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Sam Rowlands	# Sam Rowlands ## Abstract Sam Rowlands is a Welsh Conservative politician serving as Member of the Senedd (MS) for the North Wales electoral region since 2021, and Shadow Minister for Health since April 2024. He also formerly served as Leader of Conwy County Borough Council from 2019 to 2021. ## Personal Life and Career Rowlands worked for HSBC from 2009 to 2019 as a credit risk manager. Rowlands is married, and has three daughters. ## Political Career Rowlands began his career as a member of Conwy County Borough Council and Abergele Town Council, being first elected in the 2008 Welsh Local Government Elections. He represented the Pentre Mawr electoral ward. He served as the mayor of Abergele from 2015 to 2016. Rowlands also stood in the Vale of Clwyd in the 2016 Welsh Assembly Election. He was not elected. After the 2017 Conwy County Borough Council elections, Rowlands formed part of the minority Conservative-Independent administration run by Gareth Jones, serving as the Cabinet Member for Finance and Resources between June 2017 and June 2019. In June 2019, Rowlands was removed from this role by Jones, after holding talks to take control of the council. Rowlands then tabled a no-confidence motion in Jones' leadership, and took control of the council, which he led until 2021, when he resigned as leader upon being elected as Member of the Senedd for the North Wales electoral region. He served the remainder of his term as a Councillor, leaving the role at the 2022 elections, which he did not contest. Following his election to the Senedd, Rowlands was appointed Shadow Minister for Local Government. He re-established the Cross Party Group on Tourism. Rowlands led a campaign working with Conwy County Borough Council to re-establish the Conwy County Borough School's Football Association in 2021. Rowlands has spoken on the importance of sport to keep people fit and healthy as well as a driver for economic development in the Welsh Parliament. In 2022 he also became the Chairman of Welsh Parliament Cross Party Group on the Outdoor Activity Sector. He is also a member of the Health and Social Care committee, as well as a member of cross party groupings on Armed Forces and Cadets, Beer and Pubs, Horseracing, Industrial Communities, North Wales, Renewable and Low Carbon Energy, Rural Growth, Sport, and Welsh Wool. In a reshuffle in April 2024, Rowlands was appointed as Shadow Health Minister. ### Residential Outdoor Education (Wales) Bill During July 2022 Rowlands's proposed Residential Outdoor Education (Wales) Bill was drawn in the Welsh Parliament's ballot of proposed member's bills. On 26 October 2022 the Welsh Parliament voted to allow time and resources to be committed to developing this legislation further, with support from Conservative, Plaid Cymru and Liberal Democrat MSs. Labour opposed the bill. In April 2024, the bill was rejected by the Senedd, after a motion to agree the general principles of the bill failed.
Friedrich Sixt	# Friedrich Sixt ## Abstract Friedrich Sixt (28 October 1895 – 4 August 1976) was a German general during World War II who commanded several divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves of Nazi Germany. He commanded the 50th Infantry Division during the 1944 Crimean Offensive and was wounded during heavy attacks by the 2nd Guards Army south of the Belbek river on 1 May 1944. Sixt was subsequently evacuated, leaving Colonel Paul Betz in command of the 50th Infantry Division. ## Awards and decorations - Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (23 December 1915) 1st Class (5 May 1918) - 2nd Class (23 December 1915) - 1st Class (5 May 1918) - Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (28 September 1939) 1st Class (11 June 1941) - 2nd Class (28 September 1939) - 1st Class (11 June 1941) - German Cross in Gold on 18 May 1942 as Oberst im Generalstab in the General Staff of the XXXXIV Armeekorps - Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight's Cross on 17 December 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 50. Infanterie-Division 772nd Oak Leaves on 11 March 1945 as Generalleutnant and commander of 5. Jäger-Division - Knight's Cross on 17 December 1943 as Generalleutnant and commander of 50. Infanterie-Division - 772nd Oak Leaves on 11 March 1945 as Generalleutnant and commander of 5. Jäger-Division
Deathstalker	# Deathstalker ## Abstract The deathstalker (Leiurus quinquestriatus) is a species of scorpion, a member of the family Buthidae. It is also known as the Palestine yellow scorpion, Omdurman scorpion, and Naqab desert scorpion, as well as by many other colloquial names, which generally originate from the commercial captive trade of the animal. To eliminate confusion, especially important with potentially dangerous species, the scientific name is normally used to refer to them. The name Leiurus quinquestriatus roughly translates into English as "five-striped smooth-tail". In 2014, the subspecies L. q. hebraeus was separated from it and elevated to its own species Leiurus hebraeus. Other species of the genus Leiurus are also often referred to as "deathstalkers". Leiurus quinquestriatus is yellow, and 30–77 millimetres (1.2–3.0 in) long, with an average of 58 mm (2.3 in). ## Geographic range Leiurus quinquestriatus can be found in desert and scrubland habitats ranging from North Africa through to the Middle East. Its range covers a wide sweep of territory in the Sahara, Arabian Desert, Thar Desert, and Central Asia, from Algeria and Mali in the west through to Egypt, Ethiopia, Asia Minor and the Arabian Peninsula, eastwards to Kazakhstan and western India in the northeast and southeast. ## Venom Neurotoxins in L. quinquestriatus venom include: - Chlorotoxin - Charybdotoxin, a blocker of calcium-activated potassium channels. - Scyllatoxin - Agitoxins types one, two and three Other components : - Lq2, which gets its name from this scorpion. ### Hazards The deathstalker is one of the most dangerous species of scorpions. Its venom is a powerful mixture of neurotoxins, with a low lethal dose. While a sting from this scorpion is extraordinarily painful, it normally would not kill a healthy adult human. However, young children, the elderly, or infirm (such as those with a heart condition and those who are allergic) are at much greater risk. Any envenomation runs the risk of anaphylaxis, a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction to the venom. A study from Israel shows a high rate of pancreatitis following envenomation. If a sting from Leiurus quinquestriatus does prove deadly, the cause of death is usually pulmonary edema. Antivenom for the treatment of deathstalker envenomations is produced by pharmaceutical companies AbbVie and Sanofi Pasteur, and by the National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Center in Riyadh. Envenomation by the deathstalker is considered a medical emergency even with antivenom treatment, as its venom is unusually resistant to treatment and typically requires large doses of antivenom. In the United States and other countries outside of the typical range of the deathstalker, there is the additional complicating factor that none of the existing antivenoms are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (or equivalent agencies) and are only available as investigational drugs (INDs). The US Armed Forces maintain an investigational drug application for the AVPC-Riyadh antivenom in the event of envenomation of soldiers in the Gulf War theater of operations, and the Florida Antivenin Bank, managed by the Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Department, maintains Sanofi Pasteur's Scorpifav antivenom for the deathstalker. ### Uses A component of the deathstalker's venom, the peptide chlorotoxin, has shown potential for treating human brain tumors. There has also been some evidence to show that other components of the venom may aid in the regulation of insulin and could be used to treat diabetes. In 2015 clinical trials were beginning of the use of chlorotoxin with a fluorescent molecule attached as brain tumour "paint" (BLZ-100), to mark cancerous cells in real time during an operation. This is important in brain cancer surgery, where it is vital both to remove as many cancerous cells as possible, but not to remove healthy tissue necessary for brain functioning. In preclinical animal trials the technique could highlight extremely small clusters of as few as 200 cancer cells, compared to the standard use of MRI, with a lower limit in excess of 500,000. ## Legality Possession of L. quinquestriatus may be illegal or regulated in countries with laws prohibiting the keeping of dangerous animals in general. Jurisdictions are increasingly and explicitly including L. quinquestriatus in laws requiring permits to keep animals which are not usual pets, or restricting possession of dangerous animals, and in some cases have prohibited the keeping of L. quinquestriatus save by licensed zoos and educational facilities. In several jurisdictions departments of fish and wildlife require permits for many animals, and a number of cities and municipal governments have prohibited their possession in their bylaws.
The Kills discography	# The Kills discography ## Abstract The Kills are an Anglo-American indie rock band formed by American vocalist Alison Mosshart and British guitarist Jamie Hince. Since 2002, The Kills have released six studio albums, four extended plays, nineteen singles, sixteen music videos, a documentary, and have contributed original material to two compilations. The Kills debuted in 2002 with the Black Rooster EP, released on Domino Records. The duo's debut full-length album, Keep on Your Mean Side, was released the following year. The album peaked at number 47 on the United Kingdom Albums Chart, while the single "Fried my Little Brains" peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart. The Kills followed up with No Wow in 2005 and Midnight Boom in 2008, both of which were also released on Domino. No Wow was the first of the group's releases to chart in the United States, peaking at number 18 on the Billboard " Top Heatseekers " chart. No Wow also charted in the UK, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The group's third album, Midnight Boom charted in a total of nine countries, including the album's first appearance on the Billboard 200 at number 133. Between The Kills' 16 singles, five have charted in the United Kingdom. A tour documentary titled I Hate the Way You Love was included with a limited number of copies of No Wow. ## Albums ## Original contributions to compilations A Credited as "VV and Hotel"
Odostomia acrybia	# Odostomia acrybia ## Abstract Odostomia acrybia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. ## Description The elongate-conic shell is milk-white. Its length is 3.2 mm. The seven whorls of the teleoconch are very slightly rounded, somewhat contracted at the sutures, feebly shouldered at the summits. They are marked by strong, almost vertical axial ribs, of which 14 occur upon the second, 16 upon the third, 18 upon the fourth, 20 upon the fifth, and 22 upon the penultimate turn. The intercostal spaces are a little wider than the ribs, crossed by four slender spiral cords, the junction of which with the ribs renders them feebly nodulous. The sutures are strongly impressed but not channeled. The periphery and base of the body whorl are well rounded, the latter marked by nine slender spiral cords, the spaces between which are crossed by fine axial threads. The oval aperture is slightly effuse anteriorly The posterior angle is acute. The outer lip is thin, showing the external sculpture within. The columella is twisted, decidedly reflected anteriorly and provided with a strong fold at its insertion. The parietal wall is covered with a thick callus. ## Distribution This species occurs in the Pacific Ocean off Baja California.
Barbara Nowacka	# Barbara Nowacka ## Abstract Barbara Anna Nowacka (born 10 May 1975) is a Polish politician who has served as Minister of National Education since December 2023. In October 2015 she became leader of the United Left coalition for the 2015 Polish parliamentary election, bringing together Labour Union, Your Movement, the Democratic Left Alliance, the Greens, and the Polish Socialist Party. Nowacka is the daughter of the late Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Policy Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka. Since 2016 she has been the leader of the Polish Initiative. ## Biography Born in Warsaw, the daughter of Jerzy Nowacki, a rector at the Polish-Japanese Academy of Information Technology, and Izabela Jaruga-Nowacka, a former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Social Policy under Marek Belka 's Cabinet. Her mother was listed on the flight manifest of the Tupolev Tu-154 of the 36th Special Aviation Regiment carrying the President of Poland Lech Kaczyński which crashed near Smolensk-North airport near Pechersk near Smolensk, Russia, on 10 April 2010, killing all aboard. Nowacka was educated at the University of Warsaw, where she was active as a feminist in the Federation for Women and Family Planning. From 1997 to 2006, she was a member of the youth wing of Labour United and then of the party itself. In 2014 she stood unsuccessfully in the European elections in Lublin for Europa Plus, supported by Aleksander Kwaśniewski. She went on from that defeat to join Janusz Palikot 's Your Movement, becoming a joint leader, and helped to create the United Left, a broad coalition. On 4 October 2015 she was named as its candidate for prime minister if it won the election, and on 17 October she presented the coalition's programme at a conference in Katowice. However, in the elections on 25 October the United Left failed to reach the 8 per cent threshold for obtaining parliamentary representation under Poland's system of election, while Nowacka herself failed to be elected in the Warsaw I parliamentary constituency. The Polish elections of 2015 were unusual in that most of the major parties contesting them were led by women. While Nowacka was the leader of the United Left, Ewa Kopacz of the governing Civic Platform party was the incumbent prime minister, and Beata Szydło of the opposition Law and Justice party was the main challenger. In the event, Szydło was elected with an overall majority. In 2016, Foreign Policy magazine included Nowacka, together with Agnieszka Dziemianowicz-Bąk of Razem, on its annual list of the 100 most influential global thinkers for their role in organizing protests against a total ban on abortion in Poland. In June 2019, Nowacka became leader of the political party Polish Initiative (iPL), which she originally founded as an association in 2016. She is currently standing for election in Constituency № 26 (Słupsk) as a candidate for the Civic Coalition, of which iPL is a member party. Nowacka has been fiercely critical of the influence that the Catholic Church has in Polish politics. When in October 2020 the Polish parliament considered placing stricter enforcement on abortion, Nowacka claimed that the Catholic bishops of Poland, the majority of whom strongly support such legislation, had "blood on their hands". She later attended a protest against the new abortion restrictions, where she was tear-gassed by a police officer after approaching him and showing her ID card. On 13 December 2023, she was appointed as the Minister of National Education by Donald Tusk. ## Views and positions Barbara Nowacka declares herself as atheist. Supporter of the right to abortion,as well as state financing in vitro fertilization, also available to single woman. She also focuses on LGBT rights and is in favor of granting same-sex couples the right to adopt children. She sees the causes of racist attitudes and xenophobic prejudices in social inequalities.
Ročov	# Ročov ## Abstract Ročov (German: Rotschow, Rotschau) is a market town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. ## Administrative parts The villages of Břínkov and Úlovice are administrative parts of Ročov. ## Geography Ročov is located about 11 kilometres (7 mi) south of Louny and 45 km (28 mi) northwest of Prague. It lies in the Džbán range. The highest point is at 481 m (1,578 ft) above sea level. ## History The first written mention of Ročov is from 1352, when Albrecht of Kolowrat founded here a market town. ## Transport There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality. ## Sights The Augustinian monastery was built in the Baroque style in 1746–1765 on the site of an old Gothic church from 1373. It was designed by Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer. After his death, the architect Anselmo Lurago took over the construction. Next to the church is the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary. It was built in the neo-Gothic style in 1876–1883, after the old Baroque church was demolished in 1875. It is the main landmark of Ročov. ## Twin towns – sister cities Ročov is twinned with: - Reichenbach im Vogtland, Germany
Crown Point Station	# Crown Point Station ## Abstract 25°30′06″S 134°23′05″E / 25.5017°S 134.3848°E Crown Point Station is a pastoral lease that operates as a cattle station in the Alice Springs region of the Northern Territory. ## Description It is situated 22 kilometres (14 mi) north west of Aputula and 115 kilometres (71 mi) east of Kulgera. The ephemeral Finke River flows through the property which is bordered by Engoordina Station. The property is named after Crown Point, a pyramid shaped hill with flattened apex, near to a gorge along the Finke. The country is mostly gently undulating well covered by Mitchell grass and other fodder suitable for stock. ## History The property was established at some time prior to 1886 at which time it was owned by Messrs Willoby, Harding and Co. The station was stocked with 3,000 head of cattle, 250 horses and 200 goats. The owner of the property in 1890 was James Cowan who, along with another man named Bullimore, was killed in a railway accident the same year. The property occupied an area of 4,500 square miles (11,655 km) and was stocked with approximately 7.000 head of cattle and was being managed by Mr Ross. Drought struck the area in 1892 but this was followed by successive good seasons from 1893 to 1897. By 1910 the owner of the property was Horace Cowan and it was being managed by Richard Taylor. The property was placed on the market in 1937 when it occupied an area of 4,646 square miles (12,033 km). Stock were watered by the Bloodwood Bore and 17 other wells as well as the Finke and Goyder Rivers.
Corbin Martin	# Corbin Martin ## Abstract Corbin Montgomery Martin (born December 28, 1995) is an American professional baseball pitcher in the Baltimore Orioles organization. He has previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Houston Astros and Arizona Diamondbacks. ## Career ### Amateur Martin attended Cypress Ranch High School in Cypress, Texas, where he played baseball and football. He played college baseball at Texas A&M University. In 2016, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Falmouth Commodores of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected by the Houston Astros in the second round of the 2017 MLB draft. ### Houston Astros Martin pitched in his first professional season of 2017 with the Gulf Coast Astros and Tri-City ValleyCats. In 32.2 innings pitched between both teams he was 0–1 with a 2.20 ERA. He started 2018 with the Buies Creek Astros and was promoted to the Corpus Christi Hooks during the season. In 25 games (21 starts) between the two teams, he compiled a 9–2 record with a 2.51 ERA and a 1.01 WHIP. He began 2019 with the Round Rock Express, posting a 2–1 record with a 3.13 ERA in 37 innings. Martin was promoted to the major leagues for the first time on May 12, 2019, and made his major league debut versus the Texas Rangers. In five major league starts in 2019, Martin went 1–1 with a 5.59 ERA in 19 innings. On July 3, Martin underwent Tommy John surgery and missed the rest of the 2019 season. ### Arizona Diamondbacks Martin was traded on July 31, 2019, to the Arizona Diamondbacks (along with J. B. Bukauskas, Seth Beer, Joshua Rojas) and cash considerations in exchange for Zack Greinke. He did not play the rest of 2019 and all of 2020 as he recovered from Tommy John surgery. Martin struggled in 2021. He started off in Triple-A with the Reno Aces, rehabbing from his Tommy John injury, and when he was eventually called up to the majors, he failed to impress. Across 5 games, Martin posted a 10.69 ERA, to go with an 0–3 record. On July 8, the Diamondbacks announced that Martin, who was on Reno's 7-day IL, had been shut down for the foreseeable future. He would not return to play in 2021. On April 23, 2022, the Diamondbacks recalled Martin from Triple-A Reno. Martin made 7 appearances (2 starts) for the Diamondbacks, posting an 0–1 record and 4.84 ERA with 21 strikeouts in 22.1 innings pitched. The majority of his season was spent in Reno, where he made 17 starts and pitched to a 6–7 record and 6.08 ERA with 79 strikeouts in 77.0 innings of work. On March 15, 2023, Martin suffered a tear in the lat tendon under his right shoulder during a spring training game. He later opted for surgery that would sideline him for the entire 2023 season. Martin was optioned to Triple–A Reno to begin the 2024 season. He made two appearances for Reno before he was designated for assignment on April 7, 2024. ### Milwaukee Brewers On April 14, 2024, Martin was claimed off waivers by the Milwaukee Brewers. He made 7 appearances for the Triple–A Nashville Sounds before he was designated for assignment on May 10. ### Baltimore Orioles On May 13, 2024, Martin was claimed off waivers by the Baltimore Orioles. On June 15, the Orioles removed Martin from their 40–man roster and outrighted him to the Triple–A Norfolk Tides. ## Personal Martin and his wife, Alyssa, were married in January 2020. Their first child, a son, was born in October 2020.
RaInCube	# RaInCube ## Abstract RaInCube, also stylized as RainCube, was a 6U CubeSat made by NASA as an experimental satellite. It had a small radar and an antenna. It was put into orbit in May 2018 and was deployed from the International Space Station on June 25, 2018. It re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burned up on Dec. 24, 2020. It was used to track large storms. ## Mission objectives RainCube's mission objectives were to: - Demonstrate low-cost Ka band radar technology, with a vertical resolution of 250m and a horizontal resolution of at least 10 km. Its radar sensitivity should also be better than 20dBZ. - Use Ka-band radar from a 6U CubeSat - Profiling precipitation falling on Earth ## Launch and deployment RaInCube was launched as part of the Cygnus OA-9E Commercial Resupply Services mission on board an Antares 230 rocket on May 21, 2018, at Wallops Pad 0A. The Cygnus spacecraft docked with the International Space Station on May 24, 2018, three days later. RaInCube was finally deployed from the International Space Station on July 13, 2018.
Trinity Church Cemetery	# Trinity Church Cemetery ## Abstract The parish of Trinity Church has three separate burial grounds associated with it in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The first, Trinity Churchyard, is located in Lower Manhattan at 74 Trinity Place, near Wall Street and Broadway. Alexander Hamilton and his wife Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, Albert Gallatin, and Robert Fulton are buried in the downtown Trinity Churchyard. The second Trinity parish burial ground is the St. Paul's Chapel Churchyard, which is also located in lower Manhattan (roughly 440 yards (400 m)), six blocks north of Trinity Church. It was established in 1766. Both of these churchyards are closed to new burials. Trinity's third place of burial, Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum, located in Hamilton Heights in Upper Manhattan, is one of the few active burial sites in Manhattan. Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum is listed on the National Register of Historic places and is the burial place of notable people including John James Audubon, John Jacob Astor IV, Mayor Edward I. Koch, Governor John Adams Dix, Ralph Ellison, and Eliza Jumel. In 1823, all burials south of Canal Street became forbidden by New York City due to city crowding, yellow fever, and other public health fears. After considering locations in the Bronx and portions of the then-new Green-Wood Cemetery, in 1842 Trinity Parish purchased the plot of land now bordered by 153rd Street, 155th Street, Amsterdam Avenue, and Riverside Drive to establish the Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum. The cemetery is located beside the Chapel of the Intercession that Audubon co-founded in 1846, but this chapel is no longer part of Trinity parish. James Renwick, Jr., is the architect of Trinity Church Cemetery and further updates were made by Calvert Vaux. The uptown cemetery is also the center of the Heritage Rose District of New York City. A no-longer-extant Trinity Parish burial ground was the Old Saint John's Burying Ground for St. John's Chapel. This location is bounded by Hudson, Leroy and Clarkson streets near Hudson Square. It was in use from 1806 to 1852 with over 10,000 burials, mostly poor and young. In 1897, it was turned into St. John's Park, with most of the burials left in place. The park was later renamed Hudson Park, and is now James J. Walker Park. (This park is different from a separate St. John's Park, a former private park and residential block approximately one mile to the south that now serves as part of the Holland Tunnel access.) ## Notable burials ### Trinity Churchyard (Broadway and Wall Street) - William Alexander, Lord Stirling (1726–1783), Continental Army major general during the American Revolution - John Alsop (1724–1794), Continental Congress delegate - William Bayard Jr. (1761–1826), banker - William Berczy (1744–1813), Canadian painter and pioneer buried in unmarked grave and name recorded as William Burksay - William Bradford (1660–1752), colonial American printer - Richard Churcher (1676–1681), a child whose grave is marked with the oldest carved gravestone in New York City - Angelica Schuyler Church (1756–1814), daughter of Philip Schuyler, sister of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton and Margarita Schuyler Van Rensselaer - Michael Cresap (1742–1775), frontiersman - James De Lancey (1703–1760), Colonial Governor of New York - John R. Fellows (1832–1896), U.S. representative - Robert Fulton (1765–1815), inventor of the first commercially successful steamboat - Albert Gallatin (1761–1849), U.S. congressman, Secretary of the Treasury, founder of New York University - Horatio Gates (1727–1806), Continental Army general during the American Revolution - James Gordon (1735–1783), 80th Regiment of Foot (Royal Edinburgh Volunteers) Lieutenant Colonel - Aaron Hackley, Jr. (1783–1868), U.S. representative - Alexander Hamilton (1755/57–1804), American revolutionary patriot and Founding Father; first U.S. Secretary of the Treasury, and a signer of the United States Constitution, husband of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton - Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton (1757–1854), co-founder and deputy director of New York's first private orphanage, now Graham Windham - Philip Hamilton (1782–1801), first son of Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton and Alexander Hamilton, grandson of U.S. General Philip Schuyler, nephew of Angelica Schuyler Church and Margarita Schuyler Van Rensselaer - John Sloss Hobart (1738–1805), U.S. senator - William Hogan (1792–1874), U.S. congressman - James Lawrence (1781–1813), naval hero during the War of 1812 - Francis Lewis (1713–1802), signer of the Declaration of Independence - Walter Livingston (1740–1797), delegate to the Continental Congress - Luther Martin (1744–1826), delegate to the Continental Congress - Charles McKnight (1750–1791), Continental Army surgeon - John Jordan Morgan (1770–1849), U.S. representative - Hercules Mulligan (1740–1825), spy during the American Revolution, friend of Alexander Hamilton - Thomas Jackson Oakley (1783–1857), U.S. representative - John Morin Scott (1730–1784), Continental Congress delegate, Revolutionary War general, first secretary of state of New York - George Templeton Strong (1820–1875), diarist, abolitionist, lawyer - Robert Swartwout (1779–1848), brigadier general, Quartermaster general of the War of 1812 - Silas Talbot (1750–1813), U.S. Navy commodore, second captain of the USS Constitution - John Watts (1749–1836), U.S. representative - Franklin Wharton (1767–1818), Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1804–1818 - Hugh Williamson (1735–1802), American politician, signer of the Constitution of the United States - John Peter Zenger (1697–1746), newspaper publisher whose libel trial helped establish the right to a free press In the northeast corner stands the Soldiers' Monument, with a plaque reading: "At a meeting of Citizens held at the City Hall of the City of New York June 8, 1852: It was resolved That the Erection of a becoming Monument with appropriate inscriptions by Trinity Church to the Memory of those great and good Men who died whilst in Captivity in the old Sugar House and were interred in Trinity Church Yard in this City will be an act gratifying not only to the attendants of this Meeting but to Every American Citizen." The claim those prisoners are buried in Trinity Churchyard is disputed by Charles I. Bushnell, who argued in 1863 that Trinity Church would not have accepted them because it supported Great Britain. Historian Edwin G. Burrows explains how the controversy related to a proposal to build a public street through the churchyard. ### Trinity Church Cemetery and Mausoleum (770 Riverside Drive) - Amsale Aberra (1954–2018), Ethiopian-American fashion designer and entrepreneur - Mercedes de Acosta (1893–1968), writer, socialite - Rita de Acosta Lydig (1876–1929), socialite - Caroline Webster Schermerhorn Astor (1830–1908), socialite, doyenne of Gilded Age New York society - John Jacob Astor (1763–1848) business magnate, progenitor of the Astor family of New York - John Jacob Astor III (1822–1890), financier and philanthropist - John Jacob Astor IV (1864–1912), millionaire killed in the sinking of the Titanic - John Jacob Astor VI (1912–1992), shipping magnate - William Backhouse Astor, Sr. (1792–1875), real estate businessman - William Backhouse Astor, Jr. (1829–1892), businessman and race horse breeder/owner - John James Audubon (1785–1851), ornithologist and naturalist - Will Barnet (1911–2012), artist - Estelle Bennett (1941–2009), member of the 1960s girl group The Ronettes - John Romeyn Brodhead (1814–1873) Historian of early colonial New York - John J. Cisco (1806–1884), Assistant Treasurer of the United States under presidents Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, and Abraham Lincoln - John Winthrop Chanler (1826–1877), United States Congressman - Robert Winthrop Chanler (1872–1930), muralist and designer - William Astor Chanler (1867–1934), United States Congressman - Cadwallader D. Colden (1769–1834), abolitionist (New York Manumission Society) (1806–1834); Mayor of New York City (1818–1821) - William Augustus Darling (1817–1895), United States Congressman - Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens (1845–1912), lecturer on the life of his father, Charles Dickens - John Adams Dix, (1798–1879) soldier, United States Senator, Secretary of the Treasury, Governor of New York, statesman - Ralph Ellison, (1914–1994), novelist, critic, and educator, author of Invisible Man - Henry Erben (1832–1909), rear admiral of the United States Navy, serving in the American Civil War and Spanish-American War - Herman D. Farrell Jr. (1932–2018), New York State Assembly member - Madeleine Talmage Force (1893–1940), socialite, Titanic survivor, second wife of John Jacob Astor IV - Bertram Goodhue (1869–1924), American architect and typeface designer, designed the Rockefeller Chapel at the University of Chicago - Cuba Gooding Sr. (1944–2017), singer and actor - Edward Haight (1817–1885), United States Congressman - Katherine Corri Harris (1890–1927), American silent film actor - Abraham Oakey Hall (1826–1898), Mayor of New York City - Anthony Philip Heinrich (1781–1861), American composer and founding chair of the New York Philharmonic Society - Geoffrey Lamont Holder (1930–2014), Trinidadian-American actor, dancer, and choreographer, principal actor for the Metropolitan Opera Ballet in New York City, portrayed Baron Samedi in Live and Let Die - David Hosack (1769–1835), physician, botanist, educator, tended to Alexander Hamilton's mortal wound - Charles C. Ingham (1797–1863), Irish-American portraitist - Eliza Jumel (1775–1865), second wife of Aaron Burr - Dita Hopkins Kinney (1855–1921), first superintendent of United States Army Nurse Corps (1901–1909) - Edward I. Koch (1924–2013), Mayor of New York City (1978–1989) - John Lewis (1920–2001), American jazz pianist and founder of the Modern Jazz Quartet - Robert O. Lowery (1916–2001), first African-American New York City Fire Commissioner (1966–1973) - George Malloy (1920–2008), pianist, accompanied Camilla Williams singing " The Star-Spangled Banner ", preceding Martin Luther King Jr. delivering his " I Have a Dream " speech, during the August 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom - Robert Bowne Minturn (1805–1866), prominent New York merchant, philanthropist; shipper owner of Flying Cloud - James Monroe (1799–1870), U.S. Congressman - Clement Clarke Moore (1779–1863), clergyman, attributed author of Christmas poem A Visit from St. Nicholas - Jerry Orbach (1935–2004), actor - Samuel B. Ruggles (1799–1881), politician, member of the New York State Assembly, donated land used to create Gramercy Park in New York City - Francis Shubael Smith (1819–1887), co-founder of Street & Smith publishing - Thomas Fielding Scott (1807–1867), first missionary Episcopal Bishop of Washington and Oregon - Samuel Seabury (1873–1958), New York City judge, not to be confused with the known rival of Alexander Hamilton - Frederick Clarke Withers (1828–1901), English-American architect in the High Victorian Gothic style - Fernando Wood (1812–1881), Mayor of New York City ### St. Paul's Chapel Churchyard (Broadway at Fulton Street) - George Frederick Cooke (1756–1812), actor - Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont (1636–1701), British colonial governor - John Holt (1721–1784), publisher - William Houstoun (1755–1813), Continental Congress delegate for whom Houston Street was named - Richard Montgomery (1738–1775) Major General in the Continental Army during the American Revolution - Stephen Rochefontaine (1755–1814), Continental Army officer during the American Revolution
Frans van Daele	# Frans van Daele ## Abstract Franciskus Romanus Rumoldus, Baron van Daele (born October 24, 1947, in Oostburg) is a Belgian diplomat who served as the private secretary of His Majesty's Cabinet. ## Early life and education Franciskus (Frans) van Daele has a master's degree in philosophy and arts (Romance philology) from the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. He speaks and writes Dutch, French, English, German and Italian. ## Career Van Daele joined the Belgian Foreign Service in 1971. His career has included several bilateral and multilateral assignments. After a first term at his country's Permanent Mission to the European Union (1973–77), he served in Athens as First Secretary (1977–81) and in Rome as Minister-Counselor (1986–89). Between these two postings he served a second time at Belgium's Permanent Mission to the EU (as Antici, i.e. Chief of Staff to the Ambassador) and then in 1984-86 as press spokesman of the Foreign Ministry under Minister Leo Tindemans. He was Deputy Permanent Representative of the Belgian Mission to the United Nations in New York between 1989 and 1993, and alternate Representative to the UN Security Council of which Belgium was a non-permanent member in 1991–92. When this tour of duty ended, he was appointed Director General for Political Affairs at the Belgian Foreign Ministry (1994–97). In that capacity he was a member of the Political Committee which ran the foreign policy agenda of the E.U. As his assignment covered not only Belgium's foreign and security policy but also the coordination of its EU policy, he led Belgium's interagency coordination for the negotiation of the Treaty of Amsterdam. Subsequently, from 1997 to 2002, van Daele was Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the European Union in Brussels. During this period, he was Belgium's negotiator for the Treaty of Nice. During Belgium's rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union (July - December 2001), he chaired the Committee of Permanent Representatives. He co-authored the Laeken Declaration which laid the ground for the Treaty of Lisbon. Moreover, during this period he was deeply involved in the negotiation of the many European measures taken to fight terrorism in the wake of 9/11 (European arrest warrant; common criminal law definition of terrorism and minimum sanction rules). Between 2002 and 2006, van Daele served as Belgium's Ambassador to the US, where he closely followed American political and economic developments under the first and the second George W. Bush administrations. After a term as Belgium's Permanent Representative to NATO (2007-2009), he became Chief of Staff to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Yves Leterme. In November 2009 he joined the President of the European Council, Herman Van Rompuy, as Chief of Staff. Between November 2009 and November 2012, van Daele was not only closely involved in economic, financial and monetary matters, related to the euro crisis, and as well in the relations between the EU and its strategic partners. He represented President Van Rompuy and President José Manuel Durao Barroso as their sherpa in preparing the G8 Summits in Muskoka (2010), in Deauville (2011), and in Camp David (2012), and as their deputy-sherpa for the G20 Summits in Toronto (2010), in Seoul (2010), in Cannes (2011), and in Los Cabos (2012). Under mandatory retirement rules, van Daele left his position as Chief of Staff of the President of the European Union. In 2013 upon the abdication of King Albert II of Belgium van Daele became the first chief of the royal private cabinet of King Philippe of Belgium. He succeeded Jacques van Ypersele and held the office from 2013 to 2017, when he was succeeded by Vincent Houssiau. Upon his retirement he was made a Minister of State. ## Other activities Throughout his career, Van Daele has kept up his strong interest both in history and in current economic and political problems. He often spoke in public about foreign policy questions, European integration and macro-economic/financial developments. He collaborated in several research projects dealing with contemporary Belgian and EU foreign policy. He gave occasional lectures at the universities of Brussels, Liège, Antwerp and Ghent, and he cooperated on a regular basis with his alma mater, the University of Leuven (post-graduate program in European Studies, and occasional lectures in the faculty of Law and Political Sciences) of which he presides the Alumni Association (Alumni Lovanienses) since 2008. He occasionally lectured at the Universities of Leiden and Maastricht, and at Stanford University. He has been invited as a Distinguished Fellow of Johns Hopkins’ SAIS In Washington and in 2013 he taught a special Seminar on the European Council at the College d’Europe both in Bruges and in Natolin. van Daele is a member of the Board of the University of Leuven, of the Board of the Chapelle musicale Reine Elisabeth, of the advisory board of the Friends of Europe and he is a member of the Fondation Jean Monnet (Lausanne). He is a board member of AECA. He sits on the Board of the Fondation Inbev – Baillet-Latour, and on the Board of the Arenberg Foundation. He is president of the Royal Association of Belgian Nobility. He was declared a noble lord in 2003, and in 2006 he and his descendants were given the title Baron(ess) van Daele. ## Honours - Belgium: Grand-croix in the Order of the Crown Grand officer in the Order of Leopold II. - Grand-croix in the Order of the Crown - Grand officer in the Order of Leopold II. - Greece: Grand officer in the Order of the Phoenix Grand officer in the Order of merit - Grand officer in the Order of the Phoenix - Grand officer in the Order of merit - Italy: Grand officer in the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic - Mexico: Commander of the Order of the Aztec Eagle.
