liberals and their institutions, placing two liberal values—choice and privacy on the one hand and the empowerment of women on the other—on a collision course. Abortion was legalized under the guise of privacy, equality, and choice for women. An unintended consequence is that millions of girls are offered no choice and are being targeted disproportionately.
If the abortion of girls is wrong, then the abortion of boys must be wrong too. Not surprisingly, most so-called women’s groups have refused to condemn sex-selective abortion.
Pro-life groups, meanwhile, have led the way in highlighting this problem in America. Arizona Congressman Trent Franks introduced the Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass Prenatal Nondiscrimination Act of 2009 (PreNDA), which seeks to criminalize the practice of sex-selective and race-selective abortions. At least three states have statutes that prohibit sex-selective abortion, with fines of as much as $100,000 for abortionists who violate the bans.
In an interview, Steve Mosher, president of the Population Research Institute, said he believes sex-selective abortion is “a very useful wedge issue for pro lifers,” and that PreNDA has a real chance of passing because some congressmen who are generally supportive of abortion will support outlawing abortions performed for reasons of sex or race.
Mosher believes the issue could present pro-lifers with “a good opportunity for debate about abortion and the chance to educate people and bring new people into the movement.” Public opinion polling supports Mosher’s claim. A 2006 Zogby poll found that 87 percent of Americans would support legislation to ban abortions based on the sex of the child. But how long will it be before Americans are as supportive of sex-selective abortion as they are now of PGD testing for genetic disabilities? The Church’s clarity on matters of reproduction and human dignity is as valuable as ever.
In late November, the US Conference of Catholic Bishops overwhelmingly approved a new document clearly expressingthe Church’s opposition to certain reproductive technologies, including in vitro fertilization and human cloning. In Life-Giving Love in an Age of Technology, the bishops write:
Each of these abuses is a natural outgrowth of the original decision to turn the begetting of a child into a manufacturing process. This threatens to turn what should be the unconditional love and acceptance of parents for their sons and daughters into something more tentative and conditional. In this situation a new life may be highly valued—as a way of meeting parents’ goals for family size, or of achieving other goals such as scientific knowledge—but this human life is not respected as human persons deserve to be respected.
Pro-Life Committee Chairman Cardinal Justin Rigali introduced the new document as a way of addressing “much confusion” among Catholics regarding the Church’s teaching on modern reproductive technology.
He continued, “Any method of making babies is sometimes considered to be pro-life. There is a need, therefore, to help Catholics understand specific differences between the Catholic understanding and the secular understanding of human life, and how these distinctions have led to different judgments on technologies that may intervene in human reproduction.”
If you value the news and views Catholic World Report provides, please consider donating to support our efforts. Your contribution will help us continue to make CWR available to all readers worldwide for free, without a subscription. Thank you for your generosity! | <urn:uuid:5f21e4af-7120-4045-8d7e-9e8fab2b9273> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2011/05/10/it-also-happens-here/ | 2024-12-09T09:17:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066462724.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209085821-20241209115821-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.957213 | 3,165 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Historic Canons Park
Many centuries of historyWhy do we call it historic Canons Park?
Well, in the early 1700s, it was the centre of a grand country estate owned by the Duke of Chandos. His palace did not survive for long, but was rebuilt on a smaller scale in the 1750s and is now part of the North London Collegiate School. Some other remains from that time include the walled garden (now the George V Memorial Garden), the Temple, and the Bothy.
We also have an interesting article on how the Duke of Chandos came by (and lost) his fortune, written by Dr Aaron Graham, History Lecturer at University College London, who grew up on the nearby Canons Park Estate and who also wrote and recorded the Canons Park walking app that you can download for free from VoiceMap. Well worth a listen!
CANONS PARK FULL HISTORY
Activity within the land of Canons Park can be traced back to early times, as evidenced by archaeological “finds” of stone-age tools.
Tile making occurred within Canons Park in Roman times. This area seems to have been a production centre for official tiles for the provincial procurator’s office, based in London. Up to 26 Roman potters may have had their workshops in the area, engaged in the production of mortaria (shallow bowls with grit inside to help grind food ), flagons, amphorae, jars, lids, bowls, beakers and central heating (hypocaust) elements. The church of St. Lawrence Whitchurch has Roman tiles incorporated in the fabric of the medieval Tower and the shelters, kilns, waste dumps and clay stores associated with this industrial activity may explain some of the uneven ground in the park.
MEDIEVAL and ELIZABETHAN
In medieval times, Stanmore consisted of a substantial proportion of wood and pasture. Manor houses existed at Canons – Stanmore Chenduit, referred to once in 1260-1 and the manor of Wimborough, referred to until 1753. The land was recorded as being owned by the Augustine Canons of St Barthomolew. The stone tower of St. Lawrences Church is the obvious remaining part of the medieval Church, the old hedgerow between the Southern Parkland and Whitchurch Avenue and the Spinney woodland are likely remnants of the landscape from this period.
The estate passed to Sir Hugh Losse in1544 who built a house there. The location of this house is unconfirmed.
The Lake family, into which the Duke of Chandos married, owned part of the estate during Tudor times. They built a new mansion, which the first Duke of Chandos acquired in 1713.
Before its purchase by the Duke of Chandos, there is no evidence of a significant designed landscape at Canons. The Duke developed the Lake’s mansion and a grand park and garden c.1720. Not long after, the house was dismantled as part of the disposal of the second Duke’s estate (c.1747). Valuable components were sold off (eg fireplaces, gates, railings) and another, more modest, mansion rebuilt on the old foundations by a successful cabinetmaker, Hallett.
The new house repeatedly changed hands and the accompanying estate began to be subdivided for residential development. The North London Collegiate School purchased the house, which is now the central building of their campus. The Council purchased remaining land forming the public park we see today. Other areas became housing, sports ground and railway land.
During the late 1930s, demand for recreational facilities lead to the laying out by the Council of the George V Memorial Gardens as a flower garden, within the walls of the original Kitchen Garden, to the south of the house.
Even though much of the estate was lost to housing developments, many original features that structured Canons are still intact, retaining the historic framework of the Duke’s Park and linking us to the past and the people who used and enjoyed the land.
Remaining Historical Features in Canons Park:
Oxford Archaeology Unit (OAU) has produced an Archaeological Investigation Report, September 2003 for the London Borough of Harrow. Copies are lodged at Stanmore Library and the Civic Centre Local History Library. The report covers the Temple, which was once part of a glass Palm House, the Walled Compound -which was the Duke’s melon-ground – a medieval track across the Whitchurch Avenue, research into the Whitchurch Avenue and the Memorial Garden wall.
This is the old name for the avenue in the park, mentioned in the Duke’s accounts, and not to be confused with the nearby residential road of the same name. From the south front of the house is seen the avenue which marks the road along which the Duke and Duchess proceeded to Church along a raised causeway. A semi-natural woodland strip ran parallel with the east side of the avenue. This is now called The Spinney. (Note: the name “Spinney” was originally that of woodland to the north of NLCS).
This woodland strip, which flanked the north edge, is all that remains of the original Stanmore Avenue, to the west of the house – which was another carriage entrance and the main trade entrance. Also important in framing distant views of “Belmont” the part man-made hill, now part of Stanmore Golf Course.
A garden with a folly set in woods, used for pleasure rather than utility, gives us the name for the Pleasure Ground around the Temple.
The Temple is a classical garden building built between 1800 and 1838 and altered in form over the years. It once incorporated a heated, glass Palm House. A network of paths connected the House and Temple, remnants of which can be found in the park.
The Walled Compound is present on maps from 1800 and some of the walls shown in a map c.1729.
The Kitchen Garden area included the Duke’s melon ground, fruit trees, vegetable plots and perhaps cloches or hothouses for pineapples and other exotic fruits.In the southern area of the Kitchen Garden is a plantation of trees known as The Hawthorn Orchard. The area seems to have been developed in the early 1900’s and the existing hawthorns are thought to have been planted c.1950.
The Memorial Garden walls are certainly at least in part as old as those of the Walled Compound.The terracing, shelter, pool, gates and planting were probably added in 1937. The landform detectable on the north boundary of the Hawthorn Orchard is probably associated with the original boundary of the Kitchen Garden.
Remaining Historical Features Outside Canons Park:
Less obvious features of the Duke’s estate include land from Canons to Stanmore Common and Belmont; paths and tracks running beside the railway from Stanmore Station parts of which once led to a northern Lodge; and the grounds of Aylward School. These areas were once part of the Duke’s estate and may still have features dating back to that time such as old trees or landform waiting to be discovered. The London Historic Parks and Gardens Trust has worked towards piecing together a plan of the estate and gardens. Other remaining features include:
Now Canons Drive, a residential road with wide grass verges and avenue trees. The white- painted, rendered brick gateposts at the Edgware Road junction are those erected by the Duke in the 1700’s. Beneath the render is high quality brickwork discovered during restoration work c.2000. The Canons Park Estate Limited has photographs of the works including the exposed brickwork.
Lake Grove Recreation Ground
An area of woodland and grass with a stream. Also known as the NE fragment part of the original parkland owned by the Duke of Chandos. Possible estate wall features in the woodland have been identified to English Heritage.
North London Collegiate School, Canons
In the grounds of the North London Collegiate School lies the altered remains of the Dukes formal pleasure gardens which therefore have a historic relationship with Canons Park. Originally the Duke’s gardens included two stone paved gardens with lily ponds and fountains to the east of the palace. South of the palace lay a grand terrace walk down to a parterre, where a formal garden was laid out in symmetrical patterns. To the south east, fronting a canal, was a gladiator sculpture, probably gilded. A flight of steps that lead to the parterre was marked by a double row of leaden urns. These extended as far as the reflecting canal.
Beyond the canal and parterres lay the equally extensive ‘wilderness’ gardens, of clipped ornamental trees and shrubs. A sundial was believed to occupy the centre of the south-east Alcove wilderness, and a latticed wooden seat, the centre of a Star shaped arrangement to the north. North of the palace lay some 27 acres of gardens, divided by wrought-iron palisade railings. Here also, connected by a short alley to the palace, stood a ‘pavilion’, which was called the ‘Banqueting House’ with Corinthian columns and a dome. A twin alley led to the Physic garden farther west, beyond which were the vegetable gardens and orchards. The grounds were altered as the estate changed hands. The most notable changes were associated with the dismantling of the Duke’s palace, the building of the new mansion, the creation of new gardens around the house by Mallows c.1900 and ground levelling for sports fields. The school grounds can be visited by appointment through the NLCS Bursar’s office.
St. Lawrence Whitchurch, Whitchurch Lane
A late medieval church partly rebuilt by the Duke of Chandos in the 18th century and used by the family at least until their private chapel was built. It retains original woodwork, and paintings of a continental Baroque style. Handel is associated with the church and is reputed to have played the church organ as well as composing several pieces for performance there.
The Whitchurch Avenue causeway leads up to a point where there used to be a gate in a wall with a path up to the door into the church tower. The churchyard comprises a cemetery with tombs (including that of William Powell, the ‘harmonious blacksmith’, said to be the inspiration for Handel’s famous opera) and a variety of trees and shrubs, partly walled and partly bounded with more modern railings and fences.The Church holds open days on Sunday afternoons and the churchyard can be entered from the road.
CPEL Managed Land:
Canons Park Estate Limited
Lands surplus to that used to create the Canons Park Estate (residential housing) includes the Seven Acre Lake, the Basin lake, Canons Drive (verges), streams and other spaces/greens. These areas were once part of the Duke’s park and have a historical link to Canons Park. The Basin and Canons Drive have a physical link with the park as they are all publicly accessible. These areas are owned and managed by Canons Park Estate Limited which is run by a volunteer committee comprising Residents of the Estate.
7 Acre Lake
Historic lake with a woodland walk around its margin, fenced and gated with palisade security fencing. Access via Lake View and Rose Garden Close. CPEL members access only. Visitors accompanied by a CPEL member may be permitted.
Openly accessible to the public from Canons Drive. Includes a seating area overlooking water. Rear area with stream outflow and electrical substation is fenced off. CPEL notice board located adjacent site.
One of several ponds built by the Duke of Chandos on one of the approaches to his palace. Open access to the public means that an impression of the character of the historic park and gardens can be experienced here.
Relocated Historical Features:
Valuable components of the Duke’s house were auctioned when the estate was disposed of by the Brydges family. Some have been located and these are listed in Appendix 1.
Items and links to people associated with the park or the surrounding area prior to the Duke of Chandos’ occupancy of the estate can be found in the archaeological gazetteer within the HRMP and OAU Archaeology report 2003. Eg. Roman tiles in roof fabric of St Lawrence church.
Interpretation of History and Culture
Appendix 2 contains descriptions of some of the famous people associated with Canons. Many of those people can be researched via the internet. The restoration of Canons Park also included proposals for strategically located historical-information signboards in the park.
Inventory of items separated or removed from Chandos estate and still in existence.
ITEM: Salvaged paving stones from northern Mallows garden Mont – hill used to be viewed down the Stanmore Avenue from the Dukes’ estate. Window glass and ceilings from Duke’s private chapel Duke’s family gallery for church visits and interior of St Lawrence Altar, pulpit and font of Duke’s private chapel Railings/gates Statue George 1 Statue George II Link to Augustinian Canons who once owned the land at Canons and from whom Canons received its name. Fireplace |
LOCATION: Reported as: Canons Drive Estate, Orchard Close. Belmont, Stanmore Golf Course Great Witley Parish Church, Worcestershire St Lawrence Whitchurch, Little Stanmore Fawley Church, Oxford St Johns Church, Hampstead Leicester Sq (may have been destroyed) Golden Square, Soho Priory at St Bartholomew Priory, Smithfield, London Goldsmiths Hall, London |
Owners and Users
James Brydges (1673-1744) became first Duke of Chandos in 1719. He built his palace at Canons, decorated it lavishly, and collected fine books, exotic flora and fauna, and hired the best “concert” of his generation. Exotic birds adorned an aviary in the Park, where there were storks, flamingos, whistling ducks, ostriches, blue macaws and eagles. At one time Chandos had a tiger in the grounds. Dogs are reported as providing both beautification and security at Canons in 1731. The family mausoleum with statue of the Duke resides in St Lawrence church.
James Brydges married into the Lake family who provided the connection to Canons. When his first wife, Mary Lake, died, Chandos purchased the house from her uncle. The family line died out after the third Duke of chandos died, leaving no male descendants.
Cabinetmaker Hallet built the present smaller house, probably using some of the stones of Chandos’ palace, in 1750. The Hallet family occupied the estate until the late 18th century. (The gardener’s cottage in NLCS contains carved stone animals that may be from the old house).
Hallett could be described as the most successful cabinetmaker of the 18th- century. Indeed, during the early 1750s, he had a portrait painted of himself and his family – probably the only English cabinetmaker to do so – by Gainsborough to celebrate the acquisition of his country house.
The National Gallery has a painting “Mr and Mrs Hallett The Morning Walk.” See their website nationalgallery.org.uk This is a portrait of Hallett’s son and his wife, not his father.
Dennis O’Kelly bought the estate c.1800. He owned a racehorse called Eclipse that had an almost freakish speed and ability, and was unbeaten in his racing. 80% of modern thoroughbred racehorses have Eclipse somewhere in their pedigrees. Eclipse made his owner one of the most famous men in England and was painted by George Stubbs and other leading artists of the day.
Sir Thomas Plummer, the solicitor general, bought the estate in 1811. He may have rented it prior to this. The famous landscape designer Humphry Repton is accredited with work at Canons in 1806 or 1816 for Plummer.
After the death of Sir Thomas Plummer’s son and widow, Canons was offered for sale by the grandson Hall Plummer. A German adventurer Strousberg bought the Estate but he soon sold it on to Dr. David Begg c.1860.
After a period of little change to the estate, the house and some 500 acres of gardens, parkland and home farm were let to Sir Arthur du Cros in 1902, who bought the place outright in 1911. Sir Arthur, who founded the Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Company, commissioned the celebrated Arts and Crafts architect Charles Mallows from 1905-1908, to remodel and enlarge his new acquisition. Du Cros later sold the northern part of the estate in 1911 for a golf course. When he lost the majority of his fortune the remaining 15o acres of the estate were auction of in 1920.
School and Housing Development:
A property developer, George Cross bought 85 acres to construct the Canons Park Estate in the east. Other land was sold in the south to build Whitchurch Gardens. The House and 13 acres of land remained on offer until the governors of the North London Collegiate School purchased Canons in 1929. The school adapted the grounds to incorporate new facilities and buildings. This resulted in the loss of the site of the Duke’s north garden.
The George Cross development (Canons Drive Estate) retained many mature trees as well as the two lakes. The intention being that these features would enhance the high-class housing planned for the Edgware Avenue. Rose Garden Close, off Canons Drive, may include a remnant of the Alcove Wilderness which was a garden between the Edgware Avenue and the 7 Acre Lake.
The remainder of the site was acquired by Harrow Council in 1936 for use as a public open space, Canons Park. A portion was sold to Arnold House school of St Johns Wood for use as sports ground and pavilion.
In 1718 Handel became the Duke’s Chapel Master. He organised the Duke’s orchestra for three years and wrote many pieces of music for his patron. This included the oratorio of Esther, two Chandos Te Deums, the twelve Chandos anthems, and Acis and Galatea. The sonata The Harmonious Blacksmith was by local legend inspired by the sound of William Powell, Edgware resident and blacksmith, buried at St Lawrence church.
For further information on Handel contact Handel Institute, Handel House Museum and Friends of St Lawrence.
b. Berlin 1667, d London 1752 German-born composer, conductor, and organist. Mainly self-taught expert in theory and history. Settled in London 1704. Played viola and harpsichord in Drury Lane orchestra. One of founders of the Academy of Ancient Music. From 1715 composed music for operas and masques at Drury Lane and Lincoln’s Inn Theatre. Probably composed overture for Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728) Wrote treatise on harmony (1730) and other theoretical books. Organist and composer to Duke of Chandos, 1715-1731.
Landscape designers, gardeners, architects and engineers
Note, The gardeners mentioned would probably be best researched at the Lindley Library of the Royal Horticultural Society.
Alexander Blackwell, 18th Century garden designer worked at Canons 1738-42.
Gardener in charge of the gardens at Canons 1720-24. Also associated with creation of Blenheim Palace gardens.
Dr Richard Bradley. Born 1686, died 1732. Elected to the Royal Society. Authored book on gardening dedicated to the Duke of Chandos. Worked on planting at Canons. A book “The Ingenious Mr Fairchild” by M. Leapman 2000 gives a vivid account of this colourful character.
Desagulier, a Hugenot and third Grand Master of the Freemasons, held numerous patents and was awarded at the age of 60 the Copley Gold Medal for his continuing experiments on bridge construction, steam control and water supplies. He was Chaplain to the Duke of Chandos and demonstrated his scientific findings before George II. He worked with Chandos on the water features at Canons.
Grinling Gibbons is attributed with the stone carving in the Duke’s mausoleum at St Lawrence’s church. A Master Wood Carver, born Rotterdam, 1648 Grinling Gibbons came to Britain around 1670 and obtained commissions from Charles II, William III and George I. Wren commissioned Gibbons to supply decorative carving for many of his country house commissions. Gibbons’ trademark was the cascade of fruit, leaves, flowers, foliage, fish, and birds. Such cascades could be applied to panelling, furniture, walls, or even chimneys. Very often objects in the carving would have a meaning or reference to a classical Greek or Roman ideal or story.
Architect, born Aberdeen 1682-1754, studied architecture in Holland, notably worked on St Martin’s in the Fields, London and the Radcliffe Library at Oxford. Associated with the design of the Duke’s palace and St.Lawrence Church taking over from John James working from 1716 to 1719.
Born 1672. Died 1746. Architect associated with Duke’s Palace after Talman was dismissed.
Born 1674, died 1748. Notably worked for Lord Burlington of Chiswick House significance. William Kent is famous as the father of the “picturesque”, or English landscape garden. Kent envisioned the landscape as a classical painting, carefully arranged to maximize effects of light, shape, and colour. He was not above planting dead stumps to create the mood he required. His gardens were dotted with classical temples replete with philosophical associations, a fact which would have been readily apparent to his patrons.
Kent’s most important gardening creations were at Stowe, Rousham, and Chiswick House. He may have been at a stage too early in his career to have significantly contributed to the development of Canons.
Although the usual date in which Kent is thought to have started designing gardens is about c1726 (Stowe and Chiswick), Canons may signal his involvement at an earlier time. Part of the argument that Kent did indeed work on the layout of the grounds at Canons is gleaned from comparison with subsequent examples of his work elsewhere. A cross comparison between his famous works and his likely involvement at Canons is reported in Appendix 7 of HRMP.
At Canons he is named as the interior decorator and he painted at least three ceilings in the palace.
B 1691 d. 1781. Head gardener at Canons 1724. Gardener, nurseryman. Worked for Lord Burlington after Chandos. For more information see a book by Blanche Henrey “No Ordinary Gardener. Thomas Knowlton, 1691-1781.” Edited by A. O. Chater. London: British Museum, 1986. A descendant resident in the USA is a member of the Friends of Canons Park.
The designs for the formal parterre and wilderness gardens around the House in the school grounds, conform to the traditional layouts of George London. Canons may have been his great, last masterwork.
George London is described as one of the last great formalists and he played a leading part in creating many of the famous gardens of the period including Castle Howard, and Chatsworth. London was trained under Charles II’s principal gardener, John Rose and was sent to France to learn the art of formal planting.
He was famous for his use of avenues running axially away from the house, which were bisected by rond-points and formal canals. At Wanstead he designed a forest garden similar to that proposed at Canons and was renowned for his use of the parterre. However, London died in 1714 and the design of Canons was still very much in its infancy. Whether the final layout can be attributed to London or to the other individuals known to have worked on the project is still open to speculation.
Louis Laguerre (b Paris, 1663; d London, 20 April 1721). French painter, active in England. His father, a Catalan, was Keeper of Louis XIV’s menagerie, and the King was his godfather. Laguerre went to England, where he worked first as an assistant to Antonio Verrio and then became a master decorator in his own right. His first major independent commission was for William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Devonshire, at Chatsworth, Derbys 1689 to 1697 where Laguerre painted a rich trompe-l’oeil framework of mythological scenes. Associated with interiors of the Dukes Palace and of St.Lawrence Church.
LBH Parks Service/Borough Engineers:
Presumably this group designed the King George V Memorial Garden and the Donnefield Avenue and Whitchurch Lane entrances. The only records found during a recent search were photographs of recently completed rest garden at the Whitchurch Lane entrance.
The architect Charles Mallows brought contemporary style to the gardens of Canons Estate in the early twentieth century. Although his design for the north and south pool gardens are supposed to have been attempted restorations of Chandos’ layout, there are no detailed plans of the original to confirm this.
Like Kent and Repton before him, Mallows was at the forefront of the design movement of the times, namely Arts and Crafts. Mallows adopted this planting style in his implementation of ‘garden rooms’, which, as a trained architect, drew on his ultimate respect for the building. Appropriately for Canons, the style was broadly revivalist with an affinity towards vernacular architecture.
Mallows own terminology described his work as ‘Architectural Gardening’. Typical Mallows ‘open air rooms’ contained pergolas, rose gardens, cloister courts, lily pools, terraces and orchards, all elements visible at Canons in the grounds of NLCS.
The significance of Mallows for Canons Park lies in the style of the King George V garden that reflects the style of detailing used by Mallows.
Thomas Mawson, another forerunner of the Arts and Crafts, and first President of the Institute of Landscape Architects is also said to have worked at Canons, summarised the approach as ‘revivalist designs combined with modern horticulture’. There is no evidence quoted for his involvement but it is possible as Mallows and Mawson used similar design style and worked closely with each other.
Builder/decorator associated with the Duke’s buildings. Giovanni Bagutti was an interior decorator of the time associated with Great Witley, Worcestershire where the chapel from Canons was rebuilt. Bagutti decorated St Martin-in-the-Fields, London and worked on Orleans House, Twickenham with James Gibbs.
HRMP refers to a Pargotti, no further information found possibly a confusion.
? – 1736. Architect. Worked at Canons after James Gibbs departure 1720-21.
Born 1752 died 1818. Humphrey Repton is credited with coining the term “landscape garden” to describe the natural style of gardening which he felt required “the united powers of the landscape painter and the practical gardener.” He produced several articles on gardening for the Linnean Society, and 5 books on gardening philosophy and practice, including Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening (1794).
These books were often drawn from material compiled for his famous “red books”. The red books were volumes created for each landscaping client, complete with carefully drawn before-and-after maps, illustrations, watercolours, and ideas for changes to the client’s gardens. These volumes were then bound in red leather and presented to the client. There is no known Red Book for Canons
In general, Repton’s landscape principles followed closely those of his predecessor Capability Brown “That the park should seemingly be one and the same with the surrounding countryside.” Later he adopted an element of formality in the immediate environs of the house, using terraces with balustrades and steps.
Repton worked with Plummer on alterations to the estate. Frequently very little change was made to existing parks that he worked on and at one point he was putting forward reasons for the retention of seventeenth and eighteenth century avenues. However at Canons the area now known as the Pleasure Grounds to the south west of the house, were previously kitchen gardens. Repton’s possible design greatly altered the existing layout, creating lawns broken up by ornamental tree and shrubs beds.
?-1747. Architect. Supervised completion of Canons 1723-5.
Edward Strong Jnr:
1676-1741. Master-mason. Built north front of Canons in 1715.
William Talman Nationality: English, Birth Date: 1650, Death Date: 1719. Leading architect of the 1680s and 1690s, Comptroller of the Royal Works. Associated with commencement of design of Duke’s palace.
Sir James Thornhill (b 1675; d 1734). English painter. The great English exponent of Baroque decorative painting, he was the only one to compete successfully with foreigners for the relatively few large-scale decorative commissions available in England during the first quarter of the 18th century. Thornhill painted the interior of the dome of St Paul’s Cathedral and the ceiling of the Great Hall in Blenheim Palace. Associated with Duke’s buildings at Canons.
b1664 d1726 English playwright and English Baroque architect also involved with garden design. In 1699 John Vanbrugh worked with Nicholas Hawksmoor. Worked on the design of Castle Howard and Blenheim Palace. He worked with Bridgeman at Stowe and Claremont. He was consulted on the design of the Duke’s palace.
Notable People associated with Main Owners and Users
London at the time of the Duke of Chandos at Canons in the 18th Century was a city where Gentlemen (such as the Duke, Alexander Pope, Hogarth and their cliques) engaged themselves in learning, Science, Art, and matters of taste. This activity was often focussed around the coffee houses of central London and The Royal Society. It is possible to imagine the discussion surrounding the horticultural experiments (eg with pineapples) and the design of a great garden taking place.
Pope, Alexander, 1688–1744, English satirist. He wrote lines referring to the Duke’s flamboyant gardens and the royal state in which he lived which was regarded as extravagant. It was about the formal gardens at ” Princely Canons ” that Pope made a gibe at Canons.
Novelist born London 1660 author of “Robinson Crusoe.” He also wrote books describing his travels. Daniel Defoe in his “Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain” (1724-6), called Canons the most magnificent mansion house in England. He described the building and the gardens, the interior, the chapel and the library.
Sir Matthew Decker (1679—1749). A director of the East India Company he was created a baronet by George I. Decker had ‘a truly Dutch passion for gardening’ and a famous garden at Richmond Green. He was a friend of Brydges, and was consulted by him about Canons presumably about the gardens and horticulture. There seems little doubt that Decker, or rather his gardener Henry Telende, was the first to fruit the pineapple in Britain.
APPENDIX 3 Library References
List of relevant historical references obtainable at Civic Centre Library, Harrow:
1. 3 packets of documents ref – Canons 1-3
2. 1 packet of documents ref – Parks 1
3. Harrow UDC Open Spaces Plans c1950 (folder with plans)
4. “A History of the County of Middlesex” p.114/115 “Little Stanmore”.
5. Scale particulars – Arthur du Cros c1920. Ref: Plan chest Drawer 2.2 & 2A
6. Scale particulars c.1887. Ref: Plan Chest Draw 7 – no plan.
7. “James Brydges First Duke of Chandos” Baker. Ref.H2 CHANDOS.
8. “Princely Chandos – James Brydges 1674-1744” Ref. H2 CHANDOS.
9. “Handel, Canons and the Duke of Chandos” Ref H2 HANDEL. Streatfield RA 1996
10. “Handel. A Documentary Biography” Ref H2 HANDEL Otto Erich Deutseh.
11. Packet containing
11a. Extracts from “George Friederic Handel: his personality and his times” Cassel 1959.
11b. Extracts from “Cannons Duke of Chandos” Dean W 1982.
11c. “Handel and his world”
11e. “Handel the man and his music”
13. “Excellent Cassandra. The life and times of the Duchen of Chandos.” Joan Johnson. 1981.
14. Photos c.1930.
- more recent OS maps
- 1863/4 and 1970
- (OS) 1864/5
- 1838 – Tithe Map (and list of fields)
16. “The Countryside Lies Sleeping 1865-1950”
Chapter on Canons
- “Stanmore Past” – The Manors of Stanmore Chapter on Cannons.
- A-Z Georgian London, Roque – At Gayton Library
- “A Tour… “ by Defoe
- Note: County Records Office hold estate map of 1720
- Survey of Canons 1604/1625 Ref: Info file Canons 1/3
- Painting of horse Eclipse. Ref: info file 2/35 Canons
- Removal of restrictive covenants. Info file Canons (15)
- Excavation roundup 1979. Info file Archaeology (12)
- Correspondence re Memorial Garden. Info file Parks – including leaflet and ticket for opening event.
- Mortgage abstracts c. 1786. Chandos Box 3/28
- Harrow Observer article records . Deer in park: 4.4.57 p1. Play park boost 50 15.1.87 p16
- Aerial photos since 1915
Appendix 4 History Contacts
Mrs Karen Morgan, Senior Librarian and Archivist
North London Collegiate School, Canons, Edgware, Middlesex. HA8 7RJ
Telephone: 020 8952 0912 Fax: 020 8951 1391
The Librarian: Civic Centre Local History Collection
PO BOX 4, Civic Centre
Harrow HA1 2UU
Telephone: 020 8424 1055/6
The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens
1151 Oxford Road
San Marino, CA 91108
V&A Museum, London
Museum Switchboard : +44 (0)20 7942 2000
If you cannot find a specific address for your enquiry below, please e-mail [email protected]
V&A Images Picture Agency
Tel: +44 (0)20 7942 2483/2486/2489/2479
Fax: +44 (0)20 7942 2482
Records and Archives
Archive of Art and Design Tel: +44 (0)20 7603 1514
V&A Archive Tel: +44 (0)20 7602 8832
RIBA Library, London
London Metropolitan Archives.
Handel House Museum
25 Brook Street
020 7495 1685
The society aims to advance education by promoting the study and appreciation of, and supporting and publishing research on, the music and life of George Frideric Handel and his contemporaries. Website: http://gfhandel.org/hi/. Subscriptions, contributions and related enquiries to the treasurer, 76 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX England
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PROTECTING CHILDREN’S RIGHTS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE: STATE'S OBLIGATIONS, THE LAW AND THE WAY FORWARD.
©️ A. Boyzie Kamara, Esq.
1. This contribution, which coincides with the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (10/12/2023) and the ongoing COP 28, aims to turn a spotlight on the link between the rights of children and a changing climate. At the time of writing, delegates from over 200 countries, business leaders and Civil Society are gathered in Dubai, UAE for the COP 28, otherwise called Conference of the Parties. The assumed goal is to ‘hold the increase in the global temperature to well below 2 degrees C above pre-industrial levels’ and to:
“pursue efforts to limit temperature increases to 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels'.
COP has thus become a regular fixture in the realm of climate change for discussing and monitoring the Nationally Determined Contributions of States.
2. A very concerning issue in this arrangement has been the consideration given to the most vulnerable groups like women and children in climate change discourses. The overwhelming perception among experts is that children and their welfare have been largely ignored in Climate Change discussions.
3. Not surprisingly, ahead of COP 28, the Executive Director of UNICEF, the UN Childrens Agency has noted that: “The global failure to confront the climate crisis–the greatest threat of this generation–has created a child rights crisis. It is jeopardizing every child’s fundamental right to health and well-being. COP28 cannot be business as usual. We cannot keep going down the same path. Let’s ensure that COP28 becomes a turning point in finally putting children at the center in our shared fight against climate change”
4. Owing to their very vulnerable state, children suffer the greatest risk of being affected by climate change. From the day of conception through to adulthood, their mental health, continuous growth and development into adults are under constant threat. Children in Third World nations like Sierra Leone are the hardest hit.
5. For instance, the 2023 Notre Dame Global Action Index ranks Sierra Leone 163 out of 182 countries in terms of vulnerability to climate change with low preparedness to confront the ever-increasing threat. Up to 13% of the area of Sierra Leone and 35 % of its population are at risk. The prevalence of extreme heat, rising sea levels, recurrent storms, mudslides and other climate disruptions pose a threat to the country’s food security efforts, biodiversity and livelihoods (African Development Bank Report 2022).
6. And according to Afrobarometer (November 2023) while climate change awareness is increasing in Sierra Leone, the awareness is still limited to half of the population, the majority of those who have heard about it say it has worsened their quality of life. The Survey (Afrobarometer Dispatch No. 725 of 3rd November, 2023) goes further to say that only 49% of Sierra Leoneans say they have heard about climate change. 85% of the citizenry believe that citizens can help curb climate change and 81% say the government should take immediate climate change action even at great economic expense. It says 59% of Sierra Leoneans assign primary responsibility for limiting climate change to the government while 30% ascribe responsibility to the ordinary citizens.
7. A World Bank report (Sustainable cities: Urban Areas and Climate Change in Sierra Leone, June 2023) reveals that among the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change are the urban Poor. And according to UNICEF (The Climate-Changed Child: A Children’s Climate Risk Index Supplement-November 2023), as of 2022 , 739 million children were exposed to high or extremely high-water scarcity, 436 million children live in areas of high or extremely high-water vulnerability. Children face multiple vulnerabilities especially in Sierra Leone where most parents are poor.
8. Sierra Leone dispatched a delegation to the COP 28 in Dubai but it is unclear whether the delegation includes a children's regiment.
This piece contends that since Children represent one third of the population of the world and owing to their legally peculiar character as a vulnerable group, States have fundamental obligations under international and domestic laws to ensure that children grow up and develop in a safe environment where their rights are protected and respected. It concludes that so far , states are failing to uphold these obligations and climate change continues posing the greatest risk to the actialization and enjoyment of children's rights.
The next paragraph looks at the strides made so far by Sierra Leone in this regard.
Efforts made by Sierra Leone in protecting Children's Rights and the Environment
9. Despite being a third world country, it is worthy to acknowledge that Sierra Leone continues to take sturdy strides to tackle the deteriorating climate and its effects on the citizens.
10. In 2022, a revamped Environmental Protection Agency Act was enacted to provide for a more effective and efficient protection and management of the environment. A Ministry of Environment has been functional with specific focus on the environment. There is also the National Protected Area Authority Act of 2012 which was enacted to establish a National Protected Area Authority; to promote bio diversity conservations, wildlife management and for the sale of ecosystems services in the National Protected Areas.
The Human Rights Commission of Sierra Leone has been enabling discussions around climate change and human rights. In their latest Newsletter, a whole portion was devoted to highlighting the link between climate change and human rights and what citizens can do to adapt.
11. In the area of children's rights, the Child Rights Act 2007 established, inter alia, a regime for the protection and promotion of Children’s rights. A Family Court was established with speciality in handling children’s rights issues.
12. A National Children’s Commission is fully functional with the mandate to seek children’s welfare. In 2022, the National Commission for Children launched the #protectthechild campaign and the Children’s Right Governance campaign, both of which were designed to generate discussion around children and their plight. The Commission has been active in elevating the discourse on Children’s Rights.
However, despite these strides, there is a noticeable gap when it comes to the protection of children's rights within the context of climate change. The next paragraphs look at the specific children’s rights which are jeopardised by the changing Climate.
Specific Children’s Rights Affected by A Changing Climate under International Law*
13. As already stated, Children as members of the human family are entitled to the general Human Rights as contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR).
14. As members of a special/ vulnerable group, Children are entitled to protection. The States can simply achieve this by upholding the obligations as enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN-CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC).
15. Additionally, states have obligations to children under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.But what specific rights have been violated and how? The next paragraphs will throw light.
The Right of Children to be heard, to have their views considered and to Participate in Proceedings concerning them.
17. Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child upholds the right of the child to be heard and express his or her views. This right is closely linked with the right to freedom of expression (article 13), the right to freedom of assembly (article 15), and the right to access information (article 17). This right is also guaranteed in article 19 of the UDHR. The Child Rights Act 2007 also mirrors these rights in Sierrs Leone.
18. The right to be heard is further guaranteed in articles 7, 8 and 9 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). It’s also enshrined in articles 9 & 10 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights (ACHPR)
20. It is contended that despite these guarantees, little attention has been accorded to the views of children in climate change discussions. In fact the first recognition of children as a vulnerable group deserving of protection in climate change discussions came in the preamble of the Paris Agreement.
21. In UNCRC General Comment No.14 para. 77, it was stated that: “Children when in situations where their health and well-being are impacted should be provided with adequate and appropriate information to understand the situation and all the relevant aspects concerning their interests and be allowed where possible to give their consent in an informed manner”
22. In article 4(I) of the UNFCCC, the State has an obligation to: “Promote and cooperate in education, training and public awareness related to climate change and encourage the widest participation in this process, including that of non-governmental organizations.”
There is no age restriction on this right to be heard and the state is discouraged from attempting to impose age limits on this right as per Committee on the Right of the Child, general comment No.12 (2009) para. 21
23. The state must not only use the rights of children to be heard as a way of fulfilling a formality requirement, but they must be taken seriously. In K.S. and M.S v Switzerland, No. 74/2019/ UN Committee on the Right of the Child (CRC), 10th February 2022, the UN Committee on the Right of the Child held that the failure by the state to hold a direct hearing with the child violated Articles 3 & 12 of the Convention.
In Re: Jamie(2015) FamCA 455(16 June 2015), the family Court of Australia found that 15 years old ‘Jamie’ was competent to consent to the stage two treatment for gender dysphoria and authorised her to make her own decision in relation to the treatment.
25. Presently, Sierra Leone does not have a specialised forum where children are taught about their rights and obligations in relation to climate change. There ought to be such fora where they are also encouraged to air out their understanding of climate change, how it affects their daily lives and what they think should be done to mitigate the impacts.
26. The state has an obligation to ensure that children’s views are inculcated in Climate Change discussions. Children must be informed of the effects of Climate Change to their lives and what role they could play in the mitigation efforts. They ought to be consulted and their views must be considered, not as a matter of formality but as a matter of urgency. Failure to do so is a violation of their rights for which the state must be held accountable.
The State's Obligation to Prioritise the Best Interest of the Child.
27. Article 3 of the UN-CRC mandates states to ensure that in all proceedings concerning children, whether private or public, judicial or administrative, the best interest of the child must be the primary consideration. This provision is also mirrored in Article 3 of the ACRWC. It's also contained in section 3 of the Child Rights Act 2007
In General Comment No 16 (2013), the UNCRC stated that: “states are obliged to integrate and apply this principle in all legislative, administrative and judicial proceedings concerning children… operations that directly or indirectly impact on children…the consideration becomes crucial when states are engaged in weighing competing priorities”
28. The State should be able to explain how the right to have the best interest of the child considered has been respected in its decision making and policy considerations. The best interest of the Child requires that the situation be assessed independently of any other factors.
29. The African Committee of Experts on Children's Rightd has noted in The African Centre for Human Rights and Rencontre Africaine pour la Defence de Droits De L’homme v Senegal ACERWC no 003/com/001/2012, 2015 para. 35 that: "the duty to put the best interest of the child is not only applicable to actions and omissions of the state, but also extends to the actions of non-state actors.
30. In the decision in Mazou v Cameroun (2001)(AHLR)8(HCR 2001) para. 8.4 it was stated that: a prolonged decision even in favour of a Child cannot serve the best interest of the Child since the prolongation may lead to the infringement of other substantive rights.
31. Furthermore, in R.H.M. (on behalf of Y.A.M.) v Denmark, communication No. 83/2019, CRC/C/86/D/83/2019, UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 5 March 2021, p. 10 the Committee concluded "that there was a failure to consider the best interest of the Child by the state of Denmark when assessing the alleged risk of the Child being subjected to female genital mutilation if deported to Somalia and such a return to Somalia would amount to a violation of articles 3 and 19 of the Convention".
32. Ensuring the best interest of the Child necessitates that procedural safeguards must be established including prioritizing Children’s issues and completing decisions in the shortest possible time. This was so held in Minority Rights Group International and SOS-Esclaves on behalf of Said Ould Salem and Yarg Ould Salem V. The Republic of Mauritania No. 007/Com/003/2015, 15.12.2015
33. Within the context of the obligations of the State regarding the effects on Climate Change on Children’s rights, the UNFCCC is very clear on the level of obligation owed. Using the precautionary principle, the State has an obligation to anticipate, prevent or minimize the effects of Climate Change as enshrined in article 3(3) of the UNFCCC. The State has an obligation to take Climate Change considerations in to account in all its endeavours. There is also an obligation to adopt Climate Change mitigation strategies in the national policies (articles 4(1) (f) and 4(2) (a) of the UNFCCC.
34. The failure of a state to uphold these rights can spell doom for the well-being of children and would amount to a violation of their Rights.
35. Extreme weather conditions, droughts, floods which are brought about by the change in Climate usually result in displacement of children, separation from parents, loss of homes and leisure, lack of safe drinking water and malnutrition. These effects go against the best interest of the child and result in violation of their rights, like the right to survival and development.
The Right to Life, Survival and Development
36. The Child’s rights to life, Survival and Development are inherent and inalienable in all International Treaties. They are guaranteed in article 5 of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, at Article 6(1)(2) of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child; at article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and at article 4 of the African Convention on Human and Peoples Rights. Natural disasters and air pollution which are brought on by Climate
change result in child morbidity. In 2012 alone approximately 700,000 children under the age of 5 died of causes related to air pollution (UNHR/A/HRC/35/13). Climate change can exacerbate air pollution by intensifying the toxicity of the air pollutants.
36. The right to life demands that the state has an obligation to take actions and stop events that may lead to the loss of lives of Children. Humans rights are inviolable and states should ensure that no child is arbitrarily deprived of his or her life.
In Communication No. 84/1981, Dermit Barbato v. Uruguay, Views adopted on 21 October 1982, para. 10, it was observed that State parties have a primary duty to take appropriate measures to protect the life of a person. These appropriate measures within the context of climate change and the UNFCCC include the duty to take precautionary measures which will mitigate the adverse effects of Climate Change on Children and the enjoyment of their rights.
Since Climate Change leads to ocean warming, ocean acidification, floods, droughts, wild fires, these phenomena in turn cause mortality in Children. Children die and suffer severe sicknesses that affect their growth and development. Climate change can contribute to the spread of diseases such as malaria, hepatitis etc.
The UN estimates that by 2030, climate change will result in the death of an additional 48,000 children less than 15 years of age from diarrhoea disease.
If the State upholds its obligations under the various treaties, these deaths of Children which result from Climate Change could be at the very least, mitigated.
The Right to Education, Health and Healthy, Clean and Sustainable Environment.
37. The Child’s right to Education has been recognized in article 11 of the ACRWC, article 17 of the ACHPR; articles 28 and 29 of the UN-CRC and article 26 of the UDHR.
And the right to Health is enshrined in article 14 of the ACRWC, article 16 of the ACHPR; article 24 of the UNCRC and article 25(1) of the UDHR.
By Resolution 48/13, the UN General Assembly recognized the right to Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment.
The rights of a child to Health and Education should not be affected and the state must take measures to protect them. In the decision in: The Centre for Human Rights (University of Pretoria) and La Rencontre Africaine pour la Defense Des Droits de l’homme (Senegal) V. The Government of Senegal No 003/Com/001/2012, the Committee held that: “in realizing the right to education the state must ensure, inter alia, the availability, accessibility and acceptability of the education provided to the children…a state party is not only obliged to provide education, but to also ensure that the education so provided is of acceptable quality”
Similarly, in UNCRC, General comment No. 15 (2013) on the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), para 112 the Committee stated that the criteria for assessing the performance and implementation of healthcare obligations are availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality.
In the decision in ACHPR, Communication 379/09: Monim Elgak, Osman Hummeida, and Amir Suliman (represented by FIDH and OMCT) v Sudan (2015) para 134 it was held that the right to health includes the right to control one’s health and the right to be free from interferences. The actualization of the right to health also includes the facilitation of access and information. The effectiveness of the right can only be assessed based on the result produced.
And in ACERWC Communication No. 007/Com/003/2015, Minority Rights Group International and SOS-Esclaves on behalf of Said Ould Salem and Yarg Ould Salem V. The Republic of Mauritania, para 54., the African Committee of Experts pointed out that:” obligations on State Parties are _‘obligations of result’ and a commitment to the fulfilment of any right must be concretely demonstrated through action and subsequent impact
Climate change and the impacts of traumatic stress connected to climate change such as war, insecurity, sexual and physical violence and witnessing deaths and injuries related to extreme weather disasters increase the susceptibility of children to post traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression.
38. States have thus far failed in their obligations under Article 4 of the UNFCC, the resultant effects being a plethora of violations of Children’s Rights. Children who are displaced as a result of floods cannot access educational services. They don’t enjoy family life and they don’t have access to recreation and leisure. They don’t enjoy a clean and sustainable environment. They are prone to diseases and they resort to living in very unhealthy environments.
It is submitted that that the State cannot be excused from taking action on the basis of unavailability of funds/resources. For one, Children’s rights must be made a priority even within the meagre resources at the disposal of the non-Annex 1 Countries like Sierra Leone- in the UNFCCC.
The State can also benefit from cooperating with the highest polluters and ensure that resources are available for them.
Present State Actions and Omissions that Affect the Climate System.
It is argued that though the state has acceded to these Climate and Human Rights Treaties, it continues to fall short of taking the concrete actions or the omissions that would ensure that the climate is safe for current and future generations of children. Sierra Leone and other states have failed to take the science-based actions needed to stabilize the climate system. They continue to support industries that accelerate climate change. Licenses are granted to mining companies which end up disfiguring the environment and exploration rights are granted to companies without expressed regard to the effect of their activities on children.
States continue to support the fossil fuel industry and thereby increasing the emission of greenhouse gases. The inaction to take adequate measures is bound to harm the Planet for the Children.
The rich countries which contribute more to the changing of the Climate System have failed to make good their financial pledges to poor nations like Sierra Leone which are at the receiving end of the most adverse effects of climate change.
The submission here is that the continuation of inactions by States result in the violation of almost all the rights guaranteed for Children under International Treaties.
And unless these are arrested or mitigated, present and future generations of Children will face a bleak future from the Changing Climate.
The future of Children’s Rights if present trends continue and if Obligations are not Respected.
As already established, States have obligations to take ambitious measures aimed at minimizing the present and future negative effects of climate change on Children’s Rights. This involves limiting global warming to no more than 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to also focus adaptation measures for those children living in the most vulnerable areas of the world. Anything less will portend a dire future for Children’s rights.
Experts have predicted that if the present collective failure by States to take science-based action to halt the emissions of greenhouse gases is not arrested, Children will be among the worst affected lot.
For instance, it is estimated that if the present trend continues, by 2050, approximately 1.45 billion Children will be living in zones where the global average surface temperature will have increased by greater than 2 degrees Celsius, an increase which expert have described as ‘catastrophic’. (UNICEF UK)
An estimated 30 million more malnourished children will result by 2050. Experts predict that extreme weather conditions can lead to morbidity and mortality among children. Globally, it is estimated that 160 million children inhabit areas at risk of drought, 500 children live in flood zones and 115 million are exposed to cyclone risk. And about 600 million children living in the most vulnerable countries are facing imminent danger. (UNICEF)
Water scarcity and food insecurity brought about by Climate Change will have disproportionate impact on Children, especially the poor. Experts estimate that by 2030 Climate Change will result in an additional 7.5 million Children under the age of 5 years who are moderately stunted. As stated earlier, in 2012 alone, for instance, about 700 thousand Children under the age of 5 years died from the effects of air pollution. It is estimated that by 2030, Climate Change will result in the death of an additional 48,000 Children less than 15 years of age from diarrhea.
Further, it is estimated that more than 88% of the existing global burden of diseases due to Climate Change occurs in Children under the age of 5 years. The stresses from witnessing the horrors brought about by Climate Change are also predicated to negatively influence Children’s mental health.
A study by UNICEF concluded that One Billion children around the world are at ‘extremely high risk’ of the impact of the Climate Crisis. Dwindling resources as a result of Climate Change can destabilize entire regions, thereby increasing the risk of confrontation which will involve children.
Recommendations/ the way forward
The global community of States, civil societies and private sector must unite to make Children’s rights a priority in Climate Change discussions, actions and policy considerations.
States must be made to inculcate ‘the Best Interest of the Child’ Principle and make Children’s right a permanent fixture in all things Climate. Children should be empowered to express their views and be allowed to share their unique experiences on how climate change affects the enjoyment of their rights, what role they could play in mitigation efforts and what remedial measures are available to them.
The State, Civil Society and the private sector should dedicate more effort to highlight the link between climate change and Children’s rights and the effects of failure to take action on Climate Change.
The consequences of failure to act should also be made clear. It is suggested that some form of nudge must be visited upon States which continuously renege on their obligations.
In Sierra Leone, there is need to amend the Child Rights Act 2007 to inculcate a specific section on children's rights in a Changing Climate. The Ministry of Environment and the Environmental Protection Agency should as a matter of urgency establish a Climate Change and Children’s rights section to handle issues of climate change and children. The Human Rights Commission of Sierra is already doing well raising the discourse on human rights and climate change. There is need to specifically create discussion around children’s rights and the climate system.
Climate change clubs should be established in schools to highlight issues of climate change to the children. It’s essential to also consider creating climate change and children’s rights as a subject in schools.
These measures should be taken with the same urgency as the threat presented by Climate Change. The child climate activist Greta Thunberg puts it in perspective when she stated in 2019 at the World Economic Forum: "Our house is on Fire. I am here to say our house is on Fire"
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
A.Boyzie Kamara is a Barrister and Solicitor of the High Court of Sierra Leone. He is the Head, Gbanthkedie Chambers, a Law Firm located at 5 Howe Street Freetown | <urn:uuid:c4bbe7fb-d294-4e80-a1fa-48c08c9a3da2> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://sierralii.gov.sl/articles/2023-12-11/Kamaraa/protecting-childrens-rights-in-a-changing-climate-states-obligations-the-law-and-the-way-forward | 2024-12-08T05:31:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066441563.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208045820-20241208075820-00742.warc.gz | en | 0.942992 | 5,495 | 3 | 3 |
Dr NC Saha discusses raw materials for paper and packaging
Dr NC Saha shares his experience with the biomass project that focuses on paddy straws and stubbles as valuable raw materials for paper and packaging. Saha says paddy is one of the most important cereal crops cultivated globally. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), global rice production in 2023-24 was at a record 518.1-million tons (milled basis). In all this, India stood as the second largest producer of paddy in the world with a total production of 132 million tons (milled basis). How can paddy benefit the paper and packaging industry? Read on...
21 Nov 2024 | By WhatPackaging? Team
Paddy stubble burning and air pollution
Paddy straw and stubble are the parts of the paddy that have their roots in the earth. After harvesting the paddy crop, the farmers cut off its valuable upper part and some of the parts which are not useful, are left in the field. Paddy stubble is considered an agricultural waste in the world. Rice straw has a high C:N ratio and is more resistant to microbial degradation than other straws because its main constituents are cellulose and hemicelluloses encrusted by lignin.
India produces over 105-million tons of paddy yearly, producing about 200 million tons of paddy straw yearly. Paddy is grown in almost all major states of India. This is due to the consumption of rice which is a staple diet across the country. Out of a total of 200-million tons of paddy straw, 40-million tons of rice straw is burned annually. In India, paddy stubble burning poses challenges in north India, mainly Punjab and Haryana where the paddy and wheat cropping system is the focal issue. The quantity of the crop straw and stubble is staggering and the window for disposal is too small.
Burning of paddy stubbles in the field has become a common practice in the Indo-Gangetic plains during October and November to clear the fields for rabi crops (mainly wheat). Since the time window available between the harvesting of a paddy crop and the sowing of the next crop is short (2-3 weeks), burning is the preferred method. Moreover, the paddy stalk which remains on the field after harvesting of paddy and its removal is a labour-intensive process. Plus there is the festive season which results in the unavailability of labourers.
So, the time window for preparing the field for wheat cultivation is reduced, and the options that the farmer has are either investing in expensive and rarely used agricultural implements to remove the paddy stalks from the field or burning the paddy stalk and stubbles by setting fire to the field. Of the two, the latter option is cheaper and requires less effort.
A matter of concern across North India
The Indian farmer prefers the practice of the burning of paddy stubbles. But this results in air pollution and the release of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) such as carbon dioxide and methane. This intensifies global warming and climate change and reduces soil fertility by depleting essential nutrients which are present in crop residue and human health like respiratory problems. This is rampant in Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and NCR region during the late September and October months and is a perennial problem in North India.
As per estimates, Punjab produces approximately 19-20 million tonnes of paddy straw and about 20 million tonnes of wheat straw. About 85-90 per cent of this paddy straw and stubble are burnt in the field and increasingly, wheat straw is being burnt during the rabi harvesting season. This problem also exists in Haryana, although the scale is smaller than in Punjab. When paddy straws and stubbles are burned, hazardous substances such as CO2, CH4, CO, and NO are released into the air as smog (less than 10 micrometre-sized particles). The burning of paddy straw has contributed to road accidents and health issues like respiratory problems among children and senior citizens residing in Haryana, Punjab and Delhi NCR.
This burning is the main cause of air pollution in Punjab and Haryana. This is of grave concern towards climate hazards which result in smog after burning. Smog is produced as a "toxic cloud" in New Delhi, resulting in declarations of an air pollution emergency. Its contribution to the poor air quality of Delhi is estimated between 25% to 30% on the days when stubble burning peaks in Punjab and Haryana. It severely affects the air quality in Punjab and Haryana which has a detrimental impact on soil fertility in terms of lack of nutrients.
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has prohibited the burning of paddy straw and stubbles and passed directions including the imposition of environmental compensation against defaulters but any significant progress is yet to be seen.
Paddy stubbles into value-added products
Paddy straws and stubbles have high lignocellulosic materials which would be beneficial to create products. Also, various applications may be manufactured to convert this "agricultural waste into wealth" as high-value products.
Research in Haryana, identified a Dutch technological solution that can transform paddy straw into valuable applications ECOR technology can transform paddy straw into panels that can be used for furniture, gift boxes, doors, kitchens, displays etcetera. In addition, other circular products that could be made from the potentially removed paddy straw from the farm are packaging, paper and silica extraction.
On the one hand, the processing of the paddy straw, because of its high amounts of silica remains a great challenge. On the other hand, it is known that the extraction of silica from the paddy straw is viable, and it may be used in the production of car tyres and solar panels. These include energy generation, environmental adsorbents, building supplies, manufacturing of panels, conversion of crop residue into organic fertiliser, and valuable goods like tableware and cutleries for packaging application.
In fact, the use of paddy straw as fodder is not preferred by the farmers due to its high silica content in 100 kg i.e., 9.14% and hence, this material has got limited use as fodder as compared to wheat straw. As mentioned, silica content in paddy stubbles ranges from 9% to 20 % depending upon the geographical location.
Moreover, the chemical analysis indicates that paddy straw has 43.49% cellulose, 23.28% semi-cellulose, 4.8% lignin and 2.2 % protein content. Due to its high cellulose content, paddy straw would be considered a highly suitable material for making pulp for the paper industry.
As mentioned earlier, the main challenge is the presence of high silica content which causes constraints during the pulping process. Hence, the removal of silica from paddy straw has become a critical aspect. It is reported that Central Pulp and Paper Research Institute (CPPRI), an autonomous organisation under Govt of India developed the “desiliconisation” process by which silica content can be removed and paddy straw and stubbles can be made suitable for making pulp to produce paper.
This is an initiative by the MVO, Netherlands and The Embassy of the Royal Kingdom of Netherlands, Government of Netherlands.
The Indo-Dutch Sustainability Forum
The MVO Nederland is a sustainable business network in Europe. MVO Nederland, with the “Omzet met Impact” program, financed by the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, identifies sustainable market opportunities and Corporate Social Responsibility risks in 12 countries on three continents. Dutch entrepreneurs work with local entrepreneurs and develop projects focused on sustainable sourcing, delivery and production, providing solutions to real-life problems.
India is one of the program countries of “Omzet met Impact”. In 2017, MVO Nederland carried out a Sustainable and Inclusive Business Scan, commissioned by the Netherlands Embassy in India. As a follow-up, the INDUS (Indo-Dutch Sustainability Forum) platform was developed, an online matchmaking platform. On this platform, Dutch and Indian business partners can tap each other, share sustainable challenges and solutions and work together on sustainable business cases. Within Indus, two pilot projects have been defined that act as a "showcase" for the active matchmaking of INDUS. The first one was the circular yarn project, and the other project was the valorisation of the paddy straw project. Both aimed to value-added products from agricultural biomass.
As a follow-up, in April 2019, MVO Netherland brought together a variety of market players, consisting of supply, technical solution providers and buyers to realise a new circular production chain based on the paddy straw. Indian and Dutch companies and organisations signed the “Partnership Agreement” with the ambition to validate the envisaged circular production chain and start to convert agricultural crop residue into value-added products.
Under the INDUS project, initiatives were taken as a pilot project for the usage of paddy straw and stubbles up to 10-15% for making pulp to produce paper. A few leading paper industries in India took trials for making paddy straw-based pulp for making writing paper and kraft paper for packaging applications. The initial trial was found to be successful and the quality of the writing paper and kraft paper were acceptable despite having the constraints due to the presence of silica content.
This is why, the desiliconisation technology needs to be adopted by the paper industries. This means they can convert paddy stubbles by using 10-15 % to make pulp for the production of paper for packaging applications so that paddy stubbles can be used as valuable raw material for the paper industry.
Kriya Labs, a start-up, founded in 2017 under the Technology Business Incubator Unit (TBIU) at IIT has developed a technology to convert rice straw into pulp which can be moulded into products like disposable tableware, sheets and packaging boards. These products made from paddy straw need to be commercialised.
Based on the successful trial project, it is concluded that the Indian paper industry should explore these possibilities to adopt the technology. This means the paddy stubbles as agricultural residue can be used as raw materials for paper for packaging applications.
Dr NC Saha is the founder-chairman of the Foundation for Innovative Packaging and Sustainability; a visiting professor of the Indian Institute of Management, Mumbai and former director at the Indian Institute of Packaging, Government of India. | <urn:uuid:89800889-b090-43d6-b604-cdbc6b59b151> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.whatpackaging.co.in/features/dr-nc-saha-discusses-raw-materials-for-paper-and-packaging-58375 | 2024-12-11T09:55:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066078432.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211082128-20241211112128-00795.warc.gz | en | 0.940671 | 2,208 | 2.890625 | 3 |
By Raphaël Bourgois
In a joint interview, Curator and Deputy Director of the Department of Islamic Art at the Musée du Louvre Judith Henon, and Sarah Schleuning, the Margot B. Perot Senior Curator of Decorative Arts and Design at the Dallas Museum of Art (DMA), discuss the scientific, historical, and contemporary issues surrounding the exhibition “Cartier and the Arts of Islam: In search of Modernity.”. The objective is to understand, beyond the aesthetic interest, what this exhibition, which was first presented in Paris, tells us about the place of Islamic arts at the time of the Cartier brothers and their place today in France and the United States.
Let us begin perhaps by giving an idea of this exhibition: what does the Louis Cartier’s collection say about the way in which the view of Islamic art was constructed at the beginning of the 20th century?
Judith Henon: The discovery of Islamic art in the early 20th century had a significant influence on Cartier’s designers. At the time, Cartier was famous for its “Garland-style” jewelry but, as of 1904, the new influence contributed to the addition of new forms to its repertoire – pieces inspired by the geometric designs of Islamic art, as seen in books on ornamentation and architecture. Enameled brick decorations from Central Asia and stepped merlons were the defining features of a style that came to be called Art Deco after the Paris exhibition of 1925 (the “Exposition internationale des arts décoratifs et industriels modernes”), which took the Maison Cartier into the modern age. This source of inspiration is apparent in Cartier’s designs throughout the 20th century.
Sarah Schleuning: Cartier and Islamic Art explores the formative influences of Islamic art on Louis Cartier as a collector and, more significantly, on Maison Cartier’s production of jewelry and precious objects from the early 20th century until today. Paris, at the dawn of the 20th century, was a catalyst for creativity, especially for Louis Cartier (1875–1942) and the Maison he pivoted toward modernity. As European powers expanded into the Middle East, India, and North Africa, Paris became the center of trade in Islamic art and architectural elements. At the same time, the study of Islamic art was emerging as an academic discipline, with major exhibitions presenting these visual works in a more scientific, formalized manner. The exhibition is therefore organized in four sections, each with multiple galleries, offering comparative groupings of jewelry, objects, and archival materials alongside works of Islamic art drawn from international collections, including the Musée du Louvre, Musée des arts décoratifs, and the Keir Collection of Islamic Art on loan to the Dallas Museum of Art.
How can we describe the Louis Cartier’s collection, what is special about it?
SS: One of the aspects that made this exhibition possible is the immense holdings in the archives that have been an important element of the Maison from its inception. Originally assembled by Louis Cartier’s grandfather and later enriched by Louis, the study library contains anthologies of decorative ornaments, along with art history books, exhibition catalogs, and numerous publications about Islamic art and architecture. These included Owen Jones’s The Grammar of Ornament (1856), as well as the works of well-known French historians of design, including Adalbert de Beaumont, Eugène Collinot, and Albert Racinet. Louis appears to have annotated several of the books, marked with an “x” and sometimes commented on what piqued his interest. The books were, and still are, made available to Cartier designers as a source of inspiration. The library sparked ideas that would be transformed and recombined into new creations.
JH: In addition to the items he purchased to add to Cartier’s stock of apprêts (fragments of existing jewelry or objects, incorporated into new creations), Louis amassed a private collection of Islamic art from the 1910s onward. This collection, dispersed after his death, was never published or fully inventoried; it was reconstructed, as Sarah just mentioned, thanks to the Cartier archives and to the catalogues of the first major exhibitions of Islamic art, which featured pieces lent by Louis. Louis’s private collection focused on 16th- and 17th-century Persian and Indian arts of the book and precious inlaid objects. It reflects his informed taste and love of books. At a time when manuscripts were most often taken apart to remove the paintings, he collected complete books; in fact, he owned a great many masterpieces of Persian manuscripts, some of which are now held by Harvard’s Fogg Museum.
SS: The arrival of Louis Cartier into the family business in 1898 marked a turning point for the company. The Maison set up a studio for designers who, under his artistic direction, would give birth to the Cartier style. Louis also photographed works from his personal art collection for the designers to study. Similar to today, the combined work of Louis Cartier and his designers is documented through initial sketches, execution drawings, and creative notes. Most notably is the cahier d’idées, or idea notebook. The Maison also photographed all its jewels as they left the workshops. A large collection of these photographs, including glass plate negatives, document the history of production, as well as some of Louis’s private art collection. Plaster casts of the finished works provided a 3D record to complement the photography which was done by the Maison in the early 20th Century. Inclusion of the plasters is unique to the Dallas presentation.
In 1903, the Musée des arts décoratifs in Paris held a major exhibition of Muslim art. Was it freed from orientalism, this vision of an orient fantasized by the European painters of the 19th century?
JH: The “Exhibition of Muslim Art” held at the Musée des arts décoratifs in Paris in 1903 was the first scientific exhibition of its kind. It was curated by Gaston Migeon, a young curator at the Louvre and a leading figure among the connoisseurs of Islamic art, who endeavored to raise it to the status of a scientific discipline. With the support of the Union centrale des arts décoratifs (the precursor of the Musée des arts décoratifs) and a network of Parisian collectors, he compiled a rigorous selection of works of art, in stark contrast with the cheap Orientalism of previous exhibitions.
SS: In the early 20th century, designers and firms, including Maison Cartier, had opportunities to discover Islamic art thanks to several European museums. Exhibition organizers intended to expose visitors to unfamiliar motifs, techniques, and materials. As George Marteau stated about the pivotal 1903 exhibition of Islamic art, Exposition des arts musulmans, at the Musée des arts décoratifs, Paris: “One’s eyes were not truly open until 1903.” While this watershed exhibition of course cannot be fully divorced from the surrounding visions and ideas of the East that pervaded 19th century Europe, it did signal a shift in curatorial approach by applying a more scientific and rigorous analysis to objects’ formal characteristics. Its success led to a second exhibition in 1907. The importance of these exhibitions, and those that followed, is two-fold. They sparked curiosity and admiration for the masterful execution of Islamic art, and they created a generation of collectors like Louis himself, who valued the importance of sharing his personal holdings with the public and his own designers.
A word more specifically about Louis Cartier, his role and what we know of his vision of the relationship between ancient Islamic art and modernity?
JH: Louis was constantly on the lookout for new ideas for the Maison Cartier. He explored many other fields, including Ancient Egypt, and Japanese and Chinese art, examples of which featured in his private collection. We have nothing written by him on Islamic art and architecture, but he expanded the Cartier library with a well-stocked section on the subject and, in the early 20th century, amassed a private collection that he made available to his designers.
SS: It is difficult to date the start of Louis Cartier’s personal collection of Islamic art because he regularly purchased works on behalf of the Maison and never published his collection, which was dispersed after his death as Judith pointed out. Portions of his collection have been reunited in this exhibition, thanks to the Maison Cartier’s archives (stock books, invoices, glass plate negatives) and to the records of exhibitions to which he was a lender.
The turn from the 19th to the 20th century was an extraordinary time of artistic proliferation, when Impressionism, Fauvism, Cubism, and finally, Abstraction imposed a new look and new aesthetics. We know for example the importance of African arts as a source of inspiration. What is then the place of Islamic arts?
SS: Artists are inspired by, and draw upon, sources across time, geography, and cultures. There is a cyclical nature to the way inspiration and creativity flows; sometimes ideas evolve and other times there are transcendent shifts. At the dawn of the 20th century, the introduction of the aesthetic elements of Islamic art through exhibitions, publications, travels, and personal collections fueled new ideas and possibilities at Cartier. The Maison began to conceptualize and execute a multiplicity of designs filtered through colors, materials, shapes, and techniques. They mined artistic elements from the past, both from Cartier’s own archives and from original source materials, in pursuit of modern innovation and contemporary trends. Today, Islamic art still inspires Cartier’s designers, and the Maison continues to explore innovative design arcs—an endless rotation of evolution and revolution—in their creations.
JH: As regards the 19th century, the influence of Islamic art has already been studied, and its role as a model and source of inspiration was highlighted in the magnificent exhibition Purs décors ? that was held at the Musée des arts décoratifs in 2007. The research we carried out for the exhibition showed us the influence of Islamic art on Cartier creations, but also in fashion, art deco, publishing etc.
Once this historical and scientific framework has been established, what are the museography choices for exhibiting these issues? What are the important choices for showing this collection, and are they the same in Paris and in Dallas?
JH: The Diller Scofidio + Renfro (DS+R) design studio suggested a streamlined display that showcased the artworks, with a strong emphasis on multimedia installations. The challenge was to help visitors understand the creative process, and to combine works of very different sizes and materials: Islamic artworks (paintings, ceramics, wood, metals), documents, drawings (including miniatures), and jewelry.
The exhibition design choices were guided by the venues. The Louvre and the DMA are very different places, in terms of architecture, and I think that the exhibition reflects that.
SS: Like the exhibitions of the early 20th century, Cartier and Islamic Art: In Search of Modernity aspires to inspire. In the Dallas installation in collaboration with Elizabeth Diller, follows a narrative path incorporating 15 digital experiences including animations that expand the curatorial narrative. We also chose to house the individual information about the over 400 objects in a booklet, encouraging closer looking with the hope for connections to be made through the visitors’ own senses. This is also a callback to the watershed exhibitions of the early 20th Century of Islamic Art in Europe, which marked the shift toward both a more modern, minimalist aesthetic that focused attention on individual objects and a more scientific approach to the objects displayed.
On the much-debated issue in the United States, and less so in France, of “cultural appropriation”, the exhibition shows how the Cartier designers were inspired by Islamic art. How do you see this distinction between inspiration and appropriation?
SS: Cartier’s designers found inspiration in elements of Islamic art and design, adapting and transforming them into a new stylistic language shaped also by the designers’ own ideas and visions. While rooted in admiration, this borrowing of course cannot be fully divorced from the contexts of French imperialism and colonialism, a power dynamic that is explored in the exhibition catalogue. This exhibition aims to offer a better understanding of Cartier’s design inspirations, where they came from and how they evolved—through collecting, publication, exhibitions, and travel—while also giving direct credit to the original sources of inspiration.
JH: The subject here is creation. Consciously or otherwise, artists are always inspired by something. Motifs and techniques travel, from east to west and west to east, but also within the Islamic world. The aim of the exhibition was to show the extent to which the vocabulary of forms now seen as an integral part of the Maison Cartier is actually indebted to Islamic art. At a time when there was limited access to images, one can only imagine the aesthetic shock caused by the discovery of Islamic art in the West, experienced as a genuine “revelation” by some artists of the time.
Finally, if you had to choose one object from the exhibition, and I’m sure it’s very difficult, but what would it be and why?
JH: I would probably choose the turquoise and mother-of-pearl vanity case. We were able to trace its original source of inspiration thanks to a photo in the Cartier archives: a mirror case or a fragment of a 19th-century Persian box whose classical Islamic design was also used to decorate book bindings. The case was made using a combination of materials that reference the Persian and Indian worlds, major sources of inspiration for Louis Cartier
SS: The 1922 bandeau is a stunning study of architectural forms and color miniaturized and imagined as an arcade orarch Incorporating onyx, coral, platinum, gold, and diamond elements all delicately attached to tortoise shell, this bandeau is a study in detail, artistry, creative inspiration, and modern expression.
The exhibition Cartier and Islamic Art: In Search of Modernity is co-organized by the Dallas Museum of Art and the Musée des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, in collaboration with the Musée du Louvre and with the support of Cartier. The exhibition will be on until September 18, 2022.
Judith Henon is Curator and Assistant to the Director of the Department of Islamic Arts at the Louvre. Sarah Schleuning is Interim Chief Curator and The Margot B. Perot Senior Curator of Decorative Arts and Design at Dallas Museum of Art. | <urn:uuid:826fd1f0-f0f5-4c77-a4e8-1f661aea8a98> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://villa-albertine.org/va/magazine/judith-henon-and-sarah-schleuning-one-can-only-imagine-aesthetic-shock-caused-discovery-islamic-art/ | 2024-12-13T14:57:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066117178.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213140137-20241213170137-00642.warc.gz | en | 0.95825 | 3,118 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental health issues, affecting over 40 million adults in the United States each year. While there are many ways to manage anxiety, such as therapy and medication, using color psychology can also be an effective supplemental treatment.
Color psychology is based on the idea that certain colors can evoke emotional responses. Studies have shown that colors can impact mood, feelings of calmness or anxiety, productivity, and more. Understanding how different hues make us feel can allow people with anxiety to surround themselves with colors that promote relaxation over panic and worry.
How Color Impacts Mood and Anxiety Levels
Research has found a clear link between color and mood/anxiety levels. While reactions are somewhat subjective, certain colors tend to elicit common responses:
Cool Colors: Shades like blue, purple, and green are considered cool colors. They are calming and can lower anxiety. Blue causes the body to release calming hormones. Green reduces frustration.
Warm Colors: Warm colors like red, orange, and yellow are energizing. They can increase anxiety, especially shades like bright red. However, warm yellows and oranges can provide feelings of happiness and confidence.
Neutrals: Whites, blacks, browns, tans, and grays are neutral. They can be calming as they do not overstimulate. But some studies show individuals with anxiety prefer bold colors to neutrals.
In general, incorporating more cool and natural colors and limiting use of bold warm hues can help create an environment that alleviates anxiety.
Specific Colors and Their Anxiety-Calming Effects
While the color palette is broad, several specific shades have been shown to be especially helpful for calming anxiety:
Blue: Blue is associated with peace, calm, and relaxation. Different shades can have different impacts, with darker blues being the most calming. Light blue can be uplifting. Blue helps the mind relax, which is key to easing anxiety.
Green: Green represents nature and harmony. It can aid with physical and mental relaxation and reduce feelings of stress, worry, and anxiety. Green also helps restore energy. Dark green is ideal for promoting calmness.
Violet: Violet can help lower heart rate and blood pressure, promoting relaxation. Violet can also boost creativity and personal reflection, helping direct excessive anxiety inward. It may bring on feelings of spirituality.
Pink: Pink is strongly associated with love, kindness, and compassion. It has a gentle, calming effect on the mind and body. Using different shades of pink can support healing from anxiety.
Yellow: Bright, bold yellows stimulate the mind. However, soft yellows, like daffodil or lemon, lift mood and create feelings of optimism. They can enhance clarity and confidence when experiencing anxiety.
Neutral Tones: Grays, beiges, browns, and tans are relaxing as they do not overstimulate senses. They can help anxious minds find balance and steadiness.
How to Use Color to Calm Anxiety
There are many tactics for incorporating anxiety-reducing colors. Which hues someone chooses and how they utilize them depends on personal preference. But tactics can include:
Home décor: Paint walls blue or green, utilize violet and pink accents, add neutral pillows/blankets. Focus on color themes in spaces where relaxation happens. Use colors to create a soothing environment.
Clothing: Dress in blues, greens, pinks, or yellows. Avoid energetic reds and oranges. Accessorize with neutral grays, tans. Use color to align mood.
Nature: Spend time outside appreciating cool blue skies, trees with green leaves, colorful flower beds with pinks and violets. Let natural colors boost mood.
Food: Incorporate naturally vibrant foods into meals, like salads with greens, berries, yellow peppers, purple onions. Eat colorfully to encourage calmness.
Lighting: Use soft white or yellow lights to create warm glows. Install dimmers to control brightness. Limit fluorescent lighting which can feel cold and harsh.
Technology: Change wallpaper/themes on devices to cool nature photos or soft pink/yellow. Download apps with relaxing color schemes. Limit stimulus from screens.
Vision boards: Create a collage of inspiring images in shades of green, blue, violet, and pink. Refer to it when needing calm.
Affirmations: Write uplifting messages using various colors like blue, purple, or green. Place them where they are visible as reminders to stay relaxed.
Meditation: Close eyes and visualize being surrounded by anxiety-reducing colors while practicing deep breathing. Use mindful color imagery for centering.
Art: Paint, draw, or color in images using anxiety-calming shades. The creative process itself can lower anxiety while enjoying the colors furthers relaxation.
Aromatherapy: Use essential oils and candles with calming scents like lavender and chamomile. Pair them with pink, purple or blue containers/diffusers. Engage multiple senses.
Crystals: Place gems and stones like amethyst, pink quartz, and turquoise around home or in jewelry. Connect their energies and colors with relaxation.
The goal is to surround yourself with as much visual exposure to anxiety-reducing colors as possible. This constant reinforcement can have powerful impacts on mood, attitudes, and emotions.
Which Colors Should You Avoid When Anxious?
While incorporating helpful colors is important, limiting exposure to colors shown to increase anxiety is also a key strategy:
Bright Red: Bright, bold shades of red can increase respiration and raise blood pressure. Red’s stimulating effect can heighten anxious feelings and trigger panic attacks.
Black: While black is a neutral, its association with negative concepts like death and evil can bring on anxious thoughts. Black clothing may exacerbate worry and tension.
Orange: Vibrant, energetic orange can overly stimulate the mind. It can cause feelings of impulsivity and frustration. Orange should be avoided when already feeling high anxiety.
Bright Yellow: While soft yellows create optimism, bright yellows stimulate and activate the mind which may increase anxious overthinking. They can make concentration difficult.
Dark Browns: Darker shades of brown often represent rot and decay. Exposure to these earthy browns could amplify anxious thoughts and worries.
In general, avoid colors that negatively stimulate the mind and body when experiencing anxiety or panic. Limit use of bold, intense shades in favor of more subtle versions of reds, oranges, and yellows.
Tips for Using Color Psychology Strategically
To leverage color for anxiety relief most effectively, consider these tips:
– Take time to identify your personal color preferences and which shades elicit happiness vs stress. Reactions are somewhat subjective so personalized selection is best.
– Use soft, muted versions of colors rather than highly saturated hues which can feel overwhelming. Pastels and lighter tones work well for relaxation.
– Employ color in high-use spaces where you spend a lot of time, like bedrooms and home offices. Surround yourself with calming colors.
– Limit bold accent colors that draw the eye intensely. Sparing use is best for elements like throw pillows and art so they do not become overstimulating.
– Adjust lighting and brightness to control color intensity. Well-lit rooms amplify color effects. Dim lighting softens hues.
– Combine colors with other anxiety aids like scents, textures, music and meditation practices for enhanced impact and relaxation benefits.
– Be patient and consistent as your reactions to colors take time and repetition to change. Anxiety relief using color requires commitment.
– Note how different spaces and activities make you feel and adjust the colors in those environments accordingly to reduce anxiety. Customize color use to needs.
– Seek balance and moderation in color choices. Avoid monochromatic schemes or all bold tones. Variety helps maintain optimal stimulation.
Studies on Color and Anxiety
Extensive studies support the concept of using colors to ease anxiety. Some noteworthy examples include:
Blue Rooms Calm Heart Rate: A study had participants sit in rooms painted either red, yellow or blue. Those in blue rooms had lowest heart rates, showing colors impact physiology.
Blue Boosts Happiness Chemicals: Viewing different shades of blue was found to increase production of happiness neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin which can reduce anxiety.
Green Spaces Lower Anxiety: Spending time outdoors surrounded by green trees, plants and nature is consistently tied to lower anxiety levels and improved moods.
Pink Reduces Aggressive Thoughts: Pink environments were shown to decrease anger, hostile feelings and emotional distress which are linked to anxiety. Pink promotes gentler mindsets.
Purple Lowers Stress Hormones: Just 15 minutes of exposure to purple light was found to meaningfully decrease production of the stress hormone cortisol in the body.
Yellow Aids Anxiety Recovery: Patients with anxiety disorders reported yellow rooms assisted with their healing process. Soft yellows were most helpful.
Neutrals Improve Doctor Visits: Exam rooms painted neutral colors were found to lower patient anxiety levels before medical appointments compared to bold tone rooms.
Research overall validates color psychology. Leveraging shades known to reduce anxiety can be a simple but powerful supplemental treatment. More studies continue to demonstrate the benefits.
Potential Challenges of Using Color for Anxiety
Despite the many upsides of color psychology, some potential challenges include:
– Difficulty determining specific colors that elicit positive vs negative reactions
– A need for trial and error to find ideal colors and applications customized to individual needs
– Inability to control use and exposure to color in environments outside the home
– Strong color preferences that conflict with recommended anxiety-reducing shades
– Minimal impact on anxiety in severe cases or when used alone without other treatments
– Overreliance on color instead of addressing psychological roots of anxiety through counseling
– Unrealistic expectations that recommended colors can fully eliminate anxiety which may lead to disappointment
– Expense if completely redecorating home or purchasing new wardrobe to incorporate helpful colors
While not necessarily drawbacks, these factors demonstrate utilizing color is not a quick fix. It requires diligence and patience. But as part of a larger anxiety treatment plan, calibrating surroundings with purposeful use of color can assist with managing anxious feelings for many individuals.
Color Associations and Symbolism
It is helpful to understand why colors elicit certain psychological and physiological effects through examination of symbolic associations:
Blue = Trust, Wisdom, Stability
The constant nature of blue skies and bodies of water provide feelings of comfort and security. Blue’s association with depth creates a perspective of wisdom.
Green = Growth, Renewal, Abundance
The natural color of grass and plants signifies living vitality. It embodies the endless cycle of growth each Spring.
Violet = Mysticism, Spirituality, Imagination
The rich hue of violet on robes denoted wealth, wisdom and status. Its rarity in nature adds an air of originality.
Pink = Love, Gentleness, Femininity
From flowers to sunsets, shades of pink represent beauty in nature. It signals warmth, affection and tenderness.
Yellow = Energy, Joy, Intellect
Bold, lively yellow ignites feelings of vigor and enthusiasm. Soft yellows evoke memories of sunny days full of contentment.
Neutral Tones = Calm, Balance, Support
Simple neutrals allow other colors to take focus, serving as a blank canvas and a steady foundation.
By recognizing what colors represent, we can understand why they elicit certain moods. This provides guidance on which hues best promote relaxation and calm over anxiety.
Incorporating purposeful use of color into spaces, activities, clothing and more can have measurable impacts for individuals dealing with anxiety disorders. While reactions to color are somewhat subjective, the calming effects of cool blues, verdant greens, soft pinks, and neutral tones are well-documented. Likewise, avoiding overexposure to bold, stimulating shades appears beneficial. With some trial and error to determine personalized preferences, surrounding oneself with anxiety-reducing colors can assist with managing worry, panic, and anxious thoughts and feelings. Used in conjunction with therapy, medication, deep breathing, meditation and other treatments, leveraging color psychology could provide that extra boost to find steadiness, harmony and relief from anxiety’s grip. | <urn:uuid:817da806-431a-498a-a95c-048c6f360934> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.colorwithleo.com/what-colors-can-calm-anxiety/ | 2024-12-10T21:39:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066067826.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210194529-20241210224529-00564.warc.gz | en | 0.906041 | 2,507 | 3.484375 | 3 |
What is Marjuana
Marijuana, also known as cannabis, is a psychoactive plant that is primarily used for its recreational and medicinal effects. It comes from the Cannabis sativa plant and contains various chemical compounds, including cannabinoids. The most well-known and studied cannabinoid is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is responsible for the plant’s psychoactive properties.
Marijuana is typically consumed by smoking the dried flowers or buds of the plant, but it can also be vaporized, brewed into teas, or infused into foods and beverages. The effects of marijuana can vary depending on the strain, potency, and individual factors.
When consumed, marijuana can produce a range of effects, including relaxation, euphoria, altered perception of time and space, increased appetite (commonly referred to as “the munchies”), and enhanced sensory experiences. It can also cause short-term memory impairment, impaired coordination and motor skills, and decreased concentration.
In addition to its recreational use, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes to alleviate symptoms of certain medical conditions such as chronic pain, nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy, and muscle spasms in conditions like multiple sclerosis. Medical marijuana is often prescribed or recommended by healthcare professionals in jurisdictions where it is legal and regulated.
It’s important to note that the legal status of marijuana varies across different countries and regions. In some places, it is fully legalized for both recreational and medicinal purposes, while in others, it remains illegal or is decriminalized to varying degrees. It is essential to be aware of and adhere to the laws and regulations governing marijuana use in your specific location.
How do you know you are addicted to Marijuana
Recognizing addiction to marijuana can be complex, as it varies from person to person. Here are some signs and symptoms that may indicate a potential addiction to marijuana:
- Compulsive use: You find it challenging to control or stop your marijuana use, even when you want to cut back or quit.
- Cravings and preoccupation: You experience strong cravings or an intense desire to use marijuana. Your thoughts and activities may revolve around obtaining and using the drug.
- Tolerance: You need higher amounts of marijuana to achieve the desired effects, indicating that your body has developed a tolerance to the drug.
- Withdrawal symptoms: When you attempt to stop using marijuana or reduce your intake, you experience withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, restlessness, anxiety, loss of appetite, sleep disturbances, or mood swings.
- Neglecting responsibilities and activities: Your marijuana use starts interfering with your daily life, affecting your work or school performance, relationships, or social activities.
- Continued use despite negative consequences: Despite experiencing negative consequences related to your marijuana use, such as relationship issues, legal problems, or health concerns, you continue to use the drug.
- Giving up other activities: You reduce or give up previously enjoyed activities or hobbies in favor of using marijuana.
- Failed attempts to quit: You have tried unsuccessfully to quit or cut back on your marijuana use.
It’s important to note that the presence of a few of these signs does not definitively indicate addiction. However, if you are concerned about your marijuana use or are experiencing negative effects in your life due to marijuana, seeking help from a healthcare professional or addiction specialist is advisable. They can provide an accurate diagnosis, support, and guidance tailored to your specific situation.
Short term effects of Marijuana
The short-term effects of marijuana can vary from person to person, and they are influenced by factors such as the potency of the marijuana, the method of consumption, and individual tolerance. Here are some common short-term effects of marijuana:
- Euphoria and relaxation: Marijuana can induce a sense of euphoria and relaxation, often described as a “high” or a feeling of being “stoned.” Users may experience a pleasant mood elevation and a sense of well-being.
- Altered perception: Marijuana can affect perception by altering sensory experiences. Colors may appear more vibrant, sounds may be more pronounced, and time may seem to pass more slowly.
- Increased appetite: Marijuana use often leads to an increase in appetite, commonly known as “the munchies.” Users may experience intense cravings for food and may find flavors and textures more enjoyable.
- Dry mouth: Marijuana can cause dryness in the mouth and throat, often referred to as “cottonmouth.” This can result in a feeling of thirst and discomfort.
- Bloodshot eyes: Marijuana use can cause bloodshot or red eyes due to the expansion of blood vessels in the eyes. This effect is temporary and typically subsides after a few hours.
- Impaired coordination and motor skills: Marijuana use can affect motor skills and coordination, leading to slower reaction times and reduced physical performance. This can impair activities such as driving or operating machinery.
- Impaired memory and concentration: Short-term memory and concentration can be affected by marijuana use. Users may have difficulty retaining new information or maintaining focus on tasks.
- Anxiety and paranoia: In some cases, marijuana use can lead to feelings of anxiety, restlessness, or paranoia, particularly in individuals who are predisposed to these conditions or who consume high doses of THC.
It’s important to remember that these effects can vary depending on the individual, the strain of marijuana, and the context in which it is used. Additionally, the intensity and duration of these effects may be influenced by factors such as dosage and frequency of use.
If you have concerns about your marijuana use or are experiencing negative effects, it’s advisable to seek guidance from a healthcare professional or addiction specialist.
Long-Term Effects and Dangers of Marijuana Use
While marijuana is generally considered to have a lower risk of long-term harm compared to many other substances, it’s important to be aware of potential risks associated with long-term and heavy use. Here are some of the potential long-term effects and dangers of marijuana use:
- Respiratory issues: Regular smoking of marijuana, especially when mixed with tobacco, can lead to respiratory problems such as chronic bronchitis, persistent coughing, and increased risk of lung infections.
- Cognitive function: Long-term heavy marijuana use, especially during adolescence, may have negative effects on cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and learning. It can impact academic and occupational performance, particularly if marijuana use begins at a young age.
- Mental health effects: While the relationship is complex and not fully understood, marijuana use has been associated with an increased risk of developing mental health conditions such as anxiety disorders, depression, and psychosis. Individuals with a predisposition to these conditions may be particularly vulnerable.
- Addiction and dependence: Although the risk is lower compared to substances like alcohol or opioids, marijuana can lead to addiction and dependence in some individuals, especially when heavy or frequent use is involved. Withdrawal symptoms, such as irritability, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite, and cravings, can occur when marijuana use is discontinued.
- Impaired driving and accidents: Marijuana use can impair motor skills, coordination, and judgment, which can increase the risk of accidents, including motor vehicle accidents, when driving under the influence.
- Negative impact on personal and social life: Excessive marijuana use can interfere with personal relationships, educational or career goals, and overall life satisfaction. It can affect motivation, ambition, and productivity.
It’s important to note that the effects of marijuana can vary depending on individual factors, such as genetics, frequency and duration of use, dosage, and co-occurring conditions. Additionally, the potency of marijuana products, such as high-THC concentrates or edibles, can influence the intensity of the effects and potential risks.
If you have concerns about your marijuana use or are experiencing negative effects, it’s advisable to seek guidance from a healthcare professional or addiction specialist. They can provide personalized advice, support, and resources to help you make informed decisions about your health and well-being.
Can You Overdose on Marijuana?
While it is rare, it is technically possible to consume a toxic dose of marijuana. However, the risk of a fatal overdose from marijuana alone is extremely low compared to other substances, such as opioids or alcohol.
The primary psychoactive compound in marijuana, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), affects the cannabinoid receptors in the brain. These receptors are not located in areas of the brainstem that control vital functions such as breathing and heart rate, which is why the risk of overdose is minimal.
Even though a fatal overdose is highly unlikely, consuming excessive amounts of marijuana can result in uncomfortable and potentially harmful effects. These effects can include severe anxiety, panic attacks, paranoia, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, dizziness, disorientation, and intense confusion. Such experiences can be distressing and may require medical attention.
It’s worth noting that the potency of marijuana products has increased over the years, especially with the availability of concentrated forms such as edibles, oils, and extracts. This means that consuming large amounts of highly potent products can increase the likelihood of experiencing adverse effects.
It is important to use marijuana responsibly and in moderation, adhering to recommended dosages and being aware of the potency of the products you consume. If you or someone you know experiences severe discomfort or distress after consuming marijuana, it is advisable to seek medical assistance promptly.
Remember that the information provided here is not a substitute for professional medical advice, and it’s always best to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance and support.
If you’re seeking information on how to withdraw from marijuana or manage its withdrawal symptoms, here are some general strategies that may be helpful:
- Set a clear goal: Define your reasons for quitting and establish a clear goal to motivate yourself throughout the withdrawal process.
- Gradually reduce consumption: Consider tapering off your marijuana use gradually rather than quitting abruptly. This can help your body and mind adjust more comfortably.
- Seek support: Reach out to friends, family, or a support group who understand your goal to withdraw from marijuana. They can provide encouragement, guidance, and help distract you from cravings.
- Create a supportive environment: Minimize exposure to triggers, such as friends or situations associated with marijuana use. Make your environment conducive to your withdrawal goals.
- Engage in healthy activities: Occupy your time with activities you enjoy or that promote your well-being. Exercise, hobbies, reading, or spending time with loved ones can help distract you from cravings and reduce withdrawal symptoms.
- Practice self-care: Prioritize self-care activities that promote relaxation, stress reduction, and overall well-being. This may include practicing mindfulness, deep breathing exercises, getting enough sleep, and eating a balanced diet.
- Manage cravings: Expect and prepare for cravings. When a craving arises, engage in a distracting activity, practice deep breathing, or remind yourself of your reasons for quitting.
- Consider professional help: If you’re finding it difficult to manage marijuana withdrawal on your own, consider seeking support from a healthcare professional or addiction counselor. They can provide guidance, personalized strategies, and support throughout the process.
It’s important to note that everyone’s experience with marijuana withdrawal can be different, and if you’re concerned about your symptoms or finding it challenging to quit, consulting with a healthcare professional is always advisable.
How long can it take to withdraw from Marijuana
The duration of marijuana withdrawal can vary from person to person. Factors such as the frequency and duration of use, potency of the marijuana, individual physiology, and overall health can influence the length and intensity of withdrawal symptoms. In general, marijuana withdrawal symptoms can begin within the first 24-72 hours after discontinuation and typically peak within the first week. However, some individuals may experience lingering symptoms for several weeks or even months.
Common withdrawal symptoms can include irritability, mood swings, anxiety, restlessness, decreased appetite, sleep disturbances (such as insomnia or vivid dreams), headaches, and sweating. These symptoms may vary in intensity and duration.
It’s important to note that while marijuana withdrawal can be uncomfortable, it is generally milder compared to withdrawal from substances like alcohol or opioids. Most symptoms gradually diminish over time as the body adjusts to the absence of marijuana.
If you’re concerned about your withdrawal symptoms or finding it challenging to cope, seeking support from a healthcare professional or addiction specialist is recommended. They can provide personalized guidance, support, and, if necessary, explore additional treatment options to help manage withdrawal symptoms effectively.
Treatment for Marijuana addiction
Treatment for marijuana addiction typically involves a combination of behavioral interventions, counseling, support groups, and sometimes medication, depending on the individual’s needs. Here are some common approaches to treating marijuana addiction:
- Explore a range of drug rehabiliation facilites that offer 28 day or extended residential programs and decide if a live in program is suitable.
- Behavioral therapies: Therapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and motivational interviewing can help individuals develop strategies to change their behavior, identify triggers and high-risk situations, and develop coping skills to manage cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
- Individual counseling: One-on-one counseling sessions with a therapist or counselor can provide a supportive and confidential environment to explore underlying issues related to addiction, set goals, and develop strategies for recovery.
- Group therapy and support groups: Participating in group therapy or support groups, such as Marijuana or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) or SMART Recovery, can offer a sense of community, peer support, and opportunities to learn from others who have faced similar challenges.
- Family therapy: Involving family members in therapy can help address family dynamics, improve communication, and provide support for both the individual with addiction and their loved ones.
- Medication: While there are no specific medications approved for treating marijuana addiction, certain medications may be prescribed to address co-occurring conditions such as anxiety, depression, or sleep disturbances that may contribute to marijuana use.
- Relapse prevention strategies: Learning relapse prevention techniques and developing a relapse prevention plan can help individuals identify triggers, develop healthy coping mechanisms, and create strategies to avoid or manage situations that may lead to relapse.
The outlook for individuals seeking treatment for marijuana addiction is generally positive. With the right support, motivation, and a comprehensive treatment plan, many people can successfully overcome their addiction and achieve long-term recovery. However, it’s important to note that individual outcomes may vary, and ongoing support and relapse prevention strategies may be necessary to maintain sobriety.
If you or someone you know is struggling with marijuana addiction, it is advisable to seek help from a healthcare professional or addiction specialist. They can provide a thorough evaluation, recommend appropriate treatment options, and offer support throughout the recovery journey. | <urn:uuid:f78183ec-6cd5-47d5-aae3-243c554ef777> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://refocus.com.au/marijuana-side-effects-physical-mental-and-long-term-effects/ | 2024-12-09T06:19:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066461338.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209055102-20241209085102-00746.warc.gz | en | 0.943328 | 3,080 | 3.078125 | 3 |
THE COVID DOG THAT DIDN’T BARK
When and Where Was Covid-19 Really Born?
The coronavirus may have been lying dormant around the world until emerging under favourable environmental conditions, rather than originating in China. A string of recent discoveries around the world–before it emerged in Asia. Is evidence of its origin as a global organism that was waiting for favourable conditions to finally emerge. Traces of COVID-19 which pre-date its discovery in China have been found in sewage samples from Spain, Italy and Brazil. Dr Tom Jefferson, Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, Oxford University.
Has the Coronavirus been endemic in the USA since early 2019 while the CDC blamed a sinister foreign power? Read on.
- Francis Collins, director of the US National Institutes of Health, said the virus might have been spreading quietly in humans for years, or even decades, without causing a detectable outbreak.
- Scientists at the University of Calgary say the novel coronavirus may have been circulating amongst humans since 2013.
- Why did the US axe Dr Linda Quick, a trainer of Chinese field epidemiologists deployed to the epicentre of outbreaks to help track, investigate and contain diseases–in July 2019, just months before the Covid-19 outbreak? “It was heartbreaking to watch,” said Bao-Ping Zhu, a Chinese American who served in that role, funded by the U.S. CDC between 2007 and 2011. “If someone had been there, public health officials and governments across the world could have moved much faster.”
- Dr Junya
Fukushima, a gastroenterologist at the University of Tsukuba said, “In August 2019, the new coronavirus COVID-19 had invaded and spread in Japan. This year’s infection is the second wave. A large-scale antibody test is desirable in the future.
- Anders Tegnell, Sweden’s chief epidemiologist, said the Coronavirus may have been circulating in the country since November
- Oliver Pybus, professor of evolution and infectious disease at the University of Oxford, said that positive tests result from November onwards align with the majority of research undertaken into the origins of the pandemic, “The results of the Italy study are more consistent with all the other information we have about the epidemic history”.
Why did the CDC blame vaping for dozens of 2019 deaths that showed all the symptoms–especially lung images of Covid-19?
- Why did New York’s coronavirus come from Europe, according to a new study, not from China?
- So, why did American media celebrate China’s epidemic? NYT: Coronavirus Could End China’s Decades-Long Economic Growth Streak: Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross: “The coronavirus outbreak in China will help return jobs to the US”.
- Why did the CDC wait until February, then refuse to adopt the WHO Covid test, then ship 200 faulty test kits?
- Why were HHS staffers not informed about coronavirus developments and told that the matter was classified “Because it has to do with China.”?
Why did the White House classify all coronavirus deliberations?
Top Secret and shift meetings to a “Sensitive Compartmentalized Information Facility” usually reserved. For intelligence and military operations during biowarfare or chemical attacks?
- Why did CDC director Robert Redfield admit to Congress that some Americans who were diagnosed as dying from influenza tested positive for Covid-19 posthumously but would not identify their dates or locations?
- Did the US State Department cable all officials these Covid Talking Points: “NSC Top Lines: [PRC] Propaganda and Disinformation on the Wuhan Virus Pandemic. Chinese Communist Party officials in Wuhan and Beijing had a special responsibility. To inform the Chinese people and the world of the threat since they were the first to learn of it. Instead, the… government hid news of the virus from its own people for weeks.
- While suppressing information and punishing
doctors and journalists who raised the alarm. The Party cared more about its reputation than its own people’s suffering.
- “These talking points are all anyone is really talking about right now,” one official said. “We’re being told to try and get this messaging out in any way possible, including press conferences and television appearances.”
- Why did the CDC blame vaping for obvious Covid-19 deaths in 2019 then not issue a retraction after the Mayo Clinic proved that this was not true?
- Why did YouTube remove the video of preparations for the White House 4/20/ daily Covid-19 briefing in which Fox News Host John Roberts says: “You can take the mask off, the case fatality rate is at 0.1 to 0.3 according to the USC…” and New York Times photographer Doug Mills replies, “Everybody here’s been vaccinated anyway”.
- Why did the CDC post for nationwide Quarantine Tech Jobs six weeks before the Covid-19 pandemic reached the US?
- The CDC is hiding something: ‘It’s Just Everywhere Already’: How Delays in Testing Set Back the U.S. Coronavirus Response
Why did the CDC reassign The Pandemic Response Team to other duties and not replenish PPE before the outbreak?
- Did the White House appoint a non-scientist soldier to run the CDC?
- So, why did the White House announce America’s withdrawal from the WHO, which is now tracing Patient Zero?
- Why did the CDC suppress testing entirely until mid-March then make it difficult to access?
- Harvard’s Professor Charles Lieber arrested, manacled and jailed? Because he was teaching Chinese researchers how to create sensors to identify single viruses? Was his work on virus detection & identification the reason the Chinese government was able to deal with the pandemic so quickly & effectively?
- Why do our media ignore stories like these:
- Spanish virologists announced they had found traces of COVID-19 in samples of wastewater collected in March 2019, nine months before the disease was seen in China.
- Italian scientists found evidence of the virus in sewage samples in Milan and Turin from mid-December, many weeks before the first case was detected.
- Brazilian researchers announced they had found fragments of genetic material from the virus in a sewage sample collected on Nov 27 in the city of Florianopolis.
France had Covid-19 in November, hospital says after analysis of chest scans. Contagion believed to have spread through February before accelerating rapidly.
- Following the retesting of 24 patient blood samples from 24 patients who were admitted in December with respiratory infections but had tested negative for the flu, Professor Yves Cohen from the Avicenne Hospital in Bobigny said that it appears that Covid-19 was already in France at the end of 2019.
- Doctors from the Groupe Hospitalier Paris Seine in Saint-Denis said a sample taken from a 42-year-old fishmonger admitted to the emergency room on Dec. 27 had tested positive for the coronavirus.
- Seattle Flu Study Director Dr Helen Chu collected nasal swabs from area residents with flu-like symptoms beginning. In September 2019 and planned to rework her lab’s testing to figure out whether coronavirus had arrived in Washington state. In an effort limit its spread as quickly as possible.
- On Jan. 30, US State and Federal officials refused permission for Dr Chu, UW infectious disease expert, to use ongoing ‘flu tests to monitor for coronavirus. Arguing that because the project specifically funded for the flu. She couldn’t test for a different virus, even in the public interest.
Dr Chu ran the Coronavirus tests anyway and a test from a Washington teenager with no travel history came back positive for the virus.
- “Federal government attempted to stop Dr Chu with a cease and desist order,” said Harvard epidemiologist Dr Eric Ding.
- New autopsy results show two Californians died of novel coronavirus three weeks before the previously known first US death from the virus. The two had no “significant travel history” that would have exposed them to the virus, Dr Sara Cody, the county’s chief medical officer. Told reporters Wednesday in San Jose, “We presume that each of them caught the virus through community spread”.
- April 17–CNN’s Chris Cuomo said he believes there will be revelations showing the novel coronavirus was spreading in the United States as early as October. “The kids now anecdotally, Cristina believes, that at least two of them have had it in the last few months. Why? We don’t know, but atypically long-duration sinus, fever, lethargy. I think we’re going to learn that coronavirus has been in this country since, like, October, that there have been cases,” Cuomo said. “And like you guys, both know, and I hear all the time from all over the country. How many people do you hear them saying, ‘I think I had it, I had this and this. I lose my sense of smell and this and that, but I never get teste’? Those cases are abounding all over the country,” he added.
- April 21–The County of Santa Clara Medical Examiner-Coroner identified three individuals who died of COVID-19 before March 9, when CDC testing criteria restricted testing to only individuals with a known travel history who sought medical care for specific symptoms. The Medical Examiner-Coroner anticipate additional deaths from COVID-19 identified.
Belleville, NJ, Mayor Michael Melham said he has tested positive for coronavirus, adding that he believes he was sick with the virus in November, more than a month before doctors in China first reported cases of the new disease.
- Melham said he suffered from chills, hallucinations and a “skyrocketing temperature” and the sickest he ever been in his adult life. He said he later suspected he had contracted the coronavirus in November. But dismissed the notion because the earliest cases in the United States didn’t report until January. But asked his doctor for a blood test and the result positive for Covid-19. The mayor said it is possible he exposes to the coronavirus later and asymptomatic. But felt it was “highly, highly unlikely. The antibody in my blood is older as opposed to the more recent one showing you just finished fighting it off,” Melham said.
- “My case: the symptoms of COVID-19 started on the 1st of August, 2019. I have never been sick my life: no smoking or drinking with the main grain, fish, vegetable, nuts and fruit diet. There was no reason for this illness, it came out of the blue and attacked my heart and lungs.
- Three weeks later I recovered and started investigating the rationale for my illness, after digging into EVALI. It was obvious to me I had had the same symptoms including loss of smell and taste. I asked my doctor to test my blood or lungs for infection. He said OK (we did not suspect then that there was a virus going around in the US).
My doctor’s request for EVALI testing got immediately rejected by the CDC and told. That if his patient had no serious issues, to go away.
- I was told that the CDC to approve the test and since I recovered the cost of the test would not be paid by insurance and my cost could be about $3K. So, I went home upset, the CDC was already avoiding the use of lung testing in August 2019. I then realized that EVALI was unique to the US and began to suspect something was loose. In the country that had nothing to do with e-cigarettes since I don’t smoke.
- When the news came out about the coronavirus in Wuhan by the last of January 2020. I immediately made a connection with my illness. I discovered the thousands of Covid-19 infected that could not be diagnosed by the CDC, and found thousands of infections and deaths in nursing homes all over the country in the early autumn in the US. –Chen Yongqi [陈勇气], Dallas, TX.
- State health officials have documented at least 171 Florida cases detected in January-February.
- Santa Clara County Executive Jeff Smith has long asserted that the virus was circulating as far back as December. Stanford medical statistician Dr John Ioannidis agreed. “It is possible that the virus spreading unnoticed in Santa Clara for much longer than it was thought,” he said.
- “I am pretty certain I had covid 19 last Oct, Nov and most of Dec. I all the symptoms, including some asthmatic reaction that treated unsuccessfully with prednisone. At the same time that I had this mysterious respiratory flu, a friend of mine, a triage nurse in the busiest urgent care in CO. Complained of seeing nearly an epidemic numbers of a similar ‘flu’ that didn’t test as influenza A or B. With the O2 levels so low, they sent them immediately to the ER. It got worse in CO, and the urgent care was closed due to the pandemic. My friend laid off and soon came down with what she believes a mild case of Covid.
She trie to get tested twice, but she didn’t meet two of the criteria. She had no underlying condition and she had not travelled to China in the last month. I think it’s been here in the US for much longer than just the beginning of 2020. Stephanie Ericsson
- Only 2% of US adults say they have been officially diagnosed with COVID-19, and 2% say they have had a blood test that showed they have COVID-19 antibodies, but far more say they are “pretty sure” they had the virus despite not getting an official diagnosis or say they personally know someone who was diagnosed with it.
- The Chinese city of Wuhan may not be the origin of the novel coronavirus, senior UN health official Mike Ryan said, “The fact that that fire alarm was triggered doesn’t necessarily mean that that is where the disease crossed from animals into humans”.
TP Wilkinson comments: The US cannot allow China’s rise and cannot prevent it by soft means. Nor will an invasion like Iraq, Afghanistan or Vietnam work, and the nuclear option is out of the question.
The most viable option is to destroy China with bioweapons. The coronavirus was applied via US Army athletes in Wuhan during the World Military Games on Oct 28–27.
The US may have attempted to immunize the general population with a less virulent coronavirus. Possibly SARS-CoV-1 which would explain why the White House called the pandemic ‘a hoax’.
Now there are too many people on the gravy train. The peculiar aspect of this kind of suppression is its fundamental character: having grasped the dependence of all research and all careers on grant-based research. The agents know that no one will admit to something whose truth would destroy their personal career. The competition for grants stimulates compliance.
The naive will always ask, “Why would they do that?” because there little awareness of how organisational power exerted, especially in science and medicine. So, it is not enough to show that the story has been manipulated. One has to show how and why the innocent actors participate in the fraud–wittingly and unwittingly.
Academic institutions, especially the ancient ones, have always served Church or State power. Business corporations seized power a century ago and took control of the patronage system called ‘Science’.
If Covid-19 a global armed propaganda operation. The rollout required control over the ‘science,’ aggravated by the fact that. Despite the vanguard work done in Russia and China, the Anglo-American elite controls the world’s scientific establishment. In other words, since the corruption is systemic, it is hard to isolate the Covid project as a special case.
One only has to consider that in the US the NIH is the most powerful funder of the establishment medical journals. The interlocking directorates assure that all the leading journals know and follow the party line. The US journals have the most prestige in the world, so publishing a gross deviation from them is no help for second- or third-tier journals. Since science, medicine and technology are all covered by the halo of objectivity – despite evidence to the contrary. Not even Chinese or Russian scientists would refuse fellowships in the US or UK offhand.
I believe that is also why (aside from the national security aspect) China remains tight. Lipped with respect to the Western story–merely denying that it caused anything or attacked.
Yes, there is a story here, but I fear it is an archive and forensic report- maybe even an autopsy. Web sources scrubbed daily which makes even archival research difficult. A chronology always needed because the reader usually cannot recall even yesterday’s weather or what he ate for dinner.
If you, or anyone you know, contracted Covid-19 in 2019 and the infection confirmed by laboratory testing, please contact the author immediately.
By George Liao, Taiwan News, Staff Writer2020/05/12 21:35
Elodie Clouvel (Facebook, Elodie Clouvel photo)
TAIPEI (Taiwan News) — The world is beginning to reexamine when COVID-19 first broke out after a French athlete broke the news that she suspects she contracted it while participating in an athletic event in Wuhan, China in Oct. 2019 — two months earlier than China first acknowledged confirmed cases to the WHO, CNA reported on Monday (May 11).
According to a report by Radio Free Asia (RFA), French pentathlon world champion Elodie Clouvel said that. When she and her boyfriend Valentin Belaud took part in the 2019 Military World Games in Wuhan in last October. Many French athletes, including herself, fell ill. At the time they all assumed it to be the flu. But she said that some of them quite sick.
She went on to say that she had recently visited a military doctor who told her she may have had coronavirus. As many on the French team had been ill at the same time, according to CNA.
The RFA report pointed out that former Italian fencing Olympian Matteo Tagliariol also said that when he participated in the Military World Games. He and five roommates all got sick with symptoms often in COVID-19 patients and experienced a long recovery time afterwards. He said his fever and difficulty breathing continued even a week after returning home.
Antibiotics did not work, and it took three weeks for him to recover. His son and partner also fell ill; then, a couple of months later, the coronavirus outbreak made the news.
Several Swedish athletes were also reportedly unwell, including swimmer Raphael Stacchiotti. These suspected cases support the view of some Swedish epidemiologists that the virus may have been spreading in Sweden as early as November last year.
Nearly 10,000 athletes from 100 countries participated in the Wuhan sporting event. The international medical journal “Infection, Genetics and Evolution” on May 5 published. A British study on its website indicating that COVID-19 may have already been spreading rampantly between Oct. 6 and Dec. 11, according to CNA. | <urn:uuid:7772dbab-04b9-4ebf-9a91-5625878f23ae> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.herecomeschina.com/the-covid-dog-that-didnt-bark/ | 2024-12-06T14:28:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066408205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206124424-20241206154424-00147.warc.gz | en | 0.972415 | 4,147 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Website visitor John H. requested this
article on the OQ-2A drone from the March 1971 edition of AAM. The OQ-2A was produced
by the Radioplane Company, of California at the beginning of World War II.
Reginald Denny, a famous actor of the time and owner of the company, was an
avid radio-control flyer. Rudder and elevator control was provided via remote-controlled
electric servomechanisms. Norma Jeane Mortenson, aka Marilyn Monroe, worked on building
these planes in the Radioplane Company's shop.
Saga of the OQ-2A Drone
Thousands of these small radio-controlled planes were built for the Armed
Services by a California manufacturer.
The OQ-2A was catapult-launched, but it had landing gear which
primarily served to cushion the shock of the drone's landing by parachute.
Before Dee Bee and Lanier, there was a ready-to-fly radio-control
Strut-supported wings have symmetrical airfoil so that they are
interchangeable, not aerobatic.
Earlier versions had a single propeller and some thrust offset.
Note equipment locations.
Simultaneous-firing 6-hp twin-cylinder engine drives spur-geared
Airframe and engine specifications.
On the dry lakes of California's Mojave Desert, Northrop-Ventura (then known
as Radioplane Company) began, in June 1941, prototype tests on a target drone with
a twelve-foot wingspan. By 1945, the firm was producing forty of these small radio-controlled
planes per day for the Armed Services.
Primarily, these drones were used to train antiaircraft ground defense units
which were using sub-caliber automatic weapons up to and including 40 mm cannons.
Flying at a top speed of 88 mph, the small radio-controlled drone had relatively
the same size and speed characteristics at 200-yards range as did a normal-sized
World War II fighter plane at 500 yards distance. The rugged little plane duplicated
actual attack conditions and was easily maneuvered through practically all flight
attitudes over any type of terrain.
Incorporated in the drone was a 24-foot parachute, which could be released either
by the transmitter operator or automatically when hits were scored on the airborne
radio unit. This permitted salvage of the target and provided verification of the
gunnery crew's marksmanship. The target also could be, and often was, landed by
remote control "dead stick" when sufficient landing area was available.
Although the target drone was designed, developed, and manufactured by Northrop-Ventura
(Radioplane Co.), the Frankfort Sailplane Co. (Joliet, Ill.) also was awarded contracts
to produce the bird for the armed services. Its radio transmitting equipment was
manufactured for Northrop-Ventura by the Doolittle Radio Co. (Chicago, Ill.), the
radio receiving equipment by Bendix Aviation (North Hollywood, Calif.), and the
servo unit by Hansen Mfg. Co. (Princeton, Ind.). The catapult unit was supplied
by Montpelier Mfg. Co. (Montpelier, O.).
One of the most popular of the family of drones produced by Northrop Ventura
was the OQ-2A (U.S. Navy Model TDD-1) radio-controlled target. The vehicle was powered
by a two-cylinder air-cooled engine which developed 6 hp at 3800 rpm. The horizontally
opposed engine was a two-cycle simultaneous firing type. Two concentrically shafted
contrarotating propellers pushed the drone to a speed simulating that of actual
The engine incorporated a two-throw type crankcase supported on three bearings.
The rear main bearing was a bronze sleeve. The forward main, a ball-bearing type,
was of sufficient size to carry both radial loads and front propeller thrust. The
extreme front end of the shaft was supported by a pair of ball bearings which were
inside the aft propeller hub. The bearings, piston and cylinder walls were lubricated
by mixing the lubrication oil with the fuel. The proportion was eight parts fuel
to one part lube oil.
Engines were equipped with a centrifugally-operated spark advance mechanism,
while earlier models had a manually-operated spark advance control timer.
The fuel system was operated by pressure developed in the engine crankcase. A
small check valve furnished the 2 psi pressure required to operate the system and
the pressure was transmitted from the crankcase to the fuel tank by a neoprene hose.
Total fuel carried by the drone was 1.8 gal., which gave the bird a total of one
hour's flight time.
The ignition system was a battery-coil-condenser type. An ignition battery of
6V was sufficient to start the engine and normally had a useful life of approximately
Spur gearing provided the counter-rotating drive for the rear propeller. The
drive operated from a gear mounted on the crankshaft just forward of the front main
bearing. This gear drove two counter-gears, the second of which meshed with the
propeller drive gear mounted on the rear propeller hub.
The hub was guided by the crankshaft on the inside and supported by a ball bearing
on the outside. The front propeller was driven by the engine crankshaft. The gear
train was lubricated with SAE 70 oil contained within the gear housing.
The drone was launched by a 36-ft. catapult powered by a rubber shock-cord system.
This method permitted operation from small restricted areas, which often resembled
actual combat terrain.
The fuselage was an extremely rugged structure of welded steel tubing, covered
by doped muslin cloth fabric. The fuselage cross section was triangular. The larger
of two openings along the fuselage top surface provided for the parachute installation;
the rear hatch gave access to the servo control unit and stabilizer mounts.
Wing on the OQ-2A target were interchangeable and could be used for either right
or left hand installation. Constructed of spruce, they were fabric-covered and used
two full-depth spars, with the rib in three sections. Each wing contained twelve
ribs. The end ones were solid; lightening holes in ten inside ribs made for a slight
weight reduction. Thin plywood covered the top and bottom leading edges back to
the front spar. The airfoil utilized was the NACA 23012 section. Each wing was supported
by a single streamlined steel tubing strut. Trim adjustments were made by means
of an adjusting screw where the strut attached to the wing's lower surface.
The fabric-covered tail surfaces also were fabricated of steel tubing framework.
These surfaces were flat, since no airfoil section was required for good flight
characteristics. Horizontal and vertical stabilizers were identical and interchangeable.
Conventional elevator and rudder, in keeping with the manufacturer's design and
fabrication methods, were the only means used to control the target in flight.
Landing gear of the conventional three-point type had two front shock-mounted
landing wheels and a leaf-spring tail skid. Two tubular front landing struts were
provided with rubber shock cord to withstand landing impact. The shock travel was
five inches in the strut, plus approximately two inches in tire deflation. (In the
photos, the display model has had the shock cord removed from the landing gear struts,
thereby giving the drone a somewhat squat appearance.)
The target's basic system of radio-control was an ultrahigh frequency carrier
of 73 megacycles modulated by five different audio frequencies. Four of the audio
frequency tones were used for the drone's four flight attitudes: right, left, up,
and down. The fifth frequency was used to release the parachute, which in turn operated
a manual shutoff system for the engine. The fifth frequency was operated by a button-type
switch, whereas the other four frequencies utilized a control stick to simulate
normal aircraft control.
Incoming signals were received by a twelve-inch antenna mast, located just forward
of the wing trailing edge on top of the fuselage. The radio receiver had a super-regenerative
type detector preceded by a tuned RF stage. The audio output of the receiver was
applied to five individual audio channels, each consisting of a band-pass filter,
relay tube and relay. (Like an RC reed system.)
Power for the radio was provided by the battery box unit mounted in a channel-type
tray in the fuselage. The unit could be shifted both fore and aft, thereby balancing
the ship for proper flight attitude.
The servo unit was activated by the receiver, thus providing mechanical action
necessary to control the rudder and elevator. Two 6V motors with reversible fields
provided action to the gear trains which gave the leverage required for flight control.
A single package servo unit was located just forward of the horizontal stabilizer
and was accessible through the fuselage top.
The 24-foot circular canopy parachute was of standard design. The recovery system
also was provided with a standard-type pilot parachute. A single cable extended
from a D ring and was attached by a shackle to an apex of four riser cables, which
in turn were fastened to four points on top of the fuselage.
The entire target drone was fabric-covered with 80-thread muslin cloth and was
dope treated in two colors. The top of the wings was white, the rest of the ship
was red. This two-color combination provided a visible means of telling the difference
between the top and bottom of the plane during flight. An interesting fabrication
sidelight: the wing fabric covering was manufactured as a sock, which was later
slipped onto the wing structure and doped.
Much of the testing of the drone was done on the dry lakes of the Mojave Desert.
A stripped-down Packard auto-mobile sometimes was used as a test platform. The test
plane was mounted on a steel platform structure added to the auto's front section.
As the auto approached the drone's flight speed, the designers could observe the
target's flight characteristics without fear of actual flight damage.
In operation, the drones were flown by men from various branches of the services.
They were trained by and under the sponsorship of Northrop-Ventura. This policy
of training Armed Services personnel to fly the various drones was continued late
into the 1950's and early 1960's.
Such were some of the early stages in the beginning of radio-controlled flight.
Of the thousands of OQ-2A drones fabricated, only one is now known to exist and
that one is carefully preserved by the Northrop Corporation.
The OQ-2A drone was phased out near the end of World War II. Northrop-Ventura's
early pioneering with pilot-less drones help the firm to develop and produce later
birds in vast quantities - notably the OQ-19 and KD2R5 drones.
Author's Note: "As with many old-line airplane firms, Northrop-Ventura's past
is often clouded with this, that, and other things. One thing the firm never did
care to discuss was the fact that Radioplane was originally founded by Reginald
Denny, the old-time movie actor and long-time modeler. Once the firm began to move
along, his activity with Radioplane became less and less.
"In the 1950's, radio equipment was supplied to Radioplane by Babcock Engineering,
but Babcock was sort of a spring-off from the main firm. It was headed up by the
late Ferris Smith, who also was a Vice President of Engineering at Radioplane. The
same type of thing occurred with the servo units and other equipment too. It became
very involved and difficult to understand. The president of Radioplane, the late
Whitney Collins, became the President of Northrop Corporation when Northrop bought
out Radioplane. The name of the company was then changed to Northrop- Ventura.
"I also believe that Mr. Fox (Fox Mfg. Co., Fort Smith, Ark.) was with the company
during its early days, but I wouldn't swear to it.
"I do know Marilyn Monroe (the late actress) worked in the wing section during
the war. Her career began with some still photos taken while she was employed by
"One strange last fact, I went to junior high school with Marilyn Monroe, class
of 1939. Now I skipper a West Coast commercial tuna vessel." Jim White
OQ-2A Drone Planes (page 1)
OQ-2A Drone Planes (page 2)
Posted February 16, 2013 | <urn:uuid:c13bedc2-7e63-437a-b06d-57a6812b0f40> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.airplanesandrockets.com/magazines/saga-oq-2a-drone-march-1971-american-aircraft-modeler.htm | 2024-12-06T23:50:25Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066421345.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206220301-20241207010301-00125.warc.gz | en | 0.975411 | 2,727 | 3.21875 | 3 |
HOW LONG TO KEEP LEFTOVERS CHART
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How long to keep leftovers chart
Proper handling of leftovers is an essential part of food safety principles. Leftovers may refer to prepared, excess food items that may still be used or the next preparation. When handled and stored correctly, these food ingredients can still be safely used and optimized without the risk of food poisoning. Food business owners will significantly benefit from educating their employees using our How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart.
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What is the How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart?
The How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart is a reference poster that indicates the recommended maximum shelf-life of different foods in the fridge or freezer, as recommended by federal agencies. It is an informative tool that can be used by different food businesses to guide food handlers with the maximum shelf-life of refrigerated foods.
All foods, whether fresh, cooked, or preserved, have their maximum shelf-life. The recommended optimum time of storage is significantly affected by factors such as time, temperature, and sanitation of the environment. Food shelf-life can be prolonged by storing them properly.
In the case of leftovers, their shelf-life can further be extended only if they are handled correctly and processed at the proper temperature for cooking food.
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Examples of high-risk foods include the following:
- egg and egg products
- milk and dairy products
- vegetables and fresh fruit
These food products are also known as TCS foods or time/temperature control for safety food groups as they require close controls to maintain safety. Such rules for food safety are essential for compliance and protecting public health.
Learn more about how to handle leftovers properly and how long can they be kept in the fridge in our detailed article here.
Complement this food safety poster with our Cold Food Storage Chart, which shows you the rules on how to keep cold food cold properly.
How long can leftovers last in the fridge?
Leftovers are safe for consumption for up to 3 to 4 days in the refrigerator. If placed in the freezer, leftovers can stay safe for up to 3 to 4 months. This recommendation is based on scientific studies and the guidelines released by federal agencies, including the U.S. Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service. This recommended storage shelf-life for cooked leftovers only considers the safety of foods and does not include their quality.
Lengthy freezer storage can lead to a loss of quality over time. Leftovers, in particular, require strict handling measures as they have been previously exposed to food hazards.
The general rule for extending the shelf-life of common foods is to keep them away from the temperature danger zone, which is 5°C to 60°C.
When food handlers properly store food according to the recommended conditions, they can optimize their use and prevent unnecessary food waste. Operations such as storing them in shallow containers or covering the storage containers with plastic wrap are major factors in prolonging food shelf-life.
How long can you keep boiled eggs in the refrigerator?
Boiled eggs can last for up to 7 days in the refrigerator after being cooked. This estimated shelf-life applies to both peeled and boiled eggs in shells. When frozen, boiled eggs can last for up to a year.
Eggs normally have a long shelf life when refrigerated. Refrigerated fresh eggs can last up to 3 to 5 weeks.
Eggs and egg products are generally considered high-risk foods. This means that they are likely to be contaminated and spoiled when handled incorrectly.
How long can you keep cooked meat in the refrigerator?
Cooked meats can stay fresh and safe for consumption in the refrigerator for 4 days. Beyond this estimated shelf-life, the cooked meat product may lose its quality (e.g., flavor and texture) and become more prone to food contamination and spoilage. Frozen meat shelf-life can be extended for up to 3-6 months, depending on the freshness of the product before freezing.
This estimated product shelf life applies to meat, such as pork, beef, veal, and mutton, and meat products, such as steaks.
Cooked ground meat can last for up to 4 days in the refrigerator and only 4 months in the freezer.
On the other hand, processed meats, including bacon and sausages, have a slightly shorter shelf-life. Cooked slices of bacon can last up to 7 days in the fridge but only up to a month in the freezer. In the case of sausages, refrigerating cooked sausages can extend their shelf-life to a maximum of 4 days and only 3 months in the freezer.
How long can you keep cooked shrimp in the refrigerator?
Cooked shrimp and other seafood, when refrigerated, can stay fresh and safe for consumption for up to 4 days. You can further extend their shelf-life to 2 to 6 months if you freeze them.
The majority of seafood cannot stay for too long in the freezer. Because of the type of meat that they have, freezing them for too long can change their texture easily.
How long can you keep cooked chicken in the fridge?
Food handlers can store cooked chicken inside the fridge for up to 3 to 4 days. This applies to both whole chickens and pieces of poultry meat. This estimated shelf-life can only be achieved if the cooked poultry meat is handled correctly.
Improper handling of poultry meat can lead to early spoilage, which is often a cause of foodborne illnesses. Poultry meat must be cooked to an internal temperature of 74°C to maintain food safety.
How long does rice last in the fridge?
Cooked rice can last for up to a maximum of 4 days in the fridge. A day more than this recommended storage shelf-life can significantly increase, causing foodborne illness. Cooked rice can only be frozen for 1 month.
If possible, food handlers are discouraged from refrigerating cooked rice as it can easily be contaminated. Rice is a carbohydrate-rich food; therefore, it is considered high-risk. Leaving cooked rice unattended in the temperature danger zone for more than 2 hours can potentially cause foodborne illness.
How long can you keep sushi in the fridge?
Sushi is a complex meal made up of different ingredients. It can have seafood and vegetables mixed in with the rice. This nature of sushi makes it very prone to spoilage and can only last a couple of days in the refrigerator. At a maximum, sushi can stay safe and fresh for consumption in the freezer for 1 to 2 days.
Keep track of all of your ingredient and product shelf-life with our smart Food Safety Management System at FoodDocs. Our smart software features a Traceability System that can give you a simple overview of your product shelf-life status. This system comes with a smart notification feature that will alert food handlers whenever a product is near its expiration date.
Who needs to monitor how long leftovers can last in the fridge?
Food businesses, including food service, retail, and manufacturing, need the How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart as a guide. This tool will help food handlers always stay on top of managing their raw ingredients. The chart can be an essential part of every food business' traceability system and teach food employees to handle leftovers with care.
Food service and food manufacturing businesses can use this chart to control storing leftovers and maximize their potential use. On the other hand, retailers can use the shelf-life information on the chart about refrigerating raw materials.
Why is it important to monitor the shelf-life of foods?
It is part of every food business' task to monitor the shelf-life of their products, both leftovers and raw food ingredients. This is an integral operation for maintaining food safety.
- Food safety. The shelf-life of food directly affects its safety. Food business teams that have efficient control of their product's shelf life can minimize the risk of causing foodborne illness.
- Optimize the use of products. When businesses monitor the shelf-life of their products and understand food storage rules, they can strategize which batches to use first and prevent raw materials from spoiling. In case foods spoil, they can ensure that food handlers will no longer use them for food preparation.
This benefit not only leads to increased profit gains but also to less food wastage. Your business can become more sustainable by optimizing every food ingredient.
- Increased consumer confidence. Control over your product's shelf-life shows your commitment to food safety and protecting public health. Your approach to food safety can help your brand gain more attention and confidence from consumers.
What are the benefits of the How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart?
Monitoring the shelf-life of your food ingredients and products is a constant task to maintain food safety. Food handlers with good control of their food shelf-life can improve operations and increase revenue gains.
Food businesses can achieve these objectives by using the How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart. Specifically, this tool provides the following benefits:
- Reminder. This chart, when placed in a visible location for food handlers, can serve as a reminder for highly perishable foods. Employees can use it as well to determine if a food ingredient is still safe to be used for a dish.
- Employee training. The chart can be used for onboarding new employees. It can be used to introduce the importance of food shelf-life and which conditions will favor longer storage safety.
- Cost saving. When employees have an efficient way to track food shelf-life, your team can ensure that every ingredient will serve its intended purpose. This benefit can help you reduce food wastage and optimize revenues.
- Food safety compliance. Keeping foods in proper storage is an important food safety regulation. All foods must be protected from unfavorable conditions. Using this chart can help you consistently maintain compliance.
Our How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart is just one of our many free food safety tools. Visit our template hub and get more free checklists, templates, and charts to help your team comply with food safety regulations.
How to use the free chart?
To make the most of our free How Long to Keep Leftovers Chart, follow these steps:
1. Download the chart from above by entering your email and hitting "download."
2. Find the downloaded full-quality file from your downloads folder. Print the chart.
3. Attach the chart to the wall of your kitchen and/or other working areas where food workers can clearly see it. We recommend putting this chart on the door of a refrigerator.
4. Briefly explain the idea of the chart and summarize the importance of shelf-life to your employees.
5. Be always up to date with our new free templates, tools, and charts from our template hub and through the newsletter that we will send you once a month to introduce our new content.
How to help my team monitor the shelf-life of foods?
Handling leftovers and food safety go hand in hand. Businesses that can optimize their use of leftovers can fully use the potential of their food products. With the idea of using leftover ingredients, food handlers must also be aware of how perishable they can be. Employees must be properly trained on how to handle refrigerated and frozen leftovers.
Different ingredients may have a different maximum shelf life and peak quality. As such, employees must be aware of the product's individual storage lives. With the other tasks in a food business, this job may be too tedious and hard to keep up with.
To help you keep track of foods at a safe temperature, use FoodDocs' smart Food Safety Management System.Food handlers can simultaneously perform multiple food safety tasks and never forget one using our smart software.
Achieve these objectives using the following benefits from our software:
- Monitor the shelf-life of your products and ingredients intuitively using our Traceability System. With this feature, our system can automatically compute a product's shelf-life based on the information you enter. Employees will then get notified whenever a product is nearing its expiry date. With this feature, you can optimize all of your food ingredients.
Production Traceability System from FoodDocs
- Our Traceability System can also help you track the movement of your materials within the food supply chain.
- Get automatically generated monitoring logs for all of your food-handling tasks. Use these logs to ensure that foods are properly prepared so that leftovers will remain safe even at refrigeration. Our system can generate the following monitoring logs for you:
- Cooking temperature log
Cooking temperature log from FoodDocs
- Fridge temperature log
Fridge temperature log from FoodDocs
- Employee hygiene checklist
Employee hygiene checklist from FoodDocs
- Our software features smart notifications that can alert food handlers regarding any food safety task that needs to be done. With this feature, you can ensure that all of your operations are done on time and correctly.