Hugo Omar Seleme	# Hugo Omar Seleme ## Abstract Hugo Seleme (born 1968, Cordoba, Argentina) is an Argentinean political philosopher professor of Legal ethics and Jurisprudence at Cordoba National University, Argentina. He is researcher at CONICET (Argentinean National Council for Sciences and Technology), and visiting professor at Pompeu Fabra University) School of Law, Barcelona, Spain and Heidelberg Center for Latin America. He has been a visiting scholar at Ohio University and researcher collaborator at Princeton University Center for Human Values. He has also had visiting positions at Alcalá University and University of Chile. His work has focused on three primary lines of research: distributive justice, political legitimacy, and legal ethics. His view of justice is firmly rooted in Rawlsian egalitarian liberalism, emphasizing the importance of equality and fairness in the distribution of resources and opportunities within society. He believes that justice is not merely about the equitable allocation of goods but also about ensuring that societal structures uphold egalitarian principles. Regarding political legitimacy, he conceives it as a relationship of authorship, which is a fundamental precondition for the emergence of justice demands. This perspective underscores the notion that legitimate political institutions must be those that individuals can see as their own creations, reflecting their collective will and consent. It is through this lens of legitimacy that the principles of justice gain their force and applicability. Lastly, his conception of legal ethics is intricately linked to the demands of political legitimacy. He posits that the ethical obligations of legal practitioners are not isolated from the broader political context but are instead deeply embedded within it. Legal ethics, in his view, must be understood in relation to the overarching framework of legitimate political authority, ensuring that legal professionals uphold the principles that support and reinforce the legitimacy of the legal and political system. This integrated approach highlights the interconnectedness of justice, legitimacy, and ethical practice in the legal domain. ## Selected bibliography ### Books - Neutralidad y Justicia (2004) Barcelona: Marcial Pons. - Las Fronteras de la Justicia Distributiva (2011) Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales. - Puro Cristianismo (2018) Mexico: Coyoacán. - Inocencia, Legitimidad y Lealtad (2020) Buenos Aires: B de F. - Bitácora del Naufragio. En la Tormenta Neoliberal (2021) Córdoba: Brujas. - La Ética de los Abogados (2023) México: Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas. UNAM. ### Papers - Defending the Guilty: A Moral Justification, Ethical Perspectives - The Moral Irrelevance of Global and International Inequality, The Journal Jurisprudence - A Rawlsian Dual Duty of Assistance, Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence
Megastomia winfriedi	# Megastomia winfriedi ## Abstract Megastomia winfriedi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. ## Description The shell size varies between 1 mm and 2 mm. ## Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the Canaries and Madeira.
Music of Hong Kong	# Music of Hong Kong ## Abstract The Music of Hong Kong is an eclectic mixture of traditional and popular genres. Cantopop is one of the more prominent genres of music produced in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and the Hong Kong Sinfonietta regularly perform western classical music in the city. There is also a long tradition of Cantonese opera within Hong Kong. ## History In colonial Hong Kong, pipa was one of the instruments played by the Chinese, and was mainly used for ceremonial purposes. Western classical music was, on the other hand, the principal focus amongst British Hong Kongers with the Sino-British Orchestra being established in 1895. In the beginning of the 20th century, Western pop music became popular. Mandarin pop songs in the 1920s were called Si Doi Kuk (時代曲). They are considered the prototype of Chinese pop songs. In 1949 the People's Republic of China was established by the communist party. One of the first actions taken by the government was to denounce popular music as pornography. Beginning in the 1950s massive waves of immigrants fled from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Along with it was the Pathé Records (Hong Kong) record company, which ended up becoming one of the most significant popular record companies in Hong Kong. The Western music was popular since 1950s as the official language was English at that time. Also, listening to Western music showed a person's good taste. Cantopop was not popular in 1950s to 1960s since the production of Cantopop was shoddy. During the late 1960s and 1970s, Mandarin pop songs were getting more and more popular and became the mainstream of Hong Kong pop. In the 1970s, Hong Kong audiences wanted popular music in their own dialect, Cantonese. Also, a Cantonese song Tai siu yan yun (啼笑姻緣) became the first theme song of a TV drama. Cantopop was getting popular after that. Cantopop 's popularity increased sharply due to the improved status of the language and the large Cantonese Chinese population in the city.Traditional Chinese Huangmei opera, on the other hand, had peaked in the 1960s amongst the general Chinese population. ## Market As an "open economy", a vast variety of music is commercially available in Hong Kong. Most retail music stores in Hong Kong carry Cantopop, Mandopop, imported English language pop music, Japanese pop music and Korean pop music. Larger music stores, such as HMV in Hong Kong, stock a more extensive range which includes classical music, Cantonese opera in addition to the aforementioned genres. Like Japan, audio cassettes have never been big sellers in Hong Kong. ## Music ### Cantonese opera The art form is one of the first organised forms of entertainment in Hong Kong. The art form still exists today in its traditional format despite the changing trends in other industries. There is a debate about the origin(s) of Cantonese opera, but it is universally accepted that the predecessors of Cantonese opera originated from the northern part of China and slowly migrated to the southern province of Guangdong in late 13th century, during the late Southern Song Dynasty. Beginning in the 1950s, massive waves of immigrants fled Shanghai to destinations like North Point, boosting its fanbase. ### Naamyam Cantonese Naamyam (Chinese: 南音; Jyutping: naam4 jam1) is a unique narrative singing tradition in Cantonese dialect/language, different from Fujian Nan Yin. A singer would be engaged for a single performance or for regular performances over an extended period of time. Before the first half of the 20th century, naamyam sung by blind singers was a popular form of entertainment in Hong Kong and Canton. Common venues for performance included public places such as restaurants, teahouses, brothels, and opium dens, semi-public clubs and gathering places that catered to a particular trade or craft, such as butchers or rice merchants, and private households. ### Cantopop Prior to the development of popular music in the 1960s, Hong Kong's musical output was dominated by Cantonese opera and English pop. Prominent singers included Tang Kee-chan (鄧寄塵), Cheng Kuan-min (鄭君綿). The godfather of Cantopop Roman Tam (羅文) made significant strides in the industry. The youth began to gravitate towards Cantonese pop in the 70s. Around 1971, Sandra Lang (仙杜拉) was invited to sing the first Cantonese TV theme song, "The Yuanfen of a Wedding that Cries and Laughs" (啼笑姻緣). This song was the creation of the legendary songwriter Joseph Koo (顧嘉輝) and the songwriter Yip Siu-dak (葉紹德). The genre was launched to unprecedented levels with virtually every TV drama using localised cantopop songs. Other notable pioneers for cantopop were Sam Hui, Jenny Tseng, Liza Wang and Paula Tsui. In 1980s, the surge of Hong Kong pop wave expanded rapidly. The music scene was dominated by pop icons Leslie Cheung, Anita Mui, Alan Tam, and Danny Chan. The industry used Cantopop songs in TV dramas and movies, with some of the biggest soundtracks coming from films such as A Better Tomorrow. There were also many Cantopop songs that were adapted from Japanese music. While TV theme songs are still an important part of Hong Kong music, the arrival of the Four Heavenly Kings took Cantopop a stage higher. Today, Cantopop is the dominant form of music with strong associations to pop culture. Record companies have had a majority stake in the segment, and Hong Kong is considered the central hub of Cantopop in the world. ### Mandarin pop After the Communist takeover in mainland China in 1949, the Mandarin pop music and entertainment industry shifted to Hong Kong. Mandarin also dominated the language of cinematography until the emergence of Cantonese counterparts in the mid-1970s. Many singers from Taiwan came to Hong Kong creating a spectrum of Mandarin pop. The period ended in its height with Teresa Teng. Her songs were popular even in mainland China. One of the TV series that emulate the 60s/70s mandopop club scene in Hong Kong is the TVB series Glittering Days. ### English pop The term English pop in Hong Kong does not mean pop music from England, but western style pop songs sung in the English language. In the 1950s, popular music of Hong Kong was largely dominated by pop songs in the English language until the Cantopop 's emergence in the mid-1970s. Many well-known Cantopop singers of today, like Sam Hui and Alan Tam, began their early careers singing in English. Western culture at the time was specifically a mark of education and sophistication. Inspired and influenced by imported popular music from the West such as Elvis Presley, Johnny Mathis and The Beatles, Hong Kong artistes started to produce English language pop music in the 1960s. Today, imported pop music in English language remains popular in Hong Kong, second only to C-pop. Most Hong Kong artists now sing primarily in Cantonese and Mandarin and occasionally perform in English. Artists who produced substantial works in English include Chet Lam, The Pancakes, Ghost Style, etc. Jacky Cheung released an English album in 2000. Other artistes who have native fluency in English include Jackson Wang, Teresa Carpio, Janice Vidal, Jill Vidal, Karen Joy Morris, Fiona Sit, Edison Chen, etc. ### Classical music Western classical music has a strong presence in Hong Kong. Organisations such as The Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra, Hong Kong Sinfonietta and the Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra receives substantial annual funding from the Hong Kong Government and other major sponsors such as the Swire Group. The budget of Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra in 2002/2003 financial year was HK$86 million, of which 70% comes from The Hong Kong Government. Their production adds dynamics to the music culture. All primary and secondary school students in Hong Kong are required to take music class as part of their school curriculum. ### Electronic music Being a burgeoning genre in the music scene, Hong Kong’s history with electronic music is deep and complex. During the 70s and 80s, artists like Leslie Cheung and Anita Mui have experimented with fusion between disco music and Cantopop. In present day, underground electronic scenes and electronic music festivals such as Shi Fu Miz Festival and Creamfields Hong Kong plays an important role spreading electronic music culture in the city. Meanwhile, local electronic music musicians such as Zight and XTIE seek to collaborate with foreign artists, connecting and bridging Hong Kong's electronic music industry to the outside world. DJ King of C AllStar solo works are electronic music. EDM composers in 2020s: JNYBeatz, VAL and CK of STRAYZ, Claudia Koh. ### Festivals - Rockit Hong Kong Music Festival ### Music recording certification IFPI Hong Kong certifies music recordings in Hong Kong. Like some other Asian countries, the sales requirements of domestic products are higher than foreign products and certifications are usually based on sales. The sales requirements are 25,000 and 50,000 copies for gold and platinum, respectively, before 2006. It was lowered in 2006 and 2008, due to declining sales. The sales requirements are 20,000 and 40,000 copies for releases between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007. Currently, the requirements are 15,000 copies for Gold and 30,000 copies for Platinum. International repertoire requires only half of the Gold and Platinum awards from the domestic ones, same as classical music albums. (Before 2006, 15,000 and 25,000 copies for gold and platinum for foreign repertoire, respectively). ### National anthem Hong Kong has never had a separate national anthem to the country that controlled it; its current official national anthem is therefore that of China, March of the Volunteers. The song Glory to Hong Kong has been used by protestors as an unofficial national anthem. ## Platforms in 2020s ### Music Streaming Services KKBOX, MOOV, Spotify, Apple Music, JOOX and YouTube Music. KKBOX holds music award every year. ### Radios Commercial Radio Hong Kong, Metro Broadcast Corporation and RTHK. They reveal music charts every week and hold music awards every year. ### TV ViuTV has music show "Chill Club" and reveal music chart every Sunday. It holds "Chlll Club Awards" every year. TVB has music show "JSG" and reveal music chart every week. It holds "Solid Gold Best Ten Music Awards Presentation" every year. ### Music Videos YouTube, ViuTV 's "Chill Club 推介" (Chill Club Song Promotion): 30 minutes from Monday to Friday, TVB 's "無間音樂". ### Buying Music - Retail Stores: "CD Warehouse" has 12 shops in shopping malls. - Online Store (CD): YesAsia, CD Warehouse - Online (Audio): iTunes ### Paid Concert Online Streaming Mifashow, MakeALive ### Concert Venues - Indoor: Hong Kong Coliseum; AsiaWorld-Expo; Kowloonbay International Trade & Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre and Macpherson Stadium, Hong Kong - Outdoor: Central Harbourfront and West Kowloon Cultural District ### Social Media Sites Singers post their updates on Instagram, Facebook and YouTube.
Frosted tips	# Frosted tips ## Abstract Frosted tips refers to a hairstyle in which the hair is cut short and formed into short spikes with hair gel or hair spray. The hair is bleached such that the tips of each spike will be pale blond, usually in contrast to the wearer's main hair color. Frosted tips were prominent throughout the late 1990s and early 2000s. Notable people who wore frosted tips include Eddie Guerrero, Justin Berfield, Lance Bass, Steven Bradbury, Aaron Carter, Zac Efron, Guy Fieri, Joe Jonas, Mark McGrath, and Justin Timberlake. Other variants, such as inverted or "thawed" tips, where dark highlights are applied to the gelled ends of the person's hair that is otherwise heavily bleached, also exist. It is also common for no colouring to be applied at all, leaving the hair as a basic "short and spiky" cut.
Duluth Amphitheater	# Duluth Amphitheater ## Abstract The Duluth Amphitheater in Duluth, Minnesota was an indoor, artificial ice rink. The venue was one of the first two artificial rinks in Minnesota (the other being the Minneapolis Arena) and hosted a variety of games in the Duluth area. ## History In order to accommodate the increasingly large crowds that were attending ice hockey games, the Amphitheater was built in downtown Duluth. The building opened on December 4, 1924, and immediately saw capacity crowds for Duluth Hornets games. The venue served as the home for Hornets until 1933 when the franchise moved to Wichita, Kansas. In 1930, Duluth State Teachers College founded an ice hockey program and played two seasons at the Amphitheater before poor performance and the Great Depression forced its suspension. A second Hornets team called the arena home in 1934 but lasted just one season. The building saw no professional ice hockey games after 1934, but still served as the home for local amateur matches. In February 1939, during a benefit game for the Duluth Fire Department and Police Department, the roof collapsed due to heavy snow. Because the wooden roof had been audibly 'cracking' beforehand, the attendees were able to evacuate before the collapse and no serious injuries were reported. While there was an attempt to fix the roof, eventually the City of Duluth decided to raze the building and it was partially demolished in 1941. The town remained without an artificial rink until 1953 when the Duluth Curling and Skating Club was retrofitted.
Greater Antillean grackle	# Greater Antillean grackle ## Abstract The Greater Antillean grackle (Quiscalus niger) is a grackle found throughout the Greater Antilles, as well as smaller nearby islands. Like all Quiscalus grackles, it is a rather large, gregarious bird. It lives largely in heavily settled areas. ## Names It is known as the 'kling-kling' in Jamaica, 'chinchilín' in the Dominican Republic, as 'ching ching' in the Cayman Islands and as a 'chango' in Puerto Rico. Most local names seem to derive from onomatopoeiac descriptions of the bird's calls. ## Taxonomy The Irish physician, naturalist and collector Hans Sloane stayed in Jamaica between 1687 and 1689. During his visit, he collected specimens and made notes on the plants and animals. Based on these notes, the ornithologist John Ray published a short description of the Greater Antillean grackle in 1713, using the Latin name Monedula tota nigra but it was not until 1725, more than 35 years after his visit, that Sloane himself published a description of the grackle. He reported that it was common on the road between St. Jago de la Vega (Spanish Town) and Passage-Fort (Portmore). In 1775 the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon described the Greater Antillean grackle in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name Oriolus niger in his catalogue of the Planches Enluminées. Buffon's specimen was probably collected in the French colony of Saint-Domingue which occupied the western end of Hispaniola (what is now Haiti). In 1921 the American ornithologist James L. Peters restricted the type locality to Port-au-Prince in Haiti. The Greater Antillean grackle is now one of seven species placed in the genus Quiscalus (six extant and one extinct), that was introduced by the French ornithologist Louis Pierre Vieillot in 1816. The genus name is from the specific name Gracula quiscula coined by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus for the common grackle; the specific niger is Latin for "black". There are seven subspecies, each restricted to one island or island group. They differ in body size, bill size, and colour tone. - Q. n. niger – (Boddaert, 1783): the nominate subspecies, found on Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic) - Q. n. caribaeus – (Todd, 1916): found in western Cuba and on Isla de Juventud - Q. n. gundlachii – Cassin, 1867: found in central and eastern Cuba - Q. n. caymanensis – Cory, 1886: found on Grand Cayman Island - Q. n. bangsi – (Peters, JL, 1921): found on Little Cayman Island - Q. n. crassirostris – Swainson, 1838: found in Jamaica - Q. n. brachypterus – Cassin, 1867: found in Puerto Rico ## Description The 27 cm (11 in) -long male is glossy black with a large rudder-like tail; the 24 cm (9.4 in) -long female has a smaller tail and is similar in color, but less glossy than the male. The eye is yellow and is the only non-black body part.The Greater Antillean grackle is a generalist eater; it eats fruits, bread, plant matter, and both small vertebrates and invertebrates alike.
Geum urbanum	# Geum urbanum ## Abstract Geum urbanum, also known as wood avens, herb Bennet, colewort and St. Benedict's herb (Latin herba benedicta), is a perennial plant in the rose family (Rosaceae), which grows in shady places (such as woodland edges and near hedgerows) in the temperate regions of Eurasia and North America. ## Description A downy perennial herb with a short thick rhizome and thin wiry stems, usually reaching a height between 20 and 60 cm, wood avens blooms between May and August. However, the flowers can remain into the autumn and sometimes as late as December. The flowers are 1 – 2 cm in diameter, having five bright yellow petals clearly separated from a calyx divided into 5 large and 5 small segments. The hermaphrodite flowers, which are relatively small in relation to the size of the plant, are scented and are pollinated by bees. The fruiting head consists of many zigzag-shaped hairy achenes measuring 5 - 10 mm long. In fruit, the lower part of each style has a burr that can hook on to the fur of rabbits and other animals for dispersal. The leaves, which vary considerably in form depending on their position and local growth conditions, are pinnate, with 2 – 3 pairs of unequal lateral leaflets measuring 5 – 10 mm long, and one large terminal three-lobed leaflet that is cuneate to cordate at the base. The upper leaves on the stem are trifoliate, consisting of three long narrow leaflets, or undivided. The stipules, measuring 4 x 3 cm, are as wide as long. The rhizome is purple in cross section ## Distribution Geum urbanum is found throughout Europe (its areas are more scattered in southern Iberia and in Russia, and it is completely absent from northern Scandinavia, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Shetland, Malta, the Balearic and the Aegean islands). It also occurs in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, in Turkey and the Levant, the Caucasus and the Armenian Highlands, around the Alborz mountains in Iran, and less extensively in western Siberia and in the mountains of Central Asia up to the Western Himalayas. ## Etymology and taxonomy The common name avens is derived from the Latin Avencia, in turn from the medieval Latin avantia or avence. The other English name Herb Bennet is a corrupt translation of the old herbalist name Herba benedicta, meaning blessed herb. The generic name Geum originated from the Greek geno, a word meaning to yield a pleasant aroma in reference to the root’s strong clove-like smell when freshly dug up. The specific epithet urbanum means ‘of towns’. Geum urbanum hybridizes fairly regularly with Geum rivale (water avens), as they are closely related and cooccur. In fact, the phenomenon is so conspicuous that hybrids were once treated as a separate species named Geum intermedium Ehrh. It has been introduced in North America, where it forms natural hybrids with Geum canadense (= Geum × catlingii J.-P. Bernard & R. Gauthier). Both G. urbanum and its hybrids show hexaploidy, with chromosome number 2n = 42. ## Ecology G. urbanum is a common, typically lowland plant favouring dry semi-natural broadleaved woodland, scrub, hedgerows, and waysides on well-drained soils. It sometimes also grows in open disturbed habitats rich in soil nitrogen, occurring as a garden weed. It grows on mildly acidic to calcareous soils in the pH range 5.4 – 7.7. The plant has a moderate shade tolerance and is absent from open grassland communities where it appears unable to compete with other species It has short rhizomes that support production of flowering stems and potentially viable axillary buds for several years after the buds have been produced The plant is usually sparsely distributed in its habitat since new plants mostly originate from scattered propagules. Vegetative spread is relatively rare. Some of its basal rosette leaves are produced in October, overwinter in the vegetative state, remain green and are photosynthetically active during winter. G. urbanum occurs in a range of woodland and scrub communities, such as Fraxinus excelsior – Acer campestris – Mercurialis perennis – Glechoma hederacea subcommunity (W8) on base-rich soils and the F. excelsior – Sorbus aucuparia – M. perennis community (W9) in the cooler and wetter parts of Britain in the northwest. It occasionally occurs in Alnus glutinosa – Urtica dioica woodland (W6). It is widespread but local in Rubus fruticosus – Holcus lanatus scrub (W24). G. urbanum has been observed to be infected by various fungal pathogens, including downy mildew species in Peronospora, powdery mildew Sphaerotheca alchemillae, and Ramularia species, of which the latter causes the formation of pale spots on the leaves. ## In folklore In folklore, wood avens is credited with the power to drive away evil spirits, and worn as an amulet to protect against rabid dogs and venomous snakes. The Ortus Sanitatis, printed in 1491, states: 'Where the root is in the house, Satan can do nothing and flies from it, wherefore it is blessed before all other herbs, and if a man carries the root about him no venomous beast can harm him.' It was associated with Christianity because its leaves grew in threes and its petals in fives (reminiscent of, respectively, the Holy Trinity and the Five Wounds). Astrologically, it was said to be ruled by Jupiter. ## In herbal medicine and other uses Herbalists use wood avens to treat various diseases, but there is no evidence that it makes any difference. The roots contain the compound eugenol (which is also present in cloves), and are used as a spice in soups and also for flavouring ale. For example, the Augsburg Ale is said to owe its peculiar flavour to the addition of a small bag of avens inside each cask. The fresh root imparts a pleasant clove-like flavour to the liquor, preserves it from turning sour, and adds to its wholesome properties. A cordial against the plague was made by boiling the roots in wine. Gerard recommended a 'decoction made in wine against stomach ills and bites of venomous beasts'. Because of its digestive tonic properties, chewing of the root was also recommended for foul breath. ## Sources - Howard, Michael. Traditional Folk Remedies (Century, 1987), pp 99–100.
Howie Ferguson	# Howie Ferguson ## Abstract Howard Ferguson Jr. (August 5, 1930 – December 18, 2005) was an American professional football player. He played as a fullback and halfback for six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Green Bay Packers and one season in the American Football League (AFL) with the Los Angeles Chargers. He was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame. ## Biography Ferguson grew up in Louisiana, where he competed in football, basketball, baseball, and boxing at New Iberia High School. He enlisted in the Navy on Jan. 8, 1948 and served during the Korean War as a member of the frogman underwater demolition team. During the off-season he worked as an oil field worker in New Iberia. Although he never played college football, Ferguson was discovered while playing football for the Navy in California by a scout for the NFL's Los Angeles Rams. He had played football with the Navy League Amphibian Division and was an MVP, earning second-team All-Navy honors two years in a row.) After playing four years of service football, the Navy discharged Ferguson on Jan. 7, 1952, he signed with the Los Angeles Rams on June 11 and was waived on Sept. 19. The Rams signed him but he was released prior to the 1952 season and then was signed by the Green Bay Packers as a free agent in 1953. The 6'2", 210-pound Ferguson gained 2,120 yards rushing and 1,079 yards receiving with the Packers between 1953 and 1958. In 1955 Ferguson had over 1,000 yards combined rushing and receiving for the Packers, earning him a spot on the Pro Bowl roster as a fullback alongside Heisman Trophy winner and NFL Rookie of the Year Alan Ameche of the Baltimore Colts. Ferguson retired in 1959 after multiple injuries, but had a brief comeback in 1960 during the inaugural season of the Los Angeles Chargers of the American Football League (AFL). In 1974 Howard Ferguson was inducted into the Green Bay Packers Hall of Fame.