Improve your efficiency in managing your food safety operations with the help of our smart software. Use the following features to manage your team better:
- Manage your production stocks from receiving materials up to shipping of finished goods using our Production Management System. Prevent stock-ous and keep track of your product's movement all the time.
- Get a real-time dashboard that shows you a quick overview of your operations across your branches. Using this feature, you can quickly determine areas that need more attention. Save at least 20% of your time from supervising your team on-site.
- Store and manage all digital documents in the cloud storage dedicated to your team. Pull out records in seconds whenever an inspector requests for it.
Food Safety System Set Up by FoodDocs
Get the most out of every food ingredient that you have by ensuring food safety compliance using our smart software. Consistently maintain compliance with food safety standards while building a better strategy to improve your food optimization.
Our system can also accommodate personalization. Customize the automatically generated monitoring logs according to your business needs. Quickly apply improvements suggested by inspectors and maintain compliance efficiently.
Start your digital food safety system journey now with our free 14-day trial.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do you still have a few more questions about keeping leftovers in the fridge? Below are some frequently asked questions about this topic.
How long can cooked food stay in the fridge?
Cooked foods can be refrigerated for a maximum of 4 days and remain safe for consumption. Food safety agencies, including the Food and Drug Administration and the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service endorse this recommendation.
How long are restaurant leftovers good for?
When proper storage tips are followed, restaurant leftovers can last for up to 3 to four days in the refrigerator and up to 3-4 months in the freezer.
Is 7 days too long for leftovers?
Yes. Cold leftovers can still spoil as the growth of microorganisms is only slowed down.
What is the standard rule for storing leftovers?
All leftovers must be handled properly. Handlers must place them in airtight storage containers. The container of leftovers must be placed at the bottom of the refrigerator shelf to prevent potential cross-contamination.
How do you know if leftovers are too old?
Bad leftovers will often have an unpleasant smell or discoloration. These are tell-tale signs that the leftover is no longer safe for consumption.
How long can you eat leftover chicken?
If properly refrigerated, leftover chicken breast meat can remain safe for up to 3-4 days. This also applies to other poultry meat, such as leftover turkey. Make sure to properly reheat the chicken before serving. | <urn:uuid:36fff9fc-4fb5-4ff8-8ddc-c8070dc612f1> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.fooddocs.com/food-safety-templates/how-long-to-keep-leftovers-chart | 2024-12-09T20:01:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066047540.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209183414-20241209213414-00085.warc.gz | en | 0.939466 | 3,345 | 3.46875 | 3 |
If you’ve looked around my website or any of my ads you’ve seen that we use humane training methods. You may be wondering what exactly that means. How is it different from other training methods that you’ve seen employed? And why is it better?
Let’s start with what it means. When I say humane training methods, I’m talking about using psychology and learning theory to achieve the kind of relationship you want with your pet. The main method is operant conditioning. This means using consistent consequences to encourage or discourage behaviours, which allows your pet to have a sense of control over their environment and life because he or she gets to choose or “operate” the consequences. I think everyone agrees that life is better when you have choices. The consequences are very important and if used incorrectly can actually lead to frustration in yourself and your pet. Let’s talk about the basics of operant conditioning, but first we need to clear up some vocabulary. Throughout this article when we talk about “positive” and “negative,” we’re talking about adding (positive) or removing (negative) something from the environment. When we talk about “reinforcement” and “punishment,” we’re talking about increasing (reinforcement) or decreasing (punishment) a behaviour. With the options listed above, we have two options for increasing behaviours (positive and negative reinforcement) and two options for decreasing behaviours (positive and negative punishment).
This is probably the best-known part of operant conditioning these days. The concept is simple: if your pet does something you like, you give them a reward. An example of this in humans would be if a child completed all their homework without having to be told and because their parent wanted them to repeat this behaviour, they gave them permission to watch an extra 30 minutes of television. Giving is the positive aspect and the reward is what is going to reinforce the behaviour. You will probably have seen or heard of positive reinforcement referred to as clicker training as well as positive reinforcement. Keep in mind there are still three other ways to effect behaviour and if someone says that they use only positive reinforcement training, please be suspicious. Learning does not happen in a vacuum and someone who says they use only positive reinforcement either doesn’t truly understand how to train, or their ability to train more than basic behaviours is limited. In order to be able to be an effective trainer, you need to understand the other three aspects of operant conditioning as well as classical conditioning (we’ll talk about that another day) even though positive reinforcement is going to be the staple of teaching any new behaviour.
Continuing with the goal of increasing a desired behaviour, the next aspect to discuss is negative reinforcement. This type of reinforcement occurs when something is removed from the environment, and its removal increases the likelihood of the desired behaviour being repeated. An example of this is would be opening the door to the back yard as a reaction to your dog sitting politely at the door. Or, a child cleans their room without being asked, so their parent tells them they don’t need to wash the dishes after dinner. Removing the door reinforces the sit and removing the dishes reinforces the room cleaning.
The opposite to our last example would be if a child didn’t clean their room after they had been asked to and their parent told them they weren’t allowed to play video games for three days. Removing the video game is the “negative” and not cleaning their room is the behaviour that we don’t want repeated. In terms of dogs, an example would be your dog liking being outside but barking at people when they walk by the yard, and you reacting by bringing him into the house. Barking was the undesirable behaviour and “taking away” outside was the negative action. People generally do not like the term punishment as it brings with it negative feelings, but as you can see from the example above there is no harm to your pet, just consequences for behaviour. They get to choose whether or not to present that behaviour; you just set and enforce the rules.
Finally, we have positive punishment, which is adding something to the environment that will decrease the chances of a behaviour reoccurring. The examples that you are most likely familiar with will stem from what I call “shove and tug” training. This is training that was typically used about 25 years ago and normally involved choke chains and physically making your dog do what you wanted. We are currently transitioning to the more humane methods and this is normally only seen in trainers that were mentored in their training by people who didn’t keep up with the latest advances. This doesn’t mean that positive punishment doesn’t have a place in training though. It must be used with extra care, because depending on the consequences being chosen and method of application, it can devolve into abuse. I’m going to show you some examples of positive punishment that do not require corporal pain, but like all training methods, it does require excellent timing and should probably not be used as the sole method. Let’s start with a human example. Let’s say a child throws a temper tantrum because they don’t want to do their homework. As positive punishment, their parent tells them that on top of their regular chores, they must also now do additional ones. You’ve added chores to reduce the chance of another temper tantrum. This is positive punishment. Your dog is not paying attention to you so you bump into them by changing direction into them. This would be a positive punishment because you’re invading their space to reduce the unwanted behaviour (the dog ignoring you).
You’re probably starting to see that all training methods can be traced back to one, several, or all of the above portions of operant conditioning. However, if you try to use just one you will find yourself in a situation where the motivation and options for consequences aren’t going give you the results you want. Generally when people use only one of the above options it’s either positive reinforcement or positive punishment. On its own, neither is a good solution. A dog trained with only positive reinforcement has a higher chance of becoming spoiled. What happens when the behaviour you don’t like is self-rewarding? For example, your dog pulls when you walk him on the leash. Obviously you’re going reward him when he’s walking nicely beside you, but what are you going to do when he sees a squirrel and takes off after it? If you’re truly using only positive reinforcement there’s nothing you can do until he does what you want again, but there is no part of this method that teaches him to control himself. It teaches him that he can do whatever he wants and when he feels like having the reward you’re offering, he just needs to walk beside you, but if something else is more interesting then he can do that instead. If you’re using all options at your disposal then you might put the brakes on by stopping walking until the dog gives you some slack on the leash. Stopping the forward movement is negative punishment. The dog wants to go forward but you prevent that (negative) because you want to stop (punishment) the pulling behaviour. Then you’ll reward the release of tension on the leash by walking forward. As you can see, we’ve used positive reinforcement and negative punishment in this scenario with the humane training method (operant conditioning). If we look at the positive punishment, which is almost the opposite of positive reinforcement, you may end up with an aggressive dog or one that has what is called learned helplessness. We’re going to continue with our pulling on the leash scenario. If you’re using only positive punishment you would tug on the leash when the dog is pulling and do nothing when the dog is walking properly. This sounds pretty simple and seems like it should work. But what happens if your dog gets off the leash? You’ve never taught her to control herself because you’ve always done it for her, so the instant she gets off the leash she’s not going to have to listen to you because you can’t tug on her. She’ll take off and not look back for quite some time because she’s free. The lack of tugging when she’s walking correctly beside you doesn’t explain to her that this is actually the behaviour you want; she just knows that it’s how to avoid getting tugged. Physically punishing a dog that is learning a new behaviour can lead to learned helplessness, which is probably where the expression ‘you can’t teach an old dog new tricks’ comes from. A dog suffering from learned helplessness will not want to try something new because that could lead to pain and discomfort. She’ll think it’s better to do something that doesn’t normally get her physically punished than to try something new. She might subsequently be punished for not trying the new behaviour, which will just prove her point that it doesn’t matter what she does, she’s going to get punished so there’s no point in doing anything. Though this may be the least used of the options when we’re talking about humane training methods, it does have its uses. Let’s say that your dog is counter surfing/stealing. You bait the counter with something that looks and smells yummy but you lace it with an anti-chewing concoction. Your dog thinks she’s just found a great treat but when she eats it, it’s really not a treat. You adding that anti-chewing to the food is positive and the fact that she won’t like it is the punishment which will hopefully mean she won’t do it again. Put yummy food in her dish and she’ll learn that the good stuff only comes from her dish and not the counter.
Please keep in mind that this is a somewhat simplified explanation of operant conditioning and that choosing the right method always depends on the motivation behind the behaviour we want to keep or get rid of and the impact of the consequences. Since I always want a mentally and physically healthy dog who wants to work with me, I use the most appropriate consequences or combination of consequences to help my dog understand what I expect of them. This leads to a wonderful communication system and if you take the time to listen to your dog you can truly understand each other.
Your perfect pet really is just a little training away. | <urn:uuid:a79ef667-1fae-40df-bbff-deaa237dd678> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://pawzitivelypolite.com/tag/dog-training/ | 2024-12-12T15:03:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066109581.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212124237-20241212154237-00630.warc.gz | en | 0.96645 | 2,210 | 3.078125 | 3 |
As a snail farmer, you probably already know how important it is to treat the soil for snail farming. Even if you are new to snail farming, soil treatment is fundamental to the success of your snail farm. That is because snails live in the soil and you need soil in your snail housing construction.
If you don’t treat the soil properly before stocking the snails, you may expose the snails to several pest attacks. As more insects attack your snails, you will continue to count losses in your snail farm.
So, in this article, I will be showing you how to choose the best type of soil for snail farming. In addition, you will learn the reasons why you need to treat the soil in your snail farm regularly.
Also, I will be exposing you to the five (5) most effective methods of treating soil for snail farming.
Most of the methods I will be showing are easy to do and will cost you close to nothing to treat the soil in your snail farm.
Before you go to the different methods of treating the soil in your snail farm, here are some reasons to do so.
Why do I need to treat the soil for snail farming?
As you already know, soil is an important factor in snail farming. Snails carry out a lot of their daily activities on the soil. They feed and sap most of the water they need from the soil. Snails also lay their eggs in the soil and they dig into the soil to rest during the dry season. With all of these activities, you can already see how vital the soil is to them.
But there is a huge problem with having soils in your snail farm. The soil is also a fertile medium where harmful organisms; insects and pests thrive in. When you allow these organisms to thrive, they attack your snails and ultimately kill them. Hence, the need to treat your soil to get rid of those harmful organisms.
Benefits of treating the soil for snail rearing
- It keeps the soil free of harmful insects such as ants, bugs, centipedes, termites, etc.
- Also, treating the soil helps to protect the snails from germs and infectious diseases.
- This is vital because there is no known treatment for snails when they are sick or infected with a disease.
- Treating the soil ensures the healthy growth of snails.
- Snails need a toxic-free environment to be able to lay more eggs.
- When you treat the soil in your snail farm, you reduce management costs and increase profit.
- Proper soil treatment reduces mortality in snail farming.
- Regular soil treatment also ensures that your farm is clean and hygienic all the time.
Now that you know how important the soil is in snail farming, let’s also see how to select the best soil for snail farming.
How to choose good soil for snail farming
When choosing the soil for snail farming, you need to consider what’s best for the snails. Generally, snails don’t like to stay in waterlogged areas. As a result, clay soil is not a good recommendation. This is because clay soil becomes waterlogged in the rainy season or when you water the snail farm. On the other extreme, the soil dries up and becomes compacted in the dry season. Therefore, making it almost impossible for your snails to dig into the soil.
If you are considering sandy soil, then that would be another bad decision. That’s because the soil has a low water-holding capacity. Therefore, the soil cannot hold enough water for your snails which is a big problem in snail farming.
Some farmers opt for sandy-loamy soil, which is still good. Sandy loam is a mixture of silt, sand, and clay but has more sand proportion in it.
What is the best soil for snail farming?
The best type of soil for snail farming is Loamy Soil. This is because loamy soil contains more decayed organic matter than other types of soil. The organic matter in loam soil enhances the growth of the snails as they retain some helpful nutrients.
Some Characteristics of Loam soil that make it the best soil for snail farming
Loamy soil is the best soil for snail farming because it has good characteristics that are fit for snail development.
- The amount of sand in loam gives it the ability to drain well.
- At the same time, loam soil holds water better than sandy soil types because of the level of clay particles.
- Loamy soil better absorbs rich nutrients like calcium which is very good for snails.
- Because loamy soil is not too compact, it is easy for snails to lay eggs in the ground.
- The loam soil is not acidic which can otherwise be harmful to snails.
Generally, loam soil provides a good environment for snails to thrive. So, when selecting the soil for your snail farm, you should look out for these characteristics.
To easily identify good loam soil for snail farming, look out for any loamy soil that supports the growth of tomatoes, cocoyam, and leafy vegetables. These plants grow well on loamy soil.
But it is not just enough to just get some loamy soil from a garden near you and put it in your pen. It will be disastrous if you do that and immediately introduce your snails to it. This is why you need to there the soil to kill all harmful organisms it holds.
What are the different methods of soil treatment for snail farming?
Using these 5 soil treatment tips will kill off all the living organisms in the soil before you introduce them to your snail pen. Some of the methods may take a lot of time while others may just be easy. The goal is to ensure you treat the soil properly, kill all germs and provide your snails will pest-free soil.
Here are the different methods you can use to treat the soil for snail farming.
1. The use of organic pesticides that decompose in the soil
The first method I recommend for treating the soil for snail farming is the use of organic pesticides. We are choosing organic pesticides because they decompose in the soil very easily. A very good example of an organic pesticide is neem oil or neem tea. It is also known as ‘dogonyaro’ in the Nigerian Hausa language.
If you use chemical pesticides, it may hurt the snails or even kill them eventually.
How to treat soil with organic pesticide for snail farming
- First, find a good location to collect good loam soil.
- Using a shovel or any other appropriate snail farming equipment for clearing vegetation to clear the site.
- After that, collect some loam soil with a shovel and transport it using a wheelbarrow or headpan to the farm.
- Spread a large sack of nylon on the ground and then pour the loam soil on it.
- Use the shovel again to spread the soil on the nylon
- Next, spray the entire surface of the spread loam soil with the organic pesticide using a knapsack.
- Again, use the shovel to mix the soil to ensure that the pesticide gets into the soil.
- If you have another large sack of nylon, use it to cover the soil for at least 5 – 8 hours before introducing it into the pen. If you can’t cover it, it’s okay to still leave it open.
- Allow the soil to stay in the pen for at least 24 hours before stocking it with snails. Spray some water to wet the soil before stocking.
2. Soil treatment for snail farming by heating
This is, in fact, one of the best methods of treating the soil for snail farming.
We all know that fire is one of the most destructive elements in nature.
As a result, heating the soil helps to destroy every living organism or egg in it.
When it comes to treating the soil with heat, there are two ways to achieve that.
- By cooking in a pot or drum
- The other method is by burning the soil openly
These two methods depend on the quantity of soil you want to treat and how much patience you have to do so.
When using this method of soil treatment for your snail farm, make sure you follow these steps;
- Firstly, you need to get the necessary materials for carrying out this operation. The materials include; a big pot or a metallic drum, some firewood for making a fire, and a tripod for placing the pot.
- Gather some firewood and make a big fire with the tripod in place.
- Place the big pot or metallic drum on the tripod.
- Get the loamy soil from a farm or land with green vegetation and pour it into the pot.
- Next, allow the soil to heat up in the pot while you ensure that the fire keeps burning.
- Using a long wood stick, aluminum spoon, or shovel, continue to stir the soil in the pot to ensure that the heat spreads throughout the soil.
- When the soil becomes very hot and the heat is uniform in the pot, bring it down from the fire. Alternatively, you can use the shovel to scoop the soil from the pot into a wheelbarrow or headpan.
- After scooping enough soil into the wheelbarrow, transport it directly into the snail pen. Make sure you transfer the soil while it is still very hot.*** If you allow the soil to cool first, insects may lay their eggs in it again and render your efforts useless.
- Next, cover the snail pen and allow the soil to cool in it for 24 hours.
- Lastly, water the pen properly and then introduce the snails into the pen.
*** Please make sure you are using wooden hutch boxes or trench pens so that the hot soil does not melt your materials.
If you are using plastics for your snail housing, you can allow the soil to cool for a while before introducing it.
How to treat soil by burning openly
If you don’t have the time and patience to cook the soil in batches, then you can do it all at once.
This method especially applies when you have a very large volume of soil to treat.
The number of steps to follow is very easy.
- First, get the quantity of loam soil you need and heap them just outside the snail farm.
- Use a shovel to open the center of the heap to create a hole in it.
- Next, fill the hole with firewood and set it on fire.
- Allow the soil to heat up very well for some hours while you keep it burning.
- When the soil becomes hot enough, use a shovel to scoop the hot soil from the sides.
- Make sure you don’t allow the soil to cool before you start transferring it into the pens.
- Let the soil cool in the snail pen for 24 hours, then water it before stocking the snails.
3. Soil treatment using wood ash
This method of soil treatment for snail farming is very easy to do.
The process is almost the same as that of method 1 above that involves the use of organic pesticides.
The only difference is that instead of applying organic pesticides to the soil, you will have to apply wood ash.
- After applying the wood ash, mix the soil thoroughly with a shovel and leave for 5 – 8 hours.
- The next thing you have to do is to scoop the soil from the mixing point into the pen.
- Spray some water on the soil and leave until the next day.
- On the next day, spray some more water on the soil again and then introduce the snails into it.
4. The use of hot boiling water
Treating the soil for snail farming using hot boiling water is also an efficient method of soil treatment.
Hot water can penetrate through the soil to kill any insect larvae or germs.
There are two ways of using hot boiling water to treat the soil and I will be showing you how to use the methods.
How to treat the soil for snail farming using hot boiling water [Technique 1]
This method of soil treatment is very cheap and easy to do. To treat the soil using hot boiling water, follow these steps;
- Get the necessary materials for the operation. You need firewood, a tripod, a very large pot or metallic drum, and some large plastic basins. You also need some sacks for the first technique of soil treatment using hot water.
- Gather some firewood and make a big fire with the tripod in place.
- Place the big pot or metallic drum on the tripod and fill it with water.
- While the water is heating up, fill loamy soil into the sacks until each bag is half full.
- When the water starts boiling, scoop some of the water into the plastic basins until they are ¾ full.
- Next, submerge each of the sacks containing loam soil into the hot water in the plastic basins.
- Let the soil stay in the basin for about 5 – 10 minutes.
- Remove the sack from the basin of hot water and then drain the water.
- Now your soil is as good as new. Offload the soil from the sacks into the pen and then introduce the snails when the soil becomes cool.
Technique 2 using hot water
The second technique of treating the soil with hot water involves the following steps.
- Instead of filling sacks with the loam soil, load the soil directly into each section of the snail pen.
- Next, using a large plastic bucket, scoop a large quantity of the boiling water and empty it directly into the snail pen.
- Close the pen after that and allow it to settle for 24 hours.
- Make sure you don’t pour too much water so that the soil can drain properly within 24 hours.
- If the soil is still waterlogged after 24 hours, allow it to stay for some more hours to ensure it’s conducive for the snails.
5. Bonus tip – Treat dried plantain/banana leaves before introducing them to the pen
Even after treating your loam soil properly using the four methods above, you need to also treat the dried plantain/banana leaves. If you miss this process, you may render all your effort in soil treatment useless.
The reason for treating the leaves is that some insects often lay their eggs on the leaves. So, by introducing the leaves into the pen without treating them, you will be introducing the insect eggs and larvae as well.
In order to prevent this from happening, follow these steps to treat the dry leaves.
- Boil some water using a very large pot.
- While the water is still boiling on the fire, squeeze some leaves into the pot.
- Use a long stick to press and stir the leaves.
- Continue to stir until the hot water touches every part of the leave and makes it weak.
- After about 2 – 4 minutes of doing this, use the long stick to remove the leaves from the pot.
- Take the leaves to the pen area and spray them on the cover of the pen.
- Please, make sure there are no snails in the pens so that the dripping hot water does not affect them.
- After 20 – 30 minutes of spraying the leaves, clear them from the top of the pens and put them inside each pen.
As you already know, soil treatment is very important in snail farming. This article shows you the step-by-step process of treating the soil properly before stocking it with snails.
Just to give you a recap, here are the different ways to treat the soil for snail farming
- Use organic pesticides
- Treat the soil by heating it
- Mix the soil with wood ash
- Soak the soil with hot boiling water
- Finally, Treat the dried leaves before adding them to the pen
I hope these different techniques help you to better treat the soil for the snails.
So, I will like to know what you will do after now. Which of these methods are you going to start using immediately to treat your soil?
Are you going to use the heating method or the hot water technique? Let me know in the comment section below.
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MYSTICISM IN WAR
TO some of us not least among the pungencies, or if you prefer exasperations, of the European war is the spectacle of its leaders appealing to the gods, or rendering them thanks for the victories put down to their credit. The Czar holds up the sacred ikon to be gazed upon by his kneeling, worshipful troops. The Kaiser makes speeches and issues proclamations about the motives and purposes of the God of the Fatherland and of his royal house. Even the British recruit is asked to enter into partnership with God.
But Czar and Kaiser are only true to their kingly parts. As for the British recruit, his cooperation might be considered an instance of delegated sovereignty. But all of his sacerdotal sovereignty the English King has not delegated to his subjects. Some of his sacred war functions George IV himself retains. Has he not vowed not to touch a drop of liquor during the war? A vow is of course a religious act. We recall at once in this connection the vow and sacrifice of Jephtha, the leader of the Hebrew army, and we recall the sacrifice of Iphigenia by her royal father.
Agamemnon in this instance performed a very special act of sacrifice—the circumstances were so contrary—but it was the usual thing for a Greek king whenever he set out on a campaign to sacrifice to deity. Fire from the altar of Zeus was carried in the vanguard of the Spartan army until the army reached the frontier. There the King sacrificed again.
In cultures even more primitive than ours or than the Greek the supernatural rôle of chieftancy in time of war may also be seen. Among the Melanesian tribes of New Guinea there are certain chiefs whose principal function is making war magic. The paiha chief of the Roro-speaking tribes carries charms of leaves and bark and pieces of broken weapons into battle, and before the warriors set out he doctors them. Approaching a hostile village, the Mekeo faia chief spits on a plant called ofe and with it in his hand delivers in the air an overhand blow, striking downward in the direction of the enemy's village. He passes the plant under his right leg and again strikes downward, murmuring spells the while to cause the enemy to sleep heavily. Just before reaching the village he crouches on the ground, blocking his ears with his fingers to induce deafness in the enemy. Then, as the rush is made, each warrior jumps over the crouching faia chief.
Not only are some of the methods of war magical, not only are war leaders the magicians par excellence of their people, the heads of the church; but the very motives and impulses of war arise in part from the same kind of association with which magic is likewise concerned, at least, what is called sympathetic magic. Sympathetic magic is due to a sense of participation. Things that have been in contact affect each other both during and after the contact, and like affects like, these are the two leading principles of sympathetic magic. It is an analogous principle of association, an analogous sense of participation which prompts the family vendetta, the tribal feud, the wars of hamlets or hordes and, may I add, the wars of nations or races. The individual's sense of participation in his group, in his family, tribe or nation, is disturbed when any other fraction of the group is disturbed. He himself feels injured when the group in any part suffers injury. He therefore proceeds to protect his nation, his people, his home, i. e., himself by retaliation upon the injurious group or any part of it. This "family feeling" or esprit de corps, this sense of patriotism, is a purely subjective feeling, and, like all such feelings, it is unconcerned by logical contradictions, it is untested by objective reality—it is, in short, highly mystical.
What is the difference between this kind of mysticism and mysticism ordinarily speaking, between uncritical group feeling and piety? Piety too is non-logical, subjective, craving union, but the union it desires is not with humans, its sense of participation is with deity; so long as that sense is intact, piety is unconcerned about human relations. Piety is unconcerned about human relations in themselves, but, as the sense of union with deity is immensely strengthened by the sense of common worship, the pious are in fact concerned about the body of the faithful. What that body is to consist of is a matter of circumstance. Consider Christianity. Owing to the circumstances of its genesis, Christianity was dissociated from social groups. It was adrift, so to speak, in society. It was lonely. It developed the dogma of the brotherhood of man, quite as mystical a dogma as nationality or any other principle of kinship. But, after two or three centuries, when Christianity was adopted as a state religion, the Christian's gregarious instinct was satisfied in another way; his sense of participation with mankind became superfluous; it began to atrophy. One with his church-state, the Christian rose up against heretic and pagan, his pristine brethren. Warfare with the enemies of the Christian Church but intensified his sense of participation with the Father of Mankind. The Crusades and the Inquisition gave Christians a full measure of the sense of union with God, probably the fullest measure they were collectively to have.
For then, in course of time, came the movement historians call nationalism, a movement which subordinated church to state, the faithful to the patriotic, a movement which made of God at most a national hero. To illustrate this subservience of the godhead I can not do better than cite the colloquy between Shatov and Stavrogin in Dostoevsky's novel, "The Dispossessed," and let me cite it at length, for not only does it illustrate the role of the gods in nationality, it expresses extremely well that more fundamental mysticism of nationality which, we hold, is the source of international war. Shatov is speaking:
"Nations are built up and moved by another force [a force other than science and reason] which sways and dominates them, the origin of which is unknown and inexplicable: that force is the force of an insatiable desire to go on to the end, though at the same time it denies that end. It is the force of the persistent assertion of one's own experience, and a denial of death . . . the seeking of God, as I call it. . . . The object of every national movement in every people and at every period of its existence is only the seeking for its god, who must be its own god, and the faith in Him as the only true god. God is the synthetic personality of the whole people, taken from its beginning to its end." . . . "You reduce God to a simple attribute of nationality," exclaims Stavrogin. "I reduce God to the attribute of nationality?" cries Shatov. "On the contrary, I raise the people to God. And has it ever been otherwise? The people is the body of God. Every people is only a people so long as it has its own god and excludes all other gods on earth irreconcilably. . . . If a great people does not believe that the truth is only to be found in itself alone (in itself alone and exclusively); if it does not believe that it alone is fit and destined to raise up and save all the rest by its truth, it would at once sink into being—not a great people.
A striking portrait, is it not, of the patriotic Christian, the Christian national?
But why is it, I may be asked, that despite Christianity's subjection to nationalism, despite its own peculiarly bloody history, there has persisted in Christendom a belief in the sanctity of human life, a conviction potent enough at times to make for large bodies of heretics like the Lollards, the Anabaptists, or the Quakers, a conviction that is even to-day a thorn in the flesh of the unmitigated militarist nationalist?
This outcropping conviction, this stubborn feeling, the Christian pacifist likes to date back to the early years of Christianity; but it is, I suspect, pre-Christian, nay prehistoric. It is akin, I suggest, to the horror of blood pollution felt by primitive peoples. It expresses the same aversion to killing another human being that taboos on the savage homicide betray. After a Pima killed an Apache he had to fast for sixteen days, touching neither meat nor salt, nor looking at a fire blaze, nor speaking to a human being. Were he to touch his head or his face with his fingers, his hair would turn white and his face wrinkle. Unless the Natchez who had taken his first scalp abstained from eating flesh and from sleeping with his wife for six months, the soul of the man he had killed would work his death by magic. For three nights after he had clubbed a human being to death the Fijian warrior had to sleep sitting up. In Central Australia the rest of a successful Arunta warrior is very broken. For nights he must lie awake listening to the cry of the little bird his fallen foe incarnates. Any failure to hear the cry would result in paralysis of right arm and shoulder. For a long time after his kill, a Monumbo warrior of New Guinea may touch no one. Were he to touch his wife or children, they would break out with sores. Among the Koita the homicide himself is endangered. He is supposed to grow thin and emaciated. Having been splashed with the blood of his victim, as the corpse rots, the slayer, they believe, wastes away.
The taboos growing out of this New Guinea belief as well as the other taboos on the victorious have been explained by the ethnologist as due to ghost fear. The homicide is subject to haunting by his victim, the simple-minded hold, and so the homicide must be exorcised or purified. However this may be, whatever reasons early man may have given himself, the beliefs and practises I have cited and many others analogous indicate, it seems to me, that very early man felt that the killing of other human beings was excessively repugnant; with death in any form he was reluctant to be implicated. Very likely the upset the implication through killing caused him induced in him a special kind of ghost fear. Among the primitive, fear of ghosts or of evil spirits generally accompanies emotional disturbance.
That the killing itself had to be provoked by fear, by great fear, also seems probable, and that aversion to it had to be overcome by co-operation, by the courage inspired by numbers, by gregarious assurances, by social mysticism. Holding then that "human nature" is not murderous, i. e., men do not kill for the fun of killing, I suggest that war has been possible not because, according to the common view, men are naturally warlike, individually bellicose, but because they are naturally fearful and, above all, in their gregariousness highly mystical. Collective fears and uncritical gregarious impulses are thus the data the pacifist propagandist must consider. Expressions of combativeness or aggressiveness are not so much his concern as are expressions of cowardice and of mysticism.
- I use the plural advisedly—the deity whose building is bombarded can hardly be the same whose aid is invoked to destroy it.
- May I suggest that the stimulus given before a charge by magic corresponds to the encouraging shibboleth words of a commander in modern war or to the "dope" allotted, according to Jane Addams and Gilbert Murray, before a cruel bayonet charge?
- The italics are mine.
- Just as to-day feels the more conservative of the two sexes, and the sex more addicted to death taboos, i. e., to mourning.
- Sometimes by specific acts of magic. "When old enough to join the fighting men the Zulu lads were beaten with the leaves of the cocoa-nut palm during a dance and 'medicine' was given to cause them not to care for or have pity upon any one." (Reports Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to the Islands of Torres Straits, V., 299. Cambridge, 1904.)
- At a recent meeting to organize a "League to Enforce Peace" ex-President Taft said: "So long as nations partake of the frailties of men who compose them, war is a possibility. . . ." And the speaker had here in mind, not individual fearfulness, I think, but individual bellicosity.
This work is in the public domain in the United States because it was published before January 1, 1929.
The longest-living author of this work died in 1941, so this work is in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 82 years or less. This work may be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
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The heart is one of your most important organs and during one year will beat between 30 and 40 million times. It is therefore important to keep the heart muscle healthy. Cardiovascular disease is among the most common cause of death, but is largely preventable. So let’s start the new year by promoting a heart-friendly lifestyle.
Although cardiovascular disease is among the most common cause of death, the good news is that around 80% of all heart attacks (1) and strokes can be avoided by following five lifestyle tips. From being at the top of the world in cardiovascular mortality in the 70s, development here in Norway has taken a positive direction. Today we are doing as well as the Mediterranean countries, but history and science tell us that there is potential for additional improvement.
A brief history of heart disease
Heart trouble in Egypt
Cardiovascular diseases have existed for a long time. “She was born before Jesus”, wrote Aftenposten newspaper in April 2016, and “in March she [finally?] got an appointment at hospital”. It is not only archaeologists and historians who are interested in examining Egyptian mummies. A number of mummified Egyptians are today receiving the heart examination they would have wanted while they were still alive. In one study (2), radiologists and cardiologists CT-scanned the hearts of 20 mummies and discovered atherosclerosis in half of them. The embalmed persons most likely had a high social status and it seems that at least the upper class in Egypt struggled with our time’s leading cause of death, cardiovascular disease.
In several areas of the world, people barely knew about cardiovascular disease until recently. During a three-year period from 1973 to 1975, in two areas in Sichuan and Guizhou province with a total of 425,000 inhabitants, not a single death from coronary heart disease was recorded in people under 64 years of age (3). In Norway, the figure is approximately 400 deaths (4). Although the Chinese countryside has traditionally been characterized by simple living conditions, this seems to be good for heart health.
Norwegian war diet
Strøm and Jensen, two Norwegian researchers in the 1950s, investigated the mortality from cardiovascular disease in this country and found that more and more Norwegians died of such diseases during the 1920s right up to 1940 (5). During the Second World War, however, a significant decrease was seen in the number of Norwegians who died of such diseases. The war created more challenging living conditions for the population, including in the food sector. Kaare H. Bønaa writes in the article “Mortality from heart attack” (6) that “the changes in diet during the war meant less intake of energy and less intake of dietary fat. “In addition, people smoked less and were more physically active. Strøm and Jensen thus showed that mortality from cardiovascular diseases can change rapidly in line with changes in lifestyle.”
After the war, cases of cardiovascular disease increased, especially in the upper social strata and for a period went under the name “director’s disease”. Today, however, the directors and other people with a high socioeconomic status are among the most heart-healthy in the population, while people with low education and income have for a long time had the highest incidence of cardiovascular disease. However, in recent years, a positive development has also been observed in this part of the population.
Risk factors for heart disease
Risk factors for cardiovascular disease can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable factors. It is difficult to do anything about heredity, gender and age, all three of which affect the risk of cardiovascular disease. A number of medical conditions including arthritis, severe psoriasis, hereditary high cholesterol, diabetes and chronic kidney failure also increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. In addition, atrial fibrillation is a significant risk factor for cerebral infarction.
With regard to modifiable risk factors, smoking is one of the most important. People who smoke 20-30 cigarettes daily have between double and triple the risk of developing coronary heart disease compared to non-smokers. Now it is not the case that if you stop smoking today, the risk of cardiovascular disease will disappear tomorrow. It takes about two years from the time you stop smoking until the risk of cardiovascular disease is reduced to the same level as in non-smokers.
High blood pressure
High blood pressure is the most common cause of stroke in Western countries. High blood pressure is harmful to the blood vessels and can both initiate atherosclerosis and make this process go faster. In addition, high blood pressure causes the plaque in the blood vessels to become more unstable and thus can tear or loosen and trigger an acute heart or brain attack.
Norwegians are becoming a heavy people. About half of us are overweight and the extra kilos are one of the biggest challenges for public health. Obesity can lead to cardiovascular disease primarily through creating a low-grade inflammatory state in the body, which can initiate atherosclerosis. Obesity also increases the risk of diabetes, elevated cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure, all of which are important risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
Unlike previous generations, people today have the opportunity to opt out of physical activity. In the past, activity was a necessity, either in the context of work, transport or domestic activities. Inactivity increases the risk of not only cardiovascular disease but a whole range of conditions including obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis and several forms of cancer. The most common reasons given for not engaging in physical activity are (7)
- “don’t have time” (37%),
- “I can’t bear it”
- “I would rather spend my time on other things”
A look under the skin reveals that we are made for movement. The musculoskeletal system forms a significant part of the human body and both the heart, health and the body in general are strengthened by physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle appears to be as dangerous for the heart as smoking and high cholesterol.
What we eat can greatly affect heart health. Unhealthy diet is today the risk factor that takes the most lives in Norway (8). In particular, we eat too little fruit, vegetables, legumes and nuts. The vast majority of diet-related deaths are due to cardiovascular diseases. More on this later.
Psycho-social risk factors
Heart health is affected by more than our physical lifestyle. We see more and more that the human being is a whole where mental health affects physical health and vice versa.
A few months ago, a large study was published which showed that a lack of social relationships seems to be able to increase the risk of stroke and coronary heart disease by around 30% (9), which is equivalent to obesity or light smoking. Furthermore, people with depression have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and also have a worse prognosis in the case of established cardiovascular disease (10).
Cardiovascular disease can be prevented
Although cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in Norway, the vast majority of strokes and heart attacks can be prevented through lifestyle changes. Even with the worst genetic starting point, the risk of future cardiovascular events seems to be almost halved through a heart-friendly lifestyle compared to an unhealthy lifestyle (11).
The health authorities recommend eating plenty (5 a day / 500 grams) of all types of vegetables, fruit and berries. In addition, whole grain products are recommended. Low-fat dairy and lean meat products are recommended over fatty alternatives. In addition, the health authorities recommend fatty and lean fish two to three times a week. “Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants”, also applies to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. The health benefits of a diet centered around plants are well documented. In a recent report (12) (position paper) from the largest American association for dietitians, The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, we read that a vegetarian diet is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. This is explained through the reduction of important risk factors such as obesity, high blood pressure and improvement of cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Vegetarians have a reduced risk of both developing and dying (20-30 percent reduction) from ischemic heart disease. Of the various vegetarian diets, the report points out that a well-planned vegan diet is probably the most heart-friendly. Vegans have a higher intake of fiber, the lowest intake of saturated fat, a healthier weight and a better cholesterol level compared to other types of vegetarians and non-vegetarians.
Plenty of fiber, which we find in fruit and vegetables, is beneficial for reducing cholesterol. In an interesting Canadian study (13), which perhaps should have been labeled “don’t do this at home”, the participants ate 5 kg of vegetables and fruit daily, as well as some nuts. After 14 days, LDL-cholesterol was reduced by 33 percent, which shows the potential of a plant-based diet. Otherwise, the participants did not gain weight from all the food. In general, cholesterol rises the more saturated fat you eat. By replacing about 20 grams (5% of the daily total caloric intake) of saturated fat with unsaturated fat, the risk of heart disease is significantly reduced (14).
Low alcohol intake
A high alcohol intake (more than two drinks for men, and more than one drink for women) increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. A moderate or low intake of alcohol (less than 30 grams/day) seems to be able to reduce cardiovascular disease, but does not reduce overall mortality. Even a moderate intake of alcohol increases the risk of, among other things, breast cancer and colon cancer. Many of the same effects that alcohol has on the cardiovascular system can be achieved through physical activity and a healthy diet.
About 9% of adult Norwegians smoke daily or occasionally. Tobacco smoke is harmful to the blood vessels for several reasons. Among other things, smoking can initiate atherosclerosis, it makes the blood “thicker”, increases the bad LDL-cholesterol and reduces the good HDL-cholesterol. Quitting smoking is probably the most heart-friendly measure a smoker can take, and after a couple of smoke-free years the risk of cardiovascular disease is down to the same level as in non-smokers. If you find it difficult to quit smoking, there are effective aids, including nicotine replacement therapy and medications, which can make the path to a smoke-free life easier.
Physical activity has so many health benefits that it cannot be obtained in pill form. When it comes to cardiovascular health, exercise leads to, among other things, lower blood pressure, increased capillary density and blood supply in the heart muscle, reduced risk of thrombosis, as well as improved lipid profile and vessel dilation. A small Norwegian study (15) showed that heart patients who exercised three times a week for a total of 12 weeks experienced a reduction of the plaques by an average of 10% (not statistically significant) and in addition the plaque became more stable. There was just as great an effect of 4×4 intervals, as with sessions of 60 minutes of moderate intensity (e.g. fast walking). In general, it is recommended to be active 40 minutes a day and preferably set aside an hour one day a week for more intense activity. A little is still better than nothing and the more activity, the better. The training sessions can easily be divided into smaller blocks and seem to give the same positive effect.
Reversal of coronary heart disease?
Relatively few studies have been done on the effect of lifestyle treatment on the reversal of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis.The report on vegetarian diet from the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics points out that a low-fat vegan and vegetarian diet, combined with other lifestyle factors, has been shown to be able to reverse atherosclerosis. This was observed by the dr. Dean Ornish as early as 1990 in a study (16) of 48 people with coronary heart disease. The participants in the study received either standard medical treatment, or intensive lifestyle treatment which included the following lifestyle measures:
- Low-fat vegetarian diet: Only 10% of daily calories from fat, but no restrictions on total calorie intake.
- Dairy products equivalent to 5mg of cholesterol, for example one glass of skimmed milk, were allowed.
- No caffeine
- Stop smoking
- Stress management
- Physical activity, 3 hours a week
After one year, the participants with intensive lifestyle treatment had reduced their LDL cholesterol by 37%, and in 82% of the participants the atherosclerotic plaques had begun to decrease. Already after three weeks, the lifestyle group experienced approximately a 90% reduction in episodes of chest pain (angina). Similar results were also published in 2014 by dr. Caldwell Esseslstyn (17), who followed 195 people with coronary heart disease for almost four years. While the participants received regular medical treatment, the participants followed the diet described below:
- Plant-based diet with an emphasis on coarse cereals, legumes, vegetables and fruit.In addition, they took a daily supplement of vitamin B12 and a multivitamin tablet.Foods to avoid:
- Dairy products, fish, meat and oils.
- In addition, the participants were advised to avoid refined foods, avocado, nuts and large amounts of salt.
- Physical activity was recommended, but was not required to participate in the study.
Only one of the 177 participants who stuck to the program (avoiding dairy products, fish, meat and oils) experienced new cardiovascular events. However, 13 of the 21 participants who did not adhere to the program experienced new cardiovascular events. In other words, 99.4% of participants who adhered to the program avoided new serious cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes. Although more research is needed in this area, these two studies suggest the powerful effect that a healthy lifestyle can have on one of our most common lifestyle diseases and causes of death. With regard to coronary heart disease, it seems that the diet should be almost plant-based in order to achieve reversal of the disease. Such a diet is unfortunately sometimes referred to in medical circles as too radical to be recommended, and is therefore rarely presented to heart patients. At a time when more and more Norwegians are choosing a heart-friendly lifestyle in the direction of the one described above, one might ask whether it is perhaps at least as radical to cut open the chest and undergo bypass surgery.
Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in Norway and in the Western world. Heart attacks and strokes are usually serious events that can leave lasting marks on the body and mind. It is therefore pleasing to observe that Norwegians live more heart-friendly today than a few decades ago. However, most of us have a lot more going on. By including the five lifestyle habits mentioned below, around 80% of all strokes and heart attacks can be avoided (1,18).
- Avoid tobacco
- Healthy diet: “Eat food.Not too much.Mostly plants.”
- Physical activity 40 minutes daily and set aside 60 minutes one day a week for more intense activity/training
- Normal weight / no abdominal obesity
- If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation
If you already have coronary heart disease, a more intensive lifestyle change, as mentioned in connection with the studies by dr. Ornish and dr. Esselstyn, could increase the possibility of reversing the condition.
- Åkesson A, Larsson SC, Discacciati A, Wolk A. Low-Risk Diet and Lifestyle Habits in the Primary Prevention of Myocardial Infarction in Men. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(13):1299-1306.
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- Strøm A, Jensen RA, Oslo MD, Oslo MD. MORTALITY FROM CIRCULATORY DISEASES IN NORWAY 1940-1945. Lancet. 1951;257(6647):126-129.
- Dødelighet av hjerteinfarkt – Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening. http://tidsskriftet.no/article/2079924/. Accessed March 20, 2016.
- Hansen B, Anderssen S, Steene-Johannessen J, et al. Fysisk aktivitet og sedat tid blant voksne og eldre i Norge – Nasjonal kartlegging 2014 – 2015. Helsedirektoratet. 2015.
- Risikofaktorene som veier tyngst i beregningene for Norge – FHI. https://www.fhi.no/hn/sykdomsbyrde/hvilke-risikofaktorer-veier-tyngst-/. Published 2015.
- Valtorta NK, Kanaan M, Gilbody S, Ronzi S, Hanratty B. Loneliness and social isolation as risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal observational studies. Heart. April 2016.
- Hare DL, Toukhsati SR, Johansson P, Jaarsma T. Depression and cardiovascular disease: a clinical review. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(21):1365-1372.
- Khera A V., Emdin CA, Drake I, et al. Genetic Risk, Adherence to a Healthy Lifestyle, and Coronary Disease. N Engl J Med. November 2016:NEJMoa1605086.
- Melina V, Craig W, Levin S, et al. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(12):1970-1980.
- Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Popovich DG, et al. Effect of a very-high-fiber vegetable, fruit, and nut diet on serum lipids and colonic function. Metabolism. 2001;50(4):494-503.
- Li Y, Hruby A, Bernstein AM, et al. Saturated Fats Compared With Unsaturated Fats and Sources of Carbohydrates in Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(14):1538-1548.
- Madssen E, Moholdt T, Videm V, Wisløff U, Hegbom K, Wiseth R. Coronary atheroma regression and plaque characteristics assessed by grayscale and radiofrequency intravascular ultrasound after aerobic exercise. Am J Cardiol. 2014;114(10):1504-1511.
- Ornish D, Brown SE, Billings JH, et al. Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet. 1990;336(8708):129-133.
- Esselstyn CB, Gendy G, Doyle J, Golubic M, Roizen M. A way to reverse CAD? J Fam Pract. 2014;63(7):356-364b.
- Larsson SC, Åkesson A, Wolk A. Primary prevention of stroke by a healthy lifestyle in a high-risk group. Neurology. 2015;84(22):2224-2228. | <urn:uuid:5fd4a9c1-f6c8-44f3-82d5-3eae16cf187f> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://rxlifestylemd.com/lifestyle-treatment-of-coronary-heart-disease/ | 2024-12-01T19:33:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066036672.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20241201192453-20241201222453-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.941866 | 4,084 | 2.875 | 3 |
A pronounced one Copper deficiency is very rare, as copper is sufficiently available in food. Copper is an essential trace element in numerous enzymes and is also closely linked to the iron metabolism. A lack of copper leads to anemia and immunodeficiency.
What is copper deficiency?
A pronounced copper deficiency manifests itself in an anemia, which is similar to an iron deficiency anemia. Not enough red blood cells are made.© happy_lark - stock.adobe.com
In the industrialized countries there is a pronounced one Copper deficiency very rarely before. The daily copper requirement in humans is 1.5 to 3 mg. There is a lot of copper in nuts, meat, seafood, cereals and beans. The higher the physical strain, the higher the copper requirement. It is mainly excreted in the urine. The body can store between 40 mg and 80 mg of copper. Both too low and too high copper concentrations lead to health disorders.
Copper is a central trace element that controls many metabolic processes. It is contained in many enzymes that protect against reactive oxygen, that support dopamine formation and that are responsible for elastin and collagen synthesis. It is also closely related to the metabolism of vitamin C and controls the absorption of iron from food. Due to these diverse functions of copper, a pronounced copper deficiency has a very negative effect on the organism.
The causes of a copper deficiency are very diverse. The main cause is the reduced copper intake from food. In the industrialized countries there is an adequate food supply so that the copper requirement is usually met. In developing countries, copper deficiency is a major problem due to insufficient food supplies. However, malnutrition can also lead to it.
In the case of malnutrition, sufficient food is available, but the one-sided consumption of low-copper foods can lead to a copper deficiency. Other causes can be eating disorders and alcoholism. Older people in particular are at risk of suffering from a copper deficiency because, for various reasons, they can no longer eat normally. However, there are other deficiencies besides the copper deficiency.
Medicines can also hinder copper absorption. Preparations that are particularly rich in zinc inhibit the absorption of copper. Certain diseases that are associated with malabsorption of the food components, such as chronic gastrointestinal diseases or celiac disease, can also cause a copper deficiency. Hereditary diseases such as Wilson syndrome or Menkes syndrome also lead to low copper concentrations in the blood.
Wilson syndrome is a copper storage disorder and Menkes syndrome disrupts copper uptake. In the case of severe injuries with blood loss, burns, certain illnesses or medication, the copper requirement is increased. If no more copper is supplied in this situation, there will also be a copper shortage.
Symptoms, ailments & signs
A pronounced copper deficiency manifests itself in an anemia, which is similar to an iron deficiency anemia. Not enough red blood cells are made. The copper deficiency causes a secondary iron deficiency due to a reduced absorption of iron from food, which can no longer be remedied even by oral administration of iron supplements.
The distribution of color in the skin changes. Furthermore, hair turns gray quickly, fatigue, paleness, poor performance and concentration problems and frequent infections. The bones become brittle. Above all, psychological problems such as depression are common. Often the copper deficiency occurs together with other deficiencies.
Diagnosis & course of disease
Since the pronounced copper deficiency is very rare, it is often not examined and diagnosed. To do this, blood tests must be carried out. The normal copper concentration in the blood is between 80 and 140 micrograms per 100 ml. Due to the many possible causes, a copper deficiency may not be all that rare.
However, a minor lack of copper does not cause any symptoms. The symptoms only appear when it is more serious. In these cases, however, in addition to the copper deficiency, other deficiencies such as iron deficiency appear.
A prolonged copper deficiency can cause various complications. First of all, a lack of copper causes tiredness and poor concentration as well as difficulty breathing. This increases the risk of accidents and rarely causes circulatory problems. Severe copper deficiency can lead to fainting and other complications.
Without copper, the immune system is also less efficient and there are more infections and skin diseases. The nervous system is weakened, which, for example, reduces fertility and growth disorders can occur. If the trace element copper is missing, this also leads to reduced iron absorption from food. This leads to headaches, dizziness, fatigue and a general decline in performance.
In the long term, physical complaints such as chapped lips, dry skin and brittle nails occur, which in turn can be associated with serious complications. Sometimes the physical changes can lead to psychological problems. Since a copper deficiency is difficult to diagnose as a cause, it can develop into protracted emotional suffering.
Food supplements with copper can cause allergic reactions and other complaints. In addition, a targeted intake of copper through dietary measures can lead to weight gain and a one-sided diet, each associated with further problems and complications.
When should you go to the doctor?
If symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, and external changes are noticed, a doctor should be consulted. Signs of physical or mental weakness suggest a deficiency that needs to be diagnosed and treated. Since a copper deficiency can only be remedied in a targeted manner with an appropriate diagnosis, medical help must always be sought in the case of the symptoms mentioned. If there are repeated bone fractures or disorders of the central nervous system, the deficiency may have existed for a long time.
An immediate doctor's visit is necessary to avoid permanent damage. People who suffer from an eating disorder, alcoholism or chronic gastrointestinal diseases are very susceptible to deficiency symptoms. Patients with Wilson syndrome, Menkens syndrome and celiac disease also belong to the risk groups and should have signs of a deficiency examined immediately. If you have a copper deficiency, it is best to see your family doctor or an internist. If the disorder occurs as part of an existing illness, the responsible doctor must be informed. Further examinations and medication adjustments may be necessary during therapy.
Therapy & Treatment
Treatment for copper deficiency depends on the underlying cause. As a rule, treatment consists of sufficient oral administration of copper preparations. However, these must not be administered together with preparations or drugs containing zinc because zinc inhibits the absorption of copper. In the case of severe malabsorption, it may in rare cases be necessary to apply copper parenterally. Parenteral means that the intestine must be passed over for absorption. In these cases there is a particularly severe disruption of copper uptake in the intestine. If iron deficiency anemia is also present, iron must also be administered parenterally, because the copper deficiency prevents iron absorption in the intestine. The main causes of copper deficiency are serious illnesses in the industrialized countries. Malnutrition does not play a role here. However, eating disorders such as bulimia or anorexia can lead to copper deficiency. Hence, treating these eating disorders is a priority.
Other serious illnesses such as cancer, depression or dementia can also be associated with reduced food intake. Again, it is important to treat the underlying disease. Uptake disorders for copper are to be expected in severe gastrointestinal diseases and celiac disease. In addition to the parenteral administration of copper preparations, the prerequisite for an adequate copper supply is the healing of the relevant disease.
Outlook & forecast
The likelihood of suffering from copper deficiency is very low in the western world. The trace element is found in many foods that are widely available. A disease can also be successfully treated, which results in a good prognosis.
However, if there is a permanent copper deficiency, anemia and immune deficiency set in. In addition to typical physical complaints, the psyche also suffers. Because dry skin or brittle nails reduce the attractiveness. In the long term, non-treatment poses a risk for the entire human organism.
In the industrialized countries, the copper deficiency is often a consequence of serious illnesses. Cancer and dementia in particular are considered to be triggers. Treatment consists of oral administration of tablets containing the trace element. In severe cases, the intestine must be bypassed, which is not a problem according to the current state of science. Copper deficiency is usually treated as secondary. The main focus of doctors is on the causative disease. In the case of eating disorders and a tendency to a one-sided diet, the prospect depends on the willingness of the person concerned to cooperate. Because here the wrong food intake and problematic ideals cause the complaints.
The prevention of a copper deficiency consists in an adequate supply of the body with copper. This is usually not a problem because the food contains sufficient copper. If there are signs of eating disorders, medical advice should take place. Serious gastrointestinal diseases urgently need to be clarified and treated in order to prevent deficiency symptoms such as iron or copper deficiency.
In contrast to, for example, a tumor disease, follow-up care is usually not part of the therapy if a copper deficiency is detected. This is mainly due to the fact that the risk of illness in the western industrialized countries is minimal and can easily be remedied with suitable medication. The supply situation could hardly be better for avoiding illness.
A balanced diet is sufficient to prevent recurrence. However, this does not fall within the remit of the health system; rather, the patient has to adapt to his everyday life. If necessary, a nutritional consultation can be attended. Long-term treatment is only necessary in cases where other diseases are causing the copper deficiency. Eating disorders, cancer and depression can cause the typical symptoms.
Follow-up care consists of regular check-ups that are discussed with the attending physician. This refers to a symptom-related examination and a blood analysis. The patient also receives nutrition tips and other recipes. Scheduled follow-up examinations therefore do not play an essential role in the western industrialized countries after a diagnosed copper deficiency. They only take place in the case of permanent and severe underlying diseases in order to prevent complications.
You can do that yourself
A balanced diet is usually sufficient to compensate for a copper deficiency. Those who experience the typical symptoms should mainly consume mushrooms, whole grain products, liver and mussels. Iron-containing foods such as nuts, cabbage, lentils and oat flakes also alleviate the symptoms and prevent the accompanying iron deficiency.
In the case of a pronounced copper deficiency, the doctor can also prescribe food supplements containing copper. In addition, a healthy lifestyle should be aimed for. Regular exercise and a good diet strengthen the entire organism and help to regulate deficiency symptoms in a natural way. A food diary can also help identify symptoms early and prevent deficiency symptoms before severe physical and psychological complaints occur.
Anyone who has difficulty putting together a balanced diet should speak to a specialist or a nutritionist directly. This is particularly useful if you have an eating disorder, cancer, depression, dementia or another chronic disease that promotes a copper deficiency. In the case of an initial underlying disease, you should also consult your doctor. He or she can monitor the diet and give further tips and measures to counteract a copper deficiency. | <urn:uuid:a8da1f98-6149-49c1-b575-0b629646873b> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://healthandmedicineinfo.com/kupfermangel-P04 | 2024-12-03T17:44:29Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066139248.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203163346-20241203193346-00153.warc.gz | en | 0.953009 | 2,272 | 3.46875 | 3 |
We are living in the middle of a clash of paradigms—a tug-of-war between ideologies. Most people don’t see it because it’s been going on for so long. Learning to handle this conflict is a necessary skill in our modern world.
When different worldviews try to influence the culture, it can create a conflict. This clash can fracture the culture into several opposing groups. Depending upon their incompatibility, the dispute can cause acts of violence, even genocide.
What is a Paradigm or Worldview?
A paradigm is another word for a worldview. It is a filter containing our beliefs and values through which we view the world. Everyone has one. It’s the framework that provides structure to our thinking, but in doing so, it creates boundaries.
Our paradigm places values on thoughts and beliefs. It acts much like colored glass, coloring everything and establishing what we believe is right and wrong. This judgment is often subconscious, so we aren’t aware of its operation. This filter gets most of its programming from our cultural narrative and is often supported by family and peers.
The elements of a worldview are on a continuum. On one end of the continuum is an inclusive or universal worldview. At the other end is the biased tribal worldview. Let’s look more closely at these two points of view.
What is A Tribal Worldview
A tribal mindset or worldview is about the attributes chosen by a group to differentiate themselves from others. They select and promote beliefs to distinguish themselves from others.
The central point of a tribal mindset is separation and segregation, not inclusion. It often uses such characteristics as religious belief, race, or ethnicity.
If you are in the tribe, you have a sense of belonging. If you are not a member of the tribe, you are an enemy. It is the social effect of the tribal mentality. The tribe dictates values and religious beliefs that promote the preferential treatment of those in the group. This exclusionary philosophy promotes bias and prejudice.
What is interesting is that most indigenous cultures exhibit the traits of an inclusive worldview, not a tribal paradigm. They are more accepting of people with diverse backgrounds and ideas. On the whole, they do much better than the religions which dominate modern culture. The faiths of the Abrahamic tree dominate most of the modern culture. (1)
The three main branches of the Abrahamic tree include Judaism, Islam, and Christianity. They took their tribal characteristics from the religions they copied. Their roots come from the Assyrian, Babylonian, Egyptian, and Persian mystery religions.
If you base your thinking on tribal boundaries, a clash of paradigms is inevitable. They find those outside the tribe untrustworthy and even enemies. A tribal point of view is a worldview based on biases and prejudice. It promotes an us-against-them mentality. One of the main characteristics of a tribal worldview is to build its beliefs and values based on mythology and superstition. It is a deception resulting in mistaking mythology as fact.
Tribal thinking divides people into beliefs, race, ethnicity, and gender. Those who promote these backward worldviews do so to maintain control of their followers. When this kind of religious prejudice rules a culture, it uses censorship and impression to dictate the laws of society. A good example of this is the Dark Ages (2).
“Everyone thinks their beliefs are right. So, they tend to associate with people who hold the same beliefs. In fact, they only feel safe when someone believes what they do. This kind of thinking is the trap of belief.
For believers to feel safe, they often ask you what you believe. They need to know so they can judge you based on the boundaries of their beliefs and values. If you don’t fit their mold, you aren’t safe and aren’t trusted.
When someone asks me, “What do you believe? I tell them I believe in the good in all religions. Therefore, I am a Christian, a Muslim, a Buddhist, a Hindu, and a Pagan. Some believers will see this as incompatible, and they will say it is illogical, and I must pick only one. I tell them, isn’t it more prudent to believe the best in all rather than confining myself to just one point of view?”— Guru Tua
What is an Inclusive Worldview
An inclusive mindset celebrates individual differences. Inclusion creates an environment where everyone feels valued, respected, and supported. It understands the value of diversity, equity, inclusion, and equality (DEI is the common acronym for these elements). An inclusive or universal worldview creates a sense of belonging for all members. It respects the value of everyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation. This is a paradigm that leverages the principles of empathy, openness, and appreciation. It values the unique perspectives each individual brings to the table.
Inclusiveness promotes equality, compassion, and the value of all living things. Inclusion opposes the tribal worldview. An inclusive philosophy strives for equity and equality for everyone, not just some. It holds that all of life is sacred, mystical, and meaningful.
It is a mindset that promotes the advancement of logic and science. It champions the scientific approach, which benefits everyone and everything. You should recognize it. This mindset is responsible for all the fundamental advances of humankind.
Why Moving Beyond a Tribal Worldview is Hard
There are several ways to frame this clash of paradigms. Some see it as faith versus facts or science versus religion. Faith relates to the belief that religious mythology supersedes any opposing evidence or logic. Science refers to processes with a basis in evidence. In contrast, religion places faith as superior to evidence and reason.
If we understand something, we make better decisions about it. So, we hope this article will help you see the effects of this clash of ideologies. We overlook the implications because this clash has been going on for ages.
The clash of paradigms isn’t new, and that’s why it’s almost invisible. It started at the beginning of the post-classical period, about 500 CE. On one side, we have mythology and superstition masquerading as religion. Logic, reason, and science are on the other side of this conflict.
On one side is organized religion; they control people through self-hypnosis and group hypnosis. They want to build a tribe of paying customers. Science wants to advance humankind through reason and common sense and release them to live free.
The Need to Belong and Feel Safe
Believers need to feel safe. When people ask what you believe, they are asking, what is your tribe? The answer to this question tells them whether you are safe. You are safe if your beliefs are similar enough. Do you belong to the same tribe? They want to know if you share the same sacred ground, fears, and values.
Religious followers will only consider new ideas from someone with similar beliefs. They are programmed to think within tribal boundaries. In many cases, it’s not their fault. Many people go through indoctrination at an early age in their families. Children and people in crisis are vulnerable to systematic brainwashing techniques. You can help them break free and become freethinkers.
The goal is to help someone trapped in a tribal paradigm see the value of diversity, equity, inclusion, and equality. It takes work to get someone to see outside the boundaries of their worldview. We use a process called the unconventional approach to saving the believer.
Science grew out of the need to find better answers. Science and reason provide the freethinkers who innovate and find solutions to problems. But religion is effective at programming the cultural narrative; it has been doing it longer and has deep roots in society. You’d think everyone would like science, but you’d be wrong. Science finds facts, and this exposes the origins of superstitions and mythologies. That’s the problem; exposing the truth is the root of the paradigm clash.
How to Create A Culture of Diversity, Equity Inclusion
In today’s interconnected global society, it is imperative to move beyond the boundaries of a tribal paradigm. We need to embrace the ideals of diversity. We need equity, inclusion, and equality to solve global issues like climate change. The clash between tribal and universal thinking presents both challenges and opportunities.
1. Understanding the Mindset of a Tribal Mindset.
A tribal worldview is an exclusionary perspective that promotes preferential treatment for members. Race, nationality, and cultural or religious affiliation often define these groups. Tribal thinking may have served as a survival mechanism in the past, but today, it only perpetuates unhealthy thinking and values. Tribal values are built on discrimination, inequality, and inequity. This mindset must be overcome to create diversity, equity, inclusion, and equality.
2. The Clash of Paradigms, Traditional vs. Inclusive.
The clash between the values and beliefs of a tribal mindset and an inclusive or universal paradigm can be seen in various aspects of society. We see the tension in workplaces, educational institutions, and governance structures. The conflict between religious inclusive values is evident. There is a tension between universal and tribal thinking and values. Right-wing extremists take positions in all areas and drive the division in the culture. We recognize the need to move beyond tribalism. This clash often leads to resistance and challenges as old power structures and norms are questioned.
3. Impact on Society.
Moving beyond a tribal worldview benefits individuals and has a profound positive impact on society. When diverse perspectives come together, creativity and innovation thrive. Inclusive thinking leads to collaboration, economic growth, problem-solving, and social harmony. By breaking down barriers and embracing DEI, we can create a more just and equitable world for future generations.
4. Embracing Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Equality.
Creating a society that values and embraces DEI makes the culture healthy. Doing so builds a more inclusive community that benefits from the rich landscape of human experiences. Several strategies promote this shift in mindsets.
a) Education and Awareness. Building awareness around the importance of DEI and breaking down stereotypes is vital. Education about the history of the culture is important in bringing to light past inequities. It gives clarity and awareness of how history affects the present. Conversations about our shared humanity challenge the tribal mindset. In turn, this develops empathy and understanding.
Sadly, many people battle against the process of education and awareness.
b) Inclusive Policies. Organizations and governments must adopt policies that actively promote diversity and counter discrimination. These policies encourage hiring practices that prioritize diversity. We must create safe spaces for marginalized groups and ensure equitable opportunities for all.
c) Collaboration and Dialogue. Engaging in meaningful conversations and collaborations between different groups is essential. By encouraging dialogue, we can break down barriers, challenge biases, and promote inclusion.
So, here is the strategy for dialogue. When someone asks what you believe, you might say you agree with all the paths that lead to a better world for everyone. Then, ask them about their worldview. Try to avoid the clash of paradigms by aligning with the healthy aspects of their paradigm. It may take some work.
For example, if they are a Christian, tell them you believe in Christianity’s positive aspects. If they are Muslim, tell them you align with all the positive aspects of Islam. Whatever their worldview, seek common ground. Connect these beliefs to the inclusive worldview and universal perspective.
Let them know you respect any path that promotes love for everyone and all living things. We have a more detailed outline of this process we call the unconventional approach to save the believer.
The above approach works well if you can get an initial alignment. If people believe you are genuine in your alignment, you can help facilitate the shift from tribal toward an inclusive worldview. To introduce any new ideas, you must first project some alignment with the underlying concepts of their tribe. Moving beyond a tribal worldview to an inclusive worldview is a positive, healthy transition.
Sadly, some people are so ingrained and programmed into their religious beliefs that we cannot persuade them with facts. They strive to maintain tribal vs. universal conflict. Yet, these same people would not dream of giving up the modern conveniences that science has brought to their lives.
All you can do is plant seeds of thought. They must learn to question the cultural narrative. We may never end this clash of paradigms, but we can plant seeds in our circle of influence to reduce its impact on our lives.
We have global issues that need to be addressed. We can’t afford to waste time arguing about myths and superstitions. We must change our cultural priorities and adopt a healthier, inclusive worldview.
There’s no time to waste as climate change takes center stage. Moving beyond a tribal worldview is a necessity. By actively promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion, we can counter tribal prejudice and bias. By embracing an inclusive mindset, we can implement changes to create a future for everyone. We can learn to value people irrespective of their tribal affiliations and save the planet in the process. | <urn:uuid:c2b6f9a4-0512-49f9-b76b-5df3bda62b82> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://seekerproject4se.org/2023/07/24/diversity-equity-inclusion-and-equality-moving-beyond-a-tribal-worldview/ | 2024-12-06T01:13:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066367647.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206001926-20241206031926-00086.warc.gz | en | 0.940805 | 2,718 | 3.53125 | 4 |
Date Updated: 08/01/2020
Sciatica refers to pain that radiates along the path of the sciatic nerve, which branches from your lower back through your hips and buttocks and down each leg. Typically, sciatica affects only one side of your body.
Sciatica most commonly occurs when a herniated disk, bone spur on the spine or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of the nerve. This causes inflammation, pain and often some numbness in the affected leg.
Although the pain associated with sciatica can be severe, most cases resolve with non-operative treatments in a few weeks. People who have severe sciatica that's associated with significant leg weakness or bowel or bladder changes might be candidates for surgery.
Pain that radiates from your lower (lumbar) spine to your buttock and down the back of your leg is the hallmark of sciatica. You might feel the discomfort almost anywhere along the nerve pathway, but it's especially likely to follow a path from your low back to your buttock and the back of your thigh and calf.
The pain can vary widely, from a mild ache to a sharp, burning sensation or excruciating pain. Sometimes it can feel like a jolt or electric shock. It can be worse when you cough or sneeze, and prolonged sitting can aggravate symptoms. Usually only one side of your body is affected.
Some people also have numbness, tingling or muscle weakness in the affected leg or foot. You might have pain in one part of your leg and numbness in another part.
When to see a doctor
Mild sciatica usually goes away over time. Call your doctor if self-care measures fail to ease your symptoms or if your pain lasts longer than a week, is severe or becomes progressively worse. Get immediate medical care if:
- You have sudden, severe pain in your low back or leg and numbness or muscle weakness in your leg
- The pain follows a violent injury, such as a traffic accident
- You have trouble controlling your bowels or bladder
Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve becomes pinched, usually by a herniated disk in your spine or by an overgrowth of bone (bone spur) on your vertebrae. More rarely, the nerve can be compressed by a tumor or damaged by a disease such as diabetes.
Risk factors for sciatica include:
- Age. Age-related changes in the spine, such as herniated disks and bone spurs, are the most common causes of sciatica.
- Obesity. By increasing the stress on your spine, excess body weight can contribute to the spinal changes that trigger sciatica.
- Occupation. A job that requires you to twist your back, carry heavy loads or drive a motor vehicle for long periods might play a role in sciatica, but there's no conclusive evidence of this link.
- Prolonged sitting. People who sit for prolonged periods or have a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to develop sciatica than active people are.
- Diabetes. This condition, which affects the way your body uses blood sugar, increases your risk of nerve damage.
Although most people recover fully from sciatica, often without treatment, sciatica can potentially cause permanent nerve damage. Seek immediate medical attention if you have:
- Loss of feeling in the affected leg
- Weakness in the affected leg
- Loss of bowel or bladder function
It's not always possible to prevent sciatica, and the condition may recur. The following can play a key role in protecting your back:
- Exercise regularly. To keep your back strong, pay special attention to your core muscles — the muscles in your abdomen and lower back that are essential for proper posture and alignment. Ask your doctor to recommend specific activities.
- Maintain proper posture when you sit. Choose a seat with good lower back support, armrests and a swivel base. Consider placing a pillow or rolled towel in the small of your back to maintain its normal curve. Keep your knees and hips level.
- Use good body mechanics. If you stand for long periods, rest one foot on a stool or small box from time to time. When you lift something heavy, let your lower extremities do the work. Move straight up and down. Keep your back straight and bend only at the knees. Hold the load close to your body. Avoid lifting and twisting simultaneously. Find a lifting partner if the object is heavy or awkward.
During the physical exam, your doctor may check your muscle strength and reflexes. For example, you may be asked to walk on your toes or heels, rise from a squatting position and, while lying on your back, lift your legs one at a time. Pain that results from sciatica will usually worsen during these activities.
Many people have herniated disks or bone spurs that will show up on X-rays and other imaging tests but have no symptoms. So doctors don't typically order these tests unless your pain is severe, or it doesn't improve within a few weeks.
- X-ray. An X-ray of your spine may reveal an overgrowth of bone (bone spur) that may be pressing on a nerve.
- MRI. This procedure uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to produce cross-sectional images of your back. An MRI produces detailed images of bone and soft tissues such as herniated disks. During the test, you lie on a table that moves into the MRI machine.
- CT scan. When a CT is used to image the spine, you may have a contrast dye injected into your spinal canal before the X-rays are taken — a procedure called a CT myelogram. The dye then circulates around your spinal cord and spinal nerves, which appear white on the scan.
- Electromyography (EMG). This test measures the electrical impulses produced by the nerves and the responses of your muscles. This test can confirm nerve compression caused by herniated disks or narrowing of your spinal canal (spinal stenosis).
If your pain doesn't improve with self-care measures, your doctor might suggest some of the following treatments.
The types of drugs that might be prescribed for sciatica pain include:
- Muscle relaxants
- Tricyclic antidepressants
- Anti-seizure medications
Once your acute pain improves, your doctor or a physical therapist can design a rehabilitation program to help you prevent future injuries. This typically includes exercises to correct your posture, strengthen the muscles supporting your back and improve your flexibility.
In some cases, your doctor might recommend injection of a corticosteroid medication into the area around the involved nerve root. Corticosteroids help reduce pain by suppressing inflammation around the irritated nerve. The effects usually wear off in a few months. The number of steroid injections you can receive is limited because the risk of serious side effects increases when the injections occur too frequently.
This option is usually reserved for when the compressed nerve causes significant weakness, loss of bowel or bladder control, or when you have pain that progressively worsens or doesn't improve with other therapies. Surgeons can remove the bone spur or the portion of the herniated disk that's pressing on the pinched nerve.
Lifestyle and home remedies
For most people, sciatica responds to self-care measures. Although resting for a day or so may provide some relief, prolonged inactivity will make your signs and symptoms worse.
Other self-care treatments that might help include:
- Cold packs. Initially, you might get relief from a cold pack placed on the painful area for up to 20 minutes several times a day. Use an ice pack or a package of frozen peas wrapped in a clean towel.
- Hot packs. After two to three days, apply heat to the areas that hurt. Use hot packs, a heat lamp or a heating pad on the lowest setting. If you continue to have pain, try alternating warm and cold packs.
- Stretching. Stretching exercises for your low back can help you feel better and might help relieve nerve root compression. Avoid jerking, bouncing or twisting during the stretch, and try to hold the stretch for at least 30 seconds.
- Over-the-counter medications. Pain relievers such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) are sometimes helpful for sciatica.
Alternative therapies commonly used for low back pain include:
- Acupuncture. In acupuncture, the practitioner inserts hair-thin needles into your skin at specific points on your body. Some studies have suggested that acupuncture can help back pain, while others have found no benefit. If you decide to try acupuncture, choose a licensed practitioner to ensure that he or she has had extensive training.
- Chiropractic. Spinal adjustment (manipulation) is one form of therapy chiropractors use to treat restricted spinal mobility. The goal is to restore spinal movement and, as a result, improve function and decrease pain. Spinal manipulation appears to be as effective and safe as standard treatments for low back pain, but might not be appropriate for radiating pain.
Preparing for an appointment
Not everyone who has sciatica needs medical care. If your symptoms are severe or persist for more than a month, though, make an appointment with your primary care doctor.
What you can do
- Write down your symptoms and when they began.
- List key medical information, including other conditions you have and the names of medications, vitamins or supplements you take.
- Note recent accidents or injuries that might have damaged your back.
- Take a family member or friend along, if possible. Someone who accompanies you can help you remember what your doctor tells you.
- Write down questions to ask your doctor to make the most of your appointment time.
For radiating low back pain, some basic questions to ask your doctor include:
- What's the most likely cause of my back pain?
- Are there other possible causes?
- Do I need diagnostic tests?
- What treatment do you recommend?
- If you're recommending medications, what are the possible side effects?
- For how long will I need to take medication?
- Am I a candidate for surgery? Why or why not?
- Are there restrictions I need to follow?
- What self-care measures should I take?
- What can I do to prevent my symptoms from recurring?
Don't hesitate to ask other questions.
What to expect from your doctor
Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, such as:
- Do you have numbness or weakness in your legs?
- Do certain body positions or activities make your pain better or worse?
- How limiting is your pain?
- Do you do heavy physical work?
- Do you exercise regularly? If yes, with what types of activities?
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People don’t like the taste, but giving cod liver oil to dogs gets a much more positive reaction. That’s convenient, because cod liver oil for dogs is an inexpensive, easy-to-use canine health insurance.
Centuries ago, people in the fishing communities of Scotland, Greenland, Iceland, and Norway thrived despite their intensely cold winters by taking a daily dose of cod liver oil. By the 1800s, folks around the world were taking a tablespoon a day because it relieved aching muscles, stiff joints, and rheumatism in addition to improving overall health.
In the 1950s, scientists discovered that essential fatty acids in cod liver oil improve heart and circulatory system health.
The vitamins in cod liver oil have been proven essential for growth, healthy bones, proper development of the brain and nervous systems, normal sexual development, and a strong immune system.
And scientists are still studying cod liver oil. In 2002, researchers in Wales found that cod liver oil’s omega-3 fatty acids disable enzymes that destroy cartilage. As a result, cod liver oil delays and even reverses the “irreversible” destruction of joint cartilage and inflammatory pain associated with arthritis.
All of cod liver oil’s human benefits are shared by dogs, including improved memory function, reduced behavioral disorders, and enhanced immunity.
“It’s definitely a miracle food,” says nutritionist Krispin Sullivan, CN. “There is hardly a disease in the books that does not respond well to treatment that includes cod liver oil, and not just infectious diseases but also chronic modern diseases like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.”
How Did We Discover Cod Oil’s Benefits?
In Europe and North America, rickets used to be a common illness. Without vitamin D, calcium salts are not deposited in bones in sufficient quantity to make them rigid. As a result, soft bones bend out of shape.
In 1892, a British scientist discovered a connection between the geographic distribution of rickets and sunlight. The more sunlight a region had, the fewer rickets cases it reported. In 1913, researchers at the University of Wisconsin showed that lactating goats kept indoors lost substantial amounts of skeletal calcium, while those kept outdoors did not. (Osteomalacia, or adult rickets, is a softening of bone caused by progressive decalcification.) Six years later, a German scientist cured children of rickets using artificially produced ultraviolet light. Two years after that, researchers at Columbia University cured children of rickets by exposing them to natural sunlight.
Though the sunlight connection was well established, no one understood how or why it worked. Then in 1918, British physician Sir Edward Mellanby, who was searching for a nutritional cause of rickets, tested oat porridge, the staple food of Scotland, for its effect on bone health. His test subjects were dogs. He fed them nothing but oats and kept them indoors throughout the experiment, and they promptly developed rickets. When he cured the dogs by feeding them cod liver oil, Mellanby assumed that the oil’s newly discovered vitamin A had repaired their bones. This was a logical assumption, for cod liver oil is the world’s most concentrated food source of vitamin A, containing more than four times the vitamin A of beef liver, the next most concentrated source.
However, at Johns Hopkins University, Professor E.V. McCollum proved that this was not the case. The cod liver oil he heated and aerated to destroy its vitamin A content no longer cured night blindness (which vitamin A prevents), but it did continue to cure rickets. This meant that cod liver oil must contain a previously unknown essential nutrient. In 1922, McCollum published his results and, in keeping with the practice of naming vitamins in alphabetical order, called his discovery vitamin D. Later research proved that sun exposure on the skin produces vitamin D, hence its “sunshine vitamin” nickname.
Newer Research on Cod Liver Oil
Although cod liver oil is not as widely used as it was a hundred years ago, it is still easy to find, inexpensive, and even more beneficial than early researchers realized.
For example, cod liver oil greatly improves heart function and treats it even in advanced stages by healing the lining of damaged arteries. Cod liver oil’s omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A and D facilitate mineral absorption, improve muscle function, and support elasticity of the blood vessels. In addition, inflammation-reducing prostaglandins made from EPA (one of cod liver oil’s essential fatty acids) help inhibit inflammatory responses in the arteries.
Cod liver oil’s vitamin A strengthens the immune system, fights infection, heals the skin, repairs the digestive tract, is essential to the formation of bones and teeth, aids in fat storage, stimulates new cell growth, and improves the body’s utilization of protein. Cod liver oil taken by nursing mothers improves the fatty acid profile of breast milk to promote optimal brain development, and it increases vitamin A levels, which help prevent infection. However, cod liver oil does not increase the vitamin D content of breast milk.
In more than 40 human trials, vitamin A has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality of infants and children, and cod liver oil was the supplement of choice in many of these trials. “Books on feeding infants published in the 1930s and 1940s routinely recommended cod liver oil,” says Sullivan, “starting with 1 teaspoon at the age of three weeks. It was Dr. Spock who threw this wisdom out the window by recommending vaccinations instead of the powerful nutritional support of cod liver oil.”
The easiest way to give cod liver oil to infant puppies is to use an eyedropper to place a few drops on the mother’s nipples or directly into the puppies’ mouths. Start with 1 drop per 4 ounces (¼ pound) of body weight per day. As puppies grow, give 3 to 4 drops per pound of body weight. Puppies weighing 6 pounds should receive 1/8 teaspoon per day, and pups weighing 12 pounds need ¼ teaspoon per day.
Like our human population, America’s dogs are increasingly susceptible to obesity, insulin resistance, and adult-onset diabetes. Cod liver oil has been used in clinical trials on humans with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. In both conditions, cod liver oil improved glucose response and other markers of the disease. In 2001, Finnish scientists reported that infants who received vitamin D were much less likely to develop juvenile or adult-onset diabetes than those who did not. In addition, vitamin A in cod liver oil helps promote healing and protects the retinas of diabetic patients.
Even colitis (inflammation of the colon) responds more effectively to the type of omega-3 fatty acids in cod liver oil than to medication. And let’s not forget cancer, whose epidemic rise coincides with America’s declining cod liver oil consumption. Vitamin A has been part of nearly every nutritionally based cancer therapy.
How You Administer Cod Liver Oil Matters
Eating fish, even oily fish, will not provide the levels of nutrients found in cod liver oil, and taking fish oils is not the same as taking cod liver oil. Salmon oil, which has significant health benefits, has only one-fifth the potency of cod liver oil.
Most cod liver oil has a vitamin D to vitamin A ratio of 1 to 10. If a teaspoon of cod liver oil contains 500 International Units (IU) of vitamin D, it contains about 5,000 IU vitamin A. However, some brands, such as Carlson Labs, which is sold in health food stores, have a much lower vitamin A ratio. One teaspoon of Carlson Labs cod liver oil contains 500 IU vitamin D and only 1,250 IU vitamin A. This proportion helps prevent vitamin A toxicity, especially in dogs who eat large amounts of beef liver or receive vitamin A from other sources.
Heavy metals and other contaminants are always a concern when dealing with ocean fish, but all cod liver oil sold in the United States is tested according to protocols of the Association of Analytical Communities. It must be found free of detectable levels of 32 specific contaminants, including mercury, cadmium, lead, and PCBs, before it can be imported.
Cod Liver Oil Dosage and Cautions for Dogs
A teaspoon of cod liver oil contains 45 calories. The recommended cod liver oil dose for dogs who do not receive other sources of vitamins D and A is ¼ teaspoon for dogs weighing 10-15 pounds; ½ teaspoon for 25-pund dogs; 1 teaspoon for dogs weighing 50 pounds; 1½ teaspoons for 75-pound dogs; and 2 teaspoons for dogs weighing 100 pounds. These doses have been used for decades with dogs who fast one day per week (no cod liver oil on fast days) as well as dogs who are fed every day.
But for dogs who eat a commercial diet, cod liver oil supplementation can be dangerous, because commercial pet foods contain vitamins A and D. In most cases, these vitamins are synthetic rather than from food sources. Although the synthetic vs. food-source debate continues to be lively, a growing number of researchers and nutritionists have found that food-source vitamins are more effective at smaller doses because they are more easily assimilated than synthetic vitamins.
Dogs fed a home-prepared diet derive far more than vitamins A and D from cod liver oil, which is itself an argument for home feeding. Another argument is Sir Edward Mellanby’s canine rickets experiment. During his research, Mellanby discovered that phytic acid in grains and legumes blocks mineral absorption. Grain-based foods can be difficult for dogs to digest, and can contribute to deficiencies of zinc and other minerals.
Before deciding on the dose to use, consider how much sun exposure your dog receives, the time of year, and your location. Dogs who live outdoors in the southern United States may absorb vitamin D by grooming themselves and other dogs, even though they do not absorb it directly through the skin the way humans do.
In America’s middle latitudes, the sun does not produce vitamin D throughout the year. For example, in New York City, the sun’s angle prevents vitamin D production from October through April. Dogs who live outdoors during summer months in New York City and similar latitudes may need less (such as half the recommended dose) during the summer. Dogs living in New England, other Northern states, and Canada receive little or no vitamin D from the sun even in the middle of summer. They will not require a dose reduction.
Vitamins D and A are toxic in excess, so overdoses must be avoided. Many puppies and dogs have died from swallowing tubes of vitamin D-based medications for psoriasis and other human skin conditions. If you spill cod liver oil, don’t let your dog lick it up. If you feed a commercial pet food that contains vitamins A and D, don’t give your dog cod liver oil in addition.
Last, feed saturated fats like butter or coconut oil in combination with cod liver oil. The body needs saturated fat in order to absorb and assimilate the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Flaxseed oil and other vegetable oils do not provide saturated fats and do not enhance the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. An easy rule of thumb is to give equal amounts of cod liver oil and saturated fat, so for every teaspoon of cod liver oil, give your dog a teaspoon (or more) of butter or coconut oil.
A regular contributor to WDJ, CJ Puotinen is also the author of The Encyclopedia of Natural Pet Care, Natural Remedies for Dogs and Cats, and several books about human health including, Natural Relief from Aches and Pains. | <urn:uuid:277c5fdf-9daa-4ef3-ad7f-51f93ff9bf17> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.whole-dog-journal.com/health/heart-disease/cod-liver-improves-dogs-heart-and-circulatory-systems/ | 2024-12-06T20:22:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066416984.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206185637-20241206215637-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.946759 | 2,444 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Community of Goods
The usual sources given for the practice of community of goods (communism) among Christians are the chapters in the Book of Acts 2, 4-5, where the economic practices of the primitive church in Jerusalem are described. The "having all things in common" described here was not based, to be sure, on a special commandment of Christ but represented rather a necessary makeshift according to the needs of the actual situation which arose from the presence of thousands of newly baptized Christians far away from their homes in the Jewish diaspora. Private property was not condemned in the teachings of Jesus, though also not praised. The concern for the poor was a natural outgrowth of the new law of brotherly love. Sharing of worldly goods has, to a certain extent, always been a practice of the earlier church, to the greatest amazement of the surrounding pagan world. It was what Troeltsch had fittingly called a "communism of love," something distinctly different from the practice of radical "community of goods" (see Hutterite).
The history of this idea through the ages cannot be told here. Its practice occurred mainly on the fringe of the general church development. The Gnostics and Donatists may be named here as well as some so-called "old-evangelical brotherhoods" (according to Ludwig Keller) such as Bogomiles, Waldensians, and Beghards (who maintained some common workshops). These groups, so varied in character otherwise, all showed a natural distrust in worldly possessions and an ascetic leaning toward the plain life and sharing as far as necessary with the brothers and sisters in need. But actual communistic living was practiced only by the monastic orders whose requirement of apostolic poverty led quite naturally to such practices. Yet for the monks it was less the point of brotherly love for those in need than one of escaping the temptation of "mammon" which produced these monastic forms of living.
Anabaptists who followed the idea of discipleship and of restitution of the primitive church also developed some ideas regarding the economic side of life. Their principle of nonconformity lent itself very naturally to a nonmaterialistic, puritanical concept of life in which man is but a steward of his worldly possessions which he must be ready to share at any time with others. The emphasis upon discipleship likewise brought forth the idea of caring for others and of sharing wherever a brother is in need (Liebeskommunismus). Only with the Hutterites did it also lead to a complete and nearly monastic establishment of community of goods, unique indeed within the entire history of the Christian churches on that point. The distinctly spiritual background of the entire Anabaptist attitude toward worldly economy excludes completely any characterization of Anabaptism as a "forerunner of modern socialism," as Karl Kautsky has suggested. Anabaptism can in no way be understood as a "social movement" of the poorer classes, though since the unfortunate Peasants' War of 1524-25 it was often looked upon in this way by its opponents in order to disparage the movement as a whole.
Reports of Anabaptist leaders concerning worldly goods and their use abound. In these references the emphasis will be found always to be laid upon stewardship and brotherly sharing, not upon community of goods proper. Conrad Grebel, the very beginner of the movement in Switzerland, protests distinctly against the charge that he taught "that no one should be interested in his possession" (Harold S. Bender, Conrad Grebel, 159 and 205, also the extensive footnote; 254, No. 29 and p. 276, No. 70). Felix Manz declares that he understands community of goods to be merely a willingness to aid the needy. George Blaurock, to be sure, made a written petition to the council of Zürich in which he also demonstrated "community of all things" by the example of the apostles, yet in a cross-examination he declared expressly that he did not favor community of possession. "He who is a good Christian should share what he has, else he is none." This was the traditional attitude of Anabaptists everywhere toward worldly goods.
As for Balthasar Hubmaier, he discusses the idea only once in his Gespräch auf Meister Zwinglis Taufbüchlein (1526, actually written in 1525) in the following manner: "Concerning community of goods I always taught that a man should have a concern for the other man, that the hungry be fed, the thirsty receive drink, etc. For we are not the masters of our possessions but stewards, and distributors only. No one would say, take away what a man has and make it common. Rather he would say, let the coat go together with the mantle. . . ."
Menno Simons, in his book A humble and Christian justification and replication (Works II, 309) replies in detail to his opponents who "imagine and say, we have our possessions in common." "This accusation," he says, "is false and without all truth. We do not teach and practice community of goods but we teach and testify the Word of the Lord, that all true believers in Christ are of one body (1 Corinthians 12:13), partakers of one bread (1 Corinthians 10:17), have one God and one Lord (Ephesians 4). Seeing then that they are one, as said, it is Christian and reasonable that they also have divine love among them and that one member cares for another, for both the Scriptures and nature teach this. . . . They show mercy and love, as much as is in them. They do not suffer a beggar among them. They have pity on the wants of the saints. They receive the wretched. They take strangers into their houses. They comfort the sad. They lend to the needy. They clothe the naked. They share their bread with the hungry. They do not turn their face from the poor nor do they regard their decrepit limbs and flesh (Isaiah 58). This is the kind of brotherhood we teach, and not that some should take over and possess the land, soil, and properties of others, as we are falsely maligned, accused, and lied about by many. . . . Furthermore, this love, mercy, and brotherhood they teach and practice, and have taught and practiced for seventeen years in such form and manner in perpetual thanks to the Lord that although we have been-robbed of a great part of our possession and are still daily robbed and taken, and many a pious, Godfearing father and mother is killed with fire, water, and sword, and we may have no safe and free place of abode, as can be seen, and the times are hard; nevertheless none of the pious nor the children left behind by the pious, who are willing to adapt themselves among us, have had to beg. . . . See, my dear readers, this accusation is fundamentally false and unjust, as are the others also. For although we know that the apostolic church had this practice in the beginning, as can be seen in the Acts of the Apostles, nevertheless we note from their epistles that it disappeared in their time . . . and was no longer practiced. Since we do not find it a permanent practice with the apostles . . . we have not taught or practiced community of goods, but we urge earnestly and zealously to practice liberal giving, love, and mercy, as the apostolic writings teach and testify abundantly. . . . And even if we had taught and practiced community of goods, as we are falsely accused of doing, we would still not be doing otherwise than the holy apostles, full of the Holy Ghost, themselves did in the former church at Jerusalem in the beginning of the holy Christian Church, although they stopped the practice as has been said."
This represents certainly the general Anabaptist position everywhere, except for the Hutterites. In the Frankenthal disputation of 1571 the question of community of goods came up as a special point. The Anabaptist leaders declared unanimously that they were opposed to this tenet of ill repute. "A Christian may buy and sell goods whenever it suits him." Strangely enough, Peter Walpot, bishop of the Hutterites, who was also present, did not specifically react to this discussion, apparently in order not to become a party to a dispute in this matter (see Wolkan, Lieder, 52).
All these quotations and many more are ample proof that no communism but only brotherly sharing was in the minds of those Brethren who took the evangelical advice seriously and tried to practice discipleship. And yet the Anabaptist repute was badly soiled for centuries by one single event which, strictly speaking, does not belong at all into the story of the evangelical Anabaptism but rather in that of the fanatical fringe of the "Left Wing" of the Reformation (which only too often is erroneously identified with Anabaptism in general). It is the Münsterite experiment of 1534-35, so violently repudiated by all peaceful Anabaptists of North and South alike. Here in Münster, it is true, a sort of wild communism was established and, strangely enough, justified on the basis of the old authorities. No doubt it was a tragic confusion of mind. Bernhard Rothmann taught actually a radical communistic sharing of all things. In his Bekenntnis von beiden Sakramenten (1533), signed by the six elders, he quotes as his major authority (besides the Book of Acts) the spurious Fourth Epistle of Clement which deals, at least partly, with the community of goods among the first Christians. Rothmann learned of this source from the Chronica of Sebastian Franck, 1531. Franck on his part had taken this quotation from a 1526 Latin edition of the Clementine Epistles. H. von Schubert followed up the story of this strange crowning witness to primitive Christian communism (which was actually a forgery of the 8th century A.D.), and found its origin in Plato and the Stoics. Franck, however, who was deeply impressed by this document (which he took for genuine), claimed that community of goods is a prime divine law and for that reason also a Christian law (Schubert, 15). Das Gemein is rein, das Dein und Mein is unrein, Franck says again in his Paradoxa of 1534. (See Clement, Epistle IV.)
Rothmann, whose motives were certainly religious and not economic, became step by step more radical as is evident from his later book Restitution of 1534. His teachings led eventually to a compulsory community of goods (later even of wives), thus making a caricature of Christian living and discipleship. (Of course this had nothing to do any more with Franck's idealistic statements.) How the ideas of Rothmann and his collaborators were carried out and practiced and how this tragic experiment ended is told in the article on Münster. The event brought much harm to later Anabaptism and gave an excuse to increased persecutions. It had no relationship with genuine discipleship and its corollary, sharing of worldly goods with the brother and concern for the needy ones, principles which remained leading in all evangelical Anabaptism.
Notwithstanding the general hostility of 20th century Mennonite denominations to community of goods, several "intentional communities" developed as an outgrowth of a 1950s-1970s renewal movement in the church related to the house church movement and the "Concern Pamphlet" group that provided a "neo-Anabaptist" critique of the H. S. Bender school of Anabaptist historiography (which is reflected in the bulk of this 1953 article by Robert Friedmann). Some of these communities practiced community of goods as part of their discipline. The best known of these groups is Reba Place Fellowship in Evanston, Illinois. Similar communities were established in Canada, but did not survive as part of the organizational church.
Very different from the interpretation of Christian community of things temporal as expressed in the first section of this article is the position of the Hutterite brotherhoods who have been practicing full community of goods most successfully for more than 400 years (established in 1528), with some decades of interruption in Russia in the mid-19th century. Except for the monastic way of community living with its totally different spirit this is the only example in church history (and secular history as well) where a group (once about 50,000, in the 1950s 10,000) has successfully carried out such an organization of complete community of goods for so long a time. Whenever the Brethren gave up this form of living due to tremendous pressure from the outside they declined whenever they organized again they thrived. Still today their Bruderhofs are shining examples proving that, on a right foundation, such a life is not only possible but very satisfying to its participants.
In the first section it was said that the true Christian idea of fellowship works toward sharing and caring (Liebeskommunismus) but not necessarily for full community of goods. In fact the Swiss Brethren and the Dutch Mennonites expressly declined such a radical interpretation of the Christian message and did so on good ground. In contra-distinction, the Hutterites are emphatic that their point of view is the only true Christian one, that community of goods is the direct outgrowth of Christian love and that all other forms lack the character of true discipleship. "If Christian love to the neighbor cannot achieve as much as community in things temporal, in assistance and counsel, then the blood of Christ does not cleanse a man from his sins" (Ehrenpreis, Sendbrief of 1652, 49). And again "to give up the true Christian community means to give up God" (Riedemann, 1545). Or also, "private property is the greatest enemy of love."
It would be misleading to assume that the Hutterite way of community living started as a measure only of mere emergency and situational need, comparable to that of the first Christian Church in Jerusalem (Acts 2 and Acts 4). Perhaps this was true in the earliest years (1528 ff.) prior to the coming of Jakob Hutter (1533), but when this truly charismatic leader took up the reins and established a Gemeinschaft on strictly Christian spiritual foundations it became much more than an emergency experiment. It was a holy beginning, a radical actualization of the Christian commandment of love as Hutter and his fellow workers understood it. Here was Nachfolge, the practice of brotherly love by overcoming selfishness (Eigennutz) and the entering into complete brotherhood and unity of the spirit. Without giving up private and personal possessions, the leaders claimed, such a unity could never be achieved. To the Hutterite this way of life was his religion proper and within the community there could be no distinction between sacred and secular. God has commanded this way of life in which the total of man's sanctioned activities are sacred rather than secular. For this way they were ready to suffer martyrdom. "God helping we are ready rather to die than to give up the community," says a brother in 1540. It is important to point out that the German term Gemeinschaft as used by the Hutterite has a double connotation: brotherhood or fellowship, and community of goods.
From all this it becomes clear that the Hutterite Bruderhofs cannot be compared with Catholic monasteries. Not retreat from secular temptation brought the Brethren together but the conviction that only thus does Christian love become a reality. It is true that today one may hear a Hutterite brother justifying this life by reference to the story in the Book of Acts (4:32-37; Acts 5:1-11) and that obedience to the Scriptures cannot mean anything else but community. But that is a rather external interpretation. In the 16th century such Scriptural "literalism" was certainly not the chief motive and could have easily been defeated. There is very little if anything legalistic among the Hutterites (at least in the first 150 years) and the reference to Acts 4 is more a Scriptural corroboration than the true ground for the practice of community of goods.
Community of goods, as Hutter and all the other leaders understood it (and defended it against all odds), is the direct outcome of a deeper interpretation of Christ's teaching of brotherly love. Love is no sentimental affair but a total giving of oneself to the fellowship. A true disciple cannot do otherwise. In 1652, Andreas Ehrenpreis published a booklet (reprinted 1920) entitled Ein Centuries, Gemeinschaft, das höchste Gebot der Liebe betreffend (An Epistle Concerning Community of Goods, the Highest Commandment of Love).
There is yet another point suggested by the brethren, that of true Gelassenheit. (The word is hard to translate, perhaps best by "surrender" or "yieldedness" or even by "conquest of self.") Human nature in general is imperfect and a far cry from anything Christian. Natural man is selfish, selfcentered, self-willed, which explains our basic estrangement from the Divine above us and from our fellow men next to us. In the great Article Book of 1547 stands the following statement: Gottes Wort wär nicht so schwer, Wenn nur der Eigennutz nicht wär. (God's word would not be so difficult [to carry out] if there were no human selfishness.) In order to become a true disciple of Christ (after an inner rebirth) man needs most of all a way that will assist him in his "conquest of selfishness." This they call Gelassenheit, yieldedness, giving up self-will, and committing oneself to God's will, i.e., brotherly love and community. One must not hang one's heart upon earthly goods but rather become free from that propensity. This can be achieved best by the voluntary practice of community of goods where nothing is one's own private property any more, not even one's own garment or walking stick. Thus the way of discipleship begins.
Living co-operatively--that is the Hutterite alternative to the "holy poverty" of the Franciscan movement, which latter, to be sure, is foreign to Anabaptism although both principles derive from the same spirit of search for a practical and concrete expression of love and discipleship.
It is not the purpose of this article to tell the story of the Hutterite experiment in detail. That Hutter's motives were exclusively spiritual has already been emphasized; that they were sound is proved by 400 years of experience. Many collaborators and followers shared his views. Apologies for the Hutterite way abound; all authors on this subject quote from the rich and high-level Hutterite literature ample arguments for such a form of living, beginning with Hutter's epistles (1533-36) and ending with Ehrenpreis' Sendbrief of 1652. In general these arguments are much the same as those presented above. The Hutterites have two great doctrinal books which serve them as a foundation and justification for this life: Peter Riedemann's Rechenschaft (1545) and the great Article Book of about 1547, written most likely by Peter Walpot. While Riedemann devotes but four pages to the exposition of his arguments, Walpot devotes one whole article (of five) to this subject in his great doctrinal work. In abbreviated form it appears also in the Great Chronicle. Here the third article concerning "community of goods" covers pp. 285-96 in the Zieglschmid edition. "Love is a tie of perfection. Where she dwelleth she does not work partial but complete and entire community. To such a Gelassenheit (yieldedness, resignation) you have to adapt yourself; you must give up your own and become free from it if you want to become a disciple. Love does not seek her own profit, hence she seeks certainly communion (Gemeinschaft). Communion is nothing else but having everything in common out of sheer love to the neighbor."
It is interesting to note that among the church historical arguments which Walpot adds to prove his points we meet again the Fourth Epistle of Clement (discussed in the General Section). It is found in the great Article Book, Art. III, item 148 (quoted in full in Archiv f. Reformation.-Geschichte, 1931, 235). Beyond doubt it was borrowed from S. Franck's Chronica (Ed. 1531, for. CCCCXCV; ed. 1536, for. CCXLIIII). Certainly this (forged) epistle did not prove anything but could to some extent at least undergird the Hutterite position.
Perhaps the strongest argument for full communion of goods was found in the early Christian document, The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles, or Didache (about A.D. 120), where a novel interpretation of the Lord's Supper is presented. Since this argument is used time and again by the Brethren, also by Ehrenpreis in his Sendbrief (ed. 1920, p. 42 f.) and is even today quoted in Amish sermons (though without drawing the consequences), it is presented here in full. "As the grain-kernels are altogether merged, and each must give its contents or strength into the one flour and bread, likewise also the wine, where the grapes are crushed under the press and each grape gives away all its juice and all its strength into one wine. Whichever kernel and whichever grape, however, is not crushed and retains its strength for itself alone. such an one is unworthy and is cast out. This is what Christ wanted to bring home to his companions and guests at the Last Supper as an example of how they should be together in such a fellowship."
The most interesting fact of the Hutterite way is the unique compromise between community and family living, thus overcoming the pitfalls of monastic asceticism. To be sure, such family life has little room for romanticism, but it is nevertheless solid and healthy. Outstanding were the schools in these colonies, also the hygienic and medical achievements. Their crafts stood in high repute during the 16th and ]7th century (cutlery, ceramics, etc.). Trading was completely excluded as a sinful business, "As the wise man saith: it is almost impossible for a merchant and trader to keep himself from sin. As a nail sticketh fast between door and hinge so cloth sin stick close between buying and selling" (Riedemann, 126 f., quoting Ecclesiastes 26:29 and Ecclesiastes 27:1-2).
Of course, the temptation of selfishness is always present and we read many complaints about a decline of the original principles. That was the reason why the leaders enjoined the ideas ever and anon, and why ordinances and regulations were issued by the elders, with the consent of the entire brotherhood, to insure the basic standards. But by and large, after many slumps and deviations the brotherhood returned to its former status, and is far as can be observed today, it is certainly ready to continue its way in the old pattern, even though the spirit of mission (once so strong among them) has died out. The principle that no one should have anything in private, neither clothing nor bedding, neither books nor any niceties, has in recent times been somewhat relaxed though more by indulgence than by approval. In times of crisis the old spirit of perfect brotherhood has always stood the test.
No visitor at such a Hutterite Bruderhof can help being deeply impressed by this object lesson. This is as true today as it was in the 16th century when the communities flourished in Moravia and Slovakia under the protection of the nobles. The fact that even today but few Hutterites leave this kind of life seems to prove that it has a high appeal to each member. Strict regulation and discipline are practiced but since everything is done voluntarily and after common counseling, it is done cheerfully, and in the right spirit. The fact that in the 1920s a new Bruderhof (Society of Brothers) of this type sprang up in Germany and soon joined the wider Hutterite family, may further illustrate the vitality and appeal of the idea.
Kautsky, Karl. Vorlaufer des neueren Sozialismus. Stuttgart: Verlag von J.H.W. Dietz, 1895., also English translation.
Kautsky, Karl. Communism in Central Europe in the Time of the Reformation. New York: Russell & Russell, 1959.
Schubert, H. v. "Der Kommunismus der Wiedertäufer in Münster und seine Quellen," in Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie, 1919.
Troeltsch, Ernst. The Social Teachings of the Christian Churches. German edition, 1912, English translation, N.Y., 1930.
Among Mennonites, no special study had ever been undertaken in this field prior to 1950. See:
Bender, Harold S. Conrad Grebel, C. 1498-1526: The Founder of the Swiss Brethren Sometimes Called Anabaptists. Goshen, Ind: Mennonite Historical Society, 1950., index under "Community of Goods."
Fischer, Hans G. Jakob Hutter. Newton, Kan.: Mennonite Publishing Org., 1955.
Friedmann, Robert. "Eine dogmatische Hauptschrift der Hutterischen Täufergemeinschaften." Archiv für Reformationsgeschichte (1931-1932).
Hege, Christian and Christian Neff. Mennonitisches Lexikon, 4 vols. Frankfurt & Weierhof: Hege; Karlsruhe: Schneider, 1913-1967: v. I, 201-210.
Horsch, John. The Hutterian Brethren, 1528-1931: A Story of Martyrdom and Loyalty. Goshen, Ind: Mennonite Historical Society, 1931. Reprinted several times.
Hunt, R. N. C. "Communist Experiments of the 16th Century." Edinburgh Review (April 1927).
Loserth, Johann. "Der Communismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer im 16. and 17. Jahrhundert: Beiträge zu ihrer Lehre, Geschichte and Verfassung." Archiv für österreichische Geschichte 81, 1 (1895).
Muller, Lydia. Der Kommunismus der mährischen Wiedertäufer. Leipzig, 1927.
Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Mennonite Cultural Problems, held at Freeman S.D., 1946 (in particular an article by Marie Waldner).
Riedemann, Peter. Account of Our Religion, Doctrine, and Faith. London: Hodder and Stoughton in conjunction with Plough Pub. House, 1950. Reprinted: Rifton, N.Y: Plough Pub. House, 1974.
Author(s) | Robert Friedmann |
Date Published | 1953 |
Cite This Article
Friedmann, Robert. "Community of Goods." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1953. Web. 13 Dec 2024. https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Community_of_Goods&oldid=144954.
Friedmann, Robert. (1953). Community of Goods. Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 13 December 2024, from https://gameo.org/index.php?title=Community_of_Goods&oldid=144954.
Adapted by permission of Herald Press, Harrisonburg, Virginia, from Mennonite Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, pp. 658-662. All rights reserved.
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Oryoki, often translated as “just the right amount,” is a highly choreographed ritual of serving and eating food—a ceremonial dance of giving, receiving, and appreciation. It is a practice that was codified in China during the T’ang dynasty and was the model for the sweeping grace of the tea ceremony. Practiced, with a few variations, throughout the Zen schools, it was also adopted—in America—by Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche, the Tibetan founder of the Shambhala lineage. Practically speaking, it is perhaps the most efficient, aesthetically pleasing, and least wasteful way to feed a large group of people sitting in a meditation hall, or a single person at home for that matter. Yet more specifically—and arising from Zen’s insistence on blending the sacred and the mundane—oryoki unifies daily life and “spiritual practice.” It is essentially a state of mind, a way of being.
Oryoki practice uses a jihatsu, a set of nested bowls: a Buddha bowl, or zuhatsu, containing three or four smaller bowls tied in cloth with a topknot resembling a lotus flower. The set also contains—in a narrow cloth pouch—a wooden spoon, a pair of chopsticks, and a small spatula-like utensil called a setsu, which is used to clean the bowls. The outer cloth, when untied and refolded in an exact manner, doubles as a place mat upon which the bowls are laid in a prescribed sequence. To complete the package, there is a regular-sized cloth napkin and a smaller cleaning towel used to wipe the bowls dry after they are filled with hot tea or water and scraped clean with the setsu.
Related: Just the Right Amount
Participants sit in a meditation posture and wait to offer their empty bowls as the servers bring food and, in a series of hand gestures (beyond the chants of dedication and appreciation, oryoki is practiced in silence), fill the bowls to the requested level. The ecology of oryoki is complete: there is no waste. Participants are urged to take just the right amount of food—not a crumb should remain. The cleaning liquid, after it is used to wash each bowl, is partially drunk and the remainder collected and distributed in the garden. Each movement of oryoki is compact, subtle, and designed to unfold in harmony, demanding meticulous awareness to what is happening in the moment.
For beginners, stepping into this dance can be terrifying. The Zen practitioner and author Lawrence Shainberg writes of his early encounter with oryoki in his book Ambivalent Zen: “The harder I try, the clumsier I get. Rational it may be, but the ritual seems a nightmare now, one more example of Zen’s infinite capacity to complicate the ordinary.” Oryoki tales abound in Zen. I’ve seen students take too much food (a classic mistake) and then stuff the extra down the sleeves of their robes when they realize that they’ll never finish in concert with the group. Servers have spilled food on people’s heads, bowls have gone flying, minor food fights have erupted, and giggling fits have swept like wildfire through the zendo.
Oryoki is not about living some altered state of sustained “perfection,” nor is it about performance, or even detail—it is simply our lives. Oryoki subtly and steadfastly exposes the patterns and sticking points of our minds and our behaviors. As Zoketsu Norman Fischer, senior dharma teacher at the San Francisco Zen Center and founder of the Everyday Zen Foundation, says, “The intensity of oryoki practice is such that you get to see your own tendencies in relation to eating and serving a meal. Someone eating can ask for too much food, and a server can give too little—greed and stinginess arise. Oryoki practice develops kindness and clarity and the sense of not overdoing or under-doing anything. It teaches smoothness and efficiency and the sense of acting with a good heart.”
Once the initial clumsiness wears off, oryoki can become a wonderfully vital part of Buddhist practice. The form of oryoki, though controlled and precise, can be seen as formless—it is merely a container into which we pour ourselves. Sensei Pat Enkyo O’Hara, abbot of the Village Zendo in New York City, pointed to this when she told me, “I can remember one time looking down at my cloth and my bowls and seeing what a mess my mind was. They were all over the place. It was writ large right in front of me, the exact state of my mind in the moment, and I love that because it’s so transparent.”
We bring to oryoki all that our mind contains, yet because our body has very specific things to do—bowing, chanting, placing the chopsticks just so—it is very hard for our crazy and distracted mind to stay stuck in any one place. Natalie Goldberg, longtime Zen practitioner and author of Writing Down the Bones and other works, picked up on this when she told me, “I loved oryoki—something finally had order.”
Oryoki is liturgy. It makes visible the invisible. Hakuyu Taizan Maezumi Roshi, the late founder of the Zen Center of Los Angeles and a seminal figure in American Buddhism, often underscored this point. In one of his talks compiled in the book On Zen Practice, he states, “But we need not think that we are speaking only of eating bowls when we mean oryoki. More fundamentally, oryoki is just the Tathagata’s container [the “Tathataga,” or “thus-gone,” is an epithet for the Buddha]. We can appreciate everything as the container of the Buddha. We are oryoki ourselves. Not only us, but also the Buddha’s image. Candle holder, vase, bowing mat, floor, ceiling—each contains everything completely. It is all oryoki.”
The roots of oryoki trace back to the time of the Buddha and the wandering mendicant monks who possessed little more than their robes and begging bowls. The robes symbolized the external (clothing and shelter), the bowls symbolized—through the taking of food—the internal. To this day the robe and bowl are handed from Zen teacher to student as the central symbolic act of dharma transmission. Taking just the right amount of food, as the Buddha discovered, is essential to practicing the middle way of Buddhism. In the Vimalakirtinirdesha Sutra it is said that “when a person is enlightened in their eating, all things are enlightened as well. If all dharmas are nondual, the person in their eating is also nondual.”
As Buddhism moved from India to China, certain cultural influences shifted Buddhist practice. In China, beggars were generally disdained, so the days of wandering mendicant monks came to an end. Monks were encouraged to work. Monasteries were built, and group meditation, not solitary practice, became the norm. Suddenly there were large numbers of mouths to feed, and an efficient and timely system of meal-taking arose as part of a set of rules to regulate the lives of Buddhist monks.
Much of this system still thrives in Zen monasteries today. Master Dogen Zenji, the thirteenth-century Japanese mystic and seed planter for Zen’s Soto school, encountered these monastic rules during his four-year stay in China. When he returned to Japan, he refined the rules, instilling in them his meticulous attention to detail and profound insight. Meal-taking, under Dogen, became oryoki. Dogen writes, “At the very moment when we eat, we are possessed of ultimate reality, essence, substance, energy, activity, causation. So dharma is eating, and eating is dharma.”
Dogen makes it clear that the primal act of eating, our desire and need for nourishment, and the sensuousness of food are in no way opposed to spiritual practice. Oryoki is not about denial. In Thank You and OK, David Chadwick’s 1994 memoir of a four-year stay in Japan, he writes, “The use of oryoki . . . intensifies the experience of eating. It zooms one in on the victuals. In keeping with the teaching of just sitting, just working, oryoki encourages us neither to jump at the meal nor to deny it. Just eat it and just enjoy it.”
We must also remember that when we eat we take life. John Daido Loori Roshi, abbot of Zen Mountain Monastery and founder of the Mountains and Rivers Order, writes in his book Celebrating Everyday Life, “But oryoki is not just a prescribed form of ritual. It is a state of mind. It’s not about chanting and bowing and bells. It’s a state of consciousness. Because food is life, it is of utmost importance that we receive it with deepest gratitude. When we eat we consume life. Whether it’s cabbage or cows, it’s life.”
During oryoki, when we recite the meal gatha, or chant, we are showing our gratitude for both our practice and the labor and sacrifice that bring us our food. Oryoki is gratitude. And for this reason oryoki is not just a practice performed in the meditation hall. “What I like most about oryoki is the way it influences how I serve myself oatmeal in the morning here at home. It’s a sense of appreciating through awareness,” said Sensei Pat Enkyo O’Hara. Zoketsu Norman Fischer concurs: “Of course I don’t use any of the rituals if I’m not eating oryoki, but the feeling is there and the feeling gets into the body, into the heart, and into the mind.”
Oryoki, though it appears to be complex, is really not that complicated. Whether practicing it at home or in the meditation hall, we should just do it as simply as possible. As David Chadwick told me, “I think it’s good to eat silently but not to make a trip out of it.”
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There is a reason why Amaryllis is one of the most favorite house plants (and winter holiday plants) around the world. They are colorful, vibrant, and low-maintenance! Not an experienced horticulturist?
Are you wondering how to care for amaryllis plant? Amaryllis plant is generally not so hard to care for. It requires regular fertilizing, watering, and a lot of indirect sunlight. Make sure you use good drainage soil, don’t water it at all during early autumn (for 2 months, to force dormancy), and then continue watering it regularly. It like high humidity (as any other tropical plant), so try to mist it from time to time.
This was just a summary, and I am here to give you all the important information about this magnificent plant and its watering, sunlight, humidity, and other needs in depth. So, keep on reading about this truly beautiful piece of nature.
Amaryllis (or Amarillo plant, or Amerilla plant) is a bulb, abundantly flowering with great exuberance. It belongs to the Hippeastrum genus. Its vibrant colors revive our homes during the cold months.
You can grow it indoors during the winter and then take it outside during the hot days.
It is a tropical plant, native to Peru and South Africa. Amaryllis plant was brought to Europe in the 1700s. In nature, it lives in warm climates and blooms in spring.
It grows beautiful trumpet-shaped flowers that most widely differ in colors and shades. Amaryllis flowers are quite big. The size ranges from 10 to 25 cm in length. The flower stalks are thick and fleshy, while the foliage is long, strap-shaped, and abundant.
Among hundreds of different flower shades, let’s take a look at some of the most commonly seen types of amaryllis: red amaryllis, white amaryllis, amaryllis lily…
For example, amaryllis red is considered to be one of the most dramatic shades. Aside from being considered a lucky color, it is also a symbol of beauty in China.
White Amarillas is a symbol of femininity, children, and purity. Amaryllis lily is one of the many variegated amaryllis types.
I’ve already mentioned that the Amarillo plant is a bulb. This makes it very easy to plant. Just place the amaryllis bulb in high-quality soil, place the container somewhere sunny but without direct sunlight.
They tend to bloom very fast – all they need is five to nine weeks after they have been planted. I advise adding a support stake since the blooms need additional support standing upright.
If you bought a bulb that hasn’t been potted, you’ll need some potting soil and an appropriate container. The best solution would be a ceramic pot or other similar material.
The bulbs can be pretty heavy and if the pot isn’t stable, it may tip over. Also, the preferable pot size is 15 to 20 cm. The bulb needs a little bit of space, don’t suffocate it.
Leave a couple of centimeters from each side of the pot, and on the bottom, as well.
The bulb itself isn’t very big (about the size of a large onion), but amaryllis likes to be crowded with other amaryllis plants as well.
It is best if you plant a couple of them and place them close to one another. Not only will they look beautiful, but will also preserve humidity this way.
Dig a little hole in the soil and plant the bulb. Leave one-third of the bulb above the soil line. Tuck the soil around the bulb nicely.
This guide on how to re-pot a plant may come in handy. Place the pot in a sunny window. “Bottom heat” would be preferable as well (place the pot on a radiator, for example).
Pro-Tip: Good drainage soil is imperative if you want your amaryllis to thrive. Use high-quality, nutritious soil.
Also, choose a container with enough drainage holes. If the excess water doesn’t drain, the bulb will start to rot eventually.
Well-drained soil is a must-have for quality amaryllis care. It is best if you make your mixture with added sand or peat moss.
You can also buy a soil mix if you don’t feel like you have the expertise to make one. It’s faster and you can focus more on the actual amaryllis plant care
Once you’ve planted the bulb, water it moderately until you see that the plant has grown for about 5 cm in height. When you notice your amerilla plant prospering, continue watering it regularly.
Since it is a ‘winter’ plant, it doesn’t require big quantities of water. Moderate to low watering frequency will do the trick.
Also, since amaryllis likes well-drained soil, if you overwater it, the root will start to rot. Avoid waterlogged soil at any cost! Also, always let the topcoat of the soil become dry before you water the plant.
Pro-Tip: To force dormancy, you’ll want to stop watering your amaryllis at all during early autumn. After two months of drought, continue watering as normally.
Amaryllis likes bright spots with indirect sunlight. With its long stalks, amaryllis grows pretty fast.
You’ll want to periodically turn the pot just to make sure every side of the plant gets equal amounts of sunlight. This way, you’ll encourage the stalks to grow straight.
Amaryllis will be happiest on your windowsill or a sideboard.
Amaryllis is a tropical plant, so it likes moderate to high humidity conditions.
However, it doesn’t like much watering so the best solution is to mist it from time to time.
Nevertheless, don’t mist it too often since the stems grow in groups and tend to preserve humidity that way.
The bulb amaryllis is considered to be a natural container, which has all important nutrients for the plant to thrive.
Anyhow, if you want to ensure that your amaryllis plant keeps blooming for more than one season, you should regularly fertilize it, as much as you would do with any other indoor plant you have.
The best choice would be to use common liquid fertilizers.
As I have already mentioned, Amaryllis blooms pretty fast, in a couple of weeks. Six to twelve weeks should be enough.
Blooming time depends on the amaryllis type as well – the exotic types need a longer time to bloom.
Check the label to make sure which one you bought. Vibrantly colored flower buds appear at the top of the stalks.
To prolong the bloom as much as it is possible, don’t leave the plant under the direct impact of sunlight.
Also, don’t worry if your amaryllis sprout leaves but not flowers! Some types develop flowers after the leaves.
When you notice the flowers becoming wilted and crispy, gently remove them from the stalk.
Pro-Tip: You can use the amaryllis as cut flowers as well! Not only they are mesmerizingly colorful, but also tend to last longer in a vase!
Prolong the Blooming Period
There are several ways to prolong the freshness of the amaryllis flower.
First of all, you can plant different varieties of the plant. The blooming time differs from one variety to another. Just choose different types and watch them blossom!
Also, you can simply plant them at different time-lapse, and they will bloom randomly.
While you are waiting to plant, it is important to properly store the bulbs. Keep them in a dark, shady, and dry spot. The temperature should be low, between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius.
Most probably, they will start to sprout at one time. Don’t worry, just make sure you don’t hurt the young roots.
You can plant them in succession, one every week or two. Also, you can literally adjust the growth rate of the amaryllis plant.
How, you may ask?
By moderating room temperature. When the flower stalk forms, the growth will slow down if you lower the room temperature. The opposite will happen if you raise the temperature – it will grow faster.
Once the flowers have formed, you can prolong the blooming process by lowering the room temperature and keeping the plant out of direct sunlight.
Also, if the amaryllis is on a display in a warm room, you can just replace it in the colder room during the night. Removing faded blooms will prolong the blooming time for the rest of the flowers.
It often happens that additional flower shoots appear as the first flowers start to fade.
How Do You Store Amaryllis for Next Year?
When you notice all the flowers have faded, cut the stalk a couple of centimeters above the bulb. Water and feed the plant regularly.
During spring and summer, amaryllis will produce a large number of leaves.
Amaryllis bulb care implies only a few conditions – a cold and dark place, and re-pot it in a new soil a couple of weeks before you want it to bloom. Make sure you’ve properly kept the bulb – in a cold, dark, and above all, dry place.
What Is the Best Fertilizer for Amaryllis?
Don’t use fertilizer on amaryllis unless you want to store it for next year.
In that case, proper amaryllis plant care requires liquid houseplant fertilizer. It is the mildest and most effective food.
Should I Cut the Leaves off My Amaryllis?
After the amaryllis has finished blooming, you will end up with a lot of leaves. Don’t cut them off the stem.
Rather leave them so that the plant can replenish all the nutrients it needs for another growing season. So, always leave the foliage growing the way it wants to! | <urn:uuid:519c59b3-cadf-4ca6-9ca5-6bb02fc89934> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://todaysgardener.com/amaryllis-care-guide/ | 2024-12-10T14:26:59Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066061339.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210132922-20241210162922-00596.warc.gz | en | 0.943484 | 2,196 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Phono preamplifiers are a key component of turntable setups. They are responsible for boosting the quiet phono signal generated by the stylus and cartridge to a level suitable for speaker amplification.
So, exactly what is a phono preamp? What is the purpose of this? Is a preamp necessary to use my turntable to play records? Do phono stages and preamps have distinct functions?
In this guide, I’ll address all of these questions, and by the end, you will be an expert in preamps and phono stages!
(NOTE: This page covers preamps for turntables and record players rather than for microphones!)
Preamps are a type of audio component that amplifies the signal generated by the phono cartridge of turntables. Because the cartridge produces a tiny electromagnetic signal as it reads the grooves, it needs multiple stages of “gain” (boost) before it’s loud enough to power speakers to create audible sound. The preamp provides this initial level of signal boosting, preparing it for the power amp, and is a vital component for vinyl playback.
The phono preamp boosts the signal from “phono” to what’s called “line level,” hence why some turntables have a phono/line switch on the back. “Line” is a louder type of signal to phono and meets the signal strength requirements of amps and speakers.
Many (but not all) turntables have a phono preamp built into them for convenience. Although, built-in phono preamps generally offer lower sound quality than external ones. Users often favor external preamps for their audio setup because they enhance the audio quality, such as the detail, depth, and stereo width (also known as “soundstage”). It also provides an extra layer of customization when building your vinyl music system.
There are two main types of phono preamps:
Phono preamps also cater to specific types of turntable cartridges. (Read more on that here: What is a Turntable Cartridge?)
In a nutshell: Moving Magnet (MM) and Moving Coil (MC) refer to two different cartridge types. An MC cartridge creates a weaker phono signal, so they need extra amplification to get them to the right level. Some preamps work with either cartridge type, although moving magnet cartridges are more common. Read more here: MM vs MC cartridges.
To understand exactly what a preamp is and why they are necessary, it’s good to have a basic understanding of the signal flow within a turntable sound system. Here’s how that goes:
This is just another term for a phono pre-amp. Because there are multiple ‘stages’ of amplification, it makes sense to call these types of preamp a phono stage. (Short for phono stage pre-amplifier). You simply plug a turntable into it, then plug it into the next piece of audio equipment.
Getting started with an all-in-one record player or a wireless turntable and a Bluetooth speaker is easy for those new to the vinyl scene.
Preamps, on the other hand, are a whole other story.
For a stereo system to accept the signal from a turntable (or any other audio source, for that matter), a turntable preamp boosts the low output signal from the turntable to a higher level. This is the main function, although some preamps offer additional processing and EQ controls to color further and customize the incoming signal.
The most crucial thing to remember is that preamplifiers are needed to properly boost the record player’s outputs for the next amplification stage.
Generally, they have the purpose of increasing detail and sound stage. A preamp can unlock or hamper the quality of a high-end cartridge based on the quality of the components used. Based on the way they process the signal coming through, they affect sound quality to quite a large extent.
There are no other components in a turntable signal chain that are capable of performing this specific task, especially relating to this particular stage of the signal path in audio systems.
It does more than simply make your system function more smoothly; it molds the audio quality of your turntable and guarantees that it is compatible with the rest of your system.
A turntable preamp boosts the output of a record player so that it may be received by an amplifier, which subsequently increases the volume of your speakers. The preamp adds a significant amount of amping to the signal.
In terms of electronic consumption, only the motors of a turntable use electricity; the stylus or cartridge uses none. For this reason, the preamp is needed to add extra current to the tiny signal created by the cartridge output.
When the stylus moves over the grooves of a vinyl record, it creates a signal. Electrical signals are then generated from this auditory signal. However, this is a very weak signal. It typically has a 4 mV output. Compared to a CD player or laptop signals, the signal is incredibly weak and requires extra amplification to get it to the same level. The output of a simple preamp is 300 mv.
To put it another way, the tiny signal of a turntable is only compatible with an amplifier if it is multiplied by 75-100 times.
The preamp, as you can see, has a significant influence on vinyl playing and the sound quality of your record player. Fortunately, a high-quality preamp won’t set you back several hundred dollars. You can pick up decent standalone preamps for less than $150.
Although they may not be as high-quality, the cheaper and less-expensive models on the market nevertheless perform well for casual listeners.
Due to the design of external preamps (such as a decoupled power supply), they often have a much cleaner signal-to-noise ratio than internal preamps. Astonishing playback quality and low noise levels characterize modern models, as well as less distortion and increased channel separation.
This depends on a few factors – whether your turntable has a built-in preamp and whether your level of interest in vinyl deserves the advanced level of customization provided by using an external preamp.
Whilst many audiophiles like to use a separate preamp in their sound system, it’s not always necessary. Many modern turntables come with a built-in phono stage. However, these often have a high noise floor and O.K. sonic quality.
Also, many (if not most) turntables don’t have an internal preamp; in this case, you’ll need to buy a standalone unit to connect to the line inputs of your receiver.
This is generally pretty easy to find out, and there are three ways to do so:
The good news is that a phono stage doesn’t have to be an expensive high-end device. Many inexpensive turntables have one, whereas many more expensive versions don’t. The reasoning: If you’re willing to splash out on a turntable, you’re probably doing that for sound quality and therefore want to splash out on an external preamp too.
This is a terminal connection designed to receive a phono signal. These typically connect to a preamp inside the receiver, which boosts the signal to line level, ready for the power amp to reproduce through speakers.
These are the two types of sound signals. Phono is a low-level, unamplified signal and needs to be fed into a preamp for boosting. When boosted, it becomes a line signal. CD players, phones, laptops, audio interfaces, and other electronic devices create a line signal.
A PHONO-LINE switch on the rear of turntables allows us to switch between the two output levels quickly. (These aren’t found on all models, and their presence indicates the inclusion of a built-in preamp).
They are not strictly necessary if your receiver includes a phono input. However, buying an extra good preamp can make a big difference in the quality of your home audio system.
Even if your record player is equipped with an inbuilt preamp, the same rules apply.
Even so, it’s not a bad idea to buy one. Built-in preamps (in both turntables and receivers) are often an afterthought and cut corners on components and quality, and are easily outshone by external models.
Many turntables include a built-in preamp, which will be good enough for a casual listener, although they are often far from perfect.
There are two reasons to buy a phono preamplifier – even if your amp/turntable has one built-in.
The phono input on receivers is set to a standard (fixed) value to match the output levels of turntable cartridges. Similarly, the cartridge’s output is also set to a fixed value.
If your cart output is too “hot” (strong) for your input, the reproduced sound will be distorted, which is obviously not what you want.
An external preamplifier can overcome these issues. Most will allow you to adjust “gain” settings to compensate for weak/strong phono signals.
Also, if you use Moving Coil cartridges, generally, the built-in phono stages are not compatible. That’s because typical phono stages are designed to handle MM cartridges, which produce a stronger signal.
Just like turntables can have built-in phono preamps that are just OK, the same can be said for amplifiers/receivers. Their phono inputs can be made based on lower-quality components and do not perform very well.
If you are concerned about sound quality and don’t own a high-end receiver, buying a good external preamp can make a big difference. It does add extra cost to your setup, but why spend $500+ on a record player only to listen to it through a low-quality system?
An expensive preamp can make a large improvement to the overall audio quality of sound systems. Ultimately, the more you spend, the better the results are. Although, there’s no point in getting a preamp that far exceeds the quality of the other devices in your audio system. It also depends on your level of interest in audio fidelity.
If you want something that makes a noticeable difference over the built-in variety, I’d say go for something $100 and above. If you’re a budding audiophile, then $250+ is a good place to start.
If you just want something basic that gets the job done, then preamps around $50 are often enough to make an improvement to your audio system, especially over a built-in phono stage.
Yes, a preamp can improve sound, but its primary function is to boost a “phono-level” signal coming from the turntable stylus to a “line-level” signal, which is ready to be accepted and further amplified by a receiver/amplifier.
External phono preamps (which can be expensive) can retrieve more detail out of your vinyl records’ sound than a standard built-in preamp can.
You need a preamp even if your amp doesn’t have a phono input.
If it does have a phono input, you’re good to go since that basically means your amp has a preamp built-in.
If your amp does not have a phono input, you will need either:
You should turn on your preamp before your amp.
In general, when it comes to powering up audio devices, you start with the device that has the lowest signal and with the device that outputs the loudest signal. And vice versa for switching everything off again.
Some preamps need a few seconds to warm up, while some tube preamps can take close to a minute to be ready for the amp to be switched on.
You’re unlikely to break anything if you switch on your amp before your preamp, but the electrical components inside will be happier (and longer-lasting) if you use the proper order.
Leave a comment below and I’ll get right back to you! | <urn:uuid:56271d7a-3bde-436d-8b5d-12df5755a186> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://vinyliq.com/what-is-a-preamp-phono-stage/ | 2024-12-04T10:20:09Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066156662.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204080324-20241204110324-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.945273 | 2,598 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Abbey exhibited King Lear, another of his large, dramatic pictures, at the Royal Academy in 1898; the painting was accompanied in the catalog by these lines from Act I, scene i:
Ye jewels of our father, with washed eyes
Cordelia leaves you. I know what you are;
And, like a sister, am most loth to call
Your faults as they are named. Love well our father.
To your professed bosoms I commit him.
But yet, alas! stood I within his grace,
I would prefer him to a better place.
So farewell to you both.