Australian Railroad Group	# Australian Railroad Group ## Abstract Australian Railroad Group (ARG) was an Australian rail freight operator. It began operations in Western Australia on 17 December 2000 following its purchase of the Westrail freight business. It was purchased by QR National in June 2006. The main commodities hauled by ARG included grain, mineral sands, alumina, bauxite, coal, woodchips, quartz, nickel and iron ore around Western Australia. In June 2011, it ceased trading as a separate brand, and became part of QR National. ## History In 2000, the Australian Railroad Group was formed as a 50/50 joint venture between United States rail operator Genesee & Wyoming Inc and Australian rural services company Wesfarmers, to bid for the freight operator Westrail which was being sold by the Western Australian state government. Genesee & Wyoming already had an Australian presence, having purchased the South Australian freight operations of Australian National in November 1997 and rebranded the operation Australia Southern Railroad. In October 2000, Australian Railroad Group were announced as the successful bidder for Westrail with operations commencing on 17 December 2000. Under the deal, 95 locomotives, 2,500 wagons, freight terminals and customer contracts were purchased with the infrastructure remaining in government ownership, and leased to ARG for 49 years. As part of the deal, the joint venture assumed ownership of Genesee & Wyoming's South Australian operation, Australian Southern Railroad. Initially, trains in Western Australia operated under the Australia Western Railroad name, with AWR logos being applied to locomotives in the orange, black and yellow of Genesee & Wyoming. With ARG's involvement with the Asia Pacific Transport Consortium building the Alice Springs to Darwin line, resulting in some locomotives operating construction trains on the line receiving Australia Northern Railroad logos, it was decided to rebrand all ANR, ASR and AWR operations under the Australian Railroad Group banner from August 2002. In June 2006, the joint venture was dissolved with Wesfarmers selling its 50% share in the South Australian operations back to Genesee & Wyoming. The above rail operation in Western Australia was sold to QR National and the below the rail WestNet Rail infrastructure business to Babcock & Brown. In June 2011, it ceased trading as a separate brand, and became part of QR National. ## Locomotive fleet With the introduction of the ARG name and corporate colours, ARG began a gradual process of standardising the locomotive classification based on horsepower, with a progressive (and still incomplete) renumbering. As of February 2006 new letter classes will be used in conjunction with the new horsepower based numbering system (The Z on the end of some class letters refers to locomotives fitted with ZTR). - 700 class (ex SAR 700 class) - 830 class (ex SAR 830 class) - DA/900 class (ex AN DA class) - CK/1000 class (ex AN CK class) - A class (ex WAGR A class) - DE/1300 class (ex BHP DE class) - AB/1500 class (ex WAGR AB class) - NJ/1600 class (ex CR NJ class) - GM/1800 class (ex CR GM class) - DA/DAZ/1900 class (ex WAGR DA class) - DC/2200 class (ex NSWGR 422 class) - DB/DBZ/2300 class (ex WAGR DB class) - D/2350 class (ex WAGR D class) - P/2500 class (ex WAGR P class) - CL/CLZ/3000 class (ex AN CLF/CLP classes) - L/LZ/3100 class (ex WAGR L class) - ALF/3200 class (ex AN ALF class) - S/3300 class (ex Westrail S class) - Q/4000 class (ex Westrail Q class) - AC/4300 class (new build UGL Rail C43aci) ## Western Australian facilities - Forrestfield Yard, Forrestfield, suburban Perth - Kwinana Yard, Kwinana - Avon Yard, Northam - West Merredin Yard, Merredin - Picton Yard, Bunbury - West Kalgoorlie Yard, Kalgoorlie - Narngulu Yard, Narngulu, Geraldton - Esperance Depot, Esperance - Wagin Depot, Wagin - Albany Depot, Albany - Collie Depot, Collie
Ed Baecht	# Ed Baecht ## Abstract Edward Joseph Baecht (May 15, 1907 – August 15, 1957) was a right-handed relief pitcher in Major League Baseball for the Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago Cubs, and St. Louis Browns. ## Biography Baecht was born in Paden, Oklahoma. Baecht made his Major League debut on April 24, 1926. He was the third-youngest man to appear in a Major League game that season, trailing only Rufus Meadows and Mel Ott. Baecht posted a 2–0 record and completed his only start in his rookie season, but made his mark primarily as a reliever, a role he fulfilled in 27 games. Despite an ERA of 6.11, Baecht was given a chance as a starter again in 1927. After allowing six runs in just eight innings of work and taking the loss, Baecht was returned to the minor leagues. He returned in 1928, pitching in nine games, again with a single starting appearance. His ERA remained high at 6.00, and Baecht was again returned to the minors for further seasoning. He would not return to the majors until 1931, this time as a member of the Chicago Cubs. There, he enjoyed his finest professional season, sporting a career-low ERA of 3.76 in 22 games, including a career-high six starts and two complete games. This did not translate to a lasting job in the majors, as Baecht made just one relief appearance in 1932, firing a scoreless inning. After another extended absence from the major leagues, Baecht reemerged in 1937 at age 30 with the St. Louis Browns after signing as a free agent on August 11. He appeared in just three games, allowing fifteen runs (nine earned) on thirteen hits, including three home runs. His ERA of 12.79 in 6 1 ⁄ 3 innings was a career worst. His September 3, 1937 appearance proved to be his last at baseball's highest level. ## Death Baecht died on August 15, 1957, in Grafton, Illinois, and is interred in Oak Grove Cemetery in Jerseyville, Illinois.
Radiation hormesis	# Radiation hormesis ## Abstract Radiation hormesis is the hypothesis that low doses of ionizing radiation (within the region of and just above natural background levels) are beneficial, stimulating the activation of repair mechanisms that protect against disease, that are not activated in absence of ionizing radiation. The reserve repair mechanisms are hypothesized to be sufficiently effective when stimulated as to not only cancel the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation but also inhibit disease not related to radiation exposure (see hormesis). It has been a mainstream concept since at least 2009. While the effects of high and acute doses of ionising radiation are easily observed and understood in humans (e.g. Japanese atomic bomb survivors), the effects of low-level radiation are very difficult to observe and highly controversial. This is because the baseline cancer rate is already very high and the risk of developing cancer fluctuates 40% because of individual life style and environmental effects, obscuring the subtle effects of low-level radiation. An acute effective dose of 100 millisieverts may increase cancer risk by ~0.8%. However, children are particularly sensitive to radioactivity, with childhood leukemias and other cancers increasing even within natural and man-made background radiation levels (under 4 mSv cumulative with 1 mSv being an average annual dose from terrestrial and cosmic radiation, excluding radon which primarily doses the lung). There is limited evidence that exposures around this dose level will cause negative subclinical health impacts to neural development. Students born in regions of higher Chernobyl fallout performed worse in secondary school, particularly in mathematics. "Damage is accentuated within families (i.e., siblings comparison) and among children born to parents with low education..." who often don't have the resources to overcome this additional health challenge. Hormesis remains largely unknown to the public. Government and regulatory bodies disagree on the existence of radiation hormesis and research points to the "severe problems and limitations" with the use of hormesis in general as the "principal dose-response default assumption in a risk assessment process charged withensuring public health protection." Quoting results from a literature database research, the Académie des Sciences – Académie nationale de Médecine (French Academy of Sciences – National Academy of Medicine) stated in their 2005 report concerning the effects of low-level radiation that many laboratory studies have observed radiation hormesis. However, they cautioned that it is not yet known if radiation hormesis occurs outside the laboratory, or in humans. Reports by the United States National Research Council and the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) argue that there is no evidence for hormesis in humans and in the case of the National Research Council hormesis is outright rejected as a possibility. Therefore, estimating linear no-threshold model (LNT) continues to be the model generally used by regulatory agencies for human radiation exposure. ## Proposed mechanism and ongoing debate Radiation hormesis proposes that radiation exposure comparable to and just above the natural background level of radiation is not harmful but beneficial, while accepting that much higher levels of radiation are hazardous. Proponents of radiation hormesis typically claim that radio-protective responses in cells and the immune system not only counter the harmful effects of radiation but additionally act to inhibit spontaneous cancer not related to radiation exposure. Radiation hormesis stands in stark contrast to the more generally accepted linear no-threshold model (LNT), which states that the radiation dose-risk relationship is linear across all doses, so that small doses are still damaging, albeit less so than higher ones. Opinion pieces on chemical and radiobiological hormesis appeared in the journals Nature and Science in 2003. Assessing the risk of radiation at low doses (<100 mSv) and low dose rates (<0.1 mSv.min) is highly problematic and controversial. While epidemiological studies on populations of people exposed to an acute dose of high level radiation such as Japanese atomic bomb survivors (hibakusha (被爆者)) have robustly upheld the LNT (mean dose ~210 mSv), studies involving low doses and low dose rates have failed to detect any increased cancer rate. This is because the baseline cancer rate is already very high (~42 of 100 people will be diagnosed in their lifetime) and it fluctuates ~40% because of lifestyle and environmental effects, obscuring the subtle effects of low level radiation. Epidemiological studies may be capable of detecting elevated cancer rates as low as 1.2 to 1.3 i.e. 20% to 30% increase. But for low doses (1–100 mSv) the predicted elevated risks are only 1.001 to 1.04 and excess cancer cases, if present, cannot be detected due to confounding factors, errors and biases. In particular, variations in smoking prevalence or even accuracy in reporting smoking cause wide variation in excess cancer and measurement error bias. Thus, even a large study of many thousands of subjects with imperfect smoking prevalence information will fail to detect the effects of low level radiation than a smaller study that properly compensates for smoking prevalence. Given the absence of direct epidemiological evidence, there is considerable debate as to whether the dose-response relationship <100 mSv is supralinear, linear (LNT), has a threshold, is sub-linear, or whether the coefficient is negative with a sign change, i.e. a hormetic response. The radiation adaptive response seems to be a main origin of the potential hormetic effect. The theoretical studies indicate that the adaptive response is responsible for the shape of dose-response curve and can transform the linear relationship (LNT) into the hormetic one. While most major consensus reports and government bodies currently adhere to LNT, the 2005 French Academy of Sciences - National Academy of Medicine 's report concerning the effects of low-level radiation rejected LNT as a scientific model of carcinogenic risk at low doses. Using LNT to estimate the carcinogenic effect at doses of less than 20 mSv is not justified in the light of current radiobiologic knowledge. They consider there to be several dose-effect relationships rather than only one, and that these relationships have many variables such as target tissue, radiation dose, dose rate and individual sensitivity factors. They request that further study is required on low doses (less than 100 mSv) and very low doses (less than 10 mSv) as well as the impact of tissue type and age. The Academy considers the LNT model is only useful for regulatory purposes as it simplifies the administrative task. Quoting results from literature research, they furthermore claim that approximately 40% of laboratory studies on cell cultures and animals indicate some degree of chemical or radiobiological hormesis, and state: ...its existence in the laboratory is beyond question and its mechanism of action appears well understood. They go on to outline a growing body of research that illustrates that the human body is not a passive accumulator of radiation damage but it actively repairs the damage caused via a number of different processes, including: - Mechanisms that mitigate reactive oxygen species generated by ionizing radiation and oxidative stress. - Apoptosis of radiation damaged cells that may undergo tumorigenesis is initiated at only few mSv. - Cell death during meiosis of radiation damaged cells that were unsuccessfully repaired. - The existence of a cellular signaling system that alerts neighboring cells of cellular damage. - The activation of enzymatic DNA repair mechanisms around 10 mSv. - Modern DNA microarray studies which show that numerous genes are activated at radiation doses well below the level that mutagenesis is detected. - Radiation -induced tumorigenesis may have a threshold related to damage density, as revealed by experiments that employ blocking grids to thinly distribute radiation. - A large increase in tumours in immunosuppressed individuals illustrates that the immune system efficiently destroys aberrant cells and nascent tumors. Furthermore, increased sensitivity to radiation induced cancer in the inherited condition Ataxia-telangiectasia like disorder, illustrates the damaging effects of loss of the repair gene Mre11h resulting in the inability to fix DNA double-strand breaks. The BEIR-VII report argued that, "the presence of a true dose threshold demands totally error-free DNA damage response and repair." The specific damage they worry about is double strand breaks (DSBs) and they continue, "error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) repair in postirradiation cellular response, argues strongly against a DNA repair-mediated low-dose threshold for cancer initiation". Recent research observed that DSBs caused by CAT scans are repaired within 24 hours and DSBs may be more efficiently repaired at low doses, suggesting that the risk of ionizing radiation at low doses may not be directly proportional to the dose. However, it is not known if low-dose ionizing radiation stimulates the repair of DSBs not caused by ionizing radiation i.e. a hormetic response. Radon gas in homes is the largest source of radiation dose for most individuals and it is generally advised that the concentration be kept below 150 Bq/m³ (4 pCi/L). A recent retrospective case-control study of lung cancer risk showed substantial cancer rate reduction between 50 and 123 Bq per cubic meter relative to a group at zero to 25 Bq per cubic meter. This study is cited as evidence for hormesis, but a single study all by itself cannot be regarded as definitive. Other studies into the effects of domestic radon exposure have not reported a hormetic effect; including for example the respected "Iowa Radon Lung Cancer Study" of Field et al. (2000), which also used sophisticated radon exposure dosimetry. In addition, Darby et al. (2005) argue that radon exposure is negatively correlated with the tendency to smoke and environmental studies need to accurately control for this; people living in urban areas where smoking rates are higher usually have lower levels of radon exposure due to the increased prevalence of multi-story dwellings. When doing so, they found a significant increase in lung cancer amongst smokers exposed to radon at doses as low as 100 to 199 Bq m and warned that smoking greatly increases the risk posed by radon exposure i.e. reducing the prevalence of smoking would decrease deaths caused by radon. However, the discussion about the opposite experimental results is still going on, especially the popular US and German studies have found some hormetic effects. Furthermore, particle microbeam studies show that passage of even a single alpha particle (e.g. from radon and its progeny) through cell nuclei is highly mutagenic, and that alpha radiation may have a higher mutagenic effect at low doses (even if a small fraction of cells are hit by alpha particles) than predicted by linear no-threshold model, a phenomenon attributed to bystander effect. However, there is currently insufficient evidence at hand to suggest that the bystander effect promotes carcinogenesis in humans at low doses. ## Statements by leading nuclear bodies Radiation hormesis has not been accepted by either the United States National Research Council, or the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). In May 2018, the NCRP published the report of an interdisciplinary group of radiation experts who critically reviewed 29 high-quality epidemiologic studies of populations exposed to radiation in the low dose and low dose-rate range, mostly published within the last 10 years. The group of experts concluded: The recent epidemiologic studies support the continued use of the LNT model for radiation protection. This is in accord with judgments by other national and international scientific committees, based on somewhat older data, that no alternative dose-response relationship appears more pragmatic or prudent for radiation protection purposes than the LNT model. In addition, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) wrote in its 2000 report: Until the uncertainties on low-dose response are resolved, the Committee believes that an increase in the risk of tumour induction proportionate to the radiation dose is consistent with developing knowledge and that it remains, accordingly, the most scientifically defensible approximation of low-dose response. However, a strictly linear dose response should not be expected in all circumstances. This is a reference to the fact that very low doses of radiation have only marginal impacts on individual health outcomes. It is therefore difficult to detect the 'signal' of decreased or increased morbidity and mortality due to low-level radiation exposure in the 'noise' of other effects. The notion of radiation hormesis has been rejected by the National Research Council's (part of the National Academy of Sciences) 16-year-long study on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. "The scientific research base shows that there is no threshold of exposure below which low levels of ionizing radiation can be demonstrated to be harmless or beneficial. The health risks – particularly the development of solid cancers in organs – rise proportionally with exposure" says Richard R. Monson, associate dean for professional education and professor of epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston. The possibility that low doses of radiation may have beneficial effects (a phenomenon often referred to as "hormesis") has been the subject of considerable debate. Evidence for hormetic effects was reviewed, with emphasis on material published since the 1990 BEIR V study on the health effects of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. Although examples of apparent stimulatory or protective effects can be found in cellular and animal biology, the preponderance of available experimental information does not support the contention that low levels of ionizing radiation have a beneficial effect. The mechanism of any such possible effect remains obscure. At this time, the assumption that any stimulatory hormetic effects from low doses of ionizing radiation will have a significant health benefit to humans that exceeds potential detrimental effects from radiation exposure at the same dose is unwarranted. ## Studies of low-level radiation ### Cancer rates and very high natural background gamma radiation at Kerala, India Kerala's monazite sand (containing a third of the world's economically recoverable reserves of radioactive thorium) emits about 8 micro sieverts per hour of gamma radiation, 80 times the dose rate equivalent in London, but a decade-long study of 69,985 residents published in Health Physics in 2009 "showed no excess cancer risk from exposure to terrestrial gamma radiation. The excess relative risk of cancer excluding leukemia was estimated to be −0.13 per Gy (95% CI: −0.58, 0.46)", indicating no statistically significant positive or negative relationship between background radiation levels and cancer risk in this sample. ### Cultures Studies in cell cultures can be useful for finding mechanisms for biological processes, but they also can be criticized for not effectively capturing the whole of the living organism. A study by E. I. Azzam suggested that pre-exposure to radiation causes cells to turn on protection mechanisms. A different study by de Toledo and collaborators has shown that irradiation with gamma rays increases the concentration of glutathione, an antioxidant found in cells. In 2011, an in vitro study led by S. V. Costes showed in time-lapse images a strongly non-linear response of certain cellular repair mechanisms called radiation-induced foci (RIF). The study found that low doses of radiation prompted higher rates of RIF formation than high doses, and that after low-dose exposure RIF continued to form after the radiation had ended. Measured rates of RIF formation were 15 RIF/ Gy at 2 Gy, and 64 RIF/Gy at 0.1 Gy. These results suggest that low dose levels of ionizing radiation may not increase cancer risk directly proportional to dose and thus contradict the linear-no-threshold standard model. Mina Bissell, a world-renowned breast-cancer researcher and collaborator in this study stated: "Our data show that at lower doses of ionizing radiation, DNA repair mechanisms work much better than at higher doses. This non-linear DNA damage response casts doubt on the general assumption that any amount of ionizing radiation is harmful and additive." ### Animals An early study on mice exposed to low dose of radiation daily (0.11 R per day) suggest that they may outlive control animals. A study by Otsuka and collaborators found hormesis in animals. Miyachi conducted a study on mice and found that a 200 mGy X-ray dose protects mice against both further X-ray exposure and ozone gas. In another rodent study, Sakai and collaborators found that (1 mGy/ h) gamma irradiation prevents the development of cancer (induced by chemical means, injection of methylcholanthrene). In a 2006 paper, a dose of 1 Gy was delivered to the cells (at constant rate from a radioactive source) over a series of lengths of time. These were between 8.77 and 87.7 hours, the abstract states for a dose delivered over 35 hours or more (low dose rate) no transformation of the cells occurred. Also for the 1 Gy dose delivered over 8.77 to 18.3 hours that the biological effect (neoplastic transformation) was about "1.5 times less than that measured at high dose rate in previous studies with a similar quality of radiation". Likewise it has been reported that fractionation of gamma irradiation reduces the likelihood of a neoplastic transformation. Pre-exposure to fast neutrons and gamma rays from Cs-137 is reported to increase the ability of a second dose to induce a neoplastic transformation. Caution must be used in interpreting these results, as it noted in the BEIR VII report, these pre-doses can also increase cancer risk: In chronic low-dose experiments with dogs (75 mGy/d for the duration of life), vital hematopoietic progenitors showed increased radioresistance along with renewed proliferative capacity (Seed and Kaspar 1992). Under the same conditions, a subset of animals showed an increased repair capacity as judged by the unscheduled DNA synthesis assay (Seed and Meyers 1993). Although one might interpret these observations as an adaptive effect at the cellular level, the exposed animal population experienced a high incidence of myeloid leukemia and related myeloproliferative disorders. The authors concluded that "the acquisition of radioresistance and associated repair functions under the strong selective and mutagenic pressure of chronic radiation is tied temporally and causally to leukemogenic transformation by the radiation exposure" (Seed and Kaspar 1992). However, 75 mGy/d cannot be accurately described as a low dose rate – it is equivalent to over 27 sieverts per year. The same study on dogs showed no increase in cancer nor reduction in life expectancy for dogs irradiated at 3 mGy/d. ### Humans #### Effects of slightly increased radiation level In long-term study of Chernobyl disaster liquidators was found that: "During current research paradoxically longer telomeres were found among persons, who have received heavier long-term irradiation." and "Mortality due to oncologic diseases was lower than in general population in all age groups that may reflect efficient health care of this group." Though in conclusion interim results were ignored and conclusion followed LNT hypothesis: "The signs of premature aging were found in Chernobyl disaster clean-up workers; moreover, aging process developed in heavier form and at younger age in humans, who underwent greater exposure to ionizing radiation." #### Effects of sunlight exposure In an Australian study which analyzed the association between solar UV exposure and DNA damage, the results indicated that although the frequency of cells with chromosome breakage increased with increasing sun exposure, the misrepair of DNA strand breaks decreased as sun exposure was heightened. #### Effects of cobalt-60 exposure The health of the inhabitants of radioactive apartment buildings in Taiwan has received prominent attention. In 1982, more than 20,000 tons of steel was accidentally contaminated with cobalt-60, and much of this radioactive steel was used to build apartments and exposed thousands of Taiwanese to gamma radiation levels of up to >1000 times background (average 47.7 mSv, maximum 2360 mSv excess cumulative dose). The radioactive contamination was discovered in 1992. A seriously flawed 2004 study compared the building's younger residents with the much older general population of Taiwan and determined that the younger residents were less likely to have been diagnosed with cancer than older people; this was touted as evidence of a radiation hormesis effect. (Older people have much higher cancer rates even in the absence of excess radiation exposure.) In the years shortly after exposure, the total number cancer cases have been reported to be either lower than the society-wide average or slightly elevated. Leukaemia and thyroid cancer were substantially elevated. When a lower rate of "all cancers" was found, it was thought to be due to the exposed residents having a higher socioeconomic status, and thus overall healthier lifestyle. Additionally, Hwang, et al. cautioned in 2006 that leukaemia was the first cancer type found to be elevated amongst the survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings, so it could be decades before any increase in more common cancer types is seen. Besides the excess risks of leukaemia and thyroid cancer, a later publication notes various DNA anomalies and other health effects among the exposed population: There have been several reports concerning the radiation effects on the exposed population, including cytogenetic analysis that showed increased micronucleus frequencies in peripheral lymphocytes in the exposed population, increases in acentromeric and single or multiple centromeric cytogenetic damages, and higher frequencies of chromosomal translocations, rings and dicentrics. Other analyses have shown persistent depression of peripheral leucocytes and neutrophils, increased eosinophils, altered distributions of lymphocyte subpopulations, increased frequencies of lens opacities, delays in physical development among exposed children, increased risk of thyroid abnormalities, and late consequences in hematopoietic adaptation in children. People living in these buildings also experienced infertility. #### Radon therapy Intentional exposure to water and air containing increased amounts of radon is perceived as therapeutic, and "radon spas" can be found in United States, Czechia, Poland, Germany, Austria and other countries. ## Effects of no radiation Given the uncertain effects of low-level and very-low-level radiation, there is a pressing need for quality research in this area. An expert panel convened at the 2006 Ultra-Low-Level Radiation Effects Summit at Carlsbad, New Mexico, proposed the construction of an Ultra-Low-Level Radiation laboratory. The laboratory, if built, will investigate the effects of almost no radiation on laboratory animals and cell cultures, and it will compare these groups to control groups exposed to natural radiation levels. Precautions would be made, for example, to remove potassium-40 from the food of laboratory animals. The expert panel believes that the Ultra-Low-Level Radiation laboratory is the only experiment that can explore with authority and confidence the effects of low-level radiation; that it can confirm or discard the various radiobiological effects proposed at low radiation levels e.g. LNT, threshold and radiation hormesis. The first preliminary results of the effects of almost no-radiation on cell cultures was reported by two research groups in 2011 and 2012; researchers in the US studied cell cultures protected from radiation in a steel chamber 650 meters underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico and researchers in Europe proposed an experiment design to study the effects of almost no-radiation on mouse cells (pKZ1 transgenic chromosomal inversion assay), but did not carry out the experiment.
Pinchas Biberfeld	# Pinchas Biberfeld ## Abstract Pinchas Paul Biberfeld (31 October 1915 – 23 January 1999) was a rabbi in Germany and Israel. ## Childhood Rabbi Pinchas Paul Biberfeld was born on October 31, 1915, in Berlin. His father, Dr. Chaim Eduard Biberfeld (1864–1939), a famous rabbi and physician, was a co-founder of the Israelitische Krankenheim (Jewish hospital) in Berlin. ## Life Biberfeld completed his rabbinical studies at the Hildesheimer Rabbinical Seminary (Rabbiner Seminar für das Orthodoxe Judenthum) in Berlin where he received his smicha from Dr. Jechiel Weinberg. After his family was forced to leave Germany in 1939 Biberfeld immigrated to Palestine via Triest and Haifa. In the same year his father died after a longstanding illness. In Palestine he continued his studies at the yeshivas of Kol Torah and Hebron in Jerusalem, before marrying the daughter of Zvi Aryeh Twersky, Rebbe of Zlatipol-Chortkov. In the 1950s Rabbi Biberfeld founded the still functioning Kollel Zlatipol - Chortkov in Tel-Aviv, where he served as Rosh-Kollel for 30 years. Moreover he was a publisher of the rabbinic journal "Hane'eman", printing responsa of distinguished rabbinical scholars and his own novel insights. Rabbi Biberfeld also edited the Hebrew edition of his father's classical manual about the laws of the Sabbath ("Die Sabbath Vorschriften") under the Hebrew title "Menucho Nechauno", which has been reprinted several times. In 1984 Rabbi Biberfeld succeeded Rabbi Hans Isaak Grünewald in Munich. During the ten years as Chief Rabbi of Munich (Oberrabbiner der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde München) he influenced Jewish life in Germany profoundly, especially by redefining the rabbi's role as the foremost authority within the community. After a sudden deterioration of his health in 1998, he spent his last months with his son, Rabbi Chaim Michoel (Michael) Biberfeld - Rabbi of South Tottenham Synagogue as well as rabbi of the Chortkov Hassidic synagogue in Stamford Hill, London - where he died on January 23, 1999. He is buried at the Jewish cemetery on the Mount of Olives in Jerusalem. ## Publications A short list of Rabbi Biberfeld's writings in German: - Es führt ein mühsamer Weg ans Licht, Jüdische Zeitung, April 6, 1987 - Altes und neues Wunder, Jüdische Zeitung, April 1, 1988 - Eine Nacht, die anders ist, Jüdische Zeitung, April 9, 1990 - Die zehn Plagen, Münchner Jüdische Gemeindezeitung, Heft 22, March 29, 1993 ## Sources
Perseverance (Rainhill Trials)	# Perseverance (Rainhill Trials) ## Abstract Perseverance was an early steam locomotive that took part in the Rainhill trials. Built by John Reed Hill of London and Timothy Burstall of Leith; the name of the locomotive was taken from "Persevere", Leith's town motto. Perseverance was damaged on the way to the trials and Burstall spent the first five days trying to repair his locomotive. It ran on the sixth and final day of the trials but only achieved a speed of 6 mph (9.7 km/h). Burstall and Hill were awarded a consolation prize of £25. Burstall and Hill used roller bearings for the axles, an important step in locomotive development. The design, adapted from a road-going steam coach, incorporated 2 cylinders, a vertical boiler and weighed 2.9 tons.
Apostolic Pardon	# Apostolic Pardon ## Abstract In the Catholic Church, the Apostolic Pardon is an indulgence given for the remission of temporal punishment due to sin. The Apostolic Pardon is given by a priest, usually along with Viaticum (i.e. reception of Communion by a dying person, see Pastoral Care of the Sick, USA numbers 184, 187, 195, 201). It is not usually given as part of the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick. However, if the Anointing of the Sick is given with Viaticum, in exceptional circumstances or an emergency, it may be given then. (See Pastoral Care of the Sick, United States numbers 243, 265). According to the Church, a person who is properly disposed by being in the state of grace - i.e., the person has committed no known and unconfessed mortal sins - who receives the Apostolic Pardon gains the complete pardon of all temporal punishment due to sin that has already been forgiven by the reception of absolution and the doing of penance, i.e., a plenary indulgence. The Apostolic Pardon does not forgive sins by the act of absolution; it deals only with the punishment (purgation) due for those sins that have already been sacramentally forgiven. However, the Sacrament of Penance, or Reconciliation, which does forgive sins, is usually administered along with the Apostolic Pardon as a part of the Last Rites. The Church's ritual book on the Pastoral Care of the Sick uses the term "Apostolic Pardon" for what elsewhere, for instance in the Enchiridion Indulgentiarum, is called the " Apostolic Blessing with attached plenary indulgence". Priests are urged to impart it to the dying, but if a priest cannot be had, the Church grants a plenary indulgence, to be acquired at the moment of death, to any rightly disposed Christian who in life was accustomed to say some prayers, with the Church herself supplying the three conditions normally required for gaining a plenary indulgence (Confession, Communion and prayers for the Pope's intentions). ## Form The current form of the Apostolic Pardon usually takes one of two forms; - Latin: " Ego facultáte mihi ab Apostólica Sede tribúta, indulgéntiam plenáriam et remissiónem ómnium peccatórum tibi concédo, in nómine Patris, et Fílii, + et Spíritus Sancti. Amen " - English: "By the authority which the Apostolic See has given me, I grant you a full pardon and the remission of all your sins in the name of the Father, and of the Son, + and of the Holy Spirit." - Latin: " Per sancrosáncta humánæ reparatiónis mystéria, remíttat tibi omnípotens Deus omnes præséntis et futúræ vitæ pœnas, paradísi portas apériat et ad gáudia te sempitérna perdúcat. Amen. " - English: "Through the holy mysteries of our redemption, may almighty God release you from all punishments in this life and in the life to come. May He open to you the gates of paradise and welcome you to everlasting joy." The older form of the Apostolic Blessing is as follows: - Latin: " Ego facultate mihi ab Apostolica Sede tributa, indulgentiam plenariam et remissionem omnium peccatorum tibi concedo et benedico te. In nomine Patris, et Filii, + et Spirtus Sancti, Amen. " - English: "By the Faculty which the Apostolic See has given me, I grant you a plenary indulgence and the remission of all your sins, and I bless you. In the Name of the Father and the Son + and the Holy Spirit. Amen."
Eric Wiebes	# Eric Wiebes ## Abstract Eric Derk Wiebes (born 12 March 1963) is a Dutch politician who served as Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy in the Third Rutte cabinet since 26 October 2017 until 15 January 2021. He is a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). A management consultant by occupation, he worked for the Royal Dutch Shell from 1987 until 1989, the McKinsey & Company from 1990 until 1992 and for OC&C Strategy Consultants from 1993 until 2004. Wiebes then became a civil servant working for the Ministry of Economic Affairs from 2004 until 2010 when he was appointed as an alderman of Amsterdam serving from 19 May 2010 until 4 February 2014. After the resignation of Frans Weekers as State Secretary for Finance, Wiebes was nominated to succeed him and resigned as alderman. He took office in the Second Rutte cabinet; following the general election of 2017, he was asked to become Minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy. He resigned on 15 January 2021. ## Education and private career Wiebes was born in Delft on 12 March 1963 and grew up in Muiderberg. His father, a nuclear physicist, died when he was nine years old. He completed his vwo (secondary education) in nearby Bussum, graduating in 1981. He continued his studies the same year at Delft University of Technology studying mechanical engineering. In 1986 he obtained an engineer's degree, having specialized himself in policy functions concerning government. Wiebes then started working in the private sector, being employed at Shell from April 1987 to January 1990, McKinsey & Company from January 1990 to January 1993, and OC&C Strategy Consultants from January 1993 to April 2004. In 1991 he earned an MBA degree in business administration at INSEAD in Fontainebleau, France. From September 2004 until May 2010 he was employed at the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Until September 2007 he was director of Market mechanism, and the last three years he spent as deputy secretary-general. ## Politics ### Municipality of Amsterdam Wiebes discussed his future career together with Willibrord van Beek, at the time a member of the House of Representatives. Van Beek advised taking up a position as alderman. Wiebes declined two offers from smaller municipalities which he deemed not challenging enough. In 2010, the municipality of Amsterdam was searching for a new alderman from the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy. Eric van der Burg, the local party leader, asked Van Beek if he knew a candidate; Van Beek then advised choosing Wiebes. Prime Minister Mark Rutte put Wiebes name forward as well. Wiebes accepted the offer. As alderman in Amsterdam Wiebes dealt with problematic topics such as the municipal ICT, air quality, construction of the new Noord/Zuidlijn metro-line, and the local taxi-market. Wiebes served as alderman between 19 May 2010 and 4 February 2014. ### National government On 30 January 2014, Frans Weekers resigned as State Secretary of Finance. As successor to Weekers Wiebes was tasked with solving the problems at the Tax and Customs Administration. He entered office on 4 February. In May 2015, after an investigation of a committee of the European Parliament on a tax deal the Netherlands made with Starbucks, Wiebes stated that the Netherlands was not a tax haven. During his time in office the problems at the Tax and Customs Administration remained, with a departure scheme unexpectedly leading too many experied personnel leaving the organization. The modernization of the ICT also remained problematic. He was the only politician not to lose his position over the problems. On 26 October 2017, Wiebes was appointed Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Policy in the Third Rutte cabinet. During his term in office the extraction of natural gas in the Netherlands was stopped. However, there was criticism of his role in management of problems which were caused by the extraction of gas during decades. Peter de Waard, a journalist at de Volkskrant described Wiebes as a realist and pragmatist, but also as one who at times makes big statements too easily. ## Personal life Wiebes has two children. He is an atheist.
Perumytilus	# Perumytilus ## Abstract Perumytilus is a monotypic genus of bivalves belonging to the family Mytilidae. The only species is Perumytilus purpuratus. The species is found in Southern America.
Sara Haghighat-Joo	# Sara Haghighat-Joo ## Abstract Sara Haghighat-Joo (Persian: سارا حقیقتجو; born 17 June 1994) is a Canadian-Iranian-Sierra Leonean professional boxer who holds the WBA female light-flyweight World title (Regular version). As an amateur she was the first Sierra Leonean competitor to win a gold medal at the African Elite Boxing Championships. ## Amateur career Haghighat-Joo is a three-time Canadian amateur champion and has also won two Irish amateur titles. Having previously represented Canada on the international stage, she began boxing for Sierra Leone – qualifying through her grandparents – in 2020. She was selected to take part in the light-flyweight division at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England, but was disqualified before her quarter-final bout with Uganda's Teddy Nakimuli after failing to make the required 50kg weight limit by a mere 0.1kg, something she blamed on a discrepancy between the test scales and the official scales. In September 2022, Haghighat-Joo became the first Sierra Leonean to win a gold medal at the African Elite Boxing Championships when she defeated Algeria's Fatma Zohra Abdelkader in the bantamweight final in Maputo, Mozambique. ## Professional career After signing a promotional deal with Ontario-based United Promotions, she made her professional debut on 12 November 2022, securing a unanimous decision victory over Nayeli Verde at the CAA Centre in Brampton, Canada, in a fight streamed live on DAZN. In just her fourth pro-fight, Haghighat-Joo claimed the WBA female World light-flyweight title (Regular version) beating defending champion Guadalupe Bautista by unanimous decision in Toronto, Canada, on 27 April 2024. Her victory made her the fastest professional world champion in Canadian boxing history. ## Personal life Haghighat-Joo's parents emigrated to Canada from Iran. She is fluent in Persian and studied Human Kinetics at the University of British Columbia before transferring to the University of Guelph when she switched boxing training bases. Haghighat-Joo is married to her coach Stevie Bailey.
Ludovico Caracciolo	# Ludovico Caracciolo ## Abstract Ludovico Caracciolo (1761 in Rome – 1842) was an Italian landscapist and engraver. He became a protege of Elizabeth Foster, the second wife of William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, who moved to Rome after she was widowed in 1811. He published a full set of print reproductions after Claude Lorrain 's Liber Veritatis in Rome in 1815. His specialism was architectural drawings and panoramas of Rome, including an 1824 oil on canvas that is now in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum – he also adapted that work as a six-print aquatint in 1831.
Louis-Léger Vauthier	# Louis-Léger Vauthier ## Abstract Louis-Léger Vauthier (6 April 1815 – 5 October 1901) was a French engineer who designed bridges and roadways and was elected to the National Assembly of France in May 1849, as a member for the departement of Cher. Vauthier was born in Bergerac in the Dordogne department. Although deported for his revolutionary ideas, he became a civil engineer in Spain and then Switzerland before returning to Paris in 1861. He also spent several years in Recife, Brazil. He is known to have proposed an early idea for a "Chemin de fer circulaire intérieur" in 1865 - which would have formed an early Paris Metro. And again in 1872, 1886 and 1887 he put forward more ideas for an urban transit system in the capital. In cartography, he is also credited with one of the earliest (if not the first) thematic map to use contour lines to display a non-geographic variable on map--- a contour map of the population of Paris in 1874.
Daniel K. Daniel	# Daniel K. Daniel ## Abstract Daniel Kanayo Daniel (born 22 May 1986) is a Nigerian television and film actor, model, voice-over artiste and events compere. He is best known for his portrayal of Bossman in the movie A Soldier's Story, for which he won the 2016 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) and the Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) awards for Best Actor, as well as his roles in the period piece 76, which also starred Ramsey Nouah, Chidi Mokeme and Rita Dominic and the light-hearted Mummy Dearest alongside veteran Nigerian actress Liz Benson. He was one of two Nollywood actors inducted into the Academy of Motion Pictures and Science class of 2022. ## Early life Daniel Kanayo Daniel was born at the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Borno State, in Northeastern Nigeria on 22 May 1986. While Daniel was a toddler, his family relocated to Lagos State in Southwest Nigeria and then to Enugu State in the southeast region of Nigeria, where he began his formal education. Daniel is of Igbo descent and is a native of Nenwe in Ani-Nri Local Government Area of Enugu State. He was brought up in a Christian home. His father, Chris Daniel was an engineer and his mother Kande Daniel is a Broadcast Journalist and former National President of Nigeria Association of Women Journalists, and currently serves as the Special Adviser to the Nigerian Minister of Power on Media Matters. He is the first of four children, one of whom is Chris Daniel Jnr (Kris'D) a musician and performing artist. Daniel led the drama and debating club of his primary school, Command Children School. Almost always at the top of his class, he graduated into secondary school in 1996. He enrolled in Command Day Secondary School Enugu, and later transferred to Federal Government College Enugu in 1999 to complete his senior secondary education. Daniel had desired to train as a pilot, having had three role model fighter pilots in his family: his foster grandfather, former Chief of Air Staff, (Late) Air Marshal Ibrahim Alfa, and his three uncles – Squadron Leader John Chukwu, Air Vice-Marshal Chris Chukwu, and Shu'aibu Alfa (a civil pilot). Daniel's hopes were dashed when he was diagnosed with myopia (short sightedness) and was told it would be difficult to achieve his dream with poor eyesight. At this time his father moved to Port Harcourt, Rivers State in South-south Nigeria, while his mother moved to the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, on separate national assignments. He then got admission into the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State in 2004 to study Applied Biochemistry. In November 2004, Daniel's life changed for good as he lost his father in a ghastly auto crash and being the first child, he had to grow up quickly. In 2005 his family relocated to Abuja after his father’s death in Port Harcourt while his studies continued in Nnamdi Azikiwe University where he also started his modelling career. He graduated from the University in 2009 and managed his uncle’s business Twinkles Catering Service, the pioneer eatery in Gusau, Zamfara State for four months. ## Career Daniel started his modelling career while in school, doing a couple of Television commercials for Zandas Cosmetics. In 2009 when he returned to Abuja from the university, he took part in a few runway shows including the Abuja Moroccan Fashion Show. After one of the shows, Supermodel Steiner Eunice Opara, dragged a reluctant Daniel to a movie audition. The directors – Kabat Esosa Egbon and Tola Balogun were impressed by Daniel’s talent and gave him his very first acting job in the Television series All About Us. He then got cast for a BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) movie titled Sarah’s Choice, directed by Mak Kusare in which he starred alongside OC Ukeje, Seun Dada and Sylvia Oluchi. After the success of Sarah’s Choice, Daniel took on the role of the antagonist in the Amstel Malta Box Office produced movie, The Child, directed by Izu Ojukwu in which he starred alongside Joke Silva, Alex Usifo, Bukky Ajayi, and Wole Ojo. Afterwards he gained the lead role in the hit movie, Ladies' Men, directed by Afam Okereke, also starring Mercy Johnson, Funke Akindele, Queen Nwokoye, Ruth Kadiri, Alex Ekubo, Chigozie Atuanya. Daniel took a break from his newfound acting career in February 2010 to go for his National Youth Service, which is a mandatory requirement for Nigerian University graduates. He then worked with the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) in Abuja the Federal Capital Territory as part of his youth service. He returned to acting in 2011 at the end of his Youth Service program and starred in a plethora of movies including Under which was shot in Ghana, Ivie, Same Difference, Paint My Life, Tempest, Lions of 76, Jujuwood, Body of the King, Book of Magic, Matchmaker, Spirit Girl, Devil in Red, Girl, Mummy Dearest, Bambitious and others. He has also starred in a number of Television Series such as My Treasure, Spider and Car Hire. Daniel was also part of the cast in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) radio drama series – Story Story and Neighbor My Neighbor. ## Awards and recognitions In 2014, Daniel was nominated for the City People Awards, Best New Actor of the Year category, an award he went on to win. Daniel was also nominated for the Best of Nollywood Awards (BON), Revelation of the Year Category in 2014, which he won On 5 March 2016, Daniel won the Award for Best Actor in a (Drama) at the Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards (AMVCA) 2016 edition, for his role in the Nigerian war thriller A Soldier's Story. In the same year, Daniel also won the 12th Africa Movie Academy Awards award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for the same movie. In June 2022, he and Funke Akindele were the only Nollywood actors invited into the Academy of Motion Pictures and Science class of 2022. ## Filmography
Philasterides dicentrarchi	# Philasterides dicentrarchi ## Abstract Philasterides dicentrarchi is a marine protozoan ciliate that was first identified in 1995 after being isolated from infected European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) reared in France. The species was also identified as the causative agent of outbreaks of scuticociliatosis that occurred between summer 1999 and spring 2000 in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) cultivated in the Atlantic Ocean (Galicia, Northwest Spain). Infections caused by P. dicentrarchi have since been observed in turbot reared in both open flow and recirculating production systems. In addition, the ciliate has also been reported to cause infections in other flatfishes, such as the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea and the fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) in Peru, as well as in seadragons (Phyllopteryx taeniolatus and Phycodurus eques), seahorses (Hippocampus kuda and H. abdominalis), and several species of sharks in other parts of the world. ## Biology and pathology P. dicentrarchi is included within the subclass Scuticociliatia, which includes about 20 species of ciliates that are typically microphagous bacteriovores and generally abundant in eutrophic habitats in lakes and in coastal marine habitats. Some of these ciliates, characterized by possessing a scutica (a transient kinetosomal structure that is present during stomatogenesis), can behave as endoparasites and are capable of producing serious infections in a wide variety of vertebrates, especially fish, and invertebrates such as crustaceans and echinoderms. P. dicentrarchi is a microaerophilic scuticociliate that lives at the sea bottom, at or below the oxycline or on the monimolimnion, where it feeds on bacteria. However, when it encounters a host it can also behave as an opportunistic histiophagous parasite. Survival of the species inside the host and adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle are attributed to the existence of physiological adaptations at the level of mitochondrial metabolism. Such adaptations include the presence of a second terminal oxidase (which enables the ciliates to obtain energy and survive low levels of oxygen), antioxidant enzymes, inorganic pyrophosphatases (capable of producing energy by an ATP alternative pathway produced during oxidative metabolism) and the ability of the species to survive in hyposaline environments. Although the route of entry to the host is unknown, the findings of experimental infection studies suggest that the ciliate probably gains access through lesions in the gills and/or the skin. Infected fish show haemorrhagic ulcers on the skin (particularly around the operculum), abundant ascitic fluid in the abdominal cavity, uni- or bilateral exophthalmia, and systemic infection with the presence of ciliates in blood, gills, gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, kidneys and musculature. In the final phase of infection, ciliates reach the brain and cause softening and liquefaction of the tissue. ## Diagnosis Diagnosis of P. dicentrarchi in the sea bass and the turbot was initially based primarily on morphological characteristics associated with the oral apparatus and the number of kineties. However, it has been suggested that the combined use of morphological, biological, molecular and serological techniques is necessary for correct identification of the species. P. dicentrarchi was previously considered a junior synonym of Miamiensis avidus. However, recent physiological and molecular studies have shown that P. dicentrarchi and M. avidus strain Ma/2 -ATCC 50180™- are different species. ## Treatments No effective chemotherapeutic measures have been developed for controlling scuticociliatosis in the acute phase of the disease to date. However, the addition of disinfectants such as formalin, hydrogen peroxide and Jenoclean (a mixture of Atacama extract 97%-Zeolites- and citric acid 3%) to seawater has been demonstrated to kill the ciliates. Bath treatments consisting of a combination of benzalkonium chloride and bronopol have also proved to be effective in reducing fish mortality. Several compounds of well-known antiprotozoal activity, including niclosamide, oxyclozanide, bithionol sulfoxide, toltrazuril, N-(2 '-hydroxy-5 '-chloro-benzoyl) 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline, BP68, doxycycline hyclate, albendazole, carnidazole, pyrimethamine, hydrochloride quinacrine and quinine sulphate, are also active against P. dicentrarchi. Antimalarial drugs such as chloroquine and artemisinin also inhibit the in vitro growth of P. dicentrarchi. Other studies investigating the in vitro effects of several new synthetic compounds, including 2 naphthyridines, 2 pyridothienodiazines and 13 pyridothienotriazines, have demonstrated that all display parasiticide activity, and that pyridothienotriazine (12k) was the most active. In addition, several compounds of natural origin have also shown in vitro antiparasitic activity: the polyphenols mangiferin and (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), curcumin, resveratrol and the synthetic polyphenol propyl gallate. ## Prevention Vaccines containing trophozoites inactivated with formalin and prepared in oil adjuvants have been developed and have shown good protection against the homologous serotype. Several P. dicentrarchi serotypes have been described. However, the protection induced against heterologous isolates appears to be very low or non-existent. ## Research Research on Philasterides dicentrarchi, which includes aspects of cell biology, diagnostics, interactions with the host immune system, search for new treatments, development of vaccines or risk analysis, is being carried out under the EU funded Horizon2020 Project ParaFishControl.
ANM Nazrul Islam	# ANM Nazrul Islam ## Abstract ANM Nazrul Islam (1940–23 June 2020) (Bengali: অ ন ম নজরুল ইসলাম) is a Awami League politician in Bangladesh and the former Member of Parliament of Mymensingh-16. ## Career Islam was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1970. During Bangladesh Liberation war he worked as an aide to Syed Nazrul Islam of the Mujibnagar Government. He was elected to parliament from Mymensingh-16 as an Awami League candidate in 1973. ## Death Islam died on 23 June 2020 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Jamel K. Semper	# Jamel K. Semper ## Abstract Jamel Ken Semper (born 1981) is an American lawyer from New Jersey who has served as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey since 2023. He previously served as an assistant United States attorney in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey from 2018 to 2023. ## Education Semper received a Bachelor of Arts from Hampton University in 2003 and a Juris Doctor from Rutgers Law School in 2007. ## Career Semper served as a law clerk for Judge Harold Fullilove of the Essex County Superior Court from 2007 to 2008. From 2008 to 2013 he served as an assistant prosecutor in the Union County Prosecutor's Office and from 2013 to 2018 he served as an assistant prosecutor in the Essex County Prosecutor's Office. From 2018 to 2023, he served as an assistant United States attorney in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of New Jersey, where he served as deputy chief of the Office's Criminal Division. During his time as an Assistant U.S. Attorney, Semper headed the Organized Crimes and Gangs section. In 2021, Semper was one of seven candidates under consideration to be the United States attorney for the District of New Jersey. ### Notable cases Semper was the lead prosecutor in the case of Ali Muhammad Brown. Brown, a convert to Islam and jihadi, in 2018 was convicted of multiple murders that occurred in 2014 in Seattle, Washington, and West Orange, New Jersey. Semper's prosecution in this case was New Jersey's first under the state's domestic terrorism statute. ### Federal judicial service On September 6, 2023, President Joe Biden announced his intent to nominate Semper to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. On September 18, 2023, his nomination was sent to the Senate. President Biden nominated Semper to the seat vacated by Judge John Michael Vazquez, who resigned on September 8, 2023. On October 4, 2023, a hearing on his nomination was held before the Senate Judiciary Committee. On October 26, 2023, his nomination was reported out of committee by a 13–8 vote. On November 29, 2023, the United States Senate invoked cloture on his nomination by a 54–44 vote. Later that day, his nomination was confirmed by a 54–44 vote. He received his judicial commission on December 1, 2023.
Shiva Purana	# Shiva Purana ## Abstract The Shiva Purana is one of eighteen major texts of the Purana genre of Sanskrit texts in Hinduism, and part of the Shaivism literature corpus. It primarily revolves around the Hindu god Shiva and goddess Parvati, but references and reveres all gods. The Shiva Purana asserts that it once consisted of 100,000 verses set out in twelve Samhitas (Books); however, the Purana adds that it was abridged by Sage Vyasa before being taught to Romaharshana. The surviving manuscripts exist in many different versions and content, with one major version with seven books (traced to South India), another with six books, while the third version traced to the medieval Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent with no books but two large sections called Purva-Khanda (Previous Section) and Uttara-Khanda (Later Section). The two versions that include books, title some of the books same and others differently. The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, was likely a living text, which was routinely edited, recast and revised over a long period of time. The oldest manuscript of surviving texts was likely composed, estimates Klaus Klostermaier, around 10th- to 11th-century CE. Some chapters of currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed after the 14th-century. The Shiva Purana contains chapters with Shiva-centered cosmology, mythology, and relationship between gods, ethics, yoga, tirtha (pilgrimage) sites, bhakti, rivers and geography, and other topics. The text is an important source of historic information on different types and theology behind Shaivism in early 2nd-millennium CE. The oldest surviving chapters of the Shiva Purana have significant Advaita Vedanta philosophy, which is mixed in with theistic elements of bhakti. In the 19th and 20th century, the Vayu Purana was sometimes titled as Shiva Purana, and sometimes proposed as a part of the complete Shiva Purana. With the discovery of more manuscripts, modern scholarship considers the two texts as different, with Vayu Purana as the more older text composed sometime before the 2nd-century CE. Some scholars list it as a Mahapurana, while some state it is an Upapurana. ## Date The date and authors of Shiva Purana are unknown. No authentic data is available. Scholars such as Klostermaier as well as Hazra estimate that the oldest chapters in the surviving manuscript were likely composed around the 10- to 11th-centuries CE, which has not stood the test of carbon dating technology hence on that part we must rely on the text itself which tells when it was composed. Certain books and chapters in currently surviving Shiva Purana manuscripts were likely composed later, some after the 14th-century. The Shiva Purana, like other Puranas in Hindu literature, were routinely edited, recast and revised over the centuries. Hazra states that the Bombay manuscript published in the 19th-century is rarer, and is likely older than other versions published from eastern and southern India. ## Different manuscripts Shiva is atman (soul) A pathologist diagnoses correctly, and cures illness through medicines. Similarly, Shiva is called the physician of the world, by those who know the nature of the principles. Shiva is the great atman, because he is the atman of all, he is forever endowed with the great qualities, there is no greater atman than him. — Shiva Puran, Kailasa Samhita, chapter 9.17-22 (abridged, translator: JL Shastri) Several recensions of this text exist. The Bombay 1884 manuscript recension published by the Vangavasi Press, Calcutta in 1896 consists of six samhita s (sections): The second manuscript of Shiva Purana published in 1906, reprinted in 1965, by the Pandita Pustakalaya, Kashi consists of seven Samhita s: According to a passage found in the first chapters of Vidyesvara Samhita and Vayaviya Samhita of these recensions the original Shiva Purana comprised twelve Samhita s, which included five lost Samhita s: Vainayaka Samhita, Matr Samhita (or Matrpurana Samhita), Rudraikadasa Samhita, Sahasrakotirudra Samhita and Dharma Samhita (or Dharmapurana Samhita). The number of verses in these sections were as follows: - Vidyeshvara Samhita - 10,000 - Rudra Samhita - 8,000 - Vainayaka Samhita - 8,000 - Uma Samhita - 8,000 - Matri Samhita - 8,000 - Rudraikadasha Samhita - 13,000 - Kailasa Samhita - 6,000 - Shatarudra Samhita - 3,000 - Sahasrakotirudra Samhita - 11,000 - Kotirudra Samhita - 9,000 - Vayaviya Samhita - 4,000 - Dharma Samhita - 12,000 Several other Samhita s are also ascribed to the Siva Purana. These are the Isana Samhita, the Isvara Samhita, the Surya Samhita, the Tirthaksetramahatmya Samhita and the Manavi Samhita. Haraprasad Shastri mentioned in the Notices of Sanskrit MSS IV, pp. 220–3, Nos, 298–299 about another manuscript of the Siva Purana, which is divided into Two Khandas (Parts), the Purvakhanda and the Uttarakhanda. The Purvakhanda consists 3270 sloka s in 51 chapters written in Nagari script and the Uttarakhanda has 45 chapters written in Oriya script. It was preserved in Mahimprakash Brahmachari Matha in Puri. The Purvakhanda of this manuscript is same as the Sanatkumara Samhita of the Vangavasi Press Edition. ## Contents The Vidyesvara Samhita, also called Vighnesa Samhita or Vidyasara Samhita, appears in both editions, which is found in some other samhitas, and is dedicated to describing the greatness and the bhakti of Shiva, particularly through the icon of Linga. This section is also notable for mentioning both Shaiva Agamas and Tantric texts, but frequently quoting from the Vedas and asserting that the text is the essence of the Vedic teaching and the Vedanta. The chapters of this shared samhita in different versions of the Shiva Purana includes a description of India's geography and rivers from north and south India so often and evenly that Hazra states it is difficult to gauge if this part was composed in north or south India. The Jnanasamhita in one manuscript shares content with Rudrasamhita of the other manuscript, presents cosmology and history, and is notable for its discussion of saguna and nirguna Shiva. The text discusses goddesses and gods, dedicates parts of chapters praising Vishnu and Brahma, as well as those related to avatars such as Krishna. It asserts that one must begin with karma-yajna, thereon step by step with tapo-yajna, then self study, then regular meditation, ultimately to jnana-yajna and yoga to achieve sayujya (intimate union) with Shiva within. The text emphasizes bhakti and yoga, rather than bookish learning of the Vedas. The Shiva Purana dedicates chapters to Shaiva-Advaita philosophy, like Linga Purana and other Shaivism-related Puranas, advocating it as a system for moksha. The text also presents the Brahman as satcitananda theme, with masculine and feminine Shiva-Shakti as a unity, and perception of plurality-discrimination as a form of nescience. Love-Driven Devotionalism (Bhakti), asserts the text, leads to knowledge, and such love combined with knowledge leads to attracting saintly people and guru, and with them one attains liberation, states the Shiva Purana. These ideas, states Klaus Klostermaier, are similar to those found in Devi-related Puranas and Shakti Literature.
Dawn Penn	# Dawn Penn ## Abstract Dawn Penn (born 11 January 1952) is a Jamaican reggae singer. She first had a short career during the rocksteady era from 1967 to 1969, but she is most known for her single " You Don't Love Me (No, No, No) ", which became a worldwide hit in 1994. ## Career Penn's early recordings were composed and written by her around 1966 using session musicians. In 1967, she recorded the rocksteady single "You Don't Love Me", produced by Coxsone Dodd at Studio One. She also recorded "Why Did You Lie?" at Studio One, "Broke My Heart" for Bunny Lee, "I Let You Go Boy" and covers of " To Sir with Love " and " Here Comes the Sun ". Penn also recorded for singer and producer Prince Buster early in her career with songs like "Long Day, Short Night", "Blue Yes Blue" and "Here's the Key". By 1970, Penn had left the music industry and had moved to the Virgin Islands. However, she faced racism there, and in 1987, she returned to Jamaica and to music. In the summer of 1992, she was invited to appear on stage at a Studio One anniversary show, where she performed the song "You Don't Love Me" with Steely & Clevie as backing musicians. The performance was a success, and she returned to the recording studio to re-record the song for the tribute album Steely & Clevie Play Studio One Vintage. It was released as the single " You Don't Love Me (No, No, No) " over a year later, reaching the charts in the U.S. and Europe, hitting #1 in her native Jamaica, and making #3 in the UK Singles Chart. Penn's album No, No, No, was released on Big Beat Records in 1994. "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" has been sampled and covered by the artists Kano, Hexstatic, Jae Millz, 311, Ghostface Killah, Mims, Eve featuring Stephen Marley, and Damian Marley. Their versions were renamed as "No, No, No", except for Ghostface's, which was named "The Splash", and 311's "Omaha Stylee". Penn performed at the Drum in Birmingham, England, in April 2006, and, in the same year, she was on the bill at the Uppsala Reggae Festival in Sweden. In 2011, Penn released a music video for the song "City Life", directed by Antoine Dixon-Bellot. On 30 June 2013, Penn performed "You Don't Love Me (No, No, No)" at the BET Awards. In 2014, The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra released the single "Bangarang" featuring Penn on lead vocals, and she appeared in the official video to accompany the single. Penn joined the Ska Orchestra on stage to perform the track on Halloween night 2013, at The Jazz Café in London's Camden Town. Penn also appeared with Thompson and backing singer Darren Fordham on Jools Holland 's 2013/2014 Hootenanny and again at the Glastonbury Festival in 2014. Penn features on the track "Crocadillaz" alongside De La Soul on Gorillaz 's 2023 studio album Cracker Island. ## Discography ### Extended plays - EP (2011)
Taylor Shellfish Company	# Taylor Shellfish Company ## Abstract Taylor Shellfish Company is an American seafood company based in Shelton, Washington. It is the country's largest producer of aquaculture (farmed) shellfish and has locations across Western Washington. The Taylor family started raising Olympia oysters in the 1920s. In the current form, the company, privately held, was started in 1969 as Taylor United by brothers Edwin and Justin Taylor, grandsons of James Y. Waldrip, an early Washingtonian who came to Seattle to work rebuilding after the Great Seattle Fire of 1889 before moving south and founding the Olympia Oyster Company in the 1890s. Waldrip's company farmed the Olympia oyster found only in South Puget Sound. Justin Taylor, born 1921, the oldest oyster farmer on Puget Sound in the early 2000s, died in 2011. Taylor Shellfish harvests more than 2,000,000 pounds (910,000 kg) of clams annually as of the 2010s; 30% of the company's sales were in-shell oysters as of 2005. As of the late 1990s the company was one of the top ten employers in Mason County, Washington, and farmed oyster beds at their Oakland Bay headquarters and elsewhere around Hood Canal and Puget Sound including Totten Inlet (Oyster Bay), Eld Inlet, Samish Bay, Willapa Bay, and Whidbey Island. By 2010, the company had 480 employees and annual revenue over $50 million. The company has operated oyster bars under the Taylor Shellfish Farms brand since 2014. Three are in Seattle including Capitol Hill and Pioneer Square, one in Downtown Bellevue beginning late 2017; and there are farm stores on Chuckanut Drive in Skagit County, and in Shelton.