The critics saw much to like in Abbey's King Lear. The reviewer for The Art Journal (1898, p. 176) comments especially on the bold use of color and the grouping of the figures on the canvas:
If the admirers of Mr. Abbey felt that the note of the superbly dramatic 'Richard III.' was not repeated with similar force in last year's 'Hamlet and Ophelia,' all doubts should be set at rest by the barbaric majesty of the Scene from 'Lear,' a subject which, under the title of 'Cordelia's Portion,' inspired Madox Brown to the production of one of his finest compositions. The dominant figure in Mr. Abbey's commanding decoration is Cordelia, and it is impossible to resist the colour-charm in which she is invested. Her yellow-green vestment with the deep blue border set against the green robe of France, and opposed to the menacing reds and blacks of Goneril and Regan, is a triumph of originality. As in Richard III. there is a strong suggestion motion, and the drooping figure of Lear sustained by his pages and followed by his men-at-arms from the left to right of the canvas gives this note. The dramatic figure of the sisters in the attitudes of dignified indifference and mock courtesy are splendidly realized, and the foot-light effect discernible throughout the picture certainly adds to the intenseness of the composition. Unmistakably in this important group, Mr. Abbey has reached a very high level and is going far to prove, by this magnificent series of object lessons, that his decorative style is capable of giving the fullest expression of dramatic motives.
"H. S.," the reviewer for The Spectator (May 14, 1898, p. 694), also remarks on the "audacity of the colour" and judges the effects "gorgeous and beautiful." "The truth of the gestures," he adds, "are as finely conceived as are the combinations of scarlet and purple black crimson and sea-green.
Mcneir, Waldo F. "The Role of Edmund in King Lear." Studies in English Literature 1500-1900.Vol. 8, No. 2, Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama (1968): 187-216. JSTOR. Web. 11 Feb. 2014.
They believe that psychopaths are not born, but made. Individuals could become psychopaths if they are from abusive homes or were exposed to intense violence at an early age (Parker, 2015). Some environmental conditions that could lead to psychopathy include lack of supervision and love while growing up; abusive discipline; absence of a father figure; impoverished living conditions; neglect while growing up; criminal conviction of one or both parents (Parker, 2015). Individuals that grow up in any of these conditions have a very high probability of exhibiting the characteristics of a psychopath. In a study conducted among psychopaths, 71.4% of the psychopaths reported to have been abused in their childhood (Correctional Service Canada, 2013). They could have been abused either physically, sexually, emotionally or mentally. This simply shows that bringing up a child plays a very important role in determining what the child would become in his or her future – mentally ill or
One of the most controversial forms of treatment is electroconvulsive therapy. Electroconvulsive therapy, or ETC, is a procedure that consists of strong electric shocks that pass through the brain to induce convulsions (Vocabulary). This was a common method solve mental illnesses in the 1940’s and 1950’s. ECT was often criticized for not working and causing permanent memory loss (Mental Health America). Another dangerous and controversial diagnosis is Lobotomy. Lobotomy is a surgical procedure that interrupts the nerves in the brain (Vocabulary). It was very popular before prescription drugs and was also a common diagnosis of mental illnesses (Vocabulary.) The side effects include, but are not limited Mto; personality changes, empathy, inhibitions, inative, and the ability to function by themselves (Live Science.com). There was over 50,000 known lobotomies performed in the U.S., most were in mental hospitals (Live Science.com). Dr. Barron Lerner, a medical historian and professor at NYU Langone Medical Center in New York, told Live Science the science or thought process of lobotomy (Live Science.com). "The behaviors [doctors] were trying to fix, they thought, were set down in neurological connections. The idea was, if you could damage those connections, you could stop the bad behaviors (Live Science.com)." That’s why lobotomy
King Lear is often regarded as one of Shakespeare’s finest pieces of literature. One reason this is true is because Shakespeare singlehandedly shows the reader what the human condition looks like as the play unfolds. Shakespeare lets the reader watch this develop in Lear’s own decisions and search for the purpose of life while unable to escape his solitude and ultimately his own death. Examining the philosophies Shakespeare embeds into the language and actions of King Lear allows the reader a better understanding of the play and why the play is important to life today.
The article “The Year of Lear: Shakespeare in 1606, by James Shapiro” by Jane Smiley seeks to explain how James Shapiro connected the events of the year 1606 with Shakespeare’s master pieces. Smiley writes a book review for “The New York Times” which analyzes not only the book, but Shakespeare himself, the events, the author and how they all connect.
Depictions of psychopaths today have become exaggerated based off of what you see in movies and films. The psychopaths in movies are believed to be dangerous or have an anti-social personality disorder. Not all psychopaths can be defined in that manner. Psychopaths are identified as people who are emotionally unstable. They are ultimately suffering from a chronic mental disorder with abnormal or violent social behavior. There have been studies ultimately wondering if a psychopath is born, or is it raised? Genetics and environment combine to produce conditions that create psychopathology. By paying attention to environmental variables we can potentially reduce the amount of people who become dangerous psychopaths.
While mental disorders are characterized by abnormal behaviors in certain people, abnormal behavior is considered by psychologists when a combination of the mentioned elements meet together: unusual or statistically infrequent; socially unacceptable or in violation of social norms; fraught with misperceptions or misinterpretations of reality; associated with states of severe personal distress; maladaptive or self-defeating; and dangerous (Nevid et al, 2011). Some would think that psychopathy is considered a mental disorder due to its characterization based on abnormal behavior but in fact isn’t classified as one by the terms of the DSM-IV. As defined in the DSM-IV, “A mental disorder is a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with present distress or disability or with a significantly increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom.” (Hare, 2009) Therefore, psychopaths are described as being people suffering from antisocial personality disorder and are evaluated and judged by these terms. The following paper’s goal will therefore consist of explaining what is psychopathy and its facets, how psychopathy in youth is apprehended, how psychopathy influences violence and sexual violence, as well as evaluating if psychopaths are considered by the judge to be criminally responsible.
When one hears the word “psychopath”, they probably picture someone in an insane asylum locked away with crazy hair and ripped clothes. However, this is simply not always the case. Sometimes the true psychopath is the person one would least expect because he or she seems rational, stable and possibly even fairly caring. A true psychopath is defined as someone who “displays a number of behavioural traits which range from being cunning and devious to manipulative and charming” (Guy pars 3). Psychopaths are not always easily pointed out in a group of people until close examination of their behavior, past history, and neurological reactions to certain situations. One may not immediately identify someone with a psychopathic personality. It takes
King Lear by Shakespeare portrayed the negative effects of power resulting in destruction caused by the children of a figure with authority. Through lies and continual hatred, characters maintained a greed for power causing destruction within their families. The daughter’s of Lear and the son Gloucester lied to inherit power for themselves. Edmund the son of Gloucester planned to eliminate his brother Edgar from his inheritance.
Bradley, A.C. "King Lear." 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev; Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Bradley, A.C. “King Lear.” Shakespearian Tragedy. Lectures on Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Macmillan and Co., London, 1919. Project Gutenberg. Web. 26 Apr. 2015.
Since the 1800s, treatment methods for mental illness have developed significantly worldwide. From electrotherapy to modern practices like psychotherapy, treatment for mental disorders has greatly progressed as scientists and psychologists learn more information on the causes of mental illness and the best therapy for each particular disease. The past 200 years mark the most defined era since the beginning of humans for the progression of treatment for mental illness. Not only has treatment improved for the mentally ill, but also the perception of mental illness has greatly changed and will continue to do so as more is learned about the human mind.
During the 1600s, Europe was standing between the scientific revolution and the the combined power of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolutions. This time was filled with religious confusion fueled by the transitioning monarchs and the desire to divorce that King Louis XIV had. Through the confusion, William Shakespeare sat down and wrote the play, “King Lear” to provide some of the environment he grew up in to the audience. Although the play Shakespeare wrote was fictional, it did comply with the time it was written. It supported the customs and values of the time while it influenced its own milieu. | <urn:uuid:49649b9f-42d7-49ea-9690-cd029861d475> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/King-Lear-41683 | 2024-12-09T01:38:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066456373.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208233801-20241209023801-00201.warc.gz | en | 0.957766 | 2,295 | 2.5625 | 3 |
By Teresa Conrick
In Part 1 (HERE), we learned that Autism appears to have a melanin connection with Parkinson's, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Melanoma, Tourette's, Dystonia and Schizophrenia. Melanin appears to be lacking or not functioning properly thus causing quite possibly, the motor disturbances and/or neurodegeneration that is shared among these increasingly diagnosed diseases. This may happen as those who have poor melanin then lack the ability to detoxify , ie -"the resulting melanic component serves an additional protective role through its ability to chelate and accumulate metals, including environmentally toxic metals such as mercury and lead.." HERE
decided to investigate more about autism and this melanin connection. Though I have been in the autism world almost 15 years since Megan was diagnosed, some of this information was new to me and some I knew a little about but have learned much more. Looking up "melanin" and "autism" together brought me to these disorders:
3-Hypomelanosis of Ito
There may be more but for the sake of making a point, I will focus on these. Notice there is a pattern of hypomelanin and autism in each.
"When the OCA2 gene is also deleted from chromosome 15, a person with Angelman syndrome is likely to have light-colored hair and skin, compared to family members. This occurs because the OCA2 gene controls the protein that produces the pigment melanin, which provides color to hair, skin and eyes. Most cases of Angelman syndrome occur even though there is no history of the disorder in the patient’s family. The syndrome often is a result of a random genetic mutation that occurs during the formation of cells early in embryonic development. The cause remains unknown in about 10 to 15 percent of Angelman syndrome cases. Angelman syndrome affects all genders, races and ethnic groups. However, the vast majority of cases in the United States involve Caucasians, according to the Angelman Syndrome Foundation." HERE
Similar to autism, individuals with Angelman Syndrome display the following behaviors: hand-flapping, little or no speech, attention deficits, hyperactivity, feeding and sleeping problems, and delays in motor development. These individuals may also engage in biting and hair pulling. Many tend to have a stiff-legged gait and jerky body movements. "
Angelman Syndrome HERE
Key Points: random genetic mutation (another way of saying there is not a reason and they do not know why), light-colored hair and skin
"Cutaneous and ocular pigmentation were evaluated in 29 individuals with the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). Criteria for hypopigmentation included the presence of type I or II skin, the lightest skin type in the family by history, and iris translucency on globe transillumination. On the basis of these criteria, 48% of the PWS individuals were hypopigmented. The presence of hypopigmentation correlated with a small interstitial deletion on the proximal long arm of chromosome 15; however, this deletion was also found in individuals who did not meet the full criteria for hypopigmentation. Hairbulb tyrosinase activity and glutathione content, as well as urine cysteinyldopa excretion, were low in PWS individuals with and without hypopigmentation and did not separate these two groups. We conclude that hypopigmentation is found in a significant proportion of individuals with PWS and that the hypopigmentation may be associated with a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 15. The mechanism for the hypopigmentation is unknown."
Hypopigmentation in the Prader-Willi Syndrome HERE
In addition to a well-described behavioral phenotype that includes hyperphagia, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, disruptive behavior, and an increased risk for mood disorders, recent evidence also suggests that some individuals with PWS have repetitive behavior and social deficits reminiscent of autism spectrum disorders."
Autistic-like symptomatology in Prader-Willi syndrome: A review of recent findings HERE
Key Points: hypopigmentation, mechanism for the hypopigmentation is unknown, lightest skin type in the family by history, deletion was also found in individuals who did not meet the full criteria for hypopigmentation.
Hypomelanosis of Ito
"Hypomelanosis of Ito (HI) is a syndrome with hypopigmented whorls of skin along the Blascho lines. The old name, Incontinentia pigmentosa achromiance was probably used because HI appears to be the negative image of incontinentia pigmentosa. This disorder is inherited as an autosomal – dominant trait with variable penetrance and the implicated genes are 9q33 and q11-13, Xp11. Chromosomal mosaiscm is believed to be the reason that hypomelanosis of Ito is so varied in phenotype. Hypopigmented skin lesions appear as whorls or streaks on any part of body and tend to progress onto uninvolved areas. The cutaneous lesion is often associated with developmental and neurological abnormalities. Pyramidal tract dysfunction, mental retardation and seizures are common neurological signs. Ophtalmologic disorders are also present."
A rare case of hypomelanosis of ITO HERE
"Hypomelanosis of ito is frequently associated with autism"
"Twenty-five children with hypomelanosis of Ito are reported: 10 of them had autism, 3 showed autistic-like features, 1 had previously shown autistic features which had subsequently faded, 2 had disintegrative psychosis. The 9 remaining children were all mentally retarded and 5 of them were more markedly retarded in their speech development. The hypothesis is considered that a dysfunction of *melatonin (* Translation error- this should be "melanin" - HERE) may favour the development of both skin depigmentation and autistic behaviour through an altered production of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and, in turn, of proopiomelanocortin. HERE
"Two girls and a boy showing autistic behaviour and fulfilling the criteria for autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome or atypical autism were diagnosed as having hypomelanosis of Ito syndrome. It is suggested that skin changes indicating underlying neurocutaneous disorders be meticulously looked for in all cases with autism and autistic-like conditions." "Hypomelanosis of Ito in three cases with autism and autistic-like conditions." HERE
Key Points: hypopigmented whorls of skin, cutaneous lesion is often associated with developmental and neurological abnormalities
"Autopsy studies in nine girls dying between 4 and 17 years, and sural nerve and muscle biopsies from two girls aged 3 and 17 years showed:..... mild diffuse cortical atrophy with increased amounts of neuronal lipofuscin and occasional mild gliosis, but without signs of a storage disorder; (3) underpigmentation of the zona compacta nigrae, which showed fewer well-pigmented neurons for age and fewer melanin granules per neuron.." "Neuropathology of Rett syndrome " HERE
Key Points: underpigmentation of the zona compacta nigrae, fewer melanin granules
We will focus on lipofuscin later.
"About 50% of people with TSC have learning difficulties ranging from mild to significant, and studies have reported that between 25% and 61% of affected individuals meet the diagnostic criteria for autism, with an even higher proportion showing features of a broader pervasive developmental disorder. A 2008 study reported self-injurious behavior in 10% of people with TSC. Other conditions, such as ADHD, aggression, behavioral outbursts and OCD can also occur. Lower IQ is associated with more brain involvement on MRI."
"Some form of dermatological sign will be present in 96% of individuals with TSC. Most cause no problems but are helpful in diagnosis. Some cases may cause disfigurement, necessitating treatment. The most common skin abnormalities include:
• Facial angiofibromas ( "adenoma sebaceum"): A rash of reddish spots or bumps, which appear on the nose and cheeks in a butterfly distribution. They consist of blood vessels and fibrous tissue. This socially embarrassing rash starts to appear during childhood and can be removed using dermabrasion or laser treatment.
• Ungual or subungual fibromas: Also known as Koenen's tumors, these are small fleshy tumors that grow around and under the toenails or fingernails and may need to be surgically removed if they enlarge or cause bleeding. These are very rare in childhood but common by middle age.
• Hypomelanic macules ("ash leaf spots"): White or lighter patches of skin that may appear anywhere on the body and are caused by a lack of melanin. These are usually the only visible sign of TSC at birth. In fair-skinned individuals a Wood's lamp (ultraviolet light) may be required to see them.
• Forehead plaques: Raised, discolored areas on the forehead.
• Shagreen patches: Areas of thick leathery skin that are dimpled like an orange peel, usually found on the lower back or nape of the neck.
• Other skin features are not unique to individuals with TSC, including molluscum fibrosum or skin tags, which typically occur across the back of the neck and shoulders, ''café au lait'' spots or flat brown marks, and poliosis, a tuft or patch of white hair on the scalp or eyelids." "Tuberous Sclerosis Symptoms" HERE
Key Points: Hypomelanic macules, lack of melanin, "cafe au lait" spots
"A 6-year-old male with apparently isolated mental delay, speech delay, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and subtle and insignificant skin dyschromias. Investigators ruled out genetic syndromes, congenital infections, fetal deprivation, perinatal insults, intrauterine exposure to drug abuse, and postnatal events such as CNS infections as possible common causes of brain impairment. Being all further test negative, the patient exhibited an ultrastructural defect of the skin, identical to that previously described [Buoni S, Zannolli R, de Santi MM, Macucci F, Hayek J, Orsi A et al. Neurocutaneous syndrome with mental delay, autism, blockage in intracellular vesicular trafficking and melanosome defects. Eur J Neurol 2006;13:842-51], suggesting that some cell compartments, such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, and the vesicular zone (racket) of Birbeck granules, sharing similar components, can be altered, resulting in a common defect in cell trafficking, associated to melanosome defects."
Key Points: ruled out genetic syndromes etc, defect in cell trafficking associated to melanosome defects
This pattern made me continue to look and question how this could happen. Reading up on melanin, I saw that tyrosine was a precursor to melanin production, associated with melanosomes. That flung open all new doors and like my fellow writer at Age of Autism, Adriana Gamondes, mercury was popping up with melanin.
The skin lightening issue of mercury definitely included my investigations of melanin and these neurodegenerative disorders. I found this one first and it got my interest:
"In the present study, we investigated the dermal absorption of mercury and its accumulation in the tissues of albino and pigmented mice treated with two brands of mercury containing skin-lightening creams for a period of one months at different intervals. Mercury levels were measured in a total of 133 and 144 liver, kidney and brain tissue samples of albino and pigmented mice. Significant differences in the mercury levels were observed between the albino and pigmented mice. This emphasizes the protective role of melanin against mercury toxicity." "Comparison of mercury levels in various tissues of albino and pigmented mice treated with two different brands of mercury skin-lightening creams." HERE
It got more interesting:
"Inorganic mercury compounds are also widely used in skin-lightening soaps and creams, due to the ability of the mercury cation to block the production of melanin pigment in the skin." "Elemental Mercury And Inorganic Mercury Compounds: Human Health Aspects"
And More specific:
"The pharmacologic activity of the skin-light-eners occurs as the mercury blocks the production of melanin pigment in the epithelial melanocytes, thus lightening the skin over time." "Inorganic: the other mercury." HERE
As Adriana reported, even the Chicago Tribune, not a fan of mercury causing autism, reported the same thing:
"Mercury, a known toxin, is banned in skin-bleaching or lightening creams. The products are used to lighten complexions, eliminate age spots or diminish freckles. Mercury is sometimes illegally added to creams because the metal blocks production of melanin, which gives skin its pigmentation. Mercury is rapidly absorbed through the skin and can cause severe health effects, including neurological and kidney damage." "FDA widens mercury-skin lightening cream investigation" HERE
So then I decided to investigate this phenomenon in other species:
"Ovigerous females of the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulatus were exposed to mercury (0.1 mg/L) during the entire, early, or late embryonic development. Particularly, hypopigmentation of body chromatophores was the abnormality that showed the highest incidence, this incidence being greater when ovigerous females were exposed to mercury either during the totality or just the first half of the egg incubation period. In contrast, the effect of mercury on the morphology and pigmentation of eyes was greater when the exposure comprised the totality or just the second half of the incubation period. These results correlate with the timing of both body pigment synthesis and eye formation during embryonic development. Although these abnormalities have been observed in the same species with other heavy metals, such as zinc and copper, the responsiveness during the early and late embryonic development was different with mercury." "Toxicity of mercury during the embryonic development of Chasmagnathus granulatus (Brachyura, Varunidae) HERE
Could flu shots with thimerosal act in this same manner or what about living near a coal fired power plant?
"Heavy metals (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Se, Zn) were shown to increase the incidence of albinism. Metal-induced albinism resulted from exposure of both adult fish and eggs." "Accelerated Rate of Albinism in Channel Catfish Exposed to Metals" HERE
Albinism was the extreme version of hypomelanin so I thought that might show a clue:
"Oculocutaneous albinism is a hypomelanotic skin disorder. Oculocutaneous albinism is infrequently reported in association with childhood autism when compared to tuberous sclerosis and hypomelanosis of Ito. However, Rogawski et al had reported co-morbidity of oculocutaneous albinism and childhood autism in two boys and Delong in a recent description of families of individuals with childhood autism had noted additional feature of oculocutaneous albinism in some families in addition to major affective disorder and special talents. Going by the observation of this present case report and the report of these two previous reports in the literature [11,12], the question arises whether childhood autism has any genetic and clinical relationship with oculocutaneous albinism. "Childhood autism in a 13 year old boy with oculocutaneous albinism: a case report" HERE
This study on albinism really interested me as these were not babies born with autism:
"2 tyrosinase-positive albino boys, 1 Caucasian and 1 American Negro, manifested moderate retardation and autistic behaviour. It is postulated that the as yet unidentified metabolic defect in albinism may be responsible for the CNS disorder in these 2 boys."
"Oculocutaneous Albinism and Mental Disorder A Report of Two Autistic Boys" HERE
Well, Yale dropped the ball as that was in 1978 and I have not seen anything since on melanin-autism from Yale. How is it that 2 boys "manifest", kind of like regress, into autism, both having zero melanin, and not one researcher since thought that was significant?
"Oculocutaneous Albinism and Mental Disorder A Report of Two Autistic Boys"
At this point, I want to bring up that word, lipofuscin. It came up when looking at the autopsies of the girls who had Rett's diagnoses. I saved it until now as it needed to be place in a certain manner and this is a good spot. I did gasp when I looked it up initially on Wikipedia:
"Lipofuscin is the name given to finely granular yellow-brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. It appears to be the product of the oxidation of unstaurated fatty acids and may be symptomatic of membrane damage, or damage to mitochondria and lysosomes. Aside from a large lipid content, lipofuscin is known to contain sugars and metals, including mercury, aluminum, iron, copper and zinc."
So here was another pigment, which also looked to scavenge metals, being found in autopsied bodies of those with an autism diagnosis. Investigating this more found these:
"Impaired language function is a principle criterion for the diagnosis of autism. The present study of brain from age-matched autistic and control subjects compared brain regions associated with the production and processing of speech. Striking differences in the density of glial cells, the density of neurons and the number of lipofuscin containing neurons were observed in the autistic group compared with the control group. The autistic group exhibited significantly greater numbers of lipofuscin-containing cells in area 22 (p<0.001) and area 39 (p<0.01). The results are consistent with accelerated neuronal death in association with gliosis and lipofuscin accumulation in autism after age seven. Production of lipofuscin (a matrix of oxidized lipid and cross-linked protein more commonly associated with neurodegenerative disease) is accelerated under conditions of oxidative stress."
"A Microscopic Study of Language-Related Cortex in Autism" HERE
That seemed very significant. I like Wikipedia but thought I needed more verification on what lipofuscin was so again looked for more:
"The objective of our study was to investigate the toxic effects of mercury on northern pike. Liver color (absorbance at 400 nm) varied among northern pike and was positively related to liver total mercury concentration. The pigment causing variation in liver color was identified as lipofuscin, which results from lipid peroxidation of membranous organelles. An analysis of covariance revealed lipofuscin accumulation was primarily associated with mercury exposure, and this association obscured any normal accumulation from aging. We also documented decreased lipid reserves in livers and poor condition factors of northern pike with high liver total mercury concentrations."
"Mercury toxicity in livers of northern pike (Esox lucius lucius) from Isle Royale, USA" HERE
"Eighteen stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) examined postmortem were sampled for histologic study. All cases were examined for ferric ion and lipofuscin. Chemical analysis for mercury was conducted on 12 of the animals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Nine animals were found to have excessive lipofuscin in both liver and kidney. The evidence suggests that the excessive pigment accumulation is related to toxic effects of Hg and presents as increased active liver disease. "Liver abnormalities associated with chronic mercury accumulation in stranded Atlantic bottlenose dolphins." HERE
and this convinced me as well:
"A male subject became exposed to metallic mercury vapor at work in 1973. He never returned to work again and died of lung cancer in 1990. Ultrastructurally mercury could be demonstrated by elemental x-ray analysis within lipofuscin deposits. The lipofuscin content was increased in the mercury positive nerve cells as demonstrated by a strong positive autofluorescence." "Demonstration of mercury in the human brain and other organs 17 years after metallic mercury exposure." HERE
At this point, I need to say that there is more but my point, I hope, is made that research in this area is deplorably LACKING and children are SUFFERING as a result. We have seen melanin is deficient in many children receiving an autism diagnosis as well as an increase in another type of pigment, strongly suggestive of mercury exposure in both instances. Genes do not even come close to explaining this. True research into environmental causes, especially mercury, needs to be done. Dan Olmsted and Mark Blaxill's book, "The Age of Autism: Mercury, Medicine, and a Manmade Epidemic," will do much to educate on this denied and disturbing issue. I'll leave you with one more study. This one I could not find anything other than the title. I did try contacting the authors but to no avail. It looks like it could have been a warning sign but again, no one noticed.
Med J Aust. 1972 Dec 30;2(27):1484-6.
Melanin in the ascending reticular activating system and its possible relationship to autism. Happy,R Collins,JK
PMID: 4655127 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Teresa Conrick is Contributing Editor for Age of Autism. | <urn:uuid:8f14338a-89e6-4776-85cd-74a9978726d2> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.ageofautism.com/2010/06/part-2-autism-and-redheads-the-canaries-in-the-epidemic.html | 2024-12-02T19:59:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066129078.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202185948-20241202215948-00761.warc.gz | en | 0.943653 | 4,585 | 3.09375 | 3 |
SWAMP Achievements Report - Communication
SWAMP Achevements Quick Links
SWAMP develops a variety of tools and resources to support consistent and comparable monitoring information statewide. SWAMP also produces information needed to make decisions regarding water quality resource management. SWAMP utilizes targeted communication and outreach efforts to make members of the public and other agencies aware of the tools, information, and resources generated by the program.
- New Habitat Assessment eTool for Citizen Science and Science Technology Engineering and Math (STEM) Education - Clean Water Team - An evaluation of habitat quality is critical to understanding the health of a stream. Visual assessments provide the first level of information about an environment and can serve as useful screening tools to help focus more detailed investigations. In the Spring of 2015 the Clean Water Team (Team) released a new eTool to help evaluate stream habitat conditions. Using an EPA methodology for conducting visual habitat assessment, the Team created a free downloadable and easy to use data form complete with embedded instructions, training documents, and video tips for conducting these assessments. The use of this EPA assessment method and training tools helps ensure data collected is useable and can be collected as part of a citizen science or STEM project. This methodology also produces a Habitat Condition Score, which can be used to communicate water quality management, habitat protection, or vital restoration needs. Download the eTool (.xlsx, 99 MB) and watch the Visual Physical Habitat Assessments videos on the Clean Water Team YouTube channel. For more information, contact Erick Burres (213-712-6862, Email: [email protected]).
- California Stream Condition Index (CSCI) Scores Map - This map displays statewide the bioassessment sites that have been scored with the CSCI. The CSCI is a new statewide tool that translates complex data about individual benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs) living in a stream into an overall measure of stream health (see CSCI Fact Sheet and Memo item above). The 1,985 sites displayed includes probabilistic (randomly selected site that represents a known length of stream that is used to infer conditions about a large geographic region) and targeted (fixed site near location of special interest) sites. These sites come from the Perennial Streams Assessment (PSA), Reference Condition Management Program (RCMP), Southern Monitoring Coalition (SMC), U.S. Forest Service, and Regional Board bioassessment monitoring programs. The sites displayed were sampled from 1997 through 2011.
- California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) - The annual CABW meeting is a forum to learn about current and planned activities in bioassessment. It is also an opportunity to stay in touch with other people in the bioassessment community.
- Published Key Papers in Peer-Reviewed Journals
- Bioassessment in complex environments: designing an index for consistent meaning in different settings - Regions with great natural environmental complexity present a challenge for attaining 2 key properties of an ideal bioassessment index: 1) index scores anchored to a benchmark of biological expectation that is appropriate for the range of natural environmental conditions at each assessment site, and 2) deviation from the reference benchmark measured equivalently in all settings so that a given index score has the same ecological meaning across the entire region of interest.
- Evaluating the adequacy of a reference-site pool for ecological assessments in environmentally complex regions - Many advances in the field of bioassessment have focused on approaches for objectively selecting the pool of reference sites used to establish expectations for healthy waterbodies, but little emphasis has been placed on ways to evaluate the suitability of the reference-site pool for its intended applications (e.g., compliance assessment vs. ambient monitoring). These evaluations are critical because an inadequately evaluated reference pool may bias assessments in some settings. We present an approach for evaluating the adequacy of a reference-site pool for supporting biotic-index development in environmentally heterogeneous and pervasively altered regions.
- Bugs to Go - The California Digital Reference Collection – The Clean Water Team developed a free PDF collection of benthic macroinvertebrates for use on tablets and smart phones.
- Biomonitoring Webinar Video – The Water Quality Monitoring Collaboration Network (WQMCN) produced two webinars and a video on the WQMCN YouTube channel. These videos show methods of monitoring, data collection, and interpretation of data.
- SWAMP Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Bloom (CyanoHAB) Program (Multi-Regional Project; San Francisco Bay Region, Central Coast Region and San Diego Region) – SWAMP’s new CyanoHAB program is part of a statewide initiative to develop in-depth monitoring of cyanobacteria blooms and cyanotoxins. This program utilizes satellite imagery, lab data databases and a website with the imagery and lab data, as well as incident reports and bloom information. This program will help ensure that the public is protected and informed.
- Region 3 Cyanotoxin SWAMP Fact Sheet (Central Coast Region) – The Central Coast Regional Water Board conducted a study in 2014 to screen for cyanotoxins in the Central Coast Region’s largest coastal streams. The data from this study and follow-up monitoring will be used to assess the frequency and magnitude of beneficial use impairment due to cyanotoxins.
- Scientific Presentations (San Diego Region) – Staff of the San Diego Water Board presented the following SWAMP projects at scientific meetings:
- Algae as Indicators for Aquatic Health and Eutrophication in Southern California Streams. Joint Aquatic Science Meeting (JASM), Portland/Oregon, May 2014.
- Small Streams as widespread sources of benthic cyanotoxin production in California. Joint Aquatic Science Meeting (JASM), Portland/Oregon, May 2014.
- Integrative Assessment of Depressional Wetland Condition in California, Joint Aquatic Science Meeting (JASM), Portland/Oregon, May 2014.
- Developing Multi-Indicator Assessments. California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) 2014, Davis/California, November 2014.
- Challenges and Opportunities of Multi-Indicator Assessments: San Diego River Watershed Example. California Aquatic Bioassessment Workgroup (CABW) 2014, Davis/California, November 2014.
- Collaborating with Citizen Monitors and Watershed Stewardship Organizations – The State Water Board and Sierra Streams Institute held a series of workshops in 2013 to present a comprehensive curriculum for successful collaborations between agencies and watershed organizations.
- California Water Quality Monitoring Collaboration Network (CWQMCN) Webinars – The Clean Water Team and Collaboration Network produced twelve informative webinars in 2012.
- Clean Water Team (CWT): Watermarks Newsletter – A bi-annual newsletter produced by the Clean Water Team that serves as an outreach tool for citizen monitoring and watershed stewardship.
- Contaminants in Fish from the California Coast – In 2009-2010, SWAMP conducted California’s largest-ever statewide survey of contaminants in sport fish from coastal locations. A report on this survey was released in 2012. The report, press release, media links, and other information are available at the SWAMP website.
- Findings on Citizen Monitoring Contributions Towards the Monitoring of California Waters and Beneficial Uses – A survey summarizing the contributions of citizen monitoring groups to the state’s water quality monitoring programs.
- Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan (LARRMP) State of the Watershed Report (Los Angeles Region) – SWAMP and the Council for Watershed Health initiated production of a five-year State of the Watershed Report. The report, scheduled for release in mid-2013, will assess watershed health and address multiple beneficial use questions.
- San Diego Region SWAMP Projects – Improved Communication and Outreach (San Diego Region) – San Diego SWAMP staff improved communication and outreach efforts by writing Executive Officer Reports, presenting SWAMP projects at conferences, and updating the San Diego SWAMP website.
- SWAMP Monitor Newsletter – Fall 2011
- Clean Water Team (CWT) Efforts: Online Resources for Citizen Monitors – Citizen Monitors and many others are provided a broad variety of online resources, including a calendar and YouTube demonstration videos. All of these resources are available on the internet.
- SWAMP staff produced graphics summarizing statewide water and/or sediment toxicity for a variety of coastal waters, lakes and reservoirs, and streams.
- California Water Quality Monitoring Collaboration Network Webinars
- The Clean Water Team and Collaboration Network produced eleven informative webinars in 2011.
- California Stormwater Quality Association (CASQA) Training (Central Coast Region) – Training presented at the CASQA conference provided a comprehensive overview of construction stormwater monitoring considerations for a wide variety of individuals active in this area.
- Central Valley Monitoring Directory (Central Valley Region) – Continued outreach for the Central Valley Monitoring Directory including the California Water Quality Monitoring Council, state agencies, and citizen monitoring groups.
- Safe to Swim Citizen Monitoring Training (Central Valley Region) – Citizen monitoring groups participating in the Safe to Swim monitoring were provided training on the use of SWAMP field sheets and field sampling protocols.
- Scientific Presentations (San Diego Region) – Staff from the San Diego Region made a presentation titled, “Ten years of bioassessment data from a regulators’ perspective: What does the data tell us, and how do we move forward?,” at a meeting of the North American Benthological Society. They also presented at a meeting of the New England Aquatic Environmental Biologists Association a review titled “Biological Integrity in Urban Stream Systems - An Example from Southern California.”
- SWAMP Monitor Newsletter - Fall 2010
- Presentation of Water Board information systems (including CEDEN and SWAMP) to legislative staff - April 2010
- SWAMP Strategy 2010 Update
Published the updated SWAMP Comprehensive Monitoring and Assessment Strategy to Protect and Restore California’s Water Quality (SWAMP Strategy). This document was then appended to the Comprehensive Water Quality Monitoring Program Strategy by the California Water Quality Monitoring Council (CWQMC). - Upgraded the “My Water Quality” Internet Portals, (California Water Quality Monitoring Council)
- Published the Two-Year Lakes Study (2007, 2008): Frequently Asked Questions Fact Sheet
- Clean Water Team (CWT) – California’s Citizen Monitoring Program
- CreekWatch iPhones App Released to Help our Watersheds
- CWT “At Your Service” interactive map
- 2010 California Water Quality Monitoring Collaborative Network Webinar Series
- Continued SWAMP webinars series: Nine webinars were produced in 2010 (Now only available as PowerPoint Presentations):
- Biological Objectives – Introduction to Bioassessment (2010):
Bioassessment is the science of interpreting the ecological condition of an aquatic environment or resource (specifically, a ‘waterbody’ resource such as a stream). It can also be described as a direct measure of a particular ‘waterbody's health’ or the ‘ecological condition’ of a public resource (e.g., streams/rivers) drawn from its resident biota (e.g., fish, insects, algae, plants, etc.). We are using the science of Bioassessment to develop ‘Biological Objectives’ (for our State) to help protect and improve the quality of California’s public waters.
- Establishing Reference Conditions for CA’s Wadeable Perennial Streams (November 2010):
Reference conditions describe the physical, chemical and biological attributes of streams occurring in regions with relatively low levels of human disturbance. Objective definition of the reference state is the foundation of biological assessment techniques but also serves many other roles in California’s water quality management programs. This presentation covers the development of California’s standardized approach to defining reference conditions and the initial phases of implementation, including approaches for aligning screening thresholds for different regions of the state.
- Sublethal Responses to environmental Stressors in Fish: an Integrative Multi-biomarker Approach (July 15, 2010): PowerPoint
This presentation describes work being performed at the UC Davis Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory on the effects of sublethal ‘stressors’ such as environmental contaminants or pollutants (such as ammonia) on fish (delta smelt).
- The Importance of a Stream’s Physical Habitat Condition and How to Measure It (Spring – Summer 2010): PowerPoint
This PowerPoint presentation describes all the physical habitat features that are measured using the SWAMP Bioassessment SOP (Standard Operating Procedures) and how that data is used in assessment reports. It also discusses how those measures might be used in the future to produce an Index of Physical Condition. Healthy streams and rivers have complex habitats and physical dimensions that favor a thriving and diverse plant and animal community. The SWAMP physical habitat procedures attempt to measure the physical state of wadeable streams and the human stressors that might alter those measurements.
- The Ecology of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and How to Collect and Describe Them (June 17, 2010):
This presentation describes Benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs) uses as a water quality indicator for SWAMP assessment reports and will be an integral part of the development of biological objectives. It shows some examples of BMIs, discuss their ecology and explain why they are such good indicators of healthy streams and rivers. It also shows how the BMIs are collected and then processed in the laboratory to produce the biological metrics that are used to create assessment tools such as the SoCal Index of Biological Integrity.
- Central Coast (Central Coast Region) Monitoring and Data Assessment Activities (April 1, 2010):
This presentaion summarizes monitoring activities of the Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program and will highlight new CCAMP web-based data display tools.
- San Francisco Bay Regional Board Regional Monitoring and Data Assessment Activities (April 15, 2010):
This presentaion summarizes water quality monitoring activities conducted by the San Francisco Bay regional SWAMP from 2000 – 2009 including a lakes study on fish contamination, and water quality and trash assessments in creeks. The regional approach to monitoring and assessment and coordination with other programs is highlighted. San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program (RMP) activities are also highlighted.
- Central Valley Regional Board SWAMP Monitoring and Data Assessment Activities (May 6, 2010):
This presentaion summarizes water quality monitoring activities conducted by the Central Valley regional SWAMP from 2000 – 2009, including coordinated monitoring efforts with Department of Water Resources Northern District, support of the Delta Regional Monitoring Program, Safe-to-Swim studies, and future use of a web based Central Valley monitoring directory. The regional approach to monitoring, assessment, and coordination with other programs will also be highlighted.
- SWAMP Monitoring and SWAMP leveraged Monitoring in the San Diego Region – past, present, future (June 3, 2010):
This presentaion gives an overview of the SWAMP monitoring in the San Diego region (R9). Data and assessments from the first five years of the SWAMP rotational watershed monitoring (2001-2005), and the 2007 and 2008 bioassessment studies are discussed. Preliminary results from the first year of the Stormwater Monitoring Coalition (SMC) bioassessment study in Southern California presented. Some SWAMP R9 leveraged projects (e.g. postfire study, Bight ‘08 wetlands eutrophication study) and the coordination with other programs in the San Diego region summarized. The San Diego Data Portal “EcoLayers” introduced. The SWAMP monitoring program for the next 3 years discussed. - Presentations
- Biological Objectives: Presented to the California Aquatic Bioassessment Workshop (CABW) and the California Water Quality Monitoring Council (CWQMC)
- General SWAMP Overview: Presented to the Wetlands 401 Certification Group and the CABW
- Central Coast Ambient Monitoring Program (CCAMP) Website Release
- Upgraded the “My Water Quality” Internet Portals, (CWQMC) (Central Coast Region)
- Central Valley Monitoring Directory Released
(Central Valley Region)
- Training and outreach for the Central Valley Monitoring Directory
- Featured in regional news coverage – Contaminants in Fish from California Lakes and Reservoirs, 2007-2008: Summary Report on a Two-Year Screening Survey
- Featured in regional news coverage – Summary of Toxicity in California Waters: 2001 – 2009
- Improved the SWAMP Website
- Re-launched quarterly Monitor Newsletter
- Initiated SWAMP webinars series; Eight webinars were produced in 2009
- SWAMP Comparable Program Guidance
- Quality Assurance/Control Comparability
- Comparability – Data Management Overview
- SWAMP and MLML Website Navigation
- A New Tool for Water Quality Assessment – Algae as Bioindicators
- Contaminants in Fish from California Lakes and Reservoirs
- “My Water Quality” Internet Portals
- Invasive Species Management for Water Quality Monitors
- Featured in national news coverage for Pilot Mussel Watch Program
- Featured in national news coverage for National Lakes Study
Questions or Comments?
- Please direct inquiries to the State Water Board, Surface Water Ambient Monitoring Program (SWAMP).
- State and Regional Board contacts listing: https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/swamp_contacts.html | <urn:uuid:d958b352-efa3-4237-b961-86773672d05e> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://waterboards.ca.gov/water_issues/programs/swamp/achievements/communication.html | 2024-12-04T22:15:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066308239.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204202740-20241204232740-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.875959 | 3,643 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Basic Information and Answers to Frequent Questions
- What is a watershed?
- What is a healthy watershed?
- Are healthy watersheds very common?
- How might healthy watersheds affect me?
- Why do watersheds need to be protected?
- Why is EPA concerned with healthy watersheds?
- What is being done to protect healthy watersheds?
- How is a healthy watershed identified?
- What is evaluated in a healthy watersheds assessment?
- How much healthy watersheds assessment has been done in the U.S.?
A watershed – the land area that drains to one stream, lake or river – affects the water quality in the water body that it surrounds. Like water bodies (e.g., lakes, rivers, and streams), individual watersheds share similarities but also differ in many ways. Every inch of the United States is part of a watershed – in other words, all land drains into a lake, river, stream or other water body and directly affects its quality. Because we all live on the land, we all live in a watershed — thus watershed condition is important to everyone.
Watersheds exist at different geographic scales, too. The Mississippi River has a huge watershed that covers all or parts of 33 states. You might live in that watershed, but at the same time you live in a watershed of a smaller, local stream or river that flows eventually into the Mississippi. EPA’s healthy watersheds activities mainly focus on these smaller watersheds.
- dynamic hydrologichydrologicPertaining to the science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water. and geomorphologicgeomorphologicPertaining to the study of physical landscapes (landforms) and the processes that create and mold them. processes within their natural range of variation,
- habitat of sufficient size and connectivity to support native aquatic and riparianriparianAreas adjacent to rivers and streams. These areas often have a high density, diversity, and productivity of plant and animal species relative to nearby uplands. species, and
- physical and chemical water quality conditions able to support healthy biological communities.
Natural vegetative cover in the landscape, including the riparian zone, helps maintain the natural flow regime* and fluctuations in water levels in lakes and wetlands. This, in turn, helps maintain natural geomorphic processes, such as sediment storage and deposition, that form the basis of aquatic habitats. Connectivity of aquatic and riparian habitats in the longitudinal, lateral, vertical, and temporal dimensions helps ensure the flow of chemical and physical materials and movement of biotabiotaThe animal and plant life of a given region. among habitats.
- intact and functioning headwater streams, floodplains, riparian corridors, bioticbioticOf or pertaining to living organisms. refugiarefugiaAn isolated place of relative safety from danger and hardship; the only remaining high quality habitat within an area., instream habitathabitatA place where the physical and biological elements of ecosystems provide a suitable environment including the food, cover, and space resources needed for plant and animal livelihood., and biotic communities;
- natural vegetation in the landscape; and
- hydrology, sediment transport, fluvial geomorphology, and disturbance regimes expected for its location.
*A stream’s flow regime refers to its characteristic pattern of flow magnitude, timing, frequency, duration, and rate of change. The flow regime plays a central role in shaping aquatic ecosystems and the health of biological communities. Alteration of natural flow regimes (e.g., more frequent floods) can reduce the quantity and quality of aquatic habitat, degrade aquatic life, and result in the loss of ecosystem services.
Unfortunately not. Healthy watersheds are uncommon, particularly in the eastern U.S. as well as in most other parts of the nation that are urbanized, farmed, or mined. Large tracts of protected wildlands, mostly in the western U.S., are where most healthy watersheds can be found. However, some healthy watersheds exist in many regions of the country where water pollution has been prevented or well controlled, and where communities maintain the benefits of their clean waterways.
- Healthy watersheds are necessary for virtually any high quality outdoor recreation sites involving the use of lakes, rivers, or streams. Great fishing opportunities are usually due to healthy watersheds that surround the waters that people love to fish.
- Your drinking water, if it comes from a surface water source, might be substantially less expensive to treat, if a healthy watershed around the water source filters pollution for free.
- Your property values may be higher, if you are fortunate enough to reside near healthy rather than impaired waters.
You and your community’s quality of life may be better in these and other ways due to healthy watersheds; now, imagine how unhealthy watersheds might affect you as well.
Healthy watersheds not only affect water quality in a good way, but also provide greater benefits to the communities of people and wildlife that live there.
A watershed – the land area that drains to a stream, lake or river – affects the water quality in the water body that it surrounds. Healthy watersheds not only help protect water quality, but also provide greater benefits than degraded watersheds to the people and wildlife that live there. We all live in a watershed, and watershed condition is important to everyone and everything that uses and needs water.
Healthy watersheds provide critical services, such as clean drinking water, productive fisheries, and outdoor recreation, that support our economies, environment and quality of life. The health of clean waters is heavily influenced by the condition of their surrounding watersheds, mainly because pollutants can wash off from the land to the water and cause substantial harm.
Streams, lakes, rivers and other waters are interconnected with the landscape and all its activities through their watersheds. They are influenced by naturally varying lake levels, water movement to and from groundwater, and amount of stream flow. Other factors, such as forest fires, stormwater runoff patterns, and the location and amount of pollution sources, also influence the health of our waters.
These dynamics between the land and the water largely determine the health of our waterways and the types of aquatic life found in a particular area. Effective protection of aquatic ecosystems recognizes their connectivity with each other and with their surrounding watersheds. Unfortunately, human activities have greatly altered many waters and their watersheds. For example:
- Over the last 50 years, coastal and freshwater wetlands have declined; surface water and groundwater withdrawals have increased by 46%; and non-native fish have established themselves in many watersheds (Heinz Center, 2008).
- A national water quality survey of the nation's rivers and streams showed that 55% of the nation's flowing waters are in poor biological condition and 23% are in fair biological condition (U.S. EPA, 2013). Compared to a 2006 survey (U.S. EPA, 2006), which only assessed wadeable streams, 7% fewer stream miles were in good condition.
- Nearly 40% of fish in North American freshwater streams, rivers and lakes are found to be vulnerable, threatened or endangered; nearly twice as many as were included on the imperiled list from a similar survey conducted in 1989 (Jelks et al., 2008)
- Rainbow trout habitat loss from warmer water temperatures associated with climate change already has been observed in the southern Appalachians (Flebbe et al., 2006).
One of EPA’s most important jobs is to work with states and others to achieve the Clean Water Act’s primary goal – restore and maintain the integrity of the nation’s waters. Despite this law’s many pollution control successes, tens of thousands of streams, rivers and lakes have been reported as still impaired. The great majority of these involve pollution sources in their watersheds – the land area that surrounds and drains into these waters. Knowing the conditions in watersheds is crucial for restoring areas with degraded water quality, as well as protecting healthy waters from emerging problems before expensive damages occur.
Achieving the Clean Water Act’s main goal depends on having good information about watersheds – their environmental conditions, possible pollution sources, and factors that may influence restoration and protection of water quality. EPA is investing in developing scientifically sound and consistent data sources, and making this information public and easily accessible to the wide variety of our partners working toward clean and healthy waters.
A very wide range of activities could be called healthy watersheds protection. These may include regulatory and non-regulatory approaches. EPA’s healthy watersheds protection activities are nonregulatory. Approaches used at state and local level could be either. The private sector is also actively involved in many forms of protection.
- emerging water quality problems,
- loss and fragmentation of aquatic habitat,
- altered water flow and availability,
- invasive species, and
- climate change.
There are literally hundreds of watershed characteristics (such as environmental traits, sources of degradation, and community factors) that may influence environmental health and quality of life, for better or worse. Identifying and comparing these characteristics is known as watershed assessment. This process is the main way to compare watershed condition across large areas such as states, and find the healthy watersheds among the rest.
EPA’s process for assessing healthy watersheds looks at small scale watersheds – either catchments (which average about one square mile in area) or HUCHUCA unique code, consisting of two to eight digits (based on the four levels of classification in the hydrologic unit system), that identifies each hydrologic unit.12 watersheds (which average about 35 square miles in area). The factors for describing and comparing watersheds, called indicators, are selected specifically for the area of the country being studied. Although custom selections of indicators are made to suit the study area, all assessments develop a comparative index of watershed health and index of watershed vulnerability. These complementary indices help states and other users find out where the healthiest watersheds are, and also what their level of vulnerability might be.
Several states have developed statewide assessments of their healthy watersheds on their own over the past decade. EPA has partnered with states and watershed groups in several additional locales to generate more statewide watershed assessments. However, in many states, there are still no completed studies to identify the healthy watersheds or their vulnerabilities. EPA is currently working to provide these states with preliminary healthy watersheds assessments. | <urn:uuid:e3322a93-82c9-4bf7-b6ef-8fac77653f96> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://19january2021snapshot.epa.gov/hwp/basic-information-and-answers-frequent-questions_.html | 2024-12-11T23:15:15Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066094915.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211205528-20241211235528-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.951228 | 2,138 | 4.0625 | 4 |
Earth’s H2O-soaked atmosphere sure has produced a shit-ton of musical top hits hasn’t it? Over the past century countless musicians, actors, opera singers, and Broadway stars have all paid tribute to our planet’s precipitation, a life force that nurtures and erodes our planet’s surface.
But while titles like Singing in the Rain, November Rain, Fire and Rain, Have You Ever Seen the Rain, Purple Rain, and Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain have all been penned, the future of “rainy day music” is looking increasingly bleak.
Recent scientific reports have shown that over the course of the past few decades, our planet has become tainted by billions of tiny man-made plastic particles. Commonly referred to as “microplastics” or nanoplastics,” these itty-bitty pieces of trash are virtually everywhere, and from the looks of things they are increasing in count every day.
“Plastic Rain” has become the acid rain of the modern age, and from the looks of it, this garbage is here to stay. But where does microplastic come from? Why are we just now learning about this form of pollution? And what in the ever loving hell is it doing to our automobiles? Let’s find out…
What is Microplastic & Where Does it Come From?
In 2019, while we were busy writing a blog focusing upon the detrimental effects of acid rain on automobile surfaces, the United States Geological Survey team was releasing some shocking discoveries. The government’s findings showed that plastics had been identified in over 90% of all “atmospheric deposition samples” it had collected in the Denver-Boulder area. Simply put, Denver’s rain water was teaming with tiny plastic particles.
While these findings definitely caught a few news headlines, there was little response from the global community; further proof that most humans don’t give a shit about the planet until it affects them directly.
It was not until the summer of 2020, when Utah State University scientist, Janice Brahney, released a report on the topic that people really began to wake the hell up. In her report, Brahney revealed that this form of plastic waste truly was everywhere. These findings were supported by numerous reports from members of the global scientific community, all of which painted the same ominous picture.
Microplastics are fucking everywhere. They are in the food we eat, the water we drink, the air we breath, the snow we shovel, and yes, the rain that pounds down upon our cars.
Extremely small pieces of plastic debris in the environment resulting from the disposal and breakdown of consumer products and industrial waste. Typically measures less than five millimeters.
Currently, there are two kinds of microplastic that are recognized by the scientific community. Primary microplastics are generally of the microbead variety, a plastic commonly found in personal care products, fishing nets, clothing, and other textiles. These materials are intentionally manufactured to be quite small. Secondary microplastics on the other hand, are plastic fragments that have gradually become smaller over time due to friction, heat, pressure, and other forms of outside influence.
Getting A Closer Look of the Big Picture
Being that plastics tend to be incredibly resilient, and therefore won’t biodegrade, they will sooner rip or break apart when under duress. This is true for almost all plastic products, especially when given ample amounts of time and abuse. From a a discarded milk carton resting inside a worn-out shopping bag, to bags of chips sitting in the dump beside a child’s action figure, it all eventually becomes heaping piles of plastic dust.
So what does this colorful crap look like up close? Magnified beneath the lens of a powerful microscope (remember, some of this junk cannot even be detected with regular microscopes), it becomes clear that microplastic dust is much more than just a shit-ton of hard plastic particles. Millions of tiny fibers, all representing the many colors of the rainbow appear, like short-and-curly clown hairs, freshly plucked and then scattered upon the wind.
Compounding the matter, is the addition of additives like phthalates, which have made plastics both incredibly resilient, and toxic. Breakable, yet non-biodegradable, these plastic fragments are in and on, damn near everything. An invisible pollutant that thus far, appears to be impossible to control or capture.
Quick Nerd Note: Of the samples collected, almost all of the microplastic pollutants were so small that they could only be made visible via ~40X magnification. To put this scientific jargon into context, that’s like trying to examine something that is 150 times smaller than the width of a human hair.
Measuring no more than 0.1 micrometers in diameter, the tiniest microplastics that have been detected to date are so slight of stature that they are virtually impossible to filter from drinking water. Due to being so teensy-weensy (yeah, we just said teensy-weensy), this microplastic is more akin to an invisible dust than a tangible substance.
Microplastics and Our Cars
Explanation complete, we now turn toward the topic of microplastic particles, and the damage they are inflicting upon our automobiles, both externally and internally.
It may sound ironic, but the very plastics that go into making our cars is destroying them as well. From the plastic shavings accumulating on the floor of the plant where plastic bumpers are formed, to the degradation of Alcantara on a steering wheel, the materials we use to manufacture our vehicles are massive microplastic producers.
What, you thought that these petite plastic particles were going to coat every other surface on the planet, and then magically overlook automobiles? Every day, this invisible pollutant coats our cars with layer upon layer of discarded plastic, and you better believe this shit is embedding into our clear coats, clogging our air filters, and worse yet, infiltrating our engines.
While there has yet to be any research conducted on microplastic’s impact upon internal combustion engines, it is safe to assume that the finer particles are getting sucked-in via our vehicles’ air intake systems. Sure, there’s a filter on the front end of every petrol-powered automobile that’s designed to stop impurities from infiltrating the engine, but they aren’t engineered to remove impurities this small.
Essentially, our vehicles are sucking-up, and then burning unfathomable amounts of airborne plastic particles every time we drive. Our cabin air filters aren’t doing much better either, as they are engineered to remove the big stuff, which translates to 0.3 microns or larger. This means that the average driver is also inhaling loads of plastic microns every time they hit the highway.
Oh, and as for our paint’s clear coat… well… let’s just say we shudder at the thought of what sort of microplastics are embedding in it every week. Surely there has to be a way to keep this crap at bay, and safely remove it on wash day.
Microplastic Fist Fight: A “Nano y Nano” Two-Prong Attack
While there has yet to be an in-depth study conducted on the subject of microplastic build-up on automobile exteriors, research points to the fact that this junk acts like any other microscopic contaminant. This means that the use of a clay bar or clay mitt will more than likely remove most microplastic particles from a vehicle’s exterior, and should therefore be implemented annually in order to prevent excessive plastic build-up.
As opposed to a wax, which has been linked to attracting contaminants, a 9H-rated nano ceramic coating will repel most microscopic substances. The science behind this statement lies within a nano ceramic coating’s silica content. Any nano ceramic coating that’s worth a shit should contain no less than 80% silica (Armor Shield IX utilizes 84%), which when cured, creates a layer of protection so complex that even the puniest particles bounce off the surface.
In essence, nano ceramic coatings offer a unique advantage, in that they have the ability to fight microplastics on a microscopic level. Applied after a thorough clay bar cleaning, this one-two exterior punch will remove and shield an automobile from the harmful impurities found within microplastics.
Quick Tip: Although all plastics can quickly become a pollutant if not properly recycled, microplastics are unique in that their minuscule size allows them to infiltrate our car’s air filters, tainting both our engines and our lungs. This is why it is important to opt for a high-grade air filter, and not just the cheapest thing on the shelf. For those who are seeking unrivaled filtration, selecting a reusable air filter will allow the use of a statically-charged substrate that can be “recharged” via the use of a spray.
Tiny Impurities, Massive Global Disturbance
While a sprinkling of invisible microplastic pollution may “appear” to be no big deal, when measured on a global scale, the mass scale of this microscopic garbage really piles up.
In total, the world produced close to 348 million metric tons of plastic in 2017, and current global production levels have only increased since. Excerpts from Science Mag, which focuses upon nanoplastic’s ability to reach remote areas of protected wildlife sanctuaries, illustrates how even the most isolated, uninhabited areas are prone to accumulating microplastic particles after they are transported by wind and rain.
On average, more than 1,000 metric tons of this synthetic bullshit pollute wildlife refuges in the southwestern United States alone every year. That’s like watching over 300 million plastic water bottles fall from the sky and coat the most heavily protected spans of wilderness within the western United States, and then watching it happen again and again… year after year…
Quick Nerd Note: Ironically, the city of Boulder, Colorado, where the majority of the microplastic polluted rain samples were taken, has one of the nation’s strictest plastic bag bans.
Fortunately, there is still time to turn things around, and scientists are getting creative in their approach to the microplastic problem, with filtration and protection being two leading solutions.
Recently, The Guardian conducted a deep-dive look at the microplastic fiasco, and came back with some intriguing insights from those looking to rectify this man-made monstrosity.
The first solution that struck us, was the proposed use of self-cleaning filters on watercraft. Being that the coatings on ship hulls have been linked to microplastic pollution, it would only be befitting that a filtration unit built into the existing intake and outlet water-cooling jackets on the engines would help the ship “clean-up after itself.” While this H20-filtering solution remains in the testing phase, Japan’s Suzuki Motor Corporation has backed the methodology, announcing plans to incorporate microplastic filters into its outboard motors.
Another intriguing option requires relying upon strains of bacteria that “eat” synthetic materials like microplastic. Due to their natural inclination to metabolize polymers, these insatiable itty-bitty lifeforms may eventually play a crucial role in the removal of microplastics in our environment.
The final solution being tested, is a water filter made almost entirely from a plant-based nanocellulose. Created and tested by a team of scientists at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, this all-natural “netting” effectively snags microplastics, and does not require the use of chemicals or mechanized components. But instead of dragging the oceans, the goal with this Finnish alternative is to integrate the media into everything from wastewater filtration systems and freshwater drinking supply lines, to laundry washing machines and car air filters.
But we’re still years away from seeing any of these solutions being implemented on a large scale. So until then, let’s try and recycle as much as we can, consume less plastic-based products, and keep-up with a routine car cleaning regiment. We’re all stuck on this rock together, so we might as well make it a beautiful, healthy place to live for future generations. | <urn:uuid:3b0a8730-e5c8-4d42-bae6-5007f8b6153f> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://avalonking.com/blogs/news/is-microplastic-pollution-killing-your-car | 2024-12-03T09:40:41Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066132713.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203071857-20241203101857-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.942463 | 2,612 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Why Nutcrackers Remember and GPT Doesn't
A new paper argues for analyzing AI systems like GPT through a "teleological" lens focused on the specific problem they were optimized to solve during training. 7 min read
- GPT's training objective is next-word prediction over internet text corpora. This narrow focus explains resulting capabilities and limitations.
- Numerous examples are provided of GPT-3's failures on uncommon or atypical inputs and outputs, complex reasoning, physical tasks without vision, etc.
- The authors categorize key sources of errors such as likelihood bias, data dependence, sensitivity to wording, difficulty combining concepts.
- They recommend identifying mismatches between training objectives and real-world tasks, using skepticism where skills exceed language prediction.
- GPT's strengths and weaknesses reflect its internet corpus training, not comprehensive intelligence. Outputs emerge indirectly rather than manipulating abstract ideas.
- LLMs operate within fluid competence frontiers shaped by likelihood tradeoffs. Their impressive yet limited capacities are echoes of thought, not complete cognition.
Clark's nutcrackers cache food like no other. These birds hide thousands of seeds in the soil every winter and depend on recalling cache locations months later to survive. Their extraordinary spatial memory outperforms that of related species like scrub jays.
This difference makes sense through a teleological lens: the ecological need to find cached food shaped the evolution of enhanced spatial abilities in nutcrackers. Their cognitive specialization arose from the particular problems their lifestyle requires solving.
Similar principles extend to artificial intelligence. Analyzing what objective a system was optimized for reveals a lot about resulting capabilities. Just as naturally selected skills reflect challenges faced, so too do trained AI abilities mirror prescribed training goals.
A recent paper from researchers at Princeton takes this idea and applies it to GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. Embers of Autoregression: Understanding Large Language Models Through the Problem They are Trained to Solve, argues that to develop a holistic understanding of these systems, we need to consider the problem that they were trained to solve: next-word prediction over internet text.
This work brilliantly imports a biological mindset alien to AI development—one grounded in adaptive pressures sculpting cognition. Frontier research enjoys boundless resources to pump into models. Brains confront stark constraints—limited skull space, energy, lifespan. Evolution molds thinking to meet behavioral needs within environmental limits. Nutcrackers' spatial mastery arose from caching seeds to survive. Likewise, language models' impressive yet peculiar talents reflect the internet's imprint, training them to predict the next token. Unbridled power produces narrow gifts, while scarcity spurs general intelligence. Studying how capabilities serve objectives—whether bred by bytes or biology—gives us insight into the purposeful roots of intelligence.
The researchers find all sorts of intriguing failures in large language models stemming from its goal to solve the problem of next word prediction from words found on the internet.
When given a task, LLMs are better at common tasks than rare ones, even if both tasks are of the same complexity. Models are influenced by how likely certain answers or inputs are, even when the task is straightforward. To put it simply, the model's performance is affected by how common or rare the inputs (the prompt) and desired outputs (what you want it to generate) are.
GPT-4 can easily sort a list of words in alphabetical order, but not in reverse alphabetical order. Sorting in alphabetical order is common, reverse alphabetical order is rare.
GPT-4 can multiply a number by 9/5 then add 32, but it can’t multiply the same number by 7/5 then add 31. The first linear function—f (x) = (9/5)x + 32— is common because it is the Celsius-to-Fahrenheit conversion, while the function f(x) = (7/5)x + 31 is rare.
When asked the birthday of a public figure, GPT-4 is far more accurate when the person had a high probability of being mentioned online. GPT-4 knows that Carrie Underwood’s birthday is March 10, 1983, but doesn’t know that Jacques Hanegraaf’s is December 14, 1960. Curiously, this disparity reveals that even when there is a systematic function that maps input to output, LLMs may not necessarily use it.
When can we expect inaccuracies from language models? First, consider how extensively your prompt topic appears online. The more ubiquitous the concepts, the more accurate the AI. Second, identify conflicts between the task and the core competence of next-word prediction. Complete this: "My task requires using next-word prediction for <complex causal/conceptual/spatial/math reasoning/deterministic>.” Any mismatch signals the likelihood of errors.
Statistical prediction falters on niche contexts, mental modeling, spatial reasoning, causal chains, or disciplines with technical lexicons. If your task relies on proficiency areas beyond the AI's language fluency, anticipate shakier outputs. Scrutinize the fit between what you request and what transformer architecture directly provides—next token likelihoods given prior text. Where skills needed to exceed predictive text, supplement with skepticism.
Dive deeper: our takeaways for being more LLM-aware:
Likelihood Influences Outputs
LLMs favor more statistically probable responses over precise ones. When asked to summarize a passage, coherence trumps factual correctness. Models trained on internet text gravitate towards stereotypical outputs over nuanced reasoning. Even straightforward tasks like abbreviations are impacted by the likelihood of potential answers. For example, an LLM might be highly accurate at sorting a list in alphabetical order, but not accurate at sorting the same list in reverse alphabetical order.
Proprietary Data Lowers Accuracy
LLMs perform best on open, diverse training data like public internet text. Proprietary content from specialized domains leads to poorer results unless explicitly fine-tuned. Without tailored tuning, uncommon jargon and concepts will trip models up. Assumptions valid on the open web may not hold for niche contexts.
Physical Reasoning Lags Without Vision
Tasks requiring spatial or physical reasoning pose challenges if there are no accompanying visual inputs. LLMs cannot accurately describe complex physical movements just be using text prompts. Multi-modal models with visual components will likely improve on this, but for now, distrust an LLM’s knowledge about embodied interactions.
Wording Sensitivity Requires Varied Prompting
Slight changes in how a prompt is worded can significantly impact LLM outputs. Unlike humans, these models do not comprehend language, but react statistically to textual patterns. Rephrasing questions in multiple ways and simplifying verbose prompts helps improve results. Don’t fall into the trap of thinking long, complex prompts are necessarily better.
Causal Reasoning Remains Limited
Despite impressively coherent text, LLMs do not truly understand cause and effect. They do not reason about why events occur or the motivations behind human behavior. Expect factual inaccuracy when asking an LLM to analyze complex events or social dynamics beyond surface patterns.
No Metacognition Leads to Error Propagation
Unlike humans, LLMs cannot sense and revise their mistakes. All outputs are taken at face value when used in future predictions. Erroneous information gets compounded, resulting in a form of "self-delusion." This challenge requires vigilance in monitoring for signs of cascading errors. If an LLM makes a mistake, and you don’t call it out, it will propagate. Also, it's better to give models clear instructions up front than try to fix answers later. First prompts matter most.
Biases Reflect Data and Tuning
LLMs reflect existing societal biases in their training data. However, their biases also stem from instruction tuning techniques used to improve performance. Such tuning pastoralizes certain responses over others. In both cases, biases happen because of statistical patterns rather than reasoned thought.
Memorization Can Override Systematic Reasoning
LLMs sometimes latch onto repeated text and reproduce it regardless of relevance. More concerning, they may memorize specific input-output pairs rather than learning the systematic function that connects them. For example, an LLM may predict celebrities' birthdays based on memorized mentions rather than robust web searching for facts. Despite access to correct information, the tendency towards predictiveness overrides accuracy. This quirk requires vigilance when relying on LLMs for factual information, even when they can source it online.
Ideas Are Decomposed into Words
LLMs are trained on words, not on ideas, so they are sensitive to the ways that ideas are presented to them. LLMs process inputs as sequences of words rather than parsing meaning. Changing the order of words or breaking apart concepts impacts outputs, even when the key concepts are preserved. Long-form prompts will rarely improve results over concise phrasing. Ideas must be conveyed through compositional word patterns. For example, changing "explain quantum entanglement" to "explain the phenomenon of quantum entanglement" significantly impacts outputs, even though the underlying request is unchanged. ChatGPT “chose” to answer the former as if explaining to a high schooler, while the later answer was at a higher level of comprehension and more complete.
Combining Concepts Has Limits
While LLMs can creatively combine familiar concepts like composing a song duet with celebrities, they struggle to integrate new ideas fluidly as complexity increases. Humans mentally juggle contexts and concepts with ease. But for LLMs, nuanced context shifting breaks down beyond low-complexity tasks.
LLMs are models of language, not models of thought. They don’t directly manipulate ideas or structured models of the world. If they look like they do, it’s because such outputs emerge indirectly.
LLMs operate within fluid competence frontiers demarcated by the interplay of objective and linguistic likelihood. Performance remains uneven across tasks and likely will for some time as it is so strongly coupled with statistical features of language use on the web. Straightforward queries can stump models when expressed unusually because statistical patterns override semantics. Yet rare phrasing scarcely trips up human cognition, equipped to reason about novel inputs.
So too do LLMs falter on many tasks simple for us but alien to narrow training regimes, like spatial, causal, or conceptual reasoning. Their capacities, while impressive, are echoes of thought, not complete cognition. Predicting the next token from internet text fails to capture of evolved complexity of human problem solving abilities.
R. Thomas McCoy, Shunyu Yao, Dan Friedman, Matthew Hardy, Thomas L. Griffiths Princeton University
To understand what language models are, we must understand what we have trained them to be. | <urn:uuid:817a0b6d-5bfb-43cf-aab5-f2723dbef562> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.artificiality.world/why-nutcrackers-remember-and-gpt-doesnt/ | 2024-12-12T20:45:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066113162.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212190313-20241212220313-00035.warc.gz | en | 0.902148 | 2,219 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Going green does not mean going broke or take up too much time. Read the article below to find out some of the best ways to get the most out of green energy!
Lower the cost of heating your indoor water, pools and hot tubs by switching to solar water heating systems. Heating your water with natural gas or electricity is inefficient. However, solar water is inexpensive and more efficient. While many of these upgrades have high up-front costs, they may qualify for tax credits or other rebates.
Simply lessening the amount of electricity you use on a daily energy consumption can save lots of energy. Unplug appliances when they’re not going to be using them for awhile. Turn off all lights and televisions when you leave. This is an excellent way to save cash as well.
Use natural fabrics in the summer instead of turning up the AC. Fabrics, such as cotton, draw moisture naturally from the skin, making it cooler. Wearing lighter colors will also help, because they tend to reflect light.
Wear natural fabrics instead of running your air conditioning during summer months. Wear light colors; dark colors tend to make you feel warm and you to rely on the air conditioner.
Make your home more energy efficient by unplugging your unused electronic devices. Chargers for cell phones, mp3 players, laptops and other devices draw some power when they are plugged in, regardless of whether you are actually charging the device.
If you have a farm try some energy saving alternatives. Consider renting out a small space where a power company can place a wind turbine. You and the neighbors can relish in the free energy and installation, if it doesn’t require too much space.
Solar panels that collect solar energy to be used are easy to install and can collect sunlight for energy. There are several things to consider before installing solar panels. The major thing to consider before going ahead with solar panels is the amount of sunlight your house get on average?
It is important to clean your furnace filter on a regular basis to be sure you are using as little energy as possible heating your home. Installing the filters in warm-air registers is also a great idea. These filters keep debris or toys from entering the duct-work, which could reduce the efficiency of your HVAC system.
Do you own some farmland? If you have one, you can rent some property to energy companies for installing wind turbines.
If your home is heated with fuel oil, ask a technician if you can switch to biodiesel. Sometimes you can make the switch to some use of biodiesel fuels without having to purchase new parts or make costly modifications. Biodiesel is cleaner and more efficient to burn than oil, and it has a better affect on the environment.
Many heating systems allow a switch to biodiesel use without needing modifications or extra parts.
Know the available energy options in your community. Checking the costs of running a home with utilities should also include recent legislation about energy costs. For example, it may be cheaper for you to heat your home with natural gas as opposed to electricity, or use well water instead of city water.
Find out about the various energy solutions in your community has available. Check the cost of running your home using these utilities, and remember to take into account the government bonuses that are sometimes available. You may find that switching to well water or another may provide a reduction in energy use and cost.
Try drying your laundry outside in the sun whenever possible, rather than using a dryer. The sun will make your clothing smell great. Sun-drying clothes gives them a fresh smell. This will save you a ton on your utility bills, leaving you extra money to turn your air conditioning on instead.
Only using the dishwasher when it is completely full. Don’t run it with only a few dishes there. You might be surprised by the number of items that can fit in your dishwasher.
When you are not using something, turn it off. When exiting rooms, turn off the computer, television or lights. The easiest way to do this is to plug everything into a power strip and then just switch that power strip to the off position whenever you need to.
Turn off when you are not in use. When exiting rooms, make sure that all TVs, lights and computers are turned off. A power strip offers a handy way to shut down multiple devices at once, since the standby mode is still utilizing power.
If you utilize a dishwasher, avoiding using it until it’s filled up. The dishwasher cycle uses the same amounts of water and energy, whether it is full or not. Run your dishwasher using the energy-saving mode so that you can air-dry dishes and save energy.
Learn about the difference between passive and active solar power. While passive is simply uses the sun in storing thermal energy in your walls in order to heat your house.
Keep your refrigerator in good condition. Since refrigerators are one of the high-consumption appliances, it’s crucial that you keep it running efficiently. It is important to wipe off the dust from heating coils on a regular basis. Make sure the door seal is clean and also tight.
Make your home energy-efficient with products to save both money and energy. Double or triple glazed windows as well as eco-friendly doors prevent a lot of wasted energy while keeping the inside temperature more comfortable. Using this type of product will cut down on heating and cooling.
Keep your home better insulated and control warm and cool air better by installing storm windows and doors. Storm doors and windows dramatically reduce the amount of drafts and cold air that get into your home. Homeowners will see a significant savings on their electric bill and will benefit from an increase in the energy efficiency of their home by up to 45 percent once stormed windows and doors are installed in their homes.
There are a lot you can do if you want reduce your environmental footprint on the planet. Lowering the temperature on your water heater can save energy as well. Every little thing you can do helps!
Learn about the differences between passive and active solar power. Passive power is used immediately and is cheaper, but active power has the ability to store energy for later use. Installing an active solar system requires more money and work, with panels and an entire system. Passive systems simply use the sun’s energy to heat your house or water.
A great way to save energy saving tip is to switch your boiler. Older boilers weren’t built to be energy efficient, but newer boiler varieties are more efficient. Newer boilers help by producing less carbon dioxide and reduce energy bill.
There are a lot of things you can do if you want reduce your environmental footprint on the planet. You may not be able to spend a lot of money going green, but you can start by cleaning furnace filters each month and setting heat at 60 degrees when not at home. Reduce water heater temperatures to 121 degress or less to save money. Even small steps that you take can add up to a big difference!
Check your refrigerator and freezer regularly for broken seals to avoid wasted energy. If the seal is loose or broken, which ends up wasting lots of energy, which will run up your energy bill and harm the environment.
Upgrading your home’s boiler is a smart way to save energy. Old boiler units were not designed with energy conservation in mind, yet new boilers are typically more efficient. Newer boilers produce far less carbon dioxide and reduce energy bills.
During times of the year when the days are longer, keep your lights off until it is necessary to turn them on. Try using dimmers to control your light usage of lights.
Replace your old appliances for newer ones that have an Energy Star rating. An Energy Star appliance is built to use less energy than non-Energy Star appliances. Refrigerators and freezers that are Energy Star rated uses approximately twenty percent less energy. While dishwashers and washing machines can save up to fifty percent on energy bills.
There are a few different ways to reduce your energy consumption when doing the laundry. Use the correct setting that controls moisture to turn your dryer off once the laundry is dry. Use the moisture in clothes and thereby shorten drying time as well.
Many people typically don’t turn off lights, machines and appliances that they are not using. If you do this every day, your energy bills will plummet. Think in advance about what you need to do, and make it a habit to turn off anything that you are no longer using.
An easy to get started in energy efficiency is to ask your electric company for help. You can look on the company’s website for tool that track your energy consumption and tips for saving energy. Check out programs that help you buy energy-efficient light bulbs or appliances.
If you could not get an energy source that is renewable, such as solar energy to use for your whole house, you may still be able to use the energy source to provide some of your home’s power. For example, you can use panels that could be used to heat your home’s hot water.
You can save energy while doing laundry, too. For example use the moisture sensor on your dryer; once the laundry is dry the dryer will automatically shut off. Use a higher speed for the spin cycle to reduce the drying time. Always clean your dryer filters, and check your dryer vent for any blockages.
The more demanding you are and actually purchase them, the more products that will be available at reduced prices. This will also encourage companies who aren’t engaging in environmentally safe practices that they need to change or they’ll lose you as a customer.
One of the easiest ways to save energy is to put your refrigerator and freezer away from any type of heat source. Do all you can to keep them away from heating vents or direct sunlight as this will raise the temperature and cause them to run longer.
Use rainwater for appliances like your toilet and other household items. This will reduce your water bills and also protect the environment.
A programmable thermostat is a wonderful tool for green energy. A programmable thermostat allows you to customize your heating and cooling system to use less energy when you will not home for a while and while you are sleeping. Some of the newer models available now can be set differently for each day of the week, helping you conserve even more energy.
Humid air will feel warmer. Instead of using air conditioning, which can use more energy and be much more expensive, let the dehumidifier run for a bit first. You may not have to turn on the cold air conditioner after all.
Use a dehumidifier in your home. Humid air typically feels warmer. Don’t run straight for the air conditioning unit, which sucks energy like a vampire. Instead, dry the air out with a dehumidifier first. You might be able to go without air conditioning for quite some time if you do this right.
Demand watch dog legislation that encourages green energy usage. Awareness of the energy policies of companies is an effective tool that isn’t used as much as it should be fully utilized. People might be less inclined to purchase from companies that don’t use green practices.
When you aren’t using the lights in your home, turn them off. Use light only when you really need them and when you are done, turn them off. If you don’t need them, turn lights off, like those on your porch or in your cabinets. This will decrease energy consumption.
Eco-friendly lighting solutions are a great option that every homeowner should be considered. They don’t use much energy than normal bulbs while still providing light. This is a good way to reduce your own home.
Think about installing a heating system that relies on geothermal energy. Geothermal heating and cooling systems involve pipes which are run underground. Instead of blowing hot and cold air into the home, the pipes are heated or cooled by a machine. As they pass under the floors they conduct that energy into your home. Since underground temperatures are steadier underground, these HVAC systems are more efficient.
This helps cut down energy costs, plus, and establishes yourself as an energy consumer who is independent. This will decrease your energy consumption and you have many ways to do this.
A straw bale home offers a unique option for the very green consumer. Straw offers an excellent form of insulation and it is a very inexpensive product to use too. If you do not wish to build your primary home from straw, consider using straw to build other structures on your property, like sheds.
Keep adjusting your thermostat in check with the seasons change to ensure that you’re using as little energy as possible. You can adjust your clothing choices a bit to accommodate the changes, especially if you also adjust the way you dress to fit the season.
Find someone who is qualified pro to work with.Be cautious of salesmen who do not give you evidence to back up their words.
A low flow shower head is a great way to save water.
While people may have different opinions about global warming, green energy can benefit anyone. Green energy not only protects the environment, but also saves money.
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I recently came across an intriguing topic that left me both surprised and curious: the potential weight loss benefits of none other than everyone’s favorite fizzy drink, Coke. Yes, you read that right! Contrary to popular belief, it seems that Coke might just have a secret role to play in shedding those extra pounds. As someone constantly on the lookout for new and effective weight loss methods. I couldn’t resist delving into this fascinating subject to uncover the truth behind the claim. So, let’s put our preconceived notions aside and explore whether Coke can truly be an unexpected ally on our quest for a slimmer waistline.
Effects of Coke on Weight Loss
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Coke and Obesity Epidemic
The rise of obesity has become a global concern, and there is evidence suggesting a link between the consumption of sugary beverages like Coke and the obesity epidemic. As a major player in the soft drink industry. Coke has faced scrutiny for its potential role in contributing to weight gain and obesity. With its high sugar content and widespread popularity, it is essential to understand the relationship between Coke consumption and weight gain.
The Link Between Coke and Weight Gain
One of the primary factors contributing to weight gain in Coke is its high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) content. HFCS has been widely used as a sweetener in many processed foods and beverages, including Coke. Studies have shown that high consumption of beverages containing HFCS is associated with an increased risk of weight gain and obesity.
Moreover, artificial sweeteners found in diet versions of Coke have been associated with weight gain as well. Some studies suggest that these sweeteners may disrupt the body’s ability to regulate appetite, leading to increased calorie intake and subsequent weight gain.
Ingredients in Coke
To understand the effects of Coke on weight loss, it is important to examine the key ingredients found in this beverage.
High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS)
HFCS is a commonly used sweetener in many processed foods and beverages. It is made by converting cornstarch into a concentrated syrup that is high in fructose. HFCS is widely used because it is cheaper than regular sugar and provides a longer shelf life for products. However, the high fructose content in HFCS has been linked to various negative health effects, including weight gain, insulin resistance, and an increased risk of metabolic syndrome.
Diet versions of Coke use artificial sweeteners, such as aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, to provide a sugar-free alternative. These sweeteners are intensely sweet and have zero or minimal calories. However, there is ongoing debate regarding their long-term effects on weight loss and overall health. Some studies suggest that artificial sweeteners may disrupt the body’s natural response to sweetness. Leading to increased cravings for sweet foods and potential weight gain.
Coke contains caffeine, which is a stimulant that can increase alertness and reduce fatigue. Caffeine also has a potential impact on weight loss. It may slightly boost metabolism and increase fat burning, leading to a modest increase in calorie expenditure. However, the effects of caffeine on weight loss are relatively small and may vary depending on an individual’s tolerance and sensitivity to caffeine.
Caloric Content of Coke
The caloric content of Coke varies depending on its formulation. Let’s explore the different types of Coke and their respective caloric content.
Regular Coke, often referred to as “full-calorie” Coke, typically contains approximately 140 calories per 12-ounce serving. These calories come from the high sugar content, primarily in the form of HFCS. Regular Coke provides a significant amount of empty calories, as it lacks essential nutrients and offers little to no nutritional value.
Diet Coke is marketed as a low-calorie alternative to regular Coke. It is sweetened with artificial sweeteners and contains zero calories. By eliminating the sugar content, Diet Coke offers a sugar-free option that can be appealing to those looking to reduce their calorie intake. However, the potential weight loss benefits of Diet Coke are still a topic of debate due to conflicting research findings regarding the effects of artificial sweeteners on weight gain.
Zero-calorie Coke, also known as Coke Zero, is another sugar-free option that aims to provide the taste of regular Coke without the calories. Like Diet Coke, Coke Zero is sweetened with artificial sweeteners, and it offers a calorie-free alternative. However, it is important to note that the long-term effects of consuming artificial sweeteners regularly are still not fully understood.
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Comparing Caloric Intake
When comparing the caloric content of different types of Coke, it is clear that the regular version contains the most calories due to its high sugar content. Diet Coke and Zero-Calorie Coke offer lower-calorie alternatives, but the potential effects of artificial sweeteners on weight gain and metabolism are still a matter of controversy.
Coke’s Effect on Metabolism
Impact of High Fructose Corn Syrup
The consumption of high fructose corn syrup, a key ingredient in Coke, has been linked to negative metabolic effects. HFCS is metabolized differently compared to regular sugar, potentially leading to increased fat storage and insulin resistance. These metabolic changes can promote weight gain and contribute to the development of obesity and related health issues.
Artificial Sweeteners and Metabolic Response
The metabolic response to artificial sweeteners found in diet versions of Coke is still subject to ongoing research. Some studies suggest that these sweeteners may disrupt the body’s natural response to sweetness, leading to an altered metabolic response. Increased appetite, and potential weight gain. However, the overall impact of artificial sweeteners on metabolism and weight loss is still a topic of debate, with conflicting results from various studies.
Coke and Appetite
Coke’s Influence on Hunger Hormones
The consumption of sweet beverages like Coke can influence hunger hormones, potentially affecting appetite regulation. Studies have shown that the consumption of high-sugar beverages, including those containing HFCS, can disrupt appetite-controlling hormones such as ghrelin and leptin. This disruption may lead to increased hunger, overeating, and subsequent weight gain.
The Role of Carbonation
Apart from its sweet taste, Coke also contains carbonation, which gives it its characteristic fizziness. Carbonated beverages can create a feeling of fullness and satiety due to the gas bubbles expanding in the stomach. This may temporarily reduce appetite, but it is important to note that the effect is relatively short-lived and may not significantly impact long-term weight loss.
Potential Benefits of Coke in Weight Loss
While the negative effects of Coke on weight loss are well-documented, there are also potential benefits associated with its consumption.
Increased Energy Expenditure
Coke contains caffeine, which is a stimulant that can slightly boost metabolism and increase energy expenditure. The thermogenic effect of caffeine may lead to a modest increase in calorie burn throughout the day. However, it is worth noting that the effect is relatively small and may not significantly contribute to weight loss alone.
For some individuals, the taste of Coke may help satisfy cravings for sweet-tasting beverages. By providing a sugar-free option with artificial sweeteners. Coke can act as an alternative for those trying to reduce their calorie intake and control their cravings for sugary drinks. However, it is essential to note that the long-term effects of consuming artificial sweeteners are still uncertain.
The Role of Coke in a Healthy Diet
Moderation and Portion Control
When it comes to incorporating Coke into a healthy diet, moderation and portion control are crucial. Consuming any beverage, including Coke, in excessive amounts can contribute to weight gain and other health issues. It is recommended to limit the consumption of sugary beverages and opt for smaller serving sizes to manage calorie intake effectively.
Choosing Healthier Alternatives
While Coke can be enjoyed in moderation, it is important to consider healthier alternatives when looking to maintain or lose weight. Water, unsweetened tea, and naturally flavored beverages like infused water or herbal teas are excellent choices for hydration without the added sugars or artificial sweeteners found in Coke. These alternatives provide a variety of flavor options while minimizing empty calories and potential negative health effects.
Negative Effects of Excessive Coke Consumption
Weight Gain and Obesity
Excessive consumption of sugary beverages like Coke can lead to weight gain and contribute to the development of obesity. The high sugar content, especially in the regular version containing HFCS, provides empty calories without providing essential nutrients. These excess calories can easily exceed an individual’s daily caloric needs and lead to weight gain over time.
Poor Nutritional Value
Coke has little to no nutritional value beyond its caloric content. Its sugary nature provides empty calories and lacks essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Regular consumption of Coke and similar beverages can displace nutrient-dense foods from the diet, leading to an imbalanced and potentially inadequate nutrient intake.
Risk of Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that increase the risk of developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Excessive consumption of sugary beverages has been associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Primarily due to the negative metabolic effects of high fructose corn syrup and the potential impact of artificial sweeteners on metabolic response.
Misconceptions and Controversies
Coke as a ‘Diet’ or ‘Healthy’ Drink
Coke and other similar soft drinks have been marketed as “diet” or “healthy” options, predominantly the diet and zero-calorie versions. While these drinks offer lower calorie alternatives compared to the regular version, they still contain artificial sweeteners and lack essential nutrients.
Industry Influence and Marketing Tactics
The soft drink industry is known for its powerful marketing strategies, often promoting their products as enjoyable and refreshing. However, these marketing tactics can sometimes overshadow the potential negative health effects of excessive Coke consumption. It is important to approach advertising with a critical eye and prioritize one’s own health and well-being when making beverage choices.
When considering the effects of Coke on weight loss. It is crucial to recognize that excessive consumption of sugary beverages like Coke can contribute to weight gain and obesity due to their high sugar content. The impact of artificial sweeteners on weight loss and metabolism is still a topic of debate, warranting further research. While Coke can provide a temporary energy boost and help satisfy cravings, it is essential to approach its consumption with moderation and portion control. Consulting a healthcare professional can provide personalized guidance on incorporating Coke or any beverage into a balanced and healthy diet. | <urn:uuid:9679e038-c954-40a3-ab90-e6d44c96857a> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://thefitstar.com/coke-weight-loss/ | 2024-12-05T02:56:20Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066329562.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205023821-20241205053821-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.944522 | 2,227 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Download quiet the power of introverts pdf
Summary of Quiet by Susan Cain
In today’s world, we have two types of people. Introverts and extroverts. On the surface, society views extroversion as the ideal, they are social, outgoing, and thrive as leaders and in positions of power. Introverts, on the other hand, are seen as socially awkward, quiet, and shy away from leadership and power. But why does society value extroverts over introverts? For centuries, business leaders of the western world have been seen as domineering, bold, and making rash decisions. However, as Susan Cain presents, extroverted leaders have their downfalls as well. In today’s world, it’s important to recognize the differences in the two temperaments, and it’s even more important to understand one another.
Find out the history of the rise of the extroverted leader, see how other cultures have drastically different personality ideals, and finally, learn how both introverts and extroverts can come together to recognize their true potential.
Chapter 1: The Rise and Myth of the Charismatic Leader
When you meet a new person, how do you determine their personality? Depending on the encounter, you’re likely to figure out if a person is either introverted or extroverted. While extroverted people tend to be outgoing, gregarious, and enjoy the attention, introverts are more reserved, calm, and quiet. While you may not be able to determine this personality trait after just one meeting, it certainly becomes a critical factor in describing a person’s disposition and character. And in today’s society, one of these traits is certainly more valued than the other. But was society always this way? When did Western society begin to associate extroversion with success and likability, and introversion with skepticism and unfriendliness?
In the early 1900s, Americans valued the serious, honorable, and disciplined character. Historian Warren Susman defines this era as the Culture of Character but this culture quickly began to shift in the early twentieth century when Americans began a Culture of Personality. This new culture focused on people valuing how they were perceived by others and emphasized likability and charisma as a critical quality of successful people. By the 1920s, self-help books began flying off the shelves influencing men to sell themselves by being outgoing, likable, and dominant whereas women were taught to project charisma and personal magnetism to attract men. These ideas were then pushed on the masses through marketing strategies that capitalized on people’s insecurities and anxieties. For example, the shaving cream campaign from the 1930s that warned consumers “CRITICAL EYES ARE SIZING YOU UP RIGHT NOW.”
Even worse, experts began to target shy children and warned parents about the dangers of not addressing or “fixing” the problem. Parents were advised to start sending their children to school at younger ages and encouraging gregarious, social behaviors. Additionally, colleges began seeking “well-rounded” candidates who were both academically smart and socially adept. Wishing to prepare students for the business world which praised charismatic dominant personalities, institutions became skeptical of the “brilliant loner types” who were increasingly seen as “unprepared” for the real world.
Institutions like Harvard Business School (HBS) are largely driven by the idea that leadership and dominance are strong correlations. For instance, students of HBS are expected toengage with their peers at all times whether they are participating in study groups, eating lunch, or even attending parties and hanging at the bar. Students that don’t participate in such activities are met with skepticism and suspicion; however, this Extrovert Idea has largely been disproven through successful introverted individuals including Bill Gates, Charles Schwab, and Brenda Barnes. Additionally, Craig Newmark, the founder of the website Craigslist, is also a self-proclaimed introvert who is far more interested in activities like chess versus making conversation.
At the end of the day, charismatic leadership is simply a myth. For the last century, society has largely believed that to be successful, you have to be domineering, gregarious, and charismatic; however, in the past few decades, we have seen successful men and women who exhibit introverted behaviors disprove this previous Extrovert Ideal.
Chapter 2: The Power of Soft Power
While the western world has developed its own Extrovert Ideal, each part of the world has their own version of what the ideal personality looks like. The eastern side of the world has a strikingly different attitude towards what they consider the cultural norm. In fact, while westerners value domineering and bold personalities, Asian and Asian-Americans have what Cain considers “soft power” to define their ideal personality.
Take the public school system in Cupertino, California for instance. Ironically, many white families have been moving away from the area due to the increase in competitive academics and the fear that many of their children cannot compete with the high number of Asian and Asian American students. In fact, the students at Cupertino are so focused on academics that the typical social hierarchy of the school looks far different from many other schools throughout the USA. While many schools have a more socially driven environment, Cupertino’s environment certainly revolves around academics and studies. This is partly due to the Asian influence whose culture values quiet study and respect of authority.
Researcher Robert McCrae documented the cultural differences between western and eastern society, noting that Asian cultures valued introverted styles of communication and leadership. The biggest barrier comes from Asian borns who try to succeed in the business world of American companies. Throughout several interviews with Asian-born and Asian-American business professionals, Cain states that many are aware of the striking cultural differences. But many agreed that one style of leadership was neither worse nor better than the other.
Instead, Preston Ni, a communications professor, argues that many people can adapt to the style that the western countries have adopted, but there are certainly several other styles of leadership that are just as successful. Styles such as soft power offer a sense of kindness, respect, and quiet persistence that is not typically seen throughout their western counterparts. Some of the greatest leaders in the world, like Mother Theresa and Gandhi, are both representatives of people who have successfully used soft power to lead others and change the world.
Chapter 3: The Power of Working Alone
If society largely believes that extroversion correlates with success, then how is it that introverts like Bill Gates who founded Microsoft and Steve Wozniak who co-founded Apple, Inc. were able to create some of the most successful businesses seen today? Large corporations, institutions, and schools are emphasizing the concept of “New Groupthink,” which highlights the importance of group dynamics to improve creativity and innovation; however, author Susan Cain believes the power of working alone is critical for brainstorming ideas and increasing productivity.
For example, in Steve Wozniak’s memoir, Wozniak insists that his moments of working alone were the catalysts that contributed to his most important creative breakthroughs. Introverted individuals are likely to be more creative than those who are extroverted, but the key to unlocking that successful innovation is through periods of solitude where an introvert can concentrate more effectively. For instance, when trying to hone your skills in an area of interest, how do you master that skill? Through practice, right? You incorporate deliberate practice where you spend time concentrating and fine-tuning your skills individually. With fewer distractions, you are far more likely to improve in solitude versus being put in a group.
Additionally, Cain proves that two is no better than one. As a society, we’ve largely emphasized that two heads are better than one, that collaboration is key in fostering creativity and innovation. However, group scenarios can become more harmful than successful. For instance, when placed in a group, introverts are more likely to become insecure in their ideas and fear judgment for speaking out. In fact, many group scenarios affect the perceptions of other group members as they adopt the dominant member’s ideas, completely negating the purpose of group collaboration.
While face-to-face collaborations certainly have their time and place, Cain suggests that we become our best when we combine the benefits of collaboration and independent work rather than immediately defaulting to Groupthink tactics. Giving people the flexibility to opt-out of social or private work allows them to maximize their productivity and recognize which scenarios they are likely to thrive in. Many successful corporations have adopted this kind of work environment like Pixar Animation Studios and Microsoft Headquarters.
Chapter 4: The Orchid Hypothesis
Which affects our personalities more? Nature or Nurture? Some believe that our genetics influence our personalities more while others believe our environment is largely more influential. You see, we all thrive in different environments. Some of us thrive on the energy of a loud concert surrounded by thousands of people with ear-shattering music, while others gain energy when in the quietness of their own house with their nose in a book. These environments are drastically different, but some people might find a loud concert synonymous with torture whereas some find that the quietness of their own home drives them crazy. Well, our brains might be largely responsible for this stark dichotomy.
Developmental psychologist, Jerome Kagan, sought to find out why people have such striking differences. To do this, he exposed 500 infants to certain stimuli and analyzed their reactions. These stimuli included smelling alcohol-soaked cotton swabs while simultaneously listening to the sound of popping balloons. The results showed two distinct behaviors: 20percent of infants reacted to the stimulus by kicking and screaming and experienced a rise in blood pressure. These infants fell into the highly-reactive category while 40 percent of infants fell into a low-reactive category, where they hardly reacted to the stimulus at all and remained calm and cool throughout the experiment.
Kagan predicted that the highly reactive infants would grow up to be more introverted while those who had a calm demeanor would be more extroverted. His theory then argued that the cause of such reactions was largely controlled by the part of the brain known as the amygdala. The amygdala is the first place to receive stimulus from our sensory organs and determines our reactions to that stimulus. The infants who fell into the highly-reactive category have a sensitive amygdala, which leads to a particularly strong reaction from external stimuli. This is why certain people prefer low-stimulation surroundings such as the quiet of their home or the library. So while nature certainly plays a role in our personality, our environment can become critical in developing the personalities in children as well.
For instance, extroverted children will seek out extra stimuli so they are more apt to take risks. Unfortunately, children in poorer neighborhoods with fewer opportunities are more likely to engage in delinquent activities. But despite this increase in delinquency, extroverted children can still thrive in all kinds of environments. However, the environment of introverted children can profoundly affect them due to their increased sensitivity. This leads to the “orchid hypothesis” in which introverted children will flourish in the right environment, but in the wrong environment, they will shut down or close up completely.
Researcher Stephen Suomi suggests that those with higher sensitivities spend more time observing and reflecting on social behaviors and dynamics. This is why in a nurturing environment, introverted children have the opportunity to practice their social skills and become self-confident, well-rounded adults; however, in an overstimulated or pressured environment, those same children are likely to develop depression or respiratory disorders. So when it comes to nature versus nurture, they each play an equally significant role in developing the personalities of our children.
Chapter 5: Introverted Versus Extroverted Leaders
So which type of personality trait is best for fostering a productive work environment? Is one better than the other? Many people might think that extroverted personalities are more likely to “get things done” due to their domineering disposition while introverted personalities are seen as meek and lack the power and authority to motivate their employees. Well, in an attempt to prove these theories, a group of scientists asked teams to do a simple task: fold a T-shirt. Of course, each team was assigned either an introverted or extroverted leader to provide guidance.
While extroverted team leaders were certainly successful in providing clear instruction and getting their team members to adhere to the rules, they were less likely to respond to individuals’ suggestions. For instance, some team members tried to make suggestions on how to make the T-shirt folding process quicker and more efficient, but team leaders were more focused on following the rules. On the other hand, introverted team leaders showed the exact opposite.While their calm demeanor hindered their ability to encourage their team’s productivity, they were more receptive to suggestions which led to utilizing their team member’s ideas.
So what can be learned from this experiment? Well, extroverted leaders are best when the end goal is to complete simple tasks as efficiently as possible; however, introverted leaders are ideal for places where team members need to get involved and put in their own input.
However, the differences don’t stop there. In fact, the difference between extroverted and introverted leaders can be directly linked to many of the financial troubles that banks faced during the 2008 financial crisis. Because extroverts are more likely to take risks and make quick decisions, these types of leaders were valued in the financial world. In fact, cautious investors were actively passed over for promotions because they were less likely to make such high-risk decisions. However, these corporations would soon feel the effects of such risky investments once the financial bubble burst in 2008.
While many companies paid for their high-risk investments, companies with introverted leaders found themselves thriving during the 2008 crash. For instance, Seth Klarman, the president of the hedge fund, Baupost Group, took a more risk-aware approach to investments and ended up doubling the assets of Baupost. Through reflection and thorough consideration, companies like Baupost were able to avoid a financial crash, therefore, it literally paid to be an introvert during the Great Recession.
Chapter 6: When to Be More Extroverted
While introverted investors got paid during the financial crisis, there are certainly going to be times where an introvert will need to step out of their comfort zone. Retired psychology professor, Brian Little, contributed to the “Free Trait Theory” which suggests that although our personality traits are relatively a combination of biological and cultural forces, we can change our personality to be more successful in certain environments. For instance, when a goal becomes highly achievable to us, such as achieving career goals or finding success in relationships, then even our most stable personality traits become changed by adopting these free traits.
But how can one do this? How can an introverted team member step out of their shell and make a strong presentation? How can an introverted professor instill the love of learning in their students? While adopting these free traits can certainly work, Cain also suggests that some people adopt a “self-monitoring” behavior in which they mimic the behavior of other personalities when necessary.
For instance, a college professor can switch from introvert mode to extrovert mode by adopting behaviors of other extroverted professors. So during her lecture, she might project her voice louder, speak more clearly, take longer strides as she walks in the classroom, and then maintain a relaxed posture throughout the duration of her lecture. In the end, the professor accomplishes her goal. She can teach her students the material they need as well as foster their love of the subject. At the end of the day though, the professor needs to fill up her energy levels again as acting extroverted is both exhausting and tiresome. So, she will probably retreat to her office or into the corner of the library away from social interaction to fill up her depleted energy.
Chapter 7: Cooperation of Temperaments
By now you probably are relating to one personality or another, you realize that you are either more extroverted or introverted. Do extroverted people struggle to understand the other, and vice versa? Many times they do. For instance, when put in stressful situations, extroverts will tend to become more hostile or aggressive while introverts shrink back and retreat to safety elsewhere. They thrive on different energies and this can result in a lack of communication or an easy misunderstanding. However, while introverts and extroverts are vastly different, there are many ways in which introverts and extroverts have come together and brought their respective strengths to the forefront for the betterment of society.
Take, for example, Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Eleanor was well-known for her serious, shy personality while Franklin was an outgoing, bold socialite who thrived at parties and social events. Eleanor, however, thrived on serious conversations and would leave those parties and social events as early as possible. However, the two achieved great things together. Since Eleanor was more understanding and sensitive, like an introvert, she was able to shed light on issues like poverty and oppression of minorities that her boisterous counterpart may not have been aware of.
For instance, in 1939 when Eleanor found out the black singer, Marion Anderson, was not allowed to perform in Constitution Hall, she immediately took action. She was able to utilize Franklin’s political clout with her own social conscience and ensure that Marion Anderson would perform in front of Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. The two temperaments can accomplish great things, but it’s important to know how to communicate with one another.
The case of Greg and Emily shows how communication is key when two people share opposite temperaments. Since Greg is incredibly extroverted, he enjoys throwing dinner parties every Friday night while his partner, Emily, fears the dreadful Friday night get-together. Their differences in personality caused many fights and conflicts since the two couldn’t understand one another. However, after direct confrontation and healthy communication, the two were able to come up with a compromise to keep both people happy. The two agreed to do bi-weekly parties, and Greg even agreed to change the dynamic of the dinner. What was once a sit-down dinner would now become buffet-style, allowing Emily to have more intimate conversations with smaller groups of people.
Understanding how people of the opposite disposition approach social interactions is key to getting along with one another. By addressing the other’s needs for relaxation or social interactions can facilitate smoother relationships in all areas, be it romantic, professional, or familial.
Chapter 8: Final Summary
There are many differences between extroverted and introverted people. While extroverts enjoy loud noise and need stimuli, introverts prefer quietness that allows them to be alone and with their thoughts. Additionally, introverts tend to be far more sensitive to their environment and retreat when exposed to stressful situations. For this reason, extroverts have been valued bywestern society for the past century. Believing that extroverts can get things done more efficiently, these personality types have thrived in western society, especially in the business world. But, as Cain proves, neither is better nor worse than the other. Instead, each has its own strengths that can be utilized both professionally and personally. Cain points out the many business leaders of America who were introverts and suggests that companies stop catering their company culture to extroverts. With Groupthink strategies and an emphasis on collaboration, introverts are failing to live up to their fullest potential. Instead, western culture thrives most when the strengths of each temperament are addressed. So, through recognition, communication, and cooperation, both introverts and extroverts can thrive and survive in the western world.
Quiet by Susan Cain EPUB Download
Quiet by Susan Cain EPUB DownloadDownload Read
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Publisher: | Penguin |
Genres: | Self, Ego, Identity, Personality |
Authors: | Susan Cain |
Pages: | 333 pages |
Binding: | Hardcover |
ISBN10: | 0141029196 |
ISBN13: | 9780141029191 |
Tags: | Self, Ego, Identity, Personality, Free Books Download, epub Books Download |
Language: | en |
Physical Form: | eBook |
Type: | ePUB |
This book demonstrates how introverted people are misunderstood and undervalued in modern culture, charting the rise of extrovert ideology while sharing anecdotal examples of how to use introvert talents to adapt to various situations. At least one-third of the people we know are introverts. They are the ones who prefer listening to speaking, reading to partying; who innovate and create but dislike self-promotion; who favor working on their own over brainstorming in teams. Although they are often labeled "quiet," it is to introverts that we owe many of the great contributions to society, from van Gogh's sunflowers to the invention of the personal computer. Filled with indelible stories of real people, this book shows how dramatically we undervalue introverts, and how much we lose in doing so. Taking the reader on a journey from Dale Carnegie's birthplace to Harvard Business School, from a Tony Robbins seminar to an evangelical megachurch, the author charts the rise of the Extrovert Ideal in the twentieth century and explores its far-reaching effects. She talks to Asian-American students who feel alienated from the brash, backslapping atmosphere of American schools. She questions the dominant values of American business culture, where forced collaboration can stand in the way of innovation, and where the leadership potential of introverts is often overlooked. And she draws on cutting-edge research in psychology and neuroscience to reveal the differences between extroverts and introverts. She introduces us to successful introverts, from a witty, high-octane public speaker who recharges in solitude after his talks, to a record-breaking salesman who quietly taps into the power of questions. Finally, she offers advice on everything from how to better negotiate differences in introvert-extrovert relationships to how to empower an introverted child to when it makes sense to be a "pretend extrovert." This book has the ability to permanently change how we see introverts and, equally important, how introverts see themselves.
Sprint / The Quiet Power of Introverts / Talking about the Key Ideas of Susan Cain's Super Bestseller "Quiet"
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Susan Cain's book "Quiet" (published in Russian "Introverts") is a bestseller on how an introvert can discover their strength and use their advantages in an extroverted world. The incredible success of this book showed that its topic is close to many people. Susan Cain's work was named Best Book of 2012 by Amazon, Inc, Fast Company, Kirkus Review, and Barnes and Nobles. The book has over 5,000 positive reviews on Amazon and over 185,000 (!) positive ratings on the GoodReads book portal. nine0003
In this sprint, we will talk about the key ideas of Susan Cain's book.
- for introverts and anyone who wants to understand them;
- for everyone who is interested in psychology and self-development.
Why should you read?
To find out the benefits of thoughtfulness, self-absorption, and other introverted traits.
Who is the author of the book?
Susan Cain is a lawyer, negotiation consultant, bestselling author, New York Times contributor, and introvert. nine0003
Sprint author Anna Baibakova
Editor-in-chief of the project, has a higher economic education, majoring in global economics.
She worked for several years in one of the largest Russian banks, analyzing the business and creditworthiness of large companies, structuring transactions and interacting with clients.
However, she found her true calling in finding useful ideas and sharing them in a simple and accessible way.
Show full text
- for introverts and anyone who wants to understand them;
- for everyone who is interested in psychology and self-development.
Why should you read?
To find out the benefits of thoughtfulness, self-absorption, and other introverted traits.
Who is the author of the book?
Susan Cain is a lawyer, negotiation consultant, bestselling author, New York Times contributor, and introvert.
Add to favoritesRemove from favorites Add to favoritesRemove from favorites Add to favoritesRemove from favorites Add to favoritesRemove from favoritesKanbanKanban - (from Japanese kan - visible, ban - card) a review of books in the format of cards with answers to questions that help to penetrate the essence of the work.
The secret life of introverts. The art of survival in the “loud” world of extroverts read online for free
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Secret Life of Introverts
Extroverts of Extroverts
The Secret Lives of Inntroverts : nine0003
Inside Our Hidden World
Reproduced with permission from Skyhorse Publishing with the assistance of Andrew Nurnberg Literary Agency.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the copyright holders.
Series “Psychology. Higher Course"
© 2017 by Jenn Granneman
© Kharkhanov E., translated into Russian, 2018
© LLC AST Publishing House, 2018
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Jenn Granneman is perhaps one of the most sensitive and thoughtful writers on introverts today. <...> This book clearly demonstrates what any introvert has to go through, and helps to hear your own quiet voice among the surrounding noise.
Susan Cain, author of Introverts. How to use the features of your character ”(Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World, That Can’t Stop Talking) and the creator of the Internet portal Quiet Revolution
Introverts love mysteries, and here Jenn Granneman reveals many of them to us - we finally know what they think, feel and dream about, how their brain works, why they get hangovers without wine, how they can find the perfect partner and the right job, and how to be yourself in today's crazy world. And besides, we are shown the hidden wisdom of introverts - without cumbersome prefaces and empty reasoning.
Dr. Laurie Helgoe, author of Introvert Power: Why Your Inner Life is Your Hidden Strength
This book is like having a heart-to-heart conversation with an old friend who knows the challenges you face as an introvert. The author gives the necessary support and becomes your reliable guide in this crazy world. <...> Telling fascinating stories from her personal experience along with the latest scientific research, Jenn Granneman not only entertains us, but also argues her point of view, consistently fulfilling her mission to convince introverts around the world that they are the same as everyone else. nine0003
Nancy Ancowitz, business coach and author of Self-Promotion for Introverts
For all introverts and those who associate with them, this book gives a real insight into this feature. She debunks many common misconceptions about introversion.This is an excellent and detailed guide to the world of introverts, which reminds them that they are not alone in their understanding of life, and informs everyone else about the virtues of introverts and their right to be happy, to be like everyone else.0003
Brenda Knowles, creator of the Internet portal Space2Live and author of The Quiet Rise of Introverts: 8 Practices for Living and Loving in a Noisy World
who looks calm on the outside, but is truly cheerful and energetic inside. The author managed to show not only all the magic of the inner world of introverts, but also the joy that they are able to calmly share with others, if you get to know them a little better. nine0003
Adam S. McHugh, author of Introverts in the Church and The Listening Life
these amazing people. It contains everything you need to understand such a quality as introversion, and use it for your own good. The author managed to find the perfect balance between fascinating real life examples and a compelling scientific justification for introversion, with which one simply cannot disagree. True to her nature as an introvert, Grannemann explains in detail and at length many of the challenges an introvert faces in an extroverted world. nine0003
Michaela Chung, author of The Irresistible Introvert: Harness The Power of Quiet Charisma in a Loud World
Jenn Granneman shows us all the most amazing features of introverts. | <urn:uuid:8d366768-4dad-4425-b876-707978ef7a49> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://thewrightinitiative.com/misc/download-quiet-the-power-of-introverts-pdf.html | 2024-12-09T16:46:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066046748.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209152324-20241209182324-00117.warc.gz | en | 0.960943 | 6,002 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Discover the innovative solutions developed by young inventors in developing countries, addressing unique challenges and creating positive change within their communities.
- Young inventors in developing countries are driving innovative solutions to address pressing challenges.
- Their unique perspective and innovative mindset contribute to positive change in their communities.
- Examples of innovative solutions include affordable medical devices and mobile health technologies in healthcare, e-learning platforms and low-cost learning tools in education, and renewable energy and waste management innovations in clean energy.
- Young inventors face challenges such as limited resources and funding, but supportive environments and mentorship programs can help overcome these obstacles.
- Continued support and investment in young inventors’ endeavors are crucial for sustainable development in developing countries.
In the face of formidable challenges, a new wave of change is sweeping across developing countries, driven by the ingenuity and determination of young inventors. These remarkable individuals are harnessing their creativity and innovative spirit to develop solutions that address pressing issues and create a brighter future. From healthcare and education to clean energy, their visionary ideas and pioneering efforts are transforming communities and shaping sustainable development.
In this article, we delve into the world of innovative solutions by young inventors in developing countries. We explore the invaluable contributions they bring, their unique perspectives, and their unwavering commitment to making a difference. By understanding the role they play and the real-world scenarios they have revolutionized, we gain insight into the incredible impact young inventors are making. Through affordable medical devices, e-learning platforms, renewable energy solutions, and more, they are redefining possibilities and shaping the destiny of their nations.
Join us on this journey to celebrate the remarkable achievements of these young inventors and discover how their innovative solutions are shaping the landscapes of developing countries for the better.
Understanding the Role of Young Inventors
Young inventors play a crucial role in driving innovation and finding creative solutions to the challenges faced in developing countries. Their unique perspective and innovative mindset bring fresh ideas and approaches to problem-solving, making a significant impact on the development and progress of these nations.
Unique Perspective and Innovative Mindset
Young inventors possess a unique perspective that stems from their diverse backgrounds, experiences, and exposure to technology. Growing up in an era of rapid technological advancements, they have a deep understanding of digital tools and their potential applications. This familiarity with technology allows them to think outside the box and envision innovative solutions to complex problems.
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Driving Positive Change in Developing Countries
Young inventors have the potential to drive positive change in developing countries by addressing pressing challenges and improving the quality of life for their communities. Their innovative solutions can bring about transformative impacts in various sectors, including healthcare, education, agriculture, energy, and infrastructure.
In healthcare, for example, young inventors have developed low-cost medical devices, mobile applications for remote healthcare delivery, and diagnostic tools tailored to resource-limited settings. These solutions have the potential to bridge the gap in healthcare accessibility, improve diagnosis and treatment, and save lives.
In the education sector, young inventors have leveraged technology to develop e-learning platforms, interactive educational tools, and mobile applications that enhance access to quality education. These innovations can overcome barriers to education in remote areas, provide personalized learning experiences, and empower individuals with knowledge and skills.
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Overall, young inventors bring a unique perspective and innovative mindset to problem-solving in developing countries. Their ability to think creatively, embrace technology, and challenge traditional approaches positions them as catalysts for positive change. By developing innovative solutions tailored to the specific needs of their communities, young inventors have the potential to address pressing challenges, drive sustainable development, and transform the future of developing countries.
Real-World Scenarios: Examples of Innovative Solutions
In developing countries, young inventors have harnessed their creativity and entrepreneurial spirit to develop innovative solutions that address pressing challenges. Their contributions span various sectors, including healthcare, education, and clean energy, where their inventions have made a tangible impact on improving lives and promoting sustainable development.
Affordable Medical Devices
Young inventors have created affordable medical devices that have revolutionized healthcare accessibility and affordability in developing countries. For instance, low-cost diagnostic tools such as portable ultrasound devices, handheld electrocardiogram (ECG) machines, and smartphone-based microscopes have enabled early detection and improved disease management. These inventions have significantly reduced the cost of healthcare services and brought them within reach of underserved communities, leading to improved healthcare outcomes and reduced mortality rates.
Mobile Health Technologies
Innovative mobile health technologies developed by young inventors have played a pivotal role in expanding access to healthcare in remote areas. Telemedicine apps and platforms have connected patients with doctors through virtual consultations, enabling timely medical advice and reducing the need for travel to distant healthcare facilities. Health tracking devices and mobile apps have empowered individuals to monitor their health, track vital signs, and manage chronic conditions effectively. These solutions have not only increased healthcare access but also promoted preventive care and patient empowerment.
Young inventors have made significant contributions to the field of education by creating e-learning platforms and digital educational resources. These platforms offer interactive and engaging learning experiences, allowing students in remote areas to access quality education. Through video lectures, interactive quizzes, and online forums, students can learn at their own pace and overcome barriers such as limited access to qualified teachers and educational infrastructure. These e-learning platforms have opened doors to educational opportunities and have the potential to bridge the educational gap in developing countries.
Low-Cost Learning Tools
Young inventors have also developed low-cost learning tools that have the potential to transform education in resource-constrained settings. Solar-powered tablets, educational games, and interactive learning devices have made learning more engaging and accessible for students in areas with limited electricity and internet connectivity. These tools provide access to educational content, promote self-directed learning, and enhance digital literacy. By leveraging technology and creating affordable learning solutions, young inventors are breaking down barriers and enabling education for all.
Renewable Energy Solutions
In the realm of clean energy, young inventors have developed innovative solutions that promote sustainable development and address energy challenges in developing countries. Solar-powered devices, such as solar lamps and solar panels, have provided affordable and clean energy alternatives, particularly in off-grid areas. Biogas systems that convert organic waste into usable energy have mitigated environmental pollution and provided a renewable energy source for households. These solutions have not only improved energy access but also reduced reliance on fossil fuels, leading to a greener and more sustainable future.
Waste Management Innovations
Young inventors have also focused on addressing environmental challenges through innovative waste management solutions. Recycling technologies and waste-to-energy systems have helped reduce waste accumulation, promote recycling, and generate clean energy from waste materials. These innovations contribute to environmental conservation, mitigate pollution, and foster a circular economy. By tackling waste management issues, young inventors are paving the way for a more sustainable and environmentally conscious future.
Overall, young inventors in developing countries have showcased their ingenuity and creativity by developing innovative solutions in the healthcare, education, and clean energy sectors. Their affordable medical devices, mobile health technologies, e-learning platforms, low-cost learning tools, renewable energy solutions, and waste management innovations have brought about positive change, improved access to essential services, and promoted sustainable development. Through their inventions, young inventors are shaping a better future for their communities and driving progress in developing countries. These young inventors are not only addressing the unique challenges faced in their respective regions but also making a global impact by inspiring others and serving as role models for innovation and entrepreneurship.
Their innovative solutions in healthcare have increased access to affordable medical devices and mobile health technologies, revolutionizing the way healthcare is delivered and improving health outcomes. By developing diagnostic tools and telemedicine apps, they have bridged the gap between healthcare providers and underserved populations, ensuring that quality healthcare reaches even the most remote areas. These advancements have resulted in the early detection of diseases, improved accuracy in diagnosis, and ultimately, better patient outcomes.
In the education sector, the contributions of young inventors have paved the way for inclusive and accessible learning. Through e-learning platforms and low-cost learning tools, they have empowered students in resource-constrained settings to access quality education. These solutions have not only expanded educational opportunities but have also fostered digital literacy and self-directed learning, enabling students to acquire knowledge and skills that will shape their futures and contribute to the development of their communities.
Overcoming Challenges and Fostering Support
While young inventors in developing countries demonstrate remarkable innovation and creativity, they often face unique challenges that can hinder their progress. Overcoming these obstacles requires the establishment of supportive environments, mentorship programs, and collaborative networks that foster the growth and success of these young inventors.
One of the primary challenges faced by young inventors in developing countries is the scarcity of resources. Limited access to research facilities, state-of-the-art equipment, and funding can significantly impede the development and implementation of their innovative solutions. Many young inventors have to find creative ways to work with the resources they have, repurposing existing materials or utilizing low-cost alternatives. However, a lack of resources should not deter their ingenuity and determination. Governments, organizations, and stakeholders must recognize the potential of these young inventors and provide them with the necessary resources, such as grants, scholarships, and access to laboratories and prototyping facilities.
Funding and Financial Support
Securing funding is another significant challenge for young inventors in developing countries. Traditional sources of funding may be limited or inaccessible, making it difficult for them to obtain the necessary capital to prototype, test, and bring their innovative solutions to market. To overcome this challenge, it is essential to establish funding mechanisms specifically tailored to support young inventors in developing countries. This can include government grants, venture capital funds, crowdfunding platforms, and partnerships with private corporations. Moreover, initiatives that raise awareness about the importance of investing in young inventors and their potential to drive economic growth and social development can attract additional financial support.
Infrastructure and Technical Support
Inadequate infrastructure and technical support pose significant challenges for young inventors in developing countries. Access to reliable electricity, internet connectivity, and advanced technologies is essential for the development and scaling of their innovative solutions. Governments and organizations need to invest in improving infrastructure and providing technical support through innovation hubs, incubators, and makerspaces. These spaces can offer young inventors access to state-of-the-art equipment, mentorship from experts, and opportunities for collaboration with peers. By building a robust innovation ecosystem, developing countries can create an environment that nurtures and supports young inventors, enabling them to overcome technical limitations and turn their ideas into reality.
Mentorship and Collaborative Networks
Mentorship programs and collaborative networks play a crucial role in supporting young inventors in developing countries. Mentors with relevant expertise can guide and inspire young inventors, providing valuable insights, advice, and access to networks. Establishing mentorship programs that connect experienced professionals with young inventors can facilitate knowledge transfer, skill development, and access to potential funding and market opportunities. Additionally, creating collaborative networks and platforms where young inventors can connect, share ideas, and collaborate with their peers fosters a supportive ecosystem that nurtures their growth and encourages the cross-pollination of innovative ideas.
By addressing these challenges and fostering supportive environments, developing countries can unlock the potential of their young inventors and drive innovation-led development. Recognizing the importance of providing resources, funding, infrastructure, mentorship, and collaborative networks to young inventors is essential for creating an ecosystem that nurtures their creativity, encourages risk-taking, and rewards their entrepreneurial spirit. With the right support systems in place, young inventors in developing countries can overcome barriers, unleash their potential, and make lasting contributions through their innovative solutions to tackle local challenges and improve the lives of their communities.
Innovative solutions developed by young inventors in developing countries are transforming communities and addressing pressing challenges. Despite facing unique obstacles such as limited resources, funding constraints, and inadequate infrastructure, these young inventors are making a significant impact through their creativity and determination. By fostering supportive environments, mentorship programs, and collaborative networks, we can unlock their full potential and drive positive change.
Through their groundbreaking work in healthcare, education, clean energy, and other sectors, these young inventors are improving access to affordable medical devices, revolutionizing education through e-learning platforms, creating renewable energy solutions, and tackling waste management challenges. Their solutions not only address local needs but also have the potential to inspire global change.
Recognizing the importance of investing in young inventors is crucial. By providing resources, funding opportunities, access to infrastructure, mentorship, and collaboration platforms, we can nurture their talent and enable them to overcome challenges. These young inventors represent a beacon of hope, exemplifying the transformative power of innovation and entrepreneurship.
The innovative solutions developed by young inventors in developing countries demonstrate the limitless possibilities that arise when creativity, passion, and support come together. Through their efforts, they are shaping a better future for their communities and inspiring others to follow in their footsteps. By fostering an ecosystem that supports and empowers young inventors, we can create a world where innovative solutions thrive, transforming the lives of millions in developing countries and beyond. | <urn:uuid:2d9c71cc-8878-498b-8b4d-74ae93584f30> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://risezine.com/bright-minds-changing-lives-innovative-solutions-by-young-inventors-in-developing-countries/ | 2024-12-07T14:47:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066429485.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207132902-20241207162902-00082.warc.gz | en | 0.936526 | 2,971 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Как определить уровень эмоционального интеллекта
- Emotional Intelligence Skills
- How to Use
- Practise reflecting on your emotions
- Impact of Emotional Intelligence
- Importance of Emotional Intelligence
- Tips for Improving EI
- What Is Emotional Intelligence?
- Assessing your Emotional Intelligence as a Leader
- Potential Pitfalls
- Why Is Emotional Intelligence Important?
- About Vanessa Van Edwards
- What Is Emotional Intelligence?
- History of Emotional Intelligence
- Emotional Intelligence Quiz
- What is the Difference Between IQ and EQ?
Emotional Intelligence Skills
A high IQ is also something we tend to be born with while emotional intelligence is something we can work to improve. To a large degree, our emotional intelligence starts in childhood with how we’re raised, but as adults, we can take steps to get emotionally “smarter.” Justin Bariso, author of EQ, Applied: A Real-World Approach to Emotional Intelligence, offers seven ways to improve emotional intelligence in an article written for Inc:
- Reflect on your emotions. This is where self-awareness begins. To grow in emotional intelligence, think about your own emotions and how you typically react to negative situations, whether they involve a co-worker, family member or stranger. When you’re more aware of your emotions and typical reactions, you can start to control them.
- Ask for perspective. What we perceive to be reality is often quite different from what those around us are seeing. Start getting input from others to understand how you come across in emotionally charged situations.
- Observe. Once you’ve increased your self-awareness and you understand how you’re coming across, pay more attention to your emotions.
- Pause for a moment. Stop and think before you act or speak. It’s hard to do, but keep working at it and it will become a habit.
- Become more empathetic by understanding the “why.” Try to understand the “why” behind another person’s feelings or emotions.
- Choose to learn from criticism. Who likes criticism? Possibly no one. But it’s inevitable. When we choose to learn from criticism rather than simply defend our behaviors, we can grow in emotional intelligence.
- Practice, practice, practice. Becoming more emotionally intelligent won’t happen overnight, but it can happen—with effort, patience, and a lot of practice.
We live in an age when we can earn a certification in any number of topics to boost our careers, thanks to technology, but sadly we can’t earn one in emotional intelligence. That’s something we have to address as individuals, to recognize it as important, choose to improve it and continue to work on it—probably for the rest of our lives. But the payoffs are worth it as we become better employees, better spouses, and all-around better people.
How to Use
Emotional intelligence can be used in many different ways in your daily life. Some different ways to practice emotional intelligence include:
- Being able to accept criticism and responsibility
- Being able to move on after making a mistake
- Being able to say no when you need to
- Being able to share your feelings with others
- Being able to solve problems in ways that work for everyone
- Having empathy for other people
- Having great listening skills
- Knowing why you do the things you do
- Not being judgemental of others
Emotional intelligence is essential for good interpersonal communication. Some experts believe that this ability is more important in determining life success than IQ alone. Fortunately, there are things that you can do to strengthen your own social and emotional intelligence.
Understanding emotions can be the key to better relationships, improved well-being, and stronger communication skills.
Practise reflecting on your emotions
Does that sound familiar?
If you have had a bad day at work you find yourself scrolling through your Facebook newsfeed for a few hours, you might have already realised you have a problem facing your emotions. When we use vices like technology (or alcohol or other damaging behaviours) to cope with our stresses, we never find out the root cause of our unhappiness uncomfort. Instead, we need to shift our attention into activities that allow us to reflect.
Here are some ideas (you can also search for other great mindfulness activities elsewhere online), but by no means an exhaustive list.
- Setting aside regular ‘tech down’ time
- Crafting (knitting is particularly therapeutic)
- Walks in nature (without your iPod)
It’s important to note here that extroverts and introverts (and ambiverts) tend to deal with emotions differently, so find what works for you and your personality type.
Whatever activities you choose to reflect on your emotions, they should be quiet and away from technology. This will give your brain the time and space it needs to tick over and process your emotions.
Impact of Emotional Intelligence
Interest in teaching and learning social and emotional intelligence has grown in recent years. Social and emotional learning (SEL) programs have become a standard part of the curriculum for many schools.
The goal of these initiatives is not only to improve health and well-being but also to help students succeed academically and prevent bullying. There are many examples of how emotional intelligence can play a role in daily life.
Thinking Before Reacting
Emotionally intelligent people know that emotions can be powerful, but also temporary. When a highly charged emotional event happens, such as becoming angry with a co-worker, the emotionally intelligent response would be to take some time before responding. This allows everyone to calm their emotions and think more rationally about all the factors surrounding the argument.
Emotionally intelligent people are not only good at thinking about how other people might feel but they are also adept at understanding their own feelings. Self-awareness allows people to consider the many different factors that contribute to their emotions.
Empathy for Others
A large part of emotional intelligence is being able to think about and empathize with how other people are feeling. This often involves considering how you would respond if you were in the same situation.
People who have strong emotional intelligence are able to consider the perspectives, experiences, and emotions of other people and use this information to explain why people behave the way that they do.
Importance of Emotional Intelligence
Just because you walk through the door and into an office building does not mean you check your emotions at that door before starting work, although it used to seem that way. In reality, emotions have always been in the workplace, but they were to be kept in check, with people pretending not to feel while they were on the clock.
These days, however, we are allowing emotions at work and recognizing the benefits of doing so. And emotional intelligence matters more than it used to because the workplace has changed. Today we work largely in teams, not isolation, for one thing, and savvy companies are realizing that recognizing emotions can exist lead to healthier environments. This doesn’t mean it’s an emotional free-for-all by any means, but it does mean people are more likely to be aware of their own and others’ emotions and act accordingly. People with higher emotional intelligence are also more adaptable to change—a must in our fast-changing digital age.
In addition, leaders with higher emotional intelligence tend to have happier employees who then stay longer, reducing the costs of attrition, and try harder, increasing productivity. An article at cites examples of salespeople with higher emotional intelligence significantly outperforming other salespeople and states that in a study of 515 executives, emotional intelligence was a higher predictor of success than experience or IQ.
Tips for Improving EI
Being emotionally intelligent is important, but what steps can you take to improve your own social and emotional skills? Here are some tips.
If you want to understand what other people are feeling, the first step is to pay attention. Take the time to listen to what people are trying to tell you, both verbally and non-verbally. Body language can carry a great deal of meaning. When you sense that someone is feeling a certain way, consider the different factors that might be contributing to that emotion.
Picking up on emotions is critical, but you also need to be able to put yourself into someone else’s shoes in order to truly understand their point of view. Practice empathizing with other people. Imagine how you would feel in their situation. Such activities can help you build an emotional understanding of a specific situation as well as develop stronger emotional skills in the long-term.
The ability to reason with emotions is an important part of emotional intelligence. Consider how your own emotions influence your decisions and behaviors. When you are thinking about how other people respond, assess the role that their emotions play.
Why is this person feeling this way? Are there any unseen factors that might be contributing to these feelings? How to your emotions differ from theirs? As you explore such questions, you may find that it becomes easier to understand the role that emotions play in how people think and behave.
Пожалуй, это самый маленький и самый приятный кейс среди всех TWS-наушников, что мне приходилось использовать. Корпус из металла, стильный световой индикатор, USB Type-C, наушники легко достать и легко положить назад.
Если ждёте типичной для продуктов бренда премиальности — её здесь хоть отбавляй. Даже крышка открывается как-то особенно плавно! Кстати, на фото чехол кажется больше, чем он есть на самом деле.
Чашки, наоборот, кажутся очень большими, но садятся ловко, быстро и мне не доставили проблем. Единственное, я до сих пор иногда путаюсь и укладываю правую чашку в левый паз и наоборот.
НО! Снова вынужден предупредить:
Не покупайте EQ без примерки!
В B&O не хотят ничего менять в плане управления: сенсорные площадки на чашках прекрасно работают при плюсовых температурах, но как оно будет зимой, пока непонятно. Любопытно, что сенсоры позволяют не только осуществлять привычные действия, но и управлять громкостью (двойное нажатие и удержание на левой или правой чашке). Я приловчился — очень удобная штука! Ведь большинство TWS-наушников для управления просят достать телефон, ну а тут его можно вообще не трогать.
Заявленное время работы около 7,5 часов без использования системы активного шумоподавления, ещё 20 часов (то есть примерно три зарядки) даёт кейс. В типичном городском ритме можно вообще об этом не думать: послушал музыку по дороге в офис, убрал наушники в кейс, достал на работе поговорить или сделать что-то ещё, убрал снова. Беспроводная зарядка поддерживается.
Пока наушники выпускаются в двух цветах, это песочный и чёрный. В B&O любят обновлять коллекции, добавляя другие цвета, думаю, ещё увидим наушники белого цвета и другие версии. В том числе подходящие под цвета актуальных продуктов Apple — так уже было не раз, и вряд ли что-то изменится.
На официальном сайте говорится о том, что есть защита от пота — хорошая функция. И на дорожке можно походить, и трусцой в парке побегать. Но вот для бокса или интенсивных занятий не советую. Дужек ведь нет, и наушники могут выскочить от резкого движения.
В целом всё ок. Ещё раз отмечу массивность EQ — хоть в компании и говорят, что наушники можно использовать лёжа на подушке. Я попробовал, и это было не слишком классно. Чашка начинает вдавливаться в ухо, некомфортно.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence (EI) is the skill, capacity, or ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups. It’s a broad time, and describes a combination of different skills, including being able to ready body language, introspection and reflection, and effective communication (both to others, and yourself).
Psychologist Daniel Goleman identified five components that make up emotional intelligence:
Once a person has identified an emotion they are having, they have to learn to control it or make decisions based on it. Self-management is the ability to use intuition or gut feeling to guide decisions based on their emotions. For young people especially, it involves controlling one’s emotions and impulses and adapting to changing circumstances of their environment.
A passion for what you do is far better for your emotional intelligence. This leads to sustained motivation, clear decision making and a better understating of the organisation’s aims. Being driven by only money or material rewards is not a beneficial characteristic, according to Goleman.
Not only must you understand your own emotions, but understanding and reacting to the emotions of others is also important. Identifying a certain mood or emotion in a colleague or client and reacting to it can go a long way in positively developing your relationship.
5. Social skills
This is the ability to sense, understand, and react to others’ emotions while comprehending social status, standing and where you are in your social network of people. Actually, teens are quite good at this because social hierarchy often matters the most in High School. The key is tying their heightened social intelligence to their self-awareness and then making positive relationship management decisions. Goleman describes them as “friendliness with a purpose”, meaning everyone is treated politely and with respect, yet healthy relationships are then also used for personal and organisational benefit.
I’d like to add one more to Goleman’s list, which is one of the principles I teach in one of my talks.