Poppy Cleall	# Poppy Cleall ## Abstract Poppy Georgia Cleall (born 12 June 1992) is an English rugby union player. She also plays for Saracens Women at club level. She is the 2021 Six Nations Player of the Year, England Player of the year and the leading all time Premiership try scorer. She was nominated for World Player of the Year in 2021. She has won 5 Grand Slams and 4 Premiership Titles with Saracens. ## International career Cleall made her England debut at the 2016 Women's Six Nations Championship. In 2017 she featured in every game of the 2017 Six Nations in which England won the Grand Slam. The same year, she was selected for the 2017 Women's Rugby World Cup team as an injury replacement; England reached the final of the tournament. The following year she again played for England's 2018 Six Nations team, switching between flanker, No. 8 and second row. Her Six Nations career continued in 2019 when she scored four tries for her country, representing in each of England's games. She was offered a professional contract with the England team in 2019, and played in the 2019 Super Series in San Diego that summer. Cleall scored a hat trick in England's 66-7 win over Wales in the 2020 Women's Six Nations Championship, and was named player of the match in England's opening game against Scotland. She was also named the Six Nations Player of the Championship. She captained England for the first time in a record win v New Zealand at Franklin’s Gardens. She went on to captain the side again in the 2022 Six Nations, for a game v Italy. England won the grand slam and Cleall won her fifth title. She was named in the England squad for the delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup held in New Zealand in October and November 2022. ## Club career Cleall signed for Bristol Ladies in 2010 and moved to Saracens Women from 2012 to 2016. She returned to Bristol for the 2016/17 season but rejoined Saracens in 2017, where she continues to play. During her time at Saracens, Cleall has achieved three back to back Women's Premiership titles. She was named Player of the Match in the 2019 final. She was named Player of the Match in the 21/22 season semis final as Saracens beat Quins. They won the title after defeating Exeter Chiefs in the final. ## Honours Awarded an Honorary doctorate of Arts from Bournemouth University for her work in women’s rugby and founded the Women’s Rugby Agency. 2021 - Six Nations Player of the Championship 2021 - Nominated for World Player of the Year 2021- England Player of the Year 2021- World Rugby Dream Team of the Year 2017 - Women's Rugby World Cup finalist ## Early life and education Cleall started playing rugby aged six; growing up, she played for Ellingham and Ringwood, Wimborne and Salisbury RFCs. Her twin sister, Bryony Cleall, also plays rugby for England and Saracens Women. In 2020, Cleall founded the Women's Rugby Agency to encourage more girls to join the sport. She also co-founded a tuck shop for the England team during the 2021 with teammate Hannah Botterman, providing door-to-door snacks to players as they trained and lived in a hotel for the latter 2020 Six Nations matches due to Coronavirus restrictions.
Midway Congregational Church	# Midway Congregational Church ## Abstract Midway Congregational Church is a historic church completed in 1792. Located beside U.S. Route 17 in Midway, Georgia, the church and its adjacent cemetery were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. They are part of the Midway Historic District. Annually in April, the Midway Society holds a service at the church, commemorating the town's 1752 settlement. The original, colonial -style 1756 church was destroyed by the British during the Revolutionary War. ## Cemetery Among the notable burials in the church's cemetery are Daniel Stewart and James Screven, generals in the Revolutionary War, and senator John Elliott. There is a monument honoring the duo in the center of the cemetery.
Bostan, Iran	# Bostan, Iran ## Abstract Bostan (Persian: بستان) is a city in, and the capital of, Bostan District of Dasht-e Azadegan County, Khuzestan province, Iran. It is approximately 10 miles from the Iran-Iraq border. It is mainly known for its battles during the Iran–Iraq War, the Operation Tariq al-Qods. ## Demographics ### Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 7,314 in 1,257 households. The following census in 2011 counted 7,258 people in 1,582 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 8,476 people in 2,101 households.
Sariyeh	# Sariyeh ## Abstract Sariyeh (Persian: ساريه) is a village in Howmeh-ye Sharqi Rural District of the Central District of Dasht-e Azadegan County, Khuzestan province, Iran. ## Demographics ### Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 2,483 in 453 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,634 people in 608 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 2,608 people in 625 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
South East Technological University	# South East Technological University ## Abstract South East Technological University (SETU; Irish: Ollscoil Teicneolaíochta an Oirdheiscirt) is a public technological university located in the South East region of Ireland. It was formed from the amalgamation of two existing institutes of technology in the region – Waterford IT and IT Carlow. Following years of discussions and planning, its formation was announced in November 2021 and was formally established on 1 May 2022. It is the only university in the South East of Ireland. ## Background In 2013 the Irish government signed off on a plan to set up the first technological universities (TU) in Ireland. One of these TUs was to combine Institute of Technology Carlow with Waterford Institute of Technology. Waterford Institute of Technology had opened in 1970 as a Regional Technical College and adopted its present name on 7 May 1997. It first made an unsuccessful application to become a university in 2006, under the Universities Act 1997. Similarly, a third level institute was founded in Carlow in 1970, under the name Regional Technical College Carlow, which adopted its Institute of Technology, Carlow title in the '90s. Although this TU proposal was strongly supported by the southern region's Regional Spatial and Economic Strategy, development was temporarily delayed in 2014. ### Timeline IT Carlow had been planning a joint application with Waterford IT for the formation of a Technological University for the South East region since the mid-2010s. A vision document, "Technological University for the South East" (TUSE) was published in 2015, and a memorandum of understanding was signed in 2017. In May 2018, a spokesperson for the Higher Education Authority (HEA) expressed a belief that a formal application will be made in Autumn 2018, with an approval expected in spring 2019. At the launch of TU Dublin in July 2018, the Taoiseach expressed regret that this TUSE bid had not progressed sufficiently following the Technological Universities Act 2018. The TUSEI bid was due to be submitted in September 2018. In November 2018 Dr. Patricia Mulcahy, President of IT Carlow described the goal for TUSEI as "a leading European technological university recognised for regional connectedness and global impact". Plans were being compiled in February 2019, and were awaiting financial clarification in May 2019. Staff of Carlow IT rejected the proposal in June 2019, and WIT staff rejected it in April 2021. In 2019 the Department of Education and Skills rejected requests to cover budget deficits in WIT. In July 2020, Minister for Further and Higher Education, Research, Innovation and Science, Simon Harris appointed Tom Boland, of the HEA to lead the TU merger bid. A formal application was lodged in May 2021. Finally, after an international review, the South East Technological University was established in May 2022. ## Campuses SETU is located in five towns in the South East of Ireland. The two largest centres are in Waterford and Carlow. In Waterford it has five sub-campuses while in Carlow it has three. There are also campuses in Wexford town, Rathnew, County Wicklow and Kilkenny. ## Research The university has concentrated research activity in certain dedicated areas in both Waterford and Carlow. In Waterford, the centres include: - Walton Institute for Information and Communication Systems Science - Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre - South Eastern Applied Materials Research Centre - Centre for Information Systems and Techno-culture - Eco-Information Research Centre - Nutrition Research Centre Ireland. In Carlow, there are five Centres of Research Excellence (CORE): - Bio-environmental Technology (enviroCORE) - Advanced Software and Networks (compuCORE) - Design Innovation (designCORE) - AdvancING Technology (engCORE) - Enhancing Professional Practice (SocialCORE) and two developing centres of research: - Men's health - Rehabilitative Sciences.
Light On	# Light On ## Abstract " Light On " is the first official single released from American Idol season 7 winner David Cook 's major label debut studio album, David Cook (2008). It was released through RCA Records on September 30, 2008. The song reached No. 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified Platinum by the RIAA. ## Song information "Light On" was co-written by Soundgarden and Audioslave front man Chris Cornell, as well as producer/songwriter Brian Howes. The song was produced by Grammy -winning producer Rob Cavallo, who has produced hits for Green Day and Kid Rock. The song also displays Cook's upper register, with the singer hitting a high C at the end of each verse. ## Release The song's lyrics were posted on Cook's official website on September 22, 2008. "Light On" officially debuted on AOL Music 's PopEater section on September 23, 2008. It became available for radio airplay later the same day, but officially went for adds on Mainstream Top 40, AC, and Rock radio on October 13, 2008. It was released via iTunes and Amazon on September 30, 2008. ## Reception Reception of "Light On" was generally positive to mixed. Billboard ' s Chuck Taylor said that "melodically, there's no question that this bullet is heading right for the brain, where the only thing stickier than the chorus is Cook's appreciably sweaty performance". He predicted success for Cook, stating "Like Chris Daughtry before him, here's an Idol who is bound for true rock cred", summing it up with "Light On" is right on." Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times predicted chart success by saying the song was "sure to be inescapable this holiday season". He called it "full-on, cellphone-waving arena rock schmaltz, with husky, slow-moving guitars and a wallop of meaninglessly earnest vocals". Michael Slezak of Entertainment Weekly said that Cook "is poised to be part of a balanced, mainstream rock diet alongside artists like 3 Doors Down, Nickelback, and Staind ". He also called the song catchy, saying, "After two listens, the 'Light On' chorus got caught in my head like butter in the crannies of an English muffin". Though unimpressed with the song's lyrics, claiming they "feel more like a logjam of carefully focus-grouped words than anything deeply meaningful", he concluded that "the bottom line is: 'Light On' is probably going to be a major hit". Ken Barnes of USA Today, however, was unimpressed with the single, despite being a fervent supporter of Cook on American Idol. Barnes called the song " Daughtry lite" as well as "a paint-by-numbers rock-ballad tune". Los Angeles Times writer, Ann Powers, also appeared unimpressed with the single, referring to it as a "banger in the worst sense of the word". ### Acclaims - Apr 21, 2010 - Honored at ASCAP's 27th Annual Pop Music Awards as Most Performed Song - May 18, 2010 - BMI Pop Awards, Award-Winning Song ## Music video The music video for "Light On" was shot on October 21 and 22 at the Los Angeles Valley College football stadium with Wayne Isham as the director. The video was debuted on November 3 shortly after midnight. The video is a performance video of Cook and his band singing on a stage in the football stadium, and also features a plot of a teenage boy working at a diner. A teenage girl, portrayed by Mika Boorem, walks into the diner and he watches her, becoming jealous when her boyfriend comes to the diner. Near the end, the girl fights with her boyfriend in his car, after he hit on some girls at the diner before her eyes, and gets out of the car, but he drives away and leaves her stranded there, late at night. The boy from the diner shows up on his bike and gives her a ride home on the handlebars of the bike. ## Chart performance "Light On" sold 109,000 digital downloads in its first week of availability, leading to a number seventeen debut on the Billboard Hot 100. It is Cook's second top twenty hit on the chart and second top forty hit. On February 1, 2009, "Light On" reached number twenty on Mainstream Top 40 radio, becoming Cook's first top twenty hit in that format. It has become his second, consecutive top ten hit on the Adult Top 40, reaching number four. It has sold more than 1 million downloads in the U.S. to date. The single would later receive its RIAA Gold and Platinum certifications on January 20, 2010. In Canada, it debuted at number 61 on the Canadian Hot 100 based on downloads, but then fell off the chart the next week. A few weeks later it made a re-entry on the chart, finally peaking at number 27. ## Charts and certifications
Pyrgulina casta	# Pyrgulina casta ## Abstract Pyrgulina casta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies. ## Distribution - Marine
Maisonneuve Park	# Maisonneuve Park ## Abstract Maisonneuve Park is an urban park in the Rosemont–La Petite-Patrie borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is considered to be one of Montreal 's large parks. Established in 1910, it is 80 hectares (200 acres) in size, in three sections. The primary section is a public space that is bordered by the Montreal Botanical Garden on the west, Rosemont Street to the north, Viau Street to the east, and Sherbrooke Street East to the south. The other two sections, east of Viau Street, are a nine-hole public golf course and a community garden. Originally the primary section contained an 18-hole golf course which was reduced to 9 holes in the mid-1970s in order to construct the Montreal Olympic Park. It is named in honour of Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve, founder of Montreal. The park is a unique place where people enjoy walking day or night, bicycling on its bike trail which runs all the way around the park. The center of the park is a calm area where people enjoy picnics and tranquility and is very popular among young people and families. The loop section of the bicycle path is 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) long. This does not include the path outside the fenced area, along Sherbrooke Street. It has been the site for Montreal 's annual Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day concert on June 24, but in 2015 the festivities were held in the Place des Festivals instead.
Concrete Blonde	# Concrete Blonde ## Abstract Concrete Blonde was an American rock band from Hollywood, California. They were initially active from 1982 to 1994, and reunited twice: first from 2001 to 2004, and again from 2010 to 2012. They were best known for their album Bloodletting (1990), its top 20 single " Joey ", and Johnette Napolitano 's distinctive vocal style. ## Career Singer-songwriter/bassist Johnette Napolitano first formed a group with former Sparks bassist James Mankey on guitar in Los Angeles, in 1982. Their first recording was the song "Heart Attack", released under the band name Dreamers on the compilation album, The D.I.Y. Album (1982). The track was co-produced by James and his brother Earle Mankey, who also programmed the drums. Joined by drummer Michael Murphy, they became Dream 6, releasing an eponymous extended play in on the independent label "Happy Hermit" in 1983 (released in France in 1985 by Madrigal). When they signed with I.R.S. Records in 1986, their label-mate Michael Stipe suggested the name Concrete Blonde, describing the contrast between their hard rock music and introspective lyrics. They were joined by drummer Harry Rushakoff on their eponymous debut album. Their first release was Concrete Blonde (1986), which included their debut single " Still in Hollywood ". They added a full time bass guitarist, Alan Bloch, for their album Free (1989). This allowed Napolitano to focus on her singing without the burden of playing the bass at the same time. This album included the college radio hit " God Is a Bullet ". Their third album, Bloodletting (1990), became their most commercially successful, reaching #4 in Canada, #8 in Australia, #49 in the United States and was certified Gold in the United States and Australia. Roxy Music drummer Paul Thompson replaced Rushakoff on Bloodletting while Rushakoff was in treatment for drug addiction. Napolitano also reassumed bass duties for the recording, and Bloch does not appear on the album (or the band's subsequent albums). The album was certified gold by the RIAA and included their highest charting single, " Joey ", which spent 21 weeks on the Billboard Top 100 Chart, peaking at 19, and #2 in Australia. Walking in London (1992) saw the return of original drummer Rushakoff (due to Thompson's immigration problems) and its successor Mexican Moon (1993) included the Bloodletting lineup with Thompson back on drums. Neither album performed as well commercially as Bloodletting, and Napolitano broke up the band in 1994. The band reunited in 1997, with Napolitano and Mankey teaming up with the band Los Illegals for the album Concrete Blonde y Los Illegals. The vocals were primarily in Spanish. During live shows, the band changed the refrain for "Still in Hollywood" to "Still in the Barrio", and featured covers of Led Zeppelin 's "Immigrant Song" and Jimi Hendrix 's "Little Wing". The band reunited again in 2001 and released the album Group Therapy (2002). The album was recorded in 10 days and included Rushakoff once again on drums. Rushakoff was eventually kicked out of the band for failing to appear at scheduled performances. After initially being replaced on tour by lighting tech Mike Devitt, he was eventually replaced on a long-term basis by Gabriel Ramirez. Mojave was released in 2004. ## Members - Johnette Napolitano – bass, vocals (1982–1994, 2001–2006, 2012) - James Mankey – guitar (1982–1994, 2001–2006, 2012) - Harry Rushakoff – drums (1985–1989, 1992, 2001–2002) - Alan Bloch – bass (1988–1989) - Paul Thompson – drums (1989–1991, 1993–1994) - Mike Devitt – drums (2002) - Gabriel Ramirez – drums (2003–2006, 2012) ### Timeline ## Retirement and post-retirement On June 5, 2006, Napolitano announced that the band had officially retired. From the Concrete Blonde website, there was the following open message: "Thanks to everyone who heard and believed in the music. Music lives on. Keep listening. Keep believing, keep dreaming. Like a ripple, the music moves and travels and finds you. Drive to the music, Make love to the music, cry to the music. That's why we made it. Long after we're gone the music will still be there. Thanks to everyone who helped us bring the music to you & thanks to every face and every heart in every audience all over the world." On July 13, 2010, Shout! Factory released a remastered 20th anniversary edition of Bloodletting. It features six bonus tracks: "I Want You", "Little Wing", the French extended version of "Bloodletting (The Vampire Song)", and live versions of "Roses Grow", "The Sky Is A Poisonous Garden", and "Tomorrow, Wendy". An error in the packaging of the re-release uses early non-album period photos featuring original drummer Harry Rushakoff, who had been replaced the night before the first studio session for "Bloodletting" by Roxy Music drummer Paul Thompson. The band followed the release with the "20 Years of Bloodletting: The Vampires Rise" tour through the rest of that year. In 2012, the band released the single "Rosalie" with the B-side "I Know the Ghost". In December 2012, the band engaged in a small tour of nine cities, mostly on the east coast of the U.S. ## Discography ### Studio albums - Concrete Blonde (1986) - Free (1989) - Bloodletting (1990) - Walking in London (1992) - Mexican Moon (1993) - Concrete Blonde y Los Illegals (1997) – collaboration with a Los Angeles–based Chicano punk band Los Illegals - Group Therapy (2002) - Mojave (2004) ### Compilation and live albums - Still in Hollywood (1994) – compilation of live recordings, B-sides, and previously unreleased material. - Recollection: The Best of Concrete Blonde (1996) – compilation of 17 tracks from first five albums, plus live cover version of Mercedes Benz. - Classic Masters (2002) – 24-bit remastering of 12 tracks from first five albums. - Live in Brazil 2002 (2003) – double live album. - The Essential (2005) – includes 13 remastered tracks from first four albums, and a different version of the song "Sun". ### Non-album tracks - I Want You – B-side on Joey (1990); Point Break soundtrack (1991) – included on 20th anniversary edition of "Bloodletting" album. - Crystal Blue Persuasion – In Defense of Animals (1993), compilation album. - Mercedes Benz (Live) (Janis Joplin) – included on Recollection: The Best of Concrete Blonde (1996) - Endless Sleep (Dolores Nance/ Jody Reynolds) – Fast Track to Nowhere (1994), soundtrack album to the series Rebel Highway - The God in You (MantraMix) – Roxy CD single (2002) - Joey (live, acoustic) – Live from the CD101 Big Room (Vol. 1) (2003) - Sun (alternate version) – included on The Essential Concrete Blonde (2005) - Rosalie / I Know The Ghost (J. Napolitano) – Rosalie, 2011
1956 Utah gubernatorial election	# 1956 Utah gubernatorial election ## Abstract The 1956 Utah gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1956. Republican nominee George Dewey Clyde defeated Democratic nominee L.C. "Rennie" Romney with 38.20% of the vote. As of 2024, this is the last time an incumbent Governor of Utah lost re-election. ## Primary elections Primary elections were held on September 11, 1956. ### Democratic primary #### Candidates - L.C. "Rennie" Romney, Salt Lake City Commissioner - John S. Boyden ### Republican primary #### Candidates - George Dewey Clyde, Director of the Utah Water and Power Board - J. Bracken Lee, incumbent Governor ## General election ### Candidates Major party candidates - George Dewey Clyde, Republican - L.C. "Rennie" Romney, Democratic Other candidates - J. Bracken Lee, Independent
Sungang station	# Sungang station ## Abstract Sungang station (Chinese: 笋岗站; pinyin: Sǔn Gǎng) is a Metro station of Shenzhen Metro Line 7. It opened on 28 October 2016.
1933 Grand Prix season	# 1933 Grand Prix season ## Abstract The 1933 Grand Prix season was an intermediate year, as it would be the last season for the current AIACR regulations before a new weight-formula was introduced in 1934. As such, the European Championship was not held and the manufacturers held back on further developments of their existing models. Alfa Romeo, following an Italian government financial bailout and like Mercedes-Benz the previous year, had shut down its Alfa Corse works team. Scuderia Ferrari, their regular customer team took up the role of racing Alfa Romeos and a number of ex-works drivers moved across to join their ranks. They were not allowed, however, to buy the impressive Tipo B that had been so dominant in the previous season. The season had some exceptional races and fell into two distinct halves. Initially it was Tazio Nuvolari, driving for the Scuderia Ferrari, that dominated. However, after winning the Tunisian Grand Prix he was plagued by mechanical problems and retiring out of race-winning positions. A thrilling race-long battle with Achille Varzi at the Monaco Grand Prix was decided on the second-to-last lap when the engine on Nuvolari's Alfa broke. He was untouchable at a wet Nürburgring but retired in the French Grand Prix - a race won by the veteran Giuseppe Campari in the new Maserati model. In the middle of these was one of the most controversial pre-war races yet held – the Tripoli Grand Prix. It was held in conjunction with a multi-million national lottery to win tickets for each of the drivers. In the race, it again became a Varzi-Nuvolari duel, decided at the last corner when Varzi outbraked Nuvolari to win by a fifth of a second. The frustration came to a head after a third axle-failure and Nuvolari, with close friend Borzacchini, walked out of Ferrari straight across to Maserati. Luigi Fagioli, lead-driver of the Maserati works-team, was furious that his great rival had been approached and in response took the vacant position at Ferrari, soon to be joined by Campari. Nuvolari won successive races with the Maserati at Spa, Montenero and Nice. Alfa Romeo, now concerned that they were losing their pre-eminence, released their Tipo B cars to Ferrari. Fagioli won on the car's return, at the Coppa Acerbo after Nuvolari had a mechanical retirement. In the Italian Grand Prix, Fagioli benefited from Nuvolari's misfortune after he got a puncture while leading with two laps remaining. The Monza GP was run in the afternoon, held as three heats to qualify for the final. In the second heat, Campari and Borzacchini both crashed on the oval banking and were killed. Then, in the final, Stanisław Czaykowski was also killed at almost the same place. Subsequently, known as the "Black Day of Monza", it was a further tragic weekend in a deadly year of motorsport. The last major race of the year was the Spanish Grand Prix that finally saw the debut of Bugatti's new Type 59, the model for the new formula. A mid-race downpour saw Nuvolari aquaplane off the track and crash, thereby giving Chiron his third victory of the season and Ferrari its third 1-2 finish. ## Grand Épreuves This year the AIACR elevated the Monaco Grand Prix to the exclusive rank of Grand Épreuve, hitherto only held by the other six national races of their member bodies, alongside the Indianapolis 500 for the US and the Tourist Trophy for Great Britain. These held special scheduling privileges that the CSI would set the racing calendar around, and other international events could not be held on the same day opposite those races. They also attempted, unsuccessfully, to tighten up on the usage of “Grand Prix” to limit it to the premier event of each of the affiliated associations. A pink background indicates the race was run for Sports Cars or Touring Cars this year, while a grey background indicates the race was not held this year. Sources: ## Major Races Multiple classes are mentioned when they were divided and run to different race lengths. ## Regulations and Technical The 1933 season was to be the final one run to Formula Libre (open formula) regulations. The CSI regulatory body of the AIACR had announced a new 750kg, weight-based formula coming into effect from 1934. For unknown reasons, the European Championship was discontinued after only two years, despite five of the national races being planned to be held. The Italian and Swiss associations held their own national championships anyway. The only significant change to the regulations was to change the minimum race distance from 5 hours to 500km. The Monaco Grand Prix was elevated to the esteemed Grandes Épreuves status, held by the six European national races (of France, Italy, Spain, Belgium and Germany), the Indianapolis 500 and the British Tourist Trophy (run as a sports car race). This year, it also started a new process where the times recorded in the practice sessions before the race would decide the grid order, with the fastest cars in practice at the front. Up till now, the grid order had been decided by random ballot or just by the order the entries were received in. This idea was picked up by several other events and is now the standard practice across motor-racing. To allow for the new German cars for the next season to compete, the German Grand Prix was initially postponed from July to October and moving from the Nürburgring to AVUS. However, when insufficient entries were confirmed by August the race was instead cancelled. Since the Targa Florio 's inception in 1906, Vincenzo Florio had bankrolled the race out of his personal fortune. However, the economic downturn had had a severe impact on the family funds and in 1933 the organisation of the event was taken over by the Royal Italian Automobile Club from their regional office in Palermo. Throughout this time in Great Britain, motor-racing had been restricted to the Brooklands circuit, and the Isle of Man and Ireland, that had their own traffic rules. In 1931, former motorcycle racer Fred Craner had approached the Donington Hall estate near Derby to build a new circuit on the estate roads. By 1933, Craner had got the 3.5 km circuit sealed and widened, and the inaugural car race at Donington Park was held in March. ### Technical Innovation As it was the last year of the current regulations, manufacturers were loath to spend too much time or their limited money on current models, instead choosing to focus on design and development of their models for the new regulations of 1934. Financial troubles at Alfa Romeo had necessitated a bailout by the Italian government. Taken over by a new agency, the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) the company was effectively nationalised. Ugo Gobbato was appointed the new managing director. With the withdrawal of Alfa Romeo from motor-racing, and the denial of the Tipo B, Scuderia Ferrari was forced to improvise with their six 8C Monza cars, boring them out from 2.3 to 2.6-litres. Sadly, in July, the former Alfa Corse team manager, Aldo Giovannini, died after battling illness for several months. Maserati continued with the two 8C-3000 cars it had from 1932. But the company was the first to produce a car for the new formula. The 8CM was a development of the 8C-3000, and taking the lead from the Tipo B, was a monoposto (single-seater) design, hence its designation. It was the fastest car of the season, but very twitchy even for a top driver like Nuvolari. Piero Taruffi said It was very fast and powerful but by no means stable at speed. The frame was insufficiently rigid and the rather large amount of unsprung weight used to set up such torsional vibrations, that the entire running gear used to judder." Ettore Bugatti 's Type 51 was starting to show its age by now. Despite its superb balance and handling it was being outclassed by the more powerful Italian cars. However, the surprising withdrawal of the P3 allowed the Type 51 to remain competitive against the remaining opposition. Bugatti's prospective design for the new formula was the Type 59 and was supposed to be ready for the mid-year French Grand Prix. Predominantly the work of his son Jean, it is regarded as one of the world's most elegant racing cars. A sleek design with a very low driveshaft, it had a low centre of gravity. But the 2-seater with its 2.8-litre, 8-cylinder twin-overhead cam engine was disappointingly off the pace with poor brakes and unsatisfactory road-holding. After several false starts, it finally made its debut at Lasarte at the last major race of the season. In Germany, both Mercedes-Benz and the new Auto Union company were working toward the upcoming racing formula. Dr Ferdinand Porsche had found a taker for his new design at Wanderer, that had now become a part of Auto Union. The mid-engined race-car took inspiration from the Benz Tropfenwagen of the mid-20s that had been driven by his business partner, former racer Adolf Rosenberger. The designer of the Tropfenwagen, Dr Hans Nibel, had replaced Porsche as Technical Director at Mercedes-Benz. The new government of Adolf Hitler provided a fund of RM450,000 (about £45,000) to divide among the German companies. Mercedes-Benz works team manager Alfred Neubauer estimated the subsidy covered about 10% of the team's costs. In Great Britain, at the end of the year, Raymond Mays, Peter Berthon and wealthy gentleman-driver Humphrey Cook founded English Racing Automobiles (ERA) to build a competitive British voiturette. Cook personally invested £75,000 into the project. ## Teams and drivers Financial struggles had forced Alfa Romeo to appeal to the Italian government for a bailout and that meant shutting down its works team. The Scuderia Ferrari customer team defaulted to becoming the representative of the company, however Alfa Romeo would not release, or sell, their dominant Tipo B works cars to Enzo Ferrari, much to his chagrin. The works drivers were released from their contracts and were quickly snapped up by other teams. Nuvolari and Borzacchini went to Ferrari, while the veteran Campari joined Maserati. Ferrari also had Mille Miglia winner Eugenio Siena and wealthy noblemen Conte Carlo Felice Trossi (Ferrari president) and Marchese Antonio Brivio. However, Nuvolari's dissatisfaction with the ongoing unreliability and uncompetitiveness of Ferrari's cars led to he and Borzacchini walking out halfway through the season to join their competitors, Maserati. After the death of Alfieri Maserati, the previous year, younger brother Ernesto took up the racing team's management, and as a some-time spare driver. Rather than keep a set squad of drivers, he chose to have a revolving door of contract drivers, with Luigi Fagioli as his senior driver and team captain. Nuvolari's mid-season arrival from Ferrari in its turn infuriated Faglioli, who kept a tense rivalry with Nuvolari and he, in response, left with Campari to join Ferrari. Over at the French Bugatti team, Achille Varzi stayed on as the lead driver. Former occasional works-drivers René Dreyfus and William Grover-Williams now became full-time team-members. Pierre Veyron ran one of the new 1.5-litre Type 51A cars in the voiturette races, while Albert Divo shared the team management with ”Meo” Costantini. Erstwhile Bugatti team-mates Louis Chiron and Rudolf Caracciola joined forces as a new team, the Scuderia C/C. They bought three new Alfa Romeo Monza grand prix and sports cars alongside Chiron's own Bugatti Type 51s. Caracciola's wife, Charly, was appointed team manager. The plan was to compete at all the major European races as well as hill-climbs and entering the Le Mans and Spa endurance races. But Caracciola's bad accident at Monaco put him out for the season and the team was subsequently dissolved, with Chiron eventually joining the Scuderia Ferrari. There was also the more regular appearance of several other 2-man teams, forming up to combine resources. Swiss drivers Karl von Waldthausen and Julio Villars ran a pair of Alfa Romeo Monzas together at races in France and northern Italy until von Waldthausen's untimely death at the Marseille Grand Prix. Racing friends Paul Pietsch and “Charly” Jellen both ran Alfa Romeos and joined up to alternate with doing road races and the hill-climbs across Germany. New French sensation Raymond Sommer had already made a big impression in the previous season. For this year he had a pair of the brand new Maserati 8CM which he raced with Goffredo Zehender. But they suffered from poor steering and the Italian instead left and joined the works team. Sommer sold his car to Nuvolari, and offered to share resources with another impressive young Frenchman, Jean-Pierre Wimille, and his Alfa Romeo.Scuderia Centro-Sud (also known as Écurie Friderich) was based in Nice and run by Ernest Friderich, a successful racer from the previous decade. Equipped with a new 1.5-litre Bugatti Type 37A and a bigger Type 35, they raced in France and Spain. Pietro Ghersi had several Bugattis that he raced around Italy. He also teamed up with the Scuderia Capredoni and used their Alfa Monza. In February, barely a fortnight after coming into government, Adolf Hitler opened the international motor-fair in Berlin announcing government support for motorsport and the automotive industry. With that ringing endorsement, the Daimler-Benz racing team returned to making an official presence, starting with races in Germany. The age of state-sponsored motor-racing had arrived. These tables only intend to cover entries in the major races, using the key above. It includes all starters in the Grandes Épreuves.Sources: ### Privateer Drivers ‘’Note: ‘’ * indicates only raced in the event as a relief driver, “♠“ Works driver raced as a privateer in that race, “v” indicates the driver ran in the Voiturette class, “†” driver killed during this racing season, Those in brackets show that, although entered, the driver did not race ## Season review ### Snow and sand The first event of the year was held through the streets of Pau, in the shadows of the Pyrenees Mountains. Attracting many of the best French drivers, there was a risk running an event in late-winter. Sure enough after a fine and sunny practice, an overnight snowfall left raceday blanketing the city white. Officials discussed the options with the drivers and decided to press on with the race after clearing as much snow from the track as possible and salting the roads. In front of a large, enthusiastic crowd, it was Guy Moll who initially led through the slush and returning snowfall. But it was his fellow-countryman from Algeria, Marcel Lehoux (who had drawn a starting position at the back of the grid) who drove through the field to lead by half-distance and go on for a well-deserved victory over Moll, with Philippe Étancelin in third. The third Swedish Winter Grand Prix was held again through the tight, winding forest roads beside Lake Rämen. It attracted a huge field of almost 40 cars, mostly of big American sedans. Notable exceptions included the Alfa Romeos of Per-Victor Widengren, Norwegian Eugen Bjørnstad and German Paul Pietsch along with the big Mercedes SSKs of Finn Karl Ebb and local Börje Dahlin. Widengren's younger brother Henken ran a Belgian Invicta, but the strangest entry was Allan Westerblom's home-built Reo special, fitted with a 15-litre ex-WW1 Mercedes aero engine. Six cars crashed in practice, including Pietsch who, unused to studded tyres, had gone off at high speed on the main straight ending upside down. Another huge crowd of 100,000 people arrived on a crisp but sunny race-day. From the start, the Widengren brothers were in front. Attrition was high with just as many accidents as engine issues. P-V Widengren however was trouble-free and won the race by four minutes from Bjørnstad with just a dozen finishers. But the Norseman was later disqualified after a protest from the team of an embarrassed local Carl-Gustaf Johansson who complained his big Ford had been blocked from passing the Alfa Romeo. A week later the Swedish Ice Race was held on Lake Hjälmaren. Held as two half-hour heats, Paul Pietsch, in his repaired Alfa Romeo, won with the best aggregate time from countryman Herbert Wimmer in a Bugatti and Eugen Bjørnstad third. The end of March saw the first major race of the year, held around the ruins of ancient Carthage just outside the city of Tunis. In Alfa Romeo's absence, the Scuderia Ferrari represented the marque with two cars for their ex-works drivers, Nuvolari and Borzacchini. In order to keep them competitive the engineers had bored out the engine of Nuvolari's car up to 2.6-litres. Maserati had a single car for Fagioli, also enlarged to 3.0-litres, while Bugatti also had a single entry, for Varzi and his Type 51. There was a solid field of privateers. Philippe Étancelin and Juan Zanelli had their Alfas, as did the new Swiss Écurie Villars-Waldthausen. Raymond Sommer had a brand-new Maserati 8CM along with Goffredo Zehender with his 8C 2800. They were up against a squadron of Type 51s led by Franco-African Marcel Lehoux. His protégé Guy Moll had an older 35C and Count Stanisław Czaykowski ran a 2-litre 51C. Borzacchini led after the first lap from Czaykowski and Moll. Nuvolari and Varzi who had started from virtually the back of the grid had overtaken a dozen cars and were second and third by the next lap. By the fifth lap, Nuvolari had taken the lead. To great disappointment in the crowd, local hero Lehoux retired on lap six with engine problems while running fourth. Nuvolari put in the fastest lap of the race in on lap 10, now over 30 seconds ahead of Borzacchini who was being hounded by Varzi. They were now two minutes ahead of Étancelin and the rest of the field. The Maseratis of Fagioli and Sommer had been halted by faulty magnetos and when Varzi retired with a broken drive shaft it left the way clear for a comfortable 1-2 victory for the Scuderia Ferrari. The race had been enlivened around two-thirds distance by a sudden thunderstorm that made the smooth tarmac treacherous with the water mixing with the sand and strong gusts of winds. Von Waldthausen lost crucial time when he came to a stop after his team forgot to re-prime the fuel-pump during his fuel-stop. It cost him third place, finishing just seconds behind Zehender's Maserati, two laps adrift of the Alfas. ### Monaco classic Once again, an invitational list of 20 of Europe's top drivers came to Monte Carlo for the Grand Prix. Ferrari had four entries, with a second bored-out Alfa now, for Borzacchini with Nuvolari, as well as 2.3-litre standard models for Eugenio Siena and Conte Carlo Felice Trossi. The Bugatti team had three cars – Type 51s for Varzi, Dreyfus and “Williams”. There was also saw the first appearance for two other strong privateer pairings: Monegasque Louis Chiron and German Rudi Caracciola had combined to run their 2.3-litre Monzas, while Raymond Sommer had got a second Maserati 8CM for Zehender to race with him.Beside the teams, the field was filled with some of the best European drivers. In lieu of a Maserati works entry, Luigi Fagioli was entered as a privateer with an 8C 3000. Frenchmen Étancelin and Wimille had their Alfa Romeos, and Lehoux and Benoît Falchetto ran Bugattis. From England came Tim Birkin in the Alfa of fellow- Bentley Boy Bernard Rubin, and Earl Howe in his Bugatti. Hungarian László Hartmann had a Type 51 he had bought from the disbanded German Bugatti Team, while Swiss driver Hans Stuber and his Bugatti were denied a start as his entry-application had arrived too late. Like the previous year, practice was set to be run on Thursday, Friday and Saturday mornings from 6-7am.However, given the narrow nature of the circuit, race organiser and journalist Charles Faroux took the idea used at Indianapolis to set the cars up on the starting grid according to who put in the fastest practice time, rather than by random ballot as races in Europe had traditionally done. It was a process that would soon be adopted across France, then Europe and remains standard to this day. Only eleven cars took Thursday practice. Near the end, Caracciola, having set equal fastest time, crashed heavily at the left-hand Tabac corner on the waterfront when his brakes locked up. He was taken to hospital with multiple fractures in his right leg. The injury kept him out of racing for over a year and the resultant surgery made that leg two inches shorter and left him with a permanent limp. Nuvolari also wrecked his car at Tabac but was uninjured and took over Siena's car. No-one matched the 2m03 times of Chiron and Caracciola until Saturday when Varzi did a 2m02 to take the first pole position. From the flagfall, Varzi bounded into the lead and within a few laps, a group of five comprising Varzi, Nuvolari, Borzacchini, Lehoux and Étancelin had opened a gap to the field. Chiron had a slow start off the front row and fell back. After 20 of the 100 laps, this group of five was still only five seconds apart, jockeying for position, with Varzi and Nuvolari swapping the lead. This became four when Lehoux had a recurrence of his water-pump issues from practice and retired. Gradually the duel between Varzi and Nuvolari dropped the others off. Étancelin spun at the waterfront chicane and rejoined after 40 seconds in fourth. Nuvolari also slid off the road, but quickly made up the time and by the halfway point the two were barely a second apart again, with Borzacchini and Étancelin less than a minute further back. Dreyfus, back in fifth, was the last car on the lead lap. Étancelin then put in some record-breaking laps to take back third place and after 60 laps the four were all nose-to-tail once again. However, the hard driving had cost the Frenchman, and a broken driveshaft forced his retirement on lap 69. Nuvolari and Varzi kept swapping the lead and with two laps to go, the pair was still inseparable. The lead changed twice on lap 98, and on the next lap Varzi set a new lap record. On the final lap, Varzi burst past on the climb up to the Casino, but although two cars went into the tunnel, only one came out. Varzi's blue Bugatti took the flag, with Borzacchini finishing two minutes behind and Dreyfus a lap back in third. As for Nuvolari? He coasted out of the tunnel with black smoke coming from a fire from a broken oil pipe and a dead engine, and then proceeded to push it to the pits. When a pit crewmember and eager spectators jumped out to help him with his labour, he was disqualified for outside assistance.Right throughout a thrilling race, Varzi and Nuvolari had duelled continually. Both drove very fairly giving each other room to challenge and overtake, only to charge back and retake the position. Nuvolari was absolutely furious with the Ferrari team for letting him down. There was no chance of a rematch a week later at the Alessandria event when Varzi's entry was refused, as the national body in Rome had not received it in time. This left little competition to the Ferrari team as the top privateers did not want to risk their cars before the lucrative Tunis race a week later. In a processional race, Nuvolari led home teammates Trossi and Brivio in a Ferrari 1-2-3. ### A Libyan fiasco? The seventh Tripoli Grand Prix proved to be one of the most controversial races in the pre-war era. It has since become shrouded in myth, not least due to Alfred Neubauer's recollections, future team manager at Mercedes-Benz. In looking to promote Italian Tripolitania as a tourist or immigration location and pay for the new track, the out-going provincial governor Emilio de Bono took up the idea of Giovanni Canestrini, editor at the La Gazzetta dello Sport – to hold a national lottery in conjunction with the race. Last held in 1930, that race had been a financial disaster with a small field, on a circuit not spectator-friendly, and had the death of the popular Gastone Brilli-Peri. The organisers now had a purpose-built 13 km circuit at Mellaha. Well over a million tickets were sold at 12 lire each. Eight days prior to the race, 30 tickets were drawn to be randomly assigned to the 30 drivers. The holder of the winning ticket would receive 3 million lire, with second place getting 2 million and third 1 million, while there was 550 000 lire prizemoney for the top three drivers. Many of the best Italian drivers were entered: Ferrari ran 2.3-litre Monzas for Nuvolari, Borzacchini and Mario Tadini. Maserati had two cars, for Fagioli and Campari. Varzi, meanwhile, ran his 2.3-litre Bugatti as a privateer, alongside Carlo Gazzabini and Hungarian László Hartmann. Englishman Tim Birkin brought his new Maserati 8C-3000 joining seven Italian Alfas, including Piero Taruffi, Pietro Ghersi and Renato Balestrero, and the specials of Biondetti and Premoli. A third of the field was made up of 1.5- and 1.1-litre voiturettes. Luigi Castelbarco, Francesco Matrullo and Ferdinando Barbieri had the new Maserati 4CM while others ran the older Tipo 26 against a pair of old Talbot 700s. It soon became public knowledge that Nuvolari, Borzacchini, Varzi and their respective three ticketholders had arranged a meeting in front of Canestrini. The six agreed to pool, then split, any winnings they would have from the race (with the ticket holders taking a majority share, as the drivers would still have their prize-money as well). Although questionable, it was not illegal, and there was no talk about rigging the race. Of course, upon learning this, many of the drivers, especially Fagioli, Campari, Gazzabini and Birkin, were indignant and furious. The grid was chosen by lot and Birkin and Nuvolari started on the front row with Varzi and Fagioli right behind them. One ticket-holder was already disappointed – Guglielmo Gramonelli had crashed his Monza in practice and would not take the start. Cazzaniga vaulted from the third row to lead at the start, but at the end of the first lap Birkin led Nuvolari, Campari and Zehender. By lap two Campari had taken the lead and was pulling away. Fagioli pitted to change plugs. At the halfway point Campari pitted with a loose oil pump that soon proved terminal. Birkin also pitted from second for a regular stop although he accidentally burnt his arm on the exhaust when picking up a cigarette lighter. Nuvolari, having inherited the lead, stopped for just twenty seconds and was gone again. Varzi meanwhile had an extra fuel-tank fitted on his Bugatti and did not need to stop. As the race came to its climax, Nuvolari was closing in rapidly and when Varzi had to fiddle switching over to his reserve tank, the Alfa Romeo took the lead. Possibly proof of the rumour that Varzi had won a coin-toss between the two as to who would take the win (or just desperate for the winner's purse), the two drivers battled hard, yelling and shaking their fists at each other! Side-by-side on the last lap, Varzi's Bugatti was able to outbreak the Alfa at the last corner and held on to win by a fifth of a second. This was certainly no show just put on for the crowd. Birkin was third, and when Zehender had retired on the last lap, Attilio Battilana came in fourth in his Maserati voiturette, three laps back, beating the bigger Alfa Monzas of Taruffi, Balestrero and Ghersi. In a sad postscript, Tim Birkin was to die less than two months later on the eve of Le Mans, the race he had won twice. He had neglected to attend to the burn he received during the race, and it had turned septic. When he then suffered a relapse of the malaria he had first got during the war, his weakened immunity could not fight off the multiple infections. ### Racing in Germany The next major race in Europe was the Avusrennen, held on the Berlin motorway-circuit. Also held on the same weekend was the Picardy Grand Prix that drew away the top French drivers. To defend German pride and prepare for the new season, the Mercedes-Benz works team was reformed. Still running the SSKL sports-saloon, they had the young Manfred von Brauchitsch back in his streamlined model he had won the previous year's race. Caracciola was to have raced an updated streamlined version, but with his injury team manager Alfred Neubauer called veteran Otto Merz out of retirement. Merz had raced through the '20s and had been the second chauffeur in Sarajevo at the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914. For the high-speed circuit, Bugatti entered the 5-litre Type 54 for Varzi and Williams. Count Czaykowski also ran his own Type 54 and had recently set a new 1-hour distance record on the AVUS track. Scuderia Ferrari had Nuvolari, Borzacchini and Siena all running their 2.6-litre Alfas, while Chiron and Hartmann had their 2.3-litre versions. The event started badly on the first day of practice. After a rain-shower at lunchtime, the Mercedes drivers went onto the track to test their rain-setup. For reasons unknown, as he accelerated Merz's car suddenly slewed off the track, got airborne and smashed into a kilometre marker. Merz was thrown clear and never recovered consciousness. The accident cast a pall over the rest of the weekend. On a clear Sunday 170,000 spectators arrived for the race, and in the warm-up voiturette race Pierre Veyron had narrowly won an exciting race from Ernst Burggaller, both running the new Bugatti Type 51A. The main race had eleven starters. At the end of the first lap, it was the Bugattis of Czaykowski and Varzi leading Nuvolari and von Brauchitsch. Chiron retired immediately with a broken engine. Von Brauchitsch would not repeat his victory, bedevilled by tire issues with five pit-stops though the race. At the halfway point, Czaykowski had built an 8-second lead over Varzi. The Bugattis were in their own class, with Nuvolari leading the rest of the field well back. Despite setting a track record on lap 12 and lapping the field, Czaykowski was being caught by Varzi who overtook him on the second to last lap. The Italian held on to win by a fraction of a second. Winning at an average speed of 206.9 km/h, it was the fastest race ever run in Europe. The Ferrari teammates were inseparable and Nuvolari and Borzacchini were credited with an identical time and third equal. In France, the weekend had continued its tragic theme at the Picardy GP. Earlier, Anne-Cécile Rose-Itier had won the voiturette race in her new Type 51A. Halfway through the main race, Guy Bouriat was duelling for the lead with Philippe Étancelin. While lapping the Alfa Romeo of Julio Villars, Bouriat's Bugatti clipped it and veered off the road. It ploughed into a tree at 150 km/h and burst into flames. Bouriat was killed instantly. It followed another fatal accident in practice when Louis-Aimé Trintignant (older brother of future F1 driver Maurice Trintignant) was killed when he had crashed trying to avoid a gendarme who had stepped onto the track. Along with two deaths at qualification for the Indianapolis 500, it had been a bad weekend in motor-racing. A week later, the teams met again at the Nürburgring for the Eifelrennen. Once again, Maserati did not appear and Bugatti chose not to enter their big Type 50s for the winding track. Ferrari had Nuvolari, Siena and now Taruffi coming in for Borzacchini. Their main competition would be from Louis Chiron's Alfa Romeo, while Mercedes-Benz entered von Brauchitsch in a standard-bodied SSKL. The Écurie Villars-Waldthausen had their two Alfas, as did the two drivers of Team Pietsch-Jellen, with the field rounded out with privateer Bugattis.Heavy showers during the practice days and race-day morning did nothing to dampen the spirits of 100,000 spectators. By race-start the rain had stopped and the track was drying. The thirteen starters were joined by nine 1.5-litre cars, also doing 15 laps (Howe, Burggaller and Veyron renewing their rivalry), and nine cars in the 800cc class (doing only 12 laps). Chiron led the first lap, until overtaken by Nuvolari on lap two, with von Brauchitsch in third. Thereafter Nuvolari comfortably drove away with the race, with von Brauchitsch second and Taruffi third, after Chiron had to stop several times to fix a leaking fuel tank. Howe won the 1.5-litre class by just a second from Burggaller. Missed by the officials, the two of them completed an extra lap, when the German passed the English Delage, only to be told the disappointing news when he finished. ### French Grand Prix drama This year the Targa Florio was bedevilled by conflicting dates. Originally, too close to the lucrative Tripoli race to allow time for shipping back across the Mediterranean, it was then rescheduled to the same weekend as the Eifelrennen. Likewise too tight a time for drivers from the races a week earlier, it made for one of the weakest fields in a decade. There were only 14 starters, and Scuderia Ferrari was the only team represented with Borzacchini, Brivio and Guglielmo Carraroli given the 2.3-litre Alfas. The rest of the field were various Alfa Romeo models, aside from three Bugattis. Borzacchini led for three laps, but lost time with a puncture and he then hit a stone wall trying to make up time. Teammate Antonio Brivio then led, racing against Pietro Ghersi until the latter had engine issues. Brivio won by twenty minutes from Renato Balestrero, with Carraroli third. Only six cars finished, although Lettorio Cucinotta's Bugatti was over time and not classified. It would prove to be the last Bugatti to complete a Targa Florio, after the marque (the most successful to date) had won the race five years in a row. As expected, the blue ribbon French Grand Prix attracted a class field, but it did not include the drivers from the Bugatti works team for their home race. The new Type 59 was not ready yet, and the team also chose not to run their go-to Type 51. In their absence, the Scuderia Ferrari were favourites, with 2.6-litre Monzas for Nuvolari, Borzacchini and Taruffi. Maserati had had a disagreement with Fagioli and neither showed at the event. Therefore, the competition would be from the privateers: Chiron, Wimille, Sommer, Étancelin and Moll had their 2.3-litre Alfas, with Campari and Zehender had 3-litre Maseratis. Without the works team, Bugatti was represented by a handful of Type 51 drivers, including Earl Howe as well Czaykowski with his big Type 54. The ACF had cut the entry fee to just 100 francs, while offering the winner 100,000 francs in prizemoney. Race-day was grey and overcast, but it did not dissuade a huge crowd. In practice, Nuvolari's car had blown its supercharger, and with repairs unable to be completed, he took over Borzacchini's car. He in turn was to drive Taruffi's, but refused. At the end of the first lap, Nuvolari led from Campari who had passed nine cars, with Taruffi third. Chiron and Étancelin were gesticulating wildly to the officials about Taruffi deliberately blocking them from passing, which eventually took them two laps to get by. On lap six (75 km) both Nuvolari and Chiron stopped for tyres, but no sooner had they resumed than the two favourites were out of the race: Nuvolari with a broken differential and Chiron with broken rear axle. Campari now had a 35-second lead over Taruffi and Étancelin, with the rest of the field strung out behind: Zehender, Moll, Czaykowski, Sommer. Campari stopped to change his rear tyres on lap 13 then set a new lap record in his pursuit of the leaders. He finally caught Taruffi and overtook him just before half-distance, on lap 19. Gradually the other cars made their pit-stops. When Taruffi came in, it was team-leader Nuvolari who took the car back out. Campari kept up his strong pace and had a 2-minute lead over Étancelin followed by Moll and Nuvolari. When Moll was delayed with a long tyre-stop, Nuvolari moved to third but was then put out a second time, with a broken rear axle. Only sex cars remained, but it would not be a dull finish: Campari pitted again for tyres, letting the Étancelin into the lead. The Italian was closing in quickly until it began to rain with just 4 laps (50 km) to go. Campari pitted yet again for fresh tyres and the French spectators saw the chance of a home victory. Étancelin had a 23-second lead going into the last lap but his clutch was destroyed and he could no longer change gear. Campari caught him and took the win by 52 seconds. George Eyston's reliable run netted him third place. After the race, a protest was lodged that Campari had clearly been push-started after his first stop. However, rather than being disqualified, as regulations demanded, he was only hit with a token 1000 franc fine, 1% of his latest winnings. The sporting press were very derisive of the officials' decision. By now, tensions were high