Relationship Management: This is the ability to inspire, influence, and develop others while successfully avoiding or managing conflict. This is an essential part of emotional intelligence for us in incidents with bullying or issues with bosses. We have to be able to effectively handle problems without creating conflict.
А вот с качеством звука всё хорошо. В основном наушники использовал с iPhone 12 Pro Max, слушал самые разные треки в Tidal, Apple Music и Spotify, использовал Endel (и вам советую). Здесь используется драйвер 6,8 мм, профиль Bluetooth 5.2, поддерживаются самые актуальные кодеки: SBC, AAC и aptX Adaptive.
Но есть пару нюансов. Качество звука Apple Music в паре с iPhone лучше у AirPods Pro, банально больше деталей, чем у EQ. Ну а если использовать с Samsung Galaxy Z Fold3, то мне больше всего понравился звук с Tidal — но это и самая дорогая подписка. В целом, как и всегда, советую вам поэкспериментировать с разными сервисами.
Assessing your Emotional Intelligence as a Leader
A leader with poor emotional intelligence skills will likely make themselves miserable, and the rest of the team – research has suggested that unhappy teams are the most unproductive.
There are 8 biggest symptoms of poor emotional intelligence as a leader. Work through this list, and note how frequently you find yourself doing each of these behaviors.
- Treating people badly (i.e. not saying thank you, not showing respect, being short-tempered or easily angered when someone makes a mistake).
- Not taking responsibility when you have made a mistake or something hasn’t turned out the way you had hoped.
- Breaking your own rules for your team (i.e. checking social media at work, arriving to meetings late, lacking commitment to complete tasks).
- Multitasking to a level that it has become a detriment and the quality of your work is slipping.
- Not telling people the ‘why’ or the ‘big picture’ behind tasks.
- Focussing on one particular goal or deadline and pushing the team so hard that you have forgotten the people behind.
- Giving inconsistent direction.
- Communicating with your team poorly (or not at all).
Identify three of these behaviors that you struggle with the most, and commit to fixing them over the next few months.
Like other skills, emotional intelligence is a skillset you can learn and will make you a better leader and could even make you a better person – you just need to dedicate some time to learning new methods and techniques to help you better identify, understand, and control your emotions.
Want to improve your other skill areas?
- Improve Your People Skills
- Improve Your Body Language
- Improve Your Leadership Skills
Having lower emotional intelligence skills can lead to a number of potential pitfalls that can affect multiple areas of life including work and relationships.
People who have fewer emotional skills tend to get in more arguments, have lower quality relationships, and have poor emotional coping skills.
Being low on emotional intelligence can have a number of drawbacks, but having a very high level of emotional skills can also come with challenges. For example:
- Research suggests that people with high emotional intelligence may actually be less creative and innovative.
- Highly emotionally intelligent people may have a hard time delivering negative feedback for fear of hurting other people’s feelings.
- Research has found that high EQ can sometimes be used for manipulative and deceptive purposes.
Why Is Emotional Intelligence Important?
Emotional intelligence is an essential part of our day to day interactions and well-being. I think it is important in three major ways:
- Relationships With Others: Having a high emotional IQ helps individuals connect with others and develop deep, fulfilling relationships because they are able to read their companions, and then respond with empathy and compassion. Emotional skills are essential in working and friendly relationships.
- Personal Satisfaction and Contentedness: Emotional Intelligence is not only important for your interaction with others, but also for personal well-being. People who are better able to express themselves and distinguish their own emotions — whether that is guilt, anger, fear or even jealousy, are typically happier in life. They also can gauge their well-being and how they can improve it much more easily.
- Worldview: Emotional Intelligence helps us be empathetic and compassionate. Our emotional button is often what drives us to help another human being whether that is a homeless person on the street or giving a hand to our mother struggling with the groceries. Those who have low emotional intelligence have trouble giving back and understanding the world around them.
About Vanessa Van Edwards
Vanessa Van Edwards is a national best selling author & founder at Science of People. Her groundbreaking book, Captivate: The Science of Succeeding with People has been translated into more than 16 languages.
As a recovering awkward person, Vanessa helps millions find their inner charisma. She regularly leads innovative corporate workshops and helps thousands of individual professionals in her online program People School.
Vanessa works with entrepreneurs, growing businesses, and trillion dollar companies; and has been featured on CNN, BBC, CBS, Fast Company, Inc., Entrepreneur Magazine, USA Today, the Today Show and many more.
What Is Emotional Intelligence?
Emotional intelligence (EI) refers to the ability to perceive, control, and evaluate emotions. Some researchers suggest that emotional intelligence can be learned and strengthened, while others claim it’s an inborn characteristic.
The ability to express and control emotions is essential, but so is the ability to understand, interpret, and respond to the emotions of others. Imagine a world in which you could not understand when a friend was feeling sad or when a co-worker was angry. Psychologists refer to this ability as emotional intelligence, and some experts even suggest that it can be more important than IQ in your overall success in life.
В рознице наушники стоят аж 39 990 рублей. Мне понравился кейс, качество звука, возможность регулировать звук с помощью нажатия на чашки. Но я практически не заметил работы системы шумоподавления, да и прозрачность здесь реализована откровенно странно.
Поэтому вывод мой будет неутешителен. Если хотите TWS с возможностью качественного шумоподавления, то выбирайте или AirPods Pro или Bose QuietComfort Earbuds. Ниже наши обзоры. За это время AirPods Pro стали настоящей классикой.
Ну а продукт Bose, несмотря на большой кейс, отлично гасит шум и радует хорошим звуком.
Обзор наушников Bose QuietComfort Earbuds
Что касается Beoplay EQ, то тут ситуация странная. Не халтура, нет — хороший, крепкий продукт. Но откуда такая дикая цена? Даже для Европы и США это очень дорогая штука, официальная стоимость 399 евро. Коллег из Bang & Olufsen хочется спросить: вы уверены в этом? Сравнивали шумодав с AirPods? Пробовали сравнивать удобство ношения с Bose? Вы точно не ошиблись с ценой на пару сотен евро? Или маркетологи нарисовали линейку и EQ стоят столько лишь потому, что должны столько стоить? Цена ради цены?
Конечно, мне никто не ответит. Но я тот самый представитель целевой аудитории по всем параметрам: люблю слушать музыку, могу себе позволить такую покупку, мне нравится техника и до сих пор любопытны всякие новинки электроники.
И вот если поверить в официальное описание EQ, а потом попробовать их в реальной жизни — можно немножко разочароваться.
Жаль, очень жаль.
В ближайшее время опубликуем обзор наушников Bang & Olufsen Beoplay Portal — вот с ними всё отлично.
Друзья, вместе с парнями из Biggeek.ru развиваем аудионаправление магазина — есть желание добавить в раздел магазина самые топовые позиции, представленные в данный момент на рынке. Не забывайте использовать промокод WYLSACOM и на аудио, и на другие позиции в магазине Biggeek.ru.
History of Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence as a term didn’t come into our vernacular until around 1990. Despite being a relatively new term, interest in the concept has grown tremendously since then.
As early as the 1930s, the psychologist Edward Thorndike described the concept of «social intelligence» as the ability to get along with other people. During the 1940s, psychologist David Wechsler proposed that different effective components of intelligence could play an important role in how successful people are in life.
The 1950s saw the rise of the school of thought known as humanistic psychology, and thinkers such as Abraham Maslow focused greater attention on the different ways that people could build emotional strength.
Another important concept to emerge in the development of emotional intelligence was the notion of multiple intelligences. This concept was put forth in the mid-1970s by Howard Gardner, introducing the idea that intelligence was more than just a single, general ability.
The Emergence of Emotional Intelligence
It was not until 1985 that the term «emotional intelligence» was first used by in a doctoral dissertation by Wayne Payne. In 1987, an article published in Mensa Magazine, Keith Beasley uses the term «emotional quotient.»
In 1990, psychologists Peter Salovey and John Mayer published their landmark article, «Emotional Intelligence,» in the journal Imagination, Cognition, and Personality. They defined emotional intelligence as «the ability to monitor one’s own and others’ feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one’s thinking and actions.»
In 1995, the concept of emotional intelligence was popularized after the publication of Daniel Goleman’s book «Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ.»
The topic of emotional intelligence has continued to capture the public interest since and has become important in fields outside of psychology including education and business.
Emotional Intelligence Quiz
Assessing your emotional intelligence can be a difficult task, but it’s important you tackle this before you try to develop your skills in this area. It’s vital that you understand your strengths and your weaknesses, as this will give you direction when you start refining these skills.
Answer the 20 questions below, awarding yourself a number of points depending on whether you
- ‘completely agree’ (4 points)
- ‘somewhat agree’ (3 points)
- ‘neither agree or disagree’ (2 points)
- ‘somewhat disagree’ (1 point)
- ‘completely disagree’ (0 points).
- When I feel anxious or upset, I know how to calm myself down ____
- I rarely act impulsively (i.e. comfort eating, drinking too much alcohol) ____
- I have set long term goals, and I’m focussed on achieving them ____
- When I feel frustrated or unhappy, I am still able to move on with the day ____
- I know my strengths and weaknesses ____
- I can recognize what emotions I am feeling as I experience them ____
- When I am feeling emotional, I am good at understanding why ____
- My emotions have little or no impact on how I behave ____
- I’m good at explaining my emotions ____
- I don’t lose my temper ____
- I can adjust my behavior and language depending on who I am speaking with (e.g. my parents, my boss, my doctor, my best friend) ____
- People have told me that I’m a good listener ____
- Generally, I feel positive about myself and my life ____
- I ask people for feedback on what I do well, and how I can improve ____
- I’m confident at voicing what I believe in, even if my opinion isn’t popular ____
- I stay focused when I am under pressure ____
- I set long-term goals, and review my progress regularly ____
- Other people’s emotions are easy for me to understand ____
- I often build friendships and rapport with others ____
= ______ Total
What is the Difference Between IQ and EQ?
If emotional intelligence is a type of intelligence, how does it differ from the mental type? In part, by how it’s measured. One’s intelligence quotient (IQ) is a score derived from standardized tests designed to measure intelligence. Your IQ relates directly to your intellectual abilities, like how well you learn as well as understand and apply information. People with higher IQs can think abstractly and make mental connections more easily.
Emotional intelligence is very different. Sometimes called EI (for Emotional Intelligence) or EQ (for Emotional Intelligence Quotient), emotional intelligence is like using emotions to think and enhance our reasoning. Those with high emotional intelligence are able to manage their emotions as well as use their emotions to facilitate their thinking and understand the emotions of others. | <urn:uuid:883497a8-00f8-463c-bcac-a1fbf945707e> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://maispace.ru/eq.html | 2024-12-12T22:13:16Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066115058.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212221117-20241213011117-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.764443 | 9,321 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Struggling with constant worry and fear? CBT therapy, or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, could be your beacon of hope. This evidence-based approach has shown remarkable success in treating Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), offering countless individuals a path to manage their anxiety more effectively. In this text, you’ll explore how CBT therapy works to dismantle the cycle of anxiety, providing practical strategies and insights to regain control over your thoughts and emotions. Jump into the heart of CBT therapy for GAD and discover how it can transform your approach to anxiety, leading to a more balanced and fulfilling life.
Understanding Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) isn’t just about feeling anxious before a big test or worrying about a job interview; it’s a persistent, overwhelming worry that doesn’t always have a clear cause. This anxiety can touch every corner of your life, making everyday tasks feel insurmountable. You’re not alone if you’ve ever felt this relentless type of anxiety; it affects millions globally. But, there’s hope, and understanding more about GAD is a crucial first step in managing it effectively.
Symptoms of GAD
Recognizing the symptoms of GAD can often be the first hint that it’s time to seek help. These symptoms aren’t just the usual worries; they’re intense, persistent, and often seem uncontrollable. Here are a few signs to look out for:
- Constant worrying over big and small issues, regardless of the actual likelihood or impact of the fears.
- Restlessness or feeling on edge, even in situations that others find relaxing.
- Difficulty concentrating because your mind is overrun with worry.
- Irritability, often stemming from the stress and exhaustion of constant anxiety.
- Sleep problems, either struggling to fall asleep or stay asleep, are common as your mind races with worry.
- Muscle tension, which might seem unrelated, is often a physical manifestation of anxiety.
These symptoms can be a sign that it’s time to consider reaching out for help, perhaps exploring therapies like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
The Impact of GAD on Daily Life
Living with generalized anxiety disorder can significantly disrupt your day-to-day life. It’s like having a software program running in the background of your mind that’s constantly scanning for threats and sapping your resources. Here’s how GAD can impact various aspects of your life:
- Work Performance: Even though being competent and capable, you might find yourself constantly doubting your abilities, worrying about deadlines, and fretting over interactions with colleagues.
- Relationships: Anxiety can strain relationships as you might need reassurance often, which can be taxing for loved ones. Similarly, your irritability can create tension.
- Physical Health: The stress from constant worrying can lead to a host of physical issues, including headaches, digestive problems, and a weakened immune system.
- Mental Health and Well-being: GAD can be isolating, leading to depression or other anxiety disorders. The constant state of worry can make it hard to relax and enjoy life.
Understanding the pervasive nature of GAD is crucial because it underscores the importance of seeking help. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) has been shown to be particularly effective in treating GAD. It focuses on identifying, understanding, and changing thinking and behavior patterns. Sessions with a skilled therapist can provide not only strategies to cope with anxiety when it arises but also tools to reduce the intensity and frequency of these feelings overall.
CBT Therapy for Generalized Anxiety: How It Works
Cognitive Techniques in CBT for GAD
When you’re grappling with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), your mind feels like it’s perpetually in overdrive—worries are your constant companions, and “what-ifs” crowd your thoughts. That’s where Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) steps in, particularly with its cognitive techniques, designed to declutter your thought process and bring some much-needed peace.
Identifying Cognitive Distortions: With GAD, your thinking can often distort reality, making situations seem more threatening than they are. CBT helps by teaching you to identify these distortions—like catastrophizing (expecting the worst), overgeneralizing (viewing a single negative event as a never-ending pattern of defeat), and mind reading (believing you know what others are thinking). Recognizing these patterns is the first step toward challenging and changing them.
Challenging Negative Thoughts: Once you’ve identified these distortions, CBT doesn’t stop there. Your therapist will guide you through questioning the validity and helpfulness of these thoughts. This might involve examining evidence for and against your anxiety-inducing thoughts, considering alternate outcomes, and evaluating the realistic worst-case scenarios. Over time, this process effectively helps you develop a more balanced and rational way of thinking.
Cognitive Restructuring: This involves replacing those negative thought patterns with more positive, realistic ones. Your therapist will work with you to reshape your thinking, teaching you to automatically challenge negative thoughts when they arise and refocus your mind on positive or neutral outcomes.
Through these cognitive techniques, CBT empowers you to take control of your thoughts, which, in turn, helps reduce the frequency and intensity of your worries.
Behavioral Techniques in CBT for GAD
While the cognitive side of CBT works on your thought patterns, behavioral techniques target your actions. These strategies are all about changing your behavior in response to anxiety, thereby reducing its grip on your life.
Gradual Exposure: Avoidance is a common response to anxiety, but it often makes the fear grow. Gradual exposure therapy involves facing your fears in a controlled, step-by-step manner. You’ll start with situations that cause you minimal anxiety, gradually working your way up to more anxiety-provoking scenarios. This process helps desensitize you to the sources of your worry, proving that the outcome is often not as bad as you fear.
Relaxation Techniques: High anxiety levels can take a toll on your body, which is why CBT incorporates relaxation techniques. Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and mindfulness meditation are taught to help you manage physical anxiety symptoms. By learning to relax your body, you can decrease overall tension and anxiety levels.
The Process of CBT for GAD
Exploring through the maze of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) can often feel like being stuck in a loop of endless worry. But here’s some good news – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) offers a way out. Think of CBT as your personalized toolkit, packed with strategies to dismantle the overwhelming power of anxiety. Let’s jump into how this transformation happens, step by step.
Assessment and Goal Setting
Your journey begins with a thorough assessment. This isn’t just about putting a label on what you’re experiencing. Instead, it’s about understanding your unique experience of anxiety. What triggers it? When does it hit you the hardest? How does it affect your day-to-day life? By mapping out the world of your anxiety, you and your therapist will pinpoint the specific areas where CBT can make a real difference.
Next up, goal setting. This part is all about you – what you hope to achieve through therapy. These goals aren’t set in stone; they’re more like guideposts, helping steer the course of your therapy. Want to dial down the daily anxiety to a manageable level? Or maybe you’re aiming to squash those anxiety-inducing thoughts that keep popping up uninvited? Whatever your targets, they will shape the focus of your CBT sessions, making every step relevant and tailored to you.
Core CBT Sessions for GAD
Diving into the core of CBT sessions, it’s where the magic happens. You’ll learn to dissect your thoughts and feelings, separating unhelpful patterns from the helpful ones. It’s a bit like being a detective, identifying clues (in this case, thought patterns) that lead to unwarranted anxiety.
One of the key strategies is cognitive restructuring. This is where you challenge and reframe negative thoughts. For example, if you often find yourself thinking, “I’m going to fail,” CBT helps you question that assumption, explore the evidence against it, and develop a more balanced perspective such as, “I’ve prepared well, and I have a good chance of succeeding.”
Alongside cognitive techniques, you’ll also jump into behavioral strategies. Gradual exposure is a standout here, especially if your anxiety has led you to avoid certain situations. By slowly and safely confronting these fears, you’ll build confidence and reduce avoidance behaviors.
Finally, relaxation techniques play a crucial role. From deep breathing exercises to progressive muscle relaxation, these methods equip you with immediate ways to dial down the physical symptoms of anxiety, giving you a sense of control and calm.
Assignments Strategies and Practice
Let’s face it, growth happens outside the therapy room as much as it does inside. That’s where assignments comes into play. But don’t worry; we’re not talking about the kind of assignments that made you groan in school. This assignments is about applying what you’ve learned in your sessions to real-life situations.
Think of it as your personal training ground. Each task, from keeping a thought diary to practicing relaxation techniques, is designed to reinforce the skills you’re developing. You’re not just learning about managing anxiety; you’re putting those strategies into action, bit by bit. It’s about making small changes that add up to a big difference.
And remember, setbacks aren’t failures; they’re part of the process. Each bump in the road is an opportunity to learn and grow. Your therapist is your co-pilot, offering support, insights, and adjustments to your approach, ensuring that you’re always moving forward, even when it doesn’t feel like it.
The adventure of CBT for GAD is a journey of transformation. Through assessment and goal setting, core CBT sessions, and practical assignments strategies, you’ll gradually take back control from anxiety. It’s about learning to navigate life’s uncertainties with a new set of tools, eventually leading to a more peaceful and confident you.
Benefits of CBT Therapy for GAD
Dealing with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) can feel like you’re constantly carrying a heavy backpack of worries, doubts, and fears. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) comes as a light at the end of this dark tunnel, offering strategies and tools to lighten this load. Let’s jump into the benefits of CBT for GAD, leveraging research findings and heartening testimonials from those who’ve walked this path to a more serene life.
Research Findings on CBT Effectiveness
Studies consistently highlight the beneficial impact of CBT on GAD. According to a report by the American Psychological Association, CBT has shown significant effectiveness in treating anxiety disorders, including GAD. This therapy works by breaking down overwhelming problems into smaller parts, making them easier to manage. Research findings underscore a common thread – individuals undergoing CBT for GAD experience a noteworthy decrease in the intensity and frequency of their anxiety symptoms. They also report improved quality of life and better coping strategies when faced with stressors. Notably, the benefits of CBT are not just momentary; they equip individuals with lifelong skills to handle anxiety, paving the way for long-term recovery.
Patient Testimonials and Success Stories
Diving into personal stories can truly illustrate the transformative power of CBT for GAD. Here are a couple of narratives that shine a light on its impact:
- The Stressed Career Professional: Jake, a 30-year-old software developer, found his GAD symptoms peaking with deadlines and project demands. After six months of CBT, he reported a significant reduction in his daily anxiety levels. “CBT didn’t just help me manage my work stress; it changed how I perceive challenges,” Jake says. “I’ve become more patient and less prone to worry over things I can’t control.”
- The New Parent: Emily, struggling with the uncertainties of first-time parenthood alongside GAD, turned to CBT for support. “It was about learning to focus on the present and take one day at a time,” Emily reflects. “The techniques I learned through CBT helped me enjoy motherhood even though my fears.”
These stories, and countless others, underscore the real-world impact of CBT. They’re not just isolated incidents but represent a broader trend of individuals reclaiming their lives from the clutches of GAD.
For those feeling resonant with these stories or seeking help, platforms like talktotherapist.app offer a refuge. Providing access to online AI therapy 24/7, it’s an innovative solution catering to various needs, including GAD management.
Potential Challenges and Limitations of CBT for GAD
Exploring the journey of managing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is unique for everyone. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) shines as a beacon of hope, heralded for its structured approach in unraveling the complexities of anxiety. Yet, like any therapy, CBT encounters its own set of hurdles and boundaries. Understanding these can empower you to tailor your journey toward mental wellness more effectively.
Recognizing When CBT May Not Be Enough
CBT, even though its proven effectiveness, might not always be the standalone answer for everyone grappling with GAD. It’s pivotal to recognize the signs indicating when this approach alone doesn’t suffice. If you find relentless waves of anxiety crashing over you without significant relief, or the strategies and skills you’ve acquired through CBT seem to falter against the magnitude of your worries, it may be time to consider additional support.
Firstly, the structured nature of CBT requires a level of engagement and assignments which can be daunting for some. It asks you to confront anxiety-inducing thoughts head-on, a task that’s easier said than done. Individuals facing intense or deeply rooted fears might find this approach initially overwhelming.
Secondly, CBT’s focus on the present and future, while invaluable, might leave some individuals needing more exploration into past experiences that shape their current anxiety. If your anxiety feels like a mystery tied up with your life’s history, an approach integrating more insight-oriented or psychodynamic therapy might be necessary.
Finally, the effectiveness of CBT can also hinge on the rapport between you and your therapist. A lack of connection or trust can stifle progress. Acknowledging these concerns early and discussing them with your therapist can pave the way to adjustments in your treatment plan or even exploring complementary therapies.
Integrating CBT with Other Treatments
Fusing CBT with other treatment modalities can enhance your journey to overcoming GAD. This integration tailors to your complex, multifaceted experience with anxiety, addressing areas that CBT alone might not reach.
Medication is a common ally in this battle. Under the guidance of a healthcare provider, pharmaceuticals can soothe the tempest of symptoms enough for CBT to be more effective. Antidepressants, like SSRIs or SNRIs, often work wonders in tandem with therapy by adjusting brain chemistry to reduce anxiety levels. This pharmacological support creates a more favorable environment for CBT’s cognitive and behavioral strategies to take root.
Also, incorporating mindfulness and relaxation techniques into your regimen can offer immediate relief from acute symptoms. Practices like yoga, meditation, and deep-breathing exercises can complement CBT’s structured approach by providing tools to manage anxiety in the moment. These strategies can heighten self-awareness and control over physiological responses to anxiety, enabling a more profound application of CBT techniques.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) isn’t just a buzzword in the world of mental health; it’s a proven, practical approach that helps individuals tackle various psychological issues head-on. Whether you’re a stressed career professional feeling the weight of the world on your shoulders, a middle-aged woman exploring through life’s changes, or a new parent overwhelmed by the challenges of parenthood, CBT offers a beacon of hope.
CBT bases its effectiveness on the concept that our thoughts, feelings, and actions are interconnected. By understanding and changing negative thought patterns, you can alter how you feel and behave in stressful situations. | <urn:uuid:0477ce3b-477b-4ff5-97ca-5996442bf166> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://mindfulmate.ai/conditions/cbt-therapy-for-generalized-anxiety-gad/ | 2024-12-11T03:33:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066072935.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211020256-20241211050256-00581.warc.gz | en | 0.930656 | 3,508 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Human Encounter of Love and the Most Valuable Lesson in Life
Homily for the Requiem Mass for the Homeless
Readings: Lam 3:17-26; Ps 23; 2 Cor 5:1.6-10; Mt 25:31-46
November 6, 2021, Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption
A famous story is told of the patron of our city, St. Francis of Assisi, about his encounter with a leper shortly after his conversion. Up until relatively recently, of course, leprosy was the most dreaded of diseases. At the time of St. Francis, lepers were sequestered from society, and had to ring a bell to announce when they approached so others could avoid them. Francis was especially repulsed by lepers.
The story is told that one day while riding on his horse outside of town he encountered a leper with particularly loathsome sores, so much so that he was struck with horror. Nonetheless, something moved him to dismount and offer the man an alms; as the man stretched out his hand to receive it, Francis kissed him. From that day on he dedicated himself to visiting hospitals and serving the sick, sometimes giving even his own clothes as well as money to the poor. This encounter moved him down a path of conversion that would change the world forever.
Jesus in Hiding
As one Franciscan commentator put it, in that moment Francis found that “the object of his fear was not a monster, but a man.” This son of St. Francis gives us much food for thought from his reflection on this encounter. And he goes on:
After all, Francis never railed at the social conventions that separated lepers from non-lepers …. He never tried to break the system. He didn’t encourage lepers to assert their rights by throwing away the bell and walking into populated areas. He didn’t tell them they weren’t really lepers at all, that it was an insult for anyone to call them such. He asked no one else to put their life at risk, although he was perfectly willing to sacrifice his own. In other words, he gave none of the standard responses for which modern political activists are known.
And then he gets to the key lesson about what Francis did do for the lepers, and – by way of example – for the rest of us: “First of all, he recognized their humanity, not through words, but through actions. He embraced them. Kissed them. Looked them in the eye…. He acknowledged that these men and women were first and foremost children of God.”
“In that moment he found that the object of his fear was not a monster, but a man”; “he recognized their humanity.” This is where we find our Lord hiding, behind the humanity of those who are suffering, whom others find repulsive. Is not this what he tells us in the Gospel: “whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me”? All saints and great moral heroes throughout history have understood this. We can begin with our own patron, the “poor man of Assisi”: he came from the well-to-do merchant class, had a lucrative and fun-loving future head of him, but instead embraced “lady poverty,” and in doing so, changed the world so drastically that we the feel effects down to our own time.
And then there was Louis IX, King of France, who would distribute food with his own hands to two hundred poor persons on all major holidays; he also daily entertained at his own table three poor elderly people, and afterwards ate what they left. In response to those who objected that this was derogatory to the majesty of a king, he said, citing precisely the Gospel of Matthew, Chapter 25, which we just heard proclaimed: “I revere Christ in the poor, Christ who said, ‘Whatever you do unto the least of Mine, you do unto Me.’” And he was wont to add, “The poor prepare heaven for themselves by patience, but the rich by alms and reverence, whereby they love and venerate the poor as the members of Christ.”
Elizabeth of Hungary was of the royal class, but so loved the poor that she herself became poor. We have this testimony of her spiritual director:
She ordered that one of her castles should be converted into a hospital in which she gathered many of the weak and feeble …, and finally … sold her luxurious possessions and rich clothes for the sake of the poor. Twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, Elizabeth went to visit the sick. She personally cared for those who were particularly repulsive; …. Finally, when her husband died, she sought the highest perfection; filled with tears, she implored me to let her beg for alms from door to door.
The Encounter of Love
Such witnesses, from long ago and our own time as well, speak to us of the human encounter of love. This is the salve to sooth the spiritual wounds brought about by physical suffering – neglect, loneliness, abandonment – because it is what orients us toward God. And we can go much further back in history for this same lesson, for it was also the vision of the prophets of ancient Israel, even in their people’s most desperate of times. We hear this reflected in the passage from the Book of Lamentations that was proclaimed in the first reading.
Do we not hear the cry of our homeless brothers and sisters in this Lamentation: “My soul is deprived of peace, I have forgotten what happiness is; I tell myself my future is lost, all that I hoped for from the Lord. The thought of my homeless poverty is wormwood and gall; remembering it over and over leaves my soul downcast within me.” Even the very definition of “lamentation” in the Biblical sense, as given by one scholar, bespeaks their plight: “a spontaneous response to the presence of chaos, brokenness, suffering and death.”
The Book of Lamentations was written in one of the darkest periods of history of ancient Israel: the Babylonian captivity. Jerusalem was sacked, the Temple destroyed, the people deported into exile, all that they held sacred was violated, all that had value and meaning, even their very identity, was taken from them. Lamentations is a lament over the destruction of Jerusalem; it had, then, a very deep spiritual significance, beyond the temporal consequences of their home city being destroyed and having to wander homeless in a new land. Their spiritual home was taken from them, too. Yet, even in the midst of such intense misery, the lamenter finds reason to hope: “The favors of the Lord are not exhausted, his mercies are not spent…. Good is the Lord to one who waits for him, to the soul that seeks him; it is good to hope in silence for the saving help of the Lord.”
The human encounter of love is the way that God manifests the sound reason for our hope: hope in Him, hope in deliverance from suffering. It is already a small but significant deliverance just that someone is simply paying attention, really cares, sees a fellow human being needing love and capable of loving, not a problem to be solved, looking them in the eye as did St. Francis and acknowledging first and foremost a child of God, a fellow child of God.
There is where God reveals Himself; but through the crisis of homelessness He reveals to us something more. Listen to the words of St. Paul in his Second Letter to the Corinthians: “We know that if our earthly dwelling, a tent, should be destroyed, we have a building from God, a dwelling not made with hands, eternal in heaven.” A tent is something that has made itself very familiar to us recently, even being the urban dwellers that we are. Think, though, about a tent: it is a temporary, makeshift dwelling; it signals impermanence and instability, and so is a reminder of how transitory life in this world is. But it is also the type of dwelling used by nomads, that is, people who are constantly on the move.
Those who live among us without a permanent home, then, provide us a powerful reminder that we a people on pilgrimage, that this is not our true home; we are in movement toward our final destiny, our permanent home which lies beyond this world. And so the reality of our brothers and sisters living among us without a permanent home serves as a sort of sacramental presence for us, in that they make this reality of our life in this world very real and present to us.
What, then, are we to do? Listen again to St. Paul: “Therefore, we aspire to please Him.” The most important thing, the only important thing, is to please God. And then he gives us a sobering reminder as to why: “For we must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ.”
Which brings us back to Matthew 25: we will one day have to render an account for our lives in this world, and what will matter is not how much money we have in the bank, how many houses we own, how many exotic vacations we’ve taken, how famous we’ve become, how much power and prestige we’ve accumulated, but one thing, and one thing only: our response to human need. Notice the distinctive quality of those who are welcomed into the kingdom: they were uncalculating, they didn’t know they were doing this for the king. The ones on the left would have helped if they had known it was the king asking for help. We can easily imagine their protestations: “Oh, we didn’t know it was you,” meaning, “we thought it was someone unimportant.” These are the ones who give to get. But the ones on the right are different: they give to give, their response to human need is pure love, not self-interest.
Giving to give: that is how we find Christ hiding there, and that is how we will find him in heaven. He has a proclivity for hiding behind the simple and the humble. As another saint who loved the poor to the point of identifying with them, one of our own time – Mother Theresa of Calcutta – was fond of saying, these are the disguises our Lord uses to invite us to find him.
Hiding behind that which appears simple and humble: he does that on the street, and he does that on the altar. In a few moments, once again on this altar he will hide behind the appearances of a simple piece of bread and humble cup of wine when he gives us his Body and Blood in the Holy Eucharist. The Eucharist that remains is kept in the tabernacle, that is, a tent. The favors of the Lord are not exhausted, for He remains present with us here in this life, He journeys with us to our permanent home in heaven.
It is good that we gather today, in this beautiful church, offering our worship with beautiful music and ceremony, to accompany our beloved deceased homeless on the way to heaven. Beauty is called for, for beauty has a power to heal, unite, and manifest the presence of God. And it dignifies our human condition: those who are suffering the consequences of homelessness, poverty and marginalization deserve nothing less.
The way to heaven is made possible through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ, a sacrifice made present on the altar at every Mass. We in the ordained ministry are set aside to care for the presence of Christ in the sacrament of the Eucharist, but this is incomplete without you, who are dedicated to caring for the presence of Christ on the street. I therefore want to take this opportunity to thank all of you – our Catholic and other faith-based organizations, our government leaders, those in the non-profit and private sectors – to thank you for all that you do to bring the healing balm of loving presence to our brothers and sisters suffering on the streets.
Together, we can offer something beautiful to God, and beautiful for our beloved homeless, poor and downtrodden, who are not monsters to be ignored or problems to be solved, but first and foremost children of God, who give us the opportunity to show love and so learn the most valuable lesson of life: giving to give, without calculating the return, is the pathway to heaven, to true and lasting joy in this life, and forever in the life yet to come.
Herbert J. Thurston, S.J. and Donald Attwater, edd, Butler’s Lives of the Saints, vol. IV (Westminster, MD: Christian Classics, Inc., 1981) p. 23.
Cornelius a Lapide, The Great Commentary of Cornelius a Lapide, The Holy Gospel According to Saint Matthew, Vol. II, Thomas W. Mossman, trans. (Fitzwilliam, NH: Loreto Publications, 2008) p. 498.
Cited in the Roman Breviary, Office of Readings for the Memorial of St. Elizabeth of Hungary.
Michael D. Guinan, O.F.M., “Lamentations,” The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, Raymond E. Brown, Joseph A. Fitzmyer and Roland E. Murphy, edd. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1990) p. 559. | <urn:uuid:ba72117b-0de5-4ae1-b1aa-0d45806b33dd> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.sfarchdiocese.org/requiem-mass-for-the-homeless/ | 2024-12-06T14:57:37Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066408205.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206124424-20241206154424-00024.warc.gz | en | 0.97219 | 2,831 | 2.625 | 3 |
Soldiers’ mysterious lung disease identified
As the Chief Warrant Officer in charge of maintenance for the Blackhawk helicopters flown by 101st Airborne soldiers in Iraq, 52-year-old Jimmy Williams says he always felt protective of the young servicemen and women he worked with overseas.
Now, Williams has come to Vanderbilt University Medical Center seeking an invasive procedure — one that won't do anything at all for his health. But it’s one he hopes might help some of those younger soldiers.
He is preparing to undergo surgical removal of a small section of lung for biopsy to explain why he and many of his fellow soldiers can no longer breathe like they used to.
“I never used to get exhausted. Now when my wife and I go for walks I have to tell her to slow down. Simple work around the house or yard, or even playing with our grandchildren, makes me so short of breath I have to lie down and rest,” Williams said.
Williams is the typical example of what may be an emerging profile: a soldier who was fit, a lifelong non-smoker, and who returned from deployment in Iraq with permanent lung damage.
Since 2004, physicians serving the Fort Campbell Army base have been referring dozens of soldiers with exercise-induced shortness of breath to Vanderbilt, to see Robert Miller, M.D., associate professor of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine.
The soldiers had already received all the conventional tests for shortness of breath: lung imaging, pulmonary function and exercise tests. Almost all of the tests were normal, yet the soldiers reported, inexplicably, that they could no longer catch their breath when they exerted themselves.
The soldiers also shared similar stories of exposure in Iraq to massive amounts of smoke from sulfur fires in 2003, or breathing air fouled by sand and smoke from burn pits all over the country. Miller began to wonder if conventional testing might not be enough. He made what he calls an “unconventional” move and recommended surgical biopsies.
“So far, all but a few of these soldiers we have biopsied have had constrictive bronchiolitis,” Miller said.
Constrictive bronchiolitis, also called Bronchiolitis Obliterans, is a narrowing of the tiniest and deepest airways of the lungs. It is rare, and can only be diagnosed through biopsy. Cases that have been documented in the medical literature show striking similarities to what is seen in the soldier's biopsies.
“These are inhalation injuries, suffered in the line of duty,” said Miller.
In 2008, Miller and pulmonary/critical care fellow, Matthew King, M.D., pulled together the first round of what they believe is solid evidence that soldiers are returning with serious and permanent lung injuries related to their service.
Most of the first patients biopsied were 101st Airborne soldiers who fought the Mishraq Sulfur Mine fires in 2003. Later, many soldiers reported exposure to burn pits, especially a massive, 10-acre burn pit in Balad, Iraq.
“We slept an eighth of a mile from the burn pits,” Williams said. “Those fires burned the whole year, just huge bonfires where they burned metal, tires, trucks, human waste, everything.”
Williams retired as the Division Aviation Maintenance Officer after his last tour in 2008, and he continues to work as a contractor for the Army. His papers list a few health conditions related to his 32 years of service.
He is already guaranteed some lifelong compensation for a bad back and knees, but there is no mention of a lung condition. He says it concerns him greatly, and he knows other soldiers in the same situation.
“It's an injury, but it's on the inside. Something they can't see. But it has changed me,” Williams said.
Making the connection
In 2007 The Army Public Health Command took notice of VUMC's work and requested information from Miller. At that time, the Army launched an investigation of its own, saying VUMC's evidence created a “plausible connection” between exposures during deployment and respiratory problems in some soldiers.
Miller and King presented their evidence at an American Thoracic Society (ATS) meeting in May 2008. Of the original group of 56 soldiers who came back from Iraq with unexplained exercise-induced shortness of breath, 26 of 31 lung biopsies performed at Vanderbilt showed constrictive bronchiolitis.
“In every war there is a unique health syndrome. It is possible that whatever is causing the shortness of breath will be the ‘agent orange’ of this war,” Miller said.
The evidence presented at the ATS meeting garnered precious little attention from the medical community. Meanwhile, a steady number of soldiers continued to find Vanderbilt's work online, including Sylvia Waters-Moujan, M.D., an Army Staff Anesthesiologist based in Texas.
“When I couldn't even run a mile because of the shortness of breath and my chest hurting, I was scared. I thought ‘My God, something is wrong,’” said Waters.
The former marathon runner and mother of 7-year-old twin daughters returned from deployment in Mosul in 2007 unable to pass her military physical fitness testing. Even her colleagues at the Army hospital couldn't help her pinpoint what was wrong. When Waters heard about Miller's work she came to Vanderbilt in 2008. Her biopsy confirmed constrictive bronchiolitis.
“As a medical officer, I am considered fit for duty because I can still work in the O.R., even if it is only one day per week,” Waters said. “But my future is uncertain. Once I leave the service it could be very difficult to get medical coverage because of my preexisting medical condition.”
Miller says he is concerned soldiers continue to be tested for shortness of breath across the country using only conventional methods. He says surgical biopsy and definitive diagnosis are required just to create the possibility of proper compensation, but even then, there is no guarantee.
“Even with positive biopsy, disability ratings have been highly variable,” Miller said.
Miller's Vanderbilt colleagues, who perform the operations and pathologic exams, say they are on board to continue, but they agree with Miller's own assessment that biopsy for these soldiers is “unconventional.”
“At first I wasn't sure that surgical biopsy was required, as the results were unlikely to change the course of treatment,” said Eric Lambright, M.D., assistant professor of Thoracic Surgery. “But it turns out (Miller) was right and the information is rather convincing. We have to ask ourselves, ‘what is our responsibility as a nation to these soldiers?’”
“It was gutsy,” said Joyce Johnson, M.D., professor of Pathology, of Miller's first orders for lung biopsy. “In that early series, with fewer than 10 soldiers, even the military didn't believe our results. Finally I got a colleague at the AFIP (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology) on the phone and talked with her about the slides, and sent them up for her review. They are starting to listen, but we need broad, national recognition that this is a complication of being in this theater.”
p>Lambright says he continues to be concerned about the risks of the surgical procedure, which generally requires a two-day hospital stay, because even with a diagnosis, there is no specific therapy for the disease.
“Hopefully, we will be able to diagnose this without a need for surgical biopsy,” Lambright said.
King, Miller, Johnson and Lambright are submitting their work to medical journals in the hopes it might galvanize medical and military support for widespread research and testing. In October 2009, Miller testified before Congress, hoping to garner federal support.
In a statement e-mailed to VUMC this week, Coleen Baird Weese, M.D., environmental medicine program manager, U.S. Army Public Health Command (Provisional), said the Army investigation has turned up no specific evidence that exposure to the sulfur fires in Mishraq increased pulmonary risk for soldiers, but there is evidence that deployment itself has increased respiratory complaints from soldiers.
On Feb. 19, Miller, King and other Vanderbilt physicians will join fellow pulmonary experts at National Jewish Health Hospital in Denver for a first-ever, collective discussion group entitled “Post-deployment Respiratory Health Issues.” Military health officials plan to attend as well.
King says the immediate hope is to better define the problem, or problems, and to devise a non-invasive way to diagnose permanent lung damage in soldiers.
But until that happens, Miller says he will continue to counsel soldiers who come to him requesting further testing. While there is no specific treatment for the disease, for now, biopsy can help to educate soldiers and their families as well as physicians who care for other soldiers with similar complaints.
Williams, who is scheduled for surgery later this month, says the discomfort and hospital stay were worth it, even if it changes nothing for his health.
“Soldiers have to be there for each other, whether in combat overseas, or right here at home. I want somebody to realize this is a problem, especially for the young guys. I am willing to sacrifice for them,” Williams said.
Diagnosis, treatment among lung disorder’s challenges
by Carole Bartoo
Constrictive bronchiolitis is an untreatable thickening of the tiniest airways deep in the lungs. It can be the temporary effect of a respiratory infection in children, the permanent result of rheumatoid arthritis, or a deadly side effect of lung transplant.
It is also well known to be the result of toxic inhalation. The condition made headlines a few years ago after workers at a microwave popcorn plant developed constrictive bronchiolitis (called “popcorn lung” in media reports) from inhaling butter-flavored chemicals.
The trouble with diagnosing the disease is twofold. The major symptom — shortness of breath — occurs only with exercise or exertion.
“The symptoms these people are reporting seem out of proportion with the degree of disease seen with the standard tests,” said Joyce Johnson, M.D., associate professor of Pathology.
“That's because these airways are normally closed at rest. They open when we need extra oxygen, like during exercise. In these patients, the tiniest, innermost airways are stiff, like a garden hose.”
The other problem is that current tests, like lung pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are designed to diagnose trouble in larger airways, like with asthma, and while CT scans and X-rays turn up tumors or large pockets of fluid, misplaced air or scar tissue of other diseases, they do not typically detect the microscopic scars characteristic of constrictive bronchiolitis. | <urn:uuid:5c456e00-eed8-4953-8fd1-598c335bd801> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://news.vumc.org/reporter-archive/soldiers-mysterious-lung-disease-identified/ | 2024-12-03T05:35:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066131502.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203041612-20241203071612-00447.warc.gz | en | 0.969295 | 2,316 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In the dynamic and ever-evolving realm of construction, precision is key. From the inception of a project idea to its completion, pivotal stages determine success. Among these, construction estimating, takeoffs, and the bidding process stand tall as critical junctures. In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into these vital aspects of the construction industry, unraveling their significance, exploring innovative techniques, and understanding how technology is revolutionizing the way we approach these crucial tasks.
Imagine building a house without an accurate blueprint or understanding the required materials and labor. It sounds like a recipe for disaster, right? Construction estimating, takeoffs, and bidding are the building blocks that ensure your project is founded on solid ground.
Before we embark on a journey through the intricacies of construction estimating, let’s take a moment to appreciate the growth and vibrancy of the construction industry. The construction industry is thriving, with a projected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.8% in 2022. This growth isn’t limited to brick and mortar; it extends to innovative practices, tools, and approaches transforming how we build our future.
Table of Contents
Understanding Estimating Accuracy Levels
The first step in the construction estimating process is to understand the different levels of accuracy. These levels are like milestones on the road to a successful project:
- Order of Magnitude: This initial, rough estimate provides a broad overview of project costs. It’s based on high-level information and is often used for early project feasibility assessments.
- Intermediate Estimate: As you progress, this estimate offers more detail. It’s typically based on historical data and is useful for refining the project scope.
- Preliminary Estimate: You’ll have detailed project information at this stage, and the estimate is becoming more accurate. It’s used for budget planning and initial decision-making. You can hire an estimating firm to get preliminary estimating services for informed decision making in controlling budget even without detailed drawings.
- Substantive Estimate: This robust estimate is used for detailed project planning and financing. It’s grounded in precise data and provides a strong foundation for your project.
- Definitive Estimate: The final, highly accurate estimate that you can rely on for finalizing project costs.
Different Estimating Approaches
In construction estimating, a one-size-fits-all approach doesn’t exist. There are various techniques, each tailored to specific project requirements. Let’s explore a few of these:
Parametric estimating is all about data and formulas. It involves determining project measurements and dimensions, typically in the early design stages. The formula, E_parametric = A_old / P_old x P_curr, is used to calculate estimates. Parametric estimation yields two types of results:
- Deterministic: This provides a single expected cost and time estimate.
- Probabilistic: It offers multiple estimates with optimistic, pessimistic, and most likely scenarios. Probabilistic estimation often involves creating a probability density curve to visualize various cost and time scenarios.
When detailed project information is lacking, analogous estimating comes to the rescue. This technique relies on historical data, making it perfect for providing a rough estimate even when short on specifics.
Assembling costs are based on, well, assemblies! These assemblies are combinations of materials and components designed for specific purposes. Assembly estimating simplifies the estimation process by automatically adding components like gang boxes, poles, cover plates, and wires to your estimate. Benefits include maintaining cost databases, reducing order quantities, auto-updating costs, and creating assembly libraries.
The Role of Estimating Software
In the age of technology, construction estimating software plays a pivotal role in streamlining and enhancing the estimating process. These tools aren’t just about making things easier; they’re about making them more accurate. Whether handling complex mathematical calculations, organizing data, or offering user-friendly interfaces, estimating software is a game-changer for the modern construction professional.
Plinth Area Calculation
When you’re estimating costs for a project, understanding the concept of the plinth area is crucial. The plinth area refers to the external dimensions of building walls, typically 10–20% larger than the carpet area. When calculating the plinth area, it’s important to exclude certain features like balconies, lofts, shaft areas, domes, turrets, cornices, and box louvers. In essence, it’s the sum of the carpet and wall areas, and getting it right is vital for precise cost estimation.
Now, let’s dive deeper into the bidding process, explore ethical considerations, understand how technology reshapes the industry, and discover the top tools and strategies for successful bidding. Stay tuned as we continue our journey through construction estimating, takeoffs, and bidding!
The Bidding Process
The Difference Between Quotes and Estimates
Before we embark on the intricacies of the bidding process, it’s vital to understand the fundamental difference between two terms that are often used interchangeably but serve different purposes:
- Quotes: A quote is a detailed breakdown of project costs. It’s typically a legally binding document that contractors provide to clients. Once accepted by the client, a quote forms the basis for the project’s financial terms. Quotes often have a validity period that depends on price fluctuations, usually around one month.
- Estimates: An estimate, on the other hand, is an approximation of project expenses. It’s not legally binding and is primarily used for internal planning and initial budgeting. Estimates have a more extended validity, often ranging from 30 to 90 days.
Common Pitfalls to Avoid in Bidding
Bidding can be tricky terrain to navigate, and there are some common pitfalls that contractors should be vigilant about:
- Inaccurate Takeoffs: Failing to perform precise material takeoffs can lead to incorrect construction costs, which can be a significant issue during bidding. Ensuring that you have a clear understanding of the quantities required is fundamental.
- Skipping Site Visits: Every construction site is unique. Ignoring a site visit can lead to inaccurate estimates, as you might overlook site-specific factors that can significantly impact costs. A thorough site visit is invaluable.
The Art of Creating a Winning Bid
Creating a winning bid is both a science and an art. It involves more than just listing direct and indirect costs. Here are some critical steps to keep in mind:
- Choose the Right Projects: Bid selectively on projects that align with your expertise and available resources. Not every project is a good fit for your company, so be discerning.
- Review Project Specifications: Thoroughly review project specifications and drawings. Discrepancies or omissions can lead to costly issues, so pay close attention to the details.
- Accurate Material Takeoffs: Accurate material takeoffs are essential to ordering the right quantities. Material shortages or overages can lead to delays and budget overruns.
- Calculate All Costs: When creating a bid, consider all costs, including labor, materials, and overhead expenses. Creating a comprehensive project budget is crucial.
- Implement a Job Cost Recording System: To ensure financial stability throughout the project, consider implementing a job cost recording system. This helps you track expenses and ensure that the project stays on budget.
Contract Types in the Bidding Process
Contracts are the legal framework that governs the relationship between contractors and clients. In the bidding process, you may encounter different types of contracts. Here’s a glimpse of some common ones:
- Lump Sum Contract: In a lump sum contract, the contractor agrees to perform the work for a fixed price. This is a straightforward contract type and is often used for smaller projects.
- Cost Plus Contract: Cost plus contracts involve reimbursement for costs incurred during the project and an additional fee or percentage of profit. This type of contract provides more flexibility and transparency.
- Unit Price Contract: Unit price contracts are based on unit rates for specific work items. The contractor is paid based on the quantity of work completed.
- Guaranteed Maximum Price (GMP) Contract: In a GMP contract, the contractor provides a maximum price for the project, and any costs incurred beyond this amount are the contractor’s responsibility.
Project Delivery Methods
With a clear understanding of the bidding process and contract types, it’s time to explore the various project delivery methods that can influence how construction projects are managed and executed.
Design-Bid-Build, often referred to as the traditional method, involves three distinct phases: design, bid, and build. In this approach, an architect designs the project, proposals are submitted and evaluated, and construction begins under the architect’s supervision. It’s a linear process that is widely used for various types of projects.
Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR)
The Construction Manager at Risk (CMAR) method involves the construction manager taking on significant risk. They are responsible for delivering the project within a guaranteed maximum price (GMP). If costs exceed the GMP, the CMAR organization is financially responsible for covering the overages.
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)
Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) is all about collaboration. It involves selecting an architect, contractor, and subcontractors under a single contract, promoting collaboration and efficiency, especially for complex projects.
The procurement strategy used for awarding a project can significantly impact the outcome. Here are a few procurement strategies often employed:
- Best Value Source: This strategy selects the best-qualified contractor based on various factors, including experience, past performance, and technical qualifications.
- Low Bid: The low bid strategy is commonly used in government and public projects. The project is awarded to the lowest bidder, ensuring cost-effective budget utilization.
- Negotiated: Negotiated procurement involves direct discussions and negotiations with contractors. It allows for a more collaborative approach to project selection.
- Direct Select: In this approach, the client directly selects a contractor based on their expertise and qualifications for the specific project.
As we continue our journey through construction takeoff estimating, and the bidding process, these insights into contract types and project delivery methods will become increasingly valuable.
Ethical Considerations in Bidding
Unethical Practices in Construction Bidding
While the construction industry is generally characterized by integrity and professionalism, there are, unfortunately, instances of unethical practices. Being aware of these corrupt practices is the first step towards preventing them. However, it’s best to get expert bid management services as many busy contractors and builders rely on this to win projects without failures. Here are a few unethical practices in construction bidding:
- Bid Shopping: Bid shopping involves disclosing lower bids from subcontractors to other subcontractors. This practice can reduce quality and dissatisfaction among clients, as subcontractors may compromise quality to match the lowest bid.
- Bid Peddling: Bid peddling, conversely, is the practice of subcontractors offering a lower bid than the original winner, which is unethical and anti-competitive. It can create confusion and conflicts within the project.
- Bid Rigging: Bid rigging is a severe offense where competing bidders collude to determine the project winner. This anti-competitive practice can involve bid rotation, bid suppression, complementary bidding, and phantom bidding, which is illegal.
Legal Measures to Prevent Unethical Practices
To combat unethical practices, various legal measures have been put in place, including:
- The Sherman Antitrust Act: This federal law promotes fair competition and prohibits practices like bid rigging that reduce competition in the marketplace. Violating this act can lead to significant fines and penalties.
- State Regulations: Many U.S. states have implemented their regulations to prevent bid shopping. For instance, California and Washington State have amended their laws to discourage this practice.
Consequences of Bid Rigging
Bid rigging is not just unethical; it’s also illegal. Contractors found guilty of bid rigging can face severe consequences, including:
- Heavy Fines: Contractors involved in bid rigging can face substantial fines that can significantly impact their finances.
- Imprisonment: In some cases, individuals involved in bid rigging may face imprisonment, which can have long-lasting personal and professional consequences.
- Legal Repercussions: The legal ramifications of bid rigging can lead to the loss of professional licenses and damage to a contractor’s reputation.
Understanding the legal and ethical boundaries of the bidding process is critical for every construction professional. By adhering to ethical standards and avoiding unlawful practices, you protect your reputation and contribute to a fair and competitive industry.
Selecting the Right Estimating and Bidding Software
In an industry that’s increasingly reliant on technology, selecting the right estimating and bidding software is a strategic decision that can significantly impact your efficiency and success. Let’s explore the steps for vendor selection and some of the latest trends in construction estimating software.
Steps for Vendor Selection
Selecting the right software vendor is a crucial decision. Here are the steps to make an informed choice:
- Define Requirements: Start by creating a checklist of software requirements tailored to your specific needs. Understand what you need from the software, whether it’s accurate takeoffs, cost estimation, or project management capabilities.
- Distribute Requirements: Compare potential vendors based on your requirements and eliminate those not meeting your criteria. This step helps you narrow down your options.
- Justify Vendor Selection: Shortlist vendors based on their responses to your requirements. Determine if you need additional modules or a new solution altogether.
- Prove Suitability: If you’re implementing a new solution, prepare for demonstrations, analyze use cases, and conduct proofs of concept to ensure it fits your company’s needs.
- Rank Vendors: After assessing the vendors, rank them based on demo points, requirements, and the total cost of ownership.
- Negotiate Contracts: Meet with the selected vendor to discuss contract terms and conditions. Seek legal advice if needed to ensure the contract meets your expectations.
- Sign Contract: Once all the details are ironed out and both parties are satisfied, sign the contract. This formalizes the agreement and sets the stage for implementation.
Trends in Construction Estimating Software
The construction industry is evolving, and so is the software that supports it. Here are some of the latest trends in construction estimating software:
- Big Data and Analytics: The industry is increasingly relying on data-driven decision-making. The market for Big Data analytics in construction is expected to grow significantly, helping contractors with risk forecasting, collaboration, and project efficiency.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Estimating: AI is making its mark in construction estimating, reducing errors, and improving data extraction from BIM models. The AI estimating market is projected to grow at a remarkable CAGR.
- Visual Estimating: Visual estimating is replacing manual quantity calculations with 3D models and automated processes. This innovation simplifies the estimating process and enhances accuracy.
- Benefits of Cloud Technology: Cloud technology offers secure storage for important bid proposal documents. With unlimited storage capacity, cloud-based applications provide pre-built proposal templates and secure client communication.
Selecting the right software that aligns with these trends can give you a competitive edge and streamline your estimating and bidding processes. Integrating these technologies enhances accuracy and provides better collaboration and transparency in the construction industry.
BIM and Technology in Construction
The Role of Building Information Modeling (BIM)
Building Information Modeling, often called BIM, is a game-changer in the construction industry. BIM is a digital representation of a building’s physical and functional characteristics. It allows construction professionals to plan, design, construct, and manage buildings and infrastructure efficiently and accurately. The role of BIM in construction includes:
- Precise Takeoffs: BIM provides a detailed 3D model of the building, allowing for more accurate material and quantity takeoffs.
- Cost Estimation: BIM enables more precise cost estimation by considering every project element, from structural components to finishes.
- Design Coordination: BIM aids in coordinating design elements, reducing conflicts and errors during construction.
- Project Visualization: BIM provides a visual representation of the project, aiding in client communication and understanding.
Utilizing Big Data Analytics
The construction industry is experiencing a significant shift towards data-driven decision-making. Big Data analytics is becoming increasingly essential for contractors. Critical aspects of utilizing Big Data analytics include:
- Risk Forecasting: Big Data analytics help identify and mitigate potential risks in construction projects. Contractors can make more informed decisions by analyzing historical data and current project parameters.
- Collaboration: Big Data fosters collaboration by providing a common platform for stakeholders to access project data and make real-time decisions. This enhances project efficiency.
- Market Insights: Big Data analytics can provide insights into market trends, helping contractors decide which projects to bid on.
The Growth of AI in Estimating
Artificial intelligence (AI) is making waves in the construction estimating process. AI is not here to replace human expertise but to enhance it. Here’s how AI is transforming construction estimating:
- Error Reduction: AI helps reduce errors in estimating by automating repetitive tasks and cross-referencing data from various sources.
- Data Extraction from BIM Models: AI can extract data directly from BIM models, streamlining the takeoff process and ensuring greater accuracy.
- Scenario Analysis: AI allows for scenario analysis, providing contractors with multiple cost and time estimates based on different variables.
- Efficiency: AI tools are improving estimating efficiency by automating calculations, freeing up estimators to focus on more complex aspects of the job.
Top Tools and Strategies for Successful Bidding
In the competitive bidding world, having the right tools and strategies can make all the difference. Here are some top tools and strategies to consider for successful bidding:
Leveraging Analytics for Project Opportunities
Analytics play a critical role in identifying project opportunities. By leveraging analytics tools, you can:
- Track New Projects: Utilize analytics and solutions to track new projects posted by company owners in your area. This ensures you’re among the first to know about potential bidding opportunities.
- Evaluate Project Viability: Use analytics to assess project viability, considering factors like project size, location, and expertise.
Cloud-Based Solutions for Document Management
Document management is a vital aspect of bidding, and cloud-based solutions offer a host of advantages:
- Secure Storage: Cloud technology provides secure storage for important bid proposal documents, protecting your critical files.
- Easy Retrieval: Cloud solutions offer easy document retrieval from any location, streamlining communication with clients and stakeholders.
- Unlimited Storage Capacity: The unlimited storage capacity of the cloud ensures that you will have enough space for your project documents.
Digital Technologies for Efficiency
Digital technologies are transforming efficiency in the bidding process.
- Reduce Travel: With digital tools, you can significantly reduce the need for time-consuming travel, making the bidding process more efficient.
- Simplify Communication: Digital solutions streamline communication with clients and subcontractors, ensuring everyone is on the same page.
Comparison Tools for Software Selection
Selecting the right software for estimating and bidding is crucial. Comparison tools can be invaluable:
- Evaluate Features: Comparison tools allow you to evaluate the features and capabilities of different software solutions, ensuring that you choose the one that best suits your needs.
- Consider Pricing: Price is an essential factor in software selection. Comparison tools help you assess the cost-effectiveness of different options.
The Future of Construction Estimating and Bidding
The future of construction estimating and bidding is exciting and promising. Technology will continue to play a pivotal role, offering tools and solutions that enhance accuracy, efficiency, and collaboration. Building Information Modeling (BIM) will become standard practice, reducing errors and fostering better design coordination.
Big Data analytics will provide deeper insights into market trends and project risks, giving contractors a competitive edge. Artificial Intelligence (AI) will further streamline the estimating process, reducing human errors and providing scenario analysis for more informed decision-making.
In an increasingly competitive construction industry, staying updated with the latest technology trends and ethical considerations will be essential for success. The construction industry is poised for growth, and those who embrace innovation and maintain high ethical standards will thrive in the evolving landscape.
For further reading and exploration of the topics covered in this guide, consider these authoritative sources:
- The American Institute of Architects (AIA)
- The Associated General Contractors of America (AGC)
- The Construction Specification Institute (CSI)
- The Construction Industry Institute (CII)
- Dodge Data & Analytics
These organizations and resources offer valuable insights, research, and guidance on construction estimating, bidding, and industry trends. Exploring their publications and materials will further enhance your understanding of this dynamic field.
Thank you for joining us on this journey through the world of construction estimating, takeoffs, and bidding. We wish you success and excellence in all your construction endeavors. | <urn:uuid:ad170f38-7274-4a1c-b84e-7546523a277a> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://constructestimates.com/construction-estimating-and-bidding/ | 2024-12-04T15:00:28Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066181697.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204141508-20241204171508-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.90018 | 4,361 | 2.625 | 3 |
If air was visible, it would be seen as a fluid swirling around us with a flow often appearing to be random, but sometimes with defined patterns, like the patterns seen in a fast-flowing stream with rocks and boulders. We would see turbulence as waves of air rushing towards and crashing around us, much as we experience with surf at the beach. However air’s motion is felt as wind and sometimes its effects are seen in clouds and smoke trails. But it is air’s invisibility that can make it a hazard to aviation and helicopters in particular. There are usually warning signs. and ignorance of the subtleties of those signs could spell disaster. Helicopters are at the mercy of the wind, and helicopter crews need to be always aware, particularly of the interaction between the helicopter and its environment. This article explores some of the aspects of that turbulence in relation to helicopters, to generate discussion and thought. The subject area is so large, that not all aspects can be covered here. For example, wind around thunderstorms is a whole subject on its own.
Whether fighting bushfires, rescuing people from the sides of mountains, or even hovering near buildings, helicopter operations are exposed to a gamut of hazards when it comes to wind and its effects, and the world’s safety agencies have plenty of accident investigations to show that the hazards are real.
Turbulence is the result of interactions between the movement of air around buildings, trees, hills, mountains, and other large features, as well as the consequences of solar heating or cooling. The effects can be felt as mechanical turbulence caused by the wind passing through and over obstacles such as trees, anabatic and katabatic winds (resulting from solar heating and cooling), mountain waves, and rotors or eddies. Turbulence essentially ‘sucks’ the performance from helicopter rotors. Not only does the turbulent airflow adversely affect the rotor performance, but gross pilot inputs made to overcome the effects of turbulence also makes the main rotor less efficient.
Mountains have always been a trap for helicopters. As well as producing eddies, updraughts, and downdraughts, as the wind is affected by local features, mountainous country can funnel, accelerate, and even turn the wind. Turbulent lee wind eddies and strong leeside downflows can occur in mountainous areas. Turbulent eddies and rotors usually occur around ridgelines, mountains, and hills (often if the lee-side slope exceeds about 20 degrees), generating sink-rates in excess of 1000 feet per minute in moderate wind conditions. Sink conditions can often exist well above the barrier inducing the eddies. Leeside downflow is a result of the interaction between wind-speed and the slope angle, an angle of usually less than 18 degrees.
Wind flowing across narrow valleys can cause significant pressure differentials within the valleys, creating winds and strong turbulence. Complicating the picture, valley winds, including anabatic and katabatic winds created by solar heating and cooling may flow in directions significantly different from the prevailing winds. Wind blowing against lone hills and mountains can create strong ‘tip’ vortices. These vortices can extend for a distance equal to about ten times the height of the mountain (or hill), and to altitudes much higher than the mountain that generated it. In 1966, for example, it was likely that a vortex generated off Mt Fuji in Japan ripped apart a BOAC Boeing 707 as it flew nearby. It is not just the effect of the wind in mountainous areas, but high density altitudes can cause the helicopter to suffer reduced control margins, and lower engine power. Often too, the helicopter just doesn’t have enough power to overcome the sink-rate being generated by a severe downdraught. Another example was in 1990 in California when a Hughes 269 was being flown up a valley in rolling hill country. As the helicopter flew over a ridgeline at a very low altitude, it encountered a severe and sudden gust of wind. The helicopter was forced downward into the ground, and the pilot was fortunately able to arrest the descent sufficiently to make a normal soft touchdown on the crest of the ridge. However, the helicopter rolled over on its side just after touchdown.
No rules – just ideas!
While there are no ‘rules’, as such, for operating in mountainous areas, here are some ideas to consider. The best solution for most helicopters is to avoid mountainous areas in strong winds and stay away from areas that may be experiencing turbulence. The helicopter should be flown at an airspeed recommended by the helicopter’s manufacturer for turbulence penetration. The airspeed is likely to fluctuate dramatically if turbulence is encountered, so sufficient margin is needed to ensure that the helicopter airspeed does not decrease to a level requiring extra power, or that produces conditions conducive to the loss of tail rotor effectiveness. Crossing a barrier into wind means that the helicopter’s groundspeed would be reduced, consequently remaining in an area of downdraft for longer. Whereas flying downwind across the barrier would probably put the helicopter in an updraft as it approaches rising ground. The pilot should position the helicopter to get the best chance to experience updraughts. Crossing the barrier at an angle, rather than at 90 degrees, provides ‘escape’ routes, should a downdraught be encountered. The helicopter should be flown at a height above the barrier that provides for sufficient clearance of the obstacle, or a turn-away can be made. Allowance needs to be made for the turning radius, for a given angle of bank will increase in high density altitudes due to the higher true airspeed.
Pilots making approaches to, and departures from valley pads will need to make considerations involving issues such as controllability and power requirements, and for multi-engine helicopters, single engine escape routes. Winds may also significantly change direction during the approach due to circulation within the valley, in other words, the wind observed at the top of a valley may bear no resemblance to that at the pad. Approaches to ridge or mountain top pads require good planning and flying techniques. Pilots should approach a ridge pad at an angle, to allow for turn away or escape, and remain in an area of updraught if possible, flying the ‘crest’ of the wind flow. Similarly, mountaintop approaches should be made so that the helicopter remains out of the downdraught area and made with planned escape routes.
Away from the mountainous areas, mountain waves and rotors are hazardous phenomena that helicopters can experience. Encounters with mountain waves can be sudden and catastrophic. Although glider pilots learn to use these mountain waves to their advantage, other aircraft often come to grief. Mountain waves can often be seasonal. In Australia, for example, mountain waves are commonly experienced over, and to the lee of mountain ranges in the southeast of the continent amidst the strong westerly wind flows which Australia’s east coast experiences in late winter and early spring. In areas off the east coast, such as south of Sydney, mountain waves can be experienced miles from land. Their ‘touchdowns’ can be seen on the water surface as relatively narrow lines of disturbance.
Mountain waves are the result of flowing air being forced to rise up the windward side of a mountain barrier, then because of atmospheric conditions, it sinks down the leeward side. This ‘bounce’ forms a series of standing waves downstream from the barrier and may extend for hundreds of kilometres, its influence being felt over clear areas of land and open water. The formation of the mountain waves relies on several conditions. The atmosphere is usually stable, and an inversion may exist. The wind needs to be blowing almost constantly within 30 degrees of right angles to the barrier at a minimum speed of about 20 to 25 knots at the ridgeline. Wind speed needs also to increase uniformly with height and remain in the same direction. Wave ‘crests’ can be upwind or downwind from the range and their amplitude seems to vary with the vertical stability of the flow. The crests of the waves, depending on the air having sufficient moisture content, may be identified by the formation of lens-shaped or lenticular clouds. Mountain waves may extend into the stratosphere and become more pronounced as height increases. U2 pilots reportedly have experienced mountain waves at 60,000 feet. The vertical airflow component of a standing wave may exceed 8,000 feet per minute.
Rotors, or eddies, can also be found being generated either from the wind interacting with obstacles and barriers, for example trees, or embedded within mountain waves. Formation of rotors can also occur because of down-slope or katabatic winds. Their formation usually occurs where wind speeds change in a wave, or where friction slows the wind near to the ground. Often these rotors will be experienced as gusts or windshear. With enough humidity, clouds may also form within a rotor.
Many dangers lie in the effects of mountain waves and rotors on helicopter performance and control. In addition to generating turbulence that has demonstrated sufficient ferocity to significantly damage aircraft or lead to loss of aircraft control, the greater prevailing danger to aircraft in the lower levels seems to be the effect on the helicopter’s climb rate. Most civilian helicopters rarely have a startling climb performance on a good day and may not be capable of overcoming the downdraft generated by a mountain wave, or the turbulence or windshear generated by a rotor. A height margin equivalent to at least the height of the hill or mountain from the surface should be allowed.
Rotors and turbulence may also affect low level flying operations near hills or even trees. In 1999, a Kawasaki KH-4 was conducting spraying operations at 30 feet. It hit the surface of a lake during a low-level turn-back manoeuvre. The lack of sufficient height to overcome the effects of wind eddies and turbulence was implicated as a factor involved in the accident.
Research into mountain waves and rotors or eddies continues, but there is no doubt that helicopter pilots need to be aware of the phenomenon. Although mountain wave activity is normally forecast, many local factors may affect the formation of rotors and eddies. When planning a flight, the pilot needs to take note of the winds and the terrain to assess the likelihood of waves and rotors. There may be telltale signs in flight, including the formation of lenticular-type clouds (provided there is sufficient humidity to produce cloud formation) and disturbances on water or wheat fields.
In Locations Other Than Mountains
From an NTSB accident report, “The pilot reported that the helicopter made an uncommanded turn to the right and rolled to the left as she was hover-taxiing away from the hangar toward the takeoff area. The aircraft subsequently impacted the terrain and came to rest on its left side. The Investigation revealed that the wind at the time was blowing from 320 degrees at 15 knots gusting to 22 knots, and that the helicopter liftoff point was on the downwind side of the hangar. The FAA Basic Helicopter Handbook AC61-13B notes that turbulence is likely to be found near the ground of the downwind side of buildings whenever the wind velocity exceeds 10 MPH (8.7 knots)”.
As can be seen from the above accident, operating helicopters around buildings needs the same environmental awareness as working near mountains. Buildings can generate similar wind effects and turbulence as generated by mountains, valleys and hills, only they tend to be on a smaller scale. Within a city, however, the wind flow is even more irregular, and can shift direction quickly and form turbulent eddies. Although large buildings may block the wind, smaller structures including trees may add a ‘roughness’ to the airflow by generating small eddies. Requirements for helicopters to fly designated routes, usually complicates the choice of approach path.
Turbulence can be a consideration around oil and gas rigs, when operating at sea. Wind blowing through and around the rig superstructure and thermal turbulence created by generator gases blowing across the deck can make control difficult and decrease the power available while increasing power requirements.
As mentioned before, this article is intended to provoke thought and discussion about wind and its effects on helicopter operations. There are many more considerations and issues, such as human performance limitations and component fatigue. Turbulence is an unseen danger. | <urn:uuid:fa33b8e5-2f1b-4a5f-8cfd-492fddbf45ae> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.heliopsmag.com/heliops/articles/the-unseen-danger/ | 2024-12-13T19:03:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066119643.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213171153-20241213201153-00692.warc.gz | en | 0.952218 | 2,549 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Trains, a symbol of strength and industrialization, have played a significant role in the development of transportation systems worldwide. Their thunderous rumble has long been a familiar sound, alerting us to their presence and highlighting their power. Throughout history, train operators have adapted different methods to signal their arrival and maintain safety. Today, one vital element of train signaling is the variance in pitch produced by the train horn. This seemingly simple feature has a profound impact on public safety and serves as a critical means of communication between trains and pedestrians or motorists.
The origins of train horn pitches can be traced back to the earliest steam locomotives in the 19th century. At first, the primary purpose of these horns was to warn workers and livestock on the tracks, ensuring their safety during train operations. As railroads expanded and became a more integral part of everyday life, the need for standardized signaling systems arose. The concept of pitch variation was introduced to create distinct signals for different scenarios, allowing train operators to convey messages effectively.
Today, train horn pitches play a crucial role in maintaining public safety at railroad crossings. According to the Federal Railroad Administration, there were over 2,200 collisions between trains and vehicles in the United States in 2020, resulting in nearly 200 fatalities. These alarming statistics highlight the critical need for effective train signaling to prevent potentially disastrous accidents. By utilizing various pitches, train horns can bring attention to an approaching train, alerting motorists or pedestrians to stop or clear the tracks promptly.
The significance of train horn pitches extends beyond just safety concerns. The variations in pitch can also enhance the overall efficiency of rail operations. With different sounds associated with specific messages, train engineers can communicate essential information to nearby rail workers. This communication allows for smoother coordination and improves the overall flow of trains on the tracks. Thus, the strategic implementation of train horn pitches not only ensures safety but also enhances the efficiency of rail transportation systems.
Understanding the historical development and significance of train horn pitches helps us recognize their importance in our modern-day lives. Engineers and designers continuously strive to improve signal systems, exploring innovative technologies to enhance train communication and safety further. From the early days of steam locomotives to the present, train horn pitches have remained an integral and significant element of train signaling, enabling the coexistence of trains and the people they serve.
What are the different pitches of train horns and their significance?
Low Pitch Train Horns
Low pitch train horns are designed to produce a deep, rumbling sound that can be heard over long distances. These horns typically have a frequency range of around 80 to 200 Hz, which is at the lower end of the audible spectrum for humans. The lower pitch helps to penetrate through various environmental noises, making it more effective for alerting pedestrians and vehicles.
Low pitch train horns are commonly used on freight trains and large locomotives. The deep sound they produce is often associated with the power and size of these massive vehicles. Low pitch horns are also preferred for their ability to create a sense of urgency and command attention.
High Pitch Train Horns
On the other hand, high pitch train horns produce a sharp, piercing sound that is more easily distinguishable from other ambient noises. These horns usually operate within the frequency range of 500 to 1500 Hz, which is higher than what the human ear can naturally produce.
High pitch train horns are commonly found on passenger trains, light rail systems, and commuter trains. The higher frequency helps to grab attention quickly, especially in urban areas with heavy traffic and pedestrians. The sharp sound of these horns is often described as attention-grabbing and authoritative.
Variable Pitch Train Horns
Variable pitch train horns, as the name suggests, have the ability to produce a combination of low and high frequencies. These horns are designed to create a more complex and attention-grabbing sound that can be effective in different circumstances.
Variable pitch horns are often used in situations where there is a need for a distinctive and recognizable horn sound. For example, some passenger trains may have a unique horn pattern that helps passengers easily identify their train approaching the station.
Legislation and Safety
Train horn pitches are regulated by various legislation and safety standards to ensure their appropriate use. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) in the United States, for instance, sets guidelines for train horn audibility and volume levels. These regulations aim to strike a balance between safety and minimizing noise pollution in residential areas.
Statistics from the FRA show that train horns have been effective in preventing accidents at railroad crossings. In 2020, there were a total of 1,665 collisions and 197 fatalities at railroad crossings in the United States. However, studies have also shown the potential negative impacts of prolonged exposure to train horn noise on human health and well-being, leading to ongoing efforts to mitigate noise pollution.
It is crucial for railway operators and authorities to carefully consider the choice of train horn pitches, taking into account safety requirements, environmental factors, and the well-being of the communities they serve.
FAQ about Train Horn Sounds and Frequencies
1. What factors determine the sound of a train's horn?
The sound produced by a train's horn is influenced by several factors. These factors include the design of the horn itself, the air pressure used to power the horn, and the frequency at which it operates. Additionally, the length and shape of the horn can also impact the sound produced.
- The design, air pressure, and frequency impact the sound of train horns.
- The length and shape of the horn can also influence the sound.
- Various factors work together to produce the distinct train horn sound.
2. What is the purpose of different pitches in train horn sounds?
Train horns utilize different pitches to fulfill various purposes. Higher pitches are generally used to alert drivers and pedestrians of a train's presence, especially in urban areas where high-frequency sounds can be more easily heard. Lower pitches, on the other hand, are used in open areas, such as at railroad crossings, to carry the sound over long distances and grab the attention of those farther away.
- Different pitches serve different purposes in train horn sounds.
- Higher pitches are effective in urban areas for alerting people nearby.
- Lower pitches are suitable for reaching those at a distance in open areas.
3. What are the most common pitches used in train horns?
Train horns typically operate within a range of pitches to achieve their intended effect. The most common pitches used include those in the lower range, such as the G or F# pitches. These lower pitches are well-suited for outdoor settings where sound travels further and needs to grab attention from a greater distance. However, it is important to note that specific pitch ranges can vary among different types of trains and regions.
- Lower range pitches like G or F# are commonly used in train horns.
- These pitches are effective for outdoor settings where sound needs to carry.
- Pitch ranges can vary based on the type of train and regional factors.
4. How are train horn sounds regulated to ensure safety?
Train horn sounds are subject to regulations to ensure the safety of both train operators and the general public. In many countries, including the United States, train horn usage is governed by federal regulations. These regulations stipulate when and where train horns must be sounded, such as at railroad crossings or when approaching stations or work zones. The sound levels produced by train horns are also regulated to avoid excessive noise pollution and prevent hearing damage. Violations of these regulations can result in fines or penalties to promote compliance.
- Train horn sounds are regulated to ensure safety for all parties involved.
- Federal regulations dictate when and where train horns must be sounded.
- Regulations also control the sound levels to prevent noise pollution and hearing damage.
5. How can train horn sounds be customized for specific needs?
Customizing train horn sounds is an intricate process that involves considering various factors. Train operators and manufacturers can adjust the pitch, volume, and duration of the horn sound to meet specific requirements. This customization is often done to suit the surrounding environment, adhere to local regulations, or fulfill specific safety guidelines. By fine-tuning these parameters, train horn sounds can be tailored to optimize effectiveness and ensure they serve their intended purposes.
- Train horn sounds can be customized to meet specific needs.
- Pitch, volume, and duration are adjustable parameters.
- Customization helps optimize effectiveness and ensures compliance with safety guidelines.
In summary, the sound of a train's horn is influenced by factors such as the horn's design, air pressure, and frequency. Different pitches serve different purposes, with higher pitches often used to alert nearby individuals and lower pitches to reach those at a distance. Common pitches in train horns include those within the lower range, such as G or F#. Train horn sounds are regulated to ensure safety, with federal regulations governing when and where they must be sounded. Customization of train horn sounds is possible by adjusting factors like pitch, volume, and duration to meet specific requirements.
In conclusion, train horn pitches play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and efficiency of train operations. The different pitches, ranging from high to low, are used to convey specific messages to both pedestrians and other vehicles on the railway tracks.
Understanding the meaning behind each pitch is essential for all road users, as it can provide valuable information about the train's intentions and potential dangers. The high-pitched horn is typically used as a warning signal to alert people of an approaching train and prompt them to clear the tracks immediately.
The low-pitched horn, on the other hand, is commonly used to communicate the train's presence when crossing intersections or passing through populated areas. This deep sound serves as a reminder for drivers and pedestrians to exercise caution and adhere to traffic laws.
It is also worth noting that train horns must meet specific regulations and standards regarding their volume, duration, and sound quality. These guidelines ensure that train horn pitches are neither too loud to cause discomfort nor too soft to go unnoticed. Maintaining a balanced and effective horn system is vital for the overall safety of railway operations.
Advancements in technology have allowed for the development of more sophisticated train horn systems. Train operators now have the ability to adjust the pitch and sound depending on the specific situation, further enhancing safety measures. The introduction of directional horns has also contributed to reducing noise pollution in residential areas surrounding railway tracks.
Efforts to mitigate the impact of train horn noise on communities have led to the implementation of quiet zones, where train horns are generally not sounded unless necessary. While these areas offer noise relief to residents, it is crucial for pedestrians and motorists to exercise extra caution in such zones due to the absence of regular horn signals.
In conclusion, train horn pitches greatly contribute to the safe and efficient operation of trains. Their distinct high and low tones serve as important communication tools, alerting everyone in the vicinity to take appropriate measures to avoid accidents. Understanding the meaning and implications of train horn pitches is essential for fostering a harmonious coexistence between trains and the surrounding community. | <urn:uuid:2e9c55e7-3347-4753-a6da-e1d6e5220573> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://bosshorn.com/blogs/blog/train-horn-pitches | 2024-12-03T17:25:46Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066139248.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203163346-20241203193346-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.955001 | 2,245 | 3.828125 | 4 |
Historical context of gi colors in Judo competitions
The background of judo attires, known as gi, is soaked in custom and functionality. What is the Secret Behind the Unstoppable Judo Champions? It's Done in Their Blue Gi-- Figure Out Why! . Stemming from the Japanese fighting style started by Jigoro Kano in the late 19th century, the judo gi was initially white, signifying purity and simplicity, complying with the ethos of several conventional martial arts. For decades, judo practitioners trained and contended solely in white gis, creating a sense of harmony and regard for the sporting activity's heritage.
However, the historical context of gi shades in judo competitions took an essential turn in the late 20th century. In an effort to make judo a lot more spectator-friendly and less complicated to adhere to during competitions, the International Judo Federation (IJF) presented blue gis in the 1986 Globe Judo Championships in Maastricht. This decision was mostly for the advantage of the audience and referees, as it allowed them to distinguish rivals during matches more quickly.
The introduction of heaven gi noted a significant modification in the visual characteristics of judo contests. With one competitor clad in white and the other in blue, it became simpler for referees to rack up points and for the target market to recognize the circulation of the suit. This change was not without debate, as some traditionalists really felt that the intro of a second shade diluted the purity of the sporting activity. Nevertheless, the practical advantages triumphed, and blue gis ended up being a mainstay in worldwide judo competitors.
It's within this historical context that we can check out the intriguing concept that the color of a judo gi might hold a secret to success. The concept of a blue gi benefit is a reasonably current idea and not one rooted in the customs of judo. Some could suggest that the color of the gi has psychological ramifications, possibly impacting the state of mind and self-confidence of the athlete wearing it or influencing the understanding of referees and spectators.
Could the comparison of the blue gi against the standard tatami mat give a rival with an aesthetic edge? Does the color blue job a feeling of peace and control that could discreetly affect a suit's result? These inquiries look into the mental and strategic aspects that extend beyond the physical techniques of judo.
While there is no clinical evidence to sustain the idea that a blue gi adds to an unstoppable judo champ, the concept is a fascinating mix of sports psychology and cultural development within fighting styles. The unstoppable judo champs are most likely a product of their strenuous training, technical effectiveness, strategic acumen, and mental fortitude.
Psychological impact of the blue gi on athletes and challengers
The Secret Behind the Unstoppable Judo Champions: The Emotional Influence of the Blue Gi
The shade of a professional athlete's uniform is a detail that might appear unimportant in the beginning look, yet dive a little much deeper, and you'll discover a sea of psychological ramifications that can substantially influence the end result of competitive sports. In judo, a martial art where mental stamina is as important as physical prowess, the color of a gi (the conventional judo attire) can be a game-changer. So, what is the secret behind the unstoppable judo champions? Possibly, it's hidden in the fibers of their blue gi.
Heaven gi is not just a piece of clothing; it is a psychological weapon. Shade psychology recommends that different shades can stimulate various emotions and behaviors in individuals. Blue is often associated with peace, stability, and strength. For the professional athlete putting on heaven gi, these organizations can be internalized, boosting their confidence and focus. The shade blue can work as a psychological shield, reinforcing the professional athlete's willpower and composure during a suit.
Yet the emotional effect does not finish with the user. The challenger encountering a judoka in blue might experience a different set of emotional effects. Blue, being a trendy and powerful color, might accidentally enforce a sense of dominance or scare tactics. It could possibly cause a psychological block or reluctance in the opponent, specifically if they hold any type of subconscious prejudices in the direction of the shade. This split-second of doubt can be all that is required for the blue-gi judoka to execute a winning action.
The influence of heaven gi could additionally include the spectators and referees. Courts may subconsciously perceive the professional athlete in blue as even more reliable or skilled, possibly persuading their judgment in close phone calls. Viewers, on the other hand, might rally a lot more behind the blue-gi professional athlete, buoyed by the shade's universal allure and the commanding existence it conveys.
Additionally, the sensation of enclothed cognition recommends that the clothes an individual puts on can impact their mental procedures. For a judoka, putting on a blue gi might infuse a feeling of pride and power directly pertaining to the garment itself. The very act of placing on the gi might cause an improvement in attitude, preparing the athlete for battle and triumph.
Finally, the trick behind unstoppable judo champions might well hinge on the mental nuances of their blue gi. While the top quality of training, ability degree, and physical fitness are most certainly the main determinants of success in jud
Analytical analysis of suit end results based upon gi color
The captivating globe of judo has long celebrated the ability, method, and mental prowess of its professional athletes. However could there be an additional, extra subtle factor influencing suit outcomes? Recent analytical evaluation suggests an appealing opportunity: the shade of a judoka's gi could contribute in their success on the tatami. This essay looks into the tricks behind the unstoppable judo champions, exploring the hypothesis that wearing a blue gi can provide rivals an edge.
In the world of competitive judo, professional athletes commonly wear either a white or blue gi during matches. This color distinction help referees and spectators in distinguishing between the two rivals. However, as scientists began to look at the information, an interested pattern arised. Statistically, judokas donning blue gis appeared to win a disproportionately greater number of matches compared to those in white gis.
One theory behind this sensation is rooted in psychology. Shade perception can influence an individual's emotions and actions, and it is well-documented that blue colors are associated with calmness, focus, and stability. When an athlete really feels a lot more focused and made up, their efficiency might enhance, permitting them to respond more effectively to their challenger's actions and implement their techniques with higher precision.
One more factor to consider is the comparison impact. Versus the backdrop of the yellow-tinted tatami, a blue gi stands apart much more starkly than a white one. This might result in far better exposure for the professional athlete in blue, offering them with an instant advantage in timing and spatial judgment. Their motions may be less complicated for umpires to see and rack up, discreetly tipping the scales in their support.
Furthermore, the color blue could potentially have an influence on the opponent. If blue is regarded as an extra dominant or reliable shade, competitors dealing with a blue-gi-clad challenger might experience small intimidation or emotional worry, even on a subconscious degree. This could bring about hesitancy or mistakes, offering the blue-gi professional athlete an affordable advantage.
It deserves keeping in mind, obviously, that color alone is unlikely to turn a newbie judoka into a champion. The ability, method, and devotion required to master judo can not be underrated. Nevertheless, if the statistical evaluation indicate a consistent advantage connected with blue gis, it would be an interesting addition to the critical considerations of the sport.
Finally, while the trick to coming to be an unstoppable judo champ definitely depends on years of extensive training and psychological perseverance, the impact of gi color ought to not be disregarded. The statistical analysis of
The duty of superstitious notion and routine in professional athlete performance
The globe of competitive sports is teeming with professional athletes who exhibit extraordinary abilities, unwavering determination, and the ability to conquer immense stress. Among these professional athletes are judo champs, whose expertise on the floor covering appears almost unstoppable. An interested observer might question: what is their trick? Some connect their success to rigorous training and technique, but there is an additional, much more enigmatic aspect at play-- the role of superstitious notion and routine in their performance, particularly the importance of their blue gi (judo attire).
Superstitions and rituals prevail in sporting activities. Professional athletes frequently participate in certain regimens or hold specific ideas that, although scientifically unverified to improve performance, give psychological comfort and stability. A judoka tipping onto the mat in a blue gi might really feel a rise of confidence, not since the shade itself has any type of physical influence on their performance, however due to the fact that it has actually come to be an icon of toughness, success, or good luck in their mind.
The human mind is extremely effective in influencing performance. When a professional athlete thinks that a particular ritual, such as using a lucky appeal or executing a certain sequence of motions before a match, will enhance their possibilities of winning, this belief can materialize as boosted focus, minimized anxiety, and a much more favorable attitude. Heaven gi may act as a concrete reminder of previous victories or a representation of a professional athlete's identification and one-of-a-kind trip in the realm of judo. It ends up being an emotional shield that prepares them for the fight in advance.
Moreover, the color blue could be connected with calmness and quality, high qualities that are vital during high-stress competitors. While the opponent in a white gi might be just as experienced and established, the judoka in blue could feel a subconscious guarantee, a silent murmur that today, the victory will certainly be theirs. This self-assurance can equate right into an extra loosened up and managed efficiency, which is frequently the characteristic of a champion.
The unstoppable judo champions might undoubtedly have a trump card, however it is not woven right into the fabric of their blue gi. Instead, it is embedded in the routines and superstitions that mask their minds in an unseen, yet unshakeable idea in their own capabilities. The blue gi is not a source of magic; it is a canvas on which the stories of triumphs and defeats are painted, a garment that has actually come to be intertwined with the professional athlete's personal story and psychological preparation.
In conclusion, the secret behind the unstoppable judo champions might effectively lie in the emotional results of their superstitions and rituals, especially pertaining to
Educating distinctions and prep work methods for champions
The globe of judo has actually long been fascinated by the view of champs that seemingly possess an unstoppable pressure, controling the tatami with an elegance and power that establishes them aside from their peers. However what is the secret behind these judo genius that wear their blue gi with such difference? The response lies not in the shade of their attire but in the rigorous training differences and meticulous preparation strategies they employ.
Primarily, judo champions understand that the foundation of their stamina depends on understanding the essentials. They spend many hours developing the basic methods, referred to as Kihon in Japanese. This dedication to the fundamentals ensures that their judo is not only reliable but also adaptable to any scenario that might arise during a bout.
Nonetheless, it is not just the quantity of training that establishes these champions apart, yet the high quality as well. Top-level judokas commonly take part in specialized training routines tailored to their specific requirements and toughness. This might consist of a focus on enhancing their gripping strategies, which are crucial in acquiring take advantage of over a challenger, or exploration shift activities that enable seamless switches in between standing and groundwork.
In addition, judo champions invest heavily in physical conditioning. Toughness, agility, and endurance are important elements in a sporting activity that demands explosive power for throws and the strength to hold up against arduous suits. Many champs adhere to toughness and conditioning programs that are as strenuous as those of expert athletes in other sports, ensuring their bodies are as prepared as their strategies.
Mental preparation is one more important facet that can not be neglected. Judo champs often collaborate with sporting activities psychologists to establish the mental strength called for to encounter any kind of obstacle on the mat. Visualization methods, stress and anxiety administration, and cognitive training are all part of the psychological arsenal of a judo champ.
One unique aspect of judo training that contributes to the making of champions is the concept of Randori, or free sparring. This permits judokas to check their skills against withstanding challengers in a setting that imitates real competition. Champions usually engage in randori with companions of different sizes and ability degrees, which sharpens their capability to adjust and use techniques under stress.
The preparation methods of judo champs likewise extend to their diet and healing regimens. Nourishment is tailored to maximize performance and recovery, while sufficient rest and recovery methods such as physiotherapy, massage, and cryotherapy are incorporated to avoid injuries and ensure the body remains in peak condition for competitors.
Ultimately, judo champions often have access to elite mentoring and support groups
Professional point of views on the influence of outfit in affordable Judo
The essence of Judo, a fighting style steeped in practice, discipline, and technique, stretches much past plain physical prowess and strategy. Among the myriad of variables contributing to the production of an unstoppable Judoka, an instead appealing component has actually been the topic of discussion and expert evaluation: the impact of the Gi shade, specifically heaven Gi, on affordable outcomes.
The Judo Gi, the conventional uniform used by practitioners, is not just a sign of the sporting activity but a useful device within the competitive field. Commonly, Judokas competed in white Gis. Nonetheless, in the 1986 World Judo Championships, a speculative use of blue Gis was introduced to help viewers and referees distinguish competitors during matches. This method was later on taken on formally, and since then, professional athletes have actually commonly had 2 Gis: one white, one blue.
So, what is the secret behind the champs that wear blue? Some professionals believe that the color of the Gi might have a psychological influence on both the rival using it and their opponent. Blue is usually related to feelings of calmness and security however also represents strength and self-confidence. A professional athlete donning a blue Gi might really feel a mental boost, a sort of 'armor result', really feeling even more empowered and leading in the competitive setting.
Additionally, other specialists suggest that the blue Gi may offer a competitive edge in terms of visibility. A blue Gi contrasts dramatically with the normal yellow tatami floor coverings made use of in Judo competitions, possibly making it more difficult for opponents to gauge movement and range. This contrast can work to the advantage of the blue-clad Judoka, who may be far better able to camouflage or disguise their attack methods, making their activities much less predictable and more challenging to respond to.
In addition, the understanding of the referees and courts might likewise be subtly influenced by the color of the Gi. Despite the fact that referees are highly trained to be unbiased, the high comparison of the blue Gi versus the mat can make strategies appear more strong and efficient, potentially swaying close telephone calls in scoring.
Despite these concepts, it is essential to acknowledge that the Gi color alone does not make a champion. The core of Judo stays in the proficiency of strategies, the strategic application of force, and the psychological fortitude of the Judoka. The unrelenting pursuit of excellence in tosses, holds, and entries integrated with extensive physical fitness and mental preparation are key elements in the making of an unstoppable champ.
To conclude, while heaven Gi might provide particular mental and visual benefits that are interesting to | <urn:uuid:c04eb77d-4f9a-4534-8cb6-017496de0877> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://dep5u.upcloudobjects.com/blue-judo-gi/what-is-the-secret-behind-the-unstoppable-judo-champions-its-done-in-their-blue-gi-discover-why-2.html | 2024-12-01T20:36:57Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066036672.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20241201192453-20241201222453-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.949008 | 3,307 | 2.625 | 3 |
The epistolary exchange between Thomas Jefferson and Randolph Jefferson, younger by 12 years and acknowledged by almost all historians to be cognitively challenged, is sparse. It begins during Jefferson’s last year in Paris, 1789. Thomas begins the letter thus, “The occurrences of this part of the globe are of a nature to interest you so little that I have never made them the subject of a letter to you.” There are three letters from 1789 to 1792, each written by Thomas, and the correspondence surceases for some reason till 1807, when Thomas, now president, resumes the correspondence.
With Thomas Jefferson participating in events with global implications, there is nary a letter to Randolph to share his thoughts on those events. Why is Thomas so silent about his extraordinary experiences, especially during his presidency?
The answer is in the first sentence of the first known letter between the two. Randolph has no interest in such matters, because all of his energy is focused on managing Snowden—for him, a task Herculean. Moreover, Thomas is involved in so many significant tasks that letters of business take precedence over letters to family and friends. Consequently, it is in vain for Thomas to write to his brother.
Yet all historians admit large dependency of Randolph on Thomas’ succor for running his plantation, Snowden, 20 miles to the south of Monticello. Still, there is not one letter from Randolph to Thomas till summer 1807. If Randolph is so dependent on his older brother apropos of managing his plantation—and all Jeffersonian biographers concede that—why are there no letters from 1792 to 1807?
The answer can only be that Randolph visits Thomas at Monticello quite often to glean, in person, advice, whenever Thomas retreats from Washington.
That, however, is an answer that the folks at the Thomas Jefferson Foundation (TJF) find abhorrent. Following the argumentum ad ignoratiam—there is no evidence for x, so ~x is the case—they argue merely that absence of evidence is evidence of absence: So long as there is no written evidence of any visits of Randolph to Monticello, we must conclude that there were no visits. They write:
There is no surviving correspondence between the brothers from 1792 to 1807. Thomas Jefferson’s two surviving letters of 1807, which express the hope that his brother would visit Monticello during his spring and late summer vacations, suggest that similar invitations were extended in the preceding years. The correspondence also suggests that Randolph Jefferson may not always have acted on these invitations. In his post-1807 letters, ill health, the poor state of the roads, and other circumstances were often cited as reasons to postpone his Monticello visits. In fact, his only recorded Monticello visits in this period were made on his own business and not at his brother’s invitation.
The obvious reason that the argument is fallacious is that lack of evidence for x cannot be taken as evidence for ~x.
TJF has an agenda. The business of the TJF is to debunk, using whatever means they have at their disposal, the hypothesis that Randolph Jefferson fathered the children of Sally Hemings. They continue:
Only four recorded visits to Monticello (in September 1802, September 1805, May 1808, and sometime in 1814) are known, none related to Sally Hemings’s conceptions. In August 1807, a probable conception time for Eston Hemings, Thomas Jefferson wrote his brother that “we shall be happy to see you also” at Monticello, where Randolph’s twin sister, Anna Marks, was then visiting. A search of visitors’ accounts, memorandum books, and Jefferson’s published and unpublished correspondence provided no indication that Randolph did, in fact, come at this time. A similar search was made of the probable conception time for Madison Hemings, without finding reference to a Randolph Jefferson visit.
When we work our way through the argument, we feel persuaded. Yet something is amiss—greatly amiss.
All persons—even Joanne Yeck, author of a 400-page biography of Randolph Jefferson—who write about Randolph Jefferson acknowledge great reliance on brother Thomas to run well his estate. Let us refer to Thomas’ own account of Randolph’s ability to manage his affairs in the deposition after Randolph’s death: “That he [Thomas] considered his said brother as not possessing skill for the judicious management of his affairs, and that in all the occasions of life a diffidence in his own opinions, an extreme facility and kindness of temper, and an easy pliancy to the wishes and urgency of others made him very susceptible of influence from those who had any views upon him.” It is inconceivable that Randolph during the years 1792 to 1807 would not often have visited his brother—and records of Thomas indicate numerous trips to Monticello during that span—especially given lack of any correspondence. So great is TJF’s investment in Thomas Jefferson as the father of all of Sally Hemings’ children that they aim to block even the possibility of Randolph’s paternity of Sally Hemings’ children. Hence, there is astonishingly no mention of the relationship of the brothers in their entree “Randolph Jefferson.” Their harefooted and shoddy dismissal of other possible Jeffersonian candidates for paternity of Hemings’ children—there are numerous other possibilities consistent with the one 1998 DNA finding of an offspring of Eston Hemings (e.g., some of Randolph’s children and perhaps Peter Carr)—is skullduggery. Their logic is pretzel; their method is cherry-picking. Moreover, they refuse to consider the possibility that Sally Hemings had more than one lover. We know that her mother had four paramours, both black and white.
It is more than strange that they appeal to an argumentative form, fallacious, to bolster their case for Thomas’ paternity, but refuse to appeal to that argument in other instances, when it fails to fit their needs. I cite two instances: lack of correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings is not taken as evidence of no relationship and lack of any witnesses to any intimacy between Jefferson and Hemings is not evidence of there having been no intimacy. In the first case, they maintain that any letters would necessarily have been destroyed. In the second case, they maintain that Jefferson and Hemings were excellent at dissimulation and secrecy over a period of 38 years!
Absence of evidence for the occurrence of something is, of course, probatively unavailing, but there are instances when absence of evidence is suggestive, even strongly so. Lack of an epistolary exchange between Thomas and Randolph between 1792 and 1807 strongly intimates that Randolph paid numerous visits to see Thomas at Monticello during that span for help with his plantation and financial matters. Excepting the silence of TJF about their relationship, all historians, I reiterate, acknowledge Randolph’s essential dependency on Thomas. If we couple that with Slave Isaac Jefferson’s admission in his memoirs that Randolph was often seen among the slaves to be fiddling and dancing—“Old Masser’s [Thomas’] brother, Mass Randall, was a mighty simple man: used to come out among black people, play the fiddle and dance half the night; hadn’t much more sense than Isaac”—Randolph might easily have enjoyed the added perk of intimacy with toothsome Sally Hemings during those visits. Hemings had children in 1795, 1798, 1799, 1801, 1805, and finally, 1808. After 1808, Hemings has no more children. Randolph’s first wife dies around 1800 and he remarries in 1809. He could readily have been the father of Hemings’ last three children, and there is nothing that shows he could not have fathered the first three. We cannot, like the TJF, rule that out by fiat, by decree. Moreover, there is, I ingeminate, no reason to rule out multiple fathers.
In sum, the DNA study of 1998 makes Randolph a candidate of paternity of Hemings’ last child, Eston (b. 1808)—it is consistent with any male-line Jefferson, having the Jeffersonian Y-chromosome as father—and then there is the testimony of Isaac Jefferson. There is nothing linking Thomas to the slaves of Mulberry Row. There is also nothing known biologically about Eston’s siblings. TJF merely and flatly posits that Thomas Jefferson, and only Thomas Jefferson, was the father of Sally Hemings’ children. To get to that conclusion, which they since 2018 have called factual, they posit that Hemings was monogamous, and they again use argumentum ad ignorantiam: There is no evidence of any other father of any of Hemings’ children, so there is no other father than Thomas. One readily remonstrates that there is nothing tying Thomas to Hemings other than one DNA sample, which does not single out Thomas and makes Randoph (and other male-line Jeffersons) a possible father.
With a paucity of evidence to determine the issue of paternity of Hemings’ children and no eyewitness testimony that links Thomas to Hemings—such things are facts!—all that we can conclude is that we do not know about the father(s) of Hemings’ children. It is bewildering, and scholarly irresponsible, that TJF treats Thomas’ paternity as fact. Yet theirs is a political, not a veridical, agenda. It is about idolizing and sanctifying someone who was historically insignificant, and most likely illiterate—Sally Hemings—and of course, it does not hurt if you can draw in tens of thousands of “Benjamins” along the way. It is astonishing how these “civil-rights” campaigns wind up being so lucrative and that none of the persons benefiting monetarily ever give a though to funneling lucre those oppressed.
We may never know the truth about the paternity of Sally Hemings’ children—there is a DNA sample only from one of Eston Hemings’ descendants and that is not conclusive—but slave Isaac Jefferson’s eyewitness testimony often places Randolph at Mulberry Hill, where the majority of Monticello’s slaves lived. That makes Randolph the most likely candidate for paternity of Eston Hemings, though it is far from conclusive.
I, thus, offer the tantalizing hypothesis that after the death of his wife, Anne, Randolph not only came to Monticello as often as he could for advice on husbandry and fiscal matters, whenever Jefferson returned from Washington, he also on such occasions enjoyed the amorous companionship of Hemings and she was always there when Randolph arrived. How do I know that? After all, following the reasoning of TJF, there is no evidence that Hemings was not there, so she must have been there.
Thomas Jefferson Foundation, “Appendix J: The Possible Paternity of Other Jeffersons, A Summary of Research,” https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/jefferson-slavery/thomas-jefferson-and-sally-hemings-a-brief-account/research-report-on-jefferson-and-hemings/appendix-j-the-possible-paternity-of-other-jeffersons-a-summary-of-research/, accessed 6 Aug. 2023.
Editors, “Randolph Jefferson,” Monticello, https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/randolph-jefferson, accessed 8 Aug. 2023.
Isaac Jefferson, “Memoirs,” Jefferson at Monticello, ed. James A. Bear, Jr. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1967), 22.
Their “The Life of Sally Hemings” begins, “Like countless enslaved women, Sally Hemings bore children fathered by her owner.” Editors, “The Life of Sally Hemings,” Monticello, https://www.monticello.org/sallyhemings, accessed 8 Aug. 2023. | <urn:uuid:14c7d7d9-9f07-4724-94d4-92dabe79f603> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.abbevilleinstitute.org/randolph-visits-monticello-with-perks/ | 2024-12-11T16:41:36Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066090825.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211143606-20241211173606-00197.warc.gz | en | 0.965341 | 2,585 | 3.015625 | 3 |
With this blogpost, I would like to discuss and introduce the term “transoceanic”, which is also the name of this research blog. Four years ago, at 11th May 2018, the two scholars Juliane Braun and Benjamin Fagan gave an interview to the TRAFO research blog “Blog for Transregional Studies”. This interview was part of a larger TRAFO series “Emerging Topics. Insights from ‘Behind the Scenes’”.
In this interview, they put the attention on the Conference “Transoceanic American Studies”, which would take place a week later at 18th May 2018 at the German Historical Institute Washington. They explained the concept of a transoceanic approach and highlight the differences between Atlantic and Pacific studies. While Atlantic studies are rather interested in discovering “connections between the lands and peoples that exist on that ocean’s rim”, Pacific studies tend to focus “upon the island communities scattered throughout that ocean”. In doing so, they observed, Pacific historians put more efforts into “recovering the experiences of the ocean’s indigenous communities”, instead of just emphasizing on “the people who traveled, willingly and in chains” between the continents, as Atlantic historians typically do.
The term transoceanic is insofar interesting as it understands the Oceans as a means of “creation of connections between different lands, peoples, and products”, and not a barrier. “Seafarers”, they remind, “thought of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans as ‘knit together’ because they had to traverse all of them to get to” their destination.
Putting these considerations into my research project comes along with several consequences. Firstly, this understanding of the Ocean can be surely observed in the whaling industry too. As soon as the whale populations in the Atlantic Ocean diminished in the 18th and 19th century, it was and became common and custom for whaling ships, which started in New England or London, to cross the Atlantic from Cape Hope through the Indian Ocean, or via Cape Horn in order to reach the whaling grounds of the Pacific Ocean, and to sail back. For them, the oceanic currents and patterns formed their regularly ‘way for work’.
At the same time, such connections led to the circulation of ideas, commodities, peoples and experiences. Including the experiences and understanding the perspectives of Indigenous communities means, to follow their path and patterns as well. There a plenty of examples, which clearly contradict the notion of only one-sided developments.
Tahitians went to Aotearoa/New Zealand, Māori individuals arrived in Atlantic ports such as London or Nantucket. Missionaries, on their way from London to the Bay of Islands, talk of (and pick up) stranded Māori persons on the Islands of Madeira. Whaling Captains, who pick up ruling families of the Hawaiian Islands and, on their way back to London, took a stopover in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where the Hawaiian rulers come to meet the local rulers of Rio. Whalers, with Native American background, arrive in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and were considered as Pakeha (white settlers). Brazilian seailors, who run away at Kororareka during a stopover of American whaling ships. These are just a few examples, which can be used as an example in the early 19th century.
With this new blogpost, I would like to introduce you a new format of postings. During my research, I regularly encounter fascinating journal articles and monographs, which I consider as very relevant or useful, but sometimes I approach also titles, which will not find their way into my dissertation manuscript at the end of the day.
In future similar posts, I will give selected topics, research questions and titles a platform in order to introduce them and to approach the topic from my point of view. It might be important to mention here, that I do not have any experience with reviewing titles yet, and therefore, I consider it as an opportunity for myself to learn this too. Thus, if you have comments, useful advices or instructions on reviewing academic monographs for me, I am happy to read your comment or E-Mail.
For this blogpost, I decided to begin with the following monograph: Caroline Ralston (1977):”Grass Huts and Warehouses, Pacific Beach Communities of the Nineteenth Century”, Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Ralston analyzes specifically the background, the role, the influence and the impact of individual Beachcombers on a set of five different places and Indigenous communities across the Pacific Ocean. Throughout the 19th century, the vivid Pacific islands and cities of Honolulu (Hawai’i), Pape’ete (Tahiti) , Apia (Samoa), Levuka (Fiji) and Kororareka at the Bay of Islands (Aotearoa/ New Zealand) gained increasing interest and attention of various regional, European and American agencies due to their geographical locality, their harbour or the abundance of or their proximity to natural resources.
In eight chapters and an Epilogue (chapter 9), she structures her monograph from the first “Contact and Early Trade” (1), then she jumps to “Beachcombers” (2),”First Pacific Beach Communities” (3) , “Early Beach Community Development” (4), before she devotes a general chapter on the “Consuls, Missionaries and Company Traders” (5), followed by “The Pattern of Daily Life”, (6); “Later Years” (7), and “Race Relations in the Beach Communities” (8).
The publication of the journals of Cook’s three voyages to the Pacific, together with those of his forerunners, nevertheless revealed trading and whaling resources awaiting development, and the explorers’ own experiences proved that the basic pre-rerequisites for establishing commercial relations with some groups of islanders did exist.
Ralston 1977, p. 8.
As you can imagine, I have read and scanned the publication with a specific focus on two pre-dominant aspects: on the development of the whaling industry in the Pacific Ocean as well as on Kororareka as a famous harbour for whaling ships. In her first chapter, Ralston summarizes the rise of the whaling industry. She describes the migration patterns of whales and the areas, which became increasingly famous for whaling ships.
During the first two decades of the nineteenth century whaling activities were concentrated on the western coasts of North and South America and the eastern coast of Australia, but with the discovery of the Japanese and equatorial whaling grounds in the early 1820s, whaling vessels were drawn into the midst of the island world and were eager to find places to refresh and refit there.
In the northern Pacific Honolulu became the unchallenged centre for the whaling industry, while in the south whaling captains could choose between Papeete, Kororareka, Apia, the southern islands of Fiji, or the Marquesas to refresh and refit at, depending on which was most convenient.
Despite their seeming aimlessness whalers did not roam casually round the Pacific, but worked through the different whaling grounds systematically according to the migration patterns of the whales, and their arrival at different port towns could be estimated fairly accurately.
Ralston 1977, p. 16.
Today, over 50 years later, we can read studies, who have analyzed hundreds of whaling logbooks in order to visualize their migration patterns, but also to show the favoured ports and islands for stopovers. With these technical skills, the study confirmed many research results of Ralston.1
Due to the hard-working conditions and danger of the whaling industry or due to conflicts on board, seamen did regularly leave ships during these long voyages. Today, one considers them as Beachcombers. Beachcombers, who left the ships and tried to seek safety among Indigenous communities, are defined by Ralston as “being temporarily of permanently detached from one group, enters the web of social relations that constitutes another society and comes under the influcence of its customs, ideas and values to a greater of lesser extent.”2 The total dependency on hospitality and goodwill shaped their interaction with Indigenous communities. When it came to contact situations, beachcombers formed as important translators and mediators and so were able to demonstrate their importance towards both sides.
Campbell, however, criticized this aspect in a review of 1978:
“By overestimating the quality of the communication between beachcombers and islanders over aspects of European culture (p 33) Ralston makes the exaggerated claim that ‘the beachcombers were largely instrumental in the early processes of island acculturation’ (p 42); and surely the beachcomber era was too early, and the beachcombers themselves too few and too sparse for one to be able to speak of ‘race relations’, far less to claim for them credit in establishing egalitarian race relations (p 45).”3
For each of the mentioned Pacific ports, Ralston explains the economic activities, but also the land-transactions of individuals with Indigenous communities. She reminds that Māori did understand that they sell their land, as the early deed of sales of land demonstrate. Ralston is impressed about the fact that these deeds “contained surprisingly detailed descriptions of the land to be transferred and emphasise[…] that the Māori had relinquished all rights to the land. It is impossible to know how much the Māori understood of these transactions, but few of the Kororareka sales were later disputed. Perhaps twenty years’ experience of the missionaries’ insistence on private property had had some effect.”4
In these land transactions, she notices a high degree of Māori agency, when it came to the price of land throughout the 1830s:
“With the growing number of foreigners moving into Kororareka, the Māori were quick to appreciate the rising value of land and put up their prices accordingly. However, they would at no time (not even just after annexation when prices were sky-high) contemplate selling the land on which their pa was built.”4
In the past few months, I had the opportunity to dive into the history of the Church Missionary (CMS) stations and settlements in Aotearoa/ New Zealand in the early nineteenth century, and in this brief post, I would like to share some observations. Reading and thinking about the Church Missionary stations on the Northern Island of Aotearoa/ New Zealand in the period 1815-1840, I realized not only 1) the importance of the sea for missionaries, but also 2) the maritime background of missionary members, who were sent to Aotearoa/ New Zealand.
As soon as the first Māori persons worked and travelled onboard of colonial whaling ships in the early 1800s or visited Port Jackson such as the Māori rangatira Te Pahi, missionary efforts have been done to establish a CMS settlement on the Islands of Aotearoa/ New Zealand. The first efforts came from Marsden, after he had meet Te Pahi for the first time in 1805. Reverend Samuel Marsden, who had settled already in 1794 in the New South Wales colony and later joined the CMS, was so impressed of him, that he urged the CMS to establish a settlement in Aotearoa/ New Zealand too.
Formed in 1799, the members (and ideas) of the Church Missionary Society quickly spread by establishing mission stations across the world and in the Pacific Ocean.
The ´institutional infrastructure´ of the CMS consisting of a ´headquarter´ based in London and the increasingly growing number of mission stations outside the British islands enabled the circulation of letters, correspondences, goods, and people from one place to another. From 1813 onwards, the CMS office in London forged and brought the local report of each mission station together into Annual periodicals, printed every year, which were then distributed again across the mission stations. These, (highly processed), annual periodicals are today online accessible at the website of the Yale University Library.
In the following 10 years, it were ships, which enabled contacts and interactions between young Māori men, who travelled and worked onboard of European vessels and went across the oceans and as far as London. Te Pahi visited 1808 Port Jackson onboard of European ships in order to complain about the violent behaviour of sailors. Marsden, who was at this time in London, met Ruatara 1809 in a port of London and sailed with him back to Sydney.
During a stopover in Rio de Janeiro onboard of the Missionary ship ACTIVE, William Hall informs Samuel Marsden in a letter, that he had picked up a Person from New Zealand on the Islands of Madeira, in order to bring him back home.1
When he and Thomas Kendall arrived on a ship in Sydney 1810 in order to sail further to the Bay of Islands to install a CMS settlement, they learnt of the so-called Boyd Massacre – named after the ship BOYD, which came under attack during a stopover in Aotearoa/ New Zealand. 2
The Boyd incidence delayed any missionary settlement effort and it took several years until in November 1814, the missionary ship ACTIVE (Capt. Hanson), brought a group of 35 persons to the Bay of Islands. Marsden recorded in his Journal of his first visit from Sydney to Aotearoa/ New Zealand:
On Monday the 28th [Nov. 1814] we weighed Anchor, and got out to sea, the number of persons on board (including women and children), were thirty-five – Mr. Hanson, Master, his wife and son, Messr. Kendall, Hall, and King with their wives and five children; – 8 New Zealanders, – two Otaheitans and four Europeans belonging to the vessel, besides Mr. Nicholas, myself, two Sawyers, one Smith, and one runaway convict (as we found him to be afterwards).
Marsden’s First Visit to New Zealand, p. 41-42.
The diversity of the first missionary settlement as well as the fact that it came under the patronage of several Māori rangatira at Oihi shows that the settlement was included in various networks. Angela Middleton has observed several systematic similarities but also differences among other CMS Stations throughout the Pacific Ocean:
“ They all depended on the patronage and support of powerful indigenous people like the Pomares in Tahiti, Kamehameha in Hawaii, and in New Zealand, Ruatara and Hongi Hika. […]
[2.] In all these cases, the missions were reliant to a large extent on the local population for much of their food supplies, as well as labour for building and maintaining the missions.
[3.] The distances between missions and “home” societies in England meant that there were huge delays and difficulties in communication, with replies to letters and requested supplies taking up to 2 years to be received.
Missionaries in these locations found themselves caught up in local wars and internal conflicts and politics.”3
From the very beginning, the CMS station members seem to have been included not only in the missionary networks, but were also closely connected with Māori settlements, with Samuel Marsden and the Penal colony in NSW and Van Diemens Land, (therefore connected within the so-called Tasman World)4, and of course with the whaling ships, which regularly anchored at the Bay of Islands. Thus, ships formed the only possible means for the CMS station to remain in touch with the Marsden in NSW but also to the CMS Secretary in London, and also to receive crucial supplies, and information.
While conflicts and a constant lack o supplies shaped the first ten years, the arrival of Henry Williams in 1823 and his brother William Williams in 1826 promised better times. The majority of the CMS members, who arrived either at the beginning or came afterwards to the growing numbers of CMS stations, consisted of carpenters, who had knowledge in designing or constructing ships, had retired from the Navy or had ancestors working in the Navy. At the Bay of Islands, they were in touch with Māori Individuals, who surely had a distinct knowledge of the sea too.
Early after his arrival, Henry Williams instructed William Puckey, one of the Missionaries, to design and built together with Māori a missionary vessel, which they named HERALD, a 55 ton schooner. Their own ship, so the intention, would allow and enable them a certain degree of economic independency. Captains like Gilbert Mair, Hanson or Capt. Peter Dillon (also known with the French title Le Chevalier) were names, that were quite familiar to the Missionaries.
Reading about these “maritime influences” I had to think about the maritime influences of the NSW colony, as David Haines and Jonathan West stress in their articles of 2018 called “crew cultures in the Tasman World”. And indeed, the first four colonial Governors had Navy background, which was “unique among British colonies”.5 Men from the Navy constituted also Sydney’s civil service to an important extent, while also ship “Captains had magisterial authority” with all the consequences and dynamics, which comes with it.
Hall, William (1809): Letter to Marsden, 28.09.1809, in: Cadbury Research Library, CMS/B/OMS/C/N E/2.
Marsden, Samuel (1814): Reverend Samuel Marsden’s First Visit to New Zealand, In: Marsden Online Archive, MS/ 176/001, http://www.marsdenarchive.otago.ac.nz/MS_0176_001, [last Access: 27.01.2022]
Hall to Marsden, 28.09.1809, in: Cadbury Research Library, CMS/B/OMS/C/N E/2 [↩]
This surely needs to be topic of another post here [↩]
Middleton, Angela (2008): Te Puna – A New Zealand Mission Station. Historical Archaeology in New Zealand. New York: Springer, p. 79-80 [↩]
This needs to be topic of another post here as well [↩]
Haines, David; West, Jonathan (2018): Crew Cultures in the Tasman World, in: Steel, Frances (Ed.): New Zealand and the Sea. Historical Perspectives. Wellington, pp. 181-200, p. 186. [↩]
Throughout the 19th century, whale oil was a natural resource that was in high demand as both a lubricant and a means of illumination for the growing cities of the Atlantic World. One can even say: It fuelled the Industrial Revolution in this period. After having exhausted whale populations in the Atlantic, whaling ships from both London and New England ports ventured from the 1790s onwards into the Pacific.
Such transoceanic whaling voyages, which could last up to four years, required regular stops for provisions and supplies at ports and islands. During their stopovers, members of whaling ships came in touch with local communities, traded not only guns and goods, but also employed Indigenous peoples on various islands in the Pacific Ocean. As such, these transoceanic whaling voyages put “thousands of people from around the world on the move”1 and “provided mobility and travel, which facilitated a kind of freedom that was not [always] present on land”2. The whaling ventures departed from Atlantic ports followed the whale migration patterns as far as the Pacific in order to fulfil “the [growing] demands of a vast network of consumers”3 for its oil.
My dissertation project shows on the example of the Swain and Starbuck families how Quaker whalers constituted an interaction space with Native American, African and African American individuals already in the Atlantic. Having these backgrounds in mind, I argue that these families had already formed a specific interaction space in the Atlantic, when they reached the Pacific from 1790 onwards. I aim to reconstruct these multiple socioeconomic relationships of these global interactions between whalers and Māori Iwi between 1790 and 1840.
This research blog shall give my dissertation project a (digital) audience and allow me to discuss specific topics and aspects, to introduce research details, key publications, and accompany me in the academic journey on a regular base.
Wanhalla, Angela (2013): Matters of the Heart. A History of Interracial Marriage in New Zealand. Auckland: Auckland University Press, p. 7 [↩]
Russell, Lynette (2012): Roving Mariners. Australian aboriginal whalers and sealers in the southern oceans, 1790-1870. New York: State University of New York Press, p. 97 [↩]
Shoemaker, Nancy (2014): Living with whales. Documents and oral histories of Native New England whaling history. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, p. 4 [↩] | <urn:uuid:f34b53cc-8516-4932-8417-5a58c71acf34> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://transoceanic.hypotheses.org/tag/pacific-ocean/page/2 | 2024-12-14T07:57:02Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066124856.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214054842-20241214084842-00663.warc.gz | en | 0.964027 | 4,448 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Estimated reading time: 13 minutes
In the quest to enhance national security and law enforcement effectiveness, a critical aspect that demands attention is the varied crime landscape across the United States. This article offers an exhaustive analysis of crime rates by states, moving beyond mere statistical representation to a deeper understanding of underlying patterns and influences. By examining historical trends, current statistics, and the factors that shape these rates, this piece aims to provide security professionals with valuable insights for strategizing more effective crime prevention and law enforcement measures.
Table of contents
Analyzing the Trends: Crime Rates Overview
Historical Perspective of Crime Rates in the U.S.
The crime story in the United States is a tapestry woven with various socio-economic threads over decades. Crime rates fluctuated in the early 20th century, often correlating with socio-political upheavals and economic downturns. The Prohibition era, for instance, witnessed a notable spike in organized crime. Moving into the mid-20th century, the post-war economic boom brought about a dip in crime rates, only for them to surge again in the 1960s and 1970s, paralleling societal unrest and drug epidemics. The late 20th century saw innovative law enforcement strategies, such as community policing and technology in crime prevention, contributing to a significant decline in crime rates. This historical context is crucial for understanding the ebbs and flows of crime across the United States and sets the stage for analyzing contemporary data.
Current State of Crime Rates Across the U.S.
Today, the crime landscape in the United States presents a complex picture. While national averages offer a macroscopic view, a state-wise analysis reveals a more nuanced scenario. States like Alaska and New Mexico, for instance, report higher rates of violent crimes, whereas states like Maine and Vermont show comparatively lower rates. On the other hand, property crimes have a different distribution, with states like Louisiana and Mississippi recording higher incidences. It is essential to note that many factors, including population density, urbanization, economic conditions, and the effectiveness of local law enforcement agencies, influence these rates. This granular view of crime rates helps tailoring state-specific crime prevention and law enforcement strategies.
Factors Influencing State-Specific Crime Rates
The disparities in crime rates across states can be attributed to various factors. Economic conditions play a pivotal role – states with higher poverty rates and unemployment often witness more crime, particularly property-related offenses. Demographic characteristics, including population density and age distribution, influence crime dynamics significantly. Urban areas, for instance, tend to have higher crime rates due to anonymity and easier access to targets. Additionally, the resources allocated to law enforcement, the strategies employed, and community engagement in crime prevention efforts significantly impact the effectiveness of crime control. Understanding these intricate factors is critical for security professionals in devising more targeted and effective crime prevention strategies.
Dissecting Crime Categories: A Closer Look at Varied Offenses
Violent Crimes: Understanding the Aggressive Dynamics
In the realm of violent crimes, the United States presents a diverse landscape, with certain states grappling with significantly higher rates. Murder, assault, and robbery, the primary constituents of this category, not only instill fear in communities but also challenge the resilience of state law enforcement systems. For instance, states like Louisiana and Mississippi have historically reported higher rates of violent crime, often linked to factors such as economic disparities, social unrest, and limited law enforcement resources. The urban centers in these states, notably, become focal points for such crimes. The gravity of violent crimes lies not just in their immediate impact but also in the long-lasting psychological and socio-economic effects they have on communities. Tackling these crimes requires a multi-faceted approach involving community outreach, targeted policing, and socio-economic interventions.
Property Crimes: Analyzing Theft and Damage
Shifting the focus to property crimes, a different pattern emerges. States like New Mexico and Arkansas often find themselves at the higher end of property crime statistics. These crimes, including burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft, significantly contribute to a state’s overall crime index. The high rates of property crime in these states can be attributed to economic instability, urban sprawl, and disparities in wealth distribution. Unlike violent crimes, property crimes often go underreported, leading to challenges in accurate data collection and analysis. The repercussions of high property crime rates are manifold, affecting not just individual victims but also the broader economic health of the state. Prevention and reduction strategies for property crimes involve not only enhanced surveillance and policing but also community-based efforts to address the root causes, such as poverty and lack of education.
Specialized Crimes: A Focus on Unique Offenses
Beyond the conventional crime categories, the United States faces an array of specialized crimes that vary in nature and impact across different states. Cybercrimes, for instance, has seen a surge in states with high-tech industries, posing unique challenges to law enforcement. Drug-related offenses, on the other hand, remain prevalent in states battling substance abuse issues, necessitating a blend of law enforcement and public health responses. White-collar crimes, including fraud and embezzlement, are more common in states with significant financial and corporate sectors. These specialized crimes require distinct strategies and expertise for effective management. The response to such crimes involves not only traditional policing but also specialized units, technological tools, and inter-state collaboration. The complexity of these offenses underscores the need for continuous adaptation and evolution in law enforcement practices and policies.
Geographic and Socioeconomic Influences on Crime Rates
Urban Versus Rural Crime Dynamics
The divide between urban and rural areas in terms of crime rates is a phenomenon observed across various states. Urban centers, with their dense populations and diverse socio-economic landscapes, often report higher incidences of both violent and property crimes. Factors contributing to this include the anonymity of large cities, socioeconomic disparities, and the concentration of wealth and targets. In contrast, rural areas tend to have lower crime rates, attributed to factors like close-knit communities and lower population densities. However, these areas are not immune to crime, often facing challenges like limited law enforcement resources and increasing drug-related offenses. The distinction between urban and rural crime patterns necessitates tailored approaches in law enforcement and community engagement strategies.
Economic Conditions and Crime Correlation
The link between economic conditions and crime rates is critical to understanding state-specific crime dynamics. States experiencing financial hardships, characterized by high unemployment rates and poverty, often see corresponding increases in certain crimes, particularly property crimes. Economic downturns can lead to desperation and reduced opportunities, pushing individuals towards criminal activities. Conversely, states with robust economies and lower unemployment rates typically report lower crime rates. This correlation underscores the importance of economic policies and development efforts as indirect but potent tools in crime prevention and reduction.
Impact of Education and Employment Opportunities
Education and employment opportunities play a significant role in shaping crime rates. States with higher levels of education and better employment prospects tend to experience lower crime rates. Education is a powerful tool in crime prevention, providing individuals with the knowledge and skills needed for gainful employment and societal integration. Employment opportunities, particularly those that offer fair wages and job security, reduce individuals’ likelihood of criminal activities. As such, investments in education and creating quality jobs are essential components of a comprehensive strategy to lower crime rates across states.
Law Enforcement Strategies and Their Effectiveness
Policing Tactics and Crime Prevention
The effectiveness of policing tactics is crucial in determining crime rates in various states. Innovative and adaptive policing strategies, such as community policing, predictive policing, and advanced technology, have significantly reduced crime. Community policing, which fosters a partnership between the police and the community, has been particularly effective in building trust and reducing neighborhood crime. Predictive policing, using data analytics to predict and prevent potential criminal activities, has also been a game-changer in many urban areas. Moreover, integrating technology, such as surveillance cameras and forensic tools, has enhanced the capability of law enforcement agencies to deter and solve crimes.
Impact of Law Enforcement Resources
The availability and allocation of resources to law enforcement agencies significantly influence their ability to combat crime effectively. States that allocate higher budgets to public safety tend to have better-equipped police forces, translating into more effective crime prevention and investigation. These resources include funding and access to advanced technology, training, and sufficient personnel. However, it’s about more than just the quantity of resources; it’s also about their strategic deployment. States that efficiently utilize their law enforcement resources, focusing on high-crime areas and community engagement, often see a more significant reduction in crime rates.
The Role of Legislation and Policy in Crime Management
Legislation and policy play a pivotal role in shaping the crime landscape of a state. Laws and regulations that target specific types of crimes, such as drug offenses or cybercrimes, can significantly influence their prevalence. For instance, states with stringent laws and penalties for drug trafficking and possession often see different patterns in drug-related crimes compared to states with more lenient policies. Similarly, policies focusing on rehabilitation and reintegration of offenders, rather than just punishment, can lead to lower recidivism rates and, consequently, crime rates. The effectiveness of law enforcement is thus intricately tied to the legislative framework within which they operate, highlighting the importance of informed and strategic policymaking in crime management.
The Role of Technology in Crime Detection and Prevention
Surveillance and Monitoring Technologies
Technology has become an indispensable tool in crime detection and prevention in the modern era. Surveillance and monitoring technologies, such as CCTV cameras, license plate recognition systems, and drone surveillance, have revolutionized how law enforcement agencies monitor public spaces and deter criminal activities. These technologies provide real-time monitoring capabilities and serve as crucial evidence-gathering tools. States that have invested heavily in such technologies have seen a notable decrease in certain crimes, especially in urban areas where such systems can be most effectively deployed.
Data Analytics and Predictive Policing
Data analytics has transformed the landscape of crime prevention, enabling law enforcement agencies to anticipate and prevent criminal activities before they occur. Predictive policing, which uses data analysis to forecast potential crime hotspots and trends, allows for more efficient allocation of police resources. By analyzing past crime data, demographic information, and other relevant factors, predictive policing tools can accurately identify patterns and predict future criminal activities. Numerous states have adopted this proactive approach to policing, and it has shown promising results in reducing crime rates.
Biometric Technologies and Identification Systems
Biometric technologies, including fingerprint recognition, facial recognition, and DNA analysis, have significantly enhanced the capabilities of law enforcement agencies in identifying and apprehending criminals. These technologies have streamlined the suspect identification process, making it faster and more accurate. In states where law enforcement agencies have access to advanced biometric identification systems, there has been an improvement in solving crimes, especially in cases where conventional investigative methods yield limited results. However, using such technologies also raises important questions regarding privacy and civil liberties, requiring a balanced approach in their deployment.
Community Involvement in Crime Reduction
Neighborhood Watch Programs and Community Policing
Community involvement plays a pivotal role in the reduction and prevention of crime. Neighborhood watch programs, where residents collaborate with local law enforcement to monitor and report suspicious activities, have enhanced neighborhood safety. These programs foster a sense of responsibility and vigilance among community members, leading to a proactive stance against crime. Additionally, community policing strategies, where police officers build relationships with community members, have been successful in several states. These strategies not only improve trust between the police and the community but also provide valuable insights and information that aid in crime prevention and resolution.
Educational Programs and Awareness Campaigns
Educational programs and awareness campaigns are essential tools in the fight against crime. States that have implemented educational initiatives focusing on crime prevention, legal consequences, and the impact of criminal behavior have seen positive outcomes. These programs, often aimed at young people, work towards creating an informed and aware citizenry that is less likely to engage in criminal activities. Awareness campaigns about specific crimes, such as cybercrime or domestic violence, also play a critical role in educating the public about prevention methods and available support systems.
Collaboration Between Community and Law Enforcement
Effective crime reduction often requires a collaborative effort between the community and law enforcement agencies. States that have fostered strong partnerships have seen notable success in addressing crime. These collaborations can take various forms, from joint community-police task forces addressing specific issues to regular meetings and communication channels between police departments and community representatives. Such collaborations ensure that law enforcement strategies are aligned with community needs and perspectives, leading to more effective and sustainable crime prevention measures.
Impact of Social Issues on Crime Rates
Substance Abuse and Its Correlation with Crime
Substance abuse is a significant social issue that closely correlates with crime rates in various states. The abuse of drugs and alcohol often leads to an increase in both violent and property crimes. States grappling with high levels of substance abuse typically see higher rates of offenses like assault, theft, and drug-related crimes. Addressing the root causes of substance abuse through initiatives like rehabilitation programs and support services is crucial for states looking to reduce related criminal activities. Effective management of this issue not only helps in lowering crime rates but also aids in improving overall public health and social stability.
Poverty and Crime: A Complex Relationship
Poverty is another critical social factor that influences crime rates. States with higher poverty rates often experience higher incidences of certain types of crime, particularly property crimes and petty offenses. The desperation and lack of opportunities associated with poverty can lead individuals to criminal activities as a means of survival. Tackling this issue requires a multifaceted approach that goes beyond traditional law enforcement. Economic development programs, educational initiatives, and social welfare policies are essential in addressing the root causes of poverty-related crimes.
The Effect of Family and Social Structures
Family and social structures also play a significant role in influencing crime rates. States where family structures are unstable or where there are substantial issues with domestic violence and child abuse tend to have higher rates of crime. These social issues can lead to cycles of violence and criminal behavior, perpetuating the problem across generations. Programs that support family stability and provide intervention in cases of domestic violence and child abuse are crucial in breaking these cycles. By strengthening family and social structures, states can create a more stable and secure environment, reducing the likelihood of crime.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Criminal Justice Systems
The Judiciary’s Role in Crime Deterrence
The judiciary system plays a crucial role in deterring crime through its interpretation and enforcement of laws. States with a judiciary known for consistent and fair application of the law tend to have better control over crime rates. The severity of sentences, especially for repeat offenders and serious crimes, can act as a deterrent. However, it is also essential for the judiciary to focus on rehabilitation and not just punishment to prevent recidivism. The balance between justice and rehabilitation is delicate, requiring continuous evaluation and adaptation of legal processes and sentencing guidelines.
Prison Systems and Rehabilitation Programs
A state’s prison system and rehabilitation programs’ effectiveness is a significant factor in overall crime rates. States that have developed comprehensive rehabilitation programs within their prison systems often see lower rates of recidivism. These programs include vocational training, education, and counseling services designed to reintegrate offenders into society as productive members. Conversely, states with overcrowded prisons and limited rehabilitation services often struggle with high rates of repeat offenses, underlining the need for a reformed approach focused on rehabilitation rather than mere incarceration.
Assessing Recidivism Rates and Criminal Reform
Recidivism rates are a crucial indicator of the effectiveness of criminal justice systems in various states. States implementing successful criminal reform policies, including parole systems, community services, and reentry support, generally report lower recidivism rates. These policies focus on monitoring and supporting offenders post-release, ensuring they have the necessary resources and guidance to avoid returning to criminal behavior. Evaluating and refining these approaches is essential for states to develop more effective strategies for reducing crime rates and enhancing public safety.
Understanding crime rates by states in the United States involves a comprehensive examination of various factors, including socioeconomic conditions, law enforcement strategies, technology, community involvement, social issues, and the criminal justice system’s effectiveness. Each state presents unique challenges and requires tailored approaches to manage and reduce crime effectively. Security professionals and policymakers must continuously adapt and evolve their strategies, considering the multifaceted nature of crime and its prevention. By doing so, they can create safer communities and a more secure nation. | <urn:uuid:9022af13-62b8-4f4e-bc44-7b2d1de5fc96> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.grsprotection.com/crime-rates-by-states-in-the-united-states/ | 2024-12-08T12:01:14Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066446143.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208111059-20241208141059-00727.warc.gz | en | 0.936571 | 3,374 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Fraud in the business world is much like infidelity in marriage or plagiarism in scholarly work – it breaks trust at its core. While s. 17 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, defines fraud as any act committed with the intent to deceive or persuade a party into entering a contract, the Companies Act, 2013 ('Act') goes a step further by offering a more specific and comprehensive definition under s. 447. According to the explanation in this section, fraud includes any act, omission, concealment of facts, or abuse of position with an intent to deceive, gain an unfair advantage, or cause harm to a company, its shareholders, or the public at large. This definition reflects the legislature's recognition of the potential harm corporate fraud can cause to businesses, the economy, and society.
Interestingly, although the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ('IPC') or now the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 ('BNS'), do not expressly define fraud, many of its provisions, such as those dealing with cheating, forgery, and criminal conspiracy, align closely with the concept of fraud.
Before India's independence, corporate fraud was relatively rare due to a controlled economy and limited international trade. However, as India opened its economy in the late 1990s with the LPG (Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization) reforms, the incidence of corporate fraud increased significantly. The infamous Harshad Mehta Scam of 1992 was an early sign of this trend. The rise of technology and globalization created new opportunities for fraud, with many companies exploiting regulatory loopholes.
Common types of corporate fraud in India include falsifying financial records and using confidential company information for personal gain. The Satyam scandal, which emerged around the year 2000, highlighted severe vulnerabilities in corporate governance. Initially, such crimes were investigated under the IPC/BNS because the Companies Act, 1956 ('erstwhile Act') lacked a specific definition of fraud.
Then came the Act, which addressed this gap by defining corporate fraud and establishing the Serious Fraud Investigation Office ('SFIO'). The Joint Parliamentary Committee1 ('JPC') on the stock market scam noted that penalties under the erstwhile Act were nominal and easily compoundable. Thus, serious offences were kept non-compoundable under the Act, with s. 447 being a key provision.
This provision, which was not part of the original draft based on the Irani Committee Report constituted in 2005, introduced strict punishments for corporate fraud, encompassing offences such as breach of trust, cheating, forgery, and falsification of accounts. However, it was later recognized that not all corporate frauds warranted such severe penalties. As a result, the 2017 Amendment2 allowed for the compounding of frauds below a certain financial threshold that did not affect public interest.
Cracking the Code: S. 447 Simplified
If someone is found guilty of fraud under s. 447 of the Act:
- For large-scale fraud (involving at least Rs. 10 lakhs or 1% of the company's turnover), the punishment ranges from 6 months to 10 years of imprisonment, along with a fine of at least the amount involved in the fraud and up to 3 times that amount. If the fraud affects the public, the minimum imprisonment is 3 years.
- For smaller-scale fraud (less than Rs. 10 lakhs or 1% of the company's turnover) that does not affect the public, the punishment is up to 5 years of imprisonment or a fine of up to Rs. 50 lakhs, or both.
Corporate Fraud: Unmasking the Tricks of the Trade
Corporate fraud involves a range of deceptive practices, from embezzlement to accounting scandals. These illegal activities erode trust, harm the economy, and damage businesses. Below are some common methods employed by corporate fraudsters.
1. Empty Pockets: The Art of Asset Misappropriation
Asset misappropriation refers to the theft of company resources by anyone, from top executives to lower-level employees. This fraud involves the unauthorized use of assets for personal gain, whether they are tangible or intangible. Common schemes include fictitious sales, inventory fraud, and falsifying asset requisitions and transfers.
In the notable case of Ganga Prakash v. Union of India3, Ganga Prakash, the former General Manager of the Indian Security Press (ISP), a subsidiary of the Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Limited, was heavily involved in the infamous Telgi stamp paper scam. His involvement in the misappropriation of assets, such as the supply of special paper for stamp printing, gummed papers, perforating machines, inks, and other materials, led to his dismissal under a. 311(2)(c) of the Constitution of India ('Constitution'). The material evidence on record was deemed sufficient to remove him from service without further inquiry into the matter. Prakash converted company resources for personal benefit, and the severity of his actions was such that additional charges under s. 447 of the Act (if applicable at the time) could have been brought for asset misappropriation.
2. Grease Palms, Line Pockets: The Corrupt World of Corporates
Bribery and corruption are serious offences that significantly damage a company's financial health. These practices not only constitute crimes but also act as cancers that undermine corporate integrity. Bribery, the lubricant of corruption, facilitates unethical deals, while corruption infects all levels of the corporate hierarchy, from the boardroom to the mailroom. They create a toxic environment that stifles innovation, erodes trust, and drains a company's resources.
While the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 ('PMLA') addresses corporate fraud through bribery and corruption under the category of 'proceeds of crime', s. 447 of the Act serves as a vital tool in prosecuting corporate fraud. S. 447 prohibits any individual from committing corporate fraud, with penalties that include imprisonment, especially when the fraud impacts the general public.
For instance, imagine a senior executive at a large corporation being offered a substantial bribe to secure a lucrative contract for the company. If the executive accepts the bribe and manipulates the decision-making process to favour the bribing party, despite other qualified bidders, they could face charges of bribery, fraud, and misuse of their position under s. 447 of the Act.
3. Behind the Numbers: Unmasking Financial Fraud
Financial statement fraud involves intentionally misrepresenting a company's financial position, with devastating consequences for internal and external stakeholders. Fraudsters may manipulate accounting records, inflate assets, understate liabilities, or conceal critical financial information. Under s. 90(12) of the Act deals with significant beneficial owners, and any person who knowingly provides false or misleading information or suppresses material facts can face penalties under s. 447.
In the case of Union of India v. Deloitte Haskins and Sells LLP4, the SFIO initiated proceedings against the auditor under s. 140(5) for falsifying accounts, with additional charges under s. 447. The Court found the auditor ineligible to serve in that capacity for 5 years. The petitioner argued that since the auditor had resigned, proceedings should be dismissed. The High Court affirmed this contention, which was challenged before the Supreme Court, where the petitioner also contended that charges under both ss. 140(5) and 447 of the Act constituted 'double jeopardy'. However, the Supreme Court ruled that separate proceedings by different authorities did not amount to double jeopardy and that ss. 132, 141, 147, 245, and 447 of the Act operate in different fields.
4. Related Party Transactions: Where Corporate Loyalty Collides with Greed
Companies often engage in transactions with related parties, as defined in s. 2(76) of the Act. However, these dealings must be transparent, and significant transactions require shareholder approval. A single misstep can lead to serious consequences.
Related party transactions are governed by s. 188 of the Act, which imposes strict disclosure requirements and mandates shareholder approval for major transactions. The aim is to prevent conflicts of interest, safeguard investor interests, and ensure transparency. Non-compliance can lead to severe penalties under s. 188(5), and if any party gains undue advantage, s. 447 may also be invoked. The legislative intent behind s. 447 is to ensure that any act performed on behalf of a company is carried out without personal benefit and to prevent fraudulent activities.
In the case of Sunil N. Godhwani v. State5, the petitioner was charged with siphoning investor funds worth Rs. 2000 crores. As Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of the company, he approved loans to shell companies despite knowing their lack of creditworthiness. The Court found a deep-rooted conspiracy involving the petitioner, company promoters, and others. Although the companies to which loans were granted provided security, there was a breach of disclosure regarding related-party transactions. The Court denied bail to the petitioner due to the complexity of the case, the risk of tampering with evidence, and witness intimidation. The petitioner was charged under s. 409 of the IPC due to the involvement of public funds.
One Bite or Two? The Battle between S. 447 and IPC/BNS Fraud: Does Double Jeopardy Protect Corporate Wrongdoers?
As mentioned earlier, the answer is negative: an individual can be charged under both s. 447 of the Act and relevant sections of the IPC/BNS for the same fraudulent act. This does not constitute double jeopardy, which is the legal principle preventing a person from being tried twice for the same offence.
Several reasons support the conclusion that both charges can be levied without violating the double jeopardy principle:
a) Nature of Offences: Offences under s. 447 pertains specifically to corporate fraud, such as misrepresentation, concealment of facts, and abuse of position within a company. In contrast, the IPC deals with fraud more generally, covering offences like cheating (s. 415 IPC/s. 318(1) BNS), forgery (s. 463 IPC/s. 336(1) BNS), and criminal conspiracy (s. 120B IPC/s. 61(2) BNS).
b) A. 20(2) of the Constitution: The principle of double jeopardy is enshrined in a. 20(2) of the Constitution, protecting individuals from being prosecuted for the same offence more than once. However, charges under s. 447 of the Act and the IPC/BNS address different aspects of the same fraudulent conduct, so they do not constitute the 'same offence'.
In the case of Maqbool Hussain v. State of Bombay6, the appellant was caught smuggling gold into India and was initially penalized under s. 167(8) of the Sea Customs Act, 1878. When no one claimed the gold, he was later charged under s. 8 of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (FERA). The appellant argued that this violated a. 20(2) of the Constitution, citing double jeopardy. However, the Court analysed the scope of a. 20(2) and clarified that 'prosecution' under this article must occur before a court of law or judicial tribunal. Since the customs authorities were not a judicial tribunal, the plea of double jeopardy was dismissed. The Court emphasized that for double jeopardy to apply, both charges must have the same ingredients. In other words, the facts constituting one offence should be sufficient to justify a conviction for the other – not simply that the facts are relied upon in both trials.
S. 447, on the one hand, aims to protect the interests of shareholders, creditors, and the company itself, while other fraud-related provisions primarily aim to protect the public. Additionally, in Mr. Nekkanti Venkata Rao v. Jakka Vinod Kumar Reddy7, the Telangana High Court emphasized that s. 212(6) of the Act requires an investigation before prosecution under s. 447 can begin, preventing frivolous cases from burdening the courts. This provision ensures that not every complaint automatically results in a court case, thereby setting a higher threshold for legal action.
SFIO: The Corporate Crime Busters
S. 211 of the Act provides for the establishment of the SFIO under the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). The SFIO is tasked with investigating and prosecuting white-collar crimes, and it was granted statutory authority for the first time under the Act. This section outlines the purpose and functions of the SFIO, which primarily investigates serious frauds committed by companies. S. 212(1) of the Act empowers the SFIO to investigate a company's affairs upon receiving a complaint. Under s. 212(6), bail cannot be granted until twin conditions are met and other authorities constituted under different laws are required to facilitate the SFIO's investigation.
S. 212(3) mandates that once the Central Government assigns an investigation to the SFIO, it must conduct the investigation and submit its report within the period specified in the government's order. However, the Act does not impose a specific time limit for the completion of the investigation. In SFIO v. Rahul Modi8, the Supreme Court addressed this issue, ruling that while s. 212 of the Act does not prescribe a time frame for the submission of the report. The SFIO's authority to investigate does not automatically cease once the period mentioned in the Central Government's order expires. The Court held that the time specified in the order is a directory, not mandatory, meaning the SFIO retains its investigative authority even after the deadline.
Closing the Book on Corporate Fraud
The long-awaited amendment addressing corporate fraud is a significant step forward. It clearly defines the punishments based on the severity of the offence, distinguishing between fraud affecting public interest and other types. S. 447's broad scope, which covers non-compoundable offences such as false information during incorporation, fraud related to duplicate share certificates, and fraudulent removal of company names, demonstrates its comprehensive approach. The BNS now reinforces this framework by clearly distinguishing between economic and corporate offences. A close examination of the definition of 'economic offence' under explanation (iii) to s. 111(1) of the BNS reveals that it acknowledges the link between corporate misconduct and underlying economic crimes. This distinction highlights the understanding that corporate fraud frequently originates from broader economic offences.
While the inclusion of ss. 212 and 447 in the Act is a positive development. It is essential to integrate these provisions with Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) regulations, taxation laws, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies, whistleblower protections, and other statutes governing corporate conduct to ensure that the amendment has a meaningful and comprehensive impact. While s. 447 holds significant promise in curbing corporate fraud, continuous judicial and regulatory oversight is essential to ensure that it serves its intended purpose of maintaining corporate integrity and accountability.
1 Ministry of Corporate Affairs: Report of the Committee to Review Offences under the Companies Act, 2013 (August 2018).
2 The Companies (Amendment) Act, 2017; No. 1 of 2018 dated 03.01.2018.
3 Ganga Prakash v. Union of India, 2005 SCC Online CAT 319.
4 Union of India & Anr. v. Deloitte Haskins and Sells LLP & Anr., (2023) 8 SCC 56. Case analysis: Upholding Accountability in Auditing: SC's Ruling on UOI v. Deloitte Haskins and Sells LLP by Jitin Bharadwaj
5 Sunil N. Godhwani v. State, 2020 SCC Online DEL 767.
6 Maqbool Hussain v. State of Bombay, AIR 1953 SC 325, 1953 Cri LJ 1432.
7 Nekkanti Venkata Rao v. Jakka Vinod Kumar Reddy, CRLP/8024/2021.
8 SFIO v. Rahul Modi (2019) 5 SCC 266.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances. | <urn:uuid:06485ec6-926e-4c03-a5fb-85704262ad86> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.mondaq.com/india/criminal-law/1518248/corporate-fraud-surfing-the-legal-tides-of-section-447-of-the-companies-act-2013 | 2024-12-12T08:00:38Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066107376.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212062325-20241212092325-00063.warc.gz | en | 0.932735 | 3,344 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Betsy Hemmings (the surname is spelled with two m’s by Betsy and her descendants) was born at Monticello in 1783, daughter of Mary Hemings and an unidentified father. According to her family’s oral history, her father was Thomas Jefferson, and Jefferson’s son-in-law John Wayles Eppes was the father of her children.
As an infant Hemmings was taken to live with Thomas Bell, a respected white merchant in Charlottesville, to whom her mother had been hired while Jefferson was in France. Thomas Bell and Mary Hemings later had two children together and lived together in what their neighbors came to consider a common-law marriage. When Mary Hemings asked to be sold to Bell in 1792, Jefferson consented, agreeing to sell with her only “such of her younger children as she chose.” Nine-year-old sister Betsy and her twelve-year-old brother Joe Fossett returned to live in bondage at Monticello, while their mother and younger half-siblings became free and inherited Bell’s estate.
In 1797, at age fourteen, Hemmings was once again forced to leave Monticello and her family after Jefferson gave her to his daughter Maria and her husband John Wayles Eppes as part of their marriage settlement. When Maria died in 1804, Hemmings was relocated a further time when Eppes moved with his young son Francis Wayles Eppes to Millbrook, in Buckingham County, Virginia, where he and his second wife, Martha Burke Jones, lived and had four children.
Because she lived and died in bondage and because the Buckingham County records burned in 1869, it has not been possible to learn the names of all of Betsy Hemmings’s own children. However, her descendants (including Edna Jacques, pictured above) have not forgotten their connection to her. Their family stories and those of descendants of John and Martha Jones Eppes shed light on the close ties of family as well as the separations of slavery that must have been felt by Betsy Hemmings. They tell of her distress when some of her children were taken by Francis Eppes to Florida in 1828,
When Betsy Hemmings died in 1857 at age seventy-three, the Eppes family commissioned an elaborate grave marker for her adjacent to that of John Wayles Eppes, who had died in 1823. The two markers, so similar and so near, do nothing to dispel the stories of her relationship with Eppes and his family. As a testament to the love felt by those with whom she lived, Betsy Hemmings’s inscription begins, “Sacred to the Memory of our Mammy, Betsey Hemmings who was Mother, Sister & Friend to all who knew her. The pure in heart shall see God.”
Hear Their Stories
“The Day That Mammy Bessie Died”
“The Day That Mammy Bessie Died”
Edna Jacques recounts the end of Betsy Hemmings’s life and ponders the meanings of her burial.
In 1804, when Betsy Hemmings arrived at Millbrook, she was twenty-one years old and the Millbrook nurse of Francis Eppes. In 1809, thirty-six-year old John Wayles Eppes married nineteen-year old Martha (Patsy) Jones from North Carolina. We will never know what this young bride suspected about the relationship between Betsy Hemmings and John Wayles Eppes, but eventually, she did learn the truth.
According to my oral history, the liaison between Betsy Hemmings and John Wayles Eppes began at Millbrook and lasted until his death. After his second marriage, Betsy continued officially as a nurse, this time to the second Eppes family. But her presentation and the respect that she received in the household and her community were not in keeping with a slave woman. She was known in her environs as “Mam Betsy” and to her loved ones at Millbrook as “Mammy Bessie.” It was said that she had a lot of polish, something that was evident in some of her grandchildren after the Civil War, in spite of their poverty. I have been told that Betsy Hemmings wore beautiful clothes, expensive jewelry and was known as a beloved lady.
On September 15,1823, John Wayles Eppes died, almost three years before Thomas Jefferson. Patsy Eppes, a thirty-three-year old widow, was left with young children ranging in age from three to thirteen and Millbrook that was heavily in debt. After Eppes’s death, Betsy’s life at Millbrook appears to have remained unchanged. But with the deaths and burials of Betsy Hemmings and Patsy Eppes some of Millbrook’s secrets were finally revealed.
On August 20, 1857, Betsy Hemming died, thirty-four years after John Wayles Eppes. Stories have been passed down about the day that Mammy Bessie died. I’ve heard that on that day everything at Millbrook stopped and people wept and wailed in grief. Betsy was a institution at Millbrook, having been there since its inception, and there is no doubt that she was loved by the Millbrook family. The location of her grave and the inscription on her tombstone are testimony to that love. She was buried next to John Wayles Eppes with a tombstone more elaborate than his.
In 1862, Patsy Eppes died. She is not buried at Millbrook beside her husband, but at Chellowe, the plantation of her daughter Mary Eppes Bolling and her husband, Philip A. Bolling. This plantation is also located in Buckingham, not far from Millbrook. It was said that Patsy Eppes is not buried at Millbrook because of Betsy Hemmings. If this reason is correct, which I believe it is, then more questions are raised. It is difficult for me to comprehend how a widow could live for thirty-four years in close proximity to her deceased husband’s slave mistress and yet find the prospect of being buried in the same cemetery with her an anathema. Nothing makes sense, because after John Wayles Eppes’s death, one would have thought that Patsy Eppes would have sold Betsy. But perhaps she couldn’t sell her!
As has often been the case in Virginia, certain slaves were difficult to sell and an embarrassment to the community when they were put on the auction block. My Auntie told me that some of the most difficult slaves to sell were a young “white” mother with her young “white” children, since they personified the horrors of slavery. Likewise, slaves suspected of or believed to be the offsprings of prominent fathers were equally undesirable to many slave traders, because their presence on the auction block confirmed the hypocrisy and debauchery of slavery, creating an atmosphere not conducive to business.
Betsy Hemmings would have been a difficult slave to sell. For decades, rumors abounded in the community that she was a daughter of Thomas Jefferson, and her lifestyle at Millbrook did nothing to dispel these rumors. In addition, Thomas Jefferson maintained a close relationship with John Wayles Eppes and would visit Millbrook.
Since Thomas Jefferson was revered in Virginia, it would have been unthinkable to put a slave believed by many to be his daughter on the auction block. Even in those horrific times, there was a peculiar sense of honor. It’s most likely that agreements concerning Betsy’s future had been reached, but we shall never know what transpired and speculation is futile. Betsy lived a “charmed” life at Millbrook, especially when you consider the feelings of her mistress. But her powerful protectors, though deceased, still controlled her destiny. Betsy was safe at Millbrook for her entire life, and in death she was memorialized in a manner unlike any other Monticello Hemings.
Today, in a remote spot in Buckingham, the graves of Betsy Hemmings and John Wayles Eppes remain undisturbed. Their graves survived turbulent times: the Civil War, the destruction of the plantation house at Millbrook, and the racism and violence that followed Reconstruction. Present day people may say what they wish about Betsy Hemmings and John Wayles Eppes, but the legacy of their graves stands as a testimony to the bond that must have existed between them.
Whenever I think about their graves, my thoughts turn to those courageous 19th century people, who buried Betsy Hemmings next to John Wayles Eppes. What a defiant statement they made in pre-Civil War Virginia! How I marvel at their strength and wish that more people of that era had been committed to preserving the truth as opposed to erasing it. One hundred and forty-five years ago, it would have been so easy for those people to have dumped my great-great-grandmother in an unmarked grave, but they chose to do otherwise and for this I salute them. (Edna Bolling Jacques, “The Hemmings Family in Buckingham County, Virginia”; for entire account, see http://www.buckinghamhemmings.com/)
“The Answers Are Found In Stories”
“The Answers Are Found In Stories”
Edna Jacques writes about her ancestor Betsy Hemmings and the family oral history.
…. After Maria Jefferson Eppes’s death in 1804, John Wayles Eppes moved to his new plantation Millbrook, located in Buckingham County, accompanied by his young son Francis and Betsy Hemmings. Millbrook became Betsy’s permanent home and eventually her final resting-place.
It is this final resting-place that sparks the public interest in Betsy Hemmings. Why is Betsy Hemmings’s grave in the Eppes family cemetery, as opposed to the Millbrook slave cemetery, which was the custom in Buckingham County? Why is Betsy’s tombstone so elaborate, when at best most slave graves had fieldstones as markers, or none at all? How did her grave survive the racist times when blacks were brutalized and their property destroyed? Why was this seemingly insignificant Hemings slave honored with such a grave, while her famous Aunt Sally, her wealthy mother Mary, and her talented Uncle John lie in unmarked graves?
The answers to these questions are found in stories that have been passed down for generations by descendants of the Hemmings and Eppes families; former slaves from Millbrook and Chellowe plantations; my great-aunt Olive Rebecca Bolling (1847-1953); and descendants of people who lived in the vicinity of Millbrook. Probably additional information on Betsy’s life at Millbrook existed, but was lost in two Buckingham fires. In 1866, the plantation house at Millbrook was destroyed by fire, supposedly by whites angered because blacks occupied the house. Rumors have persisted that the arsonists were members of a prominent old Virginia family with blood ties to the Eppeses and Randolphs. In 1869, Buckingham County Courthouse, which was designed by Thomas Jefferson in 1821, also burned, resulting in a loss of records.
Central to any discussion of Betsy Hemmings is the issue of paternity, hers and that of her children. Many of Betsy’s descendants have remained in Buckingham County since her lifetime, passing down their oral history from generation to generation. That oral history says that Betsy Hemmings was a daughter of Thomas Jefferson and mistress of John Wayles Eppes: Betsy’s lifestyle at Millbrook and the location of her elaborate grave corroborate her descendants oral history.
Until recent times, most historians have ignored or denied the existence of interracial plantation families. But as circumstantial evidence from the antebellum period is reevaluated and more credence given to oral history, the complexity of race relations on the plantation becomes evident. For instance, there were some slave and master families who maintained intimate relationships with each other, often spanning generations. In some of these families, first cousin marriages were common among the whites, while intimate relationships between the white and black family members were as close, if not closer. Nothing about life on the plantations should come as a surprise, since the plantations were essentially fiefdoms. Although laws governing behavior existed, planters were able to live as they pleased, unless their activities became a public issue.
Betsy Hemmings was a product of entwined black and white plantation families. Her grandmother, Betty Hemings, was owned by Francis Eppes IV, paternal grandfather of John Wayles Eppes and maternal grandfather of Thomas Jefferson’s wife, Martha. Then, as part of a dowry, Betty Hemings became the property of John Wayles, father of Martha Jefferson and John Wayles Eppes’s mother, Elizabeth. After John Wayles’s third and last wife died, Betty Hemings became his mistress. Upon her father’s death, Martha Jefferson inherited the entire Hemings family, which she brought to Monticello, but prevailing law dictated that they become the property of her husband Thomas Jefferson. The newly arrived Hemings family rapidly assumed the key household positions at Monticello, and one explanation for their ascent is that Martha Jefferson and Betty Hemings had a close relationship…. (Edna Bolling Jacques, “The Hemmings Family in Buckingham County, Virginia”; for entire account, see http://www.buckinghamhemmings.com/) | <urn:uuid:adbfb28d-2d20-4b81-80cc-92456caa8974> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://gettingword.monticello.org/people/betsy-hemmings/ | 2024-12-06T07:18:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066384744.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206063209-20241206093209-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.98118 | 2,844 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Ever wondered about putting fantasy together with history? Imagine looking into past times filled with magic and mythical creatures. In this guide, we’ll dive into historical fantasy. It mixes fantasy with real history to make stories that capture us.
What makes historical fantasy stand out? How is it different from sword and sorcery or magical realism? We’ll get to the bottom of these questions in an easy and fun way.
Let’s explore why people love historical fantasy. We’ll look at its start and what makes it unique. Get ready to learn about stories that take us on amazing adventures through time.
Ready for a journey with magic and mystery? The world of historical fantasy is calling you. So, keep reading and get set for some fantastic stories!
- Historical fantasy blends fantastical elements with historical settings and events to create engaging narratives.
- The genre allows writers to explore themes of the past through a fantastical lens.
- Key elements of historical fantasy include historical accuracy, world-building, multidimensional characters, and engaging plots.
- Popular examples of historical fantasy include novels like “Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell” and TV series like “Penny Dreadful.”
- Historical fantasy has its roots in earlier works that combined historical fiction with fantasy, folklore, and mythology elements.
Understanding the Reality Genre
The reality genre shows stories that seem real. There are many types under this genre, like factualism and historical fantasy. What type to pick depends on what the writer likes, the story, and who will read it.
Historical fantasy mixes history with fantasy. This is for writers who want to tell stories with magic but also about real past events. It lets them make stories full of both history and imagination.
Writers can choose to talk about real events in factualism, everyday life in realism, or use fantasy in historical fantasy. The choice is based on how they like to tell stories and who they are telling the story to. Each type lets authors create tales that people will find interesting.
Subgenres within the Reality Genre:
- Factualism: Factualism tells real stories just like they happened. It makes sure the facts are right by looking at records, talking to people, and using expert sources.
- Realism: Realism is about showing life as it normally is. It talks about the real world, helps readers see their own lives in the stories they read.
- Historical Fantasy: Historical fantasy mixes the past with magic and fantasy elements. It brings excitement and a sense of wonder to historical events and places.
Each type has its way of telling stories. This lets writers pick the best fit for their ideas and who they want to read their work. The reality genre gives writers many chances to interest their audience with their work.
When to Choose Historical Fantasy as Your Reality Genre
Historical fantasy lets writers mix magic with real history. This blend lets them dive into the past with a dash of wonder. It takes readers to different times, making historical events feel alive in exciting ways.
By picking historical fantasy, writers craft stories that mix history and fantasy in cool ways. This genre makes tales that hook and satisfy readers. It offers a fresh, fun twist on historical events and ideas.
Blending Fantastical Elements with Historical Settings
Historical fantasy is great for mixing magic with real places and times. It lets writers build worlds where magic and real history meet. This mix makes history more exciting and lets readers enjoy new adventures in the past.
Exploring Themes of the Past
Historical fantasy is a playground for exploring historical themes with a new spin. By adding magic, writers look at old events and problems in different ways. It makes readers think and dream in creative ways.
Transporting Readers to New Worlds of Wonder and Adventure
Historical fantasy takes readers on amazing trips to the past. With a mix of history and fantasy, it makes thrilling adventures. Readers get to see ancient times, great battles, and magical realms, feeling both escape and excitement.
In sum, choosing historical fantasy lets writers mix magic with historical events. This approach transports readers to different times, sparking wonder and adventure. It’s a great way to tell stories that draw readers in with a unique blend of history and fantasy.
The Origins of Historical Fantasy
Historical fantasy mixes history with fantasy, folklore, and myth. It has been popular in books, stories, films, and TV shows. Early works paved the way for its different forms today.
This mix makes stories engaging. Authors like Susanna Clarke and Guy Gavriel Kay are key. Their works, such as “Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell” and “Tigana”, use history and magic well.
Naomi Novik is another important writer. Her “Temeraire” series blends history with dragons in the Napoleonic Wars. Such stories set a high bar for the genre.
Today, historical fantasy is loved by many. It uses history and myth from various cultures to create fascinating tales. By adding fantasy, these stories bring old legends to life in new ways.
The mix of historical places and fantasy elements draws people in. Readers and viewers get to see the past with mythical creatures or magical events. It makes exploring history more exciting.
This genre brings old stories back to life. It adds wonder, mystery, and the lasting enchantment of magic. Authors can freely explore the past, mixing it with fantasy to make amazing stories.
Key Elements of Historical Fantasy
Historical fantasy stories mix real history with magical or supernatural parts. This makes an interesting story that takes us to another time. These tales look at power, identity, and change in society in a new way. They mix true history with magic, which makes old stories feel fresh and exciting.
The setting of these stories is crucial. It gives a place where the story happens, like a specific time in history. Authors do a lot of research to make sure the setting is just right. This helps readers really get into the historic part of the story.
Yet, what makes historical fantasy different is the magic and supernatural stuff. This can be anything from wizards to dragons, or even time travel. These magical parts add fun and new ways to look at history. They make stories more interesting and exciting.
The characters in these stories are very important. They are like us, with their own problems and things to figure out. Their stories are a way for us to see the big themes of the tale. We can feel for them and connect with how they deal with challenges. This makes us love the story even more.
Also, these stories are not afraid to be different. They mix history with magic in creative ways. By doing this, the authors try new ways to tell stories. It gives readers a different view of history and makes the tales more intriguing.
In the end, historical fantasy mixes history with magic, making tales that dive into important themes. The accurate, well-researched settings, the interesting characters, and the magic make these stories great. This genre offers a unique way to explore the past and have fun with fiction. So, by jumping into historical fantasy, readers can find exciting stories that blend reality with dreams.
Techniques for Effective Historical Fantasy Storytelling
Historical fantasy storytelling mixes history with magic or the supernatural. Writers blend facts with fantasy to make stories that are both real and exciting. This makes readers feel like they’ve traveled back in time with a bit of enchantment.
Building the world in detail is very important. Authors should describe the setting so readers see, hear, and feel like they’re there. The buildings, clothes, and how people act should match the time the story is set in.
Characters need to feel real yet also fit into their historical time. They face challenges and have dreams just like people today. This makes readers connect with them and really care about their stories.
The story’s plot should be interesting and teach about history. It should entertain but also give insight into past events or themes. Adding fantasy elements helps tell old stories in a new way, making readers think about history differently.
In summary, blending facts with fantasy, creating a detailed world, making real yet timeless characters, and crafting an interesting plot are key for a great historical fantasy. This mix makes stories that carry readers to another time, making them want to keep reading.
Techniques for Effective Historical Fantasy Storytelling
- Strike a balance between historical accuracy and fantastical elements
- Create vivid and immersive world-building
- Develop multidimensional characters that are relatable
- Craft engaging plots that shed light on historical events and themes
Examples of Historical Fantasy in Storytelling
Historical fantasy mixes history with fantasy, creating tales that take us to the past. It introduces us to iconic stories and characters. These include well-known authors who craft worlds blending fact with magic.
Mary Robinette Kowal’s “Glamourist Histories” series
The “Glamourist Histories” by Mary Robinette Kowal mix fantasy with the Regency era. They use a unique magic called glamour. This series makes the Regency era come alive with magic, blending facts with fantasy.
Helene Wecker’s “The Golem and the Jinni”
In “The Golem and the Jinni,” Helene Wecker takes us to 19th-century New York. Here, a golem and a jinni’s lives connect in a magical story. This tale weaves together folklore, history, friendship, and identity in a rich historical setting.
Historical fantasy isn’t just in books. It shines in movies and TV too.
“Penny Dreadful” is a TV show set in Victorian London. It mixes classic Gothic characters with historical events and magic. The show explores deep themes and the dark side of humanity.
“Outlander” is both a book and a TV series. It blends time travel and romance with 18th-century history. The story follows Claire in Scotland, combining real history and mythical folklore in a unique way.
“The Witcher” is based on books by Andrzej Sapkowski. It follows Geralt of Rivia, a monster hunter, in a world of legends. This TV series draws from Slavic and European myth, bringing history and fantasy together.
These stories show the creative mix of history and fantasy in various media. Whether in books, shows, or movies, historical fantasy is a favorite. It gives us new looks at the past and tells compelling stories with magical and historical elements.
Challenges and Criticisms of Historical Fantasy
Historical fantasy mixes history with fantasy in an exciting way. Yet, it’s tricky for writers. They must find a middle ground. This means making sure the story is both accurate and full of fantasy.
These stories add magic to real historical times. But, writers need to be careful. Too much magic might make the history seem less real. This could make readers find the story less believable.
Writers also need to know what fans of the genre expect. They must understand the common themes and rules. This helps in keeping the story clear and satisfying for readers.
Creating these stories can also be tough because it might simplify the past. The genre lets writers imagine different historical events. But it’s important to handle real history with care. Stories shouldn’t oversimplify big historical issues.
Balancing true history with fantasy, knowing the genre well, and treating historical topics mindfully makes historical fantasy stories great. When done right, these stories can take readers to magical worlds full of adventure.
The Evolution and Predictions for Historical Fantasy
Historical fantasy has changed a lot over time. It mixes history with fantasy in exciting ways. This genre grows in fans and becomes more varied and open. It explores unknown historical times and connects them with fantasy.
This genre creates alternate histories where magic changes the past. It offers new looks at what could have happened, sparking interest with “what if” stories.
It also builds fantasy worlds with deep histories. These worlds are like our past but with magical elements. They let readers go on wild adventures while feeling tied to real history.
The future looks bright for historical fantasy. It will keep adding new historical periods and cultures. This will make stories richer and educate readers about different parts of history.
Combining history and fantasy will always be key. It makes for exciting, original stories. Authors can take us to worlds where history is mixed with magic, making stories come alive in unexpected ways.
Historical fantasy now captivates many with its unique mix of history and fantasy. It offers a new way of seeing the old. As it grows and becomes more open, it promises even more thrilling stories of history and fantasy.
Famous and Trending Books in Historical Fantasy Romance
Historical fantasy romance mixes historical places with magical tales. It makes interesting stories from different times. Here are some popular books in this type:
- Black Butler: It’s in Victorian England and has demons. The mix of history and magic is special.
- Blade of the Immortal: It’s during the Bakumatsu era in Japan. A swordsman cursed with immortality faces politics and supernatural dangers. The mix of real history and fantasy make it thrilling.
- Mulan: It’s from the Chinese legend. It shows ancient China with magic like shamanic powers and dragons. It’s a great blend of history and adventure.
More good books in this mix are “Outlander,” which is about time travel in Scotland. “The Mysterious Cities of Gold” mixes Spanish history in South America with myths. And then, there is “Princess Mononoke,” a Studio Ghibli film about a war between people and forest spirits in Japan’s past.
All these stories take us to the past with a mix of history and magic. They charm readers with their magical worlds.
Historical fantasy mixes history and fantasy to light up the past in a magical way. Writers use this genre to dive deep into old themes through a different lens. This helps them make stories that grab you and take you back to another time. By picking historical fantasy, you open up a world of rich tales and unusual looks at history.
This kind of story blends the true past with magical adventures. It hooks readers with its exciting tales and takes them on a journey through time. By treating old themes in a magical way, historical fantasy changes how we see storytelling. It’s a fun and educational mix.
In historical fantasy, magic meets the ancient world or mythical creatures join old stories. It makes history lively and colorful. With detailed research and rich characters, writers bring the past to life. Historical fantasy is a bridge to connect with the human story across time. | <urn:uuid:08b915ba-80a6-4917-b751-019f4784da3c> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://vestesta.com/what-is-historical-fantasy-2/ | 2024-12-08T22:44:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066450783.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208203139-20241208233139-00784.warc.gz | en | 0.929456 | 3,084 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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MENE, MENE, TEKEL, UPHARSIN
in the Bible, the mysterious riddle written by a hand on the wall at Belshazzar’s feast. These Aramaic words may be translated literally as, “It has been counted and counted, weighed and divided.” Daniel interpreted this to mean that the king’s deeds had been weighed and found deficient and that his kingdom would therefore be divided.
The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Copyright © 2001-05 Columbia University Press. |
An OPEN LETTER to the General Conference Seventh-day Adventists
"How is [Babylon] taken! and how is the praise of the whole earth surprised! how is Babylon become an astonishment among the nations!" "How is the hammer of the whole earth cut asunder and broken! how is Babylon become a desolation among the nations!" "At the noise of the taking of Babylon the earth is moved, and the cry is heard among the nations.”"Babylon is suddenly fallen and destroyed." "The spoiler is come upon her, even upon Babylon, and her mighty men are taken, every one of their bows is broken: for the Lord God of recompenses shall surely requite. And I will make drunk her princes, and her wise men, her captains, and her rulers, and her mighty men: and they shall sleep a perpetual sleep, and not wake, saith the King, whose name is the Lord of hosts.”
"I have laid a snare for thee, and thou art also taken, O Babylon, and thou wast not aware: thou art found, and also caught, because thou hast striven against the Lord. The Lord hath opened His armory, and hath brought forth the weapons of His indignation: for this is the work of the Lord [YAHWEH] of hosts in the land of the [Babylonians].”
"Thus saith the Lord of hosts; The children of Israel and the children of Judah were oppressed together: and all that took them captives held them fast; they refused to let them go. Their Redeemer is strong; [YAHWEH] of hosts is His name: He shall thoroughly plead their cause, that He may give rest to the land, and disquiet the inhabitants of Babylon." Jeremiah 51:41; 50:23, 46; 51:8, 56, 57; 50:24, 25, 33, 34.
"Come down, and sit in the dust, O virgin daughter of Babylon,
Sit on the ground: there is no throne. . . .
Sit thou silent,
And get thee into darkness, O daughter of the [Babylonians]:
For thou shalt no more be called, The lady of kingdoms.
"I was wroth with My people,
I have polluted Mine inheritance, and given them into thine hand:
Thou didst show them no mercy; . . .
"And thou saidst, I shall be a lady forever:
So that thou didst not lay these things to thy heart,
Neither didst remember the latter end of it.
"Therefore hear now this,
Thou that art given to pleasures
That dwellest carelessly,
That sayest in thine heart,
I am, and none else beside me;
I shall not sit as a widow,
Neither shall I know the loss of children: . . .
"These two things shall come to thee in a moment in one day,
The loss of children, and widowhood:
They shall come upon thee in their perfection for the multitude of thy sorceries, and for the great
abundance of thine enchantments.
For thou hast trusted in thy wickedness:
Thou hast said, None seeth me.
"Thy wisdom and thy knowledge, it hath perverted thee;
And thou hast said in thine heart,
I am, and none else beside me.
Therefore shall evil come upon thee;
Thou shalt not know from whence it riseth:
And mischief shall fall upon thee;
Thou shalt not be able to put it off:
And desolation shall come upon thee suddenly, which thou shalt not know.
"Stand now with thine enchantments, and with the multitude of thy sorceries, wherein thou hast
labored from thy youth;
If so be thou shalt be able to profit,
If so be thou mayest prevail.
"Thou art wearied in the multitude of thy counsels.
Let now the astrologers, the stargazers, the monthly prognosticators,
Stand up, and save thee from these things that shall come upon thee.
Behold, they shall be as stubble; . . .
They shall not deliver themselves from the power of the flame: . . .
None shall save thee." Isaiah 47:1-15.“The [Seventh-day Adventist] church cannot measure herself by the world nor by the opinion of men nor by what she once was. Her faith and her position in the world as they now are must be compared with what they would have been if her course had been continually onward and upward. The church will be weighed in the balances of the sanctuary. If her moral character and spiritual state do not correspond with the benefits and blessings God has conferred upon her, she will be found wanting. The light has been shining clear and definite upon her pathway, and the light of calls her to an account. If her talents are unimproved, if her fruit is not perfect before God, if her light has become darkness, she is indeed found wanting.” [5T 83, 84]
“In the balances of the sanctuary the Seventh-day Adventist church is to be weighed. She will be judged by the privileges and advantages that she has had. If her spiritual experience does not correspond to the advantages that Christ, at infinite cost, has bestowed on her, if the blessings conferred have not qualified her to do the work entrusted to her, on her will be pronounced the sentence: ‘Found wanting.’ By the light bestowed, the opportunities given, will she be judged.” [8T 247]
“There are many who need now to consider the words, ‘Tekel; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.’ God's holy, everlasting, immutable law is the standard by which man is to be tried. This law defines what we shall do and what we shall not do, saying, Thou shalt, and, Thou shalt not. This law is summed up in the two great principles, ‘Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy strength, and with all thy mind; and thy neighbor as thyself.’
“This means just what it says. O how few will be prepared to meet the law of God in the great day of judgment! If the work of individual preparation for which the Lord calls were carried on in the home circle and in the church, how much suffering, how much sin, would be avoided!
“My brethren, day and night, and especially in the night season, this matter is presented to me. ‘Tekel; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.’ How do we stand before God at this time? We may be sincere, and yet greatly deceived. Saul of Tarsus was sincere when he was persecuting the church of Christ. ‘I verily thought,’ he declared, ‘that I ought to do many things contrary to the name of Jesus.’ He was sincere in his ignorance. But after Christ had revealed himself to him, he declared, ‘What things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ. Yea doubtless, and I count all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus my Lord.’
“’My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: and he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for ours only, but also for the sins of the whole world. And hereby we do know that we know him, if we keep his commandments. He that saith, I know him, and keepeth not his commandments, is a liar, and the truth is not in him. But whoso keepeth his word, in him verily is the love of God perfected: hereby know we that we are in him. He that saith he abideth in him ought himself also so to walk, even as he walked.’” [Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, March 8, 1906, p. 8]
“In the representations the Lord has given me, I have seen those who follow their own desires, misrepresenting the truth, oppressing their brethren, and placing difficulties before them. Characters are now being developed, and men are taking sides, some on the side of the Lord Jesus Christ, some on the side of Satan and his angels. The Lord calls for all who will be true and obedient to His law to come out of and away from all connection with those who have placed themselves on the side of the enemy. Against their names is written, ‘TEKEL; Thou art weighed in the balances, and art found wanting.’” [Letter 256, August 1, 1906]
“The Lord does not suffer wicked practices to go on without sending reproof and warning. There are men in high places who know of the reproofs, of warnings, of judgment sent, who know the example of God's dealings with others who have been disobedient, yet who have not sought to correct their ways before God. They have endeavored rather to make of none effect the messages that God has sent. They have continued to exalt themselves, and to carry out their own ways in defiance of the words of God. They have not been ignorant of the right way, but they have allowed their eyes to be blinded. In pronouncing judgment upon these, God will say, as he said to the wicked king [Belshazzar], ‘Thou . . . hast not humbled thine heart, though thou knewest all this. [But hast lifted up thyself against the Lord of heaven; . . .]’” [Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, September 24, 1908]
“[Faithful witnesses] exert their God-given ability to set things in order in the church, whether it makes them friends or foes. When straight, solemn testimony is needed, in rebuking sin and iniquity, even though it be in those of high position, they will not hold their peace, but will heed the instruction of the God of truth, when he commands, ‘Cry aloud, spare not, lift up thy voice like a trumpet, and show my people their transgressions, and the house of Jacob their sins.’ They will stand as faithful watchmen upon the walls of Zion,–not to hide sin, not to flatter the wrong-doer, not to obtain the sympathy of their brethren, but to meet the approval of God. They will not suppress one syllable of truth that should be brought out, in reproof, or warning, or in vindication of the righteousness of the oppressed, in order to gain the favor and influence of any one. In a crisis, they will not be found in a neutral position, but they will stand firmly on the side of righteousness and truth, even when it is difficult to take this position; and to maintain it may imperil their prosperity, and deprive them of the friendship of those whom they love.” [Review and Herald, September 4, 1888]
I say to you as would Ellen G. White, and by the Spirit of the Living God, “Take this case out of the lawyers' hands. It seems awful to me to think that you will go directly contrary to the plain word of God, and will open to the world your cruel work against God's commandment-keeping people.” [Letter 301, 1905] Please remember, “Every character is to be weighed in the balances of the sanctuary; if the moral character and spiritual advancement do not correspond with the opportunities and blessings, ‘wanting’ is written against the name.” [Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, March 19, 1895] Your name has been summoned before the “judgment seat of Christ” (Romans 14:10). What will His verdict be?
“And after these things I saw another angel come down from heaven, having great power; and the earth was lightened with his glory. And he cried mightily with a strong voice, saying, Babylon the great is fallen, is fallen, and is become the habitation of devils, and the hold of every foul spirit, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird. For all nations have drunk of the wine of the wrath of her fornication, and the kings of the earth have committed fornication with her, and the merchants of the earth are waxed rich through the abundance of her delicacies. And I heard another voice from heaven, saying, Come out of her, my people, that ye be not partakers of her sins, and that ye receive not of her plagues. For her sins have reached unto heaven, and God hath remembered her iniquities.” [Revelation 18:1-5]
“Then I was shown a company who were howling in agony. On their garments was written in large characters, ‘Thou art weighed in the balance, and found wanting.’ I asked who this company were. The angel said, ‘These are they who have once kept the Sabbath and have given it up.’ I heard them cry with a loud voice, ‘We have believed in Thy coming, and taught it with energy.’ And while they were speaking, their eyes would fall upon their garments and see the writing, and then they would wail aloud. I saw that they had drunk of the deep waters, and fouled the residue with their feet–trodden the Sabbath underfoot–and that was why they were weighed in the balance and found wanting.” [EW 37]
You ask with perplexity, “How have we, the elect of God, ‘fouled the residue with [our] feet [and] trodden the Sabbath underfoot?’” How did the “church of God” in the days of the Savior do the same? Did you believe that to keep the Sabbath holy was to observe “the sabbath of the Jews?” Yes, it is observed by the same letter of law as “the Sabbath of the LORD.” However, what is the Spirit of this religious observance? As E. J. Waggoner aptly stated in his tract entitled “The Three Sabbaths,” “The Jewish sabbath falls on the same day of the week as the Sabbath of the LORD, but it is not by any means the same thing. It represents only the man himself, and his own work.” Your work of persecuting the saints has crucified afresh the Son of God, and “put Him to an open shame” (Hebrews 6:6) time and time again. You divorced your “lawful husband” only to seek an “unholy union” with Caesar. Rather than rest in the security of God’s promises, you sought worldly fame and said, “let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth” (Genesis 11:4).
“It is not the true church of God that makes war with those who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. It is the people who make void the law, who place themselves on the side of the dragon, and persecute those who vindicate God's precepts.” [Signs of the Times, April 22, 1889] “The same spirit that in ages past led men to persecute the true church, will in the future lead to the pursuance of a similar course toward those who maintain their loyalty to God.” [Prophets and Kings, p. 605] “Christ declared the Jews of his time guilty of all the blood of holy men which had been shed since the days of Abel; for they possessed the same spirit, and were seeking to do the same work, with these murderers of the prophets.” [The Great Controversy, p. 627]
“The Spirit of God, which prompts to reproof, is trampled underfoot, while the servants of Satan triumph. God is dishonored, the truth made of none effect. The class who do not feel grieved over their own spiritual declension, nor mourn over the sins of others, will be left without the seal of God. The Lord commissions His messengers, the men with slaughtering weapons in their hands: ‘Go ye after him through the city, and smite: let not your eye spare, neither have ye pity: slay utterly old and young, both maids, and little children, and women: but come not near any man upon whom is the mark; and begin at My sanctuary. Then they began at the ancient men which were before the house.’ Here we see that the [SDA] church—the Lord's sanctuary—was the first to feel the stroke of the wrath of God. The ancient men, those to whom God had given great light and who had stood as guardians of the spiritual interests of the people, had betrayed their trust. They had taken the position that we need not look for miracles and the marked manifestation of God's power as in former days. Times have changed. These words strengthen their unbelief, and they say: The Lord will not do good, neither will He do evil. He is too merciful to visit His people in judgment. Thus ‘Peace and safety’ is the cry from men who will never again lift up their voice like a trumpet to show God's people their transgressions and the house of Jacob their sins. These dumb dogs that would not bark are the ones who feel the just vengeance of an offended God. Men, maidens, and little children all perish together.” [5T 210, 211]
Can you not see yourself in the perfect mirror of God’s holy law? Do you not sense the Master is one last time extending His healing Hand to save you from your treachery? “I call heaven and earth to record this day against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing: therefore choose life, that both thou and thy seed may live:” (Deut. 30:19). “O [General Conference, nominal Seventh-day Adventists], thou that killest the prophets, and stonest them which are sent unto thee, how often would I have gathered thy children together, even as a hen gathereth her chickens under her wings, and ye would not! Behold, your house is left unto you desolate” (Matthew 23:37, 38). However, you may individually “flee from the wrath to come” by obedience to the mighty Angel of Revelation 18.
“When a righteous man turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity, and dieth in them; for his iniquity that he hath done shall he die. Again, when the wicked man turneth away from his wickedness that he hath committed, and doeth that which is lawful and right, he shall save his soul alive. Because he considereth, and turneth away from all his transgressions that he hath committed, he shall surely live, he shall not die. Yet saith the house of Israel, The way of the LORD is not equal. O house of Israel, are not My ways equal? are not your ways unequal? Therefore I will judge you, O house of Israel, every one according to his ways, saith the Lord GOD. Repent, and turn yourselves from all your transgressions; so iniquity shall not be your ruin. Cast away from you all your transgressions, whereby ye have transgressed; and make you a new heart and a new spirit: for why will ye die, O house of Israel? For I have no pleasure in the death of him that dieth, saith the Lord GOD: wherefore turn yourselves, and live ye.” [Ezekiel 18:26-32]
Creation Seventh Day Adventists cordially invite you to everlasting life. | <urn:uuid:71fe0313-fe05-42ba-886c-5bd3ebc6be57> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://faithofjesus.to/USTradeLawsuit/TEKEL.html | 2024-12-07T02:11:10Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066422909.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207010938-20241207040938-00259.warc.gz | en | 0.969245 | 4,364 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Nineteenth century debates about prostitution and disease ignited widespread feminist denunciations of male sexuality, which in their fury and deliberate dehumanization clearly foreshadow modern feminism’s hatred of male sexual nature.
Nineteenth century British and North American societies were periodically convulsed by discussions of prostitution, especially as it related to the spread of syphilis and gonorrhea, two then-incurable sexually transmitted diseases. Though historians cannot provide clear data about the number of people infected at this time, the diseases were widespread enough to cause serious concern amongst medical authorities, and to result in alarming rates of infertility, deformity, blindness, mental defect, and death.
The question of whether and how to regulate prostitution in order to limit the spread of disease occupied governments and social reformers for many decades, and a full history of the subject is beyond the scope of this essay. What is striking for our purposes is the involvement of feminists in the debates, especially their viciously unpitying assaults on male sexuality. Feminists repeatedly portrayed prostitutes asvictimized innocents, and all men, not only those who paid prostitutes for sex, as villainous monsters, carriers of physical and moral corruption. The now-familiar demonization of all men as selfish sexual abusers is firmly rooted in 19th century feminism.
The general 19th century attitude to prostitution in Anglophone countries was one of disapproval coupled with acceptance of male sexual need. In a society that believed strongly in the importance of female sexual purity, it was thought inevitable—and better than the alternatives—that unmarried men occasionally turn to prostitutes. Even some married men, it was recognized, had unmet needs sometimes caused by their wives’ refusal of sexual intimacy.
William Acton, who published a book on The Function and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in 1857, empathized with men who were, as he explained it, “debarred from the privileges of marriage” as a result of their wives’ “apathy, selfish indifference to please, or unwillingness to overcome a natural repugnance for cohabitation” (qtd. in Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex & Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914, p. 61). Such empathy, however, infuriated feminist commentators.
In Britain, which will be my focus here, government attempts to limit the spread of venereal diseases, primarily within the armed forces, were codified in the Contagious Diseases Acts, first passed by the British Parliament in 1864 and expanded in later years, until finally repealed after much public protest in 1886.
Under these acts, police in port or army towns could arrest, and medical authorities could physically inspect, women suspected of being prostitutes. If the women were found to be infected, they could be confined for varying periods to a hospital, where they were forced to undergo treatment until they were declared fit to return to society.Feminists and many others objected to the law, and not without cause, because of the brutal, humiliating nature of the inspections, which involved physical violation of the women’s bodies, often on mere suspicion, and were, as many dissenters pointed out, a contravention of basic British civil liberties. Young working class girls were at times seized by policemen from the streets and pinned down on examining tables for what became excruciating, sometimes physically damaging examinations. The number of campaigners who spoke out in detail about what amounted to legalized rape ultimately shamed British politicians into withdrawing the laws.
But feminists went much further in their objections. They were disgusted by what they argued was a clear instance of double standards, whereby women who worked as prostitutes, or were merely suspected of doing so, were singled out for punishment while the men who made use of them—much more culpable in the feminists’ view—were allowed to continue their lives.
As feminists saw it, the Contagious Diseases Acts exposed not only this outrageous social hypocrisy, but also the sexual exploitation of all women, who, they argued, had been made into sexual objects for male use, whether that use was legal (in marriage) or illicit (in prostitution). In their many speeches and pamphlets, feminist activists poured contempt on the excuse of male sexual need, asserting that men’s actions resulted from selfishness and cruelty, not need. The problem was not prostitutes, they repeated, but a system of male power that prostituted all women.
of the best known of feminist campaigners was Josephine
Butler (1828-1906), the devoutly religious daughter of a father
who had been instrumental in abolishing
the Slave Trade, and who
married a reform-minded Anglican minister who supported her advocacy.
Butler spent years writing and speaking on behalf of the Ladies’
National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts,
one of the major organizations that mobilized support to defeat the
government legislation.Josephine Butler
Butler’s declared position was that until prostitution ended in its entirety, it was just to regard all men, even those who were faithful to their wives, “as depravers of society” because they “hold the loathsome and deadly doctrine that God has made man for unchastity and woman for his degraded slave” (all excerpts are taken from her speech, “Sursum Corda”).
The intensity of Butler’s sexual disgust is evident in a long speech she gave to the Ladies’ National Association in Liverpool, England, in 1871 entitled Sursum Corda, a Latin phrase translated as “Lift up your hearts.” Butler’s speech demonstrates, as I’ve pointed out elsewhere, that the vilification of all men as sexually depraved was quite acceptable in nineteenth century British society, and was a central plank of early feminism.
For Butler, prostitution was “slavery in its most hideous form,” constituting the “regular and constant sacrifice of a multitude of women to the basest and most shameful uses.”
The reason it existed, she argued, was the “low moral standard of men,” caused by women’s lack of social power and by the corrupting influence of one man on another. She described how “Men, driven away at an early age from the intimate society of women, and forcibly thrown upon the corrupted and corrupting society of one another, have concocted and cherished a wholly different standard of sexual purity from that existing generally among women.”
Notice her emphasis on the danger of men associating together apart from women. Notice also the stress on men’s deliberate “concocting” of a degraded moral standard. Butler rejected outright that male sexuality was in any measure part of a natural instinct. On the contrary, she claimed, it was an invention to justify evil. “They have persuaded themselves (and this is the case even with those personally innocent) by the mere force of vicious familiarity with male profligacy, that sexual sin in man is a venial and even (as some have it) not wholly undesirable practice, certainly, at worst, the ‘irregular’ indulgence of a natural impulse.”
For Butler, who described how men “coolly study, and plot, and plan” to seduce women, there was in the male desire for sexual intimacy not one jot of forgivable need, longing for the alleviation of loneliness, desire for human contact, or actual liking for women: it was all impurity, selfishness, and shameful “degradation.” Butler’s many speeches and essays about the need to protect women from degraded men provide a vivid illustration of the foundational role of anti-male hatred in the nascent feminist movement.
forty years later, in 1913, near-identical points were made with even
greater self-righteous condemnation by Emmeline Pankhurst’s
Christabel Pankhurst, prominent leader of the
militant wing of the suffrage movement in Britain, including of its
terrorist bombing campaign (more on that in a later essay).Christabel Pankhurst
Pankhurst declaimed against male brutality and female enslavement in relation to what she called, in a book by that name, The Great Scourge and How to End It (1913). The scourge included prostitution, but was more specifically veneral disease, the effects of which Pankhurst described in detail, quoting at length from medical experts on the horrors suffered by innocent women whose husbands brought syphilis and gonorrhea into their homes and whose physical health, lives and even sanity were thus blighted. “They suffer torment,” she explained, “their health is ruined; their power to become mothers is destroyed, or else they become the mothers of diseased, crippled, blind or insane children.”
According to Pankhurst’s terrifying and exaggerated exposé, up to 80% of men were infected by gonorrhea alone before they married as a result of visits to prostitutes, a fact allegedly hidden by a “conspiracy of silence” amongst men that was only now being broken. Like Butler before her, Pankhurst found nothing forgivable in the actions of the culprit men. The spread of sexually transmitted disease was, for her, a vivid metaphor for male moral pollution and misogyny. Because men despised women, allegedly, and used them as sex slaves, they corrupted their homes and their entire society.
In Pankhurst, we see fully developed what would become the modern feminist attack on male sexual power, stunning in its simplistic typecasting and deliberate exclusion of centuries of evidence to the contrary, in which everything male illustrated their inability to see women as fully human. The vicious circle of feminist illogic is evident in the following statement—a fairly lengthy quotation--which sums up Pankhurst’s condemnation of male desire:
“Sexual disease, we say again, is due to the subjection of women. It is due, in other words, to the doctrine that woman is sex and beyond that nothing. Sometimes this doctrine is dressed up in the saying that women are mothers and beyond that nothing. What a man who says that really means is that women are created primarily for the sex gratification of men, and secondarily, for the bearing of children if he happens to want them, but of no more children than he wants.
As a result of this belief, the relation between man and woman has centred in the physical. What is more, the relation between man and woman has been that of an owner and his property—of a master and his slave—not the relation of two equals.
From that evil has sprung another. The man is not satisfied to be in relation with only one slave; he must be in relation with many. That is to say, sex promiscuity has arisen, and from that has in its turn come disease.”
For Pankhurst, even the idealization of motherhood became an example of sexual degradation, and the entire history of male chivalry became just another form of female enslavement.
The solution to this great moral and physical scourge was encapsulated in the suffragettes’ double demand: Votes for Women and Chastity for Men! As women were empowered, according to Pankhurst, they would teach men to strive to equal women’s moral purity. “Upon men the effect of women’s enfranchisement will be to teach them that women are their equals, and not the sub-human species that so many men now think them; not slaves to be bought, soiled, and degraded and then cast away.”
Like Butler nearly half a century before, Pankhurst did not bother to imagine any non-contemptible reason why a man mght, even against his better judgement or sincere intentions, turn to a prostitute, despite the risk to his own health and that of his family. Faced with the implicit question of whether every man in Britain had reckless disregard even for the health of his own offspring, Pankhurst offered the following damning explanation:
“The fact is that the sex instinct of these men has become so perverted and corrupted that intercourse with virtuous women does not content them. They crave for intercourse with women whom they feel no obligation to respect. They want to resort to practices which a wife would not tolerate. Lewdness and obscenity is what these men crave, and what they get in houses of ill-fame. Marriage does not ‘satisfy’ them. They fly to women who will not resent foul words and acts, and will even permit unnatural abuse of the sex function.”
To bolster her worst-case construction of male motives and feelings, Pankhurst cited medical authorities who claimed that sexual self-control was a simple enough matter for any decent man, and that men who claimed to find it difficult had only themselves to blame. “The truth is that the desires of men are inflamed to an unnatural degree by impure thought and action, by excess in the way of meat and drink, and by physical and mental indolence.”
She even recommended medical castration for men who failed to control themselves, reminding her male readers that “In prisons men, constitued as they are, have medicine administered by the medical officers. If prostitution can thus be abolished in prisons, it can be so in the world of free men. Self-control for men who can exert it! Medical aid for those who cannot!”
As we now know, the feminist movement developed in a direction unforeseen (and perhaps unimaginable) by Christabel Pankhurst, as later generations of feminists—and even some in her own era—rejected her call for sexual purity, celebrating their right to be as sexually free as the men they still criticize. I have shown elsewhere (“Early Feminists Hoped to Destroy theFamily”) how free love radicalism was already a part of feminist advocacy in its early years.
Yet while attitudes towards sexual freedom and the commercialization of sex continue to shift amongst feminists, the anti-male revulsion remains. It is now not only the dominant feminist position, but has become an acceptable—or even mandatory—general societal position. The remarkable endurance of this hatred, which remains uncondemned by the vast majority of modern women, should be regarded as the major feminist legacy of the past 150 years. | <urn:uuid:71a24eca-09f6-49a6-bbf2-c9f510da7d5e> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | http://blog.studiobrule.com/2022/02/early-feminists-pathologized-male.html | 2024-12-07T03:27:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066422909.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207010938-20241207040938-00087.warc.gz | en | 0.974962 | 2,984 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Metallurgical Aspects of Steel Galvanization
Metallurgical Aspects of Steel Galvanization
Steel objects, which are not protected on the surface, can get serious damages because of various environmental conditions such as rain, snow, wind, and extreme temperatures. These adverse environmental conditions convert iron into iron oxide and corrode steel with consequent increase in volume and decrease in strength. To avoid environment conditions acting on the steel surface, various protective surface coatings are used. Out of the different types of surface coatings, galvanizing is a very popular and reliable surface coating.
Hot dip galvanized coatings are applied to steel to improve the anti-corrosion performance of the steel so as to ensure that it lasts as long as possible with a minimum of maintenance. The generation of zinc and zinc alloy coatings on steel is one of the commercially most important processing technologies used to protect steel objects exposed to corrosive environments. From a technological standpoint, the principles of galvanizing have remained unchanged, since this coating came into use more than over 200 years ago.
Hot-dip galvanizing normally is frequently used on products where the surface is exposed to wear, for example thresholds in vehicles, transportation wagons, steps, handrails and gratings.
Galvanizing forms a metallurgical bond between the underlying steel and the zinc coating thus creating a barrier that is part of steel itself. Galvanized coatings are adherent to the underlying steel at least ten times more than any other coatings. During the process of galvanizing there is a reaction between the molten zinc and the iron of steel and a series of Zn-iron alloy layers are formed as shown in the Fig 2. The figure shows a typical microstructure of the cross section of a galvanized steel coating consisting of three alloy layers and a layer of pure metallic zinc.
Zinc coatings are predominantly used to improve the aqueous corrosion of steel by two methods namely (i) barrier protection, and (ii) galvanic protection. In barrier protection, the zinc coating, which separates the steel from the corrosion environment, corrode first before the corrosive environment reaches the steel. In galvanic protection, an electrolytic cell is formed since zinc is less noble or anodic to iron at ambient conditions, and hence sacrificially corrode to protect the substrate steel, even if some of the steel is exposed as cut edges or scratches in the coating. Fig 1 shows an electrolytic cell and galvanic series of metals.
Fig 1 Electrolytic cell and galvanic series of metals
Cathodic protection of galvanized coating
Metallic zinc is anodic to steel. In the presence of an electrolyte, the anodic zinc coating on the galvanized steel corrodes preferentially to the cathodic steel base thus preventing corrosion of small areas which can get exposed through accidental damage to the coating (Fig 1). This cathodic protection continues as long as there is zinc coating. The mechanism of cathodic protection by zinc is as given below.
When zinc and steel are in contact in an electrolyte, differences in electrical potential develop and an electrolytic cell is formed. Since zinc is more electrochemically active than steel, it becomes anode for all the steel, preventing the formation of small cathodic and anodic areas on the steel surface. As a result of the differences in the electrical potential within the cell, negatively charged electrons flow from the zinc anode to the steel cathode and the atoms in the anode are converted into positively charged zinc ions. At the cathode surface, negatively charged electrons attract and react with positively charged hydrogen ions from the electrolyte, liberating hydrogen gas. There is no chemical reaction between the steel cathode and the electrolyte. This phenomenon, which is known as cathodic protection, prevents corrosion of the steel cathode. The positive charged zinc ions on the anode surface react with negatively charged hydroxyl ions from the electrolyte and zinc gets slowly consumed providing sacrificial protection for the steel. When discontinuity or damage in the zinc coating exposes the underlying steel then the cathodic protection which zinc provides for the steel ensures that the exposed steel does not corrode.
Exposure tests by The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) show that panel weight loss, a measure of the rate of corrosion, is much lower for zinc than for steel in a wide range of exposures. Galvanized coatings are consumed at rates between one seventeenth and one eightieth that of steel, so that even in aggressive environments, hot dip galvanizing provides long life.
Process of galvanization
Typical processing methods used in producing zinc coatings include hot-dip galvanizing, thermal spraying, and electro deposition. The hot dip galvanizing is a common and popular technique for the galvanizing of the steel objects. It consists of immersion of the steel object in a liquid bath of zinc or a zinc alloy, either by batch or continuous processing. The continuous process is more advantageous for coiled products such as sheet, wire, and tube, whereas the batch process is normally used for bulk products.
In general, prior to immersion in the liquid zinc bath, the steel object to be galvanized is first cleaned to eliminate any surface oxide which can react in the zinc bath. The surface of the object is to be very clean and free of surface oxides when introduced into the liquid zinc coating bath. After hot-dipping, in which the steel reacts with the bath forming the coating, the object is withdrawn, cooled, and sometimes subsequently heat treated. Fig 2 shows the process of galvanizing.
Fig 2 Process of galvanization and galvanized layer cross-section
In case of the galvanizing of the cold rolled sheet, the sheet, typically, receives an in-line annealing at temperatures above 650 deg C ahead of the coating bath, and is then cooled to around 470 deg C to 490 deg C before it enters the bath. The zinc, which melts at 419 deg C, is normally at a temperature of 465 deg C. Steel sheet has sufficient high temperature strength so that it can be pulled through both the annealing furnace and the zinc bath without tearing or deforming. During the time that the sheet is immersed in the bath (in some coating lines it is as brief as around 2 seconds), the steel and molten zinc undergo a metallurgical reaction.
During this reaction, the surface atoms of the steel, which are in the solid state, interact with the zinc atoms in the bath, which are in the molten state. This interaction is called ‘diffusion’. Zinc atoms move in the direction of the steel and iron atoms in the steel migrate towards the molten zinc. The result is the formation of a solid ‘mixed’ layer between the steel and the molten zinc. This layer contains zinc and iron atoms in specific proportions, and is called an ‘inter-metallic’ compound. The mixing of atoms of different metals is known as alloying and the diffusion zone which is formed during galvanizing is an inter-metallic alloy. It is this alloy zone, when properly formed, which provides the excellent bond between the steel and the zinc coating.
As shown in the Fig 2, the hardness of gamma, delta and zeta layers of the zinc coating, as expressed in DPN (diamond pyramid number), is higher than the underlying steel. Due to this higher hardness these layers provide excellent protection against coating damage through abrasion. The eta layer of the coating being low in hardness is quite ductile and provides the coating some impact resistance. The zeta, delta and gamma zinc-iron alloy layers are actually harder than the base steel, resulting in galvanizing steel’s outstanding resistance to abrasion and mechanical damage. Abrasive or heavy loading conditions in service can remove the relatively soft eta layer of zinc from a galvanized surface, but the very hard zeta alloy layer is then exposed to resist further abrasion and heavy loading.
Surface tension forces cause a layer of molten zinc to adhere to the steel when it exits the bath. After excess zinc is wiped off, the remaining liquid solidifies when it cools below 419 deg C. The final product (galvanized steel) consists of the steel core, with an inter-metallic alloy layer and outer zinc layer on both surfaces. If the zinc bath is aluminum free, a cross-section of the coating can look similar to that in Fig 2.
Hence, the composition of a zinc coated steel object consists of (i) the overlay or coating alloy, (ii) an interfacial layer between the overlay and the substrate steel containing a series of inter-metallic compounds, and (iii) the substrate steel. Each of these regions can be affected by the bath time and temperature, as well as the chemistry of both the bath and the substrate steel. The inter-metallic alloy layers shown in Fig 2 are a mixture of zinc and iron atoms. They provide a high degree of bonding between the steel and the zinc outer coating. Unfortunately, these alloys have very poor ductility, i.e., they are hard and brittle. When the galvanized sheet is formed into a shape, there is a high probability of shear cracks developing in the alloys, and the zinc coating flaking off. This behaviour seriously limits the ability to form the galvanized sheet into shapes such as drawn cups, roofing panels, tight lock seams, or highly stretched automotive fenders.
The alloy layer is vital to achieving a good bond between steel and zinc. This layer is also to be continuous (over the entire surface area of the object) for the coating to be free from pores. Without interfering with the formation of an alloy bond zone, the nature of the alloy is to be changed so that the forming of the galvanized sheet into intricate shapes becomes possible.
Hardness, ductility, and adherence combine to provide the galvanized coating with very good protection against damage during rough handling. The structure of the galvanized coating and the relative thickness of its zinc iron alloy layers have little or no effect on the protective life of the coating. Protective life depends on the total coating mass.
The thickness of the coating is proportional to the coating mass. The thickness of hot dip galvanized coatings is determined by the thickness of the zinc-iron alloy layers which form when the steel reacts with the zinc. Higher coating thickness of galvanized steel results in better corrosion resistance and provides enhanced durability. However, it can lead to low formability of the steel. The tensile strength of the zinc coated layer increases with increase in thickness. Further, galvanized coatings are slightly thicker at the corners and the edges which is an important advantage over most of the organic coatings which thin out in these critical areas.
The thickness, alloy structure, and finish of galvanized coatings are influenced by (i) surface condition of steel, and (ii) composition of the steel. Increasing the period of immersion in the galvanizing bath does not increase coating thickness except in the case of silicon steels. Also, double dipping or galvanizing a second time does not increase the thickness of the galvanized coating and can adversely affect coating appearance.
Surface condition of steel – Grit blasting steel before galvanizing roughens the surface and increases its surface area, resulting in higher reactiveness to molten zinc. Greater zinc-iron alloy growth occurs during galvanizing, producing thicker coatings, though at the expense of a rougher surface and a poorer appearance. Application of this method for achieving thicker coatings is normally limited by practical and economic considerations.
Composition of steel – Both silicon and phosphorous contents can have major effects on the structure, appearance, and properties of galvanized coatings. In extreme cases, coatings can be excessively thick, brittle, and easily damaged.
Certain levels of silicon content result in excessively thick galvanized coatings. These very thick coatings result from the increased reactivity of the steel with molten zinc, and rapid growth of zinc-iron alloy layers on the steel surface. Excessive growth in coating thickness takes place on steels with silicon contents in the range 0.04 % to 0.14 %.Growth rates are less for steels containing between 0.15 % and 0.22 % silicon, and increase with increasing silicon levels above 0.22 %.
The presence of phosphorous above a threshold level of around 0.05 % produces a marked increase in reactivity of steel with molten zinc, and rapid coating growth. When present in combination with silicon, phosphorous can have a disproportionate effect, producing excessively thick galvanized coatings.
As a guide to the suitability of silicon and phosphorous containing steels for galvanizing, the criteria to be applied are (i) % Si less than 0.04 %, and (ii) % Si + (2.5 x % P) is less than 0.09 %. Galvanized coatings on silicon steels are normally dull grey or patchy grey in colour with a rough finish, and can be brittle.
Coating service life is proportional to the increased thickness and is unaffected by appearance, provided the coating is sound and continuous. In general, the thickness, adherence and appearance of galvanized coatings on silicon and phosphorous steels are outside the control the galvanizing personnel.
Mechanical properties of galvanized steels
The galvanizing process has no effect on the mechanical properties of the structural steels which are normally galvanized.
Strength and ductility – A very large number of experiments and tests have been conducted over the years in order to ascertain whether, and to what extent, hot-dip galvanizing affects the mechanical properties of low-carbon, un-alloyed and low-alloyed steels. The test results are briefly summarized below and apply both to steel galvanized at the normal (460 deg C) and high (560 deg C) temperatures.
The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation at rupture point and contraction of hot-dip galvanized steel remains virtually unchanged after hot-dip galvanizing in both the welded and not-welded states. The strength of cold-worked or heat-treated steel can be reduced during hot-dip galvanizing. The extent of the reduction depends on the degree of working or on the nature of the heat treatment. The notch toughness of hot-dip galvanized steel reduces somewhat compared with artificially aged samples, but not enough to affect the use of the steel.
The ductility of steel is not affected by hot-dip galvanizing. Excessive bending can however lead to cracking in the zinc coating itself. 1-t bends in many of the steels are embrittled by galvanizing, but galvanized 2-t and 3-t bends in all steels can be completely straightened without cracking.
In a study, in which the mechanical properties of 19 different structural steels from major industrial areas of the world were investigated before and after galvanizing, it has been found that the galvanizing process has no effect on the tensile, bend, or impact properties of any of the structural steels studied. Also, nor do even the highest strength versions has shown hydrogen embrittlement following a typical pretreatment in inhibited HCI, or H2SO4.
Changes in mechanical properties attributable to the galvanizing process have been detected only when the steel has been cold worked prior to galvanizing, but then only certain properties has been affected. Thus the tensile strength, proof strength, and tensile elongation of cold rolled steel are unaffected, except that the tensile elongation of 40 % cold rolled steel tends to increase by galvanizing.
Brittleness and cracking – Cold-working reduces the notch toughness of steel and increases the transition temperature for brittle fracture. Subsequent ageing at the increased temperatures strengthens this effect. Even if the steel itself is age-hardened, the effect of cold-working can be sufficient to cause the steel to have inadequate toughness to meet the applicable demands. The ageing process can in certain cases be accelerated at the elevated temperature of the galvanizing bath. However, these steels eventually become brittle whether they are hot-dip galvanized or not.
In hot-dip galvanizing, it is important to know whether or not the components have been cold-worked. Both aluminum-killed and silicon-killed steel can be affected negatively by cold deformation and ageing through galvanizing. If cold working of a susceptible steel cannot be avoided then the steel is to be stress relieved at 600 deg C to 650 deg C for 30 minutes or normalized prior to galvanizing. However, susceptible steels are relatively not very common.
Hot-dip galvanizing of ordinary unalloyed or low alloyed structural steel does not give rise to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen, which can be absorbed during pickling, mostly is to be thermally expelled upon immersion in the zinc. Absorption of hydrogen can, however, lead to embrittlement of some hardened or high strength steels. Blasting instead of pickling is a possibility to avoid the problem.
Inter-crystalline cracking can in certain cases occur in hot-dip galvanizing due to the penetration of zinc into the inter-granular boundaries of steel. A pre-condition for this is that large stresses have been induced through welding or hardening of the steel. The risk of inter-crystalline cracking or fracture due to zinc penetration is negligible in the hot-dip galvanizing of ordinary structural steel. However, hardened material can be sensitive. The risk of cracking can be minimized if steel is annealed at temperatures higher than those in the zinc bath, i.e. above 460 deg C.
Embrittlement – It is quite rare for the steel to be in an embrittled condition after galvanizing. The occurrence of embrittlement depends on a combination of factors. Under certain conditions, some steels can lose their ductile properties and become embrittled. Several types of embrittlement can occur but of these types only strain-age embrittlement is aggravated by galvanizing process. The following information is for guidance in critical applications.
Susceptibility to strain-age embrittlement – Strain-age embrittlement is caused by cold working of certain steels, mainly low carbon, followed by ageing at temperatures less than 600 deg C, or by warm working steels below 600 deg C. All structural steels can become embrittled to some extent. The extent of embrittlement depends on the amount of strain, time at ageing temperature, and steel composition, particularly nitrogen content. Elements which are known to tie up nitrogen in the form of nitrides are useful in limiting the effects of strain ageing. These elements include aluminum, vanadium, titanium, niobium, and boron.
Hydrogen embrittlement – Hydrogen can be absorbed into steel during acid pickling but is expelled rapidly at galvanizing temperatures and is not a problem with components free from internal stresses. Certain steels which have been cold worked and / or stressed during pickling can be affected by hydrogen embrittlement to the extent that cracking can occur before galvanizing.
The galvanizing process involves immersion in a bath of molten zinc at about 450 deg C. The heat treatment effect of galvanizing can accelerate the onset of strain-age embrittlement in susceptible steels which have been cold worked. No other aspect of the galvanizing process is significant.
Weld stresses – In welded structures, weld stresses are partly reduced by hot-dip galvanizing. Hardening stresses in the zones affected by the heat of the weld are also reduced. This means that welded structures have a higher static strength in the hot-dip galvanized form than in the untreated condition.
Fatigue strength – The fatigue strength is affected differently by hot-dip galvanizing depending on steel type. There is a relatively small reduction in aluminum-killed steels, while the reduction in silicon-killed steels can be a little bit higher. The reason for this is the differing composition of the iron-zinc layer. Under fatigue conditions, cracks form in this layer which can then act as initiators for cracking in the steel surface.
In the determination of fatigue data in laboratory experiments, however, hot-dip galvanized material is compared with ‘ new’, untreated steel. But if an untreated structure is exposed outdoors, it is immediately attacked by corrosion. Pits are formed which are 5 times to 7 times deeper than the general corrosion, and the fatigue strength decreases rapidly. Conversely, the fatigue strength of hot-dip galvanized steel does not change appreciably during the exposure time, provided that the zinc coating remains on the steel surface. Under normal conditions, pitting does not occur in the zinc coating. The reduction in fatigue strength caused by hot dip galvanizing is small compared with the reduction caused by corrosion attack. It is also to be noted that abrasive blasting and, more especially, welding also reduce fatigue strength.
Practical experience shows that the fatigue strength of the steels normally galvanized is not significantly affected by galvanizing. The fatigue strength of certain steels, particularly silicon killed steels can be reduced, but any reduction is small when compared with the reductions which can occur from pitting corrosion attack on ungalvanized steels, and with the effects of welds.
For practical purposes, where design life is based on the fatigue strength of welds, the effects of galvanizing can be ignored. Fatigue strength is reduced by the presence of notches and weld beads, regardless of the effects of processes involving a heating cycle such as galvanizing. Rapid cooling of hot work can induce micro-cracking, particularly in weld zones, producing a notch effect with consequent reductions in fatigue strength.
In critical applications, specifications for the galvanizing of welded steel fabrications call for air cooling rather than water quenching after galvanizing to avoid the possibility of micro-cracking and reductions in fatigue strength.
Cold working – Cold working such as punching of holes, shearing, and bending before galvanizing can lead to embrittlement of the susceptible steels. Steels in thicknesses less than 3 mm are unlikely to be significantly affected.
Hot-dip galvanized steel and fire – Hot-dip galvanized steel does not burn, but the strength decreases when the temperature increases. Steel constructions remain stable until the critical temperature is reached. This occurs between 500 deg C and 750 deg C depending on the loading situation.
Hot-dip galvanized steel exposed to elevated temperatures – A study on how the hot-dip galvanized coatings react when exposed to elevated temperatures has indicated that the coatings can cope with temperatures upto 275 deg C, which is true if the exposure time is relatively short. For exposure times longer than a few weeks, this temperature is too high. The study results have shown that high temperature galvanized coatings (immersion at 560 deg C) respond worse to elevated temperatures than coatings formed by low temperature galvanizing.
The reason is that an elevated temperature causes solid phase transformations in the coating. The outermost pure zinc coating is transformed to an inter-metallic iron-zinc phase. When the whole coating consists of this iron-zinc phase, it becomes more brittle and cracks can form, especially during cooling (cyclic processes). High temperature galvanized coatings are especially sensitive since they consist predominantly of inter-metallic phases from the outset. Combinations of elevated temperatures and mechanical strains, for example vibrations, are to be avoided. Low temperature coatings with a large part of pure zinc have the best possibility to withstand elevated temperatures for longer periods.
Durability against wear – Pure zinc is a soft metal, but it is harder than most of the organic coatings available. However, the inter-metallic iron-zinc phases created during hot-dip galvanizing are very hard, even harder than common construction steels. Because of this, the iron-zinc phases are more resistant to wear than pure zinc. Studies have shown that the inter-metallic layer has a wear resistance which is 4 times to 5 times better than the pure zinc layer.
Atmospheric corrosion resistance – The life expectancy of a hot dip galvanized coating is roughly proportional to the thickness of the coating. Hence, in any given environment, it is possible to predict how long a coating is going to last before repair is needed. With a galvanized coating life expectancy is based upon the appearance of 5 % red rust on the steel surface.
The resistance to atmospheric corrosion of hot dip galvanized steel depends upon climatic factors such as humidity, rainfall, proximity to the coast and the presence of pollutants. The latter can have a particularly detrimental effect upon the performance of the coating depending on which pollutants are present in the environment.
Corrosion rates of hot dip galvanized steel at coastal locations (generally within 1 km of the high water mark) can be high. Industry generated gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxides attack the zinc coating, as do ammonia gases. In rural areas hot dip galvanized coatings can last well in excess of 80 years. This performance can be compromised where excessive application of insecticides and fertilizers occur, which in combination with moisture, attack the coating. Interestingly, galvanized coatings weather to a paler colour in marine climates and to darker colours in rural and industrial environments.
In some instances the hot dip galvanized coating transforms to a reddish hue, often misguidedly taken for rusting. This discoloration occurs as the zinc-iron alloys react with the atmosphere to form a distinct zinc-iron alloy based protective film. In certain environments the zinc-iron alloys can even provide better corrosion control to the underlying steel than pure zinc.
Role of aluminum
Over 75 years back, it was discovered that the addition of a small amount of aluminum to the coating bath is a perfect answer to the issue of changing the nature of the alloy layer without interfering with the formation of the alloy bond zone so that the forming into intricate shapes is possible. Initially, the reason for how it works so effectively was not understood, but it was observed that having aluminum in the zinc bath had made the alloy layer very thin compared to that from an aluminum-free bath. Aluminum is an inhibitor which significantly slows down the zinc-iron reaction rate. This thinner, and hence more ductile, alloy layer allows the coated steel sheet to be formed into many complex shapes without loss of coating adhesion, since it is not prone to the development of large internal shear cracks.
Using aluminum, at a level of around 0.15 %, has become the standard for galvanizing baths in continuous galvanizing lines. The aluminum addition practice is being used even now. However there is a much better understanding now of the metallurgy of aluminum in zinc, with the result that the aluminum concentration is more closely controlled. Some producers use 0.2 % to 0.3 % aluminum, but most stay in the range of 0.15 % to 0.19 %. When making zinc-iron coatings (galvanneal), the aluminum level is lowered to the range of 0.11 % to 0.135 %.
Although the addition of such a small amount of aluminum has a pronounced effect on the ability to form galvanized sheet, it does not have much effect on the bulk corrosion behaviour. However, as the aluminum does concentrate in the alloy layer, and to some extent at the surface of the zinc, it can adversely affect issues such as spot welding, soldering, and white rust occurrence. These drawbacks are insignificant, though, in comparison with the beneficial effect that aluminum exerts on the ability to form the galvanized sheet without loss of coating adhesion.
Spangle- surface appearance of zinc coating
As the zinc coating on the steel surface solidifies, dendritic crystals grow around a core of solidified zinc, and in some cases, a flower like pattern of bright zinc crystals called ‘spangle’ forms on the surface of the galvanized steel (Fig 3). The thickness of coating is much less than the diameter of a spangle. Certain steel compositions cause the zinc iron alloy layer to grow through to the surface of the galvanized coating producing matt grey finish.
Fig 3 Spangled structure of galvanized steel
In some applications the spangle pattern is considered desirable since it gives the product an attractive appearance but in case of automotive steels, the surface roughness and difference in crystal orientation associated with spangle impair the appearance of the steel after painting hence it is not desirable in such steels. For such steels extremely fine spangle pattern is needed.
Spangles develop when the molten zinc adhering to the steel is cooled below the melting point of zinc (around 419 deg C). At this temperature, the randomly arranged atoms in the liquid zinc begin to position themselves into a very ordered arrangement. This occurs at many random locations within the molten zinc coating. This process of transformation is the process of solidification or crystallization. The small solidifying regions within the molten zinc are defined as ‘grains’. As individual atoms in the molten zinc attach themselves to a solidifying grain (causing grain growth), they do so in an ordered fashion and form into a distinct array, or crystal. In case of zinc, the crystals form with hexagonal symmetry. As the solid zinc grains grow larger, individual atoms of zinc arrange themselves into the often visible hexagonal symmetry of the final spangle. When the coating is completely solidified, individual spangles define individual grains of zinc.
The term ‘nucleation’ defines the process of transformation of randomly arranged atoms of molten zinc into a small organized array of atoms in the seed crystals at the initial stage of solidification. A high rate of nucleation tends to cause the formation of numerous small grains in the final solidified structure, while a low rate tends to favour the growth of large grains.
There is another aspect of the solidifying process which leads to the snowflake pattern in galvanize coatings viz. dendritic growth. Dendritic growth causes the individual solidifying grains to grow into the molten zinc coating with a distinct leading rounded edge. A primary dendrite arm and secondary dendrite arms which grow laterally away from the primary dendrite arm is shown in Fig 3. Dendrites are visible in a galvanize coating because we see a two dimensional version of as cast, dendritic, solidified grain structure.
The rate of growth of the dendrite arms during the solidification of the molten zinc coating competes with the rate of nucleation of new grains within the molten zinc. This process determines the final size of the completely solidified structure. In Fig 3, there is a well defined large spangle pattern which shows that the rate of dendrite growth dominated the solidification process leading to a small number of large spangles. The characteristics of such spangles is that they are thickest at the centre and thinnest at the edges (grain boundaries) and hence difficult to smoothen by temper rolling. On the other hand, zinc coatings with smaller spangles have less depressed boundaries and can be smoothen by temper rolling. The nature and rate of dendritic growth during the solidification of molten zinc is greatly influenced by other metallic elements present in the molten zinc.
The size of the spangle depends on zinc chemistry, cooling rate and other factors such as smoothness of the steel base. Fig 4 shows comparison of different spangle sizes. Spangles can be qualitatively classified in the following three categories.
Regular spangle – They are visible multifaceted zinc crystal structure on zinc coated steel. The cooling rate is uncontrolled which produces a variable grain size.
Minimized spangle – These grain patterns on zinc coated steel are visible to unaided eyes. They are smaller and less distinct than the pattern visible on regular spangle. The zinc crystal structure growth is arrested by special production techniques or inhibited by a combination of coating bath chemistry and cooling.
Spangle free – Spangle free zinc coated steels are having a uniform finish in which the surface irregularities created by spangle formation are not visible to the naked eye. The finish is produced by a combination of coating bath chemistry, or cooling or both.
Fig 4 Comparison of different spangle sizes
In case of zinc coating, the most common reason for the well defined dendritic growth pattern is the presence of lead in the molten metal. Presence of lead in the molten zinc results into large spangles since it decreases the solid / liquid interfacial energy in the solidifying coating. This leads to an increase in dendrite growth velocity which results in large spangles. Lead precipitates at the coating surface, and the varying distribution of lead particles across the surface, defines the optical appearance (shiny or dull spangles).
In earlier days zinc coatings contained as much as 1 % lead. During the past 40 years, the percentage of lead has been brought down. Typical concentration of lead these days has been less than 0.15 %, often as low as 0.03 % to 0.05 %. Even this lower amount of lead is still sufficient to develop dendritic growth behaviour during the solidification process. Presently lead level in the range of 0.05 % to 0.10 % in the molten zinc bath is kept to achieve a well developed spangle pattern. As there are now environmental concerns about the use of lead, practices have been developed to use lead free zinc and to add a small amount of antimony in the molten zinc bath (0.03 % to 0.10 %) for achieving well developed spangle pattern.
In case of lead bearing zinc for getting smoother coating, it is possible to suppress spangle growth by rapidly cooling the coating. This is done by the use of a spangle minimizing device above the zinc bath. These devices direct steam or zinc dust at the surface to rapidly freeze the molten zinc and keep the spangle small. Such technology is not needed in case lead free zinc (lead content normally less than 0.01 % and frequently less than 0.005 %) is used. Lead free coatings give a spangle free surface which provides a high quality finish needed by the automotive and appliances industry.
Lead free coatings have a grain pattern which is barely visible to the unaided eye. Typically the spangles are 0.5 mm in diameter. In such coatings, the grains do not grow by a dendritic mode but by a cellular mode of growth. The grains nucleate on the steel surface and grow outward towards the free surface. Absence of large spangles makes the steel surface shiny and the grain boundary depressions do not exist. Non spangle coating combined with temper rolling makes the steel very smooth which can be painted to give a very smooth finish.
It is not easy to produce non spangle coatings free of lead or antimony because of their influence on the viscosity of the molten zinc. It is difficult to avoid sag and ripples in the zinc coating due to higher viscosity of molten zinc when lead or antimony is not present. The thicker is the coating; greater is the tendency to form sags and ripples. However automotive and appliances industry needs thinner coating and their products are made on high speed lines which allows producers to use lead free coating baths for avoiding spangles and still attain a ripple free coating. | <urn:uuid:cbfbe97a-f4af-4be7-acf6-b786982403f6> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.ispatguru.com/metallurgical-aspects-of-steel-galvanization/ | 2024-12-07T08:34:39Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066426671.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207071733-20241207101733-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.936671 | 7,277 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Covid-19 pandemic has brought shock, confusion, fear, anxiety, stress, and worry in everyday lives. While vaccines are being rolled out, the end of the pandemic still seems far away. The constant worry has put many on edge, increasing mental health issues.
Is the coronavirus pandemic affecting our mental health?
It’s frightening to be in the midst of a global health crisis. Many places have been under lockdown, and now, a year into the pandemic, some are trying to reopen with safety measures in place. Many people across the world have also lost jobs and loved ones.
The uncertainty brought about by Covid-19 means that we do not know what the future holds. We are still unsure how long the pandemic will last and how exactly we are impacted.
Not knowing whether things will continue to get worse and having to deal with sudden changes can get incredibly overwhelming. It is easy to get anxious and panicky with all the unknowns that we need to face.
Indeed, the pandemic has increased people’s anxiety. However, there are several things you can do to manage Covid-19 pandemic anxiety and fears.
Common reactions to Covid-19
The Covid-19 pandemic has far-reaching implications.
It’s not unusual for people to experience a wide range of feelings and thoughts in the face of significant changes and uncertainties. Disturbing new updates, together with worries about health and safety can take a physical and mental toll.
Photo by engin akyurt on Unsplash
Common reactions to Covid-19 include:
- Feeling anxious, fearful, or worried
- Feeling stressed and overwhelmed
- Feeling sad, and tearful
- Feeling frustrated, irritable, or angry
- Feeling restless and agitated
- Feeling helpless
- Feeling disconnected from other people
- Feeling apprehensive about going out to public spaces
- Loss of interest in activities you usually enjoy
- Racing thoughts
- Physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, digestive issues, fatigue
- Having trouble concentrating or sleeping resulting in insomnia
- Having trouble relaxing
Coronavirus anxiety symptoms
In addition to being a health crisis, Covid-19 has also brought about mental health issues. Some anxiety symptoms can be short term, such as:
- Rapid heartbeat/ palpitations
- Inability to concentrate
- Shaking and sweating
- Difficulty swallowing
Symptoms of anxiety from the Covid-19 pandemic can also include:
- Sense of impending doom
- Over focusing on the news
- Avoidance by hiding from what is going on
- Feeling tense, irritable, or impatient
- Pacing or spacing out
- Feeling like you’re on a spinning wheel
- Inability to perform activities of daily life
Mental and psychological effect of Covid-19
The coronavirus pandemic can also have long-term mental health and psychological effects. Constantly being on high alert and experiencing fear and worry, as well as sudden disruptions can have far-reaching consequences.
Photo by Nik Shuliahin on Unsplash
A study conducted in July 2020 identified symptoms such as avoidance, compulsively checking for symptoms of infection, worrying, threat monitoring, and inability to leave the house because of Covid-19 fears as part of Covid-19 anxiety syndrome.
Those who experienced these symptoms were also more likely to suffer from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, general stress, and suicide ideation.
Dealing with the Covid-19 related news
It's important to stay informed about what is happening, especially in your community so that you can take the necessary precautions to stay safe.
However, checking the news obsessively can have an adverse effect. Misinformation about what’s going on and sensational coronavirus news will only feed your fears and worries.
Here’s how you can deal with Covid-19 news:
- Stick with trustworthy news sources on the pandemic.
- Avoid checking for updates too often. Constantly checking for news on Covid-19 can fuel anxiety.
- If you want to avoid the media totally, ask a reliable friend or family member to share important updates with you.
- Limit media consumption to 30 minutes each day if you are dealing with anxiety.
- Verify the information that you receive before sharing it with others. Misinformation can cause anxiety and unnecessary panic.
How to stay calm during the coronavirus pandemic?
With such uncertainty during the coronavirus pandemic, feelings of anxiety and fear may crop up. If you’re feeling overwhelmed, here’s what you can do to stay calm.
1. Focus on the things that you can control
We can’t control how long the pandemic will last or what is going on in our communities. You can, however, take steps to reduce your personal risk of catching the virus.
2. Look for the positive
Seek out news that talks about the improvements in the pandemic, such as the vaccine rollouts and decrease in risk of death due to better treatment options. Be mindful of the social media and news reports that trigger anxiousness.
3. Plan what you can
With the many changes happening - school and workplace closures, self-quarantine, social distancing - it’s natural to feel concerned about the situation. You can stay calm by planning what you can do. Plan your day or week by making a list of things that you want to complete.
4. Maintain a routine
As much as possible, maintain a routine. Knowing what comes next in the day will help you to focus and concentrate on the tasks at hand.
5. Stay connected with friends and family
While social distancing helps keep us safe from the virus, it comes with its own risks. Isolation and loneliness can contribute to anxiety and depression. Staying in touch with loved ones via video chat or apps such as Zoom can help ease anxiety. You can also use this time to reconnect with old friends.
Do be aware of what you are talking about. Take breaks from talking about Covid-19 and simply enjoy good company.
6. Talk to a trusted person
If you’re feeling particularly anxious or worried, talking to someone you trust can help you calm down. Having a support system and staying connected can also help keep loneliness and depression at bay
7. Take care of yourself
Eating healthy, getting enough sleep, meditation, and other self-care techniques can help to manage stress.
Exercising can help relieve stress and anxiety.
Regular sleep and wake routine can also help if you’re having insomnia due to Covid-19 worries.
8. Get into an exercise routine
A healthy body is a route to a healthy mind. Studies have proven that physical activity can have a positive impact on our psychological function. Many fitness instructors are now providing online fitness classes which you can join for a fee. There are also plenty of exercise videos available on YouTube that you can easily follow.
There can not be a better time than this to get into a daily meditation practice. Meditation can ease anxiety and help you focus. If you’re new to meditation, here are some guided meditation videos that are available online:
- Meditation for beginners
- Meditation for deep relaxation
- Meditation for walking
- Meditation for reducing stress and anxiety
- Meditation for peaceful sleep
10. Continue to practice safety measures
Wearing face masks, gloves and using hand sanitiser when you are out and about can help ease fears and worries about catching the virus.
11. Take things slow
Allow yourself time to adjust to the ‘new normal’.
If your community is returning to normalcy, allow yourself to ease back into ‘life before Covid’ at a pace you are comfortable with.
12. Participate in virtual hobby/fun activities to keep your mind engaged
If you’re stuck at home, virtual hobbies and activities can help to keep your mind off the pandemic. Here are some places that you can visit virtually:
Virtual Museum visits:
- The Louvre
- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
- The Vatican Museum
- British Museum, London
- Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
- Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)
Virtual Zoos and Aquarium visits
Virtual Theme Park visits
Check out other virtual resources like virtual libraries, cooking lessons, etc.
13. Help others who are in need
It’s easy to get caught up in our own concerns during these times.
However, focusing on others who are in need can shift our perspective and be good for our own mental health. Reaching out to those who need a hand can give you a sense of control and purpose for your life.
14. Get professional help
If you find yourself unable to cope, get professional help. Your doctor may be able to recommend certain natural sleep supplements that can help you get a good night’s rest.
Helping children deal with Covid-19 anxiety
Children are not immune to anxiety and worries brought about by the pandemic. Here’s how you can help them deal with it.
Photo by Dhaya Eddine Bentaleb on Unsplash
Structure and Routine
Structures and routines are helpful for both parents and children. In fact, children thrive with a planned routine. Knowing what comes next will help them keep their minds off the pandemic. Alternately, an unstructured day can result in children being bored and fretful.
You can include time for chores, schoolwork, play, and exercise in your children’s daily schedules. Many children around the globe are attending virtual classes. Ensure that you monitor your child’s involvement within these sessions to keep a tab on his daily learning.
There are also various options to enroll your child in virtual hobby classes like music, art, foreign languages, etc which will help in creating a more fulfilling schedule for them.
Older children can have access to the internet to keep in touch with their friends via video chats or social media. If possible, include outdoor activities in their schedule.
Focus on being in the moment
Children can feel stress, fear, and anxiety from the pandemic too.
Encourage them to focus on being in the moment.
Reminding them to do the things they can to take care of themselves, such as staying indoors, washing hands, and keeping clean can help take their minds off things that they cannot change.
While kids are limited in their options outdoors, use this opportunity to engage with them, build friendlier connections, and create more fun moments together.
Children (even babies) can sense it when parents are stressed or anxious. Thus, find a way to ground yourself so that your kids do not pick up your worries. Model calmness and try your best not to share your worries with your children.
Look for things to be positive about even if things are going haywire. As you stay positive and point out the good things that are happening, your children will be less anxious as well. Focus their attention on the positive things that are happening, rather than the uncertainties of the pandemic.
Inculcate healthy habits in kids
Get your kids to develop healthy habits. While going out may not be an option for you, there are plenty of physical play-based exercises that you can do with your kids to get them moving. Exercise will help kids release stress, anxiety as well as pent-up energy.
It’s also a good time to teach children about cleanliness and hygiene. For children who seem edgy, you can try teaching them meditation techniques to help them calm down.
There is nothing to be ashamed of if you’re feeling stressed and anxious because of the pandemic. It’s important to take care of both your mental and physical health.
Do seek professional help if you find that you are unable to cope with this season.
Having certain levels of anxiety during the pandemic is normal, but remember that there are ways to beat it too! | <urn:uuid:ff8e1ea7-c10e-41c5-99f8-64eda7b55b2d> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.rilax.info/blogs/news/coronavirus-anxiety | 2024-12-14T16:31:32Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125790.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214151042-20241214181042-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.950084 | 2,510 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Cucumbers: Fruit or Vegetable? The Surprising Answer Revealed
Cucumbers are a great summer vegetable, but do you know everything about them?
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely cultivated plant in the gourd family Cucurbitaceae. It is a creeping vine that bears cylindrical fruits that are used as culinary vegetables. There are three main varieties of cucumber: slicing, pickling, and burpless. Within these varieties, several different cultivars have emerged. The cucumber is originally from Southern Asia, but now grows on most continents. Many different varieties are traded on the global market.
Cucumbers are a green vegetable used in salads, sandwiches, and other dishes. They’re often pickled and used as a garnish. They’re in the same family as squash, melons, and pumpkins. They’re low in calories but high in water and fiber.
Let’s look at everything cucumbers can do for you.
In this post we'll cover:
- 1 The Many Facets of Cucumbers
- 2 Asian Cucumbers: A Sweet and Simple Recipe
- 3 Get Creative in the Kitchen: How to Cook with Cucumbers
- 4 7 Reasons Why Cucumbers are a Powerhouse of Health Benefits
- 4.1 1. Cucumbers can help prevent damage caused by hot weather
- 4.2 2. Cucumbers are loaded with fiber, making them an excellent addition to your diet
- 4.3 3. Cucumbers contain compounds that can help lower the risk of certain diseases
- 4.4 4. Cucumbers are low in calories and high in nutrients, making them an ideal food for weight loss
- 4.5 5. Cucumbers can help regulate blood sugar levels
- 4.6 6. Cucumbers are an excellent substitute for high-sugar foods
- 4.7 7. Cucumbers play a key role in improving heart health
- 5 Conclusion
The Many Facets of Cucumbers
There are many different types of cucumbers, each with their own unique shape, size, and flavor profile. Some of the most common types of cucumbers include:
- English cucumbers: These are longer and thinner than other types of cucumbers and are typically sold in plastic wrap.
- Pickling cucumbers: These are smaller and have a bumpy texture. They are commonly used for making pickles.
- Persian cucumbers: These are smaller and have a sweeter taste than other types of cucumbers.
- Kirby cucumbers: These are commonly found in local grocery stores and are smaller than English cucumbers.
How to Prepare and Eat Cucumbers
Cucumbers are commonly eaten raw, either on their own or in salads. They can also be pickled or used to create a variety of unique dishes. When preparing cucumbers, it’s important to note that the skin and seeds are the most significant sources of fiber and nutrients. Therefore, it’s best to leave the skin on and eat the entire cucumber whenever possible.
The Role of Cucumbers in Food Processing
Cucumbers are commonly used in food processing, particularly in the production of pickles. During the pickling process, cucumbers are soaked in a solution of vinegar, salt, and other seasonings. This helps to increase their shelf life and create a unique flavor profile.
Asian Cucumbers: A Sweet and Simple Recipe
Once the cucumbers are sliced, it’s time to marinate them. This recipe is vegan and requires only a few ingredients:
- 1/4 cup of water
- 1/4 cup of apple cider vinegar
- 1 tablespoon of sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon of salt
- 1/4 teaspoon of black pepper
- 1 small onion, finely sliced
Here’s how to marinate the cucumbers:
- In a small bowl, mix the water, apple cider vinegar, sugar, salt, and black pepper.
- Stir until the sugar is completely dissolved.
- Add the sliced onion to the mixture and stir.
- Add the sliced cucumbers to the mixture and stir until they are completely dressed.
- Set the mixture aside for at least 30 minutes to allow the cucumbers to marinate.
Get Creative in the Kitchen: How to Cook with Cucumbers
Before you start cooking with cucumbers, it’s important to know how to properly prepare them. Here are some methods to help you get started:
- Clean the cucumber by rinsing it under running water and patting it dry with paper towels.
- If the cucumber has seeds, cut it in half lengthwise and use a spoon to scoop out the seeds.
- If you’re using seedless cucumbers, simply cut them into slices or crescents.
- If you plan on grilling or sautéing cucumbers, cut them into thick slices to prevent them from becoming too tender.
- For dishes that require a cool and fresh cucumber, cut them into thin slices or cubes and set them aside in a bowl of cold water to prevent excess heat from cooking them.
Reducing the Risk of Bitterness
Cucumbers can sometimes have a bitter taste, but there are ways to reduce this risk. Here are some methods to help:
- Draw out excess water and reduce bitterness by salting cucumbers. Simply toss sliced cucumbers in a colander with a teaspoon of salt and let them sit for 30 minutes. Rinse them under cold water and pat them dry with paper towels.
- Another way to reduce bitterness is by removing the seeds, as they tend to be the most bitter part of the cucumber.
Adding Cucumbers to Your Meal Plan
Cucumbers are a versatile ingredient that can be added to a number of dishes. Here are some tips to help you add cucumbers to your meal plan:
- Use cucumbers as a healthy snack by cutting them into slices and adding a sprinkle of salt.
- Add sliced cucumbers to your water to give it a refreshing taste.
- Use cucumbers as a replacement for chips or crackers when dipping in hummus or other dips.
- For a quick and easy side dish, toss sliced cucumbers with a teaspoon of oil and vinegar.
- For a pound of cucumbers, add a tablespoon of salt and let them sit for 30 minutes before rinsing them under cold water and patting them dry with paper towels. This will help minimize excess water and prevent your dish from becoming too watery.
Cucumbers may seem like a simple ingredient, but they can make a big difference in your cooking. With these tips and methods, you can get creative in the kitchen and make the most out of this healthy and delicious vegetable.
7 Reasons Why Cucumbers are a Powerhouse of Health Benefits
1. Cucumbers can help prevent damage caused by hot weather
During hot summer days, it’s essential to keep your body hydrated. Cucumbers are an excellent source of water, containing about 96% water content. Eating cucumbers regularly can help you stay hydrated and prevent damage caused by hot weather.
2. Cucumbers are loaded with fiber, making them an excellent addition to your diet
Fiber is essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system. Cucumbers are a great source of fiber, with one medium-sized cucumber containing about 2 grams of fiber. Adding cucumbers to your diet can help you feel satisfied and improve your digestive health.
3. Cucumbers contain compounds that can help lower the risk of certain diseases
Cucumbers contain important compounds such as flavonoids, lignans, and triterpenes that have been linked to a lower risk of certain diseases. These compounds have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that can protect your body from damage and improve your overall health.
4. Cucumbers are low in calories and high in nutrients, making them an ideal food for weight loss
If you’re looking to lose weight, cucumbers are an excellent food to add to your diet. They are low in calories, with one medium-sized cucumber containing only 16 calories. Cucumbers are also high in nutrients, including vitamin K, vitamin C, and potassium, making them a powerful addition to any weight loss plan.
5. Cucumbers can help regulate blood sugar levels
Cucumbers contain carbohydrates and glucose that can help regulate blood sugar levels. They are also a good source of soluble fiber, which can slow down the absorption of sugar in the bloodstream. Adding cucumbers to your diet can help you manage your blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of related health problems.
6. Cucumbers are an excellent substitute for high-sugar foods
If you’re looking for a healthy snack that will satisfy your sweet tooth, cucumbers are an excellent choice. They are low in sugar, with one medium-sized cucumber containing only 3.5 grams of sugar. Eating cucumbers instead of high-sugar foods can help you reduce your sugar intake and improve your overall health.
7. Cucumbers play a key role in improving heart health
Cucumbers contain a compound called cucurbitacin, which has been linked to a lower risk of heart disease. This compound has anti-inflammatory effects that can reduce inflammation in the body, a key factor in the development of heart disease. Adding cucumbers to your diet can help improve your heart health and reduce the risk of related health problems.
In conclusion, cucumbers are incredibly rich in nutrients and offer a number of health benefits. Whether you slice them up and add them to your salad or enjoy them as a snack, cucumbers are a powerful addition to any diet. So next time you’re at the grocery store, make sure to pick up some cucumbers and start reaping the benefits!
Cucumbers are a delicious and refreshing fruit that can be used in a variety of dishes. They’re a great source of water and fiber, and contain compounds that help you feel satisfied and improve your digestive health.
So, don’t be afraid to add cucumbers to your diet!
Joost Nusselder, the founder of Bite My Bun is a content marketer, dad and loves trying out new food with Japanese food at the heart of his passion, and together with his team he's been creating in-depth blog articles since 2016 to help loyal readers with recipes and cooking tips. | <urn:uuid:a4ec476d-287d-43af-a639-a0a83d448252> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.bitemybun.com/cucumbers/ | 2024-12-06T04:35:35Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066368854.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206032528-20241206062528-00590.warc.gz | en | 0.942882 | 2,192 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Positive thinking is a mental and emotional attitude that focuses on the bright side of life and expects positive results. It is a mindset that looks for the good in every situation and believes that things will work out for the best. The power of positive thinking lies in its ability to shape our perception of the world and influence our actions and behaviors. When we approach life with a positive mindset, we are more likely to be resilient in the face of challenges, open to new opportunities, and able to maintain a sense of hope and optimism.
Positive thinking is not about ignoring or denying the negative aspects of life, but rather about choosing to focus on the positive and finding ways to overcome obstacles. It is about reframing our thoughts and beliefs in a way that empowers us to take control of our lives and create the outcomes we desire. Research has shown that positive thinking can have a profound impact on our physical and mental well-being, leading to lower levels of stress, improved immune function, and a greater sense of overall happiness and satisfaction. By understanding the power of positive thinking, we can harness its potential to transform our lives for the better.
- Positive thinking can lead to improved mental and physical well-being
- Benefits of positive thinking include reduced stress, increased resilience, and better overall health
- Strategies for cultivating positive thinking include mindfulness, reframing negative thoughts, and practicing self-compassion
- Overcoming negative thought patterns involves identifying triggers, challenging irrational beliefs, and seeking support
- Gratitude plays a key role in positive thinking by shifting focus to the present and promoting a sense of abundance
The Benefits of Positive Thinking
The benefits of positive thinking are far-reaching and can have a significant impact on every aspect of our lives. One of the most notable benefits is the effect it has on our mental health. Positive thinking has been linked to lower levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, as well as a greater sense of overall well-being. When we approach life with a positive mindset, we are better equipped to cope with the challenges and setbacks that come our way, leading to a greater sense of resilience and emotional strength.
In addition to its effects on mental health, positive thinking can also have a positive impact on our physical health. Studies have shown that individuals who maintain a positive outlook on life tend to have lower levels of inflammation, reduced risk of chronic diseases, and even a longer lifespan. This is due in part to the fact that positive thinking can lead to healthier lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep. By cultivating a positive mindset, we can improve our overall health and well-being, leading to a more fulfilling and satisfying life.
Strategies for Cultivating Positive Thinking
Cultivating positive thinking is a skill that can be developed with practice and dedication. There are several strategies that can help individuals foster a more positive mindset and reap the benefits that come with it. One effective strategy is to practice mindfulness, which involves being present in the moment and observing our thoughts without judgment. By becoming more aware of our thought patterns, we can begin to identify negative thinking and replace it with more positive and empowering thoughts.
Another strategy for cultivating positive thinking is to surround ourselves with positive influences. This can include spending time with supportive and uplifting individuals, seeking out inspirational books and media, and engaging in activities that bring us joy and fulfillment. By immersing ourselves in positivity, we can begin to shift our perspective and adopt a more optimistic outlook on life.
Additionally, practicing gratitude can be a powerful tool for cultivating positive thinking. By taking time each day to reflect on the things we are grateful for, we can train our minds to focus on the positive aspects of our lives, leading to a greater sense of contentment and happiness. By incorporating these strategies into our daily routine, we can begin to rewire our brains for positivity and experience the many benefits that come with it.
Overcoming Negative Thought Patterns
Technique | Effectiveness |
Cognitive Restructuring | High |
Mindfulness Meditation | Moderate |
Positive Affirmations | Low |
Negative thought patterns can be pervasive and difficult to overcome, but with dedication and effort, it is possible to reframe our thinking in a more positive light. One effective way to overcome negative thought patterns is to challenge them with evidence-based reasoning. When we notice ourselves engaging in negative self-talk or catastrophic thinking, we can ask ourselves if there is any evidence to support these beliefs. By examining our thoughts critically, we can begin to dismantle their power over us and replace them with more rational and positive alternatives.
Another strategy for overcoming negative thought patterns is to practice self-compassion. Instead of berating ourselves for having negative thoughts, we can offer ourselves kindness and understanding. By treating ourselves with compassion, we can create a safe space for exploring our thoughts and emotions without judgment, leading to greater self-acceptance and emotional resilience.
Additionally, seeking professional help from a therapist or counselor can be beneficial for overcoming deeply ingrained negative thought patterns. A mental health professional can provide guidance and support in challenging negative beliefs and developing healthier thought patterns, leading to greater emotional well-being and a more positive outlook on life.
The Role of Gratitude in Positive Thinking
Gratitude plays a crucial role in fostering positive thinking and promoting overall well-being. When we practice gratitude, we shift our focus from what is lacking in our lives to what we already have, leading to a greater sense of contentment and satisfaction. By acknowledging the good things in our lives, we can cultivate a more positive mindset and experience increased levels of happiness and fulfillment.
In addition to its effects on mental well-being, gratitude has been linked to numerous physical health benefits. Studies have shown that individuals who practice gratitude tend to have lower levels of stress, improved immune function, and better cardiovascular health. By incorporating gratitude into our daily lives, we can improve both our mental and physical well-being, leading to a more balanced and fulfilling life.
One effective way to cultivate gratitude is to keep a gratitude journal, where we can write down the things we are thankful for each day. By making this a daily practice, we can train our minds to focus on the positive aspects of our lives, leading to a more optimistic outlook overall. Additionally, expressing gratitude to others through acts of kindness or words of appreciation can further enhance the positive effects of gratitude on our well-being.
Using Affirmations to Boost Positive Thinking
Affirmations are powerful tools for boosting positive thinking and reshaping our beliefs about ourselves and the world around us. Affirmations are positive statements that are repeated regularly with the intention of instilling them into our subconscious mind. By using affirmations, we can reprogram our thought patterns and cultivate a more positive mindset.
One effective way to use affirmations is to identify areas in our lives where we hold negative beliefs or self-doubt and create affirmations that counteract these beliefs. For example, if we struggle with feelings of inadequacy, we can create affirmations such as “I am worthy and capable” or “I believe in my abilities.” By repeating these affirmations regularly, we can begin to shift our beliefs about ourselves and develop a greater sense of self-confidence and empowerment.
Another effective way to use affirmations is to incorporate them into a daily meditation or visualization practice. By repeating affirmations during moments of quiet reflection, we can deepen their impact on our subconscious mind and create lasting change in our thought patterns. Additionally, using affirmations in conjunction with deep breathing exercises or relaxation techniques can further enhance their effectiveness in promoting positive thinking.
Incorporating Positive Thinking into Daily Life
Incorporating positive thinking into daily life requires consistent effort and dedication, but the rewards are well worth it. One effective way to integrate positive thinking into daily life is to start each day with a positive affirmation or intention. By setting a positive tone for the day ahead, we can influence our mindset from the outset and create a more optimistic outlook on life.
Another effective way to incorporate positive thinking into daily life is to practice mindfulness throughout the day. By staying present in the moment and observing our thoughts without judgment, we can become more aware of negative thought patterns as they arise and take steps to reframe them in a more positive light.
Additionally, surrounding ourselves with positive influences, such as supportive friends and family members, uplifting media, and inspirational literature, can further reinforce a positive mindset throughout the day. By immersing ourselves in positivity, we can create an environment that nurtures our well-being and promotes a more optimistic outlook on life.
In conclusion, understanding the power of positive thinking is essential for cultivating a more fulfilling and satisfying life. By recognizing the benefits of positive thinking, implementing strategies for cultivating positivity, overcoming negative thought patterns, embracing gratitude, using affirmations, and incorporating positive thinking into daily life, individuals can harness the transformative potential of positivity and experience greater levels of happiness and well-being. With dedication and practice, anyone can cultivate a more positive mindset and reap the many rewards that come with it.
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If you’re interested in learning more about the art of bubble lettering, you might want to check out the article “The Evolution of Bubble Lettering” on hannahrachel.com. This insightful piece delves into the history and development of bubble lettering, providing valuable insights for both beginners and experienced artists alike. Whether you’re looking to improve your technique or simply appreciate the beauty of this unique art form, this article is a must-read for anyone passionate about lettering and design.
What are bubble letters?
Bubble letters are a style of writing that features rounded, bubbly shapes for each letter. They are often used for decorative purposes, such as in graffiti art or in children’s coloring books.
How are bubble letters created?
Bubble letters are typically created by drawing the outline of each letter with a thick, rounded line and then filling in the inside of the letter with color or shading. They can also be created digitally using design software or specialized fonts.
What are bubble letters used for?
Bubble letters are often used for decorative purposes, such as in posters, signs, and banners. They are also popular in graffiti art and are commonly used in children’s art and crafts projects.
Are bubble letters the same as block letters?
No, bubble letters and block letters are different styles of writing. Bubble letters feature rounded, bubbly shapes for each letter, while block letters are characterized by straight, angular lines and sharp corners.
Can bubble letters be used for professional purposes?
While bubble letters are often used for decorative and informal purposes, they are generally not considered appropriate for professional or formal documents. However, they can be used in creative industries or for artistic branding purposes. | <urn:uuid:807a3e24-715d-4490-b6c4-9079e535ee87> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.hannahrachel.com/unlocking-the-power-of-positive-thinking/ | 2024-12-13T01:42:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066115574.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213012212-20241213042212-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.936958 | 2,250 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Environmental lawyers specialize in advocating for environmental protection and ensuring compliance with environmental laws.
They use their expertise to advise clients on legal issues related to air and water quality, hazardous waste, biodiversity, and climate change.
These lawyers play a crucial role in advocating for policies that protect natural resources and public health.
Corporate policies significantly impact sustainability by guiding business practices and operations.
These policies can address various issues, such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and minimizing carbon emissions.
Companies adopt sustainable policies to improve their environmental impact and enhance their reputation among consumers and investors.
Environmental lawyers have a significant impact on shaping corporate policies by advocating for stronger environmental regulations.
They work with corporations to develop and implement policies that comply with legal standards.
By advising companies on environmental risks and opportunities, environmental lawyers help businesses align their practices with sustainability goals.
They influence corporate decision-making by highlighting the benefits of sustainable practices and the risks of non-compliance.
Through their efforts, environmental lawyers drive corporations to adopt policies prioritizing environmental protection and sustainability.
In summary, environmental lawyers advocate for environmental protection by influencing corporate policies to promote sustainability.
Their expertise guides companies in developing practices that comply with legal standards and prioritize environmental stewardship.
As a result, environmental lawyers significantly impact corporate policies, ensuring businesses operate sustainably and responsibly.
History of environmental law
Environmental laws have a rich history that evolved in response to industrialization, with key milestones shaping legislation.
Evolution of Environmental Laws
As industrialization expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it became evident that unchecked development was leading to environmental degradation.
This realization prompted the need for regulations to control pollution, protect natural resources, and safeguard public health.
Key Milestones in Development
One of the earliest environmental laws in the United States was the Clean Air Act of 1970, followed by the Clean Water Act of 1972.
These landmark legislations set the stage for a series of regulations aimed at reducing pollution and preserving ecosystems.
Over time, international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement have also influenced environmental policies on a global scale, emphasizing the importance of sustainability and climate change mitigation.
Role of Environmental Lawyers
Environmental lawyers play a pivotal role in shaping corporate policies through their expertise in environmental law and advocacy for sustainable practices.
They work with businesses to ensure compliance with regulations, assess environmental risks, and develop strategies for minimizing their ecological footprint.
Environmental lawyers also represent clients in legal proceedings related to environmental issues, holding corporations accountable for their actions and seeking justice for affected communities.
By advocating for stronger regulations and enforcement measures, they help drive policy changes that promote environmental conservation and corporate responsibility.
- Environmental lawyers provide legal guidance to businesses on compliance with environmental regulations.
- They conduct environmental due diligence assessments to evaluate risks and liabilities.
- They negotiate agreements and permits related to environmental impact assessments.
- They represent clients in litigation involving environmental disputes.
- They advocate for policy changes that support sustainability and corporate accountability.
In fact, the impact of environmental lawyers on corporate policies is profound, as they play a crucial role in shaping regulations, influencing practices, and holding businesses accountable for their environmental impact.
By working closely with companies and advocating for stronger policies, environmental lawyers contribute to a sustainable future for both the planet and the economy.
Current state of corporate environmental policies
The current state of corporate environmental policies can vary across industries due to the different approaches and initiatives taken by companies to address sustainability issues.
Below is an overview of the key aspects of corporate environmental policies:
Overview of corporate sustainability initiatives
Many companies have adopted sustainability practices to reduce their environmental impact and contribute to a more sustainable future.
These initiatives often include goals related to reducing carbon emissions, waste management, water conservation, and energy efficiency.
Some companies have established sustainability teams or departments to oversee the development and implementation of environmental policies.
Comparison of policies across different industries
Industries such as technology and consumer goods tend to have more advanced and comprehensive environmental policies due to consumer demand and regulatory pressure.
Traditional industries like manufacturing and mining face more challenges in implementing environmentally friendly practices due to the nature of their operations.
Some industries, such as the oil and gas sector, have faced criticism for their environmental policies and lack of transparency in reporting their environmental impact.
Challenges faced by corporations in implementing environmentally friendly practices
One of the main challenges faced by corporations is the cost of implementing environmentally friendly practices, which can be significant in the short term.
Another challenge is the lack of awareness and understanding of environmental issues among employees and management, which can hinder the adoption of sustainable practices.
Regulatory uncertainty and changing government policies also pose challenges for companies trying to develop long-term environmental strategies.
In short, the impact of environmental lawyers on corporate policies is essential in shaping the future of sustainability initiatives.
By working with companies to develop and implement environmentally friendly practices, environmental lawyers can help drive positive change and create a more sustainable business environment.
Role of environmental lawyers in corporate governance:
Legal obligations for corporations to comply with environmental regulations
Environmental lawyers play a crucial role in ensuring that corporations abide by the legal obligations set forth in environmental regulations.
They help companies navigate the complex landscape of environmental laws and regulations, ensuring compliance to avoid potential legal consequences.
Influence of environmental lawyers in drafting corporate policies
Environmental lawyers have a direct impact on shaping corporate policies related to environmental sustainability.
They provide legal guidance and expertise in developing policies that align with regulations while promoting environmental stewardship.
By incorporating legal requirements into corporate policies, environmental lawyers help organizations uphold environmental standards and mitigate risks.
Collaboration between legal and sustainability teams within organizations
Environmental lawyers often collaborate with sustainability teams within organizations to integrate legal compliance with sustainability initiatives.
This partnership allows for a holistic approach to corporate governance, where legal and sustainability considerations are aligned to achieve both regulatory compliance and environmental goals.
By working together, legal and sustainability teams can drive positive change and ensure that corporations operate in an environmentally responsible manner.
In general, environmental lawyers play a vital role in corporate governance by ensuring legal compliance, influencing policy development, and fostering collaboration between legal and sustainability teams.
Their expertise is essential in guiding corporations to navigate environmental regulations and create policies that uphold environmental standards while driving business sustainability.
Case studies of successful environmental litigation
Examples of landmark environmental lawsuits brought by environmental lawyers
In the realm of environmental law, there have been numerous cases where environmental lawyers have played a crucial role in holding corporations accountable for their actions.
These cases not only bring justice to affected communities and ecosystems but also set important precedents that influence corporate policies and practices.
One such landmark case is the legal battle against a major industrial corporation that was found to be dumping toxic chemicals into a local river.
Environmental lawyers, representing the affected community, successfully sued the corporation for damages and secured a court order to halt the pollution.
This case highlighted the importance of strict regulatory compliance and corporate responsibility in safeguarding the environment.
Impact of court decisions on corporate policies and practices
The court’s decision in this case had a profound impact on the corporation’s policies and practices.
In response to the lawsuit, the company implemented stringent measures to prevent future pollution incidents and invested in sustainable production practices.
This demonstrated how environmental litigation can compel corporations to prioritize environmental protection and sustainability in their operations.
Another successful environmental lawsuit involved a multinational oil company that was held accountable for a massive oil spill in a sensitive marine ecosystem.
Environmental lawyers argued on behalf of affected local communities and wildlife, leading to a significant financial settlement and a commitment from the company to improve its environmental management systems.
This case underscored the importance of corporate accountability and the necessity of robust environmental regulations to prevent ecological disasters.
Lessons learned from these cases for future advocacy efforts
The outcomes of these cases offer valuable lessons for future advocacy efforts in environmental litigation.
First and foremost, they emphasize the crucial role of environmental lawyers in advocating for environmental justice and holding polluting entities accountable.
These cases showcase the power of legal action in enforcing environmental laws and regulations and driving positive change in corporate behavior.
Moreover, these case studies highlight the need for stronger regulatory frameworks and enforcement mechanisms to prevent environmental harm and ensure corporate compliance with environmental standards.
By learning from these successful litigation strategies, environmental advocates can better strategize and mobilize resources to address pressing environmental challenges and protect vulnerable communities and ecosystems.
In general, the impact of environmental lawyers on corporate policies cannot be overstated.
Through their dedicated advocacy and expertise, these legal professionals have been instrumental in bringing about positive changes in corporate behavior and promoting environmental sustainability.
By studying and applying the lessons learned from successful environmental litigation cases, we can continue to push for a more environmentally responsible and socially just business practices.
Collaborations between environmental lawyers and corporate entities
Collaborations between environmental lawyers and corporate entities play a crucial role in shaping corporate policies towards sustainability and environmental conservation.
By working together, legal experts and businesses can create innovative solutions that benefit both the environment and the bottom line.
Partnerships between legal firms and corporations for sustainable development
One of the key ways in which environmental lawyers impact corporate policies is through partnering with businesses to promote sustainable development.
Legal firms offer expertise in navigating complex environmental regulations and can assist corporations in developing strategies that align with environmental goals.
These partnerships often involve lawyers conducting environmental assessments, identifying potential risks and opportunities, and recommending ways to minimize environmental impacts.
By working closely with businesses, environmental lawyers can help create policies that prioritize sustainability while also ensuring compliance with laws and regulations.
Initiatives to improve transparency and accountability in corporate environmental practices
Environmental lawyers also play a critical role in advocating for transparency and accountability in corporate environmental practices.
By working with businesses to enhance reporting mechanisms and disclosure practices, lawyers can help ensure that companies are held accountable for their environmental impacts.
Through initiatives such as developing sustainability reports, conducting environmental audits, and engaging in stakeholder consultations, environmental lawyers can help businesses demonstrate their commitment to environmental stewardship.
By promoting transparency, lawyers can empower consumers, investors, and regulators to make informed decisions about a company’s environmental performance.
Examples of successful collaboration models
Several examples highlight the success of collaborations between environmental lawyers and corporate entities in influencing corporate policies.
For instance, legal firms have partnered with multinational corporations to develop sustainability programs that reduce carbon emissions, conserve natural resources, and promote renewable energy.
In another example, environmental lawyers have worked with companies to establish environmental management systems that ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations.
By integrating legal expertise into corporate decision-making processes, businesses can proactively address environmental challenges and mitigate risks.
Overall, collaborations between environmental lawyers and corporate entities have the potential to drive positive change in corporate policies towards environmental sustainability.
By leveraging legal expertise and industry knowledge, these partnerships can create lasting impact on the environment while also fostering business growth and innovation.
Challenges and opportunities for environmental lawyers
Environmental lawyers face various challenges and opportunities in their quest to promote sustainability.
They advocate for stricter environmental regulations and seek innovative ways to protect the environment.
The path to achieving these goals involves overcoming significant obstacles, exploring new possibilities, and encouraging creative solutions.
Obstacles faced in advocating for stricter environmental regulations
Environmental lawyers often face resistance from corporations reluctant to adopt stricter regulations.
These companies worry about increased costs and reduced competitiveness.
Lawyers also encounter political opposition from policymakers influenced by corporate interests.
The complexity of environmental laws adds another layer of difficulty, making it challenging to draft effective regulations.
Despite these obstacles, environmental lawyers continue to push for meaningful changes to protect natural resources.
Possibilities for increasing legal enforcement of corporate sustainability practices
Environmental lawyers can increase legal enforcement by collaborating with government agencies and advocacy groups.
They can advocate for stronger penalties for companies that violate environmental laws.
By highlighting the long-term benefits of sustainable practices, they can encourage corporations to comply voluntarily.
Environmental lawyers can also work on developing international agreements that hold companies accountable globally.
This approach creates a unified effort to promote sustainability across borders.
Potential for innovation and creativity in promoting environmental protection
Environmental lawyers have the opportunity to drive innovation and creativity in environmental protection.
They can explore new legal frameworks that incentivize sustainable practices.
By partnering with scientists and technologists, they can develop innovative solutions to environmental challenges.
Lawyers can also engage in public awareness campaigns to educate communities about the importance of environmental protection.
By fostering collaboration among stakeholders, they can create comprehensive strategies that address environmental issues effectively.
In a nutshell, environmental lawyers play a critical role in shaping corporate policies.
They navigate obstacles, leverage opportunities, and harness creativity to advocate for a more sustainable future.
Through their efforts, they continue to drive positive change in corporate environmental practices.
Explore Further: Challenges Faced by Legal Operations Managers
Find Out More: Career Path for Legal Operations Managers
Environmental lawyers play a crucial role in shaping corporate policies. They help companies adhere to environmental regulations and reduce harmful impacts.
By offering legal expertise, these lawyers ensure corporations comply with laws like the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act.
They also advocate for sustainable practices, which can improve a company‘s public image and reduce liability risks.
Their efforts encourage businesses to adopt greener technologies and practices.
Collaboration between environmental lawyers, businesses, and policymakers can drive meaningful change.
Legal professionals bring valuable insights into regulatory frameworks, while companies provide practical perspectives.
Policymakers can use this combined expertise to develop effective legislation.
By working together, these groups can create policies that balance economic growth with environmental protection.
This collaboration can also foster innovation, leading to new solutions for environmental challenges.
Environmental lawyers significantly influence corporate policies toward sustainability.
Their legal advocacy can lead to substantial improvements in corporate behavior and environmental outcomes.
As businesses face increasing pressure to operate sustainably, environmental lawyers will continue to play a vital role.
By advocating for robust environmental policies, they help ensure a healthier planet for future generations.
Let‘s encourage collaboration between legal professionals, corporations, and policymakers to create positive change.
Through concerted efforts, we can address environmental issues effectively and sustainably.
Together, we can build a future where businesses thrive in harmony with the environment. | <urn:uuid:4041f985-34e1-435c-b57d-b90426115f49> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://americanprofessionguide.com/environmental-lawyers-corporate-policies/ | 2024-12-13T11:17:34Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116798.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213105147-20241213135147-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.94318 | 2,909 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The 7 trumpets in the Bible are described in the Book of Revelation as apocalyptic plagues that will occur during the end times before the second coming of Jesus Christ. If you are short on time, here is a quick answer:
In this comprehensive article, we will examine in detail what the Bible says about each of the 7 trumpets, what they signify, the symbolism behind them, their purpose in Revelation, and how they relate to other end times and events described in scripture.
What is the Purpose of the 7 Trumpets?
The seven trumpets described in the Book of Revelation are part of a series of judgments from God that warn people to repent and return to faith in Him. Here are two key purposes behind the seven trumpets:
Part of a Series of Judgments
The seven trumpets are part of three sets of seven judgments (seals, trumpets, and bowls) that God pours out on the earth during the end times. The trumpets follow after the opening of the seven seals and precede the seven bowl judgments.
Each set of judgments reveals God’s wrath against the unrepentant wickedness of humanity.
The trumpets serve as a warning and call to repentance before the final bowl judgments.
As each trumpet judgment increases in intensity, it demonstrates God’s justice and impending wrath on those who continue in rebellion against Him.
The judgments start out partial and escalate to global destruction. With each trumpet blast, people are given another chance to turn to God.
Warn People to Repent
A key purpose of the trumpet judgments is to warn people to repent before it’s too late. Each new judgment is an opportunity for people to wake up and turn to God.
For example, Revelation 9:20-21 says that after the sixth trumpet, people still refused to repent of their idolatry and wickedness.
The trumpet blasts signal that the end is drawing near and time is running out. God in His mercy is patiently calling people to repent through dramatic displays of His power and righteous anger against sin.
Tragically, many will still choose rebellion over repentance. The warnings of the trumpets will lead to the final day of judgment and reward for all (Revelation 11:18).
When do the 7 Trumpets Occur?
According to many biblical scholars, the seven trumpets likely occur during the tribulation period described in the book of Revelation.
This is a 7-year period of great suffering and turmoil on the earth prior to the second coming of Jesus Christ.
The tribulation period is initiated when the Antichrist confirms a covenant or treaty with Israel, as described in Daniel 9:27. This begins a 7-year countdown to the end times events described in Revelation.
The first six trumpets are sounded during the first half of the tribulation period. The judgments unleashed by these trumpets include widespread ecological destruction and devastation on the earth.
Here is a brief overview:
- 1st trumpet – Hail, fire, and blood are thrown to the earth burning up a third of the trees and green grass.
- 2nd trumpet – Something like a great mountain burning with fire is thrown into the sea turning a third of it to blood killing a third of all marine life and ships.
- 3rd trumpet – A great flaming star called Wormwood falls from heaven making a third of all freshwater bitter and poisonous.
- 4th trumpet – A third of daylight, moonlight, and starlight is taken away making days and nights significantly darker.
- 5th trumpet – Locusts/scorpions are released from the bottomless pit to torture people without God’s seal on their foreheads for 5 months.
- 6th trumpet – Four bound angels from the Euphrates river are released to command an army of 200 million mounted troops to kill a third of mankind.
After this comes several additional judgments and events including the ministry of the two witnesses, the woman fleeing to the wilderness, the reign of the Antichrist, and the mark of the beast.
The seventh trumpet likely coincides with the rapture of the church and the second coming of Christ to defeat evil.
The First Trumpet Judgment
Hail, Fire, and Blood
The first trumpet judgment is described in Revelation 8:7, which says “The first angel sounded his trumpet, and there came hail and fire mixed with blood, and it was hurled down upon the earth.
A third of the earth was burned up, a third of the trees were burned up, and all the green grass was burned up.”
This judgment brings destruction through hail, fire, and blood being cast upon the earth.
This judgment mirrors the seventh plague on Egypt, in which God sent hail, fire, and rain (Exodus 9:22-26). However, while the plague on Egypt affected only that nation, this judgment affects “a third of the earth.”
The judgment seems to refer to volcanic activity and blood-red rain poured out on the earth. The fire, smoke, and ash darken the sun and sky like a shadow.
The judgment results in a third of the earth being burned up, including a third of all trees and green grass. This shows the immense devastation brought on the earth.
Scholars believe this judgment likely refers to the massive destruction of earth’s vegetation and agriculture, leading to severe famine and starvation.
A Third of Vegetation Destroyed
The imagery of the first trumpet judgment indicates that a third of all vegetation on earth will be destroyed, including a third of all trees and all green grass. This massive destruction of plant life will have devastating effects on the planet.
With a third of trees and all grass burned up, oxygen production will drop significantly. With less vegetation, more carbon dioxide will remain in the atmosphere, exacerbating global warming.
The loss of trees and grasses will also disturb delicate ecosystems and destroy habitats for wildlife.
Furthermore, the rampant wildfires sparked by this judgment will rage out of control since so much vegetation has been desiccated. The fires will further scorch the earth, burning up more land and vegetation.
For humanity, the agricultural consequences will be severe. With all grass burned up, livestock industries will collapse.
With a third of trees gone, major staple crops like fruits, nuts, and rubber will be affected.
Famine and starvation will ensue, leading to conflict over the remaining food sources.
The economy will also take a major hit, with industries like timber, rubber, livestock, agriculture, food production, and tourism suffering huge losses. Prices of food, lumber, and agricultural products will skyrocket.
Overall, the massive deforestation and loss of vegetation will have environmental and humanitarian consequences more devastating than any other period in world history.
The Second Trumpet Judgment
Something Like a Mountain Thrown into the Sea
The second trumpet judgment describes something like a great mountain burning with fire being thrown into the sea (Revelation 8:8).
This causes a third of the sea to become blood, killing a third of all marine life and destroying a third of all ships on the sea.
Just as the first trumpet brought ecological devastation to the land, the second trumpet brings ecological disaster to the seas.
Bible scholars have different interpretations of what this mountain could symbolize. Some believe it refers to a meteor or asteroid impacting the oceans.
Throughout history, major asteroid impacts have caused enormous destruction and loss of life.
The Bible warns that environmental disasters will increase in the end times, so a catastrophic cosmic impact could certainly fulfill this prophecy.
Other scholars think the mountain represents a nation or governmental power that will severely damage the world’s oceans. Overfishing, pollution, oil spills, and other man-made issues are already wreaking havoc on marine ecosystems.
So this judgment could be a tipping point of humans destroying the seas to an irreversible degree. In any case, the devastation will be severe enough to turn the oceans partly to blood.
Death of Sea Creatures and Ships
The effects of this judgment are catastrophic for both marine life and seafaring vessels. A third of the living creatures in the sea die, destroying ecosystems and industries dependent on the oceans.
And a third of all ships are also destroyed, causing commerce by sea to grind to a halt.
Here is a brief overview of the impacts:
- Mass mortality event for fish, whales, coral reefs, and other marine organisms
- Collapse of commercial fishing and seafood industries
- Loss of subsistence fishers’ livelihoods around the world
- Decline in tourism revenue for coastal regions
- Disruption of global shipping lanes and cargo transport
- Potential famines and food shortages from loss of seafood
- Risk of extinction for endangered marine species
This judgment represents a major blow to the world’s food supply and economy. With a third of all ocean life destroyed, the ramifications will be felt across industries and by all people who depend on the seas for sustenance or jobs.
Recovery efforts may take decades, especially for ecosystems and species already under threat before this catastrophe.
As with all the trumpet judgments, the environmental and economic impacts will be severe. But Revelation is clear that humanity will still refuse to repent before God despite these warnings (Revelation 9:20-21).
So even greater judgments are to follow upon the world before the end of the age.
The Third Trumpet Judgment
Wormwood Falls From the Sky
The third trumpet judgment in the book of Revelation foretells a great star called Wormwood falling from heaven and poisoning a third of the rivers and springs (Revelation 8:10-11).
Wormwood is a bitter herb, which signifies that the waters will become undrinkable and poisonous. This connects symbolically to the bitter experiences caused by judgment.
When this trumpet judgment occurs, many people will suffer from lack of fresh water. With so many water sources contaminated, there will be tremendous struggles to find clean drinking water.
This judgment targets something fundamental to sustaining life – water. It will likely result in many deaths across the world.
Some Bible scholars believe Wormwood could reference a future asteroid or comet that will strike the earth. Its impact may pollute many bodies of water, causing them to become toxic.
Others think Wormwood symbolizes nuclear radiation or poisoning from nuclear war, which would also contaminate waters across the globe.
Rivers and Springs Become Bitter
The prophecy states that many men will die from drinking the bitter waters poisoned by Wormwood. When this judgment occurs, sources of fresh water like rivers, lakes, ponds and springs will be significantly impacted:
- Drinking water will become scarce – Mass deaths could occur from lack of clean water.
- Agriculture and farming will suffer – Irrigation systems will spread the contaminated water.
- Food supplies will be threatened – Crops and livestock need fresh water.
- Hydropower may be disrupted – Contaminated waterways can’t generate electricity.
In addition to physical suffering, the bitter waters represent the spiritual bitterness that comes with God’s judgment. Those who reject God and continue in wickedness will ultimately reap bitter rewards for sinful choices.
This trumpet judgment alerts people to examine their hearts and turn from evil ways.
This sobering prophecy reveals that humanity’s rejection of God will have ecological impacts. But God mercifully warns people ahead of time to repent and turn to Him.
Those who heed the warnings and get right with God will be spared from the worst judgments to come.
The Fourth Trumpet Judgment
Darkening of the Sun, Moon, and Stars
The fourth trumpet judgment describes a partial darkening of the celestial bodies – the sun, moon and stars (Revelation 8:12). One-third of the day and night will be without light.
This could be caused by ash and debris in the atmosphere from a global calamity blocking out the sunlight.
The loss of light will likely lead to a drop in temperature as well (Isaiah 13:10; Ezekiel 32:7-8).
This judgment is reminiscent of the plague of darkness that God brought upon Egypt (Exodus 10:21-23). However, the Egyptian plague was more severe and lasted 3 days of complete darkness.
The 4th trumpet judgment will be a partial darkening lasting an unspecified period.
The Loss of Light
The loss of sunlight by one-third will have catastrophic effects on plant growth. As plants make up the base of the food chain, there will likely be food shortages and famine.
The drop in temperature will also make survival more difficult for humans and animals.
There may be an increase in health issues like depression that are exacerbated by lack of light.
With the sun, moon and stars darkened, people will be terrified of what is happening (Luke 21:25-26). However, for believers, this trumpet judgment is meant to serve as a warning sign and motivation to repent and turn to God.
It displays his authority over the universe he created and shows that the day of judgment is coming (Joel 2:31; Matthew 24:29).
While the 4th trumpet judgment will result in worldwide calamity, this is still part of God’s final effort to get the attention of unbelievers and allow them to repent before the last plagues come, according to Revelation interpreters.
However, previous judgments will likely harden the hearts of those who continue rejecting God.
The Fifth Trumpet Judgment
Locusts Released From the Abyss
When the fifth trumpet was sounded, the Apostle John witnessed a shocking sight unfold. A star that had fallen from heaven was given the key to the bottomless pit (sometimes translated as the “abyss”). When this pit was opened, smoke billowed out, darkening the sky.
And then the locusts came forth (Revelation 9:1-3).
These were no ordinary locusts. They were given power like that of scorpions, bringing agonizing pain to people for five months.
The Scripture says they had a king over them, the angel of the abyss, called Abaddon in Hebrew or Apollyon in Greek, meaning “destroyer” (Revelation 9:11).
The Sixth Trumpet Judgment
Release of Four Angels
The sixth trumpet judgment involves four angels who had been bound at the Euphrates River being released to kill a third of mankind (Revelation 9:13-15).
This foretells a future event during the end times where angels carrying out God’s judgment are permitted to bring about widespread devastation and loss of life.
The Euphrates River holds symbolic meaning in the Bible as one of the boundaries of the Promised Land (Genesis 15:18).
The release of the four angels could represent godly restraint being removed from hostile spiritual forces, allowing them to wreck havoc.
A Third of Mankind Killed
The four angels lead a mounted army of 200 million to go out and kill “a third of mankind” (Revelation 9:16-19).
Whether this speaks of a literal army or symbolic representation, it foretells a tremendous loss of human life during this future judgment.
Some believe this prophecy will be fulfilled during the tribulation period after the church has been raptured.
Others think the language is symbolic of a large spiritual battle resulting in high human casualties.
No matter one’s eschatological interpretation, this foretells a sobering period of widespread death which the world has never seen. But it also represents God’s just judgment for those who refuse to repent and turn to Christ.
The Seventh Trumpet Judgment
The Time of Judgment Arrives
According to interpretations of the biblical book of Revelation, the sounding of the seventh trumpet signals that the time has come for God to pour out His wrath upon the earth (Revelation 11:15).
The judgments that follow this trumpet are considered the final and most severe of the series of judgments described in Revelation.
Lightning, Thunder and Earthquakes
The Bible prophesies that with the sounding of the seventh trumpet will come lightning, rumblings, thunder and a great earthquake (Revelation 11:19). These physical manifestations indicate that the wrath of God’s final judgments are beginning.
Similar manifestations are also mentioned accompanying the seventh seal (Revelation 8:5) and seventh bowl (Revelation 16:18). The number seven in Revelation denotes completion and finality.
The earthquake prophesied with the seventh trumpet is described as a “great” one, indicating its severe and momentous nature compared to previous earthquakes mentioned in Revelation. As the well-respected theologian R.C.
In closing, the 7 trumpets represent 7 distinct judgments on an unrepentant world in the end times. As each trumpet blast signals a new wave of catastrophic plagues, we are reminded in Revelation of God’s ultimate authority and the coming day of judgment.
The purpose of the trumpets is to warn people to turn from their sins and embrace salvation through Jesus Christ before it is too late.
Studying these prophetic biblical events gives all of us an urgent sense that time is short and Jesus Christ is returning soon to establish his eternal kingdom. | <urn:uuid:88b4d782-c38a-411d-b137-af45f9ddc2f0> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.christianwebsite.com/what-are-the-7-trumpets-in-the-bible/ | 2024-12-09T12:51:24Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066046617.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209120910-20241209150910-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.945177 | 3,560 | 2.875 | 3 |
Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary Thus the heavens and the earth were finished, and all the host of them. CHAPTER 2
Ge 2:1. The Narrative of the Six Days' Creation Continued. The course of the narrative is improperly broken by the division of the chapter. 1. the heavens—the firmament or atmosphere. host—a multitude, a numerous array, usually connected in Scripture with heaven only, but here with the earth also, meaning all that they contain. were finished—brought to completion. No permanent change has ever since been made in the course of the world, no new species of animals been formed, no law of nature repealed or added to. They could have been finished in a moment as well as in six days, but the work of creation was gradual for the instruction of man, as well, perhaps, as of higher creatures (Job 38:7). And on the seventh day God ended his work which he had made; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. Ge 2:2-7. The First Sabbath.
2. and he rested on the seventh day—not to repose from exhaustion with labor (see Isa 40:28), but ceased from working, an example equivalent to a command that we also should cease from labor of every kind. And God blessed the seventh day, and sanctified it: because that in it he had rested from all his work which God created and made. 3. blessed and sanctified the seventh day—a peculiar distinction put upon it above the other six days, and showing it was devoted to sacred purposes. The institution of the Sabbath is as old as creation, giving rise to that weekly division of time which prevailed in the earliest ages. It is a wise and beneficent law, affording that regular interval of rest which the physical nature of man and the animals employed in his service requires, and the neglect of which brings both to premature decay. Moreover, it secures an appointed season for religious worship, and if it was necessary in a state of primeval innocence, how much more so now, when mankind has a strong tendency to forget God and His claims?
These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth when they were created, in the day that the LORD God made the earth and the heavens, 4. These are the generations of the heavens and of the earth—the history or account of their production. Whence did Moses obtain this account so different from the puerile and absurd fictions of the heathen? Not from any human source, for man was not in existence to witness it; not from the light of nature or reason, for though they proclaim the eternal power and Godhead by the things which are made, they cannot tell how they were made. None but the Creator Himself could give this information, and therefore it is through faith we understand that the worlds were framed by the word of God (Heb 11:3).
And every plant of the field before it was in the earth, and every herb of the field before it grew: for the LORD God had not caused it to rain upon the earth, and there was not a man to till the ground. 5, 6. rain, mist—(See on Ge 1:11).
But there went up a mist from the earth, and watered the whole face of the ground.
And the LORD God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul. 7. Here the sacred writer supplies a few more particulars about the first pair.
formed—had FORMED MAN OUT OF THE DUST OF THE GROUND. Science has proved that the substance of his flesh, sinews, and bones, consists of the very same elements as the soil which forms the crust of the earth and the limestone that lies embedded in its bowels. But from that mean material what an admirable structure has been reared in the human body (Ps 139:14). the breath of life—literally, of lives, not only animal but spiritual life. If the body is so admirable, how much more the soul with all its varied faculties. breathed into his nostrils the breath of life—not that the Creator literally performed this act, but respiration being the medium and sign of life, this phrase is used to show that man's life originated in a different way from his body—being implanted directly by God (Ec 12:7), and hence in the new creation of the soul Christ breathed on His disciples (Joh 20:22). And the LORD God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed. Ge 8-17. The Garden of Eden.
8. Eden—was probably a very extensive region in Mesopotamia, distinguished for its natural beauty and the richness and variety of its produce. Hence its name, signifying "pleasantness." God planted a garden eastward, an extensive park, a paradise, in which the man was put to be trained under the paternal care of his Maker to piety and usefulness. And out of the ground made the LORD God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil. 9. tree of life—so called from its symbolic character as a sign and seal of immortal life. Its prominent position where it must have been an object of daily observation and interest, was admirably fitted to keep man habitually in mind of God and futurity.
tree of the knowledge of good and evil—so called because it was a test of obedience by which our first parents were to be tried, whether they would be good or bad, obey God or break His commands. And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads.
The name of the first is Pison: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold;
And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.
And the name of the second river is Gihon: the same is it that compasseth the whole land of Ethiopia.
And the name of the third river is Hiddekel: that is it which goeth toward the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
And the LORD God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden to dress it and to keep it. 15. put the man into the garden of Eden to dress it—not only to give him a pleasant employment, but to place him on his probation, and as the title of this garden, the garden of the Lord (Ge 13:10; Eze 28:13), indicates, it was in fact a temple in which he worshipped God, and was daily employed in offering the sacrifices of thanksgiving and praise.
And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat:
But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. 17. thou shalt not eat of it … thou shalt surely die—no reason assigned for the prohibition, but death was to be the punishment of disobedience. A positive command like this was not only the simplest and easiest, but the only trial to which their fidelity could be exposed.
And the LORD God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him an help meet for him. Ge 2:18-25. The Making of Woman, and Institution of Marriage.
18. it is not good for the man to be alone—In the midst of plenty and delights, he was conscious of feelings he could not gratify. To make him sensible of his wants, And out of the ground the LORD God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof. 19. God brought unto Adam—not all the animals in existence, but those chiefly in his immediate neighborhood to be subservient to his use.
whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof—His powers of perception and intelligence were supernaturally enlarged to know the characters, habits, and uses of each species that was brought to him. And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him. 20. but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him—The design of this singular scene was to show him that none of the living creatures he saw were on an equal footing with himself, and that while each class came with its mate of the same nature, form, and habits, he alone had no companion. Besides, in giving names to them he was led to exercise his powers of speech and to prepare for social intercourse with his partner, a creature yet to be formed.
And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall upon Adam, and he slept: and he took one of his ribs, and closed up the flesh instead thereof; 21. deep sleep—probably an ecstasy or trance like that of the prophets, when they had visions and revelations of the Lord, for the whole scene was probably visible to the mental eye of Adam, and hence his rapturous exclamation.
took one of his ribs—"She was not made out of his head to surpass him, nor from his feet to be trampled on, but from his side to be equal to him, and near his heart to be dear to him." And the rib, which the LORD God had taken from man, made he a woman, and brought her unto the man.
And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh of my flesh: she shall be called Woman, because she was taken out of Man. 23. Woman—in Hebrew, "man-ess."
Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh. 24. one flesh—The human pair differed from all other pairs, that by peculiar formation of Eve, they were one. And this passage is appealed to by our Lord as the divine institution of marriage (Mt 19:4, 5; Eph 5:28). Thus Adam appears as a creature formed after the image of God—showing his knowledge by giving names to the animals, his righteousness by his approval of the marriage relation, and his holiness by his principles and feelings, and finding gratification in the service and enjoyment of God.
And they were both naked, the man and his wife, and were not ashamed. A Commentary, Critical, Practical, and Explanatory on the Old and New Testaments by Robert Jamieson, A. R. Fausset and David Brown Bible Hub | | <urn:uuid:ccfcea15-4f53-415e-86a2-35bb255e9abf> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb/genesis/2.htm | 2024-12-05T14:20:18Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066352699.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205115632-20241205145632-00836.warc.gz | en | 0.983198 | 2,296 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Hello fellow garden enthusiasts! Today, let’s dive into the enchanting world of Echinacea, commonly known as coneflowers. These vibrant and resilient perennials have earned a special place in the hearts of gardeners around the world. Join me as we explore the various facets of Echinacea, from its fascinating history to its incredible health benefits, and discover why these blossoms are a must-have in your garden.
- A Brief History of Coneflower
- Cultivating Coneflower: A Gardener's Guide
- The Healing Power of Coneflower
- Cultivating a Colorful Coneflower Garden
- Coneflower Propagation Methods
- Coneflower: Best and Worst Companion Plants
- Coneflower: Indoor Vs. Outdoor
- Final Thoughts
- Frequently Asked Questions – Coneflower (Echinacea)
A Brief History of Coneflower
Before we embark on the journey of cultivating Echinacea, let’s take a moment to appreciate its rich history. Native to North America, Echinacea has been used for centuries by indigenous people for its medicinal properties. Early settlers learned about the plant from Native American tribes, who utilized it for treating various ailments.
In the 19th century, Echinacea gained popularity in Western medicine, and its usage as a herbal remedy soared. Today, this perennial beauty not only graces gardens with its striking appearance but also continues to be a staple in herbal medicine.
Cultivating Coneflower: A Gardener’s Guide
- Choosing the Right Variety: Echinacea comes in a dazzling array of colors and sizes, making it a versatile choice for any garden. From the classic purple hues of Echinacea purpurea to the sunny yellow petals of Echinacea paradoxa, there’s a coneflower for every taste.
- Ideal Growing Conditions: Echinacea is a hardy plant, but it does have its preferences. These beauties thrive in well-draining soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. They also love basking in full sunlight, so be sure to plant them in a spot that receives at least 6 hours of sunlight per day.
- Planting and Propagation: Spring is the ideal time to plant Echinacea, allowing the roots to establish themselves before the heat of summer. When planting, ensure proper spacing to allow for good air circulation. Propagation is relatively straightforward, with the option of dividing established clumps in the spring.
- Watering and Maintenance: While Echinacea is drought-tolerant once established, it’s crucial to provide regular watering during the initial stages of growth. Water at the base of the plant to prevent foliage diseases. Deadheading spent blooms not only keeps your garden looking tidy but also encourages continuous flowering.
- Dealing with Pests and Diseases: Echinacea is generally resistant to pests and diseases, but a watchful eye is always beneficial. Keep an eye out for aphids and caterpillars, and treat them promptly with organic solutions if necessary. Proper spacing and good air circulation also help prevent common fungal issues.
The Healing Power of Coneflower
Beyond its aesthetic appeal, Echinacea boasts a range of health benefits that have stood the test of time. The plant’s roots, leaves, and flowers contain compounds that enhance the immune system, making it a popular choice for herbal remedies. Here are some ways Echinacea can contribute to your well-being:
- Immune System Support: Echinacea is renowned for its immune-boosting properties. Studies suggest that the plant stimulates the production of white blood cells, helping the body fend off infections more effectively. Including Echinacea in your garden might just be the natural defense your immune system needs.
- Anti-Inflammatory Effects: The anti-inflammatory properties of Echinacea make it a valuable asset in managing various conditions, from skin irritations to respiratory issues. The plant’s extracts are often incorporated into creams and ointments for their soothing effects.
- Cold and Flu Relief: Many turn to Echinacea supplements or teas at the onset of cold or flu symptoms. While individual responses vary, some people report a reduction in the severity and duration of their illness when incorporating Echinacea into their wellness routine.
- Antioxidant Richness: Echinacea is a powerhouse of antioxidants, which play a crucial role in neutralizing free radicals in the body. These antioxidants are good for health and may even help reduce the risk of chronic illnesses.
Cultivating a Colorful Coneflower Garden
Now, let’s explore some stunning varieties that can elevate the aesthetic appeal of your garden.
- Echinacea Purpurea ‘Magnus’: The classic purple coneflower with a twist! ‘Magnus’ boasts large, rosy-purple blooms with a distinctive orange-brown cone. This variety is not only a favorite among pollinators but also adds a pop of color to any garden.
- Echinacea Pallida ‘Hula Dancer’: Picture delicate, pale pink petals that gracefully sway in the breeze – that’s ‘Hula Dancer.’ This cultivar adds an elegant touch to gardens and pairs well with other pastel-colored flowers.
- Echinacea Paradoxa: For a sunny burst of color, consider Echinacea Paradoxa with its bright yellow petals and green cones. This unique coneflower variety adds a cheerful vibe to garden beds and attracts butterflies with its nectar-rich blooms.
- Echinacea ‘Cheyenne Spirit’: If you’re looking to create a vibrant tapestry of colors, ‘Cheyenne Spirit’ is the answer. This cultivar features a mix of shades, including red, orange, purple, and yellow, making it a versatile choice for both traditional and contemporary garden designs.
Coneflower Propagation Methods
Alright, fellow green thumbs, let’s talk Echinacea propagation! If you’ve fallen head over heels for these vibrant coneflowers and want more of them in your garden (and who wouldn’t?), you’re in luck. Echinacea is quite the cooperative plant when it comes to making baby plants. So, grab your gardening gloves, and let’s delve into the fascinating world of Echinacea propagation.
Nature’s Tiny Miracles: If you’re feeling patient and want to witness the magic of life unfolding, growing Echinacea from seeds is your go-to method.
Obtaining Seeds: The carefully crafted Seed Kit by expert herbalist Nicole Apelian offers high quality seeds. Packed with an array of valuable seeds, including Echinacea, Chamomile, Yarrow, Marshmallow, Calendula, Chicory, and more, this kit holds the key to unlocking nature’s healing potential. Apelian has handpicked the finest quality seeds, ensuring that you receive the best possible start for your medicinal garden. Her knowledge and expertise guarantee that you are investing in a collection of plants with proven medicinal benefits.
Along with the seeds, the kit includes a detailed guidebook which explains how to convert these plants into tinctures, ointments, salves, poultices, decoctions, infusions, and essential oils. This educational resource equips you with the tools and knowledge to make the most of your garden, ensuring that you can confidently utilize the healing potential of each plant. You can get your kit here.
When to Sow: Early spring or late fall is prime seed-sowing time. If you’re going for fall planting, Mother Nature will do some of the work for you through the winter chill.
How to Sow: Scatter those seeds on the soil surface; don’t bury them too deep – they like to keep an eye on the world above. Press them down lightly, or give them a gentle sprinkle of soil if you’re feeling fancy.
Patience is Key: Now, the waiting game begins. Germination can take a few weeks to a few months, so be patient and resist the urge to start a coneflower detective agency checking on them every day.
Transplanting the Seedlings: Once your seedlings are big enough to handle (usually a few inches tall), transplant them to their permanent home. Be mindful of spacing – these beauties like their personal space.
The Tried-and-True Method: Imagine giving your Echinacea a spa day – that’s what division feels like for these plants. This method works best for mature clumps that have been strutting their stuff in your garden for a few years.
When to Divide: Spring is the golden window for this operation. Aim for just as the new shoots are emerging but before the plant hits full throttle with its summer show.
How to Divide: First, dig up the entire clump. Yes, the whole shebang. Be gentle; we don’t want to stress out our coneflower friends. Once you’ve got it unearthed, take a sharp knife or spade and cut through the roots, ensuring each division has both roots and shoots. Aim for clumps with at least three to five shoots for a robust new plant.
Where to Replant: Pop your newly divided Echinacea into its new home – a hole dug to the same depth as its previous abode. Water it well, give it a pat on the metaphorical back, and watch your garden family grow.
The Underground Marvel: Ready for a bit of horticultural surgery? Root cuttings might sound a bit intense, but it’s a fantastic way to multiply your Echinacea family.
When to Take Root Cuttings: Late fall or early spring is the sweet spot. Choose a mature Echinacea plant with healthy, thick roots.
How to Take Root Cuttings: Dig around the base of your Echinacea and locate a chunky, healthy root. Cut a section about 4-6 inches long, making sure it has a bud or two. Plant it horizontally in a prepared bed, cover it with soil, and pat it down like you’re tucking it into a cozy blanket.
Water and Wait: Keep the soil consistently moist, and let nature do its thing. Before you know it, those root cuttings will sprout into new, proud coneflowers.
Echinacea Style: Think of layering as Echinacea’s way of sending out plant runners. It’s a bit like playing hide-and-seek with your coneflowers, and it’s a fantastic method for those who enjoy a bit of plant espionage.
When to Layer: Spring or early summer is the ideal time for this covert operation.
How to Layer: Identify a healthy, low-hanging shoot near the base of your Echinacea. Gently bend it down to the soil surface, creating a little groove for it to nestle into. Pin it down with a U-shaped wire or a small rock, and cover the spot with soil.
Waiting Game – Part Two: Keep an eye on your layered shoot. Once it’s rooted (which could take a few months), snip it free from the mother plant and relocate it to its own patch of garden paradise.
Whether you’re a fan of division, seed-sowing, root cuttings, or layering, Echinacea offers a variety of propagation methods to suit your gardening style. Experiment with different techniques, and soon you’ll have a flourishing Echinacea haven that’s the envy of the neighborhood.
Coneflower: Best and Worst Companion Plants
Echinacea, the star of our show, has its own preferences when it comes to neighbors. So, let’s chat about the best and worst companions for our beloved coneflowers, shall we?
Best Companion Plants for Coneflower
- Agastache (Hyssop): Picture this – Echinacea and Agastache, the dynamic duo of the garden. Hyssop, with its spiky blooms, not only complements the daisy-like flowers of Echinacea but also attracts pollinators like bees and butterflies. It’s a match made in gardening heaven.
- Rudbeckia (Black-Eyed Susan): If you want to create a wild, prairie-inspired garden, pair Echinacea with Rudbeckia. These two play exceptionally well together, offering a burst of complementary colors and textures. Plus, they both adore the full sun – a win-win situation.
- Salvia (Sage): Salvia is like the wise sage imparting its gardening wisdom to Echinacea. Both love well-drained soil and bask in the sunlight, making them ideal companions. The upright spikes of Salvia provide a lovely contrast to the coneflower’s drooping petals.
- Liatris (Blazing Star): If you’re aiming for a garden that’s a beacon for pollinators, add Liatris to the mix. The tall, spiky flowers of Blazing Star mingle beautifully with the cone-shaped blossoms of Echinacea, creating a pollinator paradise.
- Achillea (Yarrow): Yarrow and Echinacea are like the garden’s power couple. Yarrow’s feathery foliage complements the bold structure of Echinacea, and together, they create a harmonious display. Yarrow’s ability to attract beneficial insects is an added bonus. Additionally, both have medicinal properties and are great choices for a medicinal garden. For additional information on medicinal gardening, refer to this link.
Table: Best Companion Plants for Coneflower
Companion Plant | Characteristics | Complementary Traits for Echinacea |
Agastache (Hyssop) | Spiky blooms, attracts pollinators | Dynamic duo, both love full sun |
Rudbeckia | Wild, prairie-inspired, complementary colors | Burst of colors, both adore full sun |
Salvia (Sage) | Upright spikes, well-drained soil | Upright structure complements Echinacea’s droop |
Liatris (Blazing Star) | Tall, spiky flowers, attracts pollinators | Creates a pollinator paradise |
Achillea (Yarrow) | Feathery foliage, harmonious display | Power couple, attracts beneficial insects |
Worst Companion Plants for Coneflower
- High-Maintenance Divas: Hybrid Tea Roses (Rosa × hybrida) – These exquisite roses are known for their stunning blooms but demand meticulous care and attention. Their high-maintenance nature might overshadow the easygoing vibe that Echinacea thrives in.
- Shade-Loving Plants: Hostas (Hosta spp.) – Hostas are shade-loving champions, creating lush foliage in shaded areas. However, their preference for low light clashes with Echinacea’s love affair with the sun, potentially leading to an imbalance in the garden.
- Aggressive Spreaders: Mint (Mentha spp.) – Mint, with its vigorous spreading through underground rhizomes, can quickly invade the personal space of Echinacea. The two might engage in a garden turf war, and Echinacea could find itself crowded out.
- Plants with Similar Pests: Asters (Aster spp.) – While asters and Echinacea share a penchant for attracting pollinators, they also share some common pests, such as aphids. Introducing both plants might unintentionally create a hotspot for aphid activity, leading to an unwanted infestation.
- Water Hogs: Ferns (Various genera) – Ferns, being lovers of consistently moist soil, might clash with Echinacea’s preference for drier conditions. Planting them side by side could create an incompatible living arrangement, with Echinacea feeling a bit parched in the process.
Table: Worst Companion Plants for Coneflower
Companion Plant | Characteristics | Incompatibility with Echinacea |
High-Maintenance Divas | Demands constant attention | Clashes with Echinacea’s relaxed garden atmosphere |
Shade-Loving Plants | Prefers low light | Competes for sunlight, disrupts Echinacea’s sun-worshipping nature |
Aggressive Spreaders | Rapid spreading through rhizomes | Invades Echinacea’s personal space, potential garden turf war |
Plants with Similar Pests | Attracts common pests like aphids | Increases the risk of undesirable pest infestations |
Water Hogs | Thrives in consistently moist soil | Creates an incompatible living arrangement, Echinacea might feel parched |
Remember, these are general examples, and individual gardening experiences may vary. It’s always a good idea to consider the specific needs and characteristics of each plant in your garden and observe how they interact.
In the grand tapestry of your garden, Echinacea can be the star, but the supporting cast matters too. Choose companions that not only aesthetically complement the coneflowers but also share similar preferences for sunlight, soil, and water. With the right companions, your Echinacea garden will be a thriving community where each plant plays a vital role in creating a picturesque and harmonious landscape.
Coneflower: Indoor Vs. Outdoor
Echinacea, my gardening friend, is a true outdoor warrior. It thrives in the great outdoors, soaking up the sun, dancing with the breeze, and mingling with other garden companions. Picture it as the life of the garden party, gracing flower beds, borders, and meadows with its vibrant presence.
Outdoor Marvel: Echinacea is like that friend who loves a good dose of sunshine. It’s a sun-worshipper, and the more sunlight it gets, the happier it is. Plant it in a spot that receives at least six hours of sunlight a day, and watch it flourish. The outdoor environment provides the ideal conditions for Echinacea to stretch its petals, attract pollinators, and put on a dazzling show during the growing season.
Soil and Space: When it comes to soil, Echinacea isn’t too fussy. Well-draining soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH is its jam. Give it room to spread its roots, and you’ll be rewarded with a robust and healthy plant. Whether you’re planting it in garden beds, meadows, or even large containers, Echinacea feels most at home outdoors.
The Dance with Seasons: Echinacea knows how to roll with the seasonal punches. From the vibrant blooms of summer to the golden hues of fall, this perennial beauty adapts and graces your outdoor space with changing colors and textures. It even knows how to handle a winter chill, provided you give it a cozy layer of mulch for protection.
Pollinator Paradise: Outdoors, Echinacea becomes a hub for pollinators. Bees, butterflies, and other beneficial insects can’t resist its nectar-rich blooms. By placing it in your garden, you’re not just creating a visual feast for yourself but also a buzzing, vibrant ecosystem that contributes to the overall health of your outdoor space.
The Outdoor Echinacea Experience: In essence, Echinacea is meant to be an outdoor spectacle. Its natural habitat is under the open sky, where it can sway in the breeze, play host to a parade of pollinators, and add a burst of color to your landscape. While you might find potted Echinacea in garden centers, they’re like the ticket to the main event – the outdoor garden where they truly come alive.
So, if you’re looking for a plant to add a touch of nature’s magic to your outdoor haven, Echinacea is your go-to. Plant it, let it bask in the sunlight, and watch it transform your garden into a lively, colorful oasis. The great outdoors is where Echinacea thrives, bringing its unique charm to the symphony of nature.
The Exception to the Rule: Now, don’t get me wrong. You might see Echinacea in pots gracing a sunny windowsill or adorning a porch. But think of these potted specimens as ambassadors, preparing for their grand entrance into the garden scene. Potted Echinacea can serve as a temporary display, a teaser of the beauty that awaits once they’re planted in the soil.
Tips for Indoor Echinacea: If you’re thinking of trying your hand at an indoor rendezvous with Echinacea, here are a few tips. Keep it short and sweet – like a weekend getaway. Provide bright, indirect sunlight, and make sure the pot has excellent drainage to prevent soggy soil. Indoor Echinacea may not bloom as prolifically as its outdoor counterparts, but it can still bring a touch of garden magic to your indoor space.
Echinacea is, at its core, an outdoor enthusiast. It yearns for the open skies, the touch of the elements, and the harmony of a well-planned garden. So, when you bring Echinacea into your green kingdom, give it the outdoor stage it deserves, and watch it flourish under the vast canvas of nature.
In the world of gardening, few plants can rival the versatility, beauty, and historical significance of Echinacea. From its humble origins as a Native American herbal remedy to its current status as a beloved garden perennial, Echinacea continues to captivate the hearts of gardeners worldwide.
Whether you’re drawn to its enchanting blooms, interested in its herbal benefits, or simply want to create a visually stunning garden, Echinacea deserves a place in your outdoor oasis. So, let your garden flourish with the vibrant hues of coneflowers, and embrace the beauty and wellness that Echinacea brings to your horticultural haven. Happy gardening!
Affiliate Disclaimer: We’re all about sharing the glam, the blooms, and everything in between here at Garden to Glam. And guess what? Sometimes we stumble upon products that we genuinely think you’ll adore as much as we do. Some of the links you’ll find in our posts are what we call affiliate links. This means that when you click on them and end up buying something, we might earn a commission, without any cost to you.
Frequently Asked Questions – Coneflower (Echinacea)
Q1: Can I grow Coneflower in containers?
Absolutely! Echinacea can thrive in containers, provided they have well-draining soil. Choose a large enough container, fill it with a quality potting mix, and make sure it receives ample sunlight. Container gardening allows you to enjoy the beauty of Echinacea on patios, balconies, or even small urban spaces.
Q2: How do I protect Coneflower from pests without using chemicals?
Echinacea is relatively resistant to pests, but if issues arise, consider natural solutions. Introduce companion plants that repel common pests, like marigolds for aphids. Additionally, practicing good garden hygiene, such as removing debris and deadheading spent blooms, can discourage pest infestations.
Q3: Can I use Coneflowers for medicinal purposes at home?
Absolutely! Echinacea has a long history of use in herbal medicine. You can make teas, tinctures, or infused oils from the flowers and leaves. However, it’s crucial to research proper preparation methods and dosage or consult with an herbalist or healthcare professional for guidance.
Q4: How do I encourage more pollinators in my Coneflower garden?
To attract pollinators, plant a variety of nectar-rich flowers alongside Echinacea. Include bee-friendly plants like lavender, salvia, and coneflower varieties with open centers. Pesticides should be avoided as they can impair beneficial insects.
Q5: Can I grow different Coneflower varieties together in the same garden?
Absolutely! Mixing various Echinacea varieties not only creates a visually stunning display but also promotes genetic diversity. Choose different colors and shapes to add depth to your garden. Ensure proper spacing and provide adequate sunlight for each variety.
Q6: How do I overwinter Coneflower successfully?
Coneflower is generally hardy, but a little winter TLC doesn’t hurt. Apply a layer of mulch around the base of the plants in late fall to protect the roots from extreme temperatures. Avoid heavy pruning until spring to provide some winter insulation.
Q7: Can I use Coneflower as a cut flower in arrangements?
Certainly! Echinacea flowers make a charming addition to floral arrangements. Cut stems at an angle, strip off excess foliage, and place them in a vase with fresh water. Change the water every few days to prolong their vase life.
Q8: Do Coneflower plants have a specific fragrance?
Echinacea’s fragrance is subtle but delightful. The leaves and flowers can emit a faint, sweet scent. While not as potent as some other aromatic plants, Echinacea contributes a pleasant aroma to the garden.
Q9: Can Coneflower be grown alongside vegetables in a vegetable garden?
Yes, Echinacea can be a great companion for vegetables. Its presence can attract pollinators, enhancing the overall productivity of the garden. Just ensure proper spacing and consider the sunlight preferences of both Echinacea and your vegetables.
Q10: Are there any specific Coneflower varieties that are particularly drought-tolerant?
While Coneflower is generally drought-tolerant once established, some varieties exhibit exceptional resilience. Varieties like ‘PowWow Wild Berry’ and ‘Hot Papaya’ have shown good drought tolerance. Still, it’s essential to provide adequate water during the initial establishment period. | <urn:uuid:4353537a-45cb-4908-aa8e-b462851fdff8> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://gardentoglam.com/coneflower-echinacea/ | 2024-12-11T00:53:27Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066071149.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20241210225516-20241211015516-00294.warc.gz | en | 0.893121 | 5,482 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Altruism has become the new must-have accessory of the elite. In today’s world, where appearances often mask reality, the wealthy view giving as a way to display their power and image. This isn’t just a trend—it’s a modern twist on something as old as the Gilded Age but now at an all-time high. There’s a reason why figures like the infamous Sam Bankman-Fried turned to philanthropy as a tool to bolster the status of his fraudulent crypto empire. By using charity to show wealth and influence, even the most questionable characters can appear esteemed and virtuous.
Rather than shake our fists at the sky, we’d rather seek to understand this trend.
Philanthropic donations made primarily to gain social status and prestige, where the perceived value of the gift increases with its size and public visibility. This form of giving is characterized by high-profile, large-scale donations that serve not only charitable purposes but also as public displays of wealth, social status, and moral virtue.
Origin Early 21st century: from Veblen (after Thorstein Veblen, American economist who described conspicuous consumption) + giving.
Coined by Whole Whale, 2024
Understanding Veblen Goods: When Higher Prices Fuel Demand
Named after the economist Thorstein Veblen, a Veblen good is a product whose demand increases as its price rises. Think limited-edition watches, rare wines, or exclusive artworks. These items are coveted not just for their intrinsic value, but for the status they confer upon their owners.
Interestingly, Veblen himself was a staunch critic of philanthropy by the wealthy elite. In his seminal work, “The Theory of the Leisure Class”, Veblen argued that such philanthropy undermined society’s natural workings and was often a form of what we might call “conspicuous compassion” – the ostentatious use of charity to enhance the donor’s social prestige and reputation.
Veblen believed that true social reform would only occur through the redistribution of wealth, not through the charitable activities of the rich. He viewed elite philanthropy as another manifestation of conspicuous consumption, serving more to display wealth and virtue than to address fundamental societal issues.
In a twist that would likely both fascinate and dismay Veblen, philanthropy today appears to be evolving into a form of Veblen good itself. The concept of “Veblen giving” we’ve introduced encapsulates this paradox: philanthropic donations that increase in perceived value and desirability as they grow in size and visibility, mirroring the economic behavior of the luxury goods Veblen critiqued.
This transformation of philanthropy into a status symbol raises important questions about the nature of giving in our society. Are we seeing a new form of conspicuous compassion, where the act of giving itself becomes a luxury good? And if so, how can we navigate this landscape while staying true to the core purpose of philanthropy – creating positive social change?
“Veblen giving” By The Numbers
The numbers tell a compelling story. In 2023, charitable giving in the United States reached an astounding $557.16 billion. Yet beneath this impressive figure lies a troubling trend: while total donations soar, the number of individual donors is shrinking. This paradox hints at a fundamental shift in the nature of philanthropy, one that mirrors the economic concept of a Veblen good.
The Rise of “Veblen giving”
Consider these striking statistics from the “Gilded Giving 2022” report:
- Households earning $200,000+ now account for 67% of all charitable deductions, up from less than 25% in the early 1990s.
- The share of donations from millionaire households has quadrupled, from 10% in 1993 to 40% in 2019.
- Less than half of U.S. households now give to charity, down from 66% in 2000.
- The threshold for “mega-gifts” has skyrocketed from $30 million in 2011 to $450 million in 2021.
Add to this that in 2023 giving by individuals declined by 2.4% (Giving USA 2024 report). These trends paint a clear picture when looking backward over the past 4 decades:
Big picture: philanthropy is becoming the domain of the ultra-wealthy.
Implications for “Veblen Giving”: Marketing Philanthropy Like MacLarens, Not M&Ms
For nonprofit organizations, the evolution of philanthropy into a Veblen good presents both significant challenges and unique opportunities. Traditional fundraising methods that appeal to broad-based altruism and community support may no longer be sufficient when engaging high-net-worth individuals who view their philanthropic contributions as symbols of status and prestige.
Just as marketers wouldn’t promote M&Ms—an affordable, everyday candy—in the same way they market a luxury sports car like a McLaren, nonprofits must adjust their strategies to appeal to the elite donor’s desire for exclusivity, impact, and recognition. The marketing of a McLaren focuses on the craftsmanship, exclusivity, performance, and the lifestyle it represents. Similarly, nonprofits need to position their causes in a way that resonates with the values and expectations of affluent donors.
Strategic Insights for Marketing Philanthropy as a Luxury Experience
- Emphasize Exclusivity
- Create Invitation-Only Events: Organize exclusive galas, private dinners, and intimate gatherings where elite donors can network with peers and influencers. These events should offer a premium experience, with high-end venues, gourmet cuisine, and special performances or speakers.
- Develop “Inner Circle” Donor Groups: Establish membership tiers that provide access to exclusive benefits. For example, a “President’s Circle” or “Visionary Leaders Forum” that offers privileged access to organizational leadership and decision-making processes.
- Limited Opportunities: Present certain projects or initiatives as limited opportunities that only a select few can support, enhancing the appeal through scarcity.
- Offer Unique and Personalized Experiences
- Behind-the-Scenes Access: Provide donors with exclusive tours of facilities, meetings with beneficiaries, or previews of upcoming projects. This insider access creates a deeper personal connection to the cause.
- Customized Engagements: Tailor interactions based on the donor’s interests. If a donor is passionate about education, arrange a visit to a school supported by your organization, allowing them to see their impact firsthand.
- Exclusive Content: Share proprietary research, insights, or reports that are not available to the general public, positioning the donor as a knowledgeable insider.
- Highlight Tangible Impact and Legacy Building
- Personalized Impact Reports: Develop detailed reports that quantify the donor’s specific impact, using metrics and stories that demonstrate the difference their contribution has made.
- Storytelling with Emotional Resonance: Share compelling narratives of individuals or communities transformed by the donor’s support, creating an emotional connection.
- Legacy Projects: Offer opportunities for donors to fund significant, long-term projects that align with their values, such as endowing a program, building a facility, or launching a new initiative.
- Leverage Social Influence and Recognition
- Media Coverage: Collaborate with media outlets to feature significant donations, highlighting the donor’s commitment to the cause. This could include press releases, interviews, or feature articles.
- Public Acknowledgments: Recognize donors at events, in publications, and on digital platforms. Naming opportunities for buildings, programs, or scholarships can serve as lasting tributes.
- Awards and Honors: Establish awards or honors that recognize the contributions of major donors, providing them with public accolades.
- Facilitate Networking and Thought Leadership
- Exclusive Networking Opportunities: Create forums where donors can meet other influential individuals, fostering a sense of community among elite supporters.
- Advisory Roles: Invite donors to serve on advisory boards or committees, allowing them to contribute their expertise and gain influence within the organization.
- Thought Leadership Platforms: Provide opportunities for donors to share their vision and insights through speaking engagements, authored articles, or participation in panels and conferences.
- Align with Donors’ Personal Brands and Values
- Research Donor Interests: Understand the specific causes and issues that resonate with each donor. Tailor proposals to demonstrate alignment with their passions.
- Brand Synergy: Show how partnering with your organization enhances the donor’s personal or corporate brand, emphasizing shared values and mutual benefits.
- Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Integration: For donors associated with businesses, illustrate how support for your organization can complement their CSR objectives.
- Pay attention to the Power Law
- Adjust ad spend: craft high-net-worth narratives and get that message infront of the right audience.
- Acknowledge the power-law: 1% of your donor list has 99% of the wealth, which needs to be considered in the communication segmentation.
- Don’t sell M&Ms to MacLaren Owners: Add a couple 0’s to the top 1% of your list.
If you want to understand how to do this with your data, we have a service for that.
Navigating Ethical Considerations
While adapting to this new paradigm, nonprofits must walk a fine line. It’s crucial to engage major donors without compromising organizational integrity or neglecting the broader community. Transparency, accountability, and an unwavering commitment to mission must remain at the forefront.
The Future of Philanthropy
As wealth inequality continues to grow, the trend of philanthropy as a Veblen good is likely to intensify. Nonprofits that recognize and adapt to this shift will be better positioned to secure the resources they need to drive meaningful change.
However, we must not lose sight of the broader goal: creating a society where philanthropy is a collective endeavor, not just a luxury pursuit of the elite. By understanding the current landscape, we can work towards a future where giving is both impactful and inclusive.
In the end, the true measure of philanthropy’s success will not be the size of individual donations, but the scale of positive change we collectively achieve. As we navigate this new era of giving, let us strive to harness the power of elite philanthropy while also rekindling the spirit of broad-based community support that has long been the backbone of American charitable giving.
Join the conversation | <urn:uuid:4a4d345c-6f90-4513-9948-5d890d85f081> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.wholewhale.com/tips/the-rise-of-veblen-giving-why-it-changes-fundraising/ | 2024-12-08T00:37:11Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066433271.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207224914-20241208014914-00680.warc.gz | en | 0.920075 | 2,192 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Stock Market
The stock market may seem a mystery to you. All this talk of Bulls and Bears, shorts and longs, not to mention the associated TLAs (three-letter acronyms!) such as IPOs could leave you cold. But that would be a shame, because it’s really not difficult once you understand the basics, and it could play a bigger part in your life.in fact, it’s true to say that if you don’t know about the stock market you are missing out on a lot.
This beginners guide will lead you through the jargon and explain how you can understand if not enjoy what happens on the stock market. By the time you finish, you should understand all the common buzz words and have a good idea how you can use the market to improve your future.
I’m sure you know what a market is. If you watch East Enders, you are familiar with market stalls and street vendors selling different products. Or if you’re into the Internet, there are the Amazon and eBay marketplaces. Either way, a market is simply a place where people meet, either virtually or in person, to buy and sell things. And perhaps crucially in this case, unlike a grocery or department store, in a typical market prices are often negotiated rather than being a single set price.
The stock market is no different from other markets. It is simply a place where people are brought together, either virtually or in person, to buy and sell stocks. We’ll get to what a stock is next, but you probably already know it is something to do with a company or corporation. The price of stocks goes up and down all the time, and that is what makes the stock market a place of opportunity for those who take the time to learn about it. The way that the price goes up and down is a demonstration of the economists’ time-honoured standard theories of supply and demand, and how changes in either affects the cost.
So what are these things called stocks and/or shares? Actually, the terms stocks and shares are virtually the same. The most noticeable difference is that the word “stocks” tends to be used when you are talking about several companies, and “shares” usually refers to one company. For instance, you might say that you bought some shares in Apple to add to your collection of technology stocks.
A stock is a small share of ownership in a company. Unless you are as rich as the American investor Warren Buffett, your ownership may be very small. Take for example the shares of Next. At the time of writing they are trading at just over £50 each. But there are over 150 million of them! So however many you can afford to invest in is hardly going to be noticed. Incidentally, this is how you work out a “valuation” of a company. You can just multiply the number of shares times the current price. Next works out to over £7.5 billion on the basis of these numbers.
While it might seem a nice idea to have some sort of ownership in companies, particularly ones you are interested in or buy products from, you might be wondering what the point of ownership is, especially if you are sharing ownership with so many other people. The company doesn’t know you exist, and in any case how much does your investment mean to it? Very little, is the answer, as you’ll see later. The ultimate reason for owning shares for most people must be to hold an investment that you hope will increase your wealth over time.
If you start questioning why stocks should increase in value over time, then you can get into some esoteric arguments. Basically, they increase because people think they should, and therefore act in conformance with that belief, pushing the price up. At the end of the day, if the management of the company decided to up and leave, the shareholders would own the company’s real estate, machinery, and supplies, so there is a certain base level of value. However, shares will usually be priced much higher than this liquidation level on the basis of expected continued successful trading, making profits that may or may not be distributed to shareholders in the form of dividends or regular payouts.
You cannot buy shares in all companies. The company has to be a “public company”, which means at some stage in its past the original founders or owners decided to sell it, in whole or in part. Sometimes the original owners will have already sold out to professional investors, and it will be these investors who decide to take the company on the open market. While it seems a nice idea to retain ownership to yourself, if you sell up in whole or in part you may get a nice profit. You may also want to take the company to “the next level”, which requires investment in new machinery or research, and decide that issuing public shares is the best way to fund this. Most big firms have taken the step of “going public”, and you can see lists of them in the financial pages of the newspaper, or on one of many financial web sites.
Another phrase that you hear a lot is “stocks and bonds”. Stocks and bonds are different things, and not to be confused with each other. A stock is a small share of ownership in the company, and may go up or down in value as the company’s fortunes change. A bond is simply a loan to a company and it gets repaid to you with interest according to the prescribed terms – provided nothing catastrophic like a bankruptcy happens and stops the company from doing that. There is more detail about bonds in the section on ‘How the Stock Market Works’.
Putting together ‘markets’ and ‘stocks’, you can see that the stock market is a place where market participants can buy and sell stocks. In fact, there is no one “stock market”, there are lots of them all over the world. Some countries have several stock markets, and most industrialised countries have at least one. Some of the names of them will be familiar to you, such as the New York Stock Exchange and the London Stock Exchange, and others you may not have come across such as the JSE Limited in South Africa and the BM&F Bovespa in Brazil.
The stocks of any particular company are only directly available in certain markets, so you usually do not get confused about where to buy and sell them. Many companies’ stocks are only available in the country where the head office is located. In general, you will find that UK companies are listed on the London Stock Exchange, American companies are listed on the New York Stock Exchange or on the NASDAQ, Korean companies such as Hyundai Motors are listed on the Korean Stock Exchange, etc. Sometimes, particularly for the large international companies, these are called the “primary” listings, and the companies’ stocks are also traded on major exchanges in other countries for the convenience of investors. There are a couple of ways that this can be made to happen, using banking intermediaries or other devices, but the details do not really concern us. You can just search the companies list for your local stock market to see what’s available.
The stock market is different from a shopping market. You cannot go into a stock market, peruse the stocks (whatever that means), and say to the man (who is called a trader), “I’ll have six of that one and 10 of those please”, like you would with a grocery market trader. With the amount of business that is transacted every day, that would cause total chaos. The general public, which includes you and me, cannot buy and sell directly at the market. All trading has to go through people who are known to the market, and called brokers or dealers. They deal with any complications, and make buying and selling stocks streamlined and easy for you and me. In fact, there are a couple of layers of middlemen, as you deal with a broker and he in turn deals with a trader on the floor of the market, if it is still a physical stock market.
Buying and selling stocks, or trading as it is called, has become a lot easier in recent years with the Internet, which provides a direct connection between you and your broker. Simply by pressing a few buttons you can send him buying and selling instructions or “orders”.
Technology also means that stock markets do not have to be physical places where people deal face-to-face, they can also be remote virtual places. In fact the NASDAQ, America’s technology stock market, was founded in 1971 with an electronic bulletin board. This started purely as a price information system, with individual dealers buying and selling on the telephone, but direct electronic trading was added in the 1980s.
If you have ever looked at the price charts of shares, then you will have noticed that they are changing price all the time. You can easily find charts online by going to Yahoo Finance or to one of the many other financial websites. Most if not all will allow you to look at basic stock charts without any subscription or with a free registration, and you should take advantage of this to go and get a feel of how prices move.
The reason prices change so frequently is that there are many people buying and selling shares. The laws of supply and demand mean that the prices go up if many people want to buy and not many want to sell, and the prices go down if there are many sellers but few buyers. Of course, people can only buy the number of shares that are being sold, for the most part. This means the price goes up and down until it reaches a level, just for a moment, when the number of shares that people want to buy equals the number of shares that people want to sell at the particular price, and the trades are done. Then you can think of it starting again with the next lot of buyers and sellers. If there are more potential buyers than sellers, then the price might go up a bit until some of the buyers drop out or some more people are tempted to sell. If there are more potential sellers than buyers, then the price will probably drop slightly. It‘s a constantly fluctuating market, changing continuously, but thinking of it in this way makes it a little easier to see what is happening and why the price changes.
In real life, there will be a queue of orders, ready to be fulfilled, but waiting for the right prices. A seller might say, “If only it goes up another penny per stock, then I wouldn’t mind selling my 2000 shares”, and a buyer may say, “I would buy 500 of those if the price came down to…”. It’s a complex job, balancing out the supply and demand, and that’s what the floor trader has to do. | <urn:uuid:de30147a-496e-4ca2-a26b-44f37cf2d13f> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.financialtrading.com/stock-market-beginners-guide/ | 2024-12-01T16:27:52Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066035857.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20241201162023-20241201192023-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.971808 | 2,257 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Future In Communicating With The Body Is With Holograms.
Lasers are used to imprint information into Miracle Balance’s holographic discs. The information needed to achieve balance, harmony, and influence the body toward wellness as it communicates through the body’s acupuncture meridians.
The Science of Miracle Balance
April 8, 2007 –
Holograms were chosen as a delivery vehicle to relay information to the human body due to their storage and retrieval properties. The concentrated layers in each hologram are determined based on scientific testing using surface mammography, oximeters, spectrographs, thermal imaging and other measuring devices.
Basic design elements in the Data Disc™ are a mathematical vortex which incorporates color, geometry, symbols, and intention names lasered into each hologram during the manufacturing process.
The layered images may or may not be visible to the eye, but are imbedded in the design. The basis for design is derived from the Haramein-Rauscher solution to torque and Coriolis force as an amendment to Einstein’s field equations, which modifies the Kerr-Newman solution as noted under Geometry.
What is a Hologram?
The hologram is based upon Nobel Prize winner Dennis Gabor’s theory concerning interference patterns. Gabor theorized in 1947 that each crest of the wave pattern contains the whole information of its original source, and that this information could be stored on film and reproduced. This is why it is called a hologram.
There are two basic types of holograms — reflection and transmission. They can be distinguished by the way in which they are illuminated.
Reflection Holograms are lit from the front, reflecting the light to you as you view it, like a painting or photograph hung on a wall.
Transmission Holograms are lit from the rear (like a photographic transparency) and bend light as it passes through the hologram to your eyes to form the image.
How Do You Make a Hologram?
The process of creating a hologram begins with a focused beam of laser light.
The L.A.S.E.R. (Light Amplified by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) was invented to produce coherent light. Incoherent light travels in different frequencies and in different phases. Coherent light travels in the same frequency and in the same phase. (100% coherent light is rare) It is important to use light which is coherent because the information is carried on the crest of each wave. The more points of intersection, the more information.
The laser-beam is split into two separate beams: A reference beam, which remains static throughout much of the process and goes directly into the holographic film. The information beam passes through an image. When light encounters an image, its composition changes so that the image is in its waveform. When these two beams overlap it creates a pattern of light interference.
The image is produced on holographic film, which has a resolving power of 50 or more times that of photographic film.
A hologram can be made not only with the light waves of a laser, but also with sound waves and other waves in the electro-magnetic spectrum. Holograms made with X-rays or ultraviolet light can record images of particles smaller than visible light, such as atoms or molecules. Microwave holography detects images deep in space by recording the radio waves they emit. Acoustical holography uses sound waves to “see through” solid objects.
Holographic Data Storage
As holograms evolve they have the potential to become the next generation of popular storage media, with far more storage capacity and faster transfer rates than CDs and DVDs
Blu-ray and HD-DVD are the next-generation of digital storage available today and were built upon current DVD technology to increase data storage, but exciting changes are in store with the use of holograms.
The race is on to get consumer-friendly holographic storage systems to the marketplace by 2013. Current research and development is underway for HVD. It is the next big jump in holographic storage with the ability to store more than 1 terabyte of information — that’s 200 times more than a single-sided DVD and 20 times more than a current double-sided Blu-ray.
With the development a computerized holographic display, it is anticipated that TV sets with 3-D images might be available for as little as $5,000 within the next ten years.
Miracle Balance will continue to stay on top of developing holographic technology and incorporate state-of-the-art science into every Data Disc™ produced.
State of the art laser technologies are used in our fully custom design to creation unique, proprietary images in three dimensions. As with most scientific and mathematical advances in our recent times, the average person cannot differentiate between the many different holograms without the interpretation of a holographic specialist. Since proprietary information is in each of the Miracle Balance’s holographic Data Disc™ it is of note that security is built into our products.
- Assurances that the product is genuine and will perform according to specifications
- Reduces the sale and use of counterfeit products
- Enhances the visual appeal of the product
- Makes forgery more difficult and unlikely
- Provides potential forensic information for prosecution
At Miracle Balance we have taken the first step using positive intention in the words we use to describe all products. Product testing points to the power of intention and the benefits of suggestion. Positive intention is integrated into the products and into the very fabric of our company.
History of Holograms
In 1947 Hungarian physicist and Nobel Prize winner in physics Dennis Gabor developed the theory of holography. However, the first 3D holograms were not made until 1963 with the development of laser technology.
In the United States, you’ll find high security holograms on driver’s licenses in many states, as well as on postage stamps and a variety of government issued bonds and certificates. All new passports ar icipted with a hologram.
There has been one on every Visa® and Master Card® since 1994.
The Power of the Hologram
Original Paper Published by Veridia
A Non-Profit Organization.
Copyright 2007. All Rights Reserved.
Demonstrating a Significant Influence in Biofield Resonance, Bionetic Harmonics, And Bioelectrical Zeta Potential. – Lee G. Woolley, MBnP, CBP
This paper provides a scientific basis regarding the significant and on-going demonstrations of positive interactions with the biofield (Rubik 2002), bionetic harmonics (Woolley 1994) and bioelectrical zeta potential responses through the use of the Miracle Balance Programmed Holographic Discs™ when placed in close proximity to, or onto the skin of the human body.
Due to the ‘instantaneous effect’ created by a multi-plexed holographic layering process, these holographic bioinformation discs impact not only increase biofield resonance as reflected in positive changes in the bionetic spectral analysis of the connective tissue matrix, using the SpectraVision, but these Miracle Balance holographic discs have a direct impact on the biocoherence of the micro-flux spectral zones that feed the endocrine system, (biocoherence Woolley 2004). Additionally, they demonstrate its ability to create a marked zeta potential increase in blood platelet interaction as documented by live video. The zeta potential effect has been effectively demonstrated in vitro, which further supports the Holographic nature of man as proposed by (Pibram) and the holographic universe (Bohm).
Due to the nature of these holographic discs creating instantaneous and positive changes to the biofield, bionetic, and bioelectrical aspects of the body, suggests a wide variety of applications in the field of subtle and energetic therapeutic approaches as we enter into the vast world of the epigenetic informational influence on DNA. Subtle energy and biofield therapies are emerging as solid constructs supporting the bioregulation of the human body as found in biofield interactions which have positive impact on the regulation, control, and influences in homeostasis.
The world was turned on its ear when the announcement from 88 88 about the communication of electrons beyond any distance. This work which eventually lead to a nobel prize for him began the labyrinth of learning which has lead physics from science to metascience and from physical to spiritual. No matter how we slice the human being, the only solution is that energetic influences or subtle energies have a significant relationship to the human organism. There has been a significant amount of research regarding biochemical and bioelectrical interactions in the human body, but until biophysics entered the picture, science was left with the only hope of discovery of the human potential for health, happiness, and success hoping the answers could be found within the DNA.
Now that the DNA has been shown to be intricate enough to govern all body systems and it is known not to be the director of the body, epigenetic imprinting (Moore and Haig 1991) holds more promise. Also it is proposed that an aspect of the cell intelligence lies within the cellular membrane (Lipton 2006). The membrane potential is directed by the influence of the ‘milieu’ of the body which includes the ‘information’ that feeds the organism. Due to the DNA shortfall in its mapping complexity, proponents of DNA mapping are bereft.
Complexity science now is emerging with many answers that propose uniquely stable and scientific premises leading to a new type of understanding. As a result, true scientists must now look at unique research which holds the potential keys to unlock many of the mysteries.
Some of those isolated and unnoticed scientists have discovered parts of a unique puzzle that now open the doors for a new type of science which supports the following premises:
- Holographic Information is in all parts of the cell, cell membrane, organs, glands, and tissues. (Bohm)
- Holographic Memory is instantaneous and non-localized. (Pibram)
- Holographic information can interface with QED Fields.
- Holograms are Light Driven.
- Holographic Information can have a direct tie to the Pineal and Endocrine system.
- Holographic Information can interface with the vertex functions of cellular biology.
- Holographic Information interfaces with the body/mind.
Due to the nature of holographic imprinting, its ‘non-local’ nature allows information not only to travel through the connective tissue instantly, but confluent8, aspects include all modes of biointerface applicaple to the biofield such as: meridians, chakras, bioelectromagnetic resonance, bioinformation, harmonic waves, and photometric data.
Holograms can carry deep within their imbedded layers hundreds of thousands of bits of information created by the use of sound, color, bioinformation, laser light, geometric shapes and symbols, and frequencies that support many specific and significant processes within the human body.
Beyond biofield imprinting, the vortex aspect of holograms has a deep-reaching capacity to bring the body into a holographic harmonic resonance at a cellular level. Cells can instantaneously ‘get the message’ which augments the cellular activities. As cells ‘come in line’ they build a cellular tensigrity (Ingber 2002 ) of the connective tissues increasing the capacity for all parts of the body to get the messages.
It is further posited that continued or ongoing holographic imprinting aids in increasing base harmonic resonance and may lengthen DNA telomeres. Those studying biofield resonance and DNA telomere believe that subtle energy influences to the DNA may activate such deep level changes in the physical body that imprinting at the biocelular level may be biocorrective in the deepest cellular matrix for up to one or two years post therapy. (Dr. California)
Because the Hologram is photometric in nature and the active light source created through the reflective nature of the surface of the hologram is able to broadcast information quickly, the hologram can easily interact with the pineal gland and transfer data up (afferent information) to the nervous system through the nervus pinealis (Moller 1978) via the pineal stalk. Information can further be transferred back down (efferent information) through the nervous system via hypothalymus and limbic action. It is further believed that biophotometric information from the pineal gland is aided by synaptic contacts with pinealocytes. Additionally, hypothalamic neuropeptides and monoamines might be contained in the central fibers decending from the pineal stalk which can also participate in this biophotometric information conversion to biochemical activity.
Specific Measuring Equipment
The advantage of the types of measurement devices which are currently available not only can demonstrate instantaneous changes in the corporal body created by holographic discs in-vivo, via muscle testing and with the aid of the SpectralVision Biocoherence test but, sustained changes (increased zeta-potential) in platelets agglomeration is markedly reduced in-vitro analysis through the use of dark field microscopy.
Those studying bioinformation and subtle energies further posit that an organism that is less healthy has a less than optimum bioorganizational aspect or nature, which is directly seen as imbalances within the meridian system of the body. The Chinese Model of Medicine (TCM) teaches that all physical illness are created by an underlying energetic imbalance in the energetic systems of the body — yin and yang organs, and the five cycles or elements of the body.
These concepts of TCM are also rich with examples of the holographic nature of man. In fact, TCM believes that underlying the physical are mental, emotional, and energetic aspects of the patient which must all be in harmonious balance otherwise, if left out of balance, in time, the person can become sick.
From a TCM perspective, any imbalance in the biofield, left uncorrected can therefore become a cause of disharmony that will have some sort of manifestation within the body.
Longterm denial of imbalances in emotions, or mental burdens can increase stresses within the organism. These stresses impinge the data pathways or meridians and can cause an impediment to the ‘flow’ of energy.
Hans Seyle, the father of stress research (1947-) verified that under prolonged stress, some quantitative substance much like a type of resiliency was notably gone just prior to death or illness. This quantitative substance is believed to be the vital force or elan vital of the body.
Many Eastern philosophers have stated that the elan vital or prana or Qi, otherwise known as life-force has a holographic nature – all of it is in every bit of it. Because Hans Selye found that when this mystical substance ran out of the body, so did its vitality and life.
It is believed that holographic information is directed through this elan vital energy system and that the holograms increase the quality and vibrancy of this core energy system.
Preliminary tests have effectively demonstrated positive changes in the meridian channels by the use of the holoGraphic Discs™.
Never before has the ubiquitous nature of science’s ever penetrating look into nature been so baffled by quantifying holometric data and its instantaneous affects on the human body. Not only is this phenomenon stranger than we think it is stranger than we can think! And, yet, holograms and laser imprinted data are part and parcel of our everyday lives, no one has ever thought to augment the biofield with holographic data–until now. | <urn:uuid:0fead157-f06a-434f-a3ab-6a2cadcba678> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.scalaroil.com/science/halograms/ | 2024-12-04T20:57:49Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066308239.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204202740-20241204232740-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.926247 | 3,247 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Respiratory syncytial malware (RSV) can be an encircled non-segmented bad feeling RNA malware owed for you to Orthopneumovirus genus in the Pneumoviridae family inside the buy Mononegavirales. The herpes virus will be the top reason for extreme breathing illness in children underneath a couple of years old and is also responsible for large condition stress in children as well as older folks each designed as well as creating Immunochemicals countries1,Only two. RSV is simply known to move among human beings, even though it was first isolated coming from chimpanzees3. The herpes virus may experimentally taint rodents, rodents, cotton rats, ferrets, as well as gerbles, but doesn’t effortlessly move of these canine populations4. Many of us found that Malayan pangolins (Manis javanica) were normally have contracted RSVs that have 97.4-99.8% genomic personality along with ranges going around within individuals. Phylogenetic analyses said that several RSVs inside pangolins ended up RSV-A ON1 and seven had been RSV-B BA genotypes, as both versions are still prevalent within people globally. These bits of information declare that human beings may possibly transfer their particular malware in order to decreasing in numbers wild animals.Mlynarek highlights the important environmentally friendly along with garden role associated with jigs as pollinators.From the vertebrate eye, photoreceptors tend to be covered below a solid page of sensory retina along with face outside the lighting. This particular ostensibly difficult design features resulted in the widely used idea our retinas are the wrong way up, hinting an in-depth design and style drawback. Baden and Nilsson debate that, via an transformative standpoint, a good inverted style truly gives numerous significant advantages that might haven’t ever recently been exploited in the event that items had began the opposite.Meeting with Rich Losick, which investigates mobile fate dedication and decision-making in germs from Stanford School.Quinones play important tasks throughout natural electron shift responses inside nearly all Antidepressant medication bacteria, together with certain functions in many bodily techniques along with chemo. Quinones engage in two-electron, two-proton side effects within aqueous solution in stability near neutral ph, but protons often fall at the rear of the electron transfers. The relevant tendencies within protein will often be consecutive 1 Memantine NMDAR antagonist electron redox procedures without having including protons. Have a look at statement your aprotic electrochemistry of these two half-couples, Q/Q.* along with Q.-/Q=, associated with Eleven parent quinones and also 118 taken A single,4-benzoquinones, Ninety one A single,4-naphthoquinones, and also 107 9,10-anthraquinones. The particular tested redox possibilities are match very well using the Hammett para sigma (σpara) parameter. Infrequent exclusions may entail important organizations, such as methoxy substituents within ubiquinone as well as hydroxy substituents inside therapeutics. It may usually be spelled out simply by fair conjectures regarding steric situations as well as interior hydrogen bonds. In addition we provide information for twenty five some other quinones, A couple of increase quinones and also 16 non-quinones, most calculated underneath equivalent circumstances.
With this operate, your first-principles computations were used to investigate the adsorption constructions, digital features, and also fuel realizing properties from the perfect as well as B-, N-, P-, Al-, along with Si-doped penta-graphene (PG) in the direction of the NH3, H2S, and also SO2 substances. The outcome show how the spotless PG will be insensitive to people dangerous gas as a result of poor adsorption durability along with extended adsorption distance. On the other hand, your doping involving B, In, ‘s, along with Cuando (T as well as Ing) brings about the actual cross over of NH3 (H2S and SO2) adsorption through glucose biosensors physisorption in order to chemisorption, that is largely attributed to the big demand transfer and powerful orbital hybridizations between fuel compounds and also doping atoms. Additionally, NH3 adsorption leads to your amazing variation of electric conductivity for the B-, N-, and Si-doped PG, and also the adsorption strength associated with NH3 around the B-, N-, and Si-doped PG is larger in contrast to H2S and SO2. In addition, the chemical adsorbed NH3 molecule about the N-, B-, and also Si-doped PG might be effectively desorbed simply by treating electrons in the methods. Individuals final results highlight the possible application of PG-based nanosheets as reusable fuel receptors with regard to NH3 recognition.Red polyphenols are responsible for its color, astringency, as well as resentment. They are known as strong herbal antioxidants that will guard the human body through the chronic virus infection ill-effects involving free-radicals preventing various conditions. Wine phenolics suffer from viticulture approaches as well as vinification tactics, and so, traditionally and ecologically created wines of the identical selection don’t have exactly the same phenolic report. Environmentally friendly viticulture helps prevent using substance adjuvants within vineyard in order to minimise their own unfavorable influence on the planet, wines, and also human wellbeing. The particular phenolic report as well as de-oxidizing action involving wine can even be affected by added treatments, such as focus by simply reverse osmosis. The aim of these studies was to investigate the influence of four years old distinct pressures (Only two.5, Three or more.5, Several.Five, and also A few.Your five MPa) and 2 heat regimes (using as well as without having a / c) around the phenolic report and anti-oxidant task involving conventional and enviromentally friendly Cabernet wine Sauvignon burgandy or merlot wine during attention by ro. The outcomes established that preservation of person phenolic substances JTE013 depended on the particular applied control guidelines, substance make up with the preliminary wine, along with substance qualities of an chemical substance. Increased pressure and retentate chilling favored the actual preservation involving complete polyphenols, flavonoids, and also monomeric anthocyanins, when compared to the opposite conditions. The identical trend was seen with regard to de-oxidizing task.The very idea of liquefied material filters for hydrogen divorce, based on gallium as well as indium, has been recently presented instead of standard palladium-based membranes.
We all performed a potential research in the tertiary infirmary in Taiwan and uninterruptedly gathered serum trials from individuals along with long-term hepatitis, liver organ cirrhosis (LC), or HCC for first time biomarker discovery. All round, 166 patients have been enrolled, which includes Forty five liver disease, 25 LC, along with Ninety-six HCC. 4 acute-phase serum amyloid The (A-SAA) made biomarkers which includes complete A-SAA, A-SAA monomer and also oligomer, and necessary protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) transmission ended up assessed and compared between individuals with and with out HCC. A-SAA biomarkers drastically improved inside the HCC group in comparison to the hepatitis and LC groupings, and usually increased in advanced tumor phases. Between A-SAA biomarkers, the area under the receiver owner trait shape (AUROCs) regarding PMCA indication throughout discrimination regarding all-stage as well as early-stage HCC had been 2.90 and 2.Being unfaithful in cirrhotic sufferers Preclinical pathology , which is much like AFP. With regard to cirrhotic people along with lower AFP ( much less then 7 ng/mL), PMCA transmission managed excellent capacity within conjecture regarding early-stage HCC (AUROC 0.94). Solution A-SAA as well as prion-like house confirmed any to fit AFP inside recognition regarding early-stage HCC.Worldwide alterations in DNA methylation are usually seen in growth as well as ailment, along with single-cell examines are displaying the particular heterogeneous regulation of these techniques. However, specialized issues related to single-cell examination associated with DNA methylation limit these scientific studies. Many of us current single-cell transposable component methylation sequencing (scTEM-seq) regarding cost-effective evaluation associated with typical DNA methylation amounts. Simply by focusing on high-copy SINE Alu components, we all obtain amplicon bisulphite sequencing along with a large number of loci protected in each scTEM-seq collection. Concurrent transcriptome evaluation is also performed to be able to url global Genetic methylation quotations along with quality use of medicine gene phrase. We use scTEM-seq for you to KG1a severe myeloid leukaemia (AML) tissues, and primary AML tissue. Each of our strategy reveals world-wide DNA methylation heterogeneity activated by decitabine treating KG1a tissue linked to modified phrase of defense procedure body’s genes. In addition we evaluate global DNA methylation quotations in order to appearance associated with transposable aspects and find a new predominance involving bad correlations. Ultimately, many of us view co-ordinated upregulation of countless transposable aspects inside a sub-set associated with decitabine taken care of read more cells. By simply connecting worldwide Genetic methylation heterogeneity along with transcription, scTEM-seq will certainly refine the knowledge of epigenetic regulation within cancer and past.Piling up regarding beta-amyloid from the human brain as well as psychological drop are considered key points regarding Alzheimer’s. Knowing coming from prior studies the two factors could express inside the retina, the goal was to check out whether an in-depth learning technique surely could foresee the particular knowledge of the personal coming from a RGB picture of his or her retina and also metadata. An in-depth understanding style, EfficientNet, was adopted to predict mental standing in the Canadian Longitudinal Study Growing older (CLSA) database.
Ninety seven /, a new half-wave prospective Elafibranor of 3.83 /, visible methanol threshold, and durability associated with 95.7% latest retention, superior to industrial Pt/C. The actual ORR procedure occurring about MoS2/rGO is often a standard four electron process. Therefore, this study accomplishes the style of a low-cost, extremely effective along with steady nonprecious material ORR electrocatalyst within alkaline media.In order to enhance the wettability as well as leaks in the structure associated with fossil fuel appears, the water injection effectiveness involving fossil fuel stitches must be increased, how much dirt age group should be decreased, as well as fossil fuel and also fuel temper tantrum have to be avoided, plus a surfactant can be used in order to modulate the actual coal surface area wettability. In this work, having fossil fuel examples via Pingdingshan my very own within Henan as the analysis item, their area chemistry was basically checked out and then coal floor design through surfactants ended up being checked out with a speak to position check. Your fossil fuel wettability ended up being ameliorated together with surfactants, especially using the One particular wt% non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, that elicited any 47% lower make contact with viewpoint than the organic coal. The top free of charge electricity of the fossil fuel test altered through A single.2 wt% Triton X-100 was improved coming from 44.Fifty-one minnesota m-1 in order to Forty nine.52 minnesota m-1. The microstructural characteristics of coal examples allowed leverage your Better design to develop 3 types of surfactant-coal adsorption designs in order to dissect the particular adsorption setting with the system. The final results suggest that this addition of surfactants boosts the two discussion of water using the fossil fuel and also the diffusion coefficient of water molecules, creating the coal surface area transformation coming from hydrophobicity for you to hydrophilicity. Our latest operate provides salutary guidance and research with regard to coal drinking water oncology department injection and mud elimination. Coronavirus condition 2019 (COVID-19) greatly affects cancers patients, specially those together with lung cancer. This study focused to distinguish probable substance objectives regarding respiratory adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients using COVID-19. LUAD trials were purchased from community listings. Differentially expressed body’s genes (DEGs) associated with COVID-19 ended up tested. Protein-protein friendships amongst COVID-19-related genetics, the traditional Chinese medicine (Chinese medicine) and also Chinese medicine goal genetics were examined simply by CytoScape. The correlation involving tumor microenvironment and also COVID-19 focus on body’s genes had been considered by simply Pearson link investigation. Without supervision consensus clustering ended up being performed in order to sort out molecular subtypes. Many of us filtered Twenty six COVID-19 focus on genetics linked to Tradtional chinese medicine regarding LUAD. Interleukin (IL)-17 signaling pathway and growth necrosis issue (TNF) signaling pathway ended up substantially filled with these 25 body’s genes. A solid connection was discovered between COVID-19 targeted genetics acute oncology along with growth microenvironment (TME), cellular death. Notably, interleukin-1beta (IL1B) was defined as a key gene from the protein-protein friendships (Insurance) network.
Disseminated by simply Ramaswamy They would. Sarma.Post-vaccination myocarditis soon after management of the NVX-CoV2373 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine has become documented in a limited inhabitants. All of us statement the initial biopsy-proven case of myopericarditis right after management of subsequent serving involving NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 vaccine (Novavax®) in South korea. A 30-year-old person ended up being described urgent situation office together with problems involving pain in the chest and mild febrile impression for two main days and nights. This individual obtained the next measure vaccine 18 days ago. Serious myopericarditis from the vaccine Phage Therapy and Biotechnology was diagnosed through heart failure endomyocardial biopsy. He ended up being treated with corticosteroid A single mg/kg/day for nights and also tapered for starters week. This individual successfully recovered and it was released antibiotic selection for the Twelfth day’s a hospital stay. The current scenario indicates serious myopericarditis being a vaccination complication by simply Novavax® inside Korea. Many of us targeted to evaluate the long-term progress along with neurodevelopmental outcomes of very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs, start fat < One particular,400 gary) born in between The year 2013, the actual institution with the Korean Neonatal System (KNN), and also 2018, both from 18-24 weeks associated with corrected age as well as 3 years old, utilizing a across the country big cohort, and also to consider whether or not these kinds of outcomes have improved upon as time passes since The year 2013. The general follow-up costs involving VLBWIs at follow-ups One particular and 2 were Seventy four.6% (Seven,512/10,065) along with Fifty seven.7% (Some,702/8,156), correspondingly. The complete fatality rate fee in between release in the neonatal rigorous attention device and follow-up A single has been 1% (104/10,065). The overFurther research is essential about the greater developments involving vocabulary wait along with vocabulary support although enhancing generator outcomes.Long-term link between VLBWIs concerning excess weight progress and cerebral palsy, the commonest engine disability in early childhood, get improved serially as outlined by period considering that 2013. Even so, the rate involving infants along with vocabulary waiting times necessitating vocabulary help has grown based on era. More research is required on the elevated selleck chemical trends of vocabulary postpone and also words assistance while increasing electric motor benefits. These studies directed to research the results regarding extensive rehabilitation administration on useful healing and look at the actual link involving clinical variables and improvements in functional outcomes within severe-to-critical inpatients together with coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19) in a tertiary hospital. Post-acute COVID-19 people who had a World Health Business (Whom) ordinal level regarding 5-7, have rigorous care, and gotten thorough rehab operations, including exercising packages, health support, dysphagia assessment, as well as mental treatment had been incorporated. The actual appendicular skeletal muscular mass catalog (SMI), Medical Research Local authority or council quantity report, handgrip power, quantity of reps within the 1-minute sit-to-stand test, running velocity, Berg Harmony Scale (BBS), and also Practical Ambulation Group (FAC) had been looked at from stay in hospital, release, along with 1-month follow-up. The link involving the rehabilitation dose and also improvement in each result evaluate was assessed.
Several regression analyses considering complex taste models were conducted to distinguish cellular world wide web employ aspects and also to analyze the actual moderating effects of disabiliary beneficiaries involving cellular services and also brand-new technology.Despite the fact that seniors the ones using handicaps are considered susceptible people regarding technological innovation ownership, disability results in a more robust association in between several factors and actual cellular internet use. Therefore, insurance plan designers and also experts need to focus on seniors together with ailments to deliver appropriate information-literacy education. Older adults along with ailments could possibly be the principal recipients regarding cell providers as well as fresh engineering. Digital camera wellness refers to the proper utilization of engineering pertaining to enhancing the health insurance well-being of people along with improving the care of people from the wise running associated with medical and anatomical information. Regardless of growing curiosity about well-being in healthcare and also engineering, there’s no crystal clear idea of exactly what constitutes well-being, which ends up in anxiety within the best way to develop well-being via electronic digital wellbeing. So that you can make clear this specific doubt, Brey created construction to determine difficulties throughout technological innovation Chinese medical formula pertaining to well-being while using the subsequent several types epistemological dilemma, scope difficulty, standards issue, and aggregation dilemma. This particular organized scoping evaluation aims to get insights directly into how you can define as well as handle well-being in electronic digital well being. All of us adopted the actual PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Canceling Products for Methodical Evaluations and Meta-Analyses off shoot oncologic outcome regarding Scoping Evaluations) record. Documents ended up identified from Six sources along with included when they dealt with the structure or even look at didigital wellbeing for well-being. Key differences occur between the design along with evaluation of digital camera well being, particularly regarding their conceptualization of well-being and the types of consumers examined. Additionally, we all found that present strategies for designing and also analyzing electronic well being may be enhanced. With regard to best digital health Atglistatin purchase with regard to well-being, multidisciplinary collaborations which proceed past the common dichotomy involving style and also analysis are needed. Cell wellbeing (mHealth) programs concentrating on wellness habits employing behavior change strategies (BCTs) happen to be successful to advertise healthy habits; nonetheless, their particular effectiveness along with sleep will be cloudy. Several work indicates achievement in advertising rest by way of mHealth, although there have been reviews that snooze programs might be adverse and also result in unhealthy obsessions using achieving perfect snooze.
Through the using benefits it should be noted that this mobility of find components deemed in, garbage as well as mortars, satisfy the inert dump HIV-infected adolescents restrictions, except While, Mo, Opleve or Senate bill within the leachates geopolymer mortars. Even so, the results obtained from the two bioassays demonstrate lower environmental acceptability for those mortars containing covering sand, almost certainly because of the degradation from the organic make any difference followed the covers. Alternatively, cement mortars get better outcomes than geopolymer mortars, regardless of aggregate employed, demonstrating selected uniformity using the draining behavior, because they found the lowest freedom of trace compound components. For that reason, the results assisting environmentally friendly acceptability of the company’s nucleus mechanobiology prospective utilize as option resources within the manufacture of ARs.Increasing the adsorption potential associated with split twice hydroxide (LDH) continues to be thought to be a good technique to market it’s photodegradation of aqueous pollution. With this operate, nickel-aluminium daily double hydroxides (NiAl-LDH)/biochar nanocomposites ended up well prepared utilizing a easy coprecipitation strategy, and then used in synergistic adsorption-photodegradation involving tetracycline (Thread count) throughout aqueous solutions. Additionally, your ruling Thread count removal mechanisms through the nanocomposites had been uncovered. All NiAl-LDH/BC samples revealed powerful adsorption and also photodegradation regarding Thread count. Your Langmuir optimum TC adsorption ability regarding seo’ed NiAl-LDH/BC-0.Five reached 124.2 mg/g, which has been much better than that of NiAl-LDH (Fifty six.A single mg/g) as well as biochar (11.One particular mg/g). Apart from, Thread count photodegradation fee continuous regarding NiAl/BC-0.Your five ended up being Three or more.6 as well as Some.4x of this of NiAl-LDH and B . c ., correspondingly selleck chemicals llc . The particular NiAl/BC-0.Five displayed the most TC adsorption-photodegradation performance Ninety four.4% within Three months minute in comparison to NiAl-LDH (Seventy three.7%) along with B . c . (Forty eight.2%). The rate regular associated with changed Elovich kinetic design for hand in hand adsorption as well as photodegradation about NiAl/BC-0.Your five (Nine.477 min-1) had been the best one of the compounds. Your NiAl-LDH/BC had drastically bigger Gamble surface regions when compared with NiAl-LDH along with Bc. Your stage plan (S-scheme) heterostructures had been built around the program of British columbia and also NiAl-LDH inside nanocomposites, that caused the actual transfer of photo-induced charges. The job demonstrates that mix of NiAl-LDH and biochar can cause synergy with regard to TC adsorption-photodegradation, which is a guaranteeing as well as eco-friendly technique. Gestational anemia is a side-effect of pregnancy, along with a low level of hemoglobin (Hb) has been related to undesirable pregnancy outcomes. Prior studies reported that will PFASs have been a lot more clearly connected with Hb when compared with reddish bloodstream tissues, suggesting that Hb is more prone to the consequence of PFASs. Even so, the actual proofs about the effects of per- along with polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in gestational anaemia are restricted. Consequently, you will need to discover the end results involving PFASs in anemia in Chinese expectant women.
This study focused to discover the long-term a higher level pain right after surgical procedures of a single or maybe more pointing to rib fracture nonunions. Supplementary aspires were to assess the incidence of negative activities, fulfillment, and task resumption. The ultimate goal ended up being to appraise the connection among soreness as well as the presence of linking callus in the nonunified break. Hypothesized was which thoracic discomfort would decline right after surgical treatment. This retrospective situation sequence integrated grownups whom underwent surgery for any characteristic rib break nonunion via 3 private hospitals. Characteristic nonunion has been thought as prolonged discomfort linked to nonbridging callus regarding ≥1 rib breaks on the chest muscles CT check out at ≥3months following the first damage. Patients finished surveys regarding discomfort, fulfillment, and activity resumption ≥3months postoperatively. 49-62) many 169 serious rib breaks have been provided. Nonunion took place Ninety-eight (58%) bone injuries which 70 (71%) ended up taken care of operatively. After a typical associated with 11months (S 7-21), 13 (36%) people described extreme ache, as opposed to 26 (72%) preoperatively. Individuals whom went through intercostal neurectomy as well as neurolysis as well as operative stabilization less often described ache decrease. Twenty-six (72%) got postoperative problems, for which A dozen (33%) have added surgical treatment, mostly regarding prolonged soreness. Most (n = 27; 75%) has been satisfied with their particular functional healing. Associated with patients who had paid operate pre-trauma, 65% experienced started again working. Most sufferers documented significantly less pain and much better everyday operating after medical leveling associated with systematic rib crack nonunions, despite the fact that causality can’t be confirmed with this retrospective circumstance series. Added intercostal neurological treatment had not been linked to remedy. Despite surgery-related problems staying typical, affected person Cutimed® Sorbact® fulfillment was large. Stage V. Healing.Healing. Although whole-body computed tomography is surely an set up analysis means for the work up of polytraumatized people, the particular methods utilised change involving trauma centers. This research aimed that compares check out period and also projected light of a couple of standards. Secondary aim was to assess if while using revised CT method diminished the volume of further images of top of the arms and legs. A couple of teams of consecutive injury individuals GSK621 in vitro , which in turn the two acquired a whole-body CT, have been reviewed. Individuals, who acquired a new three-phased CT during which his or her biceps and triceps needed to be repositioned from their aspect to be able to above the head, ended up assigned to group Any. These, who obtained the CT with their biceps added to a cushion ventral towards the abdomen during the entire total check were allotted to group W. Approximated the radiation serving, have a look at period, amount of top arm or leg accidents and also amount of Genetic inducible fate mapping additional images of top of the braches inside 24h soon after first CT were examined.
The control cohort ended up being understood to be those that have specifically CTCs positive. CTCs ended up ripe and recognized Disinfection byproduct from the CanPatrol™ method (SurExam, The far east). The particular Kaplan-Meier necessities was used to compare your progressive-free success (PFS) along with overall success (Operating-system) among two groupings. Your COX regression product was adopted to gauge the actual predictive value of CTC-WBC groups. Sixty a few sufferers introduced CTC-WBC groupings optimistic (CTC-WBC team) as well as 266 people confirmed solely CTCs (CTC party). The volume of CTCs was drastically distinct in between a pair of teams (P < 0.001) along with the all medical features just weren’t significantly for this presence of CTC-WBC groups. Kaplan-Meier shapes associated with PFS along with OS showed that this CTC-WBC group had substantially reduced PFS (P = 0.011), although it is not pertaining to Operating-system. The multivariate style further proposed the CTC-WBC groupings (Hazard Ratio = 1.Fifth thererrrs 89, 95% Self confidence Period of time A single.02-3.Fifty-one, P = 0.042) has been a completely independent predictor for your PFS involving in post-operation CRC people. The actual CTC-WBC group Medical technological developments is significantly linked to repeat right after functioning inside CRC patients. This finding allows for your look at this kind of signal inside cancer advancement.Your CTC-WBC bunch is significantly associated with recurrence soon after procedure within CRC people. This particular discovering facilitates the look at this specific indicator throughout tumor further advancement. Multiple vaccinations have been examined throughout many studies because of their effectiveness and security. Inside Saudi Arabic, Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna had been accredited for children, nonetheless, earlier research in order to report his or her safety user profile are restricted. This research seeks to understand the side aftereffect of kids vaccine versus SARS-CoV-2 disease in Saudi Arabic. This was an observational retrospective cross-sectional review had been performed utilizing an online survey throughout Saudi Persia from 03 to May possibly 2022. Your introduction standards ended up mothers and fathers aged 18years and also previously mentioned who reside in Saudi Persia and still have immunized their children. The actual self-reported customer survey was adopted from posted reports to look into the study goals Illustrative data PCNA-I1 were utilized to explain patients’ demographic features, steady info had been noted since mean ± S.Deb., categorical info have been documented as quotients (frequencies), along with logistic regression was applied to spot predictors associated with chronic post-COVID-19 signs. This research a overall of four,069 members. 18.1%, and also Tough luck.2%, correspondingly. It appears that the inside outcomes of the COVID-19 vaccine for children are usually minor, endurable, as well as such as those explained earlier in numerous studies. Our data ought to encourage the community regarding the safety involving getting the COVID-19 vaccine for the children.It seems that along side it results of the COVID-19 vaccine for youngsters are minimal, tolerable, and also such as people described in the past throughout numerous studies.
Losing and/or dysregulation of countless cell and mitochondrial antioxidants’ expression or enzymatic activity, which results in the particular aberrant bodily aim of Pathogens infection these kinds of proteins, can lead to oxidative harm to cellular macromolecules. In this connection, it is often surmised that this dysfunction regarding mitochondrial systems responsible for preserving typical metabolism is surely an established trademark associated with cancer malignancy plus a book device regarding treatments resistance. This specific changed metabolic rate leads to aberrant build up of reactive air varieties (ROS), which in turn, under certain physiological problems, results in a probable tumor-permissive cellular setting. In this regard, it can be becoming more and more obvious that this reduction or perhaps trouble regarding mitochondrial oxidant scavenging digestive enzymes might be, inside specific malignancies, sometimes an early on function inside change for better or demonstrate tumor-promoting components. An example of these a great anti-oxidant enzyme is manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, also referred to as SOD2), which in turn detoxes superoxide, a new ROS that is revealed, while their standard biological quantities are usually upset, to enjoy to oncogenicity as well as treatment weight. Below, we’ll furthermore discuss how a acetylation involving MnSOD leads to a alteration of cleansing purpose that leads with a cell environment permissive to add mass to lineage plasticity-like attributes which may be one particular mechanism ultimately causing tumorigenic as well as therapy-resistant phenotypes.Melatonin is a multiple-function compound which was first identified within creatures and then inside crops. Plant melatonin regulates functional processes involved with place development, including seeds germination, root structure, its heyday time, foliage senescence, fruit ripening, and biomass generation. Printed reviews on plant melatonin are already dedicated to 2 design plants (A single) Arabidopsis and also (A couple of) almond, when the natural melatonin contents may be lower. Efforts for you to incorporate the function and also the device involving plant melatonin also to determine how grow melatonin positive aspects man wellness may also be deficient. Barley can be a unique cereals plant used for foodstuff, give food to, and malt. With this study, a bioinformatics analysis to spot the actual body’s genes required for barley melatonin biosynthesis was performed, and the consequences of exogenous melatonin in barley development and growth were evaluated. 3 integrated components of melatonin on grow cellular material put together (One particular GSK3368715 purchase ) in the role of a good antioxidising, (A couple of) modulating seed endocrine crosstalk, as well as (Three or more) signaling via a putative grow melatonin receptor. Dependable processes for characterizing the part regarding barley melatonin biosynthetic genes also to modulate the melatonin contents inside barley grains are talked about. The actual papers should be great for the advancement associated with barley production beneath aggressive situations as well as the reduction of way to kill pests along with fungicide usage throughout barley farming. These studies can also be good for Biomass digestibility your improvement from the healthy beliefs and also health-related functions involving barley from the food industry. | <urn:uuid:90991df7-dd22-4f32-9ffb-b9c08c4b8e31> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://thz1inhibitor.com/2023/08/ | 2024-12-03T01:19:21Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066131052.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203010947-20241203040947-00576.warc.gz | en | 0.947679 | 7,055 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Renewables were experiencing their heyday a few years ago. Low interest rates have brought down the cost of clean power, which is costly to install but runs on free energy from the sun and wind. As manufacturers increased their scale and technologies advanced, the cost of wind turbines and solar panels decreased. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), which takes into account capital and operating expenses per unit of energy, decreased by 87%, 64%, and 55% for onshore wind, offshore wind, and solar energy, respectively, between 2010 and 2020 as a result of these advancements.
Big corporate power users immediately purchased clean energy from developers as it became competitive with dirty alternatives. Bettors on infrastructure, like Brookfield and Macquarie, placed significant bets on renewable energy. BP and other fossil fuel companies also did. Projects received funding from utilities like NextEra and AES in America and EDP and Iberdrola in Europe. From 3% in 2015 to 6% in 2019, the average returns on capital employed by developers increased, approaching the level of less volatile oil and gas extraction. The outlook for the sector was so promising that NextEra briefly overtook ExxonMobil, the largest oil company in the United States, in terms of market value in October 2020, making it the most valuable energy company in the country.
These prospects appear much less promising today. Over the last two years, growing interest rates, supply-chain bottlenecks, permit delays, and Western governments’ increasingly protectionist inclinations have all hurt the economics of renewable energy. What was once a “green premium” in stocks is now a “green discount.” Over the last 12 months, the global stock markets have increased by 11%, but the industry’s performance is tracked by the SandP Global Clean-Energy index, which has decreased by 32%. More than a third of AES’ value has been lost. The value of NextEra is about one-third that of ExxonMobil, which has benefited from a rise in oil prices. Wind turbine producers went from being roughly profitable to losing money. That is an issue for all parties involved, not just the shareholders of the renewable energy companies.
As part of their decarbonisation efforts, 118 countries committed to increasing their combined renewable-energy capacity to 11,000 gigawatts (gw) by 2030, up from 3,400gw last year, at the annual UN climate summit being held in Dubai on December 2. That will mean adding about 1,000 gw annually, which is three times what was accomplished globally last year. Renewables need to once again appear like a viable business venture for this to occur. The current issues facing the industry are the product of several interrelated factors. Increasing supply chain costs is one issue. Thanks to increased demand, the cost of polysilicon, a crucial component of solar panels, skyrocketed from $10 per kilogramme in 2020 to as much as $35 in 2022.
The price of wind turbines has also skyrocketed. Steel is a crucial input that both countries produce in large quantities, and its price increased as a result of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. Furthermore, to produce longer and more potent blades, their creators have ventured into a previously uncharted technological territory, testing materials other than fibreglass, such as carbon-fibre composites. The average tower today stands close to 100 metres tall to harness stronger winds at higher altitudes. A 260-metre offshore wind turbine, not much shorter than the Eiffel Tower, was unveiled by Ge in 2018. Vendors of the roughly 8,000 parts that make up a wind turbine have had difficulty keeping up. Football field-sized parts are too big for lorries and ships to handle.
All of this has resulted in production failures and delays for wind turbines. An Iowa wind turbine manufactured by Vestas, a Danish company, caught fire in October. At approximately the same moment, a German geothermal turbine broke and landed in a field. Manufacturers are required to cover the costs of such incidents under warranty provisions in sales contracts. Such warranties cost Vestas €1 billion ($1 point 1 billion) in the last 12 months. Siemens Gamesa’s quality issues, such as creases in its blades, caused its parent company, Siemens Energy, to incur €4.6 billion in operating losses annually. The German government gave the parents a loan guarantee on November 14th to help them avoid a crisis.
Can green stay out of the red?
Equipment manufacturers have been increasing their prices in an attempt to stop the bleeding. Western ones currently charge five per cent more than they did at the end of 2020, per data provider SandP Global. According to research firm Bloombergnef, these price increases along with rising interest rates have caused the LCOE for US offshore wind projects to increase by 50% over the last two years. This is even after accounting for the subsidies included in President Joe Biden’s massive climate law, the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA). Developers stuck with unprofitable projects are those who lock in electricity prices with customers before locking in costs.
According to BloombergNEF, for half of the offshore wind capacity being built in the United States, contracts have either been cancelled or renegotiated. The largest offshore wind developer in the world, Orsted, a Danish company, took a $4 billion writedown in October after scrapping two sizable projects off the coast of New Jersey. There were no bids in Britain’s September government auction for offshore wind power to be supplied to the grid at a maximum guaranteed price of £44 ($56) per megawatt-hour (MWh).
Supervisors of renewables also complain about bureaucratic hold-ups. Approval for a solar farm takes an average of four years in America, while approval for an onshore wind farm takes six. The majority of the violations adhere to an EU regulation that states approval periods for renewable projects within the bloc cannot be longer than two years. New transmission lines are frequently required for solar and wind farms because they often generate less energy than conventional power plants and are being built in more remote locations due to the availability of easy-to-connect sites being taken.
These also require approval. The line for renewable energy connections in America is 2,000 GW long and still growing. Growing green protectionism exacerbates all of this. With high anti-dumping duties and the Uyghur Forced Labour Prevention Act of 2021, which prevents American developers from importing polysilicon-containing modules from the Xinjiang region—the source of half of the world’s supply—America has effectively shut out Chinese solar manufacturers. According to consulting firm Wood Mackenzie, the cost of solar modules is more than twice as high in the US as it is overseas as a result of these regulations. These prices might go up even more.
The Department of Commerce discovered in August that certain Southeast Asian suppliers were only repackaging Chinese goods; as a result, they would likewise be subject to the same anti-dumping duties starting in the middle of the following year. The domestic content requirements of the IRA are being used by the Biden administration to entice production domestically. The largest module manufacturer in the United States, First Solar, plans to increase domestic production capacity from 6 GW this year to 14 GW by 2026. However, that is minuscule compared to what America will require to achieve its decarbonisation objectives. Furthermore, it won’t significantly reduce industry-wide prices.
Europe’s signals are conflicting. Previous anti-dumping duties imposed by the EU on Chinese solar panels have been lifted. However, the Net Zero Industry Act, which will impose minimum domestic content requirements for contracts involving public renewable energy, was passed by the European Parliament on November 22. The European Commission is also considering looking into China’s subsidies for its turbine producers, who sell their equipment domestically for 70% less than their international competitors. Chinese companies are beginning to make headway outside of their own country. The chief executive of EDP, Miguel Stilwell d’Andrade, has observed that they are now bidding on projects more frequently all over the world.
Trade restrictions will do more than just keep out low-cost wind and solar energy systems from China. They will have an impact on parts availability as well. To save expenses, Siemens Gamesa intends to outsource a larger portion of its supply chain. Since China produces the majority of turbines, Western manufacturers already buy nacelles, towers, and other parts from them. According to the Department of Energy, America will need to import the majority of components for offshore wind projects to meet its 2030 targets.
As the world rushes to deploy more renewable power, supply shortages are likely to occur. Regulations about local content and tariffs may exacerbate the issue. There’s not much evidence that the protective mindset is changing. However, the sector is at least beginning to address some of the more pressing issues. Polysilicon prices have decreased, and production capacity is growing throughout the solar supply chain. With increased financial and technological discipline, as well as a decline in commodity prices, it looks like Western turbine manufacturers are also making a turnaround. Henrik Andersen, CEO of Vestas, says the industry is beginning to realise that “bigger is not always better” when it comes to turbines. The Danish company announced on November 8th that it turned a profit in the third quarter.
Developers have the ability to increase their prices without causing a decrease in demand. Recent data from energy marketplace LevelTen Energy reveals that prices for solar and wind power that American developers receive through power-purchase agreements have increased by almost 60% within the last two years.
According to AES CEO Andres Gluski, the company is expected to commission over twice as much renewable energy capacity this year as it did in 2022 and the returns are holding steady.
Britain will increase the maximum price per megawatt-hour from £44 to £73 in the offshore wind auction held next year. Germany has also been increasing the maximum prices for auctions of solar and wind power.
During an interaction with The Economist, Mark Dooley of Macquarie said, “No one enjoys seeing prices go up, but they are accepting it. If approval rules are not relaxed and protectionism goes unchecked, a lot more acceptance will be necessary.”
Meanwhile, Amazon recently revealed that over one gigawatt of clean energy capacity has been added to European grids through the addition of 39 new renewable energy projects thus far this year. More than 160 wind and solar projects in 13 European countries have been made possible by Amazon to date. After all projects are up and running, 50.8 gigawatts of clean energy capacity—enough energy to power over 40.7 million households annually in Europe—are anticipated to be produced. | <urn:uuid:93e31510-b08d-4cc1-83f2-a8a98811029d> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://internationalfinance.com/magazine/energy-magazine/green-dreams-to-red-realities-renewable-woes/ | 2024-12-14T20:35:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125982.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214181735-20241214211735-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.966199 | 2,230 | 2.5625 | 3 |
OSI and TCP IP Models
OSI and TCP/IP Models are known by networking students but what are these?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, is a collection of communication protocols that networking hardware can use to connect to the Internet. On the other hand, a theoretical framework called the Open Systems Interconnection Model, or OSI Model can be used to describe how a network works.
In this post, we’ll give you a tabular comparison of the OSI and TCP/IP models that will be useful for exams that test your computer literacy. But first, let’s look at the history of the OSI and TCP/IP models.
History of OSI Model
The ISO made an effort to provide comprehensive communications systems and techniques in the late 1970s. With the help of an Advanced Packet Switched computer system in the United Kingdom, the need for arranging higher-stage protocols was discovered in 1973. The OSI version’s original goal in 1983 was to provide an accurate representation of real connectors.
The OSI architecture was initially recognized as a major protocol in 1984 by the ISO. To study in detail about what is OSI Model and the 7 layers OSI Model click on What are the 7 layers of the OSI model- A Complete Guide.
History of TCP/IP Model
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, two DARPA scientists who are frequently referred to as the “fathers of the Internet,” created the TCP/IP protocol suite in the 1970s, which is the most widely used network protocol in the entire world.
The TCP/IP model changed as defined in a paper titled “A Protocol for Packet community Interconnection” in 1974. Through 1978, this language had surpassed through attempting out and persisted improvement, ensuing within the TCP/IP protocol suite.
The decision to switch NCP from ARPAnet’s standard language to TCP/IP was made in 1982.
TCP/IP replaced ARPAnet on January 1, 1983, and ARPAnet was shut down in 1990.
Seeing that then, the ARPAnet has given way to the net, and TCP/IP has evolved to keep up with the net’s changing desires.
To know in detail about TCP/IP model click on
Difference between OSI and TCP IP Model
Here are some important points of OSI and TCP/IP models:
Difference Point | OSI Model | TCP/IP Model |
Developed By: | It was created by International Standard Organization. | It is being created by Advanced Research Project Agency Network. |
Structure | It is a structured version that examines how a community operates. | It’s far a fashionable-based communication protocol that permits network connections among hosts. |
Layers | There are seven layers in total. | There are four levels in it. |
Connection-Oriented | In the OSI model, the transport layer just examines connections. | A layer that is both connection-oriented and connectionless is included in the TCP/IP paradigm. |
Data & Physical Layer | The physical layer and information connection layer are two awesome layers in the OSI version. | The host-to-community layer in TCP combines the bodily and records link tiers right into a single layer. |
Packets Delivery | The transport layer inside the OSI version ensures packet transport. | The transport layer within the TCP/IP paradigm no longer makes sure of packet transport. Still, the TCP/IP approach is more durable. |
Well Documented | The OSI Model is more well-documented than TCP/IP model. | The TCP/IP model is less documented. |
Session & Presentation Layer | The OSI version includes presentation and session layers. | The TCP version lacks a communication and presentation layer. |
Technology dependent | Within the OSI model, protocols are extra thoroughly documented and are easy to update as technology adjustments. | Not like in the TCP/IP architecture, in which protocols may be with no trouble switched. |
Boundaries | OSI has rigid limitations. | The TCP/IP version no longer has inflexible boundaries. |
Size of Header | At least 5 bytes should make up the OSI header. | At least 20 bytes must make up a header. |
Approach | OSI adopts a vertical method. | TCP/IP adopts a horizontal approach. |
Distinction | Interfaces, services, and protocols are wonderful according to the OSI paradigm. | TCP/IP does not do a good job of describing the differences between services, interfaces, and protocols. |
Protocol Dependent | It is dependent on the protocol. | It does not depend on protocol. |
What are the Advantages of the OSI Model?
The advantages of the OSI model are as follows:
Generic Model: A broad variety of device makers embrace it since it is a generic model that serves as a tool for developing any network model. Most computer networks employ the OSI model as a standard paradigm.
Layered model: It has multiple layers. Modifications to one layer have no impact on changes to other layers as long as the interfaces between the layers don’t change significantly.
Troubleshooting: The isolation of one layer from the others in the OSI model simplifies troubleshooting. By examining each layer, the network administrator could more quickly and accurately pinpoint any failure. The analysis of the complete network saves time in this situation.
Facility: The following can be facilitated by the OSI model;
- Creation of components
- The idea of modularity
- Network architecture
- Network troubleshooting
Simple Functions: Subdivide a complex function into simpler components.
Layer Recognition: Each layer of the OSI model is assigned services, protocols, and interfaces. The responsibilities in each layer can be distinguished from one another, though, using the OSI model. All hardware that makes use of the OSI model will therefore be able to support one another.
Versatility: The OSI paradigm is flexible and may be implemented to each connection-orientated and connectionless offering. Connection-oriented offerings are probably utilized in instances whilst reliability needs to be upheld. In evaluation, if statistics transfer speed is a situation, connectionless services are the best choice.
If you want to study in detail about Networking protocols to get deeper knowledge in the Networking field click on
What are the Disadvantages of the OSI Model?
There are the following disadvantages of the OSI model:
Model in Theory: In some cases, it could be challenging if the right technology is not readily available in the OSI theory model.
Restricted Application: The OSI places limitations on its actual application.
Slow: The original OSI model implementation is slow.
Costly: The initial implementation of the OSI paradigm is costly.
Interdependence: The OSI layers are interdependent with one another. OSI layers cannot operate concurrently. The data from the previous layer must be waited for by the subsequent layers. For instance, the presentation layer must wait to receive the data from the session layer before sending it to the application layer, and so on.
Duplication: Some services, such as the transport layer, are repeated throughout multiple tiers in the OSI network layer model.
What are the Advantages of the TCP/IP Model?
There are the following advantages of TCP/IP Protocol:
Deployment: It is an industry-preferred paradigm that may be successfully carried out to real-international networking troubles.
Communication: Because it is interoperable, heterogeneous networks can communicate across platforms.
Scalability: This design is scalable and has an excessive client-server ratio. This enables the addition of networks without impacting the current selection.
Identity: It offers each computer in the community an IP deal with, permitting the community-huge identity of each tool. It assigns a site name to every website. It provides name and address resolution services.
Data Delivery Sequence: The TCP protocol employs sequence numbers that are particular to each packet and is connection-oriented. As a result, it ensures that data is sent in a timely manner without being duplicated. Routers treat TCP packets differently after they have been read.
Control Mechanism: It employs flow control, error control, and congestion control procedures as its control mechanisms.
Throughput: TCP offers a comparatively better throughput when utilized on a LAN or modem.
Independence: It runs without relying on the operating system.
Internetworking: It makes it possible for organizations to communicate online.
What are the Disadvantages of the TCP/IP Model?
The TCP/IP model has the following drawbacks:
Model complexity: TCP/IP requires a lot of setup and management effort.
Replacement of Protocols: It is difficult to replace a protocol in TCP/IP.
The services, interfaces, and protocols that it employs are not clearly separated from one another.
Protocol misrepresentation: It isn’t a generic protocol. As an end result, it could best it should represent the TCP/IP suite of protocols. It cannot, for example, define a Bluetooth connection.
Lack of Layer Segregation: In spite of the physical and records hyperlink layers having quite distinctive functionalities, they’re no longer separated. The transmission of frames ought to be dealt with through the statistics hyperlink layer. On the other side, the physical layer must choose the transmission’s physical specs. A decent model should be able to distinguish between the two levels.
Small networks like LAN (local area network) and PAN are not optimized for it (personal area network).
Which model—the OSI or the TCP/IP model—is superior?
The conclusion that follows is that every paradigm has distinct strengths and downsides. The OSI paradigm should be chosen over the TCP/IP version if adequate documentation, specification, and modularization are your primary objectives. Although deployment, stability, and public security are your top considerations, the TCP/IP framework must be chosen above the OSI version.
The TCP/IP model is a hard and fast communication protocol that allows the connection of community gadgets to the net. However, the OSI version provides a theoretical framework that may be applied to explain how a network functions
Manufacturers of networking hardware and networking software benefit from the OSI model because it makes hardware and software interoperable with items from any other vendor to enable open interoperability. It also specifies the components of the network that their products should support.
Because it is standardized compared to competing for networking protocol suites like IPX/SPX and Appletalk, TCP/IP is utilized extensively. Another factor contributing to the widespread use of TCP/IP is the World Wide Web. Within the scope of the Internet protocol family, HTTP is an application layer protocol.
The OSI model is newer than the TCP/IP paradigm, which is frequently used in the network representation. | <urn:uuid:a658d23a-c258-417c-9b0a-c44231b5f960> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://techironed.com/difference-between-osi-and-tcp-ip-models/ | 2024-12-13T09:01:00Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116599.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213074100-20241213104100-00891.warc.gz | en | 0.912978 | 2,281 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Whether we’re shielding our skin from the sun or protecting it from the aging effects of gravity, sometimes it feels like our complexion is under attack from all sides. And with the increasing adoption of new technology, we can add one more aggressor to the list: blue light. This type of light comes at us from multiple sources - not only does blue light come from the sun but also the screen of your cell phone, computer, flat-screen TV and the majority of light bulbs. In short, our skin is exposed to a potential source of damage for a large part of your day, every day. Here’s all the information you need about whether blue light is harmful and what you can do about it.
Blue light is simply light on the blue end of the visible light spectrum, falling within the wavelength of 400 to 450 nanometers. This is a short wavelength which has a higher energy output and unfortunately, can cause greater damage. As already mentioned, blue light is not only found in sunlight but just as importantly, it also emits from the electronic devices now integrated into most people’s daily lives. According to Eminence Organics International Trainer Brian Goodwin, we are “typically exposed to blue light for about six hours a day between your cellphone and computer screen.” With the long, daily duration of exposure and the high potential for damage, blue light could be the next enemy number one for our skin health.
Blue light first started receiving a bad rap when people noticed its link to poor sleep. Late night hours in bed scrolling through your phone resulted in restless nights, and scientists soon discovered why. According to Harvard Health, blue light at night suppresses the secretion of melatonin, the hormone that affects the circadian rhythms that schedule your sleep / wake cycle. With a sleep cycle out of whack, many people don’t get enough sleep, leaving them open to health problems like depression, diabetes and cardiovascular problems.
A restful night is not the only thing at risk. Blue light exposure to the eyes was one of the other potential problems that professionals first pinpointed. Health magazine tells us that the cornea and lens don’t filter out blue light so it goes right to the back of the eye. And a University of Toledo study discovered that blue light “transforms vital molecules in the eye’s retina into cell killers which damage the retina,” resulting in conditions like macular degeneration. Although experiments were only conducted in a lab setting and not on eyes, the potential for harm to eyes from blue light appears problematic.
With blue light making waves in the area of sleep and eye health, it’s no surprise that potentially harmful effects have been discovered for skin health as well. Unlike other environmental stressors for the skin - like sunlight and UV rays - there’s no heat, no burn. However, don’t let the lack of immediate effects fool you. Dr. Shari Marchbein, a dermatologist and clinical assistant professor at New York University, tells Allure magazine: “Visible light, especially in the blue wavelength, has become a hot topic in skin care, as there is mounting evidence that supports its contribution to photo-aging, including wrinkles, worsening skin laxity, and hyperpigmentation.”
Visible light, especially in the blue wavelength, has become a hot topic in skin care, as there is mounting evidence that supports its contribution to photo-aging, including wrinkles, worsening skin laxity, and hyperpigmentation.
Academic researchers like the Journal of Investigative Dermatology found in 2010 that exposing skin to the blue light we receive from the sun caused more pigment, redness and swelling than when the same person’s skin was exposed to similar levels of UVA rays. Supporting this is another study published in Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, which concluded that exposure to blue light could stimulate the production of free radicals in skin, a major cause of premature visible signs of aging.
So, if we know that blue light is a danger to our skin, how does it actually cause harm and what are the effects? When blue light stresses the skin, it reacts by producing inflammation, leading to swelling and redness. Also, free radicals are produced which harm the skin by damaging the DNA and resulting in weakened collagen and elastin. With compromised collagen and elastin, the skin becomes uneven and forms lines and wrinkles. Free radical damage also causes hyperpigmentation, leading to more signs of aging like dark spots. In summary, Brian outlines our body’s alarming reaction to blue light: “The skin responds by immediately protecting itself with inflammation which gives signs of swelling and redness … This sets off a chain of other events that presents symptoms in the skin such as hyperpigmentation and a quicker breakdown of collagen and elastin.”
Counteracting the potential harm that blue light can wreak on our skin health, researchers are turning to botanical solutions like cocoa seed extract. Skin care experts have discovered that this extract is one of the best ingredients for shielding the skin from blue light damage because it helps block the skin's blue light receptor cells. A decrease in activity in these blue light receptors lowers free radical damage and boosts collagen and elastin production in the skin. Another bonus? Cocoa seed extract is packed with antioxidants, which also help neutralize free radicals.
Part of our Lilikoi Mineral Defense Collection, the Lilikoi Light Defense Face Primer SPF 23 - formulated with cocoa seed extract - is an ideal step for improving the look of skin suffering from blue light stress as well as protecting the skin from sun damage. Adding this lightweight primer to your daily routine defends your skin from all angles - it protects against UV rays with mineral SPF, helps counteract the downsides of technology use and minimizes the appearance of damage from free radicals.
Not only does this mineral primer help with the appearance of a complexion exposed to blue light, it also adds subtle illuminating properties with a no-white cast finish, so the skin looks healthy and radiant. For full protection, layer this primer after applying our Lilikoi Mineral Defense Moisturizer SPF 33 and use in addition to our Lilikoi Mineral Defense Sport Sunscreen SPF 30. Find out more about Lilikoi Light Defense Face Primer SPF 23 and blue light stress at your nearest Eminence Organics partner spa.
What do you find most alarming about blue light? Let us know in the comments below or share with us on social media.
Aging is inevitable. As we get older, our bodies’ natural aging processes kick in, causing the skin to sag and fine lines and wrinkles to set in. It’s a fact of life. But, did you know that time only accounts for 10% of skin changes? The remaining 90% is caused by external influences that accelerate the aging process. Read on to learn about three sources of environmental aging and how you can protect your skin from damage.
Skin aging is caused by two distinct processes: intrinsic and extrinsic aging.
Intrinsic aging is the natural and continual aging process by which cellular and biological functions slow. Over time, the skin’s strong, fibrous and elastic matrix begins to weaken, inhibiting skin cell turnover and contributing to hyaluronic acid, elastin and collagen depletion. As these essential materials diminish, the skin loses the strength and resilience associated with a healthy and youthful complexion.
While intrinsic aging is unavoidable, extrinsic aging is more easily preventable. It is caused by a set of external factors that accelerate the aging process, including lifestyle choices like smoking, alcohol consumption and lack of exercise, as well as environmental stressors like pollution, blue light radiation and UV exposure. These sources expose the skin to free radicals and oxidative stress which damage its structural proteins and cause it to age prematurely.
There are three main environmental factors that contribute to premature skin aging: pollution, blue light and UV exposure. Here is a closer look at each one.
One of the major threats to healthy and youthful skin is air pollution. Urban living puts us in direct contact with particulate matter (PM), a complex mixture of harmful contaminants that wreak havoc on our complexions. Evidence increasingly shows a connection between long-term PM exposure and premature aging; in fact, studies have shown that a greater degree of PM exposure is associated with a larger number of dark spots and more pronounced nasolabial folds (smile lines).
How does this happen? Well, these minute particles expose the skin to free radicals that actively break down hyaluronic acid, collagen and elastin. When these become weakened, they lose the ability to keep skin hydrated, firm and elastic. Without a strong and secure structure, skin loses its density and bounce; it begins to loosen and sag and deep lines and wrinkles start to set in.
With the increasing adoption of new technology, blue light has become another factor to consider in skin aging. Blue light emits from many sources, including the sun, our cellphones, computers, TVs and even lightbulbs. According to Eminence Organics International Trainer Brian Goodwin, we are typically exposed to blue light for six hours a day; over time, this daily exposure compounds and poses a serious threat to skin health.
Blue light’s short wavelength is associated with higher energy output and a greater potential for damage. In 2010, research by the Journal of Investigative Dermatology found more pigment, redness and swelling in skin exposed to blue light from the sun than skin exposed to similar levels of UVA rays. In addition to triggering inflammation and redness, blue light stimulates the production of free radicals (which we know are major culprits of premature skin aging).
Sun exposure plays perhaps the biggest role in aging our complexions. The sun has several different types of rays (including blue light) but those that cause the most concern are UVA and UVB rays. UVA rays penetrate deep into the skin’s layers, exposing otherwise healthy skin to damaging free radicals. Eminence Organics President Boldijarre Koronczay tells us:
UVA rays are the #1 cause of aging. They destroy collagen, contribute to a lack of elasticity and tone and cause thicker looking skin - what I call “alligator skin”.
UVB rays, on the other hand, penetrate only the skin’s outermost layer where they interact with melanocytes (the cells that are responsible for skin pigmentation). Melanocytes are your first line of protection against sun damage; when they are exposed to the sun, they release melanin. This protective pigment absorbs UV rays and shields the skin’s deeper layers from damage. However, overexposure can lead to an overproduction of melanin, which presents as sun spots and uneven skin tone.
Minimizing exposure and adjusting your lifestyle habits are your best defense against the aging effects of environmental stressors. However, you can also adjust your skin care routine to provide additional protection and keep your complexion looking healthy and youthful.
In this In The Mix video, Eminence Organics Lead Skin Care Trainer Natalie Pergar shares the best skin care routine to protect your skin from drying environmental stressors as well as improve the look of skin that has been exposed to free radicals.
Does your skin show the effects of environmental aging? Visit an Eminence Organics partner spa near you for a customized routine to protect your complexion.
When experts in the skin care industry recognize our mission to produce extraordinary products, we can only say this: We are honored. In the past few months, we have won accolades ranging from the Beauty Shortlist Awards in the UK to the NewBeauty Magazine Awards. Here’s a rundown on the skin care products that are attracting these top honors and why they’re winning.
Winning a clutch of awards within months of launch, our Acne Advanced products took the top spot with several honors. The DAYSPA Professionals Choice Awards and the Beauty Shortlist Awards recognized our Acne Advanced Collection this year, especially our Acne Advanced 3 Step Treatment System. Including our Acne Advanced Cleansing Foam, Clarifying Masque and Clarifying Hydrator, this system uses natural and botanical actives for a proven organic solution that treats and prevents acne. Whichever type of acne that you are treating, Acne Advanced products are effective for removing impurities, minimizing pores and leaving the skin looking clear and feeling refreshed.
NewBeauty Magazine’s Beauty Choice Awards singled out the Acne Advanced Foaming Cleanser for special mention. Winning the coveted title of Best Skin Care Product For Acne, our Acne Advanced Foaming Cleanser is a unique liquid-to-foam cleanser that provides lightweight cleansing action, preventing acne breakouts and clearing blocked pores. Cleansing the skin perfectly without overdrying, this product leaves your complexion clean and clear.
Looking to uncover a bright and glowing complexion? We have the best skin care products for exfoliation, as approved by international industry awards.
Perennial favorite Strawberry Rhubarb Dermafoliant won in the most recent Spa & Wellness Mexicaribe Product Awards for Best Exfoliator. This fine scrub includes rice powder which absorbs oil while lactic and salicylic acids remove dead skin cells. Infused with delicious-smelling strawberries and rhubarb, this exfoliant leaves the skin polished and smooth.
If you’re looking for a two-in-one exfoliant and cleanser, the UK-based Beauty Shortlist Awards named our Mangosteen Daily Resurfacing Cleanser as the Best Exfoliating Cleanser. This milky gel cleanser is packed with AHAs which slough off dead skin cells without manual exfoliation. The Lactic Acid Complex in the formulation removes surface buildup, only leaving smooth and radiant skin behind.
Hydrate from head to toe with our body care products, recently voted as the best of the best by skin care experts. Industry professionals selected our Stone Crop Body Lotion as their favorite body lotion in the Dermascope Aestheticians’ Choice Awards - and we’re absolutely thrilled! Formulated with stone crop, this lotion helps reduce the appearance of age spots and skin blotches,resulting in visible improvements with regular use.
If you’re looking for a richer body product, you’ll love our Apricot Body Oil, recently selected as Best Massage Oil in the DAYSPA 2019 Professionals Choice Awards. Luscious in scent and texture, this oil brings a soft and supple texture to the skin.
Whatever your skin type, facial oils are essential for adding nutrition to the skin while sealing in moisture. Loaded with benefits for the complexion, our Rosehip Triple C+E Firming Oil and Facial Recovery Oil won over expert judges for two different awards in 2019. Winning the LNE & Spa’s Best Product Award for Best Facial Oil, the Rosehip Triple C+E Firming Oil blends rosehip, jojoba and seabuckthorn oils into a treatment that provides intense hydration and protection. After use, dry skin is soothed and the complexion looks firm and plumped.
Our Facial Recovery Oil also earned kudos - the product won big with the Beauty Shortlist Awards where it was named an “Editor’s Choice” product. A cult favorite, with fans that include Cameron Diaz, Facial Recovery Oil hydrates and tones in multiple ways. From treating signs of aging in the neck area to the look of uneven skin tone, this award-winning facial oil works wonders for all skin types. Watch our In The Mix video above for more tips on enjoying our multi-use Facial Recovery Oil.
We’re incredibly proud of our team-members as well as our products, and this year, we were thrilled when the Dermascope Aestheticians' Choice Awards voted our International Trainer, Brian Goodwin, as Best Brand Educator. A Master Medical Esthetician, Master Herbalist and Consultant with over fourteen years of experience, Brian specializes in trainings that are passionate, fun and educational. As an Eminence Organic trainer, he has educated and consulted for over 2000 distinguished spas.
If you want to find out more about these and other awards we’ve recently won, learn more on our Awards page. Have you experienced our award-winning skin care? Find out more by visiting your nearest Eminence Organics spa. Or, if you’re a spa owner, learn more about how you can partner with Eminence Organics. | <urn:uuid:3540af33-730b-4136-baba-aca75298d8c1> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://shop.prettypleaseny.com/blogs/news-from-eminence-1/is-blue-light-harmful-for-your-skin | 2024-12-07T20:37:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066431606.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207194255-20241207224255-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.931863 | 3,437 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Below are a number of Frequently Asked Questions, in alphabetical order, regarding DataEthics.eu’s principles of data ethics and our responses.
What does it mean to be an active party?
If a doctor writes something about you in a patient journal or a teacher records something about your child, or something about you as a parent, and it is your belief that they have not considered the nuances of the matter, you can contribute additional information that is visible to anyone who has access to your data. Or an insurance company gives you access to comment on the conclusions they have reached based on your data.
What is ethically responsible anonymisation?
Pseudonymisation means that you cannot directly see the individuals the information concerns, however, there is still an opportunity to establish the identity of those individuals. Anonymisation is a step further. No one should be able to recreate the identity of a person. In pseudonymisation as well as anonymisation of personal data, it is important to document this and allow a third party to examine the internal machinery and to verify and possibly certify the fact. There are not many external third parties offering this service today, but it will be an important step forward, see “External Control”
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
What is the best way to manage artificial intelligence?
We do so by ensuring human control. The Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science at the Technical University of Denmark, has formulated a number of fine Safe AI principles:
- Safe AI is safe: has passed tests and verification and is robust against systematic and expert attacks
- Safe AI is self-conscious: understands its own role and uncertainty and can, for example, refuse to act
- Safe AI can keep a secret: privacy protection and privacy by design, is built-in
- Safe AI has well-defined values: is cleansed of stereotypes, bias, and understands emotions
- Safe AI has social skills: understands social relations and understands the user’s knowledge and skills
- Safe AI understands power: understands the data and related action contexts and its consequences
- Safe AI is documented: transparent and communicative, offering the right to explanation
- Safe AI is open source: methods, code and test results are available to all
Source: Professor Lars Kai Hansen, DTU Compute
What is behavioural design in a data ethics perspective?
Use of personal data to influence user behaviour may be manipulative if the user’s control is not at the centre, but the design primarily is developed to create dependence, increase use of a service and user numbers or simply to effect more sales. Behavioural design should be transparent to the user, and aim not to have discriminatory effects or be addictive. The individual must be empowered and be able to preserve their self-determination.
What is bias in design?
Bias is built-in prejudices and negative stereotyping. Bias may occur in training data, the historical data used to develop a self-learning algorithm. Bias may also occur in the design of an algorithm that can categorise and label people in a way that discriminates between, for example, population groups. Bias can be reduced by, among others, manual sorting and cleanup of data. It can also be diminished by making sure that the algorithm can be explained and interpreted and is open to auditing. For example, the winners of the first beauty contest, judged by a self-learning algorithm, were virtually all white, because the algorithm had been trained mostly with images of white people. Bias was here in the training data that did not include many images of other races.
What is explainability?
Algorithms must be explained in a way that individuals understand them. They should not only provide basic information about the data processing but must be documented and be able to explain how a given algorithmic decision has been taken, including the criteria and parameters for a decision e.g. regarding credit rating, insurance premium or allocation of social benefits.
What is Data Activation?
The GDPR gives individuals the right to control their own data and the right to ‘portability’, that is to get data easily transferred at the users’ request. However, individual data control is not enough in the long run, individuals will increasingly also need to be empowered to activate their own data and utilise it for the purpose of enriching their own finances, health and everyday lives. This will also be beneficial to the company or institution providing new services where the individual can activate their own data.
What is web scraping and can you be ethically responsible?
Is it possible to enrich data with web scraping from websites, including public sections of social media. However it is controversial, because even though data is publicly available, it has ethical implications. Therefore, make sure that it is done at the request, and with the informed consent, of the users.
When is it unethical to use third party cookies?
If a company or organisation is dealing with children and others considered vulnerable, it is not ethical to allow third party cookies on one’s website, for the purposes of sharing identifiable, sensitive data with third parties. If you have health data or data about political opinions or affiliation, sexual or religious orientation or other sensitive data, it is also unethical to allow third party cookies on the website. It is also unethical for the Public Sector to share data about citizens’ behaviour via third party cookies – including SoMe cookies. Few consumers and citizens understand data sharing and perceive it as covert even though they have explicitly agreed to it via a pop-up. It may be legal, but it is regarded as disturbing and overstepping boundaries by most people and must therefore be considered unethical.
When is data storage ethically problematic?
It may be lawful to store data in a country outside the EU, however, just because it is legal, doesn’t mean it is ethical. For example, it could be discussed whether it is ethically justifiable to store data with a company based in countries that practice and allow digital dictatorships or data monopolies. We don’t think so. However, storing data on one’s own servers, where you always have control over the data, or in a cloud provider with its registered office in the EU/EEA, can be considered as data ethical.
Can you earn money on data processing?
Yes, you can, as long as the individual’s control is at the centre. Financial interests can never override human rights, such as the right to privacy, self-determination and not to be discriminated against or stigmatised. This can be achieved, for example, through Privacy-by-Design.
What is encryption?
One thing is to encrypt traffic, so nobody can intercept data in transit, another is end-to-end encryption, where no one other than sender and recipient can see the content, not even the company that owns the platform where the communication takes place.
Why independent auditing?
It is important – at least prospectively – that data processing can withstand being reviewed and verified by an external independent auditor. As with the environment, child labour and IT security, more and more users need to know that what you say is what you actually do. Today, only few credible schemes exist to verify or certify, such as ISO and EuroPriSe. However in the wake of GDPR, the EU has announced a decisive European privacy certification system, as there are no doubt more certification schemes to come.
What is metadata?
Metadata is data about data or a type of declaration for data that can provide information about data sets and services. For example, there may be data about who has sent an email, to whom, and when, but this metadata shows nothing about the content of the email. There have been discussions about whether metadata is personal information, i.e. whether it is possible to identify a person based on metadata. However, there is no doubt that metadata is a powerful tool for mapping behaviour, circle of interests, habits, etc., as well as for profiling. The data ethical question is, whether to identify and inform users regarding the use of metadata, and whether the user can gain insight and access to metadata.
What is on-device processing?
Instead of collecting and storing personal data on your own server or cloud, you can process data directly on users’ devices. Apple does it with Siri, as does the secure Swiss messaging app Wire and the secure German browser Cliqz. When there is a need for processing of data on a server, data should be collected anonymously without being identifiable.
Why is open source a good thing?
Open source means that the source code in your applications is freely available and others can improve, test, debug and secure the system – there is worldwide support and security vulnerabilities are often captured quickly. It does not mean it’s free, but often cheaper and allows you to develop independent of the supplier. Then there’s the transparency: Your users – or third parties, can find out exactly what the product contains.
What is organisational anchoring of data ethics?
Data ethics is not a “one-man job”. It’s a broad approach covering everything from product development, innovation and marketing to strategic development. The data ethics approach should therefore be driven entirely from top management and considered as a value among employees. It can be done in different ways, for example, Apple’s privacy experts have been involved from the beginning in all product development teams, and French AXA (insurance) has an advisory board of independent experts, that meets in Paris twice a year, to discuss data ethics dilemmas.
Can predictions based on data be done ethically?
It may be acceptable to do individual predictions with, for example, personalised medicine and treatment. The data ethics question concerns whether the individual has insight and the power to object, to say no, or to choose whether to accept or not.
Privacy by Design
What is Privacy by Design?
Privacy by Design (PbD) means that the setting of a service is private by default and that it is designed and developed with privacy as a starting point. The first PbD principles were developed in the 1990s by Dr. Ann Cavoukian, former Information and Privacy Commissioner in Canada, and have continued to evolve. You can also choose to see PbD as a business philosophy, that is, an innovative approach to digital business development, where privacy is the starting point for the different innovative business processes a company starts, from design and technological development to human resource development, CSR and marketing. The PbD principles thus become a general guide to building alternatives to the data-driven public-by-default enterprise. The Norwegian Data Protection Authority has developed PbD guidelines.
What is profiling?
Profiling is the automatic processing of data that analyses certain personal aspects regarding a person, so as to make predictions about them, for example, their work, financial situation or health. Profiling is a data ethics challenge because it is the most intense form of personal data processing, so you must first determine whether there is a legal basis for profiling. An ethical data profile will always be developed for the benefit of the individual, and the individual will have the opportunity to influence and determine values, rules and input used in the profiling.
Sales of data
Can you sell data to third parties in an ethically responsible manner?
It is illegal to sell data to third parties unless you explicitly have consent to do it. A majority of Danes e.g. believe that organisations are selling data to third parties. It may not necessarily be so, but it is important to explain what, perhaps, you take for granted. You can sell data, with ethical responsibility, to third parties in the case of fully anonymized information based on patterns among a group of citizens.
What is transparency?
It’s not enough simply having a Transparency Report that shares how many times, for example, regulatory bodies asks for access to a company’s data with a court order. Transparency is also about personal data processes in one’s own organisation.
Transparency is a step further than basic legal requirements for consent and the possibility of insight and objection. Data systems and processes are designed to support the individual’s trust and to give the individual real opportunity to object to the processing of their data. Individuals must be able to object to data processing without losing rights.
Who is particularly vulnerable to data processing?
More data is often collected regarding particularly vulnerable people, such as refugees, people with physical disabilities, people with mental illnesses, the socially disadvantaged, the unemployed, prisoners, etc. For example, Udbetaling Danmark, the authority responsible for the collection, disbursement and control of public benefits in Denmark, collects a lot of information about beneficiaries, their partners and households and assumed partners.
What is the zero-knowledge principle?
According to GDPR, no data must be stored longer than is necessary for the purpose. You can choose to go beyond the legislation and delete data before the required date, so that you are not unnecessarily at risk by holding particularly sensitive data. This can be by means of auto-deletion, but also, by never having access to data in the first place, such as TomTom does with location data. | <urn:uuid:3575cfa4-fa14-4066-a613-741ca9a315f7> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://dataethics.eu/faq-principles-of-data-ethics/ | 2024-12-06T17:53:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066415183.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206155059-20241206185059-00658.warc.gz | en | 0.94639 | 2,738 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Considerations When Planting Winter Wheat After a Spring Crop
- Best management practices for wheat seeded after a spring crop may vary substantially due to differences in the amount and type of crop residue left in the field after harvesting.
- Optimum seeding rates may differ due to expected available moisture during the growing season, seedbed condition, anticipated stand loss, planting date, and geography.
Winter wheat can be seeded during late summer or early fall after harvesting soybean, corn, grain sorghum, or other crops. The best management practices for wheat planted after corn or grain sorghum may be different than the best practices for wheat planted after soybean, due to the higher volume of residue produced by corn and sorghum crops. For example, less crop residue may require less tillage for seedbed preparation, resulting in a more favorable soil environment for no-till seeding and shorter-term nitrogen (N) immobilization from decaying plant residue.
Spring Planted Crop
Corn – Fusarium graminearum (also known as Gibberella zeae) is a fungus that can cause Gibberella ear and stalk rots in corn and can overwinter on corn residue. The overwintering fungus can produce spores in the spring which can potentially infect wheat, causing Fusarium head blight (FHB), also known as head scab. High humidity can encourage spore production and frequent spring rains can disperse the spores to the growing wheat crop. If the pathogen infects wheat, it can lead to yield loss and reduced grain quality due the to the production of a mycotoxin called deoxynivalenol, or DON, which is toxic to humans and livestock.1,2
Sorghum – Sorghum can produce compounds that may be toxic to wheat, potentially reducing yield potential. The process of one species of plant producing chemicals to harm another species is known as allelopathy. Tillage can help to decrease the likelihood of allelopathy occurring. However, before performing a tillage operation, growers should consider any impact on erosion that tillage might have. Increasing the seeding rate can also help to offset any stand losses due to allelopathic effects.3
One method of reducing the chances of allelopathic effects occurring is to desiccate the sorghum crop prior to harvest. If the sorghum crop has reached physiological maturity and the grain moisture is less than 20%, an application of glyphosate can be used to desiccate the sorghum plants without affecting yield. A glyphosate application can also help insure that the sorghum will not continue to grow even after harvest (assuming a killing frost has not yet occurred), which can use soil moisture that is otherwise needed to get the wheat crop established. However, this option should not be used if the stalk quality of the sorghum crop is questionable, as increased lodging could occur.3
One important step to producing maximum economic yields is evaluating and selecting wheat products with high yield potential, high test weight, high grain quality, winter hardiness, drought tolerance, and resistance or tolerance to insects and diseases specific to your area. Since each seed product will have specific strengths and weaknesses, more than one product should be considered. Choosing multiple products of varying maturities can also help in managing risks associated with agronomic challenges such as late spring freezes or diseases such as Fusarium head blight and can aid in maintaining yield potential.
University and seed company performance trials can help identify top performing products, helping growers to best position products on their farms. Evaluating performance data from two or more years will provide a more accurate indication of yield potential over a broader range of growing environments. Purchasing certified seed can help ensure the wheat product is free of weed seed and certain diseases and offers the desired germination percentage. Product performance and ratings are available in publications from most wheat producing states including:
Kansas State University: MF991 Kansas Wheat Variety Guide 2024 (ksu.edu).
Wheat should be planted as soon as possible after harvesting the spring planted crop. This helps to give the wheat crop adequate growth potential before going into winter dormancy and allows for the formation of fall tillers, which are more productive than spring-initiated tillers.1,4
Like planting dates, recommended seeding rates will vary from state to state and even within a state. For example, in the low-rainfall area of western Kansas, seeding rates are generally lower than in central and eastern Kansas. In western Kansas, recommended seeding rates range from 600,000 to 900,000 seeds/acre (40 to 60 lb/acre with 15,000 seeds/lb products). Recommended seeding rates increase to 750,000 to 900,000 seeds/acre in central Kansas and to 900,000 to 1,125,000 seeds/acre in eastern Kansas. Under irrigation, the seeding rate recommendations may further increase to 1,350,000 seeds/acre.5
Additionally, the University of Wisconsin recommends seeding rates of 1,300,000 to 1,600,000 seeds/acre for timely planted wheat, while the University of Illinois suggests seeding rates of 1,500,000 to 1,700,000 seeds/acre.6,7 Consider increasing seeding rates for later planting dates to help the stand compensate for a shorter fall season and associated reductions in fall tiller development.
Growers may want to consider increasing seeding rates in challenging high-residue environments where achieving desired stands may be difficult. Since delayed planting may reduce the incidence of fall tillering, increasing the seeding rate may help to overcome a lower tillering rate.
Consider contacting your local county extension office for recommended seeding date and seeding rate for timely planted or late planted wheat for your area.
Post-Harvest Considerations for Tillage and Residue Management
Residue management of the spring planted/fall harvested crop begins by confirming that the stalk choppers and spreaders on the combine are distributing residue evenly. If improvements in distribution are needed, always refer to the combine operator’s manual before performing any maintenance or adjustments.
If soil moisture is lacking after harvest, no-till wheat seeding may be an option to conserve soil moisture that contributes to quicker wheat emergence. No-till wheat planting may be more successful after a soybean harvest than a corn or grain sorghum harvest, due to there being less crop residue on the soil surface.
The amount of corn residue produced per acre will vary by yield, weather, soil type, and corn product. As corn yields have generally increased in recent years, the amount of residue has increased proportionally. Generally, the ratio of corn grain weight to residue weight is about 1:1 on a dry matter basis.8 Residue is desirable for soil erosion protection; however, excess corn residue can cause no-till planting to be problematic. Also, corn stalks and cobs are low in nitrogen (N) and high in carbon (C), resulting in a high carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. Initially, N may be tied up as the residue breaks down, which may temporarily reduce its availability for the wheat crop.
One option to manage heavy residue left by a high yielding corn or grain sorghum crop is harvesting the residue. This could be used as a feed source as well as possibly reducing the potential for immobilization of N since there will be less residue to breakdown. Residue harvest should be managed so as to leave enough residue on the soil surface to protect against wind or soil erosion. Although this may delay the planting of wheat, it may also provide a better soil environment for the wheat crop to establish a desired stand.
The University of Kentucky conducted a three-year research project focusing on corn residue management for no-till wheat after corn harvest. The study was conducted at three locations, and treatments included removing residue, chopping with a rotary mower, and chopping with a flail mower prior to seeding. Additionally, if corn residue was not shredded, wheat was either no-till planted parallel to the harvested corn rows or diagonally to the corn rows.
Results of the study indicated small but significant yield differences between residue treatments when planting no-till wheat with favorable growing conditions (mild fall/winter and early/warm spring). However, with unfavorable weather condition (cool fall and/or spring or severe winter), the following observations were noted:
- When corn residue was not shredded, planting diagonally to the corn rows resulted in higher yield potential during all three years.
- The use of a flail mower resulted in more uniform distribution of residue compared to using a rotary mower.9
Seeding Equipment and Seeding Depth
Heavy corn residue may create a concern about achieving uniform planting depth, especially with shallow seed placement when wheat is planted no-till. Good seed-to-soil contact is necessary for quick germination and emergence. Shallow planting may inhibit the seedling’s access to sufficient soil moisture, increase the risk of unhealthy crown development, and predispose the seedling to freeze injury during harsh winter conditions.1
Producers should make sure that their no-till drill is able to cut through surface residue in order to achieve adequate seeding depth in the thickest layers of crop residue and that residue is not too wet to cut through. “Hairpinning” may occur when residue is not sufficiently cut and is instead pressed into the seed slot by the seed furrow opening discs, preventing adequate seed-to-soil contact. Additional ballast (weight) may need to be added to the drill to maintain adequate downforce to cut through the residue and place seed at the target depth. Shredded residue, with smaller pieces uniformly distributed prior to planting, may result in a more uniform planting depth.1,9
A current soil test should be used to determine existing soil nutrient levels, especially pH, phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) to avoid future over- or under-fertilizer applications. Phosphorus and K removals per harvested bushel of wheat, soybean, corn, and grain sorghum are listed in Table 1, as is P and K removal per harvested ton of corn silage (67% moisture) and wheat straw. If needed, consider applying P and K fertilizer for both the spring crop and winter wheat prior to spring planting.
Generally, nitrogen (N) is the nutrient needed in the greatest quantity for winter wheat and its application usually provides the largest contribution to maximizing yield potential. Nitrogen application rates are influenced by expected yield, soil type, previous crop residue, and other factors. An additional 30 lb/acre of N should be added to the recommended rate following grain sorghum or corn so that the additional N will help to break down the residue and overcome the issue of N being tied up. Do not give a credit to the N application rate when following soybean, since the organic N release from the soybean crop will most likely occur too late to be of benefit to the winter wheat crop.3
Herbicide Product Selection
Consider re-cropping restrictions for seeding wheat when choosing herbicide products to be applied for spring planted crops such as corn, soybean, sorghum, and others. Some of the soil-applied residual herbicides may have a three- to four-month re-cropping restriction in order to seed wheat. The amount of precipitation received (or irrigation water applied) after application can influence the potential for injury due to herbicide residues remaining in the soil. Always read and follow pesticide label directions.1
1Haag, L., Roozeboom, K., and Ciampitti, I. 2021. Management considerations for no-till wheat following sorghum or other summer crops. Kansas State University Extension, Agronomy eUpdates. https://eupdate.agronomy.ksu.edu/article/management-considerations-for-no-till-wheat-following-sorghum-or-other-summer-crops-463-4
22012. Know potential risk of wheat after corn. FarmProgress, OhioFarmer. https://www.farmprogress.com/wheat/know-potential-risk-of-wheat-after-corn
3Bean, B. 2019. Double cropping wheat behind grain sorghum. Sorghum Checkoff. https://www.sorghumcheckoff.com/agronomy-insights/double-cropping-wheat-behind-grain-sorghum/.
4Latzke, J.M. 2023. Consider these steps when no-tilling wheat into summer residue. Kansas Farmer. https://www.farmprogress.com/crops/consider-these-steps-when-no-tilling-wheat-into-summer-residue
5Paulsen, G.M., Sears, R.G., Shroyer, J. et al. 1997. Wheat production handbook. Kansas State University. https://bookstore.ksre.ksu.edu/pubs/wheat-production-handbook_C529.pdf
6Nafziger, E. 2009. Chapter 4: Small grains and grain sorghum. In, Illinois agronomy handbook 24th edition. University of Illinois. https://extension.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/2023-10/small_grains_and_sorghum.pdf
7Conley, S. and Gaska, J. 2012. Top 8 recommendations for winter wheat establishment in 2012. University of Wisconsin, Integrated Pest and Crop Management. http://ipcm.wisc.edu/blog/2012/09/top-8-recommendations-for-winter-wheat-establishment-in-2012/
8Sheaffer, C., Lamb, J., and Rosen, C. 2024. Harvesting corn stover. University of Minnesota Extension. https://blog-crop-news.extension.umn.edu/2024/03/harvesting-corn-stover.html
9Herbek, J., Murdock, L., James, J., and Call, D. Corn residue management for no-till wheat. University of Kentucky. https://wheatscience.ca.uky.edu/sites/wheatscience.ca.uky.edu/files/99-00pg20.pdf
Web sources verified 10/21/24. 1710_457976
Always read and follow pesticide label directions, insect resistance management requirements (where applicable), and grain marketing and all other stewardship practices. | <urn:uuid:be0ef6ad-923f-4012-83c0-3d2b6ff1639e> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.cropscience.bayer.us/articles/bayer/considerations-when-planting-winter-wheat-after-spring-crop | 2024-12-05T14:18:12Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066352699.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205115632-20241205145632-00445.warc.gz | en | 0.918428 | 3,051 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Paths of Resistence – Case Studies Series
This case study shows how the federations (FEDIQUEP, FECONACOR, ACODECOSPAT and OPIKAFPE) that represent the indigenous communities of the Four Basins of rivers Pastaza, Tigre, Corrientes and Marañón, in the Loreto region, north of the Peruvian Amazon, have pushed, in a unified manner through their PUINAMUDT Platform and in partnership with strategic allies, actions for organization, national and international advocacy, mobilizations and campaigns, and negotiation with the State, to defend their rights against the pollution and violations they have been experiencing due to oil exploitation in their territory since the 70’s, managing to get indigenous participation in initiatives for assessment of and solutions to the threats they face.
1. Case Study Video
2. The Case Study in a Nutshell
Indigenous Peoples: Quechua of Pastaza, Achuar of Corrientes, Kukama of Marañón, Kichwa of Tigre, and Urarina of Chambira river
Location: Loreto region, North of the Peruvian Amazon
Area: 694,695 hectares, approximately
Population: 98 indigenous communities, approximately
Main activities: Hunting, fishing, trade, family farming and community businesses
Local AEA partners involved: PUINAMUDT and Peru Equidad
3.1. Context and Challenges
- The platform of the Amazonian Indigenous Peoples United in Defense of their Territories – PUINAMUDT (Pueblos Indígenas Amazónicos Unidos en Defensa de sus Territorios) is made up of four federations that together represent a total of 98 indigenous communities in the Loreto region, located in the north of the Peruvian Amazon, in an area of approximately 694,695 hectares. These communities belong to the indigenous peoples Quechua from river Pastaza, Achuar from river Corrientes, Kukama from river Marañón, Kichwa from river Tigre, and Urarina from river Chambira. They live between the four basins of rivers Pastaza, Tigre, Corrientes and Marañón.
- For 50 years, these communities have endured violations of fundamental rights, including harm to their health and contamination of their food and water sources as a result of oil extraction activities in their territories: at sites referred to as Block 8 and Block 192 (former Block 1AB), which overlap the ancestral territories of these indigenous communities.
- With reference to Block 8, the national company Petroperú operated Block 8 between 1971 and 1996, and then, Argentine company Pluspetrol Norte S.A., a subsidiary of Pluspetrol Resources based in the Netherlands, operated the same block from 1996 to the present, under a concession agreement. This year of 2021, before the end of its concession contract, Pluspetrol announced its liquidation as a company. On the other hand, Block 192 was operated by U.S. company Occidental Petroleum Company (OXY) between 1971 and 2000, and then by Pluspetrol Norte from 2001 to 2015 under concession agreements. From 2015 to February 2012, Canadian company Frontera Energy operated Block 192 under the terms of a service agreement.
“We are not poor, but we have been made poor, our territory has been stolen from us”
Alfonso López, president of the ACODECOSPAT, cocama Indigenous organization
- Block 192 accounts for the largest oil production area in Peru, with an average daily production of 10,000 barrels of oil per day (17% of Peru’s oil production). The Block’s production is generally marketed in international tenders, being sold to the highest bidder in the international market, with sales registered mainly to La Pampilla Refinery (Peru), Chile, the United States and South Korea, according to Perupetro. On the other hand, Block 8 is one of the largest oil reserves in the country. Both blocks are the oldest in the Peruvian jungle.
Location of Blocks 8 and 192 in the Four Basins
- The 98 communities affected by operations in Blocks 8 and 192 and by NorPeruvian Oil Pipeline (ONP – Oleoducto NorPeruano) are represented by four federations: Quechua Indigenous Federation from Pastaza (FEDIQUEP); Native Communities Federation from the Corrientes Basin (FECONACOR); Cocama Association for the Development and Conservation of San Pablo de Tipishca (ACODECOSPAT); and Organization of the Amazonian Kichwa Indigenous People of the Peru-Ecuador Border (OPIKAFPE). Since 2011, these federations work together through the PUNAMUDT platform. In 2017, the four federations received the National Human Rights Award in Peru, in recognition of years of struggle protecting the rights of indigenous nationalities affected by nearly half a century of oil exploitation.
- In the region, the main forms of pollution derived from oil extraction activities have been: discharge of highly toxic contaminated production waters (with high concentrations of heavy metals, toxic salts and hydrocarbons) into the main water sources and rivers of the territories; constant oil spills, poor remediation practices (such as burning or land removel at polluted sites) as well as company dumps. This has been occurring for decades due to the lack of environmental supervision, insufficient protection of rights, lack of maintenance or change of infrastructure of the operations that cross indigenous territories (which generates spills), and absence of effective environmental compensation and remediation measures. This is added by the weak, insufficient and fragmented regulatory framework in Peru, which does not ensure environmental protection or guarantee rights against the impacts of extractive companies.
- With reference to the negotiation process with the government to obtain a response to the violations of rights of the Achuar people, the first formal commitment between the State, the operating company (at the time Pluspetrol, for the two blocks) and the communities was reached in 2006 upon execution of the Dorissa Agreement. Among other measures, the agreement set forth that Pluspetrol should deliver $40 million soles over 10 years to improve the population’s health in the area of oil extraction, while the regional government should deliver 11 million soles for several development projects. The commitments were not fully complied with. In the Dorissa Agreement, the Achuar people made a commitment to start and implement their own Independent Indigenous Environmental Surveillance program, an initiative that was also launched in other basins.
- In 2015, after several years of indigenous demands and mobilization, the Peruvian State carried out a prior consultation process for the concession of Block 192 for the next 40 years. The process concluded in violation of the peoples’ right to prior consultation, as the Ministry of Energy and Mining imposed a single agenda item, closing off the possibility of dialogue on other social and environmental security and rights issues: Accept only 0.75% of the resources coming from oil production to finance a Social Fund that would be destined to community projects. As most of the communities did not agree with such condition, imposition and abuse, the Ministry of Energy and Mining unexpectedly decided to end the process and seal its agreement with a minority of communities Following these events, after 15 days of indigenous mobilization and suspension of oil production, the State reached agreements with the communities to ensure better conditions to address the problems in their territories.
- After a lengthy struggle (involving community mobilizations in 2017, 2018 and 2019) summarized in this Case Study, a new Prior Consultation process is guaranteed for the next concession agreement for Block 192. This new process was resumed in 2019 with a new Prior Consultation Plan; however, said process was unilaterally interrupted by the Ministry of Energy and Mining. By the end of 2020, based on the demands presented jointly by the federations that comprise PUINAMUDT, an addendum to the Consultation Plan was made, including the participation of other governmental sectors (such as health; housing, construction and sanitation; and transportation and communications), to provide answers baed on an integral perspective in a Prior Consultation process to be resumed in 2021. In addition, it is worth mentioning that, for the new process, there are formal commitments by the State with the communities, such as that of the Vice-Minister of Hydrocarbons, Victor Murillo Huamán, who said that no progress will be made in the new operations of Block 192 until a Prior Consultation satisfactory to all parties involved is completed. However, after the outbreak of the so-called “second wave” of COVID-19 in Peru, the process was again halted.
- Although the operation of Block 192 was paralyzed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, oil spills continued to take place, as it is believed that the company did not carry out adequate maintenance of the facilities: there were 14 oil spills between March 2020 and January 2021.
- On December 16, 2020, Pluspetrol Norte publicly announced its winding up, and thereby its withdrawal from Block 8, under the allegation that the Environmental Assessment and Oversight Agency (OEFA) requires it to remedy environmental liabilities left by the company that operated in the same area prior to Pluspetrol Norte’s arrival. On December 30, 2020, the Ministry of Environment, the Ministry of Energy and Mining and the OEFA stated that, with respect to the Peruvian legal framework, Pluspetrol Norte S.A. must assume the rights and obligations of the transferor due to the position taken by Pluspetrol in the concession agreements for the operation of Blocks 8 and 192, in which Pluspetrol had assumed the obligation to comply with the binding provisions. To date, the OEFA has established that Pluspetrol Norte is responsible for more than 1,500 impacts identified in the area of these Blocks and, for failing to comply with the respective remediation, the OEFA has imposed more than 4,000 UITs (Mandatory Tax Units) of compulsory fines (equivalent to over US$4.8 million), in addition to respective sanctions. Pluspetrol would abandon Block 8 with a series of pending commitments with the indigenous communities in the area.
- Union, organization and concerted advocacy structure: The federations representing the indigenous communities of the Four Basins region were created in the 90’s aiming to carry out mobilizations demanding solutions to the violations of their rights and the environmental pollution affecting their territories and respective effects on the communities’ health. Despite belonging to different indigenous peoples and river basins, these communities and their federations, affected by the same impacts and the same players (oil companies and the Peruvian State), decided to unite in a single Platform to develop a common agenda and coordinate joint strategies and actions, thus creating the PUINAMUDT platform in 2011.
“The government is willing to dialogue, but we don’t know their minds, their hearts, what they are thinking for they have just recently listened to us”
Aurelio Chino, president of the Quechua from Pastaza Indigenous Federation (FEDIQUEP)
- Identification of limitations and initial assessment of the situation: Being located in a border region without a strong institutional presence of the State, the claims and demands of the communities and organizations were initially directed only to the company in charge of the extractive activities, for those damages that were more evident. Nevertheless, given the company’s inertia, the worsening of conflicts and recognition of the problem magnitude, the communities and their federations realized the need for promoting actions of political influence aimed at the State, in addition to the demands aimed at Pluspetrol. At the beginning of the dialogue process with the Peruvian State, PUINAMUDT representatives found that, among other things, the State did not have complete, detailed, organized, comprehensive information on the actual situation in the territories, mostly because (i) their main source of information on the environmental situation was the oil companies themselves, and (ii) supervisions by the sector authorities were very favorable to the companies. In addition to the technical limitations, the State was also subject to the company’s high power of influence. In such a scenario of scarce information, lack of transparency and failure to record the great magnitude of the impacts ‘in situ’, the federations managed to pressure the State to open, in 2012, a space for multisector dialogue, in order to obtain comprehensive answers and actions in the face of the situation. Just as some of the leaders pointed out, the communities would teach the State how to do its job.
- Mobilizations and negotiation with the State: After multiple and persistent protests, in 2012, in the wake of Alianza Topal community’s peaceful mobilization, in the presence of the Health Minister and the Environment Minister, the President of the Loreto’s Regional Government, the Public Defender’s Office (Defensoría del Pueblo), and the apus (leaders) of the communities, a Multisector Commission was created and made official and is still in operation today. The Commission has served to establish a dialogue and coordinate the agenda between different sectors. This space has also served to offer a comprehensive perspective of the responses and problems faced by the communities, recognizing them as social and environmental issues and engaging high level authorities of different fronts of the public sector. An important outcome of this institutional dialogue process between the State and the federations is the Lima Agreement, executed on March 10, 2015, which provides for the drafting of several assessments, studies and plans carried out by the State’s technical bodies. However, more than five years after execution of the agreement, its implementation has reached 35%, according to PUINAMUDT’s indigenous federations. Still, the Agreement has allowed for important milestones and advances in the process:
- Emergency and Health Emergency Declarations (published between 2013 and 2014).
- Toxicological and Epidemiological Study “Levels and Risk Factors of Exposure to Heavy Metals and Hydrocarbons for the Inhabitants of the Communities of the Pastaza, Tigre, Corrientes and Marañón River Basins of the Department of Loreto” 2016-2018 (published in 2019)
- Analysis of the Health Situation of the Amazonian Indigenous Peoples living in the region of the Four Basins and the Chambira River (published in 2020)
- Comprehensive and Intercultural Health Care Model for the Pastaza, Corrientes, Tigre, Marañón and Chambira River Basins in the Loreto region 2017-2021 approved by Ministerial Resolution 594-2017- MINSA (Health Ministry)
- Installation of Water Treatment Plants in 65 communities in the four basins, as well as 65 Intradomiciliary Water and Sanitation projects in 80 communities, which are currently being implemented.
- Titling agreements for 100 indigenous communities, still partially fulfilled with approximately 30 communities that received their land titles.
- Environmental Remediation Contingency Fund for the Four Basins, which has indigenous participation through a Board of Directors and so far amounts to more than 200 million soles (about 48 million dollars). Through this fund, environmental remediation processes with participation of the indigenous federations will start in 2021 in Block 1AB (now Block 192), under the Peruvian State’s responsibility.
- Furthermore, State commitments were formally entered into through agreements that represent responses and actions to specific problems, recognizing the violation of social rights, especially in environmental, health and other areas. Likewise, in response to the demand for active participation in the processes of planning, follow-up, surveillance of the commitments undertaken, and supervision of the resources that would be used in actions as a result of the violations. Other milestones achieved are of a regulatory nature, given that the State’s experience with PUINAMUDT made it possible to improve some of the soil Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) at the national level, as well as to have an impact on the creation of laws, such as the Environmental Remediation Contingency Fund (Law no. 30,321), among others.
“We are in this fight first to teach the company, because if you don’t tell them what has wronged you, they do whatever they want. And the State is also going to learn that it gave permission to an irresponsible company, and that we are not going to allow it anymore”
Julio Maynas, apu (leader) of the Achuar native community of Nueva Jerusalén
- Role of the federations’ environmental monitors in data compilation and accurate information about the situation: Since 2006, faced with the inertia of the companies and the State in providing information on contamination levels, the communities’ territorial monitors in the area of Blocks 8 and 1AB have been the main parties responsible for collecting data, providing information and making environmental complaints regarding oil leakage and contamination in the oil areas, in a work comprising surveillance and control of the indigenous territory from an comprehensive perspective. The indigenous monitors, based on their in-depth territorial knowledge, and with the support of expert international institutions that train and supervise them, carry out their work equipped with GPS, smartphones and drones to film, photograph and locate polluted sites. The information gathered by the indigenous monitors is sent to their corresponding federations, which, jointly through PUINAMUDT, warn national authorities and urge competent bodies to take suitable remedial action. It is worth stressing that in recent years the participation of women in monitoring the territories has expanded, in addition to their increased role as communal authorities (as apus and lieutenants) and, above all, as spokespersons for the federations comprising PUINAMUDT. Data collected in monitoring actions are an important basis not only for supporting advocacy campaigns, but also for promoting investigations by government authorities. For instance, thanks to the work of ACODECOSPAT’s environmental monitors in the Marañón basin, an environmental judge was able to visit Block 8, in the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, to conduct an environmental inspection that resulted in a fine of 29 million soles for Pluspetrol in 2013. Monitors from the independent indigenous environmental monitoring programs have been able to report up to 1,209 sites and 51 water bodies polluted in Block 1AB (now Block 192). A study carried out by the Regional Health Department of Loreto (2009) found hydrocarbons present in the waters of the Corrientes Basin at rates 10 times higher than those allowed worldwide. The work and contribution of indigenous environmental monitors is recognized by institutions such as the Environmental Assessment and Oversight Agency (OEFA), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), among others. In 2018, the indigenous environmental monitoring programs of FEDIQUEP, FECONACOR and OPIKAFPE received the prize “Conectarse para Crecer” awarded by Fundación Telefónica.
- Participation of the federations in governmental assessments, both at the environmental and health impact levels: In 2016, a Toxicological and Epidemiological Study was conducted, where blood, urine and food samples were collected, in addition to environmental samples of soil and water. This study was developed by specialists of the Ministry of Health and counted on the participation of the Four Basins’ federations from the beginning until the delivery of the final report. Furthermore, each village had an interpreter, who was appointed and supported by the federations. As a result, it was found that the population located within 50 km of the oil activity was the one that exceeded by far the maximum reference values of heavy metals allowed in national and international regulations. It was also found that children under the age of 12 were the most affected population; for example, 47.8% of this population had arsenic levels in urine above national reference values. In Corrientes, a child under the age of 12 had six times the national regulation maximum arsenic reference value. In Pastaza, a child under the age of 12 reported 4 times the national reference value for lead in blood in children under 12 years of age (10ug Pb/dL in blood; although, internationally, the reference limit is 5ug Pb/dL in blood). In fact, in the region of Block 192 alone, 2,722 barrels of oil were spilled in the brief period between 2009 and 2011. Based on a report by the National Human Rights Coordinator and Oxfam, 1,209 sites have been impacted by oil activity in the two Blocks. Thirty-two of these areas contain enough polluted material to fill 231 soccer stadiums. Between 2000 and 2009, there were 189 oil spills in Block 192 and 155 spills in Block 8. Also in the area of health, in December 2020, at the request of the indigenous federations as part of the commitments undertook by the State, the Ministry of Health published report Analysis of the Health Situation in the Pastaza, Corrientes, Tigre, Marañón and Chambira Basins, a two-year research project carried out in the communities’ territories. On the other hand, thanks to the struggle and demands of the indigenous federations, the Peruvian environmental authorities conducted the first thorough environmental assessments with indigenous participation in Blocks 1AB and 8, between 2012 and 2013, after more than 40 years of oil activity. These evaluations were the foundation for consecutive statements of environmental and sanitary emergency in the Four Basins.
- Communication campaigns: One of the strategies adopted by the PUINAMUDT platform to reverse actions infringe their rights has been communication campaigns to publicize their demands. In this context, the platform has been efficient in launching focused campaigns with specific demands, with the company or the Peruvian State as target audience, but also in promoting wider campaigns that seek to raise awareness of its cause among the general population. The campaigns are planned in two stages: (i) information; publicity; content and advocacy (with graphic, digital and radio mobilization components); and (ii) mobilization communication (territorial actions), which are developed in an integrated manner in theme-based structures for specific strategies of the Prior Consultation process, including peaceful mobilizations with strong community presence and other demonstrations, even in Lima. As an example, in 2018, campaign ‘Pluspetrol, clean NOW!’ (¡Pluspetrol, limpia YA!) aimed at obtaining environmental remediation of damages caused by PlusPetrol as a result of oil exploration activities in Block 192. In response to the fraudulent Prior Consultation process in 2015, for the 40-year concession contract for Block 192, the organizations comprising PUINAMUDT promoted, in 2019, campaign ‘Prior Consultation #WithoutTraps’ (Consulta Previa #SinTrampas) targeting the Peruvian State. The campaign demanded effective participation of the Four Basins’ communities in the Prior Consultation process, based on the Consultation Plan prepared by the platform – requiring that the consultation process take place in the territory and not in Lima or Iquitos, where the community could not participate – while presenting proposals to be included as requisites for the concession of the Block for extraction. The campaign included radio programs that were broadcast in the communities, as well as informational leaflets about their demands. Finally, PUINAMUDT promotes campaign ‘#HealthyAmazon’ (#AmazoníaSana), which seeks to inform about the damage caused by the high concentrations of heavy metals in water, fish and soil. The campaign displays metal banners that, with the slogan “Metal doesn’t hurt, heavy metals do” (El Metal no daña; los metales pesados, sí), help to inform a wider public of the violations experienced by the communities of the Four Basins, gaining the solidarity of different audiences.
- Strategic alliances: During the PUINAMUDT development process, the platform joined other institutions that, with their technical support, contribute to the struggle, complaints and negotiations headed by the federations. The consolidated alliances that fit into this aspect are the Center for Public Policies and Human Rights, Perú Equidad, the National Human Rights Coordinator (CNDDHH), Oxfam Peru, the Amazon Center of Anthropology and Practical Application (CAAAP), the Autonomous University of Barcelona, the International Institute of Social Studies (ISS) and E-Tech International, which, among other contributions, offer technical support for monitoring violations, drawing up reports, and for the complaints formalized by the platform. A partnership with Digital Democracy, within the scope of the All Eyes on the Amazon Program, has ensured the promotion of workshops (2019) to environmental monitors on the use of the MAPEO application (Desktop and Mobile) to collect data on pollution in the territory.
- Furthermore, PUINAMUDT is a member of the Peruvian Amazonian indigenous national organization called Interethnic Association for the Development of the Peruvian Forest (AIDESEP – Asociación Interétnica de Desarrollo de la Selva Peruana), which also includes regional organizations such as the Regional Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the East (ORPIO) and the Regional Coordinator of Indigenous Peoples of San Lorenzo (CORPI-SL), in the Loreto region of the northern Peruvian Amazon. It is also a member of the National Platform of People Affected by Metals, Metalloids and Other Chemical Substances (Plataforma Nacional de Personas Afectadas por Metales, Metaloides y Otras Sustancias Químicas). In addition, as a public authority, PUINAMUDT maintains communication, coordination and follow-up with the Public Defender’s Office on issues related to the entire agenda of dialogue with the State. Other relevant institutions have also participated in the PUINAMUDT process, which have been involved at different levels due to their level of expertise, transparency and renowned institutional profile, such as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), among others.
- International advocacy: Inactivity or insufficient remediation at the national level prompts the platform to look for international support, so that international mechanisms, relying on regulations and agreements to which Peru is a party, can put pressure on governments and companies responsible for social and environmental damage. In April 2017, PUINAMUDT counted on the support of Perú Equidad to file a complaint with the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) at its 61th session. The complaint sought to get an answer from Netherlands in relation to the actions of Pluspetrol Resources, headquartered in Amsterdam, in the region of Blocs 8 and 192. The complaint based its appeal on the Maastricht Principles (2011) which, among other measures, establish that States must take the necessary measures to ensure that companies with their headquarters in their country do not infringe economic, social and cultural rights in third countries. In 2019, the indigenous federations of the PUINAMUDT platform, with technical and legal support from CNDDHH, CAAAP, Perú Equidad and Oxfam, denounced the health and environmental crisis in their communities before a public hearing at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. In addition, in March 2020, the federations of the Four Basins submitted a complaint to the Dutch government’s contact at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The complaint alleges that Pluspetrol breached several of OCDE guidelines and that the company did not foresee or remedy the damage caused by oil contamination in Block 192, which impacted local water and food sources, as well as the health and welfare of about 25,000 people. Lastly, according to the document, the company has established a highly complex corporate structure through tax havens that would allow it to bypass tax control and conceal the corporate entities and owners. The complaint to the OECD was signed by FEDIQUEP, FECONACOR, OPIKAFPE and ACODECOSPAT, as well as civil society institutions from Peru and the Netherlands, such as Perú Equidad, the Center for Research on Multinational Corporations (SOMO), Oxfam Novib and Oxfam in Peru, among others. In March 2021, the complaint was officially accepted by OECD.
- Unity of the federations over time: The consolidation of the PUINAMUDT platform as a space for consensus and unification of the communities it represents was one of the main results obtained in these 10 years of organization, struggle and initiatives for demands and dialogue with the State. This milestone is particularly important given the diversity of cultures made up of almost a hundred communities of different nationalities in a vast territorial area, which manages to remain united and strong in order to safeguard their rights and the conservation of the healthy forest. Within this ambit, the platform provides a consolidated representation hand in hand with the communities, with a relationship of trust, since the agenda proposed by PUINAMUDT reflects, in fact, the demands of the communities of the Four Basins.
- Governance and indigenous participation: Although there are still many challenges for the full fulfillment of their rights and due reparation from companies such as Pluspetrol, Petroperu, Frontera Energy and others for the damages caused, the mobilization of the communities and the processes of dialogue with the Peruvian State, conducted by PUINAMUDT in the last decade, have ensured the presence and participation of indigenous peoples in mechanisms and the State agenda, through their own innovative proposals on the measures to be taken by the State for justice and reparation in strict observance of indigenous rights. Indigenous participation in this process was achieved through territorial mobilization, specific advocacy, and continuous dialogue with PUINAMUDT, lawsuit after lawsuit against the State, which, despite recognizing the historical debt with these peoples, and even apologizing to the communities for the damage inflicted, does not demonstrate a real, deep and sustained change in this historical relationship based on the infringement of rights and periodical conflicts. In this regard, despite the agreements being affected when governments and managers change, PUINAMUDT was successful in proposing and sustaining the agenda, maintaining pressure and continuity of the processes, with key achievements such as the recognition of the right to a new Prior Consultation process for the concession of Block 192, in spite of the State’s initial refusal to carry it out. This gain is not restricted to PUINAMUDT and extends to other indigenous communities and organizations, because, to a certain extent, it sets a precedent for the participation of indigenous representatives in political processes that reflect their rights, and although this right is recognized by treaties such as the ILO Convention 169, to which Peru is a signatory, it is not always observed in practice. Above all, besides the benefits for Peru’s indigenous populations, the State itself benefits, once the advocacy and political negotiation fostered by PUINAMUDT has taught the State mechanisms for the design of public policies that have generated achievements even to date; for example, new environmental quality standards (2014), Law 30,321 (2015) or the Model of Integral Intercultural Health Care (2017), which designed as a response to the critical situation encountered by the communities due to oil pollution, has served as one of the models for the development of the Indigenous Covid-19 Plan drawn up by the Peruvian State in 2020.
- Strengthening of the role of environmental monitors: The role of environmental monitors emerged in response to the lack of adequate inspection and assessment of the damage caused by hydrocarbon pollution. Over the last fifteen years, the territorial monitoring teams have multiplied throughout the river basin territories and have even gained recognition by government agencies, playing a key role in territorial and environmental surveillance. Their work independence contributes to the communities always being informed about what is happening in the territories and, because the monitors are members of the communities, the data they collect is trusted by the communities, which is not the case with data provided by the companies or the State. However, it is still necessary to improve mechanisms for the overall protection of the monitors’ actions, in addition to measures for broader recognition to support their work.
Learn more about:
- Puinamudt Loreto YouTube Channel
- 2015: Message to the Peruvian state: “My territory is my life” (Oxfam) [Mensaje al Estado peruano: “Mi territorio es mi vida”]
- 2016: What is the Kukama Territorial Surveillance? ACODECOSPAT tells you (PUINAMUDT) [¿Qué es la Vigilancia Territorial Kukama? ACODECOSPAT te lo cuenta (PUINAMUDT)]
- 2018: ¡Pluspetrol, clean Now! (PUINAMUDT) [¡Pluspetrol, limpia ya!]
- 2018: New oil spill in Block 192 affects the Achuar Nuevo Nazareth and Nuevo Jerusalén communities (PUINAMUDT) [Nuevo derrame de petróleo en Lote 192 afecta as comunidades Achuar Nuevo Nazareth e Nuevo Jerusalén]
- 2019: Elmer Hualinga: the indigenous monitor who uses technology to monitor oil spills (Mongabay) [Elmer Hualinga: el monitor indígena que usa la tecnología para vigilar derrames de petróleo]
- 2006: Dorissa Agreement [Acta de Dorissa]
- 2013: Declaration of Environmental Emergency in the Pastaza River Basin: Ministerial Resolution no. 139-2013-MINAM [Declaración en Emergencia Ambiental en la Cuenca Pastaza: Resolución Ministerial Nº 139-2013-MINAM)]
- 2013: Declaration of Environmental Emergency in the Corrientes River Basin: Ministerial Resolution no. 263-2013-MINAM Declaración en Emergencia Ambiental en la Cuenca Corrientes: Resolución Ministerial N° 263-2013-MINAM]
- 2013: Declaration of Environmental Emergency in the Tigre River Basin: Ministerial Resolution no. 370-2013-MINAM [Declaración en Emergencia Ambiental en la Cuenca Tigre: Resolución Ministerial N° 370-2013-MINAM]
- 2014: Declaration of Environmental Emergency in the Marañón River Basin: Ministerial Resolution no. 136-2014-MINAM [Declaración en Emergencia Ambiental en la Cuenca Marañón: Resolución Ministerial Nº 136-2014-MINAM]
- 2015: Lima Agreement of March 10, 2015, signed between the Presidents of the Federations of the Pastaza, Tigre, Corrientes and Marañón River Basins and the Representatives of the National and Regional Governments of Loreto. [Acta de Lima].
- 2016: Toxicological and Epidemiological Report for Four Basins (Peru Health Ministry- MINSA) [Informe Toxicológico Epidemiológico para Cuatro Cuencas]
- 2017: Report submitted by the Center for Public Policy and Human Rights (EQUIDAD), Amazonian Indigenous Peoples United in Defense of their Territories (PUINAMUDT), the Global Initiative for Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (GI-ESCR) and FIAN to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on at the time of considering the Sixth Periodic Report of the Netherlands during the 61st period of Committee’s sessions. [Informe]. | <urn:uuid:1ec66e00-5c05-44f3-82d5-8cf96b51ff83> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://toamazonia.org/case-study/dialogo-con-el-estado-y-el-fortalecimiento-territorial-de-los-puinamudt/ | 2024-12-02T11:35:19Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066127466.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202094452-20241202124452-00690.warc.gz | en | 0.936288 | 7,385 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Laboratoire Antennes Radar Telecom,
F.R.E CNRS 2272, Equipe Radar Polarimetrie,
Université de Rennes 1,
UFR S.P.M, Campus de Beaulieu - Bat. 22,
263 Avenue General Leclerc, CS 74205, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
Fuzzy Logic was initiated in 1965 , , , by Lotfi A. Zadeh , professor for computer science at the University of California in Berkeley. Basically, Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a multivalued logic, that allows intermediate values to be defined between conventional evaluations like true/false, yes/no, high/low, etc. Notions like rather tall or very fast can be formulated mathematically and processed by computers, in order to apply a more human-like way of thinking in the programming of computers . Fuzzy systems is an alternative to traditional notions of set membership and logic that has its origins in ancient Greek philosophy. The precision of mathematics owes its success in large part to the efforts of Aristotle and the philosophers who preceded him. In their efforts to devise a concise theory of logic, and later mathematics, the so-called "Laws of Thought" were posited . One of these, the "Law of the Excluded Middle," states that every proposition must either be True or False. Even when Parminedes proposed the first version of this law (around 400 B.C.) there were strong and immediate objections: for example, Heraclitus proposed that things could be simultaneously True and not True. It was Plato who laid the foundation for what would become fuzzy logic, indicating that there was a third region (beyond True and False) where these opposites "tumbled about." Other, more modern philosophers echoed his sentiments, notably Hegel, Marx, and Engels. But it was Lukasiewicz who first proposed a systematic alternative to the bi-valued logic of Aristotle . Even in the present time some Greeks are still outstanding examples for fussiness and fuzziness, (note: the connection to logic got lost somewhere during the last 2 mileniums ). Fuzzy Logic has emerged as a a profitable tool for the controlling and steering of of systems and complex industrial processes, as well as for household and entertainment electronics, as well as for other expert systems and applications like the classification of SAR data.
The very basic notion of fuzzy systems is a fuzzy (sub)set. In classical mathematics we are familiar with what we call crisp sets. For example, the possible interferometric coherence values are the set X of all real numbers between 0 and 1. From this set X a subset A can be defined, (e.g. all values 0 0.2). The characteristic function of A , (i.e. this function assigns a number 1 or 0 to each element in X , depending on whether the element is in the subset A or not) is shown in Fig.1.
The elements which have been assigned the number 1 can be interpreted as the elements that are in the set A and the elements which have assigned the number 0 as the elements that are not in the set A . This concept is sufficient for many areas of applications, but it can easily be seen, that it lacks in flexibility for some applications like classification of remotely sensed data analysis. For example it is well known that water shows low interferometric coherence in SAR images. Since starts at 0, the lower range of this set ought to be clear. The upper range, on the other hand, is rather hard to define. As a first attempt, we set the upper range to 0.2. Therefore we get B as a crisp interval B=[0,0.2]. But this means that a value of 0.20 is low but a value of 0.21 not. Obviously, this is a structural problem, for if we moved the upper boundary of the range from =0.20 to an arbitrary point we can pose the same question. A more natural way to construct the set B would be to relax the strict separation between low and not low. This can be done by allowing not only the (crisp) decision Yes/No, but more flexible rules like " fairly low". A fuzzy set allows us to define such a notion. The aim is to use fuzzy sets in order to make computers more 'intelligent', therefore, the idea above has to be coded more formally. In the example, all the elements were coded with 0 or 1. A straight way to generalize this concept, is to allow more values between 0 and 1. In fact, infinitely many alternatives can be allowed between the boundaries 0 and 1, namely the unit interval I = [0, 1]. The interpretation of the numbers, now assigned to all elements is much more difficult. Of course, again the number 1 assigned to an element means, that the element is in the set B and 0 means that the element is definitely not in the set B. All other values mean a gradual membership to the set B. This is shown in Fig. 2. The membership function is a graphical representation of the magnitude of participation of each input. It associates a weighting with each of the inputs that are processed, define functional overlap between inputs, and ultimately determines an output response. The rules use the input membership values as weighting factors to determine their influence on the fuzzy output sets of the final output conclusion.
The membership function, operating in this case on the fuzzy set of interferometric coherence g, returns a value between 0.0 and 1.0. For example, an interferometric coherence g of 0.3 has a membership of 0.5 to the set low coherence (see Fig. 2). It is important to point out the distinction between fuzzy logic and probability. Both operate over the same numeric range, and have similar values: 0.0 representing False (or non-membership), and 1.0 representing True (or full-membership). However, there is a distinction to be made between the two statements: The probabilistic approach yields the natural-language statement, "There is an 50% chance that g is low," while the fuzzy terminology corresponds to "g's degree of membership within the set of low interferometric coherence is 0.50." The semantic difference is significant: the first view supposes that g is or is not low; it is just that we only have an 50% chance of knowing which set it is in. By contrast, fuzzy terminology supposes that g is "more or less" low, or in some other term corresponding to the value of 0.50.
We can introduce basic operations on fuzzy sets. Similar to the operations on crisp sets we also want to intersect, unify and negate fuzzy sets. In his very first paper about fuzzy sets , L. A. Zadeh suggested the minimum operator for the intersection and the maximum operator for the union of two fuzzy sets. It can be shown that these operators coincide with the crisp unification, and intersection if we only consider the membership degrees 0 and 1. For example, if A is a fuzzy interval between 5 and 8 and B be a fuzzy number about 4 as shown in the Figure below
In this case, the fuzzy set between 5 and 8 AND about 4 is
set between 5 and 8 OR about 4 is shown in the next figure
the NEGATION of the fuzzy set A is shown below
Fuzzy classifiers are one application of fuzzy theory. Expert knowledge is used and can be expressed in a very natural way using linguistic variables , which are described by fuzzy sets
Now the expert knowledge for this variables can be formulated as a rules like
IF feature A low AND feature B medium AND feature C medium AND feature D medium THEN Class = class 4
The rules can be combined in a table calls rule base
Linguistic rules describing the control system consist of two parts; an antecedent block (between the IF and THEN) and a consequent block (following THEN). Depending on the system, it may not be necessary to evaluate every possible input combination, since some may rarely or never occur. By making this type of evaluation, usually done by an experienced operator, fewer rules can be evaluated, thus simplifying the processing logic and perhaps even improving the fuzzy logic system performance. The inputs are combined logically using the AND operator to produce output response values for all expected inputs. The active conclusions are then combined into a logical sum for each membership function. A firing strength for each output membership function is computed. All that remains is to combine these logical sums in a defuzzification process to produce the crisp output. E.g for a for the rule consequents for each class a so-called singleton or a min-max interference can be derived which is the characteristic function of the respective set . E.g. For the input pair of and the scheme below (see Figure 7.) would apply.
The fuzzy outputs for all rules are finally aggregated to one fuzzy set.To obtain a crisp decision from this fuzzy output, we have to defuzzify the fuzzy set, or the set of singletons. Therefore, we have to choose one representative value as the final output. There are several heuristic methods (defuzzification methods), one of them is e.g. to take the center of gravity of the fuzzy set as shown in figure 7., which is widely used for fuzzy sets. For the discrete case with singletons usually the the maximum-method is used where the point with the maximum singleton is chosen.
One way to use the the fuzzy logic approach for the classification of SAR data is to applied a fuzzy rule base in order to incorporate expert knowledge. These rules are given in a descriptive way and one may use techniques of approximate reasoning to evaluate them. In the literature there is a variety of textbooks dealing with this subject ,, and the example below is used to illustrate the strategy.
First we fix a set of 'expert rules' which are used to classify the image. E.g. the third line reads: IF is high AND is high THEN pixel is of class 'forest'. Every term in each rule such as ' is high' is a so-called linguistic variable, i.e. is of an imprecise nature. Following Zadeh one can describe them with fuzzy sets. A fuzzy set A is defined by a membership function from the universe of discourse (i.e. the possible values of the variable - for the entropy H, for the -angle) to the closed unit interval [0,1]. We interpret as the degree of membership of x in A . The linguistic variables and their representation as fuzzy sets are shown in Fig. 10 . For the entropy and - angle parameters it is possible to define the fuzzy sets data independently. This is - in general - not possible for the first eigenvalue as its range depends on the data. So these fuzzy sets for the linguistic variables have to be interactively defined. To this end, in order to visualize the first eigenvalue, the logarithm of it is used and scaled it to the grey scale interval [0,255]. From this interval six occurring (grey)values are chosen (e.g. ranging from very low (water or any very smooth surface) to very high (reflections from buildings). These values determine the shape of the membership functions (Fig. 10). For computational simplicity in all cases triangular or trapezoid were chosen.
The algorithm now determines the class of an image pixel following the expert rules of Tab. 2 according to the Mamdani approach for fuzzy control .
Input to the system is a triple of values ( ) for the image pixel. In a first step this triple is fuzzified, i.e. for each linguistic variable the degree is determined to which fulfills it. This is done by evaluating the values of the corresponding membership functions. For example for the triple =[100,0.5,30)] the degree of 'medium ' is . The degree of the rule antecedents is then computed by taking the minimum of all present degrees. This degree is also chosen as the degree with which the rule is fulfilled, i.e. the degree of the rule consequent. E.g. the triple (100,0.5,30) fulfills the third rule with degree . The degree of the class 'forest' is then computed by taking the maximum of all rules describing this class i.e. . A pixel may thus belong to several classes with certain degrees, a fact which reflects very well the problem of having more than one class in one resolution cell. To obtain a crisp classification from this fuzzy classification the fuzzy output of the system has to be defuzzified. For example, his can be done by assigning the class with maximum degree to the pixel. However, with this last step information is lost. For example, a pixel belonging to the class 'forest' with degree 0.8 and to the class 'urban' with degree 0.9 is assigned to the class 'urban', whereas the representation of the pixel as 'forest or urban' would be more appropriate. This additional information is a particular advantage of a fuzzy system compared to crisp classification systems. For example, in a subsequent context based Filtering this information can be evaluated if a pixel belonging to class A is surrounded by pixels belonging to class B and the membership value for for class B of the pixel of interest is also high the pixel is assigned to class B.
Fuzzy Logic provides a different way to approach a control or classification problem. This method focuses on what the system should do rather than trying to model how it works. One can concentrate on solving the problem rather than trying to model the system mathematically, if that is even possible. On the other hand the fuzzy approach requires a sufficient expert knowledge for the formulation of the rule base, the combination of the sets and the defuzzification. In General, the employment of fuzzy logic might be helpful, for very complex processes, when there is no simple mathematical model (e.g. Inversion problems), for highly nonlinear processes or if the processing of (linguistically formulated) expert knowledge is to be performed. According to literature the employment of fuzzy logic is not recommendable, if the conventional approach yields a satisfying result, an easily solvable and adequate mathematical model already exists , or the problem is not solvable ;) | <urn:uuid:71617d53-21bb-46bb-b324-4c00ad71ae81> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | http://epsilon.nought.de/tutorials/fuzzy/index.php | 2024-12-11T03:21:22Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066072935.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211020256-20241211050256-00861.warc.gz | en | 0.935232 | 2,951 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Alf Landon has been largely forgotten by history, but conservatives today ought to refresh their memories. Landon, a Republican, challenged President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1936 election on a platform of repealing Social Security—before the program had even begun. FDR won in a landslide, taking all states but two. It’s “another parallel that’s spooky,” says Michael Hiltzik, the Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The New Deal: A Modern History. In that 2011 book, the Los Angeles Times columnist reexamined FDR’s hallmark legislation and how the country was steered—and sometimes stumbled—through the Great Depression. Given Obamacare's disastrous debut, we asked Hiltzik for some historical perspective on the New Deal's rollout.
Jennifer Kirby: The big question right now is Obamacare. It’s facing a lot of criticism, and also snags in terms of the legislation’s rollout. What parallels do you see in the rollout of New Deal programs that we’re now seeing with Obamacare?
Michael Hiltzik: The New Deal was really dozens of individual programs, and some of them were well thought-out, and some of them were not very well thought-out, and not many of them worked perfectly out of the box. It depended a lot on what the goal was, it depended on how they were designed, and how hastily they were designed.
The very first New Deal relief program, which was the Civilian Conservation Corp (CCC), was created during the 100 days, the very beginning of the Roosevelt administration. That worked well in many ways. But the way it was set up, the administration of the program was put in the hands of local state officials because the federal government didn’t really have a system in place to manage it centrally, and what that did in certain states, particularly places like Mississippi and Georgia, it institutionalized a lot of racism.
You had the WPA (Works Project Administration), which was probably the most famous work relief program that the New Deal created and of course that came under a huge amount of criticism because a lot of the projects that the WPA funded were manifestly make-work projects. They only existed to put people to work on the spot, to put money in their hands to put food on the table, shelter over their heads. It wasn’t like the Public Works Administration, which built bridges, and dams, and highways, and school buildings, which was designed to leave a legacy for the country. It got a lot of criticism from conservatives in Congress that it was just wasting money.
JK: Personality definitely seems to be a really big factor. How did FDR relate to the American people and sell the New Deal?
MH: This was really important, being that it really comes out strongly when you compare the Obama approach to the FDR approach. When I talk about this I always want to make clear that you can’t really blame Barack Obama for not being FDR because nobody’s FDR. He was really a unique figure in American history and he had this unique ability to communicate to the average person.
The thing about FDR that I think Obama has begun to learn from, but needed to learn a lot earlier, was that FDR, when he talked about his programs, he always acknowledged they were all not going to work. During his first campaign for the presidency in 1932, he stated outright that what we’re going to do is to try everything to get out of this Depression. We’re going to try one thing, and if it doesn’t work, we’re going to be candid that it doesn’t work and we’re going to move on to the next thing. But we’re going to constantly be trying.
In April 1938, the country had slipped back into the recession. Roosevelt went on the radio and he acknowledged it. He communicated this idea that not everything was perfect, and not everything worked the way we thought, and we now have this big setback. But let’s not forget what we did that works. I think you heard that a little bit in Obama’s talk the other day about Obamacare. When he said, look Obamacare’s not just a website. Here all the things that it’s done that really work and we’ve got to keep our eyes on it. I think that’s really out of a page out of FDR’s book. But it’s only now that Obama, I think, is sounding that. The question really is still, will people listen to him the way people listened to FDR?
JK: The other thing I wondered is how FDR worked with the people that were close to him, as well as his political opposition. Can you put it on the scale of what Obama is facing now? Essentially, did FDR have a Ted Cruz?
MH: FDR had a lot of opposition, and ironically, the most intense opposition he got was from the Democrats. The Southern Democratic bloc, particularly in the Senate, was the most rigorous opposition to the New Deal, and he had to deal with it because it was very powerful. Obviously if you look at the Tea Party as sort of being a regional phenomenon from the lower Midwest, and the Southeast, the opposition to the social insurance and to the social programs comes from the same region. But there were a lot of really powerful progressives in the Republican Party at this time. Roosevelt had a lot of support from them.
But he didn’t have the intransigence that you see today. He didn’t have this intransigent bloc in Congress that had this powerful veto that Obama faces today, so there was that difference. When Roosevelt first came into office, Congress was so terrified that there were no answers to the Great Depression they were willing to go along with FDR with almost everything, especially in the 100 days, when everything proposed got passed. But very quickly, as the New Deal proceeded, there were real pockets of opposition and you started hearing fairly early on from conservatives in Congress that we were spending too much, we were borrowing too much, we had to balance the budget. Even FDR paid lip service to balancing the budget, but he never did.
JK: FDR tried to pack the Supreme Court in order to push through his legislation. Obama didn’t do that, nor could he get way with it. But the courts were one place where opponents thought they could steamroll Obamacare. Do you see parallels today in the legal opposition to the New Deal and Obamacare?
MH: These conservatives on the Court really were an issue for FDR. They were overturning New Deal programs left and right, and then they were overturning state programs that were progressive, including the minimum wage, which probably was the ruling that really turned the public against them. But there was so much anger, public anger, against the Court that members of the Court, especially the chief justice, Charles Evans Hughes, began to get a little nervous about their standing. Hughes understood that it really wasn’t going to be good for the Court to be seen as this total bulwark, this brick wall, against any sort of effort to relieve the country of the Great Depression. So, by about 1935, 1936, the Court began to back off a little bit, where the Court upheld the New Deal initiatives. Roosevelt went ahead with the court-packing scheme, and that was probably the greatest single blunder of his administration. It marked the end of the New Deal because it really empowered his opponents and there were places he would go where the public wouldn’t follow him.
JK: We talk about the New Deal, but it’s really separate legislation. Do you think in rolling out a program like Obamacare, which is pretty transformative, that if it were something a little bit more piecemeal the reception would have been different, or the implementation smoother?
MH: The idea that the drafters of Obamacare had was that in fact all of these pieces had to work together if any of them was to work at all. So it was sort of an irreducible minimum that Obamacare had to be in order to work at all, and I think that’s what they got. Some of the experiences from the New Deal tell us that when you don’t go all the way you basically impose costs that eventually you’re going to have to deal with. A good example of that is Social Security, which was pared back from the original ambition pretty sharply so it could get enacted, then it had to be basically fixed.
It’s the sort of thing we see that’s still familiar today. You have these great ambitions, but that’s really going to cost a fortune, so let’s do a little bit less. Well it doesn’t really save you money in the long-run if the idea of the program is to reach a certain level of coverage than eventually you’re going to have to do it, and you’re just imposing these costs on the poorest and least advantaged, the people that you really want to help that aren’t being helped.
JK: In many ways, some of the more lasting programs of the New Deal, like Social Security, were built over time. Maybe it’s a sign of the times, but some look at Obamacare and say if it doesn’t work now, if it didn’t work on October 1, then it’s just not going to work. Like Social Security, how do you convince the public to look long-term?
MH: People are being misled that some of these deadlines are hard and fast, and that if we miss them it’s going to bring the whole edifice crashing down. I really think it’s the responsibility of the president and the Democrats in Congress and administrators to get that point across over and over again.
Nobody, not even Bill Clinton, was nearly as good as FDR was at making sure that people understood what his goals were, what he was doing to achieve it, what the pitfalls were, and how he was going to deal with them. Another fireside talk that he gave in 1934, when the New Deal was just getting underway, and criticism was building of wasted money in the WPA—he said, you know, these are big programs, and whenever you have a program like this that goes out over 3,000 counties throughout the nation there’s going to be inefficiency, there’s going to be cases of bad management, there may be cases of misuse of funds. The way he put it was that when this occurs, there will be those that try to tell you the exceptional failure is characteristic of the whole thing. But it’s not. In every big job there’s going to be imperfections, there are always going to be chiselers, there’s always going to be unfairness, there’s always going to be black sheep. But that doesn’t tell you that the system doesn’t work, and I think that if the administration took a page from that fireside chat, it would really help a lot.
JK: Are there any other parallels that I might have missed?
MH: There were so many parallels [with] the rhetoric. He was called a socialist, a communist, his parentage was questioned; he was accused of being Jewish. I think anytime you have a president come into power who is not very well-known when he’s elected, and Roosevelt was exactly the same, he was the governor of New York, but to the rest of the country he was sort of a cipher and people made of him what they wanted to make of him. When you start of program of social revolution you’re going to draw a lot of opposition.
This interview has been edited and condensed. | <urn:uuid:84e8b421-4c4a-4d5f-b665-cc14f31b2142> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://newrepublic.com/article/115326/obamacare-vs-new-deal-historical-comparison | 2024-12-08T09:44:05Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066444677.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208080334-20241208110334-00046.warc.gz | en | 0.988289 | 2,461 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The future of quantum computing
China’s Micius satellite is an impressive leap forward in the realm of quantum computing, but viable quantum capabilities remain years away
On August 16, 2016, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) launched a satellite equipped with quantum communication capabilities, marking a new stage in the development of information security.1 Representing the first attempt to establish quantum communication systems between earth and space, the launch of the Micius satellite could revolutionize encryption. Chinese researchers will use the satellite to study the capabilities of quantum encryption systems.2 If the new satellite proves successful, the PRC plans to follow it with projects Micius 2 and Micius 3.3 The PRC hopes to establish a global quantum communications network by 2030.4 On November 20, 2016, the PRC completed the first phase of its planned 2,000 km quantum communication line connecting Beijing and Shanghai. The line is currently 712 km long, and connects the capital of Anhui province to Shanghai.5 While the actual functions of the line are unclear, it is the largest piece of quantum communication infrastructure in the world, establishing the PRC as a groundbreaker in applied quantum physics.6
Quantum communication systems theoretically provide near perfect security, making them superior to traditional encryption models. Information security relies on a two-pronged test: the system must be based on sound principles, and its implementation must not create vulnerabilities.7 Modern public key cryptography fails the first prong because it relies on two assumptions. First, that the private key is secure, and second, that the public key cannot be broken. Public key encryption allows the sender to encrypt information using an open source key These cyphers are extremely difficult for existing computers to break because they rely on the principle that numbers composed of very large primes are extremely difficult to factor. Theoretically, the public key is unbreakable. The weakest link in the chain is the privately held decryption key. Whoever holds this key can access any of the data being transmitted by the sender.8
In this illustration, Bob wants to send the secret information to Alice. Using the public domain encryption key, Bob “locks” the information so that Eve cannot access it. It is irrelevant whether Eve possesses the public encryption key because it cannot be used to decrypt the information. Once the secret information reaches Alice, she uses the private decryption key which only she possesses to “unlock” the message.
This delivery system suffers from two vulnerabilities. First, it is possible that Eve could break the public encryption key. This risk becomes progressively greater as quantum computers could be developed as soon as 2025.10 Modern encryption is secure because computers can only work on one problem at a time. At that speed, it would take hundreds of years to factor an RSA key. Quantum computers can work multiple problems simultaneously, meaning that they could brute force the most advanced encryption key in a matter of seconds.11 While a practical quantum computing system remains to be developed, quantum factoring algorithms have existed since 1994.12
Eve can also access the secret information if she can intercept the private decrypt key. Secure communication channels are used to distribute private keys, but it is impossible to discern whether existing channels have been tampered with.13 Users of these channels must assume that no eavesdropper has intercepted the information.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) ensures the security of private communication channels. Quantum physics is governed by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which dictates that at the quantum level, one of a particle’s properties cannot be measured without altering the particle’s other properties.14 QKD uses oriented photons –packets of light to distribute private keys securely. Like bits in a computers system, these photons can be encrypted, so even if an eavesdropper intercepts the signal, he will be unable to access the information. Quantum keys are decrypted by only measuring photons with a specific orientation using a calcite crystal.15 Theoretically, the system cannot be wiretapped without Alice’s knowledge because measuring the photon stream will alter the state of the
information, rendering it unusable.16 When Alice receives a garbled decrypt key, she knows that Eve has intercepted it. Alice simply discards the useless key, switches channels, and asks Bob to send a new one. Unlike modern encryption systems, QKD relies on sound principles which guarantee an unprecedented level of security for encrypted communications.
Quantum encryption is increasingly used in government, finance, and network security. Some banks in the PRC already use quantum encryption to transmit sensitive financial information.17 The new quantum line will be used for sensitive military and government communications.18 The PRC is not the only party exploring QKD. Switzerland has used id Quantique’s QKD systems to secure election results since 2007.19 Los Alamos National Laboratory developed a quantum encrypted internet in 2011.21 In 2016, the European Commission launched a 1 billion euro initiative to research and develop quantum encryption capabilities.22
Quantum encryption is not invincible. Some analysts have lauded the new quantum capabilities as “foolproof”21 and “forever immune from hackers or malware makers.”22 This praise is overblown. While quantum encryption is perfectly secure in principle, in practice it suffers from security weaknesses. To date, the known vulnerabilities of QKD stem from its implementation. In 2011, researchers from Singapore and Norway successfully eavesdropped on a QKD while remaining undetected.24 Because QKD uses light rather than electric current to transmit information, quantum transmissions currently rely on fiber optic cables. These cables produce a certain level of interference that alters the state of some of the photons being transmitted.25 This white noise is indistinguishable from the alterations produced by an eavesdropper. Along a fiber optic cable, the most common QKD protocol, BB84, has an error rate of 11%.26 If an eavesdropper can measure the photons being transmitted without raising the error rate above that percentage, the receiver cannot know that the message was intercepted. Researchers relied on this flaw to exploit the QKD protocol.
Besides structural errors, any encryption system is vulnerable to social engineering. Regardless of how much researchers can reduce the error rate of QKD protocols, the system is irrelevant if attackers can access the keys by exploiting employees of the parties involved. No amount of coding can protect information if the person holding it is compromised. It is essential that assessments of quantum cryptographic systems note these vulnerabilities.
Quantum encryption will not be widely available in the immediate future. Because of the nature of light, principally secure quantum communications can only transmit photons using either lasers, in the case of the Micius satellite, or fiber optic cables. The vast majority of internet infrastructure relies on copper wires because data is currently transmitted in bits.27 This renders QKD useless for most consumer devices. Other challenges for quantum capabilities are distance and routing. A photon travelling over a fiber optic cable can travel no farther than 500 km before becoming garbled.28 Satellite based quantum communications can travel much farther because earth’s atmosphere minimally impacts the state of photons travelling through it.29 However, because receiving stations on earth can only capture roughly one in every million photons transmitted by the satellite, they must be ten times as precise as receivers for an ordinary satellite.30 The chief commander of the PRC’s Micius program described the process as, “Like tossing a coin from a plane at 100,000 meters above the sea level exactly into the slot of a rotating piggy bank.”31 Infrastructure this precise cannot be made widely available in the foreseeable future.
The very property that makes quantum communications secure also limits their usefulness. Eavesdropping on a quantum system is difficult because reading and measuring photons alters their state. By that same property, however, those particles cannot be amplified or rerouted.32 The Los Alamos internet reroutes the quantum transmissions by translating them at a central hub, encrypting them again, and then sending them on to their destination.33 While this method makes a quantum network viable, it also resurrects the same security risks which QKD is designed to outmode. Every hub at which the transmissions are translated and rerouted becomes a chink in the armor where eavesdroppers can exploit the existing vulnerabilities of public key encryption. This could render quantum networks useless, particularly if quantum computing becomes a reality in the near future.
Quantum cryptography’s greater security justifies its development. The history of cryptography is one of groundbreaking technologies and strategic surprises. No matter how secure a communication system may appear, it will always have vulnerabilities. Especially as quantum computing continues to become more feasible, conventional encryption systems will have to be replaced. Developing threats increasingly demand quantum capabilities. The US should continue its research into QKD systems and encourage industries to shift their communications to these more secure lines. At the same time, users of QKD must be aware of the security vulnerabilities which exist in its current implementation and work to minimize them. ■
- 1. “China Takes Quantum Communication Leap,” Global Times, May 30, 2016,
3. “China to Send More Quantum Satellites Into Space,” BBC Worldwide Monitoring, August 16, 2016, http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.phc.edu/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=5KGC-7YW1-DYRV-32PK&csi=270944,270077,11059,8411&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true.
4. “China Takes Quantum Communication Leap,” Global Times.
5. “China Launches World’s Longest Quantum Communication Line,” The Hindu, December 2, 2016, http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/China-launches-world%E2%80%99s-longest-quantum-communication-line/article16668990.ece
7. “Quantum Cryptography: Everything You Need to Know about Quantum Cryptography,” Swiss Quantum, 2009, http://swissquantum.idquantique.com/?-Quantum-Cryptography-
8. “Quantum Encryption – A Means to Perfect Security?” Sans Institute, 2003, https://www.sans.org/reading-room/whitepapers/vpns/quantum-encryption-means-perfect-security-986
9. Dr. Wallace E. Kelly, “Introduction to Cryptology,” November 17, 2016.
10. “Microsoft Lab Predicts We’ll Have a Working ‘Hybrid’ Quantum Computer in 10 Years,” Business Insider, October 22, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/microsoft-hybrid-quantum-computer-2015-10
11. “China Launches First-Ever Quantum Communication Satellite,” China Daily, August 16, 2016, http://www.lexisnexis.com.ezproxy.phc.edu/lnacui2api/api/version1/getDocCui?lni=5KGD-FPB1-JDJN-62PG&csi=270944,270077,11059,8411&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true
12. Lek, Kamol, and Naruemol Rajapakse, Cryptography : Protocols, Design, and Applications (Hauppauge: Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 2012).
13. “Quantum Encryption – A Means to Perfect Security?” Sans Institute.
14. Gilles Van Assche, Quantum Cryptography and Secret-Key Distillation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
15. “Quantum Encryption – A Means to Perfect Security?” Sans Institute.
16. “Researchers Successfully Eavesdrop On Quantum Encrypted Communications,” Forbes, June 15, 2011, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2011/06/15/researchers-successfully-eavesdrop-on-quantum-encrypted-communications/#7af5076e1201
17. “China to Send More Quantum Satellites Into Space,” BBC Worldwide Monitoring.
19. “Will Quantum Encryption Arrive Before Quantum Computers Break All Our Passwords?” Forbes, April 16, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffmcmahon/2016/04/17/will-quantum-encryption-arrive-before-quantum-computers-guess-all-our-passwords/#5a552f38281a. Also see “Quantum Cryptography: Everything You Need to Know about Quantum Cryptography,” Swiss Quantum.
20. “Los Alamos National Lab Has Had Quantum-Encrypted Internet for Over Two Years,” Engadget, May 6, 2013, https://www.engadget.com/2013/05/06/quantum-encrypted-internet-los-alamos/
21. China Takes Quantum Communication Leap, Global Times.
22. “Will Quantum Encryption Arrive Before Quantum Computers Break All Our Passwords?” Forbes.
23. “Quantum Cryptography: A Boon for Security,” National Review, March 10, 2017, http://www.nationalreview.com/article/445663/quantum-computing-intelligence-security-improvement
24. Researchers Successfully Eavesdrop On Quantum Encrypted Communications,” Forbes.
25. S. Molotkov, “What is a quantum cryptography protocol that ensures the maximum distance in the case of a strictly single-photon source?” American Institute of Physics, October 2015, http://62PG&csi=270944,270077,11059,8411&hl=t&hv=t&hnsd=f&hns=t&hgn=t&oc=00240&perma=true
27. “Quantum Encryption – A Means to Perfect Security?” Sans Institute.
28. “China Launches First-Ever Quantum Communication Satellite,” China Daily.
32. “Quantum Cryptography: Everything You Need to Know about Quantum Cryptography,” Swiss Quantum.
33. “Commercial Quantum Cryptography System Hacked,” MIT Technology Review, May 17, 2010, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/514581/government-lab-reveals-quantum-internet-operated-continuously-for-over-two-years/
Wikimedia Commons | https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Code.jpg/1280px-Code.jpg
Volume 20, Issue 3 | <urn:uuid:2cfb0002-d2b6-4539-8ffd-28a0c1723cc8> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.phc.edu/intelligencer/the-future-of-quantum-computing | 2024-12-02T13:02:50Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066127559.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20241202125001-20241202155001-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.86137 | 3,181 | 3.75 | 4 |
Rosé wine is one of the most popular styles of wine produced for summer drinking. However, making this wine style is a little bit different than making a straight white or red wine. The process of making rosé is why this wine has such versatility when it comes to flavor, aroma, and appearance.
The most basic way of making rose wines is the direct press method. In this process, grapes first pressed produce juice. Then the juice gets fermented to produce alcohol. The grape skins get removed once the desired color and flavor are achieved. When rose wine stabilizes, it gets bottled for consumers.
Below you’ll learn exactly how rosé wine is made and what methods are used to produce it. You’ll also learn how the rosé production process affects rosé’s color, flavor, and aroma. Keep reading to learn more about making rosé wine and the different grape varietals used to produce it.
Making rosé wine is different from any other type of wine, though it starts the same way. Here is a general breakdown of the steps involved in making rosé wine:
- The grapes are pressed. The first step of the winemaking process involves pressing the grapes to remove the juice from the skins. Most wineries use a pneumatic press to extract the grape juice from the skins. This process involves inflating a large balloon mechanism within the wine storage barrel that squeezes the grapes as it expands.
- The grapes are left in the barrel with the grape skins. Leaving the grape juice in with the skins gives rosé its pinkish coloring. The longer the grape juice is left in contact with the red grape skins, the deeper in color it becomes.
- The grape juice is fermented. At this point in the process, the grape juice is separated from the grape skins and fermented. Fermentation is when the wine develops its alcoholic content. The alcohol in the wine is created by the natural grape juice sugars converting into ethanol.
- The grape skins are removed. Once the wine has achieved its desired color, flavor, and appearance, the used red grape skins are stripped out and the wine is left to sit and stabilize. Stabilization allows any lingering sediment in the wine to settle to the bottle of the barrel as dregs and increases clarity.
- The wine is bottled. Once the rosé wine has had enough time to stabilize, the wine is poured into individual bottles and corked.
The above process is the basic method used in making any rosé wine, but there are some variations on the process that lead to different rosé varieties. The many variations on how rosé is made is one of the biggest influences on the versatility of this wine.
All rosé wine involves leaving grape juice in contact with the grape skins during the winemaking process, but four distinct methods are used to create rosé wines.
The direct press method of making rosé is the most basic method. The direct press is the pressing method described in the previous section, where wine is left in contact with grape skins for a select amount of time after pressing before the wine is fermented.
Direct pressing tends to result in the lightest form of rosé wine since the wine is only left in contact with the grape skins for the amount of time it takes to remove the grape skins from the juice. This leads to a rosé with only the slightest hint of pink coloring.
The most common method for making rosé is limited skin maceration.
Limited skin maceration is very similar to the direct press method except that the wine is left in contact with the grape skins for longer, anywhere from six to forty-eight hours. Since contact with the grape skins gives the wine its coloring, the longer the wine is in contact, the darker it gets.
Once the wine has achieved the preferred color and richness, it is racked – racking is the process of drawing the wine off the grape skins and discarding them. At this point, the wine can be fermented as normal until it achieves its desired alcohol-by-volume (ABV).
The saignée method is known for the French word saignée, which means “to bleed.”
Saignée is a method used to create both rosé wines and red wines. With this method, part of the wine juice is drained away, leaving the wine left to steep with the skins longer. This larger concentration of skins to juice leads to a rosé with a richer taste and flavor.
In many cases, rosé made by the saignée method as a byproduct of making red wine may not be as high in quality as rosé made deliberately as its own vintage. However, some of these secondary wines can still have a delicate flavor profile that is interesting, especially with the addition of secondary flavor notes like cloves or cinnamon.
Blending is the process of blending together both white wine and red wine to make a rosé or pink wine. In some cases, blending happens once both wines are already fermented, and in others the blending occurs when white and red grapes are crushed together in the wine press.
For a basic house rosé, households may add a bit of red wine to white to give it a deeper flavor and a pink tinge. In other cases, the varietals of each contributing grape are chosen carefully to make a more technical blended rosé wine.
However, this method of blending rosé is actually banned in PDO wines across much of Europe, especially in areas where traditional rosé is made.
The color of rosé wine is affected by two major factors: the amount of time the wine spends in contact with the grape skins, and what color the grape skins are.
- Time: Wine-makers vary the amount of time they leave rosé in contact with the grape skins before fermentation to darken the rosé and give it a deeper color. rosé wines with a lot of skin contact tend to be richer and have a more full-bodied flavor than direct press rosé wines.
- Grape color: Different grape varietals have varying levels of pigment in their skins, which causes some grapes to be very dark (almost a blue-black color) and others to be a pale green. Red grapes are used in making rosé wine, but the darkness of the grapes and the varietal used have a major impact on the final color of the wine once it ferments.
Looking at the color of a rosé wine can be a good quick indicator of what its flavor profile will taste like. Pale pink rosé wines such as Provence rosé tend to be crisp and very dry, while ruby or salmon-colored rosé wines tend to have stronger flavors of berries and stone fruit.
Like rosé’s color, there are a few different things that affect what any given variety of rosé wine tastes like. These are the production factors that affect how rosé tastes (Source: Wine Butler):
- Grape variety: There are over ten thousand varieties of grapes in the world, and the type of grape used in making rosé has a huge impact on what it tastes like. Grapes vary in flavor based on their growing conditions such as climate and soil composition.
- Additional flavor notes: Some varieties of rosé have spicy notes such as cloves, cinnamon, and orange peel added that can make their overall flavor more complex and nuanced. These flavors tend to come out in heavier varieties of rosé, such as those created using the saignée method.
- Serving temperature: There’s a good reason most rosé wines are served chilled rather than room temperature. Serving this style of wine cold can help bring out a bigger variety of flavors in it.
- Processing method: The method used to process rosé wine can affect both the gravity of the wine and the final flavor. Rosé wines that are left in contact with red grape skins develop more tannins and fruit-like flavors that make them sweeter and fuller-bodied. Direct press and limited maceration rosés are drier and crisper wines.
The number of factors that go into making rosé are why this wine can come in so many different varieties. Whether you prefer dry wines or sweet wines, rosés have something to offer everyone in the flavor department.
The range of flavors in rosé wines often comes as a surprise to many people who have never had anything more complicated than a classic American-style sweet white zinfandel.
Put a glass of authentic Sangiovese rosé up against a dry Provencal in a taste test, and you’ll quickly see how different these pink wines can end up.
There are several popular wine grape varieties that are used to make traditional rosé wines. There is no particular type of grape used to make rosé like with some wine vintages since rosé refers more to a wine style and processing method rather than a specific varietal like Cabernet.
Here are a few of the most common grape varieties you’ll see used in making rosé wine:
- Grenache: Grenache is a Spanish wine grape that requires hot, dry weather conditions to thrive. Grenache grapes produce a ruby-red rosé. Grenache rosé has an intense flavor profile that pairs well with richer foods like spicy food and roasted meat.
(Source: Wine Folly) - Sangiovese: Sangiovese is a more savory wine grape than most other varieties. These grapes create a rustic, earthy-tasting rosé with deep fruity notes. However, one of the major advantages of Sangiovese is that it’s so versatile and can be used to create a wide range of different rosé wines. (Source: Wine Folly)
- Syrah: Syrah is a common wine grape grown worldwine to create red wines, and this grape does well in many different growing conditions. Using these grapes to create rosé wine gives the wine an oily mouthfeel and a rich, full-bodied flavor. Syrah contains spicy secondary flavor notes such as cherries, lime, and white pepper.
- Mourvèdre: Mourvèdre wine grapes are known for their full-bodied flavor and the high ABV wines they produce. These grapes are also a popular base for mulled wines since they are relatively high in tannins. When used in making rosé, Mourvèdre grapes create a wine with a light peach color and bright aromas of berry and flowers. (Source: Babylon Stories)
- Pinot Noir: Pinot Noir is a difficult grape to grow since it only grows well in cool areas that receive large amounts of rain. These same growing conditions can also make grapes susceptible to disease. Pinot Noir creates a rosé wine that is neither too sweet nor too dry, with a nice balanced middle ground.
Even though these are the most common varieties of grapes you’ll see used in making rosé, the method of creating a rosé wine can be used for any red grape varietal.
While it’s technically possible to grow your own grapes to make rosé wine depending on where you live, it’s easier to leave authentic rosé production up to the professionals.
Many of the grape varieties used to create rosé, such as Pinot Noir and Sangiovese, grow in very specific growing conditions that make them difficult for amateurs to cultivate.
If you’d like to serve a rosé wine and you don’t have the time and resources to grow your own grapes, you can create a house rosé by mixing a portion of red wine into white wine until the desired color and flavor is achieved.
Making your own homemade rosé blends at home is simpler than trying to grow grapes, and it allows you to use your own favorite wine varieties to experiment and find a blend you really like.
Even though some people may think of making rosé as a simple process, there’s a lot of factors that go into it.
Authentic rosé produced from regions that are known for it is produced with a lot more care and artistry than the average mass-produced wine you’ll find on the supermarket shelf.
If you’re interested in making rosé, try blending some reds and whites to see if you can come up with a house wine you’re happy with!
Read Next: Healthiest Rose Wine You Could Buy | <urn:uuid:6abcbc7c-9a24-4643-b6ef-4808e8e8deb7> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://foodwine.com/how-to-make-rose-wine/ | 2024-12-06T12:01:04Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066400558.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20241206093646-20241206123646-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.951931 | 2,631 | 2.703125 | 3 |
After the industrial revolution, development projects have been rapidly coming up in various ways. Most of the resources needed for development in world come from its environment. So, it is imperative that environmental resources are conserved and enhanced to sustain development. It is important to have a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) law and policy to ensure successful convergence of conservation and development. United States was the first country to develop a system of EIA. After Rachel Carson’s “silent spring” was published in 1962, social awareness to environmental issues in the US had reached high proportions and grew as very intense movements.
With those social and environmental backgrounds, the National Environmental Policy Act (1969) of the United States of America (NEPA) was constituted and for the first time, EIA requiring environmental consideration in large-scale projects was enforced as legislation. Due to its influence, the concept of EIA spread to Europe and Asia. Then onwards, several countries began to provide EIA systems. Australia introduced the EIA process in 1974, Thailand in 1975, France in 1976, the Philippines in 1978, Israel in 1981 and Pakistan in 1983. Environmental impact Assessment is defined as one of the important integrated tool to identify the impact of development project on the environment, on man and well-being of legislative proposals, projects policies, and operational procedures and to interpret and communicate information. Both Primary and Secondary impacts during the construction stage and functioning stage will be considered for this assessment. The purpose of this research paper is to discuss how the EIA procedure is implemented in the jurisdictions of Sri Lanka and Nepal; these countries are from the South Asian region. Accordingly it is hoped to make a comparative analysis of the way the EIA procedure works in the judicial systems of Nepal and Sri Lanka.
Sri Lanka is a small island with rich Biodiversity and resources of natural beauty. As a developing country, Sri Lanka has given its priority to economic development to raise the standard of living of its citizens. The share of private sector-based development projects has been increasing rapidly in recent decades in Sri Lanka. Most of the resources needed for Sri Lanka’s development come from its environment. Thus, environmental resources are mainly affected during development activities. To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, conservation and enhancement of environmental resources is essential. This fundamental axiom, expressed in the concept of sustainable development, forms the basis for the National Environment Act. An amendment to this Act introduced an internationally recognized process called Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as part of the strategy to achieve sustainable development. EIA has become a mandatory requirement for national as well as international acceptance of development projects. Sri Lanka’s EIA was first introduced by the Coastal Conservation Act No. 57 of 1981. The EIA has been authorized by Section 4(C) of the Act to carry out an Initial Environmental Investigation (IEE) by Special Gazette Notification No. 772 dated 24.06.1993 and Special Gazette Notification No. 1159/22 dated 22.11.2000.
The EIA process consists of six steps. Accordingly, the first step is, project proponent has to find out whether the project proposal falls within the “prescribed project” list by verifying with the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) or referring to the Government Gazette No. 772/22 of 24.06.93, 859/14 of 23.02.95, 1104/22 of 06.11.99 and 1108/1 of 29.11.99. Therefore CEA provides the project proponent with a Basic Information Questionnaire (BIQ) to submit essential information of the project in order for CEA to determine the above. The project proponent can obtained BIQ from the EIA Unit of the CEA Head Quarters or the Provincial or District offices of the CEA. And also project proponent can be downloaded from the CEA website. If the proposed project is a prescribed project requiring EIA/IEE, then CEA will determine which will be the appropriate Project Approving Agency (PAA) for administering the EIA/IEE process. Then after PAA will guide the project proponent in preparation of an EIA/IEE. If the project is located within the coastal zone, then the project proponent should contact the Director General, Coastal Conservation Department. If the project is located within one mile from the boundary of a National Reserves, the project proponent should contact the Director General of Wildlife Conservation.
Accordingly, attention should be paid to what are the Project Approval Agency. The PAA which can grant approval for IEE / EIA as set out in the Gazette Extra Ordinary No. 859/14 of 23.02.95 and Gazette Extra Ordinary No. 1373/6 of 29.12.04 are given below. They are,
- The respective Ministries to which the assigned with the, National Planning, Irrigation, Energy, Agriculture, Lands, Forests, Industries, Housing, Construction, Transport, Highways, Fisheries, Aquatic Resources and Plantation Industries.
- The Department of Coast Conservation.
- The Department of Wildlife Conservation.
- The Department of Forest
- The Central Environmental Authority.
- The Urban Development Authority
- The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau
- The Ceylon Tourist Board
- The Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka
- The Board of Investment (BOI) of Sri Lanka
The second step is the subject determination. Environmental scoping is an early and open process for determining the scope of issues to be addressed and for identifying the significant issues related to a proposed project. The Project Approval Agency will invite all concerned agencies, the project proponent and other interested persons such as Housing Development Authority, Environment Authority, Cultural, Agricultural Services, Forest Conservation (if necessary) for the scoping process. The PAA will issue the Terms of References (ToR) for the EIA/IEE after the scoping process. If the environmental impact caused by the project is not so strong, the IEE is conducted because it is a relatively short and simple study, and if the project has a strong environmental impact, EIA is carried out.
Third step is preparation of EIA report. It is the responsibility of the project proponent to prepare the EIA report and to submit it to the PAA for evaluation. In this step, project proponents may require the services of a team of consultants as many specialized areas have to be covered for preparation of EIA reports. A list of consulting firms that prepare EIA reports is available at the CEA. In addition to this, project proponents may use the services of suitably qualified consultants who may not have registered with the CEA. It is noteworthy, that project proponent should obtain the services of reliable and adequately qualified experts in the relevant field, in order to ensure that the EIA reports do bear the required standard.
On receipt of an EIA report, it will be subject to an adequacy check in order to ensure that the ToR issued by the PAA has been met. The next step is to open for public inspection / comments for a period of 30 working days as per 23bb (2) of the National Environment Amendment Act No. 53 of 2000. If there are any public comments on the published EIA report, they will be sent to the project proponent for response. Subsequent to the public commenting period the PAA will appoint a Technical Evaluation Committee (TEC) to evaluate the EIA report and make its recommendations. Here, residents of the area affected by the project, non-governmental organizations, the private sector, people with expert knowledge of the relevant event, women, children, local people, etc. can comment on any party.
Based on the recommendation of the Technical Evaluation Committee, the PAA makes their decision on whether to grant approval for a project. If the PAA is not the CEA, it should obtain the concurrence of the CEA prior to granting approval.
If the project proponent doesn’t agree with the decision, he/she has a right to appeal to the Secretary to the Ministry of Environment. The decision of the Secretary to the Ministry of Environment is final. After that, according to 23bb (4) of the Act, this should be published in the Gazette and newspapers published in all the three languages.
Compliance monitoring is the final step on EIA process. EIA approval is generally given with conditions which the project proponent is expected to meet. The CEA or the PAA will monitor the implementation of conditions or mitigation measures. If the project proponent violates the conditions, the approval may be revoked.
EIA in Nepal
It is mainly placed in the Himalayas, but also includes parts of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the North, and India in the South, East, and West, while it is narrowly separated from Bangladesh by the Siliguri Corridor, and from Bhutan by the Indian state of Sikkim. Nepal has a diverse geography, including fertile plains, subalpine forested hills, and eight of the world’s ten tallest mountains, including Mount Everest, the highest peak on Earth. During the triennial review held by the United Nations Committee for Development Policy (CDP) in February 2021, Nepal was recommended for graduation from the Least Developed Country (LDC) category.
Along with economic development came the need to minimize the impact on the environment through development projects in Nepal. As being the state party to different international conventions and treaties relating to environment, development and sustainable development, Nepal government has established EIA system for developmental projects with the formulation of Environmental Protection Rules, sectorial policy, laws and guidelines.
In the development planning history of Nepal, the Sixth 5-year Plan (1980-’85) had first time recognized the need for EIA for major infrastructure projects. In 1982, Nepal established the Environmental Impact Study Project (EISP) under the Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation to initiate activities for the formulation of necessary policies and laws and create public awareness on the environmental matters. In seventh 5-year plan (1985-1990), Nepal government articulated environment conservation related policies. In order to enforce this policies were developed incorporating the elements of environment factors right from the project formulation stage of development plans. Environmental Assessment Guideline 1993, was the first ‘lesson learnt’ document in Nepal which has played facilitation role in the EIA process. In 1995, separate EIA guidelines for forestry and industry sectors had also enacted.
Though there is no explicit constitutional provision stating EIA, but there are certain provisions which importantly relates to this subject. In Article 30, Article 30(1), Article 30(2), Article 30(3) have directly concerned with the EIA for any huge development project. Similarly, under the Policies of the State, Article 51 has also stated the notion of EIA.
The landmark decision of the Supreme Court of Nepal mentioned that, even though, the current laws seem to be erratic, inadequate and ineffective, it seems that laws need to be enacted to cover all aspects of the environment. This decision has instructed the then government of Nepal, which resulted the enactment of Environment Protection Act, 1997 A.D. (2053 B.S.), now Environment Protection Act, 2019 A.D. (2076 B.S.) has succeeded to it. The existing Environment Protection Act has clearly iterated on EIA under Section 3 to Section 14.
The existing Forest Act, 2019 A.D. (2076 B.S.), Section 2(w) clearly states that, “environmental examination” means the brief environmental study, initial environmental examination and environmental impact assessment to be carried out pursuant to the prevailing laws. The other provisions under Section 42(3), Section 44(2) also states for environmental examination before launching any development project. Similarly, Solid Waste Management Act, 2019 A.D. (2076 B.S.) and Industrial Enterprise Act, 2019 A.D. (2076 B.S.) have also mentioned the necessity of EIA and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE).
In examining the procedure for obtaining EIA in Nepal, it has been enforced by the Environmental Protection Rule of 1997. The First and Second Schedules of the Safety Regulations 1997 provide information on environmental impact assessments. In order to obtain it, the project proponents should first prepare a document about the scope of the project and hand it over to the relevant authorities. Then the scope of the project in accordance with Rule 4.1 should be kept open to the public for 15 days. According to Rule 5.2, the project proponent should subsequently prepare and submit the EIA. The next step in the process is approval as proposed or with amendments. One notable exception here is that Social Impact Assessment is also included in the EIA as per Rule 7.1. Accordingly, the EIA report includes the loss of livelihood, the loss of people’s habitats and land, and the impact on a shrine of religious and historical value in this issue. Also public comments are accepted at the project site as stated in clause 7.2. Then 11.1 will be checked thoroughly and ten copies of EIAR will be handed over to the Ministry of Environment with their observations and opinions. 11.2 As per rule, a notice shall be published in a national newspaper, keeping open for public comments and suggestions for 30 days. The next step is to get approval for the project. After that, environmental monitoring and informing the Ministry of Environment about the guidelines given to a project proponent is done under Rule 13. Under Rule 14, there is a provision to conduct an environmental audit two years after the commencement of the relevant project.
As per the cumulative information above, a comparative commentary on the EIA laws of Sri Lanka and Nepal needs to be made.
The main example that can be obtained in the process of obtaining Nepal EIA is the matter related to PAA. That is, in most cases in Sri Lanka, the project proponent and PAA are the same entity. According to this issue, the project proponent for the construction of a highway is the Ministry of Highways and the Ministry of Highways is the PAA. It is not practical. But in Nepal, the Ministry of Environment directly intervenes in this. The Ministry of Environment acts as PAA for all the projects. Another unique feature is the direct public participation that is sought at several stages of the EIA process. Nepal consults public opinion at the beginning of a project. In that way, it would be a good trend if Sri Lanka is also able to get public opinion in the initial steps of obtaining EIA. Also in Nepal the project proponent visits the field and gathers public comments/opinions. Then there is a possibility to get written and oral opinions of the general public. In Sri Lanka, only written public comments will be considered and there will be no public consultation in the field. Oral testimony also has the potential to elicit actionable opinions even from illiterate members of the public. More space is also allocated to social impact assessment in Nepal. Social impact assessment analyzes the positive and negative impacts of the project on society. Social impact assessment has not been given much importance in Sri Lanka’s EIA. In Nepal, EIA and IEE should be prepared at the beginning of this procedure. It can reduce the complexity of the procedure. Foreign experts’ assistance is sought to conduct FIA in Sri Lanka. But EIA is done by local experts in Nepal.
The most important attribute when considering EIA in Nepal is its transparency. Nepal’s EIA reports can be studied online. But in Sri Lanka, the public have no access to study an FIA report so easily. Unlike in Nepal, the process of approving a project in Sri Lanka is complicated and time-consuming. Due to this, urgent projects cannot be prevented from being delayed. After the implementation of the project, there is no follow-up. But, in Nepal the time frame is constitutionally specified and approval should be obtained only from the Ministry. After the implementation of the project, a mandatory follow-up is done. In Sri Lanka, EIAs are carried out by government-affiliated institutions, so there is bias. Since there is a change of policies during the change of governments from time to time, development processes are also hampered. Sri Lanka’s environmental policy is not parallel with the national policy. It can also be seen that projects carried out without EIA caused a lot of environmental damage.
Conclusively, as stated in the Article 30 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015) that “every citizen shall have the right to live in clean and healthy environment”. It is a very important and positive feature. There is no doubt that the formality and transparency directly led to EIA process in Nepal, but the right to live in a healthy environment in Sri Lanka is not directly stated in the Constitution.
Governments of both the countries should take necessary steps and impose the laws to fulfill the objectives of the environmental principles of precaution, sustainable development, intergenerational equity, public trust principle, polluter compensation, maximizing environmental and economic benefits and minimizing irreversible damage through obtaining and considering an internationally accepted environmental impact assessment. The nature gives life and the nature takes the life too. Thus, it is a responsibility and should be concerned by each stake holders of this universe.
(Laxmi Sharma is a citizen of Nepal and she holds a Ph.D. – research scholar in faculty of law at South Asian University, New Delhi, India. Also she is an assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law, Nepal Law Campus, Tribhuvan University. She did her Master’s Degree in Public International law from University of Oslo, Norway in 2012 and also the first to be conferred with the Master’s Degree in Law in International Law and International Human Rights law from Tribhuvan University in Nepal in 2008. She has engaged in her teaching profession and teaches Public International Law, International Human Rights Law, and International Humanitarian Law in Bachelor’s and Master’s level. She had published many articles relating to public international law in various journal of academic and research institute. Attended several conferences and seminars in several countries including International Visitor Leadership Program, United States Department of State, Bureau of Education and Cultural Affairs, “US JUDICIAL SYSTEM II”, organized by American Government (US Embassy in Nepal), Enforcement of Economic Social and Cultural Rights Judgments in Bogota, Colombia, Organized by Los Andes University of Colombia, China-South Asia Legal Forum Kunming, China. Advanced Seminar in International Humanitarian Law for University Lecturers and Researchers, organized by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), Geneva, Azerbaijan and so on).
Dulmini Sarashika Ekanayake
(Dulmini Sarashika Ekanayake is a proficient Colombo-based independent multi-disciplinary researcher. She obtained her Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) Degree in Business Statistics at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura and pursuing Bachelor of Laws (LLB) at The Open University of Sri Lanka. She excels in research areas mainly related to Law, justice, Geopolitical and Data science).
Photo Credit – www.climatechange.environment.nsw.gov.au/bushfires
https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/coop/document/10-eiae/10-eiae-2.pdf (last visited Feb. 06, 2023)
National Environment Act No.47 of 1980, part IV C
National Environmental (amendment) Act No.53 of 2000, s 23BB(2)
National Environmental Act No.47 of 1980, s 4(2)
Kandalama Hotel Project; The Upper Kotmale Hydro Power Project; Colombo Katunayake Expressway; Trincomalee Coal Power Project
National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980, s 23BB(4)
ibid,s 23DD; Rajawela holdings (Pvt) ltd, 1 SAELR 155
National Environmental Act No. 47 of 1980, s 23BB(4)
Article 30 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015), Right to clean environment
Article 30(1) of the Constitution of Nepal (2015), Every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
Article 30(2) of the Constitution of Nepal (2015), The victim shall have the right to obtain compensation, in accordance with law, for any injury caused from environmental pollution or degradation.
Article 30(3) of the Constitution of Nepal (2015), This Article shall not be deemed to prevent the making of necessary legal provisions for a proper balance between the environment and development, in development works of the nation.
Article 51 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015), Policies relating to protection, promotion and use of natural resources
Surya Prasad Dhungel vs. Godawari Marble Industry Pvt. Ltd. (NKP Special Edition 1995 A.D. (2052 B.S.)) p.169
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Last updated on December 7th, 2024 at 07:08 am
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Script Arranged by Laura Siegel
Hosted by Carey Portell
Edited by Joel Sharpton
Special Guest: Dan Neenan
Welcome to the Talking Total Farmer Health podcast from AgriSafe Network. At AgriSafe, we work to protect the people that feed the world by supporting the health and safety professionals, ensuring access to preventative services for farm families and the agriculture community. Today's episode is brought to you by the network of the National Libraries of Medicine Region Three.
Carey:If there’s one thing I’ve learned from working in agriculture, it’s that you can never be too prepared. While the winter season is currently in full swing, spring is just around the corner, which makes now the perfect time to start thinking about fertilizing our fields.
I’m your host, Carey Portell, and today we’re going to talk about a popular fertilizer called anhydrous ammonia, with guest Dan Neenan.
Carey:All right, good morning, Dan. Thank you for being with us today on the Talking Total Farmer Health podcast. So can you give us your name, where you work, and what
is your background with this topic on anhydrous ammonia?
Dan:Sure. So my name is Dan Neenan. I'm the director for the National Education Center for Agricultural Safety. We're located in Peosta, Iowa. My background? I'm a firefighter and paramedic and working here at the Safety Center, and we've developed several safety programs and or rescue programs for rural volunteer firefighters who would come up to and anhydrous release and have to respond to it.
Carey:That sounds super interesting, and I'm sure that takes a lot of care and navigation with something like that. Now there are going to be people listening to this podcast that don't understand what anhydrous ammonia is. Can you explain that?
Dan:Sure, anhydrous ammonia is a fertilizer, and basically it's meant to be able to put nitrogen back in the ground as the plants grow. They take the nitrogen out and it is a efficient fertilizer with putting it back into the ground. It also has some dangers that goes along with it that we'll talk about a little bit later. Anhydrous was also used as a refrigerant, You know, if you go to the back of hospitals, you'll see a big anhydrous tank there. And hospitals use it as a refrigerant. Now, again, safely contained, it works great in that aspect. If it's released, that's part of the danger is the temperature of what the anhydrous is. So actually, at a resting temperature anhydrous is at a negative forty four degrees Fahrenheit. So the freeze burns that will happen with that to a human are part of what makes a dangerous.
Carey:Interesting. I just learned something new. I did not know that about the hospital situation. So in in talking about how anhydrous ammonia is used, is it primarily used crop use? Managing grass?
Dan:In the farming aspect it's mostly used again as a fertilizer to put nitrogen back into the ground. It comes delivered to the farmer, or the farmer picks it up in a pressurized cylinder and that is hooked up then to an anhydrous toolbar, which is hooked up to the tractor. So as they go through the field, they're actually knifing the anhydrous into the ground. So it's not something that's sprayed onto the ground, it's knifed into the ground. And again, you know, it used to be that anhydrous was just applied in the spring of the year. And once we got to where the ground was unfrozen, it was, okay bar the door and we ran anhydrous twenty four hours a day, you know, to be able to get that in. That is now switched to where, you know, approximately I think 50 percent of it is done in the fall and 50 percent is done in the spring, which is help. But again, you're talking about a very short porch window of opportunity in the fall to get it in after harvest has taken place and before the freeze hits or in the spring after the freeze goes out of the ground to get it in before planting. So very short amount of time you get folks that are in a hurry to be able to do that. And again, that's when we get into a hurry. That's what causes some issues for us.
Dan:Anhydrous is very dangerous. If you take a look at the word anhydrous, it means without water. So anhydrous is attracted to us. So in particular, the eyes, the nose with the mucous membranes, the mouth, the sweat glands and the genitalia. So that's where Anhydrous is attracted to. And again, at a negative forty four degrees Fahrenheit, it's going to freeze burn that tissue. The other thing that it's going to do to make it more painful is it's going to rob the moisture out of the skin, so it's going to dry it out, which is going to become more painful. In my thirty years now, being a paramedic, I don't think I've ever seen somebody in more pain than somebody who was sprayed in the eyes with Anhydrous, because if you remember your eyeballs are full of vitreous fluid. You know the interesting thing when we start talking treatment for somebody who was burned with Anhydrous for the first 15 minutes, the treatment is the same for a layperson as it is for a trauma surgeon. And that is water, water, water. We want to put as much water on there as we can to stop the burning process. Some of the things that we would normally do to treat a burn creams, ointments and savs we want to stay away from that for at least twenty four hours. Because what that's going to do is trap the anhydrous that's in the pores, it's going to trap it in there and the burning process will continue. So that's why we want to use water and that anhydrous evaporate out of the skin to stop that burning process.
Carey:Oh my gosh, that sounds positively awful. You know, we don't want that. So in your opinion, what is the proper protection needed whenever farmers apply this?
Dan:Well, you know, we need to take a look at what areas of the body are exposed. Ok. So taking a look and starting at the head, your eyes and your nose, your respiratory system is moist. Okay? It's wet, so that's a place that it's in high anhydrous is attracted to. You know, if you're taking a look at your windpipe, it's very narrow to start with and it's not very wide. And with any tissue that burns, it swells so it can close off that airway. So we want to wear non-vented goggles and we want to wear a respirator with anhydrous ammonia cartridges in it to be able to filter that out. And then, of course, any place that the anhydrous could touch your skin. So we want to have neoprene or lined leather gloves, and we want to cuff those, so we want to roll them over.
Dan:But again, the thing to remember is that Anhydrous is looking for moisture, so we get that anhydrous on our hands and then we go to reach up to shut off the valve. If I don't put a cuff in that glove, the anhydrous is going to come down my arm and down into my sweat glands and my armpit and cause burns to be able to do that. So that's why we cuff those gloves. So that way, if there is any moisture that we're getting on there, it's going to get caught in the cuff and not get down and onto our skin. Anhydrous is heavier than air, so if there would be an upset of the anhydrous cylinder down into a ditch. I must it's really, really windy that Anhydrous is going to stay there down in that ditch. So folks that are coming to respond to that, whether it be the DOT or wrecker, the farmer themselves, the fire department, if they go down into that ditch to be able to check out you know…is the leak…what's going on? They need to be very protective of their feet and their legs. I've had several firefighters that have gotten burns to the legs because they're wearing their bunker boots and they're wearing their bunker pants. But the anhydrous is able to get up there and then burn the tissue to be able to do that. So we need to be very careful of it. You know, so again, Anhydrous is very good at what it does as a fertilizer, but it does have some extreme dangers to it.
Dan:And when we talk either burning the tissues of the eyes, but we really need to be taking a look at the mouth and the nose because when those tissues get burned again, you know, any time you cut or you burn a bodily tissue, it's going to swell. And when you start talking about your windpipe, there's not a lot of room there for it to swell. So when we talk to the emergency responders for that, we want to keep our victim talking. And if they're going to start getting stridor or you're going to hear all the raspiness in there that's telling you that those tissues were damaged and that swelling could be being occurred. And that's the time where we may want to move over from ground transport to a helicopter transport. A lot of your ground ambulance, especially in the rural areas, may not have the capability to what we call RSI or paralyze somebody to put a tube in. If you're conscious and we try to put a tube in your throat to breathe, your gag reflex is going to kick that right back out. So we would use the RSI technique to paralyze somebody to put that tube in before that when pipe swell shut.
Carey:Sounds like we just need to be careful from the get go.
Carey:So in my area, we go to the local fertilizer plant, we pick up a buggy and most of the time we go ahead and spread that fertilizer the same day. But if you're not able to spread it the same day and you need to store it like maybe weather is a factor or just time, a lot of farmers has have off farm jobs now. What is the safest storage suggestions that you can give?
Dan:Well, first of all, you definitely want to take a look at the wind direction and where it's at and what the forecast might be. Myself, I would not park them anywhere around the farmstead because if there would be a leak or if somebody is coming to try to get your anhydrous, which is a problem with folks stealing it because it's used in the manufacture of methamphetamine. So we need to be very clear about that. So, you know, parking those nurse tanks, getting them away from the home farm to be able to do that, checking one direction. You, of course, don't want to park right next to your neighbor and blow it that way, either, you know, so you need to take a look at where you can safely park it, that if there would be a leak, that it's going out into the field and not directly towards town or towards the farmstead.
Carey:Yeah, yeah, definitely.
Carey:We will be right back, after this break. Have you ever gotten a diagnosis and wanted more information about it? Maybe you have a question about a farm injury. Check out MedlinePlus.gov. A resource for health information for patients and their families. Brought to you by the world's largest medical library, the National Library of Medicine, MedlinePlus.Gov gives you high quality, relevant health and wellness information that is trusted and easy to understand. Their information is available in both English and Spanish and free to you anytime, anywhere on Medlineplus.gov. You can get more information about a variety of health topics. Read about a medical test you may have to take research, drugs and supplements you may be interested in, plus much more. Check out Medline Plus Gov today to learn more.
Carey:Now I know you said, you know, the prime times to spread fertilizer is spring and fall, and in my area, I know most of the time it's just spring like. And it's a financial factor. But how important is it to apply the fertilizer at the correct time of year and also calculating the correct amount to spread?
Dan:Of course, you know, with anything putting the right amount on, if you don't put enough on them, there's not enough nitrogen in the ground for your plants. If you put too much on, you're wasting dollars and then that can also be a runoff that gets into the streams and into the rivers, and that can cause fish kills and issues of that nature. So you always want to take a look at what your settings are, that you read and you follow the label directions when that is delivered there. Whenever you accept an anhydrous tank there, you want to check with the folks that are delivering or if you pick it up. Each one of the anhydrous tanks has five gallons of water on a saddle tank on there. But when we get into the early spring or we get into the late fall where the overnight temperatures drop into the freezing range, a lot of times those tanks might get emptied so they don't crack. And that first line of defense for you, if you're out in the middle of the field and you get sprayed with anhydrous, anhydrous is water, water, water, water. So you want to make sure that there is water there before you take it out in the field and start applying.
Carey:Yeah, that that seems to be a theme of this that I keep hearing man just have water anywhere that that for an emergency case, I guess that if if something does happen, that is going to be your best bet.
Dan:Yeah, we talked to the EMS, folks. Most ambulances will carry two one liter bottles of saline. Well, if you've got a 20 minute transport and you're trying to keep the eyes moist to stop that burning process, you're going to go through that really quickly bouncing down the road. So we teach the EMS folks to do is to think outside of the box and spike a thousand liter bag of IV fluid. But instead of starting an IV with it, hook up a nasal cannula, which we normally deliver oxygen and then into the nose with. Hook that up and put the nasal cannula on the bridge of the nose so it can drip irrigation into the eyes as you're going to keep that moisture going, you know, as far as getting that burning process style.
Carey:Absolutely. I bet they enjoyed that tip because that's not something that you would just automatically think of. Now in in applying the fertilizer, what is the outcome if there is excess fertilizer applied?
Dan:Well, you know, you're definitely going to burn off probably some products that you don't want to, but again, you know, getting it into the groundwater, you know where it could possibly kill some fish, or if it's a stream that your animals are drinking out of or actually getting into the farm source, you know, the water source for the farm, you know, could be something that you need to take a look at as well if you have a spill. You need to take a look at what your state and local laws are for reporting that spill to the DNR. Ok. And it's really not a lot you know that you have to be able to notify them, but there's been a release of Anhydrous.
Carey:Quick aside, when we say DNR here, we are referring to the Department of Natural Resources. Yeah, I don't think a lot of people think about that runoff. I know we always try to coincide it with, you know, is it going to rain in the next few days so that, you know, hopefully you pray for a slow, soft rain, so it really soaks in into the ground? But I don't think a lot of people really think about if you get that torrential rain, you know, the day after you apply it, you're like, Oh my gosh, where is it going? You know.
Dan:Typically you're going to burn the weeds to start with. But then once they start growing back, they've got an abundance of nitrogen and it's going to be really, really green in that area for a little bit.
Carey:Yeah, you can always tell, like whenever I spread the fertilizer, if if I don't get my rows quite right, it's either a little extra green on a row or I'm like, Ooh, didn't quite get close enough to that last one. So in talking about runoff, how can fertilizer runoff be reduced to reduce that underground water absorption of that chemical?
Dan:Oh, again, following reading and following the label directions, making sure that you're setting up the distribution that it's coming out right? If you follow the safety directions, then hopefully you won't have a leak again, which can be dangerous to the applicator and dangerous to the surrounding area as well. So again, reading and following the label directions and making sure that you take the time on the anhydrous toolbar to do maintenance on it when there's not anhydrous in it, you know, a lot of times the points get plugged on there and the applicator will work to clear that. And when it clears, it comes out under pressure, and a lot of times they'll get sprayed into the face or onto the chest with that anhydrous. So again, time of the year when we're looking at, you know, it's colder, so we've got to get their coat off. We've got to get their shirt off because if that shirt's wet with anhydrous and it's up against the skin, it's burning. So we need to get that off and the copious amounts of water. So we do need to be aware of putting the person into hypothermia. So when you need to get them into a warm area, a lot of times people think when they're cold, they put a blanket on and they rub and you never, ever want to do that on skin that has had anhydrous on it because you're going to peel the skin right off by trying to do that and warm them up, you know, so there's things to think about. We absolutely have to get that burning process stopped. So the water is necessary, then we're going to need to worry about what their core temperature is and get that warm back up as soon as we can.
Carey:Yeah, I'm sitting here thinking about now I purposely want to make sure that we have water everywhere. I'm thinking about all the half empty water bottles that are in my truck and tractor. But you know, when you need a full bottle of something, you want it right there. So that's that's something I'm going to really think about.
Dan:If you take a look at a lot of the co-ops where they fill those anhydrous tanks, they've got the barrels of water there. And when they first fill them up, that water is clean. But after a month, that water starts to look a little scummy. You still want to get in that tank, even if that water is grown over and green. You know, if the body gets burned, there is the capability of infection. So part of that treatment is going to be IV antibiotics anyway. So, you know, don't worry about what the condition of that water is. You need to again get that burning process, stop with as little damage as possible, and we'll treat for possible infection for what's in that water at that point.
Carey:It'll take care of it anyway. So no matter what it looks like, just get in it.
Carey:All right. Our last question here. agriculturist are faced with the need to enhance productivity to meet consumption in many turn to commercial fertilizers for this purpose. What recommendations do you suggest for the farmer to ensure safety not only for themselves, but for the environment?
Dan:Well, the PPE, and if you're not that familiar with that, if you're going to be applying the anhydrous yourself, the co-op that you purchase the anhydrous from should have that safety PPE available for you.
Carey:Now, for those of you listening, if you don't understand what PPE means, that is personal protective equipment. So mask, goggles, gloves, that kind of thing. And here at AgriSafe safe we push PPE very, very highly.
Dan:You know, you need to take a look at your own personal self, you know, with whether that respirator fits correctly for you. And you know, we're actually when we developed the anhydrous ammonia safety program, it's part of a series of what we're doing for female safety. And a lot of the PPE that was out there was made for a man and fits the size of a man. So if you're a lady that's doing this, you need to make sure that you're taking the time to research. Does that mask fit me? If not, there are masks that are made to do that, but they might not be as commercially available as what it is for a male, you know, and you want to make sure that you take that time as you're looking at your your rubber gloves that you use. You want to make sure that you don't just bottle them up to store them, but that they're stored where they're clean or they're dry and always take a look at them before you put them on. If they start to develop cracks. They need to be replaced. Ok, now we all have those people that we work with that believe in using everything to the very end anhydrous gloves is not one of those deals because if one of those cracks goes clear through, somebody is going to get burned. So I always recommend that if you're going to take those gloves out of service, take a scissors and cut the fingers off the gloves before you throw them away because there are people out there that will see them in the trash, oh, we can use them a little bit longer. Let's pull them out.
Carey:Yes, there are those people. I, for one, have learned a lot. You know, you apply this stuff every year, but you really, as a farmer, I haven't really dived into the specifics. So I think our listeners have learned a lot as well. Is there anything else that you want to add before we end today?
Dan:So, you know, talk to your fire departments. Are they trained to be able to deal with anhydrous release?
Carey:Yeah, that's a good point. Well, I, for one, have enjoyed you so much today and I know our listeners will too.
Carey:Thank you, Dan, for joining us! And thanks to our listeners for joining us for another episode of Talking Total Farmer Health. Be sure to subscribe to this podcast to hear more from AgriSafe on the health and safety issues impacting agricultural workers. If you want to hear more from Dan on anhydrous ammonia safety, join us on February 24th for a webinar. The webinar will be recorded for those who want to listen after the 24th and the link will be in the show notes. To see more from AgriSafe, including webinars and our newsletter, visit www.agrisafe.org. This episode was created by AgriSafe Network with The Network of National Library of Medicine Region Three. Script arranged by Laura Siegel, hosted by Carey Portell, edited by Joel Sharpton. Special guest was Dan Neenan. | <urn:uuid:dca9a50a-c6fe-4e4a-bb92-8c043fa94e98> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.agrisafe.org/talking-total-farmer-health/anhydrous-ammonia/ | 2024-12-07T13:49:06Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066429485.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20241207132902-20241207162902-00156.warc.gz | en | 0.97631 | 5,144 | 2.609375 | 3 |
How Running Shoes Are Made
Modified: May 22, 2024
Discover the process behind how running shoes are made, featuring insights on materials, design, and manufacturing techniques. Explore the journey from concept to creation.
Welcome to the world of running shoes, where technology and craftsmanship merge to create the perfect footwear for athletes and enthusiasts alike. Running shoes are more than just fashionable accessories – they are meticulously designed to provide support, cushioning, and stability for runners of all levels. Understanding how running shoes are made can give you a deeper appreciation for the engineering and innovation behind these essential pieces of athletic equipment.
Whether you are a casual jogger or a seasoned marathon runner, choosing the right running shoes is crucial to optimizing your performance and reducing the risk of injury. The manufacturing process involves a combination of advanced materials, cutting-edge technologies, and skilled craftsmanship, all aimed at creating running shoes that deliver optimal comfort, durability, and performance.
In this article, we will take a closer look at the materials used, construction techniques, and quality control measures that go into making running shoes. By gaining insight into this fascinating process, you will be better equipped to make informed choices when it comes to purchasing your next pair of running shoes.
Materials Used in Running Shoe Manufacturing
Running shoes are made using a combination of synthetic and natural materials, each chosen for its specific functional properties. These materials are carefully selected to provide durability, flexibility, breathability, and support.
The upper part of the shoe, which covers the foot, is usually made from a combination of mesh, synthetic fabrics, and leather. Mesh is used for its lightweight and breathable properties that allow air to flow freely and keep the feet cool and dry during physical activity. Synthetic fabrics provide durability and support, while leather is often used for its stylish appearance and added durability.
The midsole, located between the upper and the outsole, is where the majority of the shoe’s cushioning and support is found. Most midsoles are made from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, a lightweight and highly shock-absorbent material. This foam helps to absorb impact and reduce stress on the joints, providing a comfortable and responsive feel while running. Some running shoes also incorporate thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) in the midsole to enhance stability and responsiveness.
The outsole, designed to provide traction and protect the shoe from wear and tear, is typically made of rubber or a rubber compound. It features a pattern of treads and grooves that enhance grip and provide traction on various surfaces. The type of rubber used can vary depending on the intended use of the shoe – some are softer for better grip on pavement, while others are harder for increased durability on rough terrain.
In addition to these primary materials, running shoes often incorporate various other components that contribute to their functionality. These include foam insoles for additional cushioning and arch support, heel counters for stability and control, and padding and reinforcements in specific areas of the shoe to provide extra protection and support.
By carefully selecting and combining these materials, running shoe manufacturers are able to create footwear that offers a balance of comfort, durability, and performance. The choice of materials plays a significant role in determining the overall functionality and performance of the shoe, making it essential for manufacturers and consumers alike to stay informed about the latest advancements in material technology.
The upper construction of a running shoe refers to the part of the shoe that wraps around and provides support to the foot. It is responsible for securing the foot in place and protecting it from external elements.
The upper is typically made of several layers of materials, including mesh, synthetic fabrics, and sometimes leather. These materials are strategically combined to provide a balance of breathability, flexibility, and structural integrity.
The first layer, often made of mesh, is lightweight and breathable. It allows air to circulate inside the shoe, preventing excessive heat and moisture buildup and keeping the feet cool and dry during long runs. The mesh is typically tightly-knit to provide adequate support and prevent debris from entering the shoe.
Underneath the mesh layer, there are additional layers of synthetic fabrics and structural reinforcements. These layers are responsible for providing stability and support to the foot, especially around the midfoot and heel areas. They help to prevent excessive foot movement, reduce the risk of injuries, and enhance overall performance.
In some running shoe models, leather is used in the upper construction to provide added durability and a stylish aesthetic. Leather panels are strategically placed in areas prone to wear and tear, such as the toe cap and heel, to enhance the shoe’s longevity and protect against abrasion.
Additionally, the upper construction incorporates various design elements and features to enhance the shoe’s fit and performance. This includes lacing systems, such as traditional laces or quick-lace systems, that allow wearers to customize the fit and snugness of the shoe. Some running shoes also feature overlays or support structures that provide extra stability and structure to specific areas of the foot, such as the arch or heel.
The upper construction is a critical component of a running shoe, as it directly impacts the fit, comfort, and performance of the shoe. Manufacturers carefully design and engineer the upper to ensure that it provides optimal support, flexibility, and breathability. By understanding the different materials and design features found in the upper construction, runners can select the right shoe that suits their specific running needs and preferences.
The midsole is a crucial part of a running shoe, responsible for providing cushioning, support, and stability to the foot. It is situated between the upper and the outsole, acting as a shock absorber to attenuate the impact forces experienced during running.
The primary material used in midsole construction is ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) foam. This foam is known for its lightweight and responsive properties. It effectively absorbs and disperses the impact forces generated with each step, reducing stress on the joints and preventing injuries. The density and thickness of the EVA foam can vary depending on the intended purpose of the shoe, with some shoes having softer midsoles for enhanced cushioning and others having firmer midsoles for better stability and energy return.
In addition to EVA foam, some running shoe manufacturers incorporate other materials and technologies into the midsole to offer improved performance and support. For example, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) or thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) compounds may be used to provide stability and responsiveness. These materials help to control excessive foot pronation and enhance the shoe’s ability to return energy to the wearer during each stride.
Midsoles are often designed with specific cushioning technologies, such as air or gel pockets, to further enhance shock absorption and provide a more comfortable running experience. These technologies help to distribute the forces evenly and reduce impact on the foot and lower body, promoting a smoother gait cycle.
Running shoe manufacturers also employ various midsole construction techniques to optimize performance and comfort. Some shoes feature a dual-density midsole, where different areas of the midsole have varying levels of firmness to provide targeted support and cushioning. Others may use compression molding or injection molding processes to create a precisely contoured midsole that cradles the foot and enhances stability.
While the midsole is an essential component of a running shoe, it is important to note that its materials and construction can affect the shoe’s lifespan. The midsole can gradually lose its cushioning properties over time, leading to a less supportive and comfortable shoe. Therefore, it is recommended to replace running shoes after a certain mileage or when signs of wear and tear become apparent.
Understanding the construction and materials used in the midsole allows runners to choose shoes that suit their specific performance and comfort needs. By considering factors such as cushioning, stability, and responsiveness, individuals can find the perfect pair of running shoes that enhances their running experience and minimizes the risk of injury.
The outsole of a running shoe is the part that comes into direct contact with the ground. It plays a critical role in providing traction, durability, and protection to the foot during the running motion.
Outsoles are typically made of rubber or rubber compounds due to their excellent grip and flexibility. The type of rubber used can vary depending on the specific needs of the shoe. Some outsoles are engineered with softer rubber to provide better grip on smooth surfaces like pavement, while others use harder rubber for increased durability on rough trails.
The outsole is designed with patterns of treads and grooves to enhance traction and provide stability on various surfaces. These patterns help to channel water away and prevent slippage on wet terrain, making them suitable for running in different weather conditions. The depth and pattern of the treads can vary depending on the intended use of the shoe – trail running shoes, for example, often have more aggressive lugs for better grip on uneven and slippery surfaces.
In addition to the rubber material and tread pattern, running shoe outsoles may also incorporate technologies aimed at enhancing performance. Some shoes utilize carbon rubber or blown rubber in specific areas of the outsole to provide better durability and reduce weight. These materials maintain grip and protect against wear in high-impact zones.
Outsole construction also includes flex grooves strategically placed to promote natural foot movement and flexibility. These grooves allow the foot to flex and bend in the correct points during the running motion, promoting a more efficient stride and reducing the risk of injuries.
Manufacturers often conduct extensive testing to ensure the durability and functionality of the outsole. Abrasion testing, for example, is performed to assess the outsole’s resistance to wear and tear. This testing helps manufacturers determine the ideal rubber compound and tread pattern for specific running conditions.
It’s important to note that the lifespan of the outsole will depend on factors such as the type of terrain on which the shoes are used and the mileage accumulated. As the outsole wears down, the tread depth decreases, reducing traction and increasing the risk of slipping.
By understanding the construction of the outsole and the materials used, runners can choose shoes that offer the right traction, durability, and protection for their specific running needs. Selecting the appropriate outsole design for the running surface and considering factors such as tread pattern and rubber compound can greatly enhance the overall performance and safety of a running shoe.
Additional Features and Technologies
In addition to the primary construction components, modern running shoes often incorporate a range of additional features and technologies that aim to enhance performance, comfort, and injury prevention.
One popular technology found in many running shoes is the presence of cushioning systems. These systems, such as Nike’s Air cushioning or adidas’ Boost foam, provide enhanced shock absorption and energy return. They help to reduce the impact on joints and muscles during each stride, making the running experience more comfortable and efficient.
Another common feature is the inclusion of stability mechanisms to assist with proper foot alignment. Many running shoes have medial posts or dual-density midsoles that offer added support to prevent excessive inward rolling of the foot, known as overpronation. Likewise, some shoes have lateral designs that provide extra stability for runners with supination, where the foot rolls outward.
Running shoes also incorporate technologies to improve breathability, such as mesh uppers with enhanced ventilation or moisture-wicking lining materials. These features help to regulate the temperature and moisture inside the shoe, keeping the foot cool and dry even during intense workouts.
Some manufacturers utilize lightweight and durable materials, like carbon fiber or TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane), in specific areas of the shoe to reinforce structural integrity and minimize weight. These technologies enhance performance by providing a balance between stability and responsiveness without compromising on durability or support.
Various lacing systems are also employed to optimize the fit and customize the snugness of the shoe. Lace designs, such as traditional laces or quick-lace systems, allow for easy adjustments and secure foot lockdown. This ensures a personalized fit that can enhance comfort and prevent the foot from sliding inside the shoe during runs.
Many running shoe models incorporate reflective materials on the upper or outsole to increase visibility during low-light conditions. These reflective elements improve safety by making the runner more visible to pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers.
Additional features to enhance the running experience include cushioned or contoured insoles, anti-microbial treatments to reduce odor, and padded collars and tongues for extra comfort and protection. Some shoes even offer removable sock liners, making it easy to replace or customize with orthotics if needed.
The incorporation of these features and technologies is the result of continuous innovation and research by running shoe manufacturers. They strive to provide runners with footwear that is not only comfortable and durable but also aids in performance, injury prevention, and overall wellbeing.
When selecting a pair of running shoes, it is essential to consider these additional features and technologies to find the perfect fit for your specific needs and preferences. Whether you are a casual runner or a competitive athlete, choosing a shoe that incorporates the right combination of features can significantly enhance your running experience.
Quality Control in Running Shoe Manufacturing
Quality control is a critical aspect of the manufacturing process for running shoes. Without stringent quality control measures in place, the consistency, performance, and durability of the final product could be compromised. Therefore, running shoe manufacturers implement various quality control procedures to ensure that every pair of shoes meets and exceeds industry standards.
One of the essential aspects of quality control is material inspection. Manufacturers carefully check all incoming materials, such as fabrics, foams, and rubber compounds, to ensure they meet the required specifications. This ensures that only high-quality materials are used in the production of running shoes, which ultimately enhances their performance and longevity.
During the production process, quality control teams conduct regular inspections at various stages. They check for any manufacturing defects, such as improper stitching, misaligned components, or issues with bonding and adhesion. These inspections help identify and rectify any issues early on, preventing defective products from reaching the market.
Another key quality control measure is performance testing. Running shoe manufacturers subject their products to a battery of tests to ensure they meet the expected performance standards. This includes testing for cushioning properties, flexibility, stability, and traction. Shoes may also undergo specialized tests to evaluate water resistance, durability, and impact absorption.
Fit and comfort are vital aspects of running shoes, and quality control teams pay close attention to these factors. Fit tests are conducted to assess the shoe’s overall fit and determine if any adjustments are necessary. The comfort level of the shoe, including factors such as padding, arch support, and collar and tongue design, is also carefully evaluated.
Manufacturers also carry out wear testing, where prototypes or samples are given to runners to test in real-world conditions. Feedback from these wear testers is invaluable as it helps identify any areas for improvement and ensures that the shoes meet the needs of runners across a range of terrains and distances.
In addition to in-house quality control measures, many reputable running shoe manufacturers adhere to industry standards and certifications. These standards, such as ISO 9001, ensure that a set of quality management processes are followed during the manufacturing process. This further guarantees that the shoes meet the required quality benchmarks.
By implementing strict quality control measures, running shoe manufacturers strive to deliver consistent and high-performance products to consumers. These measures not only help maintain the reputation of the brand but also enable customers to trust that the shoes they are buying are of the highest quality and will meet their athletic needs.
When purchasing running shoes, it is beneficial to seek out brands that have a reputation for rigorous quality control. This ensures that you are investing in a reliable and durable pair of shoes that will support your running activities and withstand the rigors of training and competition.
Understanding how running shoes are made offers invaluable insight into the craftsmanship, innovation, and technology that goes into creating these essential athletic footwear. The materials used, the construction techniques employed, and the quality control measures implemented by manufacturers all contribute to producing running shoes that provide optimal support, comfort, and performance.
The materials used in running shoe manufacturing, such as mesh, synthetic fabrics, EVA foam, and rubber, are carefully selected to offer a balance of breathability, flexibility, cushioning, and durability. These materials, combined with advanced construction techniques, result in shoes that can handle the demands of various terrains and provide the necessary support for runners of all levels.
Additional features and technologies found in running shoes enhance performance, comfort, and injury prevention. These include cushioning systems, stability mechanisms, breathable designs, traction-enhancing outsole patterns, and various lacing systems. These elements are continually evolving as manufacturers strive to deliver running shoes that meet the specific needs and preferences of athletes and enthusiasts.
Throughout the manufacturing process, quality control plays a vital role in ensuring that every pair of running shoes meets industry standards for performance, durability, and comfort. Extensive testing, both in the lab and through wear testing, helps to identify and rectify any issues early on, ensuring that only high-quality products reach the market.
As runners, it is important to consider the various factors involved in the production of running shoes. By understanding the materials used, the construction techniques employed, and the quality control measures implemented, we can make informed decisions when choosing the right pair of running shoes for our individual needs and preferences.
So the next time you slip on your running shoes, take a moment to appreciate the craftsmanship and technology that have gone into creating that perfect blend of comfort, performance, and style. Whether you’re embarking on a casual jog or pushing your limits in a marathon, your running shoes are there to support you every step of the way. | <urn:uuid:b5e66b5c-3a3a-47cb-bf16-2ed5bf78fbf9> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://runningshorts.com/misc/featured/how-running-shoes-are-made/ | 2024-12-04T06:58:53Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066149008.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20241204045532-20241204075532-00569.warc.gz | en | 0.947235 | 3,651 | 2.734375 | 3 |
What is Microcirculation?
Microcirculation is the circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels. It is the central location for nutrient exchange. Microcirculation is highly responsible for getting what your body needs to where it needs to go.
Functions and Responsibilities
Microcirculation plays a vital role in the transportation of:
- Waste Products
- Respiratory Gases
–between the blood and body’s tissues and organs.
It can also play a role in the release of metabolic products.
And just like any busy street at rush hour, when microcirculation is disrupted in a traffic jam, it stops the nutrients from spreading to neighboring tissues.
A microcirculation traffic jam can make a person feel lethargic and weak without necessarily having anything noticeably wrong with them.
And at the base of this transportation highway is the capillary bed, an interwoven network of capillaries that bring nutrients to an organ and take waste products away.
The capillary bed works with two main pressures. One that pushes things out of the vessel and one that pulls things into the vessels. Hydrostatic pressure from our heart pushes things out of the blood vessels and the osmotic pressure exerted by the proteins in our blood pulling things into the blood vessel . At the arterial end, closer to the heart there is more pressure from the heart so more things go out of the blood vessel, but on the venous end, further from the heart, the pressure from our heart decreases and there is more force pulling things into the blood vessel. Overall, across the entire circulatory system, there is more flow going out of the blood vessel and into the neighboring tissue. This excess is then picked up by the lymphatic vessels, cleaning out the excess and looking for pathogens.
What is Vasomotion?
Seemingly small in size but rather significant in function, Vasomotion, or Flowmotion Vasomotion, is an intricate, rhythmical contraction–relaxation mechanism that occurs in our capillary beds.
Vasomotion is the traffic lights of our circulatory roadways. It responds and adjusts perfectly to not only the local coming and going but to the system-wide flow.
If you have ever watched a heist movie where a nerdy computer hacker takes over the street lights system, you will have an idea of what vasomotion is doing. By adjusting the stop-and-go of traffic, the computer hacker controls the flow to help the thefts escape from the police. This is the basic idea of what vasomotion is doing, but rather than one heist taking place, there are many all over the city. Vasomotion helps control the flow of traffic in our body, so that it can operate more smoothly and efficiently.
What does Vasomotion do?
Vasomotion continuously adapts blood flow to meet the needs of the tissue nearest to it and the body system-wide.
This adjustment happens primarily in our arterioles, a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries, where our fluid and nutrient exchange is regulated between our vascular system and tissues.
When we think about arteries and veins, we often imagine them as passive tubes through which the heart pumps blood.
However, arteries are anything but passive. They actively pump, constrict, and dilate to help move blood through our arteries and veins. This contract and expansion process is called vasomotion.
This pumping mechanism of vasomotion optimizes the flow of blood and the exchange of energy.
This system is similar to how the lungs pump to move air. Although we have large passageways like the lung’s bronchial, there’s no oxygen exchange going on in there. Oxygen exchange happens at the smallest levels of the organ–the alveoli sacs.
Like our lungs, our large blood vessels can be considered dead space since oxygen exchange happens at the smallest level in our capillary beds.
Vasomotion is controlled by smooth muscle sphincters that dilate to allow blood flowing in and contract to increase blood flowing out. This pumping mechanism uses this cycle of motion to improve exchange efficiency.
When contracted, capillary beds improve, clearing out excess fluid (swelling) and cellular debris because the net flow from tissue is out into the veins.
When they are open, they allow for improved exchange of nutrients and oxygen. If this opening and closing are not tightly regulated, then you can either have too much going out or too much coming into the tissue.
If the vascular system were passive, there would be a linear relationship between blood pressure and blood flow. An increase in pressure would cause a rise in blood flow through an organ.
In fact many organs, including the brain and the kidney, are equipped with vessels that respond to a rise in blood pressure through vasoconstriction. Such vasoconstriction opposes the increase in blood flow that would otherwise cause pressure to go up in a totally passive vascular system.
So, with the opposing pressure, circulation stays stable. Autoregulation is achieved mainly by the arterioles.
This protects the capillary network from pressure variations, which would otherwise throw off the vessels’ equilibrium.
Vascular self-regulation has two functions
1) Ensures constant blood flow to an organ, even when arterial pressure changes.
For example, in the kidneys, the arterial resistance adapts automatically to falling blood pressure. But when systemic arterial pressure rises, kidney vasoconstriction occurs to maintain constant kidney blood flux.
2) Adjusts blood flow to the demand and need of organ activity.
For example, in active muscles, the circulation rate can be several times higher than the value of resting blood flow. To respond, blood vessels of the muscles open up to increase blood flow, and in areas that are less active, like the stomach, they will close down to decrease flow.
These adjustments of open and closing happen at different rates and frequencies. The fastest frequency of this is responding to our heart rate, closely followed by breathing respiration, and smooth muscle contractions.
I want to show you how to affect the vasomotion frequencies in your body. Later, you will learn how techniques affect each frequency and how they work together to balance the body. But first, let’s go over these frequencies real quick.
0.97 Heart 1.66 – 0.625 second to cycle (1 sec).
Around 1 Hz, corresponding to cardiac activity.
The basic frequency near 1 Hz in the ECG signal, which dominates in the blood pressure, corresponds to the heart rate. At rest, it varies from 0.6 Hz in Athletes to 1.6 Hz in subjects with impaired cardiovascular systems.
The effect of the heart pumping is manifested in the vessels.
0.27 Lungs 6.89-1.66 seconds to cycle (5 sec).
Around 0.2 Hz, corresponding to respiratory activity.
Modulation in this frequency interval corresponds closely to the respiratory.
The effect of breathing is manifested in the vessels
Smooth Muscle Activity
0.13 Smooth Muscles 6.89 to 18.86 seconds to cycle (15 sec).
Spontaneous activity recorded in microvascular smooth muscle cells was in the range .13hz
4–10 cycles per minute
The smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels contract in response to an increase in intravascular pressure and relax in response to a decrease in pressure. This helps the blood flow to an organ stay constant.
This is called myogenic autoregulation. Myogenic is just a fancy term meaning coming from the muscles, and autoregulation implies that it is an automatic process that is not controlled by nerves.
Wavelet analysis has shown that the amplitude of myogenic oscillations is increased by exercise and decreased by local cooling.
Nervous System Activity
Autonomic Nervous System 18.86 to 47.61 seconds to cycle (30 sec).
Around 0.03 Hz, corresponding to neurogenic activity.
The autonomic nervous system can impact all the above systems: Heart, Lungs, Smooth Muscles
The autonomic nervous system innervates the heart, lungs, and blood vessels, except capillaries. The autonomic nervous system maintains the base level of contraction of the vessels. The nerves cause the release of substances that affect smooth muscles’ activities, leading to changes in the vessels’ radii and resistance.
That means that the nervous system takes part in vasoconstriction. A peak of around 0.03 Hz was observed in blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate variable signals.
Nitric Oxide Endothelial Activity
Endothelial metabolic 47.61 to 105.26 seconds to cycle (1 min).
Around 0.01 Hz, corresponding to Nitric Oxide-related endothelial activity.
The blood supplies the cells with nutrients and removes their metabolism’s waste products while circulating the circuit of vessels. Substances related to metabolism, such as O2, CO2, NO, and lactic acid, directly affect the vascular musculature’s state of contraction. The control of the blood flow based on the concentrations of cellular metabolism is termed metabolic regulation.
It seems that the activity of endothelial cells mediates metabolic regulation of the blood flow by adjusting the concentrations of various substances. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most essential vasoactive substances.
Prostaglandin Endothelial Activity
Endothelial activity 105-200 seconds to cycle (2 mins).
Around 0.007 Hz, apparently corresponding to Nitric Oxide-independent (probably prostaglandin-dependent) endothelial activity.
This frequency was not identified in some of the earlier studies because the 20-minute recordings provided insufficient low-frequency resolution, and these oscillations were filtered out during data pre-processing.
However, a strong peak was later observed around 0.007 Hz ] and is clearly evident in the present work. This frequency was found to differ between healthy subjects and heart failure patients.
How Does Vasomotion Affect Us?
Knowing about vasomotion can be great for a medical student, someone learning or working in the health field, and someone looking to understand more about how their body works.
Let‘s take a closer and more realistic look at how vasomotion can affect our health in a day-to-day way:
When there are changes in the frequency of opening and closing of our capillary beds, these characteristics can lead to certain diseases. These indications were so strong that in severe cases, vasomotion improvement was actually considered a better indication of survival rate than the typical vital signs of heart rate, blood pressure, etc.
And on the flip side, a decrease in vasomotion increases the likelihood of death.
Disease Changes in Vasomotion
Vasomotion can actually change because of certain common diseases
For example, obesity and diabetes change vasomotion:
The importance of a metabolic component has been supported by reducing all types of vasomotion in obese patients, regardless of diabetes status. The demonstration that sustained weight loss can fully normalize vasomotion in the skin.
Apart from widespread pain, which is the main symptom of fibromyalgia, a great variety of functional changes occur in this disease’s presence.
Such changes include alterations in microcirculation, which may cause pain. There is a reduction in regional blood flow above “tender points” in fibromyalgia patients compared with healthy controls. Microcirculatory improved over the tender points in fibromyalgia patients after acupuncture therapy. This data suggests that acupuncture is a useful method to treat fibromyalgia patients as it can alleviate pain
Patients with Rheumatoid Disease had significantly higher-averaged blood saturation in base conditions in comparison to health people. Higher amplitudes of oscillations in the frequency range above 0.1 Hz (Cardiac Activity) were observed for patients with rheumatoid disease. This can be explained by the structural and functional changes in microcirculation occurring in the development of rheumatoid disease
There is substantial evidence that diabetes, both in humans and in experimental animal models, is associated with an altered pattern and/or reduced prevalence of vasomotion.
For diabetes, the reduction of vasomotion is from a decrease in the frequency of the autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic innervation alteres vasomotion in diabetes is partly due to the associated neuropathy..Vasomotion affected by diabetes has a frequency of 0.012-0.045 Hz,), which is the frequency range associated with influence from the sympathetic nervous system and because the abnormality is predominantly seen in diabetic patients with neuropathy.
The effect of insulin on the endothelium is significant for the enhancement of capillary perfusion and glucose uptake in skeletal muscles. It has even been suggested that impaired vasomotion in type 2 diabetes may favor the development of high blood pressure.
Subjects with Diabetes M had impaired amplitude of blood flow oscillations in the frequency band 0.012-0.045 Hz, which corresponds to endothelial and neurogenic vascular tone regulating mechanisms.
Septic shock is characterized by profound hemodynamic alterations associated with organ dysfunction.
These hemodynamic alterations include some degree of hypovolemia (a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body) and a decrease in vascular tone, and myocardial depression. Even when systemic hemodynamic variables seem to have been corrected and are within therapeutic goals, signs of impaired tissue perfusion may persist.
Recently, alterations in microcirculatory blood flow have been identified in severe sepsis, and the severity of these alterations is associated with a poor outcome.
Microcirculation is so important even when all other vitals are normal. Alteration in microcirculation is a great indicator of mortality in septic patients.
You can have one capillary bed open right next to one that‘s closed. This would mean that some tissues would be getting oxygen right next to tissues that are without oxygen.
This decreased capillary density results in an increased diffusion distance for oxygen.
If microvascular blood flow is not congruent. You can have perfused capillaries in close vicinity to non-perfused capillaries. This leads to alterations in oxygen extraction and hypoxic zones even when total blood flow to the organ is preserved.
Heterogeneity or inconsistency in microvascular perfusion is a crucial aspect. Heterogeneous perfusion leads to more severe alterations in tissue oxygenation than homogeneously decreased perfusion does. Heterogeneity of perfusion is associated with heterogeneity in oxygenation but also has altered oxygen extraction capabilities. During episodes of hypoperfusion, the heterogeneity of microvascular perfusion further increases in sepsis instead of being minimized as in normal conditions.
These alterations play an important role in the development of organ dysfunction. They‘re not just an indication of the severity of sepsis.
Microvascular alterations can lead to cellular injury, and reversal of these alterations is often associated with improvement in lactate and mitochondrial function, suggesting that microvascular alterations directly impair tissue oxygenation.
In addition, several trials have demonstrated an association between the severity of microvascular dysfunction and the development of organ dysfunction and mortality.
What can we do to improve our microcirculation?
We need to do activities that regulate and improve or vasomotion frequencies. We need to bring into balance our Autonomic Nervous System which regulates our Heart and Lungs. We need to use gentle exercise and hydrotherapy to improve our smooth muscle frequency. Breathing and movement techniques that can balance nitric oxide and other vasodilating gasses in our body.
Below is a chart where I have provided preferences towards certain frequencies. Boxes that have three squares have a larger impact on that frequency than those with one.
In the following article, we will examine movement and exercises to improve vasomotion. There is no direct one-to-one correlation, but preferences toward certain exercises and frequencies exist. For example, changing our breathing will affect our respiratory vasomotion frequency but also impact our autonomic nervous system frequency. We also know that hydrotherapy has an impact on our smooth muscle frequency.
About the Author
Willard Sheppy is a writer and healthcare practitioner who seamlessly melds scientific knowledge with practical applications in engaging and authoritative articles. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science from Oregon State University and a Master’s in Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine from the distinguished Oregon College of Oriental Medicine.
In his work, Willard skillfully combines his extensive educational background in scientific research with his practical experience as a healthcare practitioner. Willard balances his life with martial arts and cherished family adventures. As a father of three, he often leads his family on camping and hiking trips along the breathtaking Oregon coast. | <urn:uuid:13a36ef2-f645-4eba-a613-23f459627e2b> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://valleyhealthclinic.com/microcirculation-and-vasomotion-science-stuff/ | 2024-12-03T02:09:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066131052.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20241203010947-20241203040947-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.938121 | 3,486 | 3.96875 | 4 |
The best way to arrange hostas around a tree is to first pick a spot that is out of direct sunlight and has access to regular watering. Then you will want to dig a hole in the desired area that is roughly as wide as your hosta’s root ball.
You will want to ensure the hole is deep enough to be level with the top of the root ball and that it is wide enough to accommodate the roots without crowding.
Next, you will want to amend the soil with compost or other organic material to give the roots a good environment to spread in and promote good root growth. Once the soil is amended, you will want to carefully fit the hosta into the hole, removing the container if necessary.
Make sure the plant’s crown is even with the soil surface and that the roots are not bunched, then backfill with soil.
Finally, water the hosta in well and mulch around it to help control weeds, retain moisture, and protect the roots. As the hosta grows, you will want to monitor its growth and adjust the amount of water and fertilizer needed accordingly.
Can hostas live under trees?
Yes, hostas can live under trees. Hostas are low-maintenance, shade-loving plants that thrive in filtered light or shade, making them well-suited to planting under or around trees. Several varieties of hostas will happily grow in full shade, while others prefer light shade or partial sun.
When planting hostas under trees, it’s important to ensure they receive enough water. The area should be well draining and away from any standing water, as too much water can lead to root rot. To give your hostas the best chance of success, you should amend the soil with compost or peat moss and add mulch to help conserve moisture.
When it comes to planting your hostas, leaving a little space between them and the tree will help to improve air circulation, cutting down on the risk of pests and diseases. Pruning the tree is important too, as this will increase the amount of sunlight that reaches the hostas.
Overall, hostas can be a beautiful, low-maintenance addition to any garden, especially when planted under trees. With the right care, they can provide stunning foliage, vibrant flowers and an abundance of color to your garden.
Where should you not plant hostas?
Hostas should not be planted in full sun for extended periods of time, as this can often cause the foliage to burn or yellow. Hostas also should not be planted in a location where there is standing water, as this can cause the plant to rot and die quickly.
Additionally, they should not be planted near other plants or trees that have invasive roots, as this can cause damage to hostas over time. Finally, hostas should not be planted in areas where harsh chemicals like herbicides, insecticides, or fertilizers have been applied, as this can be toxic to the hostas.
Can I plant hostas under a pine tree?
Yes, you can absolutely plant hostas under a pine tree. These shade-loving perennials are particularly well-suited for growing in this environment. The soil around a pine tends to be acidic, which hostas enjoy, and the needles can provide the right amount of humidity and darkness the plant needs.
Be sure to allow for adequate drainage around the base of the tree, as hostas do not tolerate “wet feet. ” Also, apply an appropriate fertilizer and/or soil conditioner to the area to create a healthy environment for the hosta.
If the soil is compacted, consider mixing in some light, fluffy organic matter to improve drainage. With proper care, hostas can make a beautiful addition to a landscape beneath a pine tree.
How many hostas should I plant together?
It depends largely on the size of the hostas and the space available in your garden. Generally, it is best to leave some space between each one. Small varieties like ‘Blue Mouse Ears’ and ‘Cherry Berry’ can be spaced around 8-10 inches (20-25 cm) apart, medium to large varieties such as ‘Blue Cadet’ and ‘Japanesque’ should be spaced at least 12-15 inches (30-38 cm) apart, and giant varieties such as ‘Sum and Substance’ may require 18-24 inches (45-60cm) of space.
If you have a large garden bed, you can group several varieties together to create an eye-catching display, however this should be done with caution as densely planting plants can create competition for resources like water, sunlight, and nutrients.
What grows well under a pine tree?
A variety of plants can flourish under a pine tree, depending on the conditions in the environment such as sunlight, soil type, and amount of water. Depending on these conditions, you can choose from a range of options such as perennials, flowering plants, and even vegetables.
Some perennials that can thrive under pine trees include butterfly weed, bugleweed, brunnera, hardy geranium, hosta, and biennials such as foxglove. Flowering plants can include lily-of-the-valley, hellebores, and lungwort.
As well, vegetables like kale, spinach and lettuce can also do quite well beneath pine trees.
Pine trees have an open structure which means that there should be plenty of sunlight for the plants beneath. The needles of the tree can also be beneficial for providing some additional nutrients to the soil.
Be sure to amend the soil as needed, as pine trees have acidic needles which can reduce soil pH.
In addition to selecting plants that are shade-tolerant, be sure to water well. While the tree canopy provides some 20-30% light, it can also reduce the rate of evaporation which means the plants under the tree can dry out more quickly.
Keep an eye on your garden and watch for transpiration needs so your plants can remain healthy.
Do hostas like pine needles?
Hostas are usually very tolerant of most soil and lighting conditions, however, they are not well-suited to growing in acidic soil. Pine needles have a high acidic content which can be detrimental to the health of hostas.
Hostas should not be planted in soil mixed with pine needles. Furthermore, pine needles can keep moisture away from the plant when they accumulate. Too much needle accumulation around the base of the plant will keep moisture away and can cause the hosta to become dry and die.
How do you landscape under a pine tree?
Landscaping under a pine tree can be challenging due to the fact that it often creates a challenging environment for grass and other plants to grow under. However, there are some effective ways to create a beautiful landscaped area under a pine tree.
One of the best ways to landscape under a pine tree is to use ground cover plants that can thrive in a shady environment, such as self-mulching perennials such as Periwinkle, Pachysandra, Winter Creeper, and Sweet Woodruff.
These plants are able to survive in the sort of acidic soil that is often found in places that pine trees grow, and they require very little maintenance. Adding a layer of leaf mulch or wood chips to the area around the ground cover plants further helps to create an ideal environment for these plants to thrive.
You can also use flower beds and containers to bring color and variety to your landscaping under a pine tree. Be sure to select plants that are conducive to shady areas, and use a soil mix that is tailored for acidic soil or container growing.
It may also be helpful to group plants in different spots for an aesthetically pleasing look. Finally, make sure to use a 2-3 inch layer of mulch to retain moisture and add aesthetic appeal.
Following these tips can help you to effectively landscape under a pine tree and create a beautiful, nature-friendly area for your space.
Will daylilies grow under pine trees?
Yes, daylilies can grow under pine trees. As long as the soil is well-draining, daylilies should make a beautiful addition to any area with pine trees. Daylilies prefer partial to full sun and barren, soil with average fertility.
The shallow-rooted daylilies have no problem establishing in the rocky soil found in many sites with pine trees.
When establishing a daylily bed under pine trees, as with any area you’re planting, it’s important to start out with quality soil. Add your preferred composted material to the soil to provide additional fertility.
Work the fertilizer into the top 6 to 8 inches of soil. Daylilies prefer soil with a pH of 6.0 to 6.5 and is slightly acidic. Adjust soil pH as needed.
Once the soil has been amended, the daylilies can be planted. Spacing plants 24 to 36 inches apart is best, as this will give them plenty of room to grow and spread. Water frequently to ensure that the soil remains moist but not soggy.
Overall, it’s certainly possible to cultivate daylilies to grow under pine trees. As long as the soil drainage is good, they should thrive when given proper care.
How close to trees can you plant hostas?
It depends on the specific type of tree and the size of hostas you are planting. Generally, it is best to plant hostas at least 2-3 feet away from a tree so that the tree’s root system has room to spread out without disturbing the hostas.
Additionally, if your hostas are small, it may be best to plant them farther away. Planting hostas too closely to trees may stunt the hostas’ growth due to lack of sunlight, as well as competition between roots systems for water and nutrients.
Additionally, trees are more likely to damage the hostas with their drooping branches, and can even spread disease to your hostas.
Will hostas survive in shade?
Yes, hostas are perfect for shady areas in the garden. They tend to prefer partial shade and filtered sun rather than direct sunlight. Thriving in a variety of soil conditions, hostas are well suited for areas where other plants may struggle – such as beneath trees or alongside the shady side of a building.
Hostas will grow slowly in true deep shade but this may lead to fewer blooms and less water and fertilizer needs. Hostas prefer a moist, but well-drained soil with plenty of humus for hunger. Make sure to cut off spent flower stalks and provide a layer of mulch to help keep the soil temperatures moderate, conserve moisture and discourage weeds.
When properly placed, hostas can provide lush color, texture and a delightful display of fragrant flowers in any shady corner of the garden.
Do hostas require a lot of water?
No, hostas generally do not require a lot of water. They are an easy-care perennial, so they are relatively drought tolerant once established. Hostas are a great plant to have in both sunny and partially shaded garden areas.
When watering hostas, make sure to give them just enough water to keep the soil moist. Over-watering can actually cause root rot. In general, hostas need about an inch of water per week. If it doesn’t rain, then provide water manually until they are established.
Once the hostas are established and their roots start to spread out, they should be able to handle the average amount of rainfall. But in extended periods of drought, they may need additional water.
What plant grows in full shade?
There are a variety of plants that grow in full shade. Common plants used to add color and texture to shaded areas include hostas, astilbe, ferns, toad lilies, bleeding hearts, Solomon’s seal, barrenwort, and &hearts.
These plants do best in moist, organic-rich soil so it’s important to prepare the area prior to planting by adding compost or well-rotted manure. The soil should not be overly wet and must have good drainage.
Additionally, fertilizing with a slow-release balanced fertilizer will help promote good growth. Depending on the area and space, ornamental grasses can also be a great option for full shade. Varieties such as Japanese forest grass, mondo grass, and dwarf chinestra can brighten up an area while providing texture and movement.
Which hostas tolerate the most shade?
Hostas are a popular perennial plant, known for their low-care and shade tolerance. Of all the different hosta varieties, the most shade tolerant are: Green Mawiwi, Blue Cadet, Great Expectations, and Sea Coast Surprise.
Green Mawiwi and Blue Cadet hostas are best for very shady sites, withstanding nearly full shade. Both of these hostas are compact in size and will reach heights of only 6-8 inches and widths of 8-12 inches.
Great Expectations and Sea Coast Surprise hostas can tolerate partial shade and will reach between 2 and 3 feet in height, with a width of up to three feet. They can also take a bit more sunlight than the other two kinds of hosta, making them a great choice for a low-light area that may still get a few hours of morning or late afternoon sun.
What hostas do well in shade?
Hostas are a versatile and low-maintenance perennial that thrive in shade gardens. They’ll provide lush foliage and vibrant colors to dark corners of the garden. Hostas are available in a wide variety of sizes, colors, textures, and shapes, and certain varieties are very tolerant of shade.
Depending on the depth of shade in your garden, you can select from some of these shade-loving hostas: ‘Blue Angel’, ‘Francee’, and ‘Sum and Substance’. ‘Blue Angel’ has thick, blue leaves and blooms with fragrant, lavender-blue, midsummer flowers.
‘Francee’ starts out with a creamy-white margin, then deepens to a deep, lush green with a white edge as the plant matures. Lastly, ‘Sum and Substance’ is a large hosta with gold-centered leaves and deep-green edges.
All of these varieties have mature sizes ranging from 1.5 to 4 feet tall and 10 to 36 inches wide.
With any hosta, be sure to find the appropriate soil type and fertilize regularly, as this will promote healthy growth. A good schedule is to fertilize in the spring before new growth begins, then again in mid-summer after bloom.
Occasional watering is also helpful and accepted in shaded areas.
How much sun does a hosta need?
Hostas need a range of light intensities to create the best foliage and colorful flowers. Partial shade is ideal, but the type of hosta will also affect the amount of sunlight needed. Generally, hostas that have gold or chartreuse leaves need more sun exposure than those with green or blue leaves.
For example, the ‘Sum and Substance’ hosta is a variegated hosta with gold, green and white leaves and requires more sun, whereas the ‘Hadspen Blue’ hosta is a blue-leaved cultivar that needs more shade.
When planted in shades of dappled or filtered sunlight, hostas can create beautiful gardens and interesting contrasts. Aim for about four hours of sun for more sun-loving hostas, and about two to four hours for less sun-loving varieties.
To determine the optimal level of sunlight for your hostas, check for burned foliage, unopened buds and slower growth as signs of too much sunlight, and yellow leaves as a sign of too little light.
Do hostas grow back every year?
Yes, hostas will grow back every year, as they are a perennial plant. Hostas produce long-lasting foliage and flowers year after year due to their strong root structure. To get the best result with hostas, you should grow them in an area with partial shade and moist, well-drained soil.
With the right environment, hostas are easy to care for, and will come back each year with healthy foliage and beautiful blooms.
What is the thing to put under pine trees?
When planting under pine trees, it is important to understand their particular needs and shape the space to fit them. Primarily, well-draining soil is critical for preventing root rot. While pine needles accumulate on the ground, they are naturally acidic and new mulch needs to be added each season to regulate the pH balance in the soil.
The soil should be light and permeable, not overly rich or nitrogen heavy.
When selecting plants, select varieties that can tolerate some degree of dappled sunlight and thrive in acidy soil. Opt for low-maintenance, evergreen shrubs, such as rhododendrons, that are resilient to changes in temperature, disease, and pests.
Groundcover like ferns, thyme, and lily of the valley, will help retain moisture around the base of the tree. Also, avoid vines and any plant that may climb into the limbs of the tree.
Additionally, ensure the tree is not competing for moisture. Mulch to reduce weeds and water deeply, but infrequently. To ensure that the tree can be properly cared for, keep the planting area one tree’s length away from the trunk.
Finally, clear away competing vegetation that interrupts the pine tree’s connection to the soil. This is key for the long-term health of the pine tree. | <urn:uuid:06a0f0b6-c39b-43eb-8401-7eece2960995> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.remodelormove.com/how-do-you-arrange-hostas-around-a-tree/ | 2024-12-14T15:56:40Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066125790.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214151042-20241214181042-00437.warc.gz | en | 0.943478 | 3,695 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Pride in solidarity: Starbucks LGBTQ+ partners stand against racism
Pride began as a rebellion – an uprising against police harassment and systemic discrimination. Pride began as a rebellion – an uprising against police harassment and systemic discrimination. This Pride month, protestors all over the world take to the streets to protest police brutality and systemic racism.
Pride began as a rebellion – an uprising against police harassment and systemic discrimination. This Pride month, as protestors all over the world take to the streets to protest police brutality and systemic racism, three LGBTQ+ Starbucks partners share their thankfulness for allies and the importance of continuing to fight against inequality.
Pride began with people saying “enough.”
A spark of resistance at the Stonewall Inn in New York City one summer night in 1969 helped ignite the already long-burning gay rights movement. Riots led to marches, marches to parades, and all of it led to more widespread awareness, activism and change.
That change led countless LGBTQ+ people, including Starbucks partners Asher Martinez, Shauna McKenzie-Lee and Catlin Perrin, to live completely different lives than they might otherwise have led – lives in which they were free to be their truest selves.
Since Pride began on the first anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, it has evolved to mean many things to the LGBTQ+ community and its allies. Pride can be a party – a joyous celebration of individuality, freedom and love. Pride can be a parade – a rally of voices and colorful signs promoting inclusion, respect and equality. And sometimes, like it was in the beginning and like it is this year, Pride can be an uprising – a shoulder-to-shoulder march against injustice and discrimination.
This June, during Pride month, a new conversation about change has begun to unfold. People all over the world are now protesting institutional racism and police brutality. Pride revelers, many of whom were finding ways to celebrate Pride inside due to the COVID-19 pandemic, have taken to the streets to march for a different fight – the fight against racial inequality.
Early this month, Shauna McKenzie-Lee, managing director of the Starbucks Reserve Roastery Chicago and a Black member of the LGBTQ+ community, was inspired by her young leadership team to show up in person instead of watching the protests on television. They passed out water to protestors together, and McKenzie-Lee reflected on the convergence of these important moments.
“The world sees me as Black first, and then we get into being a woman and then we get into being LGBTQ. This has been my life as a Black person in this country,” McKenzie-Lee said. “There’s a set of assumptions that come with that – pay more attention, don’t mess up, be twice as good. Those are some of the things I heard growing up. Now it feels almost like there’s closed captioning on that experience – like there’s a way to make it more accessible to more people, a way to overlay more context and to invite more people into the outrage, the discussion, the fight – and hopefully the solution.”
For all the uncertainty and struggle the year has brought, McKenzie-Lee said COVID-19 also brought an environment that helped bring real awareness and change within closer reach.
“Things slowed way down, and suddenly we were taking a long look at what really matters. The pandemic asked us all these questions about ourselves, our lives, our resiliency and our role in the work ahead amidst the fast evolving new normal – it forced us to really think about things. I think it also allowed us to see the murders of people like Ahmaud Arbery and George Floyd in a more collective way. Without our usual distractions, we have had more of a chance to think about how it impacts us, and about what we’re going to do about it, what role are we really going to play,” McKenzie-Lee said.
She said she’s inspired by seeing countless people coming together in solidarity around the world.
“That fills me with hope. And, like the joy that ended up being such a big part of Pride, you see these glimmers – ‘Black Lives Matter’ being painted onto streets, celebratory and peaceful moments happening amid the outrage, new courageous conversations opening up or lasting longer,” she said. “This will be hard, and uncomfortable, and we have a long way to go to make systemic change, and we can make space for beautiful moments as well.”
This Pride, McKenzie-Lee and two other LGBTQ+ Starbucks partners shared their stories of the journeys they took to becoming themselves, expressed gratitude for the allies who stood by them along the way and talked about the importance of continuing to fight for equality for all.
Asher Martinez: Like-minded people the best part of Pride
Asher Martinez came out twice – first as a lesbian and then, later, as a trans man.
“I was going through some stuff. I was really sad and definitely depressed, but I didn’t exactly know why.”
It was a long road, becoming who he is today. A first-generation American growing up in New York City and the son of Puerto Rican immigrants, his family was loving and tight-knit, but he remembers entering his teenage years in a dark cloud of confusing and undefined angst.
“I was going through some stuff. I was really sad and definitely depressed, but I didn’t exactly know why,” said Martinez, a store manager in St. Augustine, Fla., and six-month Starbucks partner.
Then he met Kelleyann Royce, a counselor at IS-123 middle school in the South Bronx.
“She knew. She definitely nailed that I was this closeted little gay kid who needed some guidance,” Martinez said. “You don’t always see the bigger picture, you just know what you know.”
“Royce,” as the kids affectionately call her, wasn’t overt, but repeatedly reminded her students that the most important thing you can be is yourself, and that love is love.
“Another thing she always told me is that the one thing you should always respect is time, because time is the one thing you can never get back. I hold that still to be true,” Martinez said. “Sharing who I am with people, and being able to start doing that so young, was because I knew I would never get that time back, so why should I hide and live in the shadows and be sad if I didn’t have to?”
As middle school came to a close, Martinez started to make some moves, first quietly, and then out loud. He applied to attend high school at Manhattan Village Academy, though his parents were perplexed as to why he’d chosen a school 45 minutes by train from the Bronx (they would later learn it was because the school is located in New York City’s ultra-gay-friendly Chelsea neighborhood).
At 16, Martinez came out as a lesbian – first to friends at school, where it was a “non-event.” Home was a different matter. Martinez was afraid coming out would stir cultural and religious tensions, particularly from a father who studied to be a priest when he was younger before becoming a Taekwondo instructor. His parents were surprisingly supportive. Four years later, with the addition of the “language and strength” to more fully understand and explain himself, he came out to them again, this time as a transgender man.
“First you have a gay kid, and then your girl turns into your son? I thought I was coming out to a religious and homophobic dad. But he surprised me. He’s evolved as a person, and as an ally,” Martinez said. “My story isn’t one riddled with sadness, loneliness and struggle. My story doesn’t happen enough.”
In addition to being embraced by his family and friends, Martinez said he feels supported at work too.
“(I work for Starbucks), because I am a person of color and I feel included. As a trans partner I feel seen,” he said, noting Starbucks comprehensive health benefits for transgender partners. “The Starbucks mission and values are so aligned with who I am. I’ve been blown away in my short time here.”
Each year since moving to Florida, Martinez and his longtime girlfriend have returned to New York City for the Pride parade and festival. They won’t be making the trip this year; for the first time in half a century, the New York City pride parade is canceled. Still, Martinez said, there is plenty to celebrate.
“To some people, it might not seem like a big thing – like, it’s just a parade – but it’s a little sad, to be honest. I like feeling like I can hold hands, and that it’s OK to wear my rainbow Yankee hat. I like to take a folding chair, and sit down and just … be,” Martinez said. “I’m not a party person, I just want to be around like-minded people. For me, that’s the best way to celebrate Pride.”
Still, he said, there’s plenty to be thankful for this year.
“This Pride, and for the rest of my life, I will celebrate the fact that I’m able to be visible. There are people in our communities who are not able to be visible – it’s just not safe. Being visible is a privilege,” Martinez said. “I will be in awe that I work for a company where I’m celebrated as a Hispanic person, and as a trans person and as a queer person and honestly, just as a person. I will celebrate being able to share my story with people. And I will celebrate that I am proud, and able to be proud, to be a Hispanic queer transgender man from the South Bronx.”
Shauna McKenzie-Lee: ‘We have to be exactly who we are’
When Shauna McKenzie-Lee was younger, her mother, Sharon, attended a party where the entertainment was a psychic. When it was her turn to sit with the woman, the psychic told Shauna her daughter would have a star over her head.
“The world sees me as Black first, and then we get into being a woman and then we get into being LGBTQ. This has been my life as a Black person in this country.”
“My mom would tell me this story every five years or so,” said McKenzie-Lee. “I think the star, to my mom, the star probably came to represent me following my journey to be who I am.”
In November, the day before the Starbucks Reserve Roastery in Chicago opened its doors, McKenzie-Lee posed for pictures next to her mother on the building’s airy top floor. Both women beamed – the mother, who was watching her only child lead the opening of the largest Starbucks in the world, and the daughter, who was able to do so without hiding any part of who she is. Hovering above both of them? A large, neon star. Yes, it’s part of the Roastery logo, but still … whoa, right?
McKenzie-Lee laughed. “We both looked up and I reminded her of that story. It’s almost like reinforcement that I had made the right decisions to get to that moment. Everything kind of came full circle.”
She grew up in Cincinnati, part of a tightknit, spiritual family. Her parents divorced when she was young, though they stayed on positive terms, and McKenzie-Lee and her mother moved in with her grandmother.
“The influence of my mom’s mom in particular – she was born in 1919, widowed early, and had two kids to raise as a single, black woman. She just did it, and made it look easy, and rooted all of us in church and spirituality. As a child, I grew up knowing I could go out but no matter what had to have my butt in a chair for Sunday school,” said McKenzie-Lee, 46. “She taught me that we’re all plugged into something bigger.”
As a teenager, McKenzie-Lee grappled with the beliefs of some in the religious community that gay people should face repercussions or punishment for being who they are. If you’re supposed to love and care for everybody, she wondered, doesn’t that include gay people? She had her first girlfriend in high school – a basketball teammate.
“It was a long-term relationship, but also very hidden. I went to prom and homecoming with male basketball friends. Even for myself, I was trying to understand – is this who I really am? On the surface, things were good – I got good grades. I played sports. But it was a challenging time,” she said. “Seeking the approval of my grandmother, all of that had me covering up who I was for so long.”
At 20, she finally got the courage to come out to her grandmother.
“I had built this up for months. In essence, I was preparing to lose my grandmother. That’s what I thought would happen,” McKenzie-Lee said. “She certainly had a few things to say. But ultimately, she just hugged me. She lived to be 94. For the rest of her life, we were able to operate not just in love, but in transparency.”
Coming out was hard for her mother, too.
“I know she experienced some grief, that it was not a traditional path her child was going to follow. She thought I would get hurt and punished and wouldn’t advance in a career. But she was also the one who gave me the foundation to know I should continue to try to be who I am,” McKenzie-Lee said. “We have to be exactly who we are. There’s so much power in that. Fear is something that we somehow think will change or shift or go away as we get older, but it doesn’t. Whatever we need to do, we have to just do it scared. Don’t find yourself losing time.”
McKenzie-Lee and her wife, Denise, have been together for 15 years and married for five. They’ve been to Pride celebrations in Toronto, Minneapolis, Portland and Chicago. Though she will miss marching in Chicago’s parade with Starbucks partners this year, she believes we can look for new experiences, ones that could end up being just as meaningful as the ones we’re missing this year.
“We can celebrate the opportunities we have to reimagine ourselves. We can celebrate the ways we still have to connect. We can celebrate kindness – I believe kindness is cool. There’s an Alice Walker quote I love: ‘Keep in mind always the present you are constructing. It should be the future you want.’ Now, more than ever, that’s on my mind,” McKenzie-Lee said. “Where do we want to be on the other side of this? Let’s make sure it’s surrounded with people who support us. Let’s make sure it’s having taken care of ourselves and each other.”
Catlin Perrin: ‘Community can mean lots of things’
Catlin Perrin grew up in an immersive religious community in California. He attended a Christian high school and studied theology at a bible college.
“My growing up and coming out and becoming a whole person and Starbucks, they’re all tied together. That confidence got built here.
“It was the kind of immersive that’s not just your church, but your whole world – your social life, your education, everybody you know, just … identity,” Perrin said. “And in the particular vein of Christianity I grew up in, being gay was considered a sin. There was a ton of shame attached to it. For me, it was really repressive to feel my attractions were bad, these things I can’t control, as was my gravitation toward certain people and relationships, and to realize I’d have to either kind of ignore it as I grew older, or acknowledge it but never be comfortable acting on it, and to watch friends having these full and open relationships and feeling those were roads I could never access.”
Perrin, 33, compartmentalized his sexuality, and said he started thinking of himself as pieces of a person rather than a whole – including some pieces that didn’t quite fit together, and others that felt broken altogether.
One night shortly after college, he was talking with his roommate, Nathan, in their new apartment. There was no furniture yet – they’d just moved in – so they were sitting on the living room floor, talking and drinking wine. Catlin decided to come out to him. Given their similar upbringing, his friend and roommate could have reacted in any number of ways.
“We talked about how I always felt compartmentalized, and how I could reconcile my faith and my sexuality and come into my own as a whole person. We drank wine and we cried it out. It was big. Nathan was massively important in my coming out experience and to my long journey to feeling complete,” Perrin said. “When I look back, I had a lot of perfectly legitimate reasons to be scared and hesitant to talk to anybody about what I was going through. But when you start to crack that, you will find there are people around you who get it, who will love you regardless. Find those people. Talk to them. And recognize those people are going to be on a journey, too, and that you can help inform their perspective as well, both now and further down the road.”
Perrin was pursuing a teaching degree when he decided to take a semester off and apply for a job at Starbucks, mainly for the health insurance. Now, 14 years later, Perrin is a district manager of 18 licensed Starbucks stores in Los Angeles.
Like his conversations with Nathan, Starbucks would also prove instrumental to Perrin finding the courage to come all the way out. Shortly after he started his job, he mentioned someone he was seeing to a co-worker. He was careful not to use pronouns – but when they asked if he was dating a male or female, he chose to answer honestly. “
“Her reaction was kind of ‘cool, whatever.’ It was almost blasé, which was powerful. That has stuck with me,” he said. “My growing up and coming out and becoming a whole person and Starbucks, they’re all tied together. That confidence got built here. At Starbucks I got to see adults who were successful in their careers and in same-sex relationships that were loving and caring, and they were the first ones I ever saw. So many people at Starbucks will not only accept you, but cheer for you and be in your corner and want to see you be successful.”
Perrin typically celebrates Pride outside enjoying the beautiful Southern California weather, barbecuing with friends and attending the parade. This year, more than ever, he’s looking for opportunities to support people and communities still fighting for equality.
“When I think about the arc of the gay rights movement, Pride means a lot of things – a celebration, a victory march, a resistance rally, a call to be better and more inclusive and more equitable,” Perrin said. “Pride is also community, and community can mean lots of things, too. In the middle of a pandemic, that community will look really different than it did a few months ago – I mean, there are Zoom night clubs with people dancing around in their living rooms. And there are all these glimpses of the better sides of humanity, and how we are figuring things out together as things have gotten really wild. For me, as an LGBTQ community, we also have a responsibility to keep fighting for equality in places and communities and for people for whom it’s not happening. There’s a lot of work left to do there. Pride marks that progress, continually.” | <urn:uuid:2728d3d5-2b3e-4ffe-9a3b-6ca2760bdfff> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://about.starbucks.com/stories/2020/pride-in-solidarity-starbucks-lgbtq-partners-stand-against-racism/ | 2024-12-08T12:00:58Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066446143.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208111059-20241208141059-00583.warc.gz | en | 0.983385 | 4,293 | 2.625 | 3 |
What is osteoarthritis of the foot and ankle?
Osteoarthritis (os-tee-o-arth-ri-tis) is the most common type of arthritis. It mostly affects the hands, knees, hips and spine, but it can happen in any joint in the body, including the feet and ankles.
A joint is a part of the body where two or more bones meet. Your ankle joint is where the tibia and fibula bones in your leg join up with your foot. There are 33 joints in the foot, but the big toe is the one that is most commonly affected by osteoarthritis.
The joints in your body go through a normal cycle of damage and repair during your lifetime. But sometimes the process your body goes through to repair joints can change their shape or structure. When these changes happen in one or more of your joints, it’s called osteoarthritis.
The ends of our bones are covered in a tough but slippery surface, known as cartilage. This allows the bones to move against each other. The bones are held in place by ligaments. Tendons attached to our muscles and bones help us to move around.
Osteoarthritis causes damage to the cartilage, which results in pain and swelling, and can sometimes mean the bones rub against each other as we move. Osteoarthritis doesn’t just affect the cartilage, but can also cause damage to the bones, ligaments, tendons and lining of affected joints.
Osteoarthritis can affect anyone at any age, but it’s most common in people over 45. It affects more women than men. The risk of developing osteoarthritis is commonly linked to:
- being overweight or obese
- your genetics, or if you have a family member with osteoarthritis
- having a condition that affects the joints, such as rheumatoid arthritis or gout.
Joint injuries can also make you more likely to get osteoarthritis, and this is particularly the case with ankle injuries.
How will it affect me?
Osteoarthritis can affect people in different ways, but the most common symptoms of osteoarthritis are:
- pain and swelling in the affected joints
- stiffness, especially if you haven’t moved for a while
- joints looking bigger than normal.
Some people with osteoarthritis can hear grating or crunching noises when moving their feet and ankles. You may also feel unsteady on your feet.
You may have an achy feeling in your feet, especially if you’ve been particularly active or worn high heels. Some people also get pain in their feet at night.
In the ankle, osteoarthritis could cause your ligaments to become weaker, which could put more strain on the cartilage. You might also find the muscles around your ankle become weaker over time, and it may feel painful to walk or put weight on your ankle.
The repair process in osteoarthritis can cause spurs to form on the edge of your bones. These are known as osteophytes (os-tee-o-fites) and change the shape of your joint. Sometimes bone and cartilage can break away and float inside the joint, which could cause more pain and swelling.
If you think you might have osteoarthritis of the foot or ankle, it’s important to visit your GP, so they can diagnose you and start treatment as soon as possible. If you’ve been diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the foot or ankle, it’s important to know that your symptoms probably won’t get worse, and they may even improve.
Are there any complications?
Osteoarthritis can sometimes cause other problems for your feet, which may get worse if the condition isn’t treated.
If osteoarthritis in the feet is left untreated, cartilage can wear away completely. This might cause the bones of your foot to join together. When this happens in the big toe, it’s known as hallux rigidus.
This can make it more difficult to move your big toe and you may have trouble walking. Sometimes bony growths may appear on the top of your toe.
Hallux rigidus and osteoarthritis in your big toe can cause this toe to lean towards your other toes. When this happens, it’s called a bunion or hallux valgus.
A bony lump can then form on the side of your big toe. Sometimes you might have red or swollen skin over it, and it can also cause hard skin. You might feel unsteady while standing and walking.
Corns and calluses
Corns and calluses can form on your feet in areas where they’re exposed to pressure, or the skin is repeatedly rubbed. This might be because of uncomfortable shoes. Corns are small, hard lumps of skin, and calluses are patches of thicker skin that feel rough.
Corns and calluses can sometimes be caused by other problems with your feet, such as bunions.
Managing osteoarthritis of the foot and ankle
When you have osteoarthritis, it’s important to keep active. You might worry that exercising will make your symptoms worse, but it will improve your condition by strengthening your muscles and tendons, and nourishing the cartilage of your joints.
If you find exercising painful, it may help to take some paracetamol before you start.
There are three types of exercise you should try to do:
- Stretching exercises – which can help maintain and improve the range of movement of your joints.
- Strengthening exercises – which help to keep your muscles and joints strong and supported.
- Aerobic/fitness exercises, which just means anything that increases your heart rate.
It’s recommended that each week adults do:
- strengthening exercises on two or more days
- at least two and a half hours of moderate aerobic exercise, such as cycling or brisk walking.
Walking is a good way to stay active, and if you join a group of people doing an activity it can be more fun and help improve your health and your general wellbeing. Swimming could be a good option, because it doesn’t put weight on your toes, feet and ankles, but still helps you keep fit.
Your GP should be able to give you some advice on exercise. They may also be able to refer you to a physiotherapist, who can work with you to develop an exercise plan. As well as physiotherapy, they may also be able to refer you for hydrotherapy where exercises are done in a warm-water pool with a physiotherapist. Hydrotherapy can sometimes be called aquatic therapy.
You can find examples of exercises that could help you on our exercises for the toes, feet and ankles page.
If you’re overweight, losing weight can really help your condition by reducing the strain you put on the joints in your feet and ankles. Increasing the amount of exercise you do and following a healthy diet are good ways to lose weight. This is great for your general health, even if you’re a healthy weight already.
There’s no specific diet that will help with osteoarthritis, but it’s important to make sure you’re getting all the nutrients you need through a healthy, balanced diet. If you’re planning to lose weight, make sure you speak to your GP first, so they can give you advice on how to lose weight safely.
Looking after your feet
It’s important to take care of your feet if you have osteoarthritis in your feet or ankles. A good footcare plan can help reduce the likelihood of you developing other problems that could make your pain worse, such as corns, calluses, or ingrown toenails.
There are a number of things you can do yourself, including:
- washing your feet every day in warm, soapy water – don’t soak your feet unless you have problems with hard skin or ingrown toenails
- drying your feet well, including in between your toes
- moisturising your feet all over, except for between your toes
- cutting your toenails regularly, cutting straight across the nail – doing it at an angle or down the sides could lead to ingrown toenails.
If you have corns or calluses, try:
- soaking your feet in warm water to soften the skin
- using a pumice stone or foot file to remove hard skin
- moisturising your feet to keep the skin soft.
It’s a good idea to get your feet checked regularly by your GP or a podiatrist. This is important if you have any problems with your feet that don’t get better after a few weeks.
Podiatrists , also known as chiropodists, are specialists in treating foot problems. You can either be referred to an NHS podiatrist by your GP or, in some areas, you can refer yourself.
You could also pay to see one privately. Either way, you should make sure they’re registered with the Health and Care Professionals Council (HCPC).
Your podiatrist can advise you on what footwear and treatments are most suitable for you. Treatments include:
- strapping your feet for short periods of time to limit how much you move painful joints
- providing padding or shields for your feet and toes, to reduce pressure and friction in shoes
- treating problems with your feet, such as ingrown toenails, hard skin and corns
- providing insoles or inserts to go in your shoes to support your feet.
Getting the right footwear is very important to prevent further damage to your feet and ankles. It’s important to wear comfortable shoes, as high heels or shoes that are too small or pinch your feet can lead to problems such as hard skin or bunions.
When getting new shoes, consider the following tips:
- Wear shoes with a low heel and a wide front. This means that your feet will have enough room and your toes can spread out as you walk.
- Get your shoes professionally fitted if possible, as feet can change size. Try to get shoes with a gap of 1cm between the end of the shoe and your longest toe.
- Buy shoes in the afternoon, as your feet can swell up during the day. Trying them on in the afternoon will give you a better idea of how they fit.
- Avoid wearing shoes that don’t support your feet, like ballet pumps and flip-flops.
- Wear shoes with thick, cushioned soles to reduce the stress that walking puts on your joints.
- Try to get shoes that are deep and soft on the top, so that they’re comfortable and flexible.
- Shoes with laces or adjustable straps will help keep your foot in place, and stop your toes being pushed to the front of the shoe.
- Stiff soles can help if you have bunions.
- A light but stiff walking boot can help ankle pain.
Insoles and specialist footwear
Shoe inserts and insoles can help relieve pressure on all your joints, cushion your feet, and ease pain when you walk. You might also find that a brace or support for your ankle helps. A podiatrist can usually give you these.
Some shops sell cushioned insoles that you can put in your shoes, but you may need to see an orthotist, who specialises in splints and supports. Some companies sell insoles that mould to the shape of your foot, which will give you more support and improve your foot alignment and posture. However, you should only use these after getting advice from a healthcare professional.
If you need to wear specific footwear for work, you may find that insoles make them more comfortable. A podiatrist can give you advice.
You may be able to have a change made to your own shoes, such as a rocker being added to the affected area. Changes such as this often make walking easier.
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There are a number of drugs that can be used to treat osteoarthritis of the feet and ankles. However, as with all drugs, there may be some side effects. It’s a good idea to discuss them with the healthcare professionals treating you before starting any drug.
Painkillers and NSAIDs
Painkillers that you can buy over the counter, or from shops and chemists, such as paracetamol, can help with pain and stiffness. You might need to take stronger painkillers, such as compound analgesics or opioid analgesics. However, these only work for a little while and you can only get them on prescription. A common compound analgesic is co-codamol, and common opioid analgesics include morphine and tramadol.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can help with pain and inflammation. Ibuprofen can be bought from supermarkets and chemists, but some stronger NSAIDs, such as naproxen and celecoxib, are only available on prescription.
Some NSAIDs are also available as a cream or gel and can be rubbed over the painful areas. If you’re already taking tablets or liquid versions of NSAIDs, speak to your doctor about creams and gels first, as you might not be able to use both at the same time.
Steroid injections can be given by a health professional into joints, to reduce pain and swelling in the affected area. They only last for a short amount of time, but if they work you might be able to have another one after a few months.
Other pain relief
Warmth on the affected joints has been shown to help with pain and stiffness. This can be a bath or shower in warm water, or a heat pack applied to your skin. Some packs are reusable and can be heated in the microwave.
You could use an ice pack, cold pad or pack of frozen vegetables wrapped in a damp cloth to reduce joint swelling. When applying packs to your skin, make sure you don’t put them on your bare skin, and never leave them on for longer than 20 minutes.
Another way to relieve pain is transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) which involves sending electrical pulses through pads attached to your skin. A physiotherapist can advise you on the different TENS machines available.
Wearing an elastic bandage on your ankle might help support it and ease pain in the joint. Another tip is to pace your activities – spreading tasks out over a day or week, rather than doing things all in one go, or until you feel tired.
Your physiotherapist may feel you’d benefit from mobilisation or manipulation. This is a treatment that involves a health professional applying controlled force to your joints with their hands.
You might also want to try complementary treatments, such as glucosamine and chondroitin supplements, to help with your symptoms. However, research shows they’re not very effective, and these treatments aren’t recommended by the NHS.
Coping with low mood and sleep problems
If your arthritis is painful, you may sometimes feel quite down. It can also be frustrating if tasks become harder. However, there are some easy ways you can look after your emotional wellbeing.
Pain clinics run sessions to help you learn how to manage your pain. They’ll usually take place in outpatient clinics, and you can be referred by whoever is treating you. They’re only normally recommended if your pain isn’t being controlled by other treatments.
There are a number of talking therapies and techniques you can learn, which can help you manage your pain and any low mood. Mindfulness and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can also help with osteoarthritis.
Before bed, try having a hot bath, reading a book, or listening to the radio or a relaxation CD. If pain is waking you during the night, try taking paracetamol or another painkiller before bed. Talk to your doctor or a sleep expert for more advice.
Surgery for the feet and ankles will only be considered if other treatments haven’t worked.
Arthroscopy and debridement
An arthroscopy involves two smaller cuts being made on either side of the ankle, or small incisions being made in the foot or around the big toe, in the case of hallux rigidus. This is a type of keyhole surgery, so the cuts are usually smaller than 1cm.
The surgeon can see the affected bone inside your foot or ankle and will be able to perform a procedure called debridement. In this, they’ll use small tools to remove any bone spurs and clean the area inside the joint.
Fusion can be performed in your ankle, feet and toes. In this operation, the joint surfaces causing the problem are removed to allow the bones to grow together and fuse. Sometimes they are held in place with screws.
It’s not possible to undo fusion surgery and it will affect the way you walk. Because of this, it’s important to think about it carefully and talk to a surgeon before going ahead with it.
In an ankle replacement, the damaged surfaces of your ankle joint are removed and replaced with new material. A spacer made of plastic is also added between the two surfaces of the joint.
Ankle replacements will improve your pain and should improve your range of movement in the joint. However, most ankle replacements only last for around 10 years, so it’s important to talk to your surgeon, to make sure it’s the right decision for you.
There are things you can do yourself to improve any problems caused by bunions, but surgery is the only way you can get rid of them completely. In this operation, the bunion will be scraped away and your big toe straightened. Sometimes screws or staples are used to keep it in place. | <urn:uuid:c68b13b4-caa2-45de-8442-daa0b9464ca4> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.versusarthritis.org/about-arthritis/conditions/osteoarthritis-oa-of-the-foot-and-ankle/ | 2024-12-14T09:51:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066124931.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20241214085615-20241214115615-00599.warc.gz | en | 0.95685 | 3,825 | 3.359375 | 3 |
- A temporary moratorium that prohibits the issuance of new permits to clear primary and peat forests is set to be made permanent later this year.
- Though largely ineffective in stemming deforestation in the first few years after its introduction in 2011, the moratorium has since 2016 been shored up by peat-protection regulations that have helped slow the loss of forest cover.
- Environmental activists have welcomed the move to make the moratorium permanent, but say there’s room to strengthen it, such as by extending it to include secondary forests.
- They’ve also called for the closing of a loophole that allows primary and peat forests to be razed for plantations of rice, sugarcane and other crops deemed important to national food security.
JAKARTA — A provisional moratorium on issuing forest-clearing permits for plantations and logging is expected to be made permanent, Indonesian officials have announced.
The moratorium prohibits the conversion of primary natural forests and peatlands for oil palm, pulpwood and logging concessions, and was introduced in 2011 by then-president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as part of wider efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation.
It was initially slated to run for two years, but has been extended three times since then, most recently in July 2017 by Yudhoyono’s successor, President Joko Widodo.
Environment and Forestry Minister Siti Nurbaya Bakar told Mongabay that when it comes up for renewal again this July, the policy will be made permanent.
“[The proposal] is in the final stage now, signed by other ministers,” Siti said.
An official in her ministry added that the proposal was now awaiting the president’s approval. Abetnego Tarigan, an environmental adviser in the office of the president’s chief of staff, confirmed that the ministry had proposed making the moratorium permanent.
The move dovetails with the current administration’s development model of reining in agricultural and forestry expansion and boosting productivity from existing concessions.
“Massive expansion isn’t our priority anymore,” Abetnego told reporters in Jakarta. “It’s different from in the 1980s, when industrial [logging and pulpwood] plantations wanted to expand, and in the 1990s and the 2000s, when palm oil plantations wanted to expand as well.”
In addition, the government also wants to shift away from a heavy reliance on exports of raw commodities, to developing downstream industries that process those commodities to add value, he said.
“We know that if we only rely on producing raw materials, there won’t be any significant benefit,” Abetnego said.
Ultimately, having a permanent licensing ban in place will provide better protection for the environment while also maintaining economic growth, he added. Indonesia is home to the third-largest expanse of tropical rainforest left on Earth, after Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, huge swaths of those forests have been cleared on the islands of Sumatra and Borneo to make way for industrial-scale extractive industries — primarily oil palm and pulpwood plantations, but also logging concessions and coal mines.
“We’ve seen that the current moratorium, with all of its criticisms, has contributed to reducing deforestation, which means it shows a positive trend,” he said. “And the fact is that our economy didn’t collapse. Before, people thought the moratorium would make the economy [decline], but that didn’t happen.”
Activists and environmentalists have welcomed the plan to make the moratorium permanent as a key step toward reducing deforestation and helping Indonesia meet its emissions reductions goals. The country has pledged to slash carbon dioxide emissions by at least 29 percent over the business-as-usual projection by 2030. Indonesia is currently one of the top emitters in the world, but unlike industrialized nations, the bulk of its emissions come from deforestation rather than burning of fossil fuels.
Imposing a permanent forest-clearing moratorium would at the very least cement the protection of the 660,000 square kilometers (255,000 square miles) of primary and peat forests covered at present, according to Arief Wijaya, a senior manager for climate and forests at the World Resources Institute (WRI) Indonesia.
“That means the government can focus on how to strengthen the ongoing moratorium … and peat protection policies,” he told Mongabay.
Enforcement of the moratorium remained lax for the first five years after it came into force. Data on tree cover loss from the Global Land Analysis & Discovery (GLAD) lab at the University of Maryland (UMD) reflect a high rate of deforestation during this period, ranging from 9,280 square kilometers (3,580 square miles) in 2012, to 7,350 square kilometers (2,840 square miles) in 2015 — including within areas ostensibly covered by the moratorium.
Those figures declined significantly from 2016 onward. The catalyst for that change wasn’t stronger enforcement of the moratorium, however, but new government regulations adopted in response to a particularly disastrous season of forest fires in 2015 that destroyed extensive swaths of peatlands. In 2018, Indonesia lost a relatively small amount of forest cover, at 3,400 square kilometers (1,310 square miles), according to UMD data — the lowest rate since 2003, and a 40 percent lower than the annual average from 2002 to 2016.
Mikaela Weisse, the Global Forest Watch manager at the WRI, attributed this drop to the peat protection policies implemented after the 2015 fires. While the 2011 moratorium banned new permits for concessions on peatlands, it still allowed companies with existing permits to continue clearing their land. It wasn’t until 2016 that a nationwide ban on clearing carbon-rich deep peatlands was introduced.
“We’ve seen even larger drops [in deforestation] on peatlands and areas covered by Indonesia’s forest moratorium,” Weisse said. “It seems that Indonesia’s forest policies at the aftermath of the fire season a few years ago are having an effect.”
Arief concurred that the licensing moratorium was initially ineffective in protecting primary and peat forests because it wasn’t coupled with strong enforcement. The 2015 fires, he said, had gone some way toward addressing that shortcoming by spurring government action.
“It shows that the government has truly been enforcing its policies since 2015, which then showed the impact of the forest moratorium,” he said. “The policies themselves are good, but the devil is in the implementation.”
Environmentalists like Arief still see room to improve the moratorium once it becomes permanent. In particular, Arief says he wants to see secondary forests, defined as those that were previously logged, included in the licensing ban.
Secondary forests span 433,000 square kilometers (167,000 square miles) across Indonesia, according to the government. More than half of this area is designated as production forest, which means it can be converted for logging and pulpwood concessions. Nearly a tenth is earmarked for non-forestry conversion that includes oil palm plantations.
Protecting these areas from conversion would go a long way to determining Indonesia’s success in meeting its stated emissions reduction goals. The government’s own scenario puts a cap on its total emissions in 2030 of 2 gigatons of CO2. But the country is on track to emit 2.3 gigatons by then, even with the full implementation of existing policies to cut emissions, according to a 2017 WRI analysis.
If secondary forests and forested areas already licensed out to developers are protected under the moratorium, however, Indonesia could easily fall under 2-gigaton cap in 2030. That makes the moratorium, if expanded more comprehensively than at present, the single policy with the largest climate change mitigation potential in Indonesia’s toolkit, Arief said.
“Therefore, I recommend secondary forests be included in the moratorium,” he said. “Not all secondary forests are heavily degraded. Many of them are still in good condition, with high carbon stock, lots of biodiversity and good environmental service.”
Anggalia Putri, a researcher at the environmental NGO Madani, agreed that the inclusion of secondary forests in the moratorium was the key to Indonesia meeting its emissions target. She said this was the category of forest with the lowest degree of legal protection in Indonesia.
“So these are the forest areas that most urgently need to be saved through this moratorium, because other forest areas are at least covered by protected or conservation status,” she told Mongabay.
Abetnego, the government adviser, said there weren’t any plans to protect secondary forests under the moratorium. He said the government’s priority for these forests was to parcel them out to local and indigenous communities under an ongoing social forestry program.
Secondary forests and other previously degraded lands, he said, “still have potential to be managed by local people in the form of social forestry. So let’s not lock away that potential and possibility for the people to utilize” secondary forests by including them in the moratorium.
Anggalia said the government could still achieve its social forestry goals while extending the moratorium to secondary forests, by prohibiting companies from obtaining licenses for these forests.
“What we need to do is protect secondary forests from large-scale permits and allow local communities to still have access to them,” she said.
It’s not only secondary forest that remains vulnerable. The current moratorium allows exemptions for conversion of primary and peat forests under certain conditions. These include concessions for geothermal and oil exploitation, and agricultural activity deemed to be of strategic national importance. The latter initially covered the cultivation of rice and sugarcane, but now also includes corn, sago and soybeans.
In all, 35,000 square kilometers (13,500 square miles) of carbon-rich primary and peat forests are exempted from protection under the moratorium, according to a 2014 analysis by the WRI. Nearly a third of that figure, 10,000 square kilometers (3,900 square miles), is in Indonesia’s easternmost region of Papua, home to the largest remaining contiguous stretches of pristine rainforest.
A major government initiative there is the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate (MIFEE), earmarked for rice and sugarcane plantations to shore up national food security. The problem is that developers operating in the area are going beyond that scope, according to Madani’s Anggalia.
She said some permits had been issued for sugarcane plantations in the MIFEE, but the developers had planted oil palms instead — a crop that doesn’t qualify for an exemption to the licensing moratorium. Anggalia said cases like these showed that the exemption could be easily abused, especially in remote regions like Papua, whose remoteness and poor infrastructure make it difficult for civil society and government to monitor forestry activity.
She said there were no safeguards in place to ensure that cultivation of strategic crops didn’t lead to environmental degradation and social conflicts. Ideally, she said, these safeguards would include giving local and indigenous communities the rights to manage the concessions, instead of big companies, and ensuring these communities have a chance to give their free, prior and informed consent if companies seek to open up new concessions in their areas.
“But since there are no safeguards or requirements that agricultural activities aimed to support the national food sovereignty are managed by the people, what’s happening is new permits issued for industrial-scale concessions, like the MIFEE project, could lead to conflicts,” Anggalia said.
Experiences from Sumatran and Borneo suggest that once Papua’s primary forests are cleared, further deforestation is inevitable, Anggalia said.
“Numerous studies done by WRI clearly show the steps of deforestation in Indonesia, starting with selective logging,” she said. “Big trees are cut first to get huge profits, such as merbau trees. Once there’s no more big trees, the land is degraded and thus it’s easier to justify future deforestation there.”
She said the government couldn’t use food security to justify issuing new permits for the conversion of primary and peat forests, adding that there was plenty of idle land available for agriculture.
“Why does [the government] still target primary forests for agriculture?” Anggalia said. “It means there are short-term interests to extract timber. But that’s not necessary if we see how much abandoned land is available.”
There are 243,000 square kilometers (93,800 square miles) of degraded lands across Indonesia that can be used for this purpose, government data show, with 155,000 square kilometers (59,800 square miles) of them located within forest areas. Anggalia said there were also non-forested areas within areas designated by the government as forest, amounting to 312,000 square kilometers (120,500 square miles), which could be used for agricultural purposes.
“The government should maximize the utilization of non-forested lands or use abandoned concessions to secure food sovereignty, and thus minimize forest degradation,” she said.
Arief said the problem was that businesses were reluctant to cultivate such land because of their fragmented spread and the likelihood that they’re already subject to conflicting claims by local communities. But this is a problem that could be cleared up if the government was more transparent about disclosing its land-bank data, Anggalia said.
“We don’t know whether these abandoned lands can be used or not because many of them are owned by private companies,” she said. “But who are they? Their identities have never been disclosed. Why doesn’t the government target these abandoned lands owned by companies?”
If the data was publicly available, civil-society groups could work with the government to come up with a unified and trustworthy map for land use, Anggalia added.
“It’s not that there’s no land, but that these lands are controlled by just a small number of people,” she said. “No one should go hungry, because there’s a lot of food being wasted and a lot of unethical use of space.”
Banner image: Peat forest clearing in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Image by Rhett A. Butler/Mongabay. | <urn:uuid:0fad0d9a-24fa-493e-955f-582942b8382e> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://news.mongabay.com/2019/06/indonesian-ban-on-clearing-new-swaths-of-forest-to-be-made-permanent/ | 2024-12-09T00:12:03Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066456373.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20241208233801-20241209023801-00799.warc.gz | en | 0.955433 | 3,037 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In the course of the fourth century, Christianity began to be tolerated by the empire; then it formally obtained freedom; finally, in the reign of Theodosius I, it became the official religion. The Christian Roman emperor convoked great assemblies of bishops – the councils – and the Church was able to organize territorial structures for pastoral government.
Freedom came to Christianity and the Church when the echoes of the last persecution had hardly died away. Interestingly enough, it was Galerius, the main instigator of the last assault, who was the first to draw practical lessons from its failure. The successor to Diocletian as emperor, Galerius, when close to death, issued an edict from Sardica laying down new guidelines for state policy towards Christianity. This edict formally tolerated Christian practices: ‘let Christians have the right to exist again,’ it said, ‘and to set up their places of worship, provided always that they do not offend against public order.’
2. The edict of Galerius
The edict of Galerius, issued in 311, did not grant Christians full religious freedom. It simply tolerated them, in a cautious sort of way. Yet it was a very important milestone. For the first time Christianity ceased to be an ‘unlawful superstition.’ It had obtained citizenship. This was a victory of major significance; nothing like this had ever happened before. It is true that during the third century the Church had enjoyed periods of calm, and there had even been Roman emperors, like Philip the Arab (244-249) who were obviously well disposed to the Church; but at no time had the Church obtained any kind of formal recognition: she was always liable to new waves of persecution. This is why Galerius’ edict was so important.
3. The edict of Constantine
The transition from toleration to religious freedom happened very fast and was due mainly to Emperor Constantine. At the beginning of the year 313, Emperors Constantine and Liciniusissued what has come to be known as the edict of Milan. This was not a legal statute in the proper sense; it was more of the nature of a political directive based on full respect for the religious choices of all subjects of the empire, including Christians. Legislation discriminating against Christians was removed from the statute book, and the Church, now recognized by the civil authorities, was able to recover places of worship and other property previously confiscated. Constantine thus became the man who inaugurated religious liberty in the ancient world.
Within the context of religious freedom, Constantine himself was moving gradually towards Christianity. Even before theedict of Milan, when the fate of the city and empire of Rome was in the balance with Constantine’s army facing that of Maxentius, the former rode into the battle of the Milvian Bridge under the standard of the Christian cross.
Constantine always considered his victory a sign from heaven, but he delayed his definitive conversion – i.e. reception of baptism – until many years later, just before his death (337). In the meantime, his pro-Christian tendencies became more and more obvious. Immoral pagan practices or those involving the shedding of blood were declared illegal, and public magistrates were prohibited from taking part in traditional services of worship.
Whereas the Church was given positive assistance in a number of ways – the building of churches, granting privileges to the clergy, help in re-establishing unity of faith (endangered by the Donatist schism in Africa and by Arianism in the east). The moral principles of the gospel began to provide the inspiration behind civil legislation: this marked the beginning of what is known as Christian-Roman law.
4. A new expansion
The advance of Christianity was not interrupted by Constantine’s death – if one leaves asideJulian the Apostate’s unsuccessful attempt to restore paganism. All the other late emperors – even those sympathizing with Arianism – were resolutely opposed to paganism. Gratian, shortly after he became emperor in 375, rejected the official title of pontifex maximus which his Christian predecessors had consented to retain. A particularly significant confrontation between ascendant Christianity and debilitated paganism occurred in the most venerable scenario of Rome – the senate.
The altar of the goddess Victory, which presided over the chamber – a symbol of Gentile traditions – was removed on the decision of the Christian senators, now in a majority, despite opposition from their pagan colleagues. This religious evolution reached its final point before the close of the fourth century when Emperor Theodosius I promulgated an edict on 28 February 380 ordering all peoples of the empire to adopt catholic Christianity, now the only official religion of the empire.
5. The reorganization of the Church
Once it had obtained its freedom, the Church had to organize its territorial structures to cope with new pastoral demands: the world was now being Christianized rapidly. Applying what had been termed the ‘principle of accommodation,’ the Church used the administrative structures of Roman cities as the basis of its own administration. Thus, the civil province became the model for the ecclesiastical province. By the fifth century the empire had more than 120 provinces. On this territorial framework the provincial division of the Church gradually emerged.
The bishop of the capital of the civil province gradually acquired somewhat more weight than his colleagues in the other cities of the province. He was the metropolitan, the bishop of the metropolis, and the other bishops were his suffragans. In the sphere of law, the metropolitan was the court of appeal from other diocesan tribunals. And it was the metropolitan who ordained the new bishops of his province. It was also he who presided over the provincial councils – the assembly of bishops of the region – which the first council of Nicaea laid down (though it was something not very well kept) had to meet twice a year.
6. The Christianization of the Empires
The division of the empire into two parts – east and west – which occurred towards the end of the fourth century and which was later to lead to the formation of two separate empires, had deep effects on the life of the Church. The western part – which more or less coincided with regions Latin in culture and language – had only one Apostolic see, that of Rome. Consequently the bishop of Rome was also known as the patriarch of the west. In the eastern part (Greek, Syrian and Coptic in culture) there were a number of great sees founded by Apostles (Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem) and these headed up patriarchates, that is, very extensive ecclesiastical jurisdictions.
First council of Constantinople raised the see of the city to the rank of patriarchate and attributed to its bishop a primacy of honor in the Church immediately after the bishop of Rome, the reason being, it said, ‘that this city is the new Rome.’ On this basis (non-ecclesiastical in character, but rather, political: the fact that it was the imperial capital) a new patriarchate was established which was destined to acquire undisputed pre-eminence among all the eastern patriarchates, especially after the council of Chalcedon.
Freedom, allowed the Church to structure itself in a more organized way, and it also allowed the primacy of the popes over the whole Church to operate more effectively. The great popes of the fourth and fifth centuries – Damasus, Leo the Great, Gelasius – strove to specify exactly the dogmatic basis of the Roman primacy – the primacy granted by Christ to Peter, whose only legitimate successors were the popes. From the fourth century onwards, the Roman primacy was exercised very energetically over the churches of the west: the popes intervened time and again, through decretal letters or via legates and vicars.
In the east, a great council (that ofSardica, 343-344) recognized the right of any bishop in the world to have recourse to the bishop of Rome as final court of appeal. But the general tendency was towards a strengthening of the jurisdictional autonomy of the patriarchates, especially that of Constantinople. The attitude of the Christian east towards Rome after the council of Chalcedon might be summed up this way: attribution to the bishop of Rome of the primacy of honor in the whole Church; recognition of his authority in the area of doctrine; but a lack of awareness of any papal disciplinary or jurisdictional authority over the eastern churches.
Under the Christian Roman empire it was possible to hold great ecclesiastical assemblies (a genuine expression of the catholicity of the Church), which were given the name of ecumenical (world-wide) councils. Eight such synods took place between the fourth century and the ninth century, the first four of which are recognized as being particularly important – First Nicaea (325), Constantinople (381),Ephesus (431) and Chalcedon (451). All the councils were held in the Christian east, and most of the bishops who took part in them were from the east.
Normally, the councils were convoked by the emperor, the only authority capable of providing the facilities needed for huge gatherings of this type; in some cases the emperor convoked the council at the pope’s request and the papal legates occupied a position of honor in the council hall. Recognition of the ecumenical character of a great council was based on its reception by the Church as a whole as expressed particularly by papal confirmation of its canons and decrees.
The freedom of the Church and the conversion of the ancient world brought on to the scene a new factor which was to be particularly important in the future – the Christian emperor. Although he was simply a layman in the hierarchical order, the Christian emperor was keenly conscious of his role as defender of the Church and fosterer of Christian order in society – a role which Constantine attributed to himself when he assumed the title of ‘bishop of the outside world’.
The Christian emperors undoubtedly rendered great services to the Church, but they also interfered in ecclesiastical affairs to such extent that abuses occurred; extreme abuse of this type was termed ‘caesaropapism.’ These abuses were particularly serious in the churches of the east. In the west, the authority of the papacy, the weakness of western emperors and the distance between them and the east helped safeguard the independence of the Church. The relationships between the spiritual power and the temporal power, their harmonious cooperation, and the mission of the Christian emperor were discussed by many Fathers of the Church and especially by Pope Gelasius I in a letter to Emperor Anastasius.
The Christian emperor’s role as protector of the Church was regarded as so necessary during the centuries of transition from the ancient world to the middle ages that, when the emperors of the east ceased to provide the bishops of Rome with this protection, the popes looked to the kings of the French to take over this role.
Source: Jose Orlandis (A Short History of the Catholic Church, 2001) | <urn:uuid:ab87bd00-c9ac-456c-a0eb-07a0041197b3> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.earlychristians.org/the-church-in-the-roman-christian-empire/ | 2024-12-11T13:24:44Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066083790.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20241211112917-20241211142917-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.978515 | 2,285 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Hey there! Are you interested in incorporating compostable products into your daily life? Well, we’ve got you covered with this step-by-step guide!
In this guide, we aim to help you understand what compostable products are and how they can make a positive impact on the environment. We’ll walk you through the process of integrating these products seamlessly into your everyday routine.
From explaining the benefits of compostable products to providing practical tips on how to identify and purchase them, we’ve got all the information you need. We’ll even guide you through the proper disposal methods to ensure that your compostable products end up in the right place.
So, if you’re ready to make a difference and reduce your environmental footprint, let’s get started on this compostable journey together!
12 Affordable and Simple Tips to Reduce Your Waste – Easy Zero Waste Hacks for a Sustainable Lifestyle
Understand compostable products
- Explore the world of compostable products and discover a range of options that can help you reduce waste. Start by researching the various types of compostable products available in the market. From compostable packaging materials to utensils and even clothing, there are numerous eco-friendly alternatives that can make a difference in your daily life.
- Dive deeper into the benefits of using compostable products. Not only are they more sustainable than traditional options, but they also contribute to a healthier environment. Compostable products are made from natural materials that can break down into nutrient-rich compost, which can then be used to enrich soil. By choosing compostable products, you are supporting the circular economy and minimizing the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste in landfills. So, take the time to learn about the wide range of compostable products available and understand how they can benefit both you and the planet.
Understand the importance of composting in reducing waste and improving soil health
- Composting is a simple yet powerful way to reduce waste and improve soil health. Start by understanding the significance of composting in the overall waste management process. Composting allows organic waste, such as food scraps and yard trimmings, to decompose naturally and transform into nutrient-rich compost.
- Recognize the environmental benefits of composting. By diverting organic waste from landfills, you help reduce the production of harmful greenhouse gases, such as methane. Composting also plays a vital role in improving soil health. The nutrient-rich compost created through the process can be used to enhance soil fertility, promote plant growth, and reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. So, take the initiative to learn more about composting and discover how you can be a part of the solution to waste management and soil health.
Identify compostable products
To identify compostable products, start by looking for specific labels or certifications on the product packaging. These labels indicate that the item is designed to be composted and will break down naturally over time. Look for labels such as “Certified Compostable” or “Compostable Packaging” to ensure you are choosing the right products.
For example, you may come across products with the BPI (Biodegradable Products Institute) certification label. This label ensures that the item meets specific composting standards and can be safely composted. Another example is the OK Compost label, which indicates that the product has been tested and proven to compost in industrial composting facilities.
To ensure proper disposal, it’s important to familiarize yourself with the composting standards in your area. Check with your local waste management facility or municipality to understand what can be composted and how it should be handled. Some areas may have specific guidelines or collection programs for compostable materials, so it’s essential to be aware of the rules in your locality.
By looking for labels and certifications and understanding your area’s composting standards, you can confidently identify compostable products and dispose of them properly, contributing to a greener and more sustainable environment.
Start with kitchen waste
To start composting kitchen waste, gather food scraps, coffee grounds, tea bags, and other organic materials. Find a compost bin or a dedicated composting system to collect and store these items. Place the bin in an easily accessible spot in your kitchen or backyard. Remember to chop larger food scraps into smaller pieces to speed up the decomposition process. As you go about your daily routine, simply toss the kitchen waste into the bin. Keep the compost moist by occasionally adding water, but be careful not to make it too wet. Turn the contents of the bin every few weeks with a garden fork to aerate the compost and ensure proper decomposition. Soon enough, you’ll have nutrient-rich compost ready to use in your garden or potted plants!
Expand to other areas
To gradually incorporate compostable products into other aspects of your daily life, start by using compostable cutlery, plates, and bags. Replace non-compostable items with their compostable alternatives. When you go grocery shopping, choose compostable bags instead of plastic ones. These bags are made from plant-based materials and can be easily composted after use. When hosting gatherings or events, opt for compostable plates and cutlery made from materials like bamboo or cornstarch. These items break down naturally in the compost, reducing waste and minimizing your environmental impact.
Another way to expand the use of compostable products is by switching to compostable trash bags. These bags are specifically designed to break down in composting facilities, ensuring that even your waste disposal process contributes to a more sustainable lifestyle. Remember to look for certifications like “compostable” or “biodegradable” on the packaging to ensure that the products meet industry standards.
By gradually incorporating compostable products into various aspects of your daily life, you can make a positive impact on the environment and contribute to reducing waste. Start small and make sustainable choices wherever possible, and over time, you can expand the use of compostable products to other areas of your life.
Spread awareness about compostable products and their benefits by sharing your knowledge with others. Here’s how you can encourage your friends, family, and community members to adopt composting practices:
- Start by educating yourself about compostable products and their benefits. Research and gather information on how composting can help reduce waste and improve soil quality.
- Share your knowledge with those around you. Start by talking to your friends and family members about the benefits of composting and the importance of using compostable products.
- Organize a small gathering or workshop to provide hands-on information about composting. Show them how to set up a compost bin and explain the process of composting in an engaging manner.
- Utilize social media platforms to spread awareness. Share informative articles, videos, and infographics about composting and compostable products. Encourage your friends and followers to share the information further.
- Consider reaching out to local community groups or organizations to collaborate on composting initiatives. Offer to give presentations or host workshops to educate a larger audience.
- Lastly, lead by example. Start composting at home and showcase your composting efforts to inspire others to do the same. Share your own experiences and challenges, and provide tips and tricks to make composting easier.
Remember, the goal is to inform and inspire others to adopt composting practices and use compostable products. By sharing your knowledge and being a positive role model, you can make a difference in your community’s sustainability efforts.
Monitor and adjust
Regularly monitor your composting process and make adjustments as needed. Start by checking the balance of green and brown materials in your compost bin. Green materials, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, provide nitrogen, while brown materials, such as dried leaves or straw, provide carbon. Aim for a ratio of approximately 3 parts brown to 1 part green to maintain a healthy compost pile.
Next, manage moisture levels to ensure proper decomposition. Your compost should be damp, similar to a wrung-out sponge. If it’s too dry, sprinkle some water over the pile and mix it in. On the other hand, if it’s too wet and giving off a foul odor, add more dry brown materials to absorb excess moisture.
Lastly, turn the compost regularly to speed up decomposition. Using a garden fork or shovel, gently mix the materials in your compost bin every week or two. This helps to introduce oxygen, which is essential for the decomposition process. It also helps to break down larger pieces and distribute moisture more evenly.
By following these simple steps to monitor and adjust your composting process, you’ll be well on your way to producing nutrient-rich compost for your plants and reducing waste in an environmentally friendly manner. Happy composting!
Wrap it up!
In conclusion, incorporating compostable products into your daily life is a simple yet impactful way to contribute to a greener and more sustainable future. By following the guide we provided, you now have the knowledge and tools to make environmentally conscious choices. By choosing compostable products, you are reducing waste, conserving resources, and supporting a healthier planet. Remember, every small action adds up, and together we can make a big difference. So go ahead, embrace compostable products and be a champion for sustainability in your daily life!
Easy Eco-Friendly Hacks
Get started with compostable products in 3 easy steps!
- Familiarize yourself with what can be composted: Learn about the types of materials that can be composted, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, coffee grounds, tea bags, eggshells, paper, and yard waste. Avoid including meat, dairy, oily foods, and plastics in your compost
- Get a compost bin: Purchase or make a compost bin to hold your organic waste. There are various options available, including traditional outdoor bins, countertop bins for smaller households, or even worm bins for indoor composting
- Collect and store compostable waste: Start collecting your compostable waste by designating a separate container in your kitchen for food scraps. Keep it covered to prevent odors and pests. Empty the container into your compost bin regularly
- Mix in other compostable materials: To speed up the composting process and create nutrient-rich compost, mix in other organic materials like leaves, grass clippings, and shredded paper. This will provide a good balance of carbon and nitrogen
- Monitor moisture and turn the compost: Keep an eye on the moisture level in your compost pile. It should be damp, like a squeezed-out sponge. If it’s too dry, add water; if it’s too wet, add dry materials. Additionally, turn the compost regularly with a pitchfork or shovel to aerate it and help it decompose evenly
- Remember, composting is a natural process, so be patient and allow time for the materials to break down. Happy composting!
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When you open your refrigerator, you often encounter a plethora of items and compartments designed for optimal food storage. Among these, one of the most intriguing features is that bottom drawer. Have you ever stopped to wonder what it’s actually called, or what its purpose is? This article aims to deconstruct this mystery, shedding light on the bottom drawer of your refrigerator, its various names, functions, and some essential tips on how to make the most of that space.
The Naming Conundrum: What is the Bottom Drawer Really Called?
The term commonly associated with the bottom drawer of a refrigerator is “crisper drawer.” Depending on the design and model of your fridge, it may also have labels such as vegetable drawer, fruit drawer, or humidity-controlled drawer. Yet, understanding the function of these drawers goes far beyond mere nomenclature.
The Purpose of the Crisper Drawer
At first glance, the crisper drawer might seem like a simple catch-all for your fresh produce. However, it serves several crucial functions that contribute to food preservation.
Optimal Storage Conditions
Food freshness relies heavily on the right balance of humidity and temperature. The crisper drawer is designed to maintain a slightly higher humidity level, ideal for items that wilt easily, such as leafy greens or cucumbers. A high-humidity environment helps retain moisture, leading to longer-lasting freshness.
Separation of Produce
Another important function of the crisper drawer is to separate ethylene-producing fruits from vegetables. Fruits like apples and bananas emit ethylene gas, which speeds up the ripening process. By keeping ethylene-sensitive vegetables, like carrots and broccoli, out of this gas’s reach, the crisper drawer prevents premature spoilage.
Some refrigerators come equipped with adjustable temperature controls for their crisper drawers. This feature allows you to fine-tune conditions for different types of produce. Certain fruits and vegetables will benefit from slightly different temperatures, and this adjustability can help you maximize the shelf life of your groceries.
Types of Crisper Drawers and Their Functions
Modern refrigerators often feature specific crisper drawers tailored for various food types. Understanding these can help you optimize your grocery storage.
Vegetable drawers typically maintain higher humidity levels. These are ideal for storing items like:
- Leafy Greens
- Root Vegetables
The extra moisture helps prevent these foods from wilting or dehydrating too quickly.
Fruit drawers are designed to have lower humidity settings, allowing excess moisture to escape. An environment that’s less humid is optimal for:
- Citrus Fruits
These items typically have a longer shelf life when stored away from moisture.
Many advanced refrigerators come with drawers labeled as “humidity-controlled.” These drawers have adjustable settings, allowing you to switch between high humidity for vegetables and low humidity for fruits. This versatility is excellent for those who like to stock up on a wide variety of produce.
Innovation in Refrigerator Design
As technology continues to advance, so do refrigerator designs. New innovations have introduced specialized drawers for specific items, such as:
- Meat Drawers: Often located near the bottom to maintain a cooler temperature specifically designed for meat storage.
- Dairy Drawers: Typically found on the top shelves but designed with a specific temperature range suitable for cheese and yogurt.
Understanding where these drawers are can significantly enhance your food preservation techniques.
How to Organize Your Crisper Drawer for Maximum Freshness
Organizing your crisper drawer is not just about tidiness; it also plays a vital role in maintaining food quality.
Practice FIFO: First In, First Out
One of the simplest yet most effective strategies to remember is the FIFO principle (First In, First Out). By placing newer items behind older ones, you ensure that older produce gets consumed first, significantly reducing waste.
Keep It Clean
Regularly cleaning your crisper drawer not only prevents any mold or bacteria buildup but also allows you to take inventory of what produce you have. Take the time to wipe down any spills and check for items that may have gone bad.
Use Storage Containers
Using breathable storage containers or produce bags can help keep your fruits and vegetables organized and protected. One excellent option is to use porous containers designed for specific types of produce, allowing for airflow while also keeping things neat.
Common Mistakes People Make with Their Crisper Drawer
Even with the best intentions, people often make oversights when it comes to using their crisper drawers effectively. Here are a few common mistakes to watch out for:
Overcrowding the Drawer
When crammed full, air cannot circulate effectively, which speeds up spoilage. Make sure your drawer has enough space for produce items to breathe.
Not Separating Fruits and Vegetables
Whether due to lack of knowledge or convenience, many people store all their produce together. As previously mentioned, keeping ethylene-producing fruits away from vegetables is essential for prolonging freshness.
Conclusion: Unlocking the Potential of Your Bottom Drawer
Understanding what the bottom drawer of your fridge is called and its myriad functions allows for smarter grocery habits. By optimizing the use of the crisper drawer, you not only invest in better food preservation but also contribute to reducing waste. With its ability to maintain varying humidity and temperatures, this often-overlooked feature can significantly enhance your produce’s longevity.
So next time you delve into your refrigerator, give thought to how you’re utilizing that vital bottom drawer. Whether you refer to it as a crisper drawer, a vegetable drawer, or a humidity-controlled compartment, its value in your kitchen is undeniable. By mastering the art of crisper drawer utilization, you can unlock a new level of freshness in your kitchen, ensuring that your meals are not just delicious but also health-conscious and sustainable.
What is the bottom drawer of the fridge commonly called?
The bottom drawer of the fridge is commonly referred to as the “crisper drawer.” This name is derived from its primary function, which is to keep fruits and vegetables fresh for a more extended period. The crisper drawer helps maintain higher humidity levels than the rest of the fridge to prevent these perishable items from wilting.
In many refrigerators, you’ll find that there may be two different drawers – one specifically designed for fruits and another for vegetables. The settings might differ slightly, with the fruit drawer allowing for a bit more humidity while the vegetable drawer often has an adjustable vent to regulate airflow. This distinction helps optimize storage conditions for a variety of produce.
Why is the crisper drawer important?
The crisper drawer plays a significant role in food preservation. Fruits and vegetables release ethylene gas, which can hasten the ripening process and spoilage. The design of the crisper drawer helps manage ethylene levels, allowing for a longer shelf life for your produce by controlling exposure to this gas.
Additionally, the crisper drawer is engineered to maintain optimal humidity levels. Most fruits prefer a higher humidity level, while vegetables can benefit from a lower one. By providing these ideal conditions, the crisper drawer effectively slows down the degradation process and keeps your fruits and vegetables fresher for longer.
How can I maximize the freshness of produce in the crisper drawer?
To maximize the freshness of produce in the crisper drawer, it is essential to understand the types of fruits and vegetables you are storing. Make sure to separate ethylene-producing fruits, like apples and bananas, from sensitive vegetables, such as lettuce and spinach. This separation will help reduce spoilage and maintain quality over time.
Another useful tip is to avoid washing your produce before storing it in the crisper drawer. Excess moisture can promote mold growth and rotting. Instead, wash fruits and vegetables just before use to keep them fresh. Additionally, consider using breathable storage materials, like perforated bags or containers, as they can help maintain the right humidity without trapping excess moisture.
Can the crisper drawer be adjusted for different types of produce?
Yes, many refrigerators come with adjustable settings for the crisper drawer. Some models have separate humidity controls or vents that allow you to customize the environment based on the types of produce you are storing. You can set one side for high humidity for fruits and another for low humidity for vegetables.
Utilizing these settings correctly can significantly enhance the lifespan of your produce. For instance, when storing leafy vegetables, it’s beneficial to keep the vent partially open to allow for airflow, preventing excess moisture buildup. Conversely, keeping fruits sealed in a higher humidity environment can help preserve their freshness until consumption.
How often should I clean my crisper drawer?
Cleaning your crisper drawer regularly is crucial for maintaining food safety and freshness. It is recommended to clean the crisper drawer at least once a month. This practice helps eliminate any residual moisture, bacteria, and mold that can develop in damp conditions, which may affect the quality of your produce.
When cleaning, you can remove the drawer and wash it with warm, soapy water. Be sure to dry it thoroughly before placing produce back inside. Additionally, regularly inspecting the drawer for any spoiled or overripe items can further enhance the hygiene and efficiency of your crisper drawer.
Are there specific fruits and vegetables that should not be stored in the crisper?
Yes, while the crisper drawer is excellent for many types of produce, some fruits and vegetables should not be stored there. For example, certain root vegetables, like potatoes and onions, should be kept in a cool, dark place outside the fridge. These items can suffer from moisture, leading to spoilage and affecting their texture and flavor.
Similarly, some fruits, such as avocados or tomatoes, can ripen better outside the fridge. It’s also best to avoid storing items that produce significant amounts of ethylene gas close to sensitive produce. Understanding which items benefit from refrigeration and which do not can help you utilize your crisper drawer more effectively.
How can I keep my crisper drawer odor-free?
Keeping your crisper drawer odor-free begins with proper storage practices. Store fruits and vegetables separately and ensure that you do not place spoiled or overripe items in the drawer, as they can release odors and expedited decay of other produce. Regularly checking for and removing any unwanted items can help maintain a pleasant environment.
In addition to monitoring contents, you can also use natural deodorizing agents, such as baking soda or activated charcoal, to absorb unwanted smells. Place an open box or small dish of baking soda in the crisper drawer to help neutralize odors. Just remember to replace it regularly for optimal effectiveness. | <urn:uuid:fffae96e-e43b-40a5-9b5f-cd29b2e61107> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://theproperkitchen.com/what-is-the-bottom-drawer-of-the-fridge-called/ | 2024-12-09T07:25:47Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066461338.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20241209055102-20241209085102-00491.warc.gz | en | 0.928543 | 2,231 | 2.875 | 3 |
The leading answers to that question have shifted over the years, driven by scientific discoveries, public curiosity, technological realities, and political agendas. For human exploration, the list of plausible destinations has always been short: Earth-orbit and the Moon. (Mars is achievable, no doubt, but we not at all technologically ready to go there right now.)
For robotic probes, the list started in the same place but kept going: inward to Mercury and the Sun itself, outward past Neptune and Pluto.
For the most part, though, we’ve ignored the other 99.9999% of the objects in the inner solar system: the asteroids. There are, by current estimates, nearly two million asteroids more than a kilometer in diameter. Collectively, they represent a landscape greater than the surface of the Moon, but we’d never seen one up close until 1991. Even now, we’ve visited just a dozen of them. The asteroids didn’t get much love.
That’s about to change: There currently eight dedicated asteroid missions underway or in development (nine if you include MMX, a Japanese mission to Mars’s inner moon, Phobos, which might be a captured asteroid). Hayabusa2 is about to swing past Earth next week, dropping of samples of asteroid Ryugu over Australia. OSIRIS-REx will follow behind with a larger cache of rocks that it recently collected from another small asteroid, Bennu.
The next round of asteroid missions will try out a bunch of unusual styles of exploration. Lucy will visit the Trojan asteroids that move in the same orbit as Jupiter. The Psyche mission will travel to the asteroid Psyche—a mysterious object that appears to be composed almost entirely of metal. DESTINY+ will head to Phaethon, a “rock-comet” asteroid that appears to be crumbling because it passes so close to the Sun. NEA Scout will use a solar sail to navigate to a near-Earth asteroid.
Most dramatic of all, the DART spacecraft will ram full-speed into a small asteroid Dimorphos in 2022. The goal is to test out a technique for deflecting a dangerous asteroid if we discover one coming our way; four years later, the Hera probe will follow up to assess the damage.
The DART-Hera pair of missions embody perhaps the most compelling reason why people find asteroids so compelling. We know that small asteroids hit Earth all the time; we know that larger ones can cause significant damage when they hit; and we have the fundamental technology needed to deflect an asteroid if it were on a collision course. Understanding asteroids could therefore be a matter of life and death.
One measure of how much people are moved by the asteroid threat is the regular appearance of “killer asteroid” stories in the tabloid newspapers. A more meaningful measure is the new IMAX movie Asteroid Hunters. The COVID-19 pandemic has sharply reduced its audience for now, but when science museums and IMAX theaters safely reopen, the movie will give you a dramatic view of asteroid science—and especially of the science behind averting a natural disaster from above.
I spoke with Phil Groves, the writer/producer of Asteroid Hunters, to find out why he finds asteroids so interesting, and to understand how he worked to make the science accessible to the general public. An edited version of our conversation follows.
I grew up a hardcore NASA geek, before I made a sharp left into the film business. About 12 years ago, I ran into this article describing a proposed European Space Agency mission called Don Quixote [a predecessor to the DART/Hera missions]. It was going to send a probe to knock a binary asteroid, which is a little moon asteroid that goes around a bigger asteroid, to test the notion of asteroid deflection. The idea of protecting our planet against an asteroid this way never occurred to me until I read that article.
At the time, I was running development and global distribution for IMAX, and it struck me that this was the perfect topic for the IMAX format. From there, I began to research the topic, reaching out to NASA and JPL scientists. This film became a passion project.
I’m afraid that most people still picture the movie Armageddon when they think about protecting Earth from a hazardous asteroid.
If an asteroid is headed towards Earth, you send up a bunch of oil rig workers to go blow it up. It’s quite a misunderstanding! One, that is something you wouldn’t bother to do, sending people up there. And two, you wouldn’t want to blow up the asteroid, because then it sends a cloud of buckshot to Earth. But there’s a real problem here, and it’s a problem that is solvable. The threat of asteroids is the most preventable of all natural disasters.
To pump up the drama, some news stories hype the likelihood of an asteroid collision. A major impact is actually a very low-probability risk, but potentially a highly destructive one. How do you communicate a subtle point like that?
It’s a really good question. There are about a billion asteroids going around the sun [if you include the really small ones]. Most of them live in the asteroid belt, but there are two classes of asteroids that we pay particular attention when it comes to planetary defense. One is near-earth asteroids. Its very name tells you why we’re interested in them—because they come close. Then there’s the class of potentially hazardous asteroids, the ones that come very close to intercepting Earth in our orbital path around the Sun. About 10 percent of near-earth asteroids fall into this category.
We know of a couple thousand potentially hazardous asteroids. And here’s the part where you talk about the low probability but high consequence in the event of an asteroid strike: We’ve found only a third of these asteroids, maybe.
So we shouldn’t relax just yet?
The good news is, of the asteroids that we know about, none pose a threat except for at least 100 years or further in the future. But it’s the asteroids that we don’t know about that we have to keep on looking and finding. It’s not a question of if an asteroid will hit Earth again, but when. Look at the Moon: You see all the craters there. Well, Earth has been hit more often than the Moon has been. We just have weather and geology that erase the records.
That said, there’s about 200 impact craters that we do know about on Earth. An asteroid big enough to cause real trouble to a city or even a small country hits earth once about every 100,000 years. The next one could be 100,000 years from now, because that’s just an average obviously, or it could be tomorrow when we find an asteroid that is coming our way. We have to be ready for it. That’s what Asteroid Hunters is all about.
The way I internalize that sort of thinking is an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. You have a house. You buy a fire extinguisher, and the expense of that fire extinguisher relative to the overall cost of the house is pretty small. The amount of money that you would have to spend to send up a space telescope to look for asteroids so that we can find it before they find us, is pretty small compared to the overall economy of the world. When you go to sleep at night, you lock your front door. The chances of someone invading your house in the middle of the night is pretty minuscule as well, but you do it. This is the same thing, just on a grander scale.
And it doesn’t even cost that much! NASA’s budget for finding asteroids is probably less than what it costs to make one Hollywood asteroid-disaster movie.
That might be generous, by the way. NASA’s budget for planetary defense in this past year is about 150 million bucks. Just about every Marvel movie made out there cost more than that. And this is the only natural disaster you can actually prevent from happening. You can’t cork a volcano. You can’t throw a net over a hurricane. You can’t glue shut a fault line to stop earthquakes. But this we can stop.
What do you find most scientifically exciting about asteroids?
The coolest fact that I learned along the way [making Asteroid Hunters] is that the asteroid belt is a planet that never came to be because of this big gravitational bully called Jupiter. It jealously prevented a planet from ever taking shape because of its gravitational influences on planetesimals, which is what asteroids are. They’re the leftover materials of construction of the planets of the solar system. The big gap between Mars and Jupiter is because of Jupiter’s huge influence. It was the first planet to form, and it’s the biggest. It kept things stirred up, gravitationally speaking, in that area, so the asteroids were never given a chance to come together and form a planet.
Then over the four-and-a-half billion years, most of the asteroids have either been sent packing outside of the solar system or sent inward, where they become impactors of the Moon and the Earth, not to mention Venus, Mercury, and Mars. Some also fall into the sun. The asteroid belt today is maybe 1 percent of what it used to be. All of this stuff, it’s a big ammo belt, just being flung outward and inward over the course of the eons.
It’s an exciting time in asteroid exploration, with Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx bringing asteroid samples back to Earth. Any thoughts on these missions?
They’ll help us get an understanding of the construction of our solar system and maybe even the formation of life itself. A lot of these asteroids carry with them organic compounds. You want to know: Did they bring water to Earth and Mars and perhaps other planets?
What’s also interesting about OSIRIS-REx is the asteroid it’s investigating, Bennu, is one of these potentially hazardous asteroids I was referencing earlier. It’s going to pass close to Earth in 2035. It’s not going to hit then, but Earth’s gravity could have some influence on its orbit around the sun. After that, Bennu may become a real risk to our planet, and it’s a pretty big asteroid. It’s about 500 meters across, more than 1,500 feet.
It’s a rubble pile, and knowing that is an important aspect of planetary defense. How you would mitigate the threat could depend on your understanding of the asteroid structure. Is it mostly metallic, like a big cannon ball? Or is it a rubble pile, where if you whack it too hard, it’ll break apart? Then you’d have a pile of buckshot, which could be just as bad.
For Asteroid Hunters, you researched many different ideas about how to deflect asteroids. Which idea did you find most persuasive?
We show a couple of techniques, the gravity tracker and the kinetic impactor. But my favorite way is also the way that many scientists prefer: sending a nuke out into the path of the asteroid. A nuke is the greatest amount of energy in the smallest package.
When the nuke goes off, it irradiates the surface of the asteroid. The heat that’s reflecting off of the surface and the ablating rock create an opposing thrust, which alters the orbit of the asteroid. It’s kind of a nice one-size-fits-all. It doesn’t matter what the structure of the asteroid is like. For any internal form, it will do a great job in reflecting that heat back out.
It’s a weird time to release a movie like Asteroid Hunters, in the middle of a pandemic. What message do you want people to take away from it?
The heroes of the movie are scientists, who are using the power of science to watch our back. One of the things that’s really important in protecting our planet—not just against asteroids but against any threat, including COVID—is working together. When we are working together, there isn’t anything that we can’t defeat, including the most preventable of all natural disasters. | <urn:uuid:66f161d9-a441-4333-b26c-6baf7184fb9f> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://www.astronomy.com/science/were-coming-for-the-asteroids-are-the-asteroids-coming-for-us/ | 2024-12-12T07:52:43Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066107376.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20241212062325-20241212092325-00438.warc.gz | en | 0.947935 | 2,602 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In the arid Southwest, Bila gáána (non-Indians) say, “Water is gold.” Navajos say, “Water is sacred, Tó eí ’iiná ’áté, Water is life.”
But water has always been scarce on the 27,000-square-mile Navajo reservation, where an estimated 40 to 50 percent of the people live without safe drinking water, indoor plumbing or the infrastructure to deliver water for residential, municipal or industrial development.
Much of the existing water is contaminated by past uraniummining and milling, abandoned mines and other current corporate operations such as Peabody Coal.
Settlements to establish Navajo water rights and bring water to the reservation have been years in the making, and advocates of the proposed Navajo-Hopi Little Colorado River Water Rights Settlement Agreement, recently introduced into the U.S. Senate, say it would resolve the issues and provide the tribe clean water at last.
The settlement is an agreement between all parties claiming use of the water in the Little Colorado River Basin. It must be approved by 30 entities, including both the Navajo and Hopi tribal councils.
Navajo Nation President Ben Shelley issued a statement on April 30 affirming his support of the settlement. But he added the caveat that it is now up to the Navajo Nation Council – 24 delegates representing all 110 Navajo chapters – to pass legislation that supports the bill.
The settlement has many critics who say it was rushed and the process was too hidden and secretive. Shelley has been greeted in recent appearances with placards and angry citizens calling him a traitor.
U.S. indigenous tribal water rights are governed by federal law and the 1908 Winters Doctrine, which states that when the federal government established an Indian reservation, the government implicitly reserved a quantity of water necessary to fulfill the purposes of the reservation, and that the priority of all reserved rights dates back to the establishment of the reservation. On Feb. 14, Arizona Sen. Jon Kyl (R) created a furor when he introduced the waterrights settlement act, SB 2109.
Displayed behind him as he spoke was a photograph of a Navajo family working around a horse-drawn wagon at a watering point filling 55-gallon barrels with drinking water. He described the photo as current, taken in 2011, but Marshall Johnson, cofounder of the grassroots group Tó Nizhoni Ani (Beautiful Water Speaks), describes the photo as a stereotype.
“He brought in an old picture that was mid-1900,” Johnson said on a Progressive Radio Network podcast, “as if we are still hauling our water in that manner. We do continue to haul water today, but in half-ton pick-ups and trailer beds.”
Kyl in his remarks said, “…this daily activity limits economic-development opportunities and perpetuates the cycle of poverty. Legally, the tribes may assert claims to larger amounts of water, but as seen here, they do not have the means to make use of those supplies in a safe and productive manner.”
Many Navajos found the final comment insulting, an implication they haven’t progressed enough to develop industrial, municipal, and agricultural uses for the water and aren’t vested enough to build the infrastructure to deliver water to their communities. Critics also said the remarks reflect the tone of Western “use it or lose it” water law, which strongly favors parties that have already put water to “beneficial use” in agriculture, landdevelopment projects and power plants.
Protest movement erupts
Uploaded on YouTube, Kyl’s introduction flew across social network platforms to Native activist sites including Black Mesa Water Coalition, Diné CARES, and Tó Nizhoni Ani.
Very little official information was released from the Navajo central government until President Shelley’s office suddenly announced an April 5 meeting in Tuba City, Ariz., called by Kyl and fellow Arizona Sen. John McCain (R) to discuss the settlement, just a few days in advance of that date.
The meeting was closed to the public and media, prompting even more outrage. Shelley was caught off guard by the opposition he faced.
He had intended to address the people in a parking lot after the meeting, but demonstrators carrying signs reading “Kill the Bill,” “Water is my Future,” and “Doo Da [no] SB 2109,” thronged around him and McCain as they headed for their vehicles.
Shelley could not calm the crowd. He reprimanded them, admonished them, turned his back, then came back to the microphone, shaking his finger and pleading with them to, “Hush up and listen!” like an angry father.
Outta Your Backpack Media was there for Shelley’s debut YouTube moment, which helped the SB 2109 protest go viral.
“It was a monumental time for the people,” said Don Yellowman, executive director of Forgotten Navajo People.
“We had only two days to organize, to be present. Still, so many turned out due to the collective effort of a coalition of grassroots organizations.
“It is not one group, but many working together. It represents a change in the Navajo people.”
Uncontaminated water is a rare commodity on the rez. One place it is found is the N-aquifer beneath Black Mesa in northern Arizona. The pristine water is pumped up to wash the coal produced by Peabody and used by the Navajo Generating Station power plant in Page, Ariz.
The settlement provides the tribes the right to use water from the mainstream Little Colorado River, capture water from washes in the Little Colorado basin, use unlimited water from the N-aquifer as well as the Caquifer (near Leupp, Ariz.) and all other waters from aquifers and alluviums. However, it is noted that the surface waters are difficult to capture. It provides for two federally funded pipeline projects, Leupp-Dilkon ($125.6 million) and Ganado Regional ($73.4 million) to bring water to 15 chapters of the Navajo Nation.
Additionally, a protective six-mile boundary extends outside the reservation border near Leupp. It is intended to protect water in the C-aquifer from new drilling by non- Indians. The settlement recognizes historic Navajo irrigation along the Little Colorado, permits the Navajo Nation (and only the Navajo Nation) to construct new reservoirs, and does not include a settlement of the nation’s Colorado River claims. Non-Indians are not allowed any new surface-water irrigation or reservoirs upstream of the Navajo Nation.
An N-aquifer management plan limits both the Navajo and Hopi tribes to no more than 2,000 acre-feet annual industrial use from the confined portion of the aquifer.
A provision also reserves Colorado River water for a future pipeline to serve chapters in the Western Agency near Grand Canyon and Flagstaff. The Western Pipeline was included in the former 2010 settlement passed at that time by the 21st Navajo Council.
It has been removed from the 2012 settlement and is not included in SB 2109.
The current SB 2109 includes provisions to provide the Navajo Generating Station and Peabody Coal continuing use of the water needed to extend their leases to 2044.
Critics of the settlement were quick to react to the fact that Kyl rushed to introduce SB 2109 on Feb. 14, the state of Arizona’s centennial, and said it was “propitious as the state of Arizona celebrates its centennial with the opportunity to resolve significant water issues for the Navajo/Hopi tribes and water users throughout the Southwest.”
Most Navajo and Hopi people had not been informed about the settlement prior to the introduction of the bill. That resulted in charges that the president, water commission and tribal attorneys had conducted an opaque negotiations process that had locked the people out.
Also, they were not consulted about planning for their own water needs for future economic development.
The settlement contains language saying the tribes “waive priority water rights to the surface waters of the Little Colorado River from time immemorial and thereafter, forever” – language that worries citizens.
The strongest criticisms are of the links to NGS and Peabody, and that the water flowing out of the reservation will be used to supply demand in urban areas in southern California and Arizona.
If the settlement does not pass the tribal councils, then the pending lawsuits over water claims will be litigated in Arizona court. The resulting decision could be years in coming and might bring only “paper” water rights, not necessarily the right to use all the water in the Little Colorado basin.
‘Huge quantities of water’
But supporters of the settlement say it is a fair compromise.
In a telephone interview, Stanley Pollack, assistant attorney general with the Water Rights Unit of the Navajo Nation Department of Justice, said, “Senator Kyl’s introduction in Congress was premature because the settlement had not been approved by the tribal councils, and the language used in the settlement was wrong.
“We advised non-Indian parties on the issue of language, but they chose to keep it in. If I were a layperson looking at that, I think I’d come up with the same [negative] opinion,” he said
“But we are not giving these rights away. We are resolving claims. Navajo/Hopi [nations] get all the water falling on the Little Colorado basin, arising from it, that is under it, unconditionally – all the water, including Blue Springs, near Cameron. It is not quantified because there are not limits. Navajo/ Hopi get it all.
“And it also prohibits all non-Indians from building any reservoirs at all. No new non-Navajo surface-water use off of Navajo land for irrigation. They cannot get more.”
Navajos get 160,000 acre-feet per year, non-Indians get 60,000 acre-feet per year, he said, “which is recognizing the right to use more than twice what everybody else is using combined.”
He added, “We are eager to let the people know there are huge quantities of water in the settlement for them.”
By far the biggest sticking point in SB 2109 for Navajo activists is the inclusion of the Navajo Generating Station and Peabody Coal lease extensions until 2044, giving the corporations rights to use water from the Naquifer for fees so low most call it free.
“NGS and Peabody will not stop the settlement,” Pollack said. “They are in the legislation, but not in the settlement. If the Navajos say no to the leases, then we don’t get the Colorado River water for the Navajo- Gallup pipeline [already funded and being built in the Eastern Agency], but we still have our settlement.”
Shelley held seven public forums in chapters directly affected by the settlement. For the first forum in Tuba City on Feb. 17, Shelley ordered a large police presence, including a SWAT team on the roof nearby. Police patrolled the gates at the edge of the sidewalk to the building, allowing no placards or protest images on clothing inside the building, and kept the crowd in a line while they went through a security wand check at the entrance.
Max Goldtooth, former Tuba City Chapter president, told the Free Press it was an absurd show of strength, “as if they’re the tough guys,” he said.
It was clear that the tenor of the meeting was not positive.
Several speakers told their president he should not treat his own people with such disrespect, that the extreme security was unnecessary.
At one point Shelley addressed the crowd, asking for forgiveness for his behavior April 5. “I apologize,” he said, “I am a human, too.”
Numerous critics at the forum raised concerns about the urgency of the legislative process and the opaque settlement negotiations. They also said corporations are not Navajo people and should not be included in SB 2109 as if they have rights to Navajo water.
People also expressed alarm about the requirement that they waive future claims to Little Colorado water usage, suggesting that it deconstructs the Winters Doctrine.
After the next six forums, reports circulated on activist sites showing the same high security at each. Grandmothers and grandfathers waited in line, youths were not allowed to speak and the majority of speakers were shut down before they could finish. Most people voiced opposition to the settlement.
Yellowman said, “We don’t want the U.S. or Navajo Nation central government telling us what they’ll do for the people, but to sit with us as partners. We can help our government and that can lead to a big partnership, a fair exchange of concerns and ideas. The forums have been very disappointing.”
Sitting down together
Walter Phelps, council delegate for five chapters in the Western Agency, told the Free Press after the Leupp forum, “When I was a member of the public, not an elected official, I was very uncomfortable with the legislation the 21st Council passed in 2010. It passed and yet Kyl didn’t even try to push it in Congress. I think he could have gotten funding, even for the Western Pipeline.
“Now, in this 2012 version, the pipeline isn’t in there, even though the water is reserved for it from the Colorado River, but the Navajo Generating Station language is now in SB 2109 and that is not favorable to me.”
Activist and college graduate Nikke Alex said the settlement “blackmails our government with the extended leases until 2044 and threatening that if Navajo won’t sign the settlement the government won’t fund the 350-million-dollar infrastructures. A baseball team costs more than that!”
Water is sacred, she says, “It has rights, too – not to be contaminated; to be used conscientiously, not for golf courses and swimming pools in Phoenix and Las Vegas. Ninety-five percent of the power produced at NGS is used to push the water through the Central Arizona Project out of Lake Havasu to Tucson through an uncovered canal, evaporating in the desert.”
The next Navajo Nation Council Session is in July. Addressing the issue before then requires a special session, according to Phelps, and, as of press time, “there has not been a delegate step up to sponsor the legislation.”
“Now is the time for activists, government officials, elders, youth, anger and peace to sit together, find a way through this, “ said Cameron Chapter President Ed Singer.
“The activists bring the missing vitality of research skills, and connectivity, and now we have enough to decide what we will or won’t, honestly can and can’t do about our waters.” | <urn:uuid:281bf8ca-33f3-42ba-b2e4-5cc01f34d311> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://fourcornersfreepress.com/navajos-protest-a-proposed-water-rights-settlement/ | 2024-12-05T07:26:45Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066339283.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20241205054354-20241205084354-00797.warc.gz | en | 0.964314 | 3,150 | 2.984375 | 3 |
This article was originally published on May 1, 2011.
Whereas in Australia gangly gum trees from the genus Eucalyptus and yellow-flowered wattles from the genus Acacia are celebrated national emblems, in South Africa they are widely despised.
Many South Africans believe that species of Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Hakea from Australia constitute one of the greatest threats to the existence of many of the country’s unique native plants and use precious water needed for rural communities, healthy rivers, and sustainable economic growth. These trees can be found growing in plantations and as naturalized exotics in almost every region of South Africa. Environmental groups and government agencies predict a growing crisis for much of South Africa where “invasive” Australian trees continue to propagate to the detriment of local plants and communities. Together with global climate change this issue will supposedly become dire, as climatic models predict that water will become scarcer and rising temperatures will threaten native plants.
My dissertation and a series of forthcoming articles analyze the history of Australian trees in South Africa. I show how present-day debates have been ongoing for the past century. When examined historically, current criticisms of Australian trees are a complicated mix of white nationalism, African nationalism, and environmentalism. Many of the scientific studies and concepts used to judge the impact of Australian trees remain mired in historical debates over expertise arising out of conflicts in the 1930s rooted in the disciplinary differences of ecologists and foresters who pursue different types of scientific programs. Ultimately, the belief that native plants are “good” and exotic plants are “bad” has troubling and conflicted political and scientific precedents that should make us wary of rigidly using these categories to determine environmental management practices.
Introducing Australian trees into Southern Africa
Southern Africa is on the whole a very dry, forestless environment dominated by grassland, savannah, and desert. Less than 0.5% of its landmass is covered by indigenous closed canopy forest, most of it scattered across the countryside in thousands of small patches. Except for a few areas of higher rainfall, mostly along the coast, aridity dominates the climate. Native trees are generally slow growing and will only grow in sites receiving 700mm per year average rainfall.
Australian trees did not arrive in southern Africa until the late eighteenth century when the British began to settle parts of the Australian continent. The British occupation of the Cape Colony in 1806 encouraged an extensive series of exchanges of people and plants between southern Africa and Australia. Australian trees gained worldwide popularity in the 1850s-1870s when botanists claimed that species of Eucalyptus could drain marshes and thus help to eliminate malaria, had strong wood, and grew quickly in arid, warm areas where other trees would not.
Settlers and colonial governments in southern Africa soon began planting Australian trees for a variety of economic, aesthetic, and environmental purposes. Many settlers planted Australian trees because they believed that planting trees encouraged rainfall and helped to conserve water. The vigorous reproduction of many species of Acacia led some British scientists to tout the evolutionary “superiority” of Australian trees over native plants.
But despite the initial hype surrounding Australian trees, white settlers had a hard time successfully growing them because they knew little about their biological characteristics or the climate of southern Africa. In the 1880s–1900s, state foresters working for the Cape Colony’s Forestry Department began pursuing an aggressive and innovative program to climatically compare South Africa and Australia in order to select and then test the most suitable species. As a result of these studies, foresters learned what species grew best in the different climates of the country. South African foresters became renowned around the world in the twentieth century for their knowledge of how to grow Australian trees in plantations.
Criticisms of Australian trees
Ironically, at the point when foresters finally figured out how to grow Australian trees, an increasing number of whites began to criticize the environmental effects of these same trees. Farmers who planted seeds of Acacia and Eucalyptus noted that the resulting trees did not help to conserve water, as foresters suggested they would, but seemed to often be associated with the increased drying out of streams. Many believed that instead of increasing rain, less rain seemed to fall. During the early twentieth century, South Africa generally seemed to be drying out and some feared that the Karoo, a large inland semi-desert, was expanding. Many farmers and agriculturalists saw Australian trees as one of the causes of this trend.
In the 1890s, many whites began to celebrate the uniqueness of southern Africa’s, especially the Cape’s, flora. After the end of the Boer War (1899–1902), nationalists used iconic plants and animals to forge a common pan-white South African identity among British and Afrikaner settlers. After the Union of South Africa in 1910, white tourism to “unique” regions, such as the Cape, the Kruger National Park and the old-growth forests near Knysna, helped to ensure a strong sense of national pride in South Africa’s nature. Conservation laws were passed to protect indigenous wildflowers and game. Throughout twentieth-century South African history, the state played an important role in promoting a white national culture of South Africa nature that indirectly (and sometimes directly) influenced criticisms against exotics.
In the 1930s an alliance of botanists, ecologists, and agriculturalists formed a coherent scientific criticism of Australian trees that blamed them for using more water than native plants and for taking the ecological niches of “native” species of plants. Jan Smuts (1870–1950), the two-time prime minister of the Union of South Africa and an enthusiastic amateur botanist and ecologist, told foresters in Pretoria at the 1935 Empire Forestry Conference:
“There is no doubt that a popular feeling is arising in South Africa that afforestation is causing the drying up of springs and water sources. Although this has not been proved it can be said that a sufficient case has been made out for thorough research.”
The government, through its forestry research unit, established hydrological research stations as a result of the 1935 Conference. This marked the beginning of research into the effects of Australian trees that continues to this day.
Despite growing scientific criticisms of exotic trees, the number of Australian trees in South Africa continued to grow throughout the twentieth century. To promote economic growth and self-sufficiency, the National Party government, elected to power in 1948, encouraged extensive tree-planting, sometime even pursuing unpopular interventionist forestry policies, such as by planting exotic trees on lands reserved for Africans. The size of Acacia plantations peaked in the 1950s at 350,000 ha and then declined due to lower demand for wattle bark. Eucalyptus plantations expanded rapidly from 161,049 ha in 1961 to 530,000 by 2005. These official statistics fail to capture the millions of ha of Australian trees growing in cities, on farms, and in shelterbelts across fields.
The growth of extensive plantations of eucalypts mirrored a corresponding growth of environmentalism. Longstanding celebrations of South Africa’s flora and fauna that started in the 1890s blossomed with the rise of environmentalism during the 1950s and 1960s among white, middle class South Africans. In the 1950s and 1960s, floral enthusiasts in the Cape Province began to eradicate exotic species in botanic gardens and to publish books with titles such as The Green Cancers in South Africa—The Menace of Alien Vegetation (1959) to warn against the dangers of exotic trees. These criticisms were bolstered by the concept of a “biome,” which saw South Africa’s flora in terms of discrete, unique biotic communities. Australian trees were not part of these regional biotic communities and, when taken to its ecological logic, people argued that they should be eradicated.
Australian trees in post-apartheid South Africa
The ending of apartheid in 1994 helped fuel one hundred years of criticism against Australian trees.
Seeking to create a new environmental policy, the African National Congress passed new environmental laws that protected native flora and created programs, such as Working for Water, to destroy plants designated as “exotic” and “invasive.” The African National Congress has become increasingly critical of “exotic” trees in South Africa, seeking their removal on the grounds that they are not “African.”
The environmental policies of the ANC mirror the belief of earlier strains of white nationalism that sought to use South Africa’s unique flora and fauna to create a strong nationalist identity. Many worry that the new nationalist tones of current policies, like the old pro-white nationalism, seek the exclusion of peoples, this time “non Africans.”
The opening up of South Africa to international tourists and finance has put a premium on protecting and marketing the uniqueness of the country’s flora and fauna. With booming tourism in the Cape and Kruger National Park as a result of the end of apartheid and the recent World Cup, there is a powerful movement to use South Africa’s native plants to lure foreigners.
It seems unlikely that tourism alone will provide the jobs required to lower the nation’s high unemployment rate. New sources of wealth are required to raise the standard of living. But South Africa’s current environmental regulations emphasize the conservation of water and the protection of indigenous flora at the expense of the expansion of plantations of trees. The issue today is not how to grow Australian trees, but whether or not the government or society will allow them to be grown.
Even with eighty years of research, there is no clear consensus on the environmental or economic impact of Australian trees. Ecologists and environmentalists tend to study the impact of Australian trees, whereas foresters focus on how to grow and utilize them. This leads to two distinct bodies of scientific literature that often conflict. Rather than blanket policies, nuanced site and species analysis is required, but rarely is such a rigorous, balanced analysis pursued or discussed. Far too often, soundbites and polemics dominate popular discussions about Australian trees.
Because of conflicting cultural, scientific, and political values, the planting of Australian trees has stalled, and many seek to eradicate them entirely from the landscape.
The belief that there is a “good” South African flora and a “bad” non-South African flora blends both white nationalism and African nationalism, two often aggressive and problematic ideologies. Just as white settlers linked South Africa’s plants and animals with the dominance of white rule, the implicit and explicit underlying racial tones of black African nationalism’s defense of native flora worry many of the diverse non-African people living in the country.
There is no scientific silver bullet to answer the question of whether or not Australian trees should be allowed to grow in South Africa. This difficult question requires a larger historical context that has been lacking from most discussions. We must first acknowledge the tangled, controversial history of nationalism and nature—both before and after 1994 governments—before moving forward on any policy. If history provides a guide, the debate will be contested, but balance, not polemics and extremes, should be sought. | <urn:uuid:1bfc812a-4e38-42ff-8d13-a73e8065b52e> | CC-MAIN-2024-51 | https://items.ssrc.org/from-our-fellows/a-contested-past-and-present-australian-trees-in-south-africa-2/ | 2024-12-13T09:44:48Z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-51/segments/1733066116599.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20241213074100-20241213104100-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.950247 | 2,316 | 3.15625 | 3 |
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