at Scuderia Ferrari. Nuvolari was fed up with the Alfa Romeo unreliability – the transmission unable to cope with the extra power of the bored out 2.6-litre engine. Young Taruffi had quickly earned the ire of Enzo Ferrari, beating his best riders in bike events taking the considerable prizemoney as a privateer. ### Races in June and July Two weeks later, the Penya Rhin Grand Prix was held on the new Montjuïc circuit in Barcelona. It was a street course going around the Montjuïc hill with the World Exhibition buildings and the proposed Olympic Stadium. Last run ten years earlier, this new iteration attracted a class field. Lehoux led initially but had to stop for new tyres. Nuvolari, still with Ferrari, then dominated the race until the halfway mark when he was waylaid by carburettor problems. This now put Zanelli's Alfa into a strong lead, with the Bugatti of Lehoux making up time in second, chased by Wimille and Portuguese driver Vasco Someiro. Nuvolari had lost eleven minutes and five laps in the pits and thrilled the crowd with his incomparable flair, retrieving two of those laps back. Although he only finished on seven cylinders, the Chilean Zanelli took a good victory, almost a lap ahead of Someiro after Lehoux was delayed again with gearbox problems. The Marne GP at Rheims attracted most of the participants from the recent French Grand Prix. Campari drove for Maserati and Nuvolari for Ferrari. The Villars-Waldthausen and Pietsch-Jellen team-pairs were also present along with the top privateers: Lehoux, Wimille, Zehender, Moll, Sommer and Étancelin. Anglo-American Whitney Straight made his first Grand Prix start, with an old Maserati Tipo 26. For the second time in Europe, after Monaco, the grid would be decided by the fastest practice times, except that local tradition put the previous year's winner on pole. This put Lehoux on pole, but to prove a point, he also set the fastest time ahead of the Maseratis of Campari and Zehender. Nuvolari had arrived late and could not set a time, and so started from the back. Lehoux led the first lap and in a stunning opening lap, Nuvolari was up to second and took the lead on the next lap. He set about building a lead and by lap 13 (quarter-distance) had a 40-second gap to Lehoux and Étancelin. Campari (who had got up to second) and Zehender had both retired after being injured by flying stones. But an abysmal Ferrari pit-stop for Nuvolari to take on fuel and tyres cost him almost three minutes, down to fourth nearly a lap down on Étancelin. Wimille and Moll were fighting over second place, while Lehoux had fallen back with a failing gearbox. Once again, Nuvolari put in a huge effort, and on lap 31 finally overtook Moll for second still 1m 46s behind. Wimille had stopped to refuel but was two laps ahead of Sommer back in fifth. But once again, Nuvolari was betrayed by the Alfa Romeo rear axle drive, coasting to a halt at Geux corner. Then when Étancelin took two minutes to pit for fuel and tyres with ten laps to go, it gave the lead to Moll. Étancelin set about chasing down the young Algerian and with three laps to go it was Étancelinthat passed the line first, just four seconds ahead of Wimille while Moll had to pit for a splash of fuel. Stalling the car, his pit crew gave him a push-start that meant disqualification (Moll was furious after Campari had been allowed to get away with a similar crime at the French Grand Prix only three weeks' earlier). Étancelin held on to head Wimille off by barely a car's length. Sommer inherited third, while Straight was the only other finisher, six laps back. For Nuvolari, a third axle-failure was the last straw and he immediately negotiated with Ernesto Maserati to take the injured Campari's seat for the Belgian Grand Prix, held the next weekend. A small elite field was assembled for that event. Nuvolari was joined by Zehender, in the Maserati monoposto. The other big news was the unveiling of the sleek new Bugatti Type 59, to be raced by Varzi. Team-mates Williams and Dreyfus would run Type 51s. Ferrari had Borzacchini and Siena in the 2.6-litre Alfa. Privateer support for them came from Chiron, Sommer and Moll while Lehoux had his Type 51 and the Swiss driver Edgard Markiewicz filled out the field in an older Type 35B.Having just won the Spa 24 Hours endurance race held the weekend before, Chiron set the early pace in practice. Nuvolari put the Maserati through its paces then headed over to the nearby Imperia workshops to strengthen the chassis. Varzi did several sighting-laps in the Type 59 but never got it up to speed. The brakes were poor and the road-holding not up to scratch. He therefore decided to abandon the new model and drive a Type 51 in the race instead. Once again, Nuvolari started at the back of the field, and once again he quickly moved up to take the lead, this time by the end of the first lap. After 100 km (7 laps) he had a 17-second lead over the battling Alfas of Borzacchini and Chiron, followed 45-seconds back by Varzi, Lehoux, Zehender and Dreyfus. Williams and Sommer were being plagued by engine issues, needing many stops. At the halfway point, Chiron led from Borzacchini, while Nuvolari had stopped for fuel and tyres and was now third. But within a few laps both the Alfas had retired with mechanical problems, giving the lead back to Nuvolari. He kept up his pace and this time was not thwarted by unreliability to take the win. Varzi had stopped on the last lap, changing a tyre in a remarkable fourteen seconds, and hung on to finish just three seconds ahead of teammate Dreyfus. ### Tumult at Ferrari After successful ice races, in August Sweden hosted its first international summer race. Held on a large 30 km track in the far south of the country near Malmö, it attracted the attention of Louis Chiron and the Scuderia Ferrari, who sent Antonio Brivio. However, the race had a tragic start on the first lap. The Mercedes SSK of Börje Dahlin, starting on the front row, was vying with Sven-Olof Bennström's Ford. Approaching an off-camber corner, neither was giving way. The SSK slid wide, jumped a ditch and ploughed through a hedge. Meanwhile, Dahlin's mechanic, Erik Lafrenz, had chosen to leap out rather than be crushed under the car. Bennström spun his Ford, running over the unfortunate Lafrenz and then rolled. The car burst into flames and the driver was thrown out, getting a serious head concussion. The rest of the field arrived unsighted and veered left and right to avoid the fatally wounded mechanic in the middle of the road. A total of seven cars were wrecked (including Chiron's) and a house burned down. Three drivers were taken to hospital while Lafrenz died at the scene. It was almost incidental that Brivio won the race. Nuvolari's situation had erupted very publicly at the end of July. He and Enzo Ferrari were flinging accusations about mutual breach of contract in the team. Ferrari wrote an open letter to the Italian sports-newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport. A tribunal was convened by the Italian racing federation to investigate. The net effect was that Nuvolari, and his good friend Borzacchini, left Ferrari. Nuvolari, now having bought Raymond Sommer's Maserati, had followed up his success at Spa with consecutive wins at Montenero and Nice. The latter had been the third event of the year with starting positions decided by practice times. Luigi Fagioli, already disgruntled by his treatment at Maserati was furious when his great rival, Nuvolari, was courted by the factory. He showed his dissatisfaction by walking out and going straight to Ferrari as their new team leader. Campari had been given the new 2-litre Maserati 4CM-2000 in those recent races. Unable to compete for the outright win in the smaller car, he followed Fagioli soon after. In turn, Alfa Romeo, alarmed at the loss of pre-eminence of their cars, finally heeded Ferrari's calls and released their mothballed Tipo B cars to the team. The impact was immediately seen at the next race, the Coppa Acerbo on the fast Pescara Circuit. After the upheaval of the past fortnight, it was a completely new driver line-up that appeared on the grid. With strong factory support, Nuvolari, Zehender and Borzacchini all entered as Maserati privateers. In the shadow of the recent fracas, Piero Taruffi was also becoming disillusioned at Ferrari and had bought a Maserati 8CM. To make a point, Ferrari entered an impressive eight cars, although in the end only two arrived. However, new team-drivers Fagioli and Campari now sported the all-conquering Tipo B as their mounts. Bugatti were almost an afterthought, with Varzi and Dreyfus leading a squadron of private entries. Ferrari stirred the pot even more in practice when he offered Varzi some test laps in the Tipo B to possibly set up a future team transfer. Promising to be the most exciting race of the year, enormous crowds lined the vast 25 km circuit. Started by the Duke of Aosta, Campari took the lead from pole position, chased by the Bugattis of Varzi, Howe and Dreyfus. By the end of the first lap, Nuvolari had charged through the field and had a narrow lead over Campari, followed by Taruffi, Fagioli and Varzi. The leading pair continued to trade places for the next hour pulling away from the rest of the field, until by the fifth lap Nuvolari was finally able to build a small gap. Then on the ninth lap, Campari made an uncharacteristic error and crashed at the Spoltore corner. He was thrown out when his car rolled, but fortunately only received light injuries. A lap later, René Dreyfus had to retire after being hit in the head by a bird. Badly stunned, and travelling at full speed, he managed to safely stop his car. With his nearest rival out, Nuvolari could ease off but coming onto the twelfth and final lap, he suddenly lost all speed. The universal joint had seized and by the time it had been loosened in the pits, Fagioli was past and gone. It was a lucky victory for Fagioli, with Nuvolari slipping two minutes back and just a few seconds ahead of Taruffi. Varzi was a distant fourth over four minutes back, showing up the growing obsolescence of Bugatti. Fagioli won again, at the next race, the minor Comminges Grand Prix. Many of the same entrants came to the very fast Miramas oval for the second Marseilles Grand Prix. Fagioli was joined by Louis Chiron both now driving the Tipo B. Maserati had Nuvolari, Zehender (8CMs) and Borzacchini (still on last year's 8C-3000) while Bugatti supplied the big 5-litre Type 54 to Dreyfus (who drove it direct from the factory at Molsheim). The pair of Raymond Sommer and Jean-Pierre Wimille had their Alfa Romeo Monzas, as did the Swiss Villars-Waldthausen team, Étancelin and Moll. Once again, as was happening in French races, the grid was decided by practice time. Nuvolari set the fastest time by three seconds, with Borzacchini, Moll and Wimille joining him on the front row. Moll was fastest off the line, but Nuvolari overtook him on lap five. On the tight oval a breakaway group formed of Nuvolari, Chiron, Dreyfus, Fagioli and Zehender and the lead changed back and forth in the slipstreaming battle.While this group battled for the lead, on lap 34 Baron Horst von Waldthausen crashed and rolled his Alfa Romeo after a puncture. With severe internal injuries and a broken leg, the 26-year old died later in hospital. Around the halfway mark most drivers started stopping for fuel and tyres. On lap 56, a wheel came off the Bugatti of Dreyfus 200 km/h, and it was only by his skill and luck that he avoided a serious accident. Nuvolari had a narrow lead over Fagioli until the Alfa pitted, with Chiron a minute back in third. However, yet again, Nuvolari was denied victory because of a broken rear axle, retiring on lap 80. Although Chiron had to stop for a rear tyre change, he took the win after Fagioli needed a fuel top-up with five laps to go. Moll finished third, four laps behind the two Ferrari cars. ### Tragedy at Monza The Italian Grand Prix was usually held in July but this year was postponed to September (to run in conjunction with the Monza GP) to complete renovations to the pits and large new grandstand. An excellent field was on prospect for the international event. These did not include the Bugatti team who still had not got the Type 59 ready to race. However, there was Nuvolari and Zehender for Maserati, supported by Taruffi. Scuderia Ferrari had the Tipo B for Fagioli and Chiron and the 2.6-litre Monza for Siena and Brivio. There were a number of privateer Alfas as well, including Lehoux, Moll, Ghersi and Balestrero. Earl Howe and Gaupillat had their Bugattis, while Campari and Czaykowski chose not to start to concentrate instead on the Monza Grand Prix that followed later in the afternoon. An early shower on Sunday morning dampened the track for the 80,000 spectators and 19 starters. Nuvolari led the first lap but Fagioli caught and passed him on the front straight next time around. This set the tone for the race, with the lead group of these two chased by Taruffi, Chiron and Zehender; Ferrari versus Maserati. Nuvolari got a puncture on lap 17, but in a lightning-fast pitstop was able to get back out in fourth. Chiron suffered the same five laps later. Taruffi skidded three times on the curved banking, and on the last he hit the inside wall smashing his front suspension.At the half-way point, Chiron led Fagioli by just three seconds, with Nuvolari a further 20 seconds back. Siena, Lehoux, Ghersi and Zehender were already a lap behind. When the two Alfa monoposti pitted for fuel and tyres Nuvolari was back in the lead, until he too had to pit. However, Chiron's day ended on lap 40 with a broken valve as he coasted to a stop. So with ten laps to go it was Nuvolari with a 30-second lead on Fagioli. Victory again looked assured until, with two laps to go, Nuvolari came into the pit with a puncture. Fagioli raced past to take a fortuitous victory from Nuvolari with Zehender finishing third two laps behind. The international Grand Prix was run in the morning with the local Monza Grand Prix scheduled for the afternoon. As before, it was run as a succession of heats leading up to a 22-lap final. Unlike the race in the morning, this event was held only on the oval banking. A number of the drivers from the morning race were once again on the entry list, although Nuvolari, Zehender, Siena and Gaupillat all chose to withdraw. An unusual entry was Conde Carlo Felice Trossi who had an American Duesenberg run by the Scuderia Ferrari. A slight shower skimmed across the track just before the 2pm start of the first heat. Lined up eight abreast on the front straight, it was Luigi Premoli who led the opening lap in his BMP special. However, it soon became a contest between Czaykowski's 5-litre Bugatti and Trossi's Duesenberg. That ended on lap 8 when the Duesenberg lost a piston, spilling oil on the approach to the banked South Curve. Guy Moll hit the oil at 180 km/h and spinning wildly, did three revolutions, amazingly without hitting the walls. He got going again and finished second behind Czaykowski. After the race, Moll highlighted the danger at the South Curve with a large pool of oil near the top of the banking. As the cars were wheeled out for the second heat, the marshals dropped sand on the patch and tried to sweep it away. The two favourites were Campari (Alfa Romeo Borzacchini (Maserati). The 41-year old Campari had got a rousing welcome by the spectators as he had announced in the morning he would be retiring after this race to continue in a career as an opera baritone. After the drivers had been alerted to the oil on the track, the heat was started. Coming to the South Curve on the first lap Campari overtook Borzacchini and, possibly to avoid the oil, pulled sharply to the left to go high onto the banking. Losing control, he slammed into the upper railing and rolled down the banking. Borzacchini, right behind him, had nowhere to go and flew over the wall, as did Carlo Castelbarco. Ferdinando Barbieri had just enough time to dive low for the infield, dodging the carnage as did the three other cars. Campari was crushed under his car and died immediately, while Borzacchini was critically injured and died an hour later in hospital. Castelbarco, amazingly, escaped with only mild injuries. It was incidental that Renato Balestrero won the heat. Although blame was initially put on the inadequate oil clean-up, the accident did not happen on the oil. More likely was that there had been a three-hour race run on the same day and that neither Campari nor Borzacchini had competed in that so they would have been unused to the accumulated greasiness of the conditions and perhaps did not show due caution. Tied in with this was the standard practice of fitting smooth tyres and removing the front brakes for racing on high-speed ovals. Extensive discussions were held before the third heat as the officials clearly re-stated the risk and the track conditions. Many drivers were unhappy but the organisers made them sign legal wavers accepting their personal risk. After two hours' delay, the third heat was held. Lehoux in his Bugatti won from the Alfa of Pietro Ghersi. The latter had been leading but lost time after skidding on the greasy oil-patch. From the start of the final, Whitney Straight took the lead in his older Maserati Tipo 26M. Czaykowski's big Bugatti picked off the others one at a time and he took the lead on lap 4, closely followed by Lehoux. Then on lap 8, there was further tragedy. A pillar of smoke marked where Czaykowski had crashed. Losing control about 50 metres further than the previous accident he had also gone over the banking wall. Unluckily hitting a rock with his head he was killed instantly as the car rolled and burst into flames. This time the race was soon stopped, running only 14 of the 22 scheduled laps. Lehoux won a hollow victory just ahead of Guy Moll. Thereafter, September 10 was named the "Black Day of Monza". It spelt the end of the Monza Grand Prix as a major event and also the banked oval as a complete part of the racetrack. It all added to Monza's deadly reputation that in ten years already had claimed the lives of Ugo Sivocci, Louis Zborowski, Luigi Arcangeli and the terrible accident in 1928 that killed Emilio Materassi and 27 spectators. Nuvolari was devastated at the death of his close friends and kept a vigil with their widows overnight. ### End of the season A week later, the fourth Masaryk Circuit had promised a top field, but the entry list was fragmented after the recent events. Scuderia Ferrari had Chiron and Fagioli in the Tipo B again, while Brivio had a Monza. For the twisty circuit, Bugatti sent Dreyfus with a Type 51 (replacing Varzi who had an eye injury), while Mercedes-Benz had an SSKL for von Brauchitsch. The privateers were led by Lehoux and Hartmann in Bugattis, and Moll, Pietsch, Wimille and Balestrero driving the Alfa Romeo Monza. Local hopes were carried by Czech drivers Jan Kubiček and Zdenĕk Pohl. In conjunction with the main class, there was also a voiturette category that brought together Burggaller and Veyron for another contest. They would be challenged by Hugh Hamilton in his little 750cc MG. Sensibly, the organisers declared that once a class winner completed the race, the remaining cars would then be flagged off, rather than having to keep circulating to cover the full distance as was typical for European races. Gentle overnight rain continued through the morning of race-day but over 100,000 spectators arrived. The two classes were raced together, starting five minutes apart. Chiron leapt from pole position to build a steady lead, while Lehoux held up the rest of the field on the narrow roads. Dreyfus and Fagioli stopped every other lap with engine issues and by lap 5 Chiron had a big margin over Pietsch, Moll and Hartmann. The rain stopped about mid-race and although the track dried in most places it was still very damp and slippery going through the forest sections. On lap 9, Pietsch pushed too hard and lost control. The car rolled and ended in a ditch throwing the driver out. Covered with mud but uninjured, Pietsch calmly lit a cigarette to watch the rest of the race. Moll, now up to second, crashed out on lap 11, hitting a road marker and also ended up in a ditch. Also tossed out he suffered just a bruised knee. Fagioli was back on the charge again, setting the fastest lap, but could not catch Chiron who won the race for the third time. In the voiturette class, Burggaller won a battle of attrition as Veyron, Landi and Hamilton all crashed out from the leading group. Hamilton's car somersaulted three times and left the driver unconscious. Papers even published his obituary, although he was not otherwise seriously injured and made a full recovery. Significantly it would be the last time the Bugatti works team entered its 2.3-litre Type 51 workhorse, and likely the last appearance of the Mercedes SSKL, as both were to be replaced by newer models. The last major event of the year was the Spanish Grand Prix. It had last been held in 1927, but with the recent political upheaval in the country, the San Sebastián race had assumed the position as the country's premium race. However, this year the race attracted a top-class field including the long-awaited race debut of the new Bugatti Type 59. Two cars were present, for Varzi, Dreyfus and Williams, with Divo on hand as a reserve driver. Nuvolari, Zehender and Taruffi had the Maserati 8CM monoposto and Ferrari had Fagioli and Chiron in the Tipo B (with Antonio Brivio as their reserve driver) and Siena in a Monza. Jean-Pierre Wimille ran his Monza for the Sommer team, along with other Alfa privateers “Phi-Phi” Étancelin and Juan Zanelli, while Marcel Lehoux had his successful Bugatti Type 51. It was a wet week for practice. The Bugatti works drivers were instructed not to run over a 100 km/h lap average to not give away any pre-race secrets (when Nuvolari was recording a 142 km/h average as the fastest practice lap). However, Williams spun in the rain and ended up hitting a tree sideways so he would not take the start. Raceday was overcast but dry and the fourteen starters took a rolling start of the 30-lap race. Drawn by random ballot, Nuvolari and Chiron were both on the back row of the grid, yet by the second lap they had carved their way through the field to be first and second respectively. Once again, Nuvolari was setting the pace and regularly breaking the old lap-record. By lap 10 he led Chiron by over a minute, himself several minutes ahead of Fagioli, Taruffi and Varzi. Taruffi then lost time with ignition problems. The leading two pitted for tyres and fuel on lap 17 but two laps later the heavens opened to a torrential downpour. Taruffi went off the road, hitting a tree but was uninjured. Then further sensation when Nuvolari aquaplaned off the track. His car ploughed into the roadside embankment, rolled twice and hit a rock. The Italian was hurled from the car onto the road, badly spraining his wrist and receiving a bad cut to his leg. He commented later that it was the hardest impact he had taken in racing. This left Chiron with a comfortable lead and he eased back for the conditions and to save the car. His lap times dropped from 7 minutes to about 9 minutes and he coasted to another unexpected, but welcome, Alfa Romeo victory. Team-mate Fagioli was second, while Lehoux overtook Varzi to finish third, over twenty minutes back. The performance of the new Type 59 was underwhelming, down on power, that would give team manager “Meo” Costantini a lot of work to do in the close-season. The driver of the season was again Tazio Nuvolari. Despite his speed and ability, the results show him often thwarted by car unreliability, leading to mid-season team frustration and intrigue. However, it was a far better story when he applied himself to sports-car racing and in a remarkable series of results, he won the Mille Miglia, Le Mans 24-hour & Tourist Trophy, a unique treble, all in the same year.It had been a particularly grim year with a large number of accidents causing serious injury and death, from Caracciola's season-ending injuries at Monaco to the triple-fatality at Monza. Nine notable European drivers were killed and a similar number badly injured through the season. In the United States, at the Indianapolis 500, five drivers or mechanics had been killed in three crashes. This was the final year of the unregulated Formula Libre, and the time of extremely long races. Aside from superchargers, there had been very little technical or chassis development. Bugatti had essentially used the same body-design through the period. However, with the exciting races of this season, the motor-racing fraternity eagerly awaited what would be produced by manufacturers for the new 750kg formula. ## Race Results ### Drivers' Race Results Bold font indicates starting on pole position, while italics show the driver of the race's fastest lap. Only those drivers with a best finish of 6th or better, or a fastest lap, are shown. Sources:
Moose Lake, Minnesota	# Moose Lake, Minnesota ## Abstract Moose Lake is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 2,789 at the 2020 census. Interstate 35, State Highways 27 and 73, County 10, and County 61 are the main routes in Moose Lake. Moose Lake State Park is nearby. ## Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.66 square miles (9.48 km), of which 3.27 square miles (8.47 km) is land and 0.39 square miles (1.01 km) is water. The boundary between Carlton and Pine counties is nearby. Moose Lake is 25 miles southwest of Cloquet, 43 miles southwest of Duluth, and 112 miles north of Minneapolis–Saint Paul. ## Climate Like the rest of Minnesota, Moose Lake has a humid continental climate. Like the rest of northern Minnesota, it has the warm-summer variety with relatively cool nights year-round. Winter temperatures are very cold but dry compared to summer. ## History Moose Lake was one of the communities affected by the massive 1918 Cloquet fire. The Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Depot is a museum that tells the story of that fire. The Minnesota Home Guard assisted the area after the fire. ## Demographics ### 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 2,751 people, 648 households, and 318 families living in the city. The population density was 841.3 inhabitants per square mile (324.8/km). There were 732 housing units at an average density of 223.9 per square mile (86.4/km). The racial makeup of the city was 79.2% White, 14.4% African American, 3.7% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.0% of the population. There were 648 households, of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.2% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 50.9% were non-families. 46.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 27.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age in the city was 39 years. 11.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 39.9% were from 25 to 44; 25.7% were from 45 to 64; and 14.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 73.4% male and 26.6% female. ### 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 2,239 people, 577 households, and 294 families living in the city. The population density was 811.1 inhabitants per square mile (313.2/km). There were 628 housing units at an average density of 227.5 per square mile (87.8/km). The racial makeup of the city was 79.99% White, 11.61% African American, 3.75% Native American, 0.80% Asian, 1.38% from other races, and 2.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.53% of the population. 22.9% were of German, 10.9% Norwegian, 10.3% Swedish, 9.8% Finnish, 6.3% Polish and 5.1% Irish ancestry. There were 577 households, out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.5% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 49.0% were non-families. 46.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 29.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was spread out, with 12.6% under the age of 18, 13.7% from 18 to 24, 38.4% from 25 to 44, 17.3% from 45 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 197.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 227.1 males. The median income for a household in the city was $27,130, and the median income for a family was $37,917. Males had a median income of $31,641 versus $24,167 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,128. About 5.0% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.6% of those under age 18 and 8.8% of those age 65 or over. ## Media The Moose Lake Star Gazette was founded in 1983. It is a weekly that comes out on Thursdays. It is owned by Franklin Newspapers and had a circulation of 1774 in 2019. The following newspapers have also been published in Moose Lake: - Moose Lake Star (1896–1906) - Star Gazette (1907–1962) - Moose Lake Star Gazette (1962–1978) - Star-gazette (1978–1983) - Arrowhead leader (since 1982) The beginning of the 2011 animated film Rio is set in the town of Moose Lake. ## Transportation The Moose Lake Carlton County Airport is three miles southwest of the city and has a lighted, paved, 3,200-foot runway. ## Business One of Minnesota's Sex Offender Program 's two facilities is in Moose Lake.
Kristapor Ivanyan Military College	# Kristapor Ivanyan Military College ## Abstract Kristapor Ivanyan Military College (Armenian: Քրիստափոր Իվանյանի ռազմական քոլեջ), was a college and military educational institution based in Stepanakert and operated by the Artsakh Defense Army. ## Background It is named after Lieutenant General Kristapor Ivanyan, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War (1941–45) and the first Karabakh War, as well a key figure in the Military history of the Republic of Artsakh. The college is the equivalent to the Moscow Suvorov Military School in Russia, and the Monte Melkonian Military College in Armenia. In 2007, a contingent from the college became a permanent participant in the Shushi Liberation Day military parade on Renaissance Square. Notable visitors have included President of the National Assembly of Armenia Ararat Mirzoyan. ## Students Admission into the college starts in the 9th grade, with the principles and structure of an Armenian secondary school. Education is carried out on the basis of general education programs, with a number of highly specialized subjects. Applicants are subject to physical fitness tests upon arrival at the school. School pupils often visit to school open days. The school is currently co-ed, having accepted female cadets for the first time in 2015. The number was very small during the 2015-2016 school year, but only after the four-day war in 2016 did the number of girls increase. In 2017, Eva Ghazaryan became the first female graduate of college, later studying at the Armenak Khanperyants Military Aviation University.
Fallbridge Subdivision	# Fallbridge Subdivision ## Abstract The Fallbridge Subdivision is a railway line in southern Washington running about 229.7 miles (369.7 km) along the Columbia River from Pasco to Vancouver, then south to Portland, OR. It is operated by BNSF Railway and is considered part of the Northern Transcon. The Portland section of Amtrak's Empire Builder, Trains 27 and 28, utilize this line servicing stops in Wishram, WA; Bingen, WA; Vancouver, WA; and Portland, OR.
Hallie Todd	# Hallie Todd ## Abstract Hallie Todd (born January 7, 1962) is an American actress. She played Penny Waters on Brothers, Jo McGuire on Lizzie McGuire, and Rhoda Markowitz on Murder, She Wrote. She also made guest appearances on many other television shows such as The Golden Girls, Highway to Heaven, Malcolm in the Middle, Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, and Star Trek: The Next Generation. ## Early life Todd is the second child of actress Ann Morgan Guilbert and writer/producer George Eckstein. Her mother carried her to term while appearing on The Dick Van Dyke Show, although the pregnancy was not part of the story line and was covered up with loose fit clothing and close up camera angles. Todd attended Palisades Charter High School and the Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts. ## Career She played a homeless character, “The Kid,” on a Christmas episode of Growing Pains. She played Penny Waters, the daughter of fictional former football player Joe Waters on the Showtime comedy series Brothers, which is her longest lasting role. In 1990, a year after Brothers left the air, Todd moved into her next sitcom role as spunky writer-and-aspiring-comedian Kate Griffin on Going Places. Later roles include Lal, Data 's daughter on the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode " The Offspring "; Blanche's niece, Lucy, on The Golden Girls episode "Nice and Easy"; the mother in the Disney Channel original movie The Ultimate Christmas Present; Hilda's and Zelda's cousin Marigold, Amanda's mother, on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch; and as Lizzie's mother, Jo McGuire, on Lizzie McGuire. She appeared in seven episodes of Murder, She Wrote, all but one as "Rhoda Markowitz", assistant to Keith Michell 's sleuth, Dennis Stanton. Todd starred in the feature film The Mooring, which she co-wrote with her husband and daughter. The film was released on DVD, digital download and Video on Demand on February 19, 2013. Todd is the co-founder of the film production company In House Media and also teaches acting classes and privately coaches. In 2016, Todd was seen starring in Universal's An American Girl: Lea to the Rescue. She was cast in The Last Champion, and executive produced and performed in the film. Her husband, Glenn Withrow, directed the project. He and Todd co-wrote the screenplay along with their daughter, Ivy Withrow, VP of Development for the company. In House Media Film Partners was born when Todd and Withrow were inspired to create a family production company after Withrow's experiences working with Francis Ford Coppola on five films, starting with The Outsiders. ## Personal life Todd is married to director/producer Glenn Withrow. They have a daughter, Ivy. ## Filmography ## Books In between her acting roles, Todd wrote two books, Being Young Actors and Parenting The Young Actor.
Bill Tremel	# Bill Tremel ## Abstract William Leonard Tremel (July 4, 1929 – December 22, 2013) was an American professional baseball player, a right-handed relief pitcher who appeared in parts of three Major League Baseball seasons for the 1954–56 Chicago Cubs. Nicknamed "Mumbles", Tremel batted right-handed, stood 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and weighed 180 pounds (82 kg). ## Early life Tremel was born July 4, 1929, in Lilly, Pennsylvania, to Charles and Mary (Galla) Tremel. He was a 1948 graduate of Lilly high school where he played football and basketball along with baseball. ## Baseball career Tremel's contract was purchased by the Cubs from the unaffiliated Shreveport Sports of the Class AA Texas League during the 1954 season after Tremel posted 2 1 ⁄ 2 good seasons there, winning 21 of 28 decisions, largely in relief. Appearing in 33 games for the Cubs during 1954, he finished 22 of them and was credited with one victory and four saves. Tremel started the 1955 season in the minor leagues but was recalled to the Cubs in July, and posted an MLB-career-best 3–0 record and 3.72 earned run average, with two more saves, in 23 games. He made the Cub roster at the start of the 1956 campaign, but in his only appearance, April 27 against the Cincinnati Redlegs at Crosley Field, he gave up three hits and an earned run in one-third of an inning. He spent the rest of that season in the Texas League, and the rest of his professional career in the minors. He was a mainstay in the Texas circuit and with Shreveport, spending all or portions of seven of his 11 pro years with the Sports. All told, Tremel worked in 57 Major League games. In 91 innings, he gave up 81 hits and 23 bases on balls, while recording 260 strikeouts. ## Later life After retiring from baseball in 1959, Tremel spent 31 years with the SKF corporation in Altoona, Pennsylvania. In 1999, Tremel received a plaque honoring his legacy in the game and in the community; the plaque stands behind the backstop at Lilly, Pennsylvania's War Memorial Field. In 2002, he was inducted into the Cambria County Sports Hall of Fame. Tremel died on December 22, 2013, in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania.
2006–07 Glasgow Warriors season	# 2006–07 Glasgow Warriors season ## Abstract The 2006–07 season saw Glasgow Warriors compete in the Celtic League and the European Challenge Cup. ## Season overview After impressive preseason displays, Glasgow Warriors played its first game in the new Celtic League against Newport Gwent Dragons, losing 23–24 after a last minute penalty. Glasgow then did not lose another home game until Ulster came to Hughenden in January 2007. Glasgow drew away to English side Saracens in the European Challenge Cup, en route to a quarter-final berth, but was drawn against Saracens and lost 23–19 at Vicarage Road. The Warriors defeated both Scottish rivals, Edinburgh and Border Reivers, just a week apart, and at the start of April title hopefuls Leinster arrived at Hughenden. Glasgow won the game 26–20, before following it up with a good away win against Irish side Connacht. The next game saw Glasgow travel to Ravenhill to face Ulster, one of only 2 sides to beat them at Hughenden, and the team stunned the home crowd by winning the game. Then it was the turn of Welsh side, the Neath–Swansea Ospreys (a side that would win the title at Netherdale the following week) to travel to Hughenden. The Ospreys crossed the Glasgow try line within 45 seconds, and crossed twice more to take a (26–9) lead just minutes from half-time, before Glasgow's Dan Parks converted his own try to take it to 26–16 at half time. In the second half, Parks kicked another penalty before setting up Graeme Morrison for a try, which he converted to level the scores. Parks kicked a penalty from just shy of the half-way line to take a three-point lead and the Ospreys couldn't find a way out of their own half for the remaining 20 minutes. The Warriors failed to make it five in a row the following week, but coach Sean Lineen was happy with his team's performance over the season nonetheless. ## Team ### Coaches - Gary Mercer, defence coach ### Squad #### Academy players #### Back up players Other players used by Glasgow Warriors over the course of the season. ## Player statistics During the 2006–07 season, Glasgow used 34 different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and points scored by each player. ## Staff movements ### Coaches #### Personnel out - Mark Bitcon to Scotland ### Staff #### Personnel in - Charles Shaw – chairman from Greenock - Archie Ferguson – Board Member - Bill Nolan – Board Member - John Lynch (Glasgow City Councillor) – Board Member ## Player movements ### Academy promotions - Stuart Corsar ### Player transfers ## Competitions ### Pre-season and friendlies #### Match 1 Glasgow Warriors: Justin Va'a, Eric Milligan, Euan Murray, Andy Newman, Dan Turner, Steve Swindall, John Barclay, Jon Petrie, Graeme Beveridge, Dan Parks, Thom Evans, Scott Barrow, Graeme Morrison, Hefin O'Hare, Colin Shaw Replacements: Stuart Corsar, James Eddie, John Beattie, Andy Wilson, Mike Roberts, Andrew Henderson, Willie Brown, Moray Low, Allan Kelly, Calum Forrester, Jamie Hunter, Ruaridh Jackson, Ben Addison, Pat MacArthur, Mike Adamson Moseley: Replacements: #### Match 2 Glasgow Warriors: Stuart Corsar, Eric Milligan, Moray Low, Allan Kelly, Dan Turner, Calum Forrester, Andy Wilson, John Barclay, Graeme Beveridge, Ruaridh Jackson, Colin Shaw, Scott Barrow, Hefin O'Hare, Ben Addison, Sean Marsden Replacements: Alan Gibbon (Cartha Queen's Park), Ryan Moffat (Cartha Queen's Park), Mike Adamson, Jamie Hunter, James Eddie, Pat MacArthur, Willie Brown, Andy Dunlop (Biggar), Andy Rennick (unattached). (all used) Newcastle Falcons: 15 Anthony Elliott, 14 Cameron Johnston, 13 Tom Dillon, 12 Mark Mayerhofler, 11 Jack Harrison, 10 Toby Flood, 9 Hall Charlton (captain), 1 Jon Golding, 2 Matt Thompson, 3 Robbie Morris, 4 Sean Tomes, 5 Stuart Walker, 6 Brent Wilson, 7 Cory Harris, 8 Greg Irvin Replacements: Oliver Tomazszcek, Ross Batty, Phil Dawson, Tim Visser, Ed Williamson, Tom Jokelson, Adam Dehaty, Mark Laycock, Michael Young #### Match 3 Glasgow Warriors: Justin Va'a, Fergus Thomson, Euan Murray, Andy Newman, Alastair Kellock, Steve Swindall, Donnie Macfadyen, John Beattie, Sam Pinder, Dan Parks, Mike Roberts, Andrew Henderson, Graeme Morrison, Thom Evans, Francisco Leonelli Replacements: Colin Shaw, Hefin O'Hare. Kevin Tkachuk, Jon Petrie, Stuart Corsar, Dan Turner, Andy Wilson, John Barclay (all used) Newcastle Falcons: 15 Matthew Burke (captain), 14 John Rudd, 13 Jamie Noon, 12 Joe Shaw, 11 Ollie Phillips, 10 Jonny Wilkinson, 9 James Grindal, 1 Micky Ward, 2 Andy Long, 3 David Wilson, 4 Andy Perry, 5 Andy Buist, 6 Mike McCarthy, 7 Ben Woods, 8 Phil Dowson Replacements: #### Match 4 Glasgow Warriors: Justin Va'a, Fergus Thomson, Euan Murray, Andy Newman, Alastair Kellock, Steve Swindall, Donnie Macfadyen, Jon Petrie, Sam Pinder, Dan Parks, Mike Roberts, Andrew Henderson, Graeme Morrison, Thom Evans, Francisco Leonelli Replacements: Colin Shaw, Hefin O'Hare, Jamie Hunter, Ruaridh Jackson, Scott Barrow, Kevin Tkachuk, James Eddie, Dan Turner, Andy Wilson, John Barclay, Eric Milligan Newcastle Falcons: M Burke (capt); J Shaw, J Noon, T Flood, A Elliott; J Wilkinson, H Charlton; M Ward, A Long, D Wilson, A Perry, A Buist, M McCarthy, P Dowson, C Harris Replacements (all used): J Golding, R Morris, M Thompson, J Oakes, B Wilson, B Woods, J Grindal, T Dillon, T Visser, J Rudd #### Match 5 Glasgow Warriors: Stuart Corsar, Scott Lawson, Ben Prescott, James Eddie, Dan Turner, Steve Swindall, Andy Dunlop, Calum Forrester, Jamie Hunter, Colin Gregor, Mike Adamson, Scott Barrow, Graeme Morrison, Ben Addison, Sean Marsden Replacements: Tony Nyangweso (Cartha QP), Ryan Moffat (Cartha QP), Ruaridh Jackson, Sam Pinder, Colin White, Willie Brown, Allan Kelly, Moray Low, Eric Milligan (all used) Edinburgh Rugby: D McCall, P Jorgensen, M Dey, R Kerr (Glasgow Hawks); A Monro, G Laidlaw; K Traynor, AKelly, A Dymock, D Duley, S Turnbull, A MacDonald, DCallam, S Cross. Replacements: A Warnock (Currie), P Louden (Edinburgh Academical), A Easson, C Ferguson, R Samson (Tynedale), S Lawrie, I Brown, F McKenzie, F Pringle, RWeston (Currie). #### Match 6 Border Reivers: Replacements: Glasgow Warriors: Rory Lamont, Ben Addison, Mike Adamson (Glasgow Hawks), Scott Barrow, Mike Roberts, Ruaridh Jackson, Jamie Hunter, Kevin Tkachuk, Eric Milligan, Ben Prescott, Allan Kelly, Dan Turner, Colin White, Calum Forrester, Steve Swindall Replacements: Stuart Corsar, Moray Low, Pat MacArthur (Ayr), Willie Brown, Andy Dunlop (Biggar), Stuart McGee (Boroughmuir), Ryan Moffat (Cartha QP) Tony Nyangweso (Cartha QP) (all used) #### Match 7 Scotland U20: Replacements from Glasgow Warriors: 15. Colin Shaw 14. Ben Addison 13. Sean Marsden 12. Scott Barrow 11. Mike Adamson 10. Ruaridh Jackson 9. Calum Cusiter, 1. Stuart Corsar 2. Nico Nyemba 3. Moray Low 4. Allan Kelly 5. Richie Gray 6. Colin White 7. Steve Swindall 8. Calum Forrester Replacements: Willie Brown, Andy Dunlop, Max Evans, Colin Gregor, Stuart McGee, Ryan Moffat, Neil Robertson, Joe Stafford, Dan Turner #### Match 8 Border Reivers: James Thomson (Heriot's); Nick De Luca, John Houston (Heriot's), Bryan Rennie, Dougie Flockhart; Gregor Townsend, Calum Cusiter; Bruce McNeil, Steve Scott, Geoff Cross, Dave Duley (Edinburgh Rugby), Stuart Grimes, Fergus Pringle (Edinburgh Rugby), Andy Millar, Richie Vernon Replacements: Graham Hogg, Rob Chrystie, Ryan Grant, Nick Hart (Watsonians), Ed Kalman, Torrie Callander (Watsonians), John Coutts (Hawick), Callum Anderson (Melrose) Glasgow Warriors: Sean Marsden; Max Evans, Hefin O'Hare, Scott Barrow, Colin Shaw; Colin Gregor, Sam Pinder; Stuart Corsar, Eric Milligan, Ben Prescott, Andy Newman, Dan Turner, Steve Swindall, John Barclay, Colin White Replacements: Willie Brown, Andy Dunlop (Biggar), James Eddie, Allan Kelly, Ross McCallum (Glasgow Hawks), Fergus Thomson Andrew Wilson, Graeme Beveridge, Stevie Gordon (Glasgow Hawks), Jamie Hunter, Ryan Moffat (Cartha QP), Tony Nyangweso (Cartha QP), Rory Watson (GHA) #### Match 9 Glasgow Warriors: Justin Va'a, Fergus Thomson, Moray Low, Andy Newman, Dan Turner, Steve Swindall, Andy Wilson, Colin White, Jamie Hunter, Colin Gregor, Thom Evans, Scott Barrow, Graeme Morrison, Hefin O'Hare, Colin Shaw Replacements: Eric Milligan, Ben Prescott, Kevin Tkachuk, Ben Prescott, Scott Lawson, James Eddie, Calum Forrester, Ben Addison, Max Evans, Sean Marsden Glasgow Hawks: Replacements: ### Celtic League #### Table #### Results Each team played 20 matches in the league. That meant each team would have two bye weeks during the 22-round league season. ##### Round 1 ##### Round 2 ##### Round 3 ##### Round 4 ##### Round 5 ##### Round 6 ##### Round 7 ##### Round 8 ##### Round 9 ##### Round 10 Glasgow Warriors sat out this round. ##### Round 11 ##### Round 12 ##### Round 13 ##### Round 14 ##### Round 15 ##### Round 16 ##### Round 17 Glasgow Warriors sat out this round. ##### Round 18 ##### Round 19 ##### Round 20 ##### Round 21 ##### Round 22 ### European Challenge Cup #### Table #### Results ##### Round 1 ##### Round 2 ##### Round 3 ##### Round 4 ##### Round 5 ##### Round 6 ##### Quarter finals ## Competitive debuts this season A player's nationality shown is taken from the nationality at the highest honour for the national side obtained; or if never capped internationally their place of birth. Senior caps take precedence over junior caps or place of birth; junior caps take precedence over place of birth. A player's nationality at debut may be different from the nationality shown. Combination sides like the British and Irish Lions or Pacific Islanders are not national sides, or nationalities. Players in BOLD font have been capped by their senior international XV side as nationality shown. Players in Italic font have capped either by their international 7s side; or by the international XV 'A' side as nationality shown. Players in normal font have not been capped at senior level. A position in parentheses indicates that the player debuted as a substitute. A player may have made a prior debut for Glasgow Warriors in a non-competitive match, 'A' match or 7s match; these matches are not listed. Tournaments where competitive debut made: Crosshatching indicates a jointly hosted match. ## Sponsorship ### Official kit supplier KooGa
Dead of Winter (Cole novel)	# Dead of Winter (Cole novel) ## Abstract Dead of Winter is a 2015 young adult fantasy novel written by Kresley Cole. It is the third part of The Arcana Chronicles series. The main theme of the novel is the love triangle between a group of teens possessing tarot -themed powers: Jack, Evie and Death.
Diachrysia balluca	# Diachrysia balluca ## Abstract Diachrysia balluca (Geyer, 1832), commonly known as the green-patched looper or hologram moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by scientific illustrator Carl Geyer in 1832. ## Physical description Diachrysia balluca is a large (20.0-25.0 mm forewing length) grey to brown moth with pointed forewings. The forewings possess metallic green patches over the outer two-thirds, and the hindwings are grey and unmarked. The underside of the thorax is white, and the prothorax is brown to yellow. Diachrysia balluca is the largest plusiine in North America. Information regarding the larval form of Diachrysia balluca is limited. Most larvae in the subfamily Plusiinae lack prolegs on abdominal segments three and four. This results in a ‘looping motion’ of their abdomen during movement much like inchworms. This subfamily is also characterized by upturned labial palps above the eye, large scale tufts on the thorax, dorsal scale tufts on one or more abdominal segments, and a quadrifid hindwing. ## Geographic range Diachrysia balluca occurs in northeastern North America, west from Nova Scotia to Manitoba and south to North Carolina. The species’ southern limit is The Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the southeastern United States. However, the first recorded specimen of this species was found in Georgia in 1832, and one specimen was recorded in northwestern Florida in 1965. ## Habitat Diachrysia balluca inhabits mature poplar and mixedwood forest in northeastern North America. ## Development Members of the family Noctuidae are holometabolous, meaning they have four life stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. ## Reproduction ### Mating systems Although there is limited data on the specific reproductive cycle of Diachrysia balluca, a 1978 study by Eichlin and Cunningham reared and observed Plusiinae specimens from Canada and the Southeastern United States in a laboratory setting. According to the study, adults typically mate the second day following emergence, and multiple matings occur regularly amongst this subfamily. Females produce a sex pheromone to attract males. Males emit a volatile chemical from hair pencils on their abdomen to aid in mating, which may serve as a recognition signal for mating partners. Females deposit between 200 and 300 eggs during her lifetime. Canadian woodnettle is a known host for Diachrysia balluca broods. ### General behaviour Although there is limited data on the lifespan of Diachrysia balluca, a 1978 study by Eichlin and Cunningham recorded the development of Plusiinae specimens from Canada and the Southeastern United States reared in a laboratory setting. The average developmental time from egg to adult was found to be thirty days. Most species passed through five instars, with each stage requiring three to five days. The prepupal stage lasted 1 to 2 days, and adults emerged after 8 days following pupation. There is one single brood per year. ## Lifespan Adult specimens have been observed from May through September, with the most observations occurring during the month of July. Observation of larvae is sparse, but this may be attributed to the larvae being small in size and rather inconspicuous, whereas the adults are larger and more visually striking. ## Behaviour As a member of the Noctuidae family, Diachrysia balluca is a nocturnal species, often flying solely at night. ## Senses and communication Diachrysia balluca possesses a tympanal organ for sound reception. Moths possess a simple tympanal organ that responds to alternating pressures of sound waves. Moths also possess refractive superposition eyes, a type of compound eye found mostly in nocturnal insects. ## Food habits Diachrysia balluca feeds on woody plants including common hop, quaking aspen, Canadian woodnettle and species of the genus Rubus. Adults are also known to visit flowers of the family Asteraceae. ## Predation Although there is minimal data regarding the predation of this species, there is evidence that iridescence in moths is linked to predator evasion. Although this may seem counterintuitive, some iridescence may serve as an optical illusion to escape the notice of predators. Iridescence may also play a role in species recognition and courtship. ## Ecosystem roles There is limited data regarding the ecosystem role of this species. ## Economic importance While there is limited data regarding the economic impact of Diachrysia balluca, larvae of the subfamily Plusiinae have been known to damage crops, vegetables, greenhouse plants and ornamental herbs. ## Conservation status There is no listed conservation status for this species. ## Taxonomic status Diachrysia balluca is considered a scientifically accepted species in the field of entomology, meeting established criteria for species distinction as of September 2023. ## Genetic data Diachrysia balluca is assigned a unique Barcode Index Number (BIN) on BOLD (Biodiversity of Life Database). You can explore the species-specific information and genetic data by visiting the BOLD page for TaxID: 21796, which includes details about its genetic characteristics and distribution. As of September 28, 2023, there are a total of nine genetic sequences available for Diachrysia balluca on NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (NCBI: txid689076). These sequences can be accessed for detailed genetic analysis and research purposes. Some species within the subfamily Plusiinae share almost identical genetic sequences. For example, Diachrysia stenochrysis and Diachrysia chrysitis are often difficult to be discriminated from each other based on external appearance, and possess a minimum pairwise divergence of a mere 0.93%. This is important to note when examining genetic data associated with this subfamily. ## Information Resources Genetic data, distribution records and taxonomic details of Diachrysia balluca are available through the Biodiversity of Life Database (BOLD) and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Sequence data for Diachrysia balluca is accessible through the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Catalogue of Life (CoL), Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) and the Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex) hold taxonomic and nomenclature data about Diachrysia balluca. Additionally, research-grade observations on iNaturalist provide valuable field data. See the 'Taxon identifiers' box below for links and accession numbers for these sources. Other sources are also provided below by Wikipedia, such as Butterflies and Moths of North America (BAMONA), BugGuide, Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG), Moth Photographers Group (MPG), and NatureServe; however, the accuracy of information from these sources may vary.
Leave Right Now	# Leave Right Now ## Abstract " Leave Right Now " is a song by British singer Will Young. It was written by Eg White and produced by Stephen Lipson for Young's second studio album, Friday's Child (2003). A song about unrequited love, it was released as the album's first single, becoming another number-one hit on the Irish and the UK Singles Chart. White was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically for "Leave Right Now" in 2004. The song was later also included on the international version of Young's third album, Keep On (2005). It also served as the exit song for the ninth season of American Idol. Young performed it on the penultimate episode to accompany a video montage recapping the season on 25 May 2010. ## Critical reception Stylus Magazine, who were mostly mixed to negative for Young's previous number ones, rated "Leave Right Now" with 9/10, saying "Better. Much, much better. By this time Will was comfortable as a popstar, prepared to add a little WTF to his videos (here he has a fight with the viewer in an art gallery), and had his style down pat: jacket and jeans rocked to a level not seen since Lovejoy and Tinker were bossing things in the late 80s. He had songs to match as well: 'Leave Right Now' is just one of the most English songs ever, which is understandable: what could be more English than a privately educated homosexual? The guy's a moderate genius—Dido with testicles and a heart." In 2007, Freaky Trigger ranked the song at number 54 in their list of the "Top 100 Songs of All Time," with critic Pete Baran calling it "one of the ballsiest songs of the noughties." In 2020, The Guardian ranked "Leave Right Now" at number 74 in its list of "The 100 greatest UK No 1 singles". ## Commercial performance The single went to number one in the UK Singles Chart and stayed there for two weeks, selling 117,702 copies in its first week. As of December 2018, the single had sold 638,000 copies, (728,000 including streaming equivalent sales). The song has sold 50,000 copies in the United States according to Billboard, with 32,000 of those occurring the week he performed on American Idol. ## Music video A music video for "Leave Right Now" was directed by Kevin Godley. The clip, which has no transitions and features actress Kelly Wenham as one of the party guests, features Young at a party where a fight starts and he gets caught up in it. ## Track listings ## Credits and personnel - Tracey Ackerman – backing vocals - Steve Barney – drums - Anne Dudley – orchestra arranger - Stephen Lipson – producer, programming - Heff Moraes – mixing engineer - John Themis – guitar - Greg Wells – keyboards - Eg White – protools - Will Young – guitar, vocals ## Charts ## Cover versions - In 2005, "Leave Right Now" was parodied by Mario Rosenstock for the radio show Gift Grub, whose identically titled version poked fun at Roy Keane 's controversial departure from Manchester United and his falling-out with Alex Ferguson. Rosenstock's version also reached number one on the Irish Singles Chart. - In 2005, "Leave Right Now" was covered in French by Pierrick Lilliu as "La même erreur" on his 2005 debut album, Besoin d'espace. - In 2005, actor Peter Gallagher recorded a version for his album 7 Days in Memphis. - In 2013, Australian artist Anthony Callea recorded a version for his album, Thirty. - In 2018, English musical theatre actor Lee Mead recorded a version for his album 10 Year Anniversary.
Gangbusters Melody Club	# Gangbusters Melody Club ## Abstract Gangbusters Melody Club is the fifth studio album by the electro swing group Caravan Palace, released on 1 March 2024. It peaked at 62 in the Official Scottish Albums Chart in the same month. ## Track listing All tracks are written by Arnaud de Bosredon ## Personnel Caravan Palace - Paul-Marie Barbier – piano (tracks 1, 4–7, 12) percussion (all tracks) vibraphone (tracks 5, 8, 11) - Martin Berlugue – trombone (tracks 1–3, 6, 9–10, 12) - Zoé Colotis – lead vocals (tracks 1–6, 8–), chorus vocals (1, 3, 5) - Arnaud "Vial" de Bosredon – drum programming, synthesizer, mixing (all tracks); electric guitar (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 10–12), chorus vocals (1, 5, 8); alto saxophone (6), acoustic guitar (7, 8), saxophone (7), Composer (all tracks) - Charles Delaporte – drum programming, synthesizer (all tracks); keyboard bass (tracks 1–3, 5, 8–12); electric bass (4, 6), background vocals (6), contrabass (12) - Lucas Saint-Cricq – baritone saxophone, tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 3–9); alto saxophone (3–9), violin (tracks 2–6, 11–12) - Luis Calderon – mastering, piano – (track 7), synthesizer – (track 6) Additional contributors - Aurélien – editing - Robin Mansanti – chorus vocals (tracks 5, 8) - Ella Washington – lead vocals (track 7) Former Members (2011–2021) - Hugues Payen – violin (track 4) - Camile Chapelière – saxophone (track 10)
Storms (Fleetwood Mac song)	# Storms (Fleetwood Mac song) ## Abstract " Storms " is a song by British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac, released in 1979. Composed and sung by vocalist Stevie Nicks, it was one of her five songs that appeared on the Tusk album. The song was also included on the US 2002 and UK 2009 editions of The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac as the final track on disc one. An alternate mix with more stripped back production was included on the 2015 deluxe edition of Tusk. Nicks said that the song was about her affair with bandmate Mick Fleetwood, which she believed contributed to the dissolution of his marriage with Jenny Boyd. ## Background "Storms" was the first song that Nicks presented to Fleetwood Mac for the Tusk album. In its demo form, the song only consisted of vocals and a rough piano part played by Nicks. Carol Anne Harris recalled that her former boyfriend, Lindsey Buckingham, was critical of "Storms" when Nicks played her demo to the band, which led to an argument between Nicks and Buckingham. Producer Ken Caillat described the demo as "a somewhat depressing song with only a few chords ". However, when the band revisited "Storms" in autumn 1978, both Caillat and engineer Hernán Rojas were surprised at Buckingham's willingness to dedicate his efforts toward the song. Buckingham later expressed his approval of "Storms" in 2015, calling it "a very strong song in terms of its form". The band worked on "Storms" the day after a recording session for " That's All for Everyone ", a Buckingham composition. While the other members of Fleetwood Mac were tracking "That's All For Everyone", Nicks grew bored and insisted during dinner that the band record "Storms" the following day, which they agreed to. Rojas remembered that Nicks felt excessively criticized by the band when she asked to record one of her own songs. "It wasn't that Stevie's songs weren't good, just that they presented more of a challenge, not only to arrange the song structure, but also to give it a brighter mood." For the initial tracking of "Storms", Buckingham strummed an acoustic guitar over a click track, although he later replaced that part with a fingerpicked nylon-string guitar and two arpeggiated electric guitars: one recorded clean and another distorted. Christine McVie played a Hammond B-3 organ through a rotating Leslie speaker and also overdubbed a Fender Rhodes electric piano to supplement Buckingham's guitars and John McVie's acoustic bass guitar. Fleetwood originally played a reverbed snare drum and shaker on the downbeats, although this was replaced with a tambourine and a muted floor tom. The producers also applied equalization to transform the click track into a kick drum. Nicks confirmed that "Storms" related to the fallout of her affair with Fleetwood. "It was really about Mick...That relationship destroyed Mick’s marriage to Jenny, who was the sweetest person in the world...Here’s that song in a nutshell: Don’t break up other people’s marriages. It will never work and will haunt you for the rest of your miserable days." ## Critical reception Paste ranked the song number nine its list of the 30 greatest Fleetwood Mac songs, writing that "there’s something particularly waxing and enchanting about "Storms," especially as the band's gorgeous, melodic and dreamy backing instrumentation bubbles behind her confident and worn-in vocals." Rolling Stone labeled "Storms" as a "lovely ballad", but said that "the production goes too far, and the track quivers with an eerie electronic vibrato". GQ labeled "Storms" as one Fleetwood Mac's best post- Rumours songs, highlighting her "downtrodden" vocals. ## Personnel - Stevie Nicks – lead vocals - Lindsey Buckingham – guitars, backing vocals - Christine McVie – keyboards, backing vocals - John McVie – bass guitar - Mick Fleetwood – tambourine, floor tom
Luis Aguiar	# Luis Aguiar ## Abstract Luis Bernardo Aguiar Burgos (born 17 November 1985) is an Uruguayan former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. ## Club career Born in Mercedes, Soriano Department, Aguiar started his career with Liverpool FC Montevideo. After an impressive season he transferred to FC Porto of Portugal but, after only two months with the club, not being able to reach the first team, he was loaned out during that season to C.F. Estrela da Amadora and Académica de Coimbra. On 11 April 2008, Aguiar scored in a 3–0 surprise win for Académica against S.L. Benfica. His very first goal in the Primeira Liga proved crucial for the Coimbra side, which finally narrowly avoided relegation as 12th. Aguiar remained in Portugal in June 2008, signing with rising S.C. Braga. He was essential in helping the Minho team win 11 of their first 15 competitive matches, netting on five occasions; on 23 October 2008, he scored from a free kick in another 3–0 upset, this time against England's Portsmouth in the group stage of the UEFA Cup. After having been a permanent presence in Braga's qualification for the Europa League, Aguiar moved to FC Dynamo Moscow in Russia, for € 2.5 million. However, only a few months afterwards, he returned to league leaders – eventually finished second – Braga, on loan until June, eventually surpassing Hugo Viana in the pecking order at central midfielder. He returned to Dynamo after his loan expired, only to re-sign with the Portuguese the following month also on loan. Aguiar started the 2010–11 campaign again in the starting XI, still under manager Domingos Paciência. However, he would ironically lose his place to Viana, and left in early January 2011, returning to his country after a lengthy absence and joining Peñarol, still owned by Dynamo Moscow. On 5 July 2011, Aguiar was sold by Dynamo Moscow to Sporting CP, signing a four-year contract with the Lisbon club and reuniting with former Braga boss Paciência. However, in late September, without having made any official appearances, he returned to Peñarol, again on loan. On 27 July 2012, Aguiar moved to Argentine Primera División side San Lorenzo de Almagro on a two-year deal. He subsequently returned to Peñarol for a further three Uruguayan Primera División seasons during which he was involved in several incidents, being loaned to Brazil's Esporte Clube Vitória in 2014. Aguiar returned to Braga for a fourth spell on 29 June 2016, becoming newly appointed manager José Peseiro 's first signing. He terminated his contract in November, after only three minutes of competitive play. In the following seasons, Aguiar represented in quick succession Alianza Lima (Peruvian Primera División) and Club Nacional de Football. On 3 January 2018, due to the transfer to the latter club, he received threats on social media; later in the same year, he was released. On 11 February 2019, Aguiar joined Club Plaza Colonia de Deportes. Only three months later, he left for personal reasons. ## Personal life Aguiar's older brother, Carlos, was also a footballer and a midfielder.
1977 in radio	# 1977 in radio ## Abstract In the year 1977, significant events in radio broadcasting included the President of the United States participating in a call-in radio program. ## Events - January – WRSQ-FM (104.9) signs on the air in Geneseo, Illinois, United States, as a sister station to WGEN-AM (1500 AM). The station's first call letters are short-lived, as the station will quickly adopt the callsign WGEN-FM. The initial format is country music with a community focus. - February 18 – Belgischer Rundfunk (BRF) is founded and takes over responsibility for public-service radio broadcasting in the German language in Belgium. - March 5 - President Jimmy Carter participates with Walter Cronkite in the Dial-a-President radio program on CBS. - May 12 - WTIC-FM in Hartford, Connecticut switches from classical music to a new Top 40 format designed by consultant Mike Joseph. This successful new approach will later be termed Hot Hits. - July 1 - CKO (a Canadian all news radio network) begins broadcasting. - August 16 - Radio and television stations nationwide interrupt regular programming to report the death of Elvis Presley. - September 1 -- Dave Lingafelt begins airing "The Whacky Wake Up Crew" on WNNC -AM in Newton, North Carolina. He has been on the air for more than 35 years and has since purchased another AM station as well as 95.7 WXRC "The Ride." ### No dates - KSTP-FM in St. Paul, Minnesota adopts its long-running soft rock format. ## Debuts - 5 February: Adventure Theater (a children's program, not to be confused with Adventure Theater, a 1956 anthology series on NBC) debuts on CBS. ## Closings - 29 May: NBC Radio 's all-news "News and Information Service" ceases operations, citing a low number of affiliates. Most stations switch to different formats, but KQV in Pittsburgh launched a locally based production for its all-news format, which it maintains to the present day. ## Births - September 3 - DJ Envy, American DJ and host of The Breakfast Club - November - Heidi Cortez, American model, writer, and radio host ## Deaths - February 17 - Quincy Howe, 76, American radio broadcast journalist - April 15 - Bud Ballou, 34, American radio disc jockey - May 2 - Sid Collins, 55, American broadcaster best known as the radio voice of the Indianapolis 500 on the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Radio Network from 1952 to 1976 - June 14 - Alan Reed, 70, American actor - October 14 - Bing Crosby, 74, American singer, actor and early radio personality - November 8 - Ted Ray, 71, English comedian
Bill Swaggerty	# Bill Swaggerty ## Abstract William David Swaggerty (born December 5, 1956) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Baltimore Orioles from 1983 to 1986. ## Career A native of Sanford, Florida, Swaggerty attended Stetson College, and played collegiate summer baseball in 1978 with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Swaggerty made his Major League debut on August 13, 1983 for the World Series champion Baltimore Orioles. He went on to appear in 32 games for the Orioles between 1983 and 1986, making 8 starts. After two years in the Kansas City Royals ' farm system, Swaggerty retired after the 1988 season.
2010–11 Glasgow Warriors season	# 2010–11 Glasgow Warriors season ## Abstract The 2010–11 season saw Glasgow Warriors compete in the competitions: the Magners Celtic League and the European Champions Cup, the Heineken Cup. ## Team ### Squad #### Academy players #### Back-up players - Kris Hamilton (Glasgow Hawks) – Scrum-half ## Player statistics During the 2010 – 11 season, Glasgow have used 43 different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and points scored by each player. ## Staff movements ### Coaches ## Player movements ### Player transfers ## Competitions ### Pre-season and friendlies #### Match 1 Dundee HSFP: Replacements: Glasgow Warriors: Colin Shaw, Richie Gray, Kevin Tkachuk, Aly Muldowney, Ryan Wilson, Duncan Weir, Chris Fusaro, Ed Kalman, Steve Swindall, Michael Doneghan, Rob Dewey, Federico Martín Aramburú, Hefin O'Hare, Chauncey O'Toole, Finlay Gillies, Gordon Reid, Murray McConnell, Alex Dunbar, Peter Horne, Ryan Grant, Peter Murchie, Kris Hamilton (Glasgow Hawks) #### Match 2 Glasgow Warriors: Bernardo Stortoni (c); D. T. H. van der Merwe, Max Evans, Rob Dewey, Federico Martín Aramburú; Ruaridh Jackson, Henry Pyrgos; Ryan Grant, Fergus Thomson, Moray Low, Aly Muldowney, Richie Gray, Ryan Wilson, Chris Fusaro, Richie Vernon Replacements (all used): Paul Burke, Alex Dunbar, Calum Forrester, Finlay Gillies, Rob Harley, Peter Horne, Ed Kalman, Pat MacArthur, Murray McConnell, Peter Murchie, Colin Shaw, Stevie Swindall, Kevin Tkachuk, Duncan Weir Sale Sharks: Paul Williams; Tom Brady, Fergus Mulchrone, Nick Macleod, Ben Cohen; Matty James, Dwayne Peel; Aston Croall, Neil Briggs, Karena Wihongi, Nic Rouse, James Gaskell (c), Carl Fearns, James Harris, Sisaro Koyamaibole Replacements: Kyle Tonetti, Anitelea Tuilagi, Rhys Crane, Rob Miller, Chris Leck, Jack Forster, Simon McIntyre, Marc Jones, Sean Cox, Wame Lewaravu, David Seymour, Kristian Ormsby #### Match 3 Wasps: Mark Van Gisbergen, Richard Haughton, Ben Jacobs, Dom Waldouck, Tom Varndell, Riki Flutey, Joe Simpson, Tim Payne, Rob Webber, Phil Vickery, Simon Shaw, Richard Birkett, Joe Worsley, Tom Rees (c), John Hart Replacements: Tom Lindsay, Zak Taulafo, Ben Broster, Dan Ward-Smith, Serge Betsen, Nic Berry, Dave Walder, Jack Wallace, James Cannon, Sam Jones, Christian Wade Glasgow Warriors: Bernardo Stortoni (c), D. T. H. van der Merwe, Max Evans, Graeme Morrison, Hefin O'Hare, Duncan Weir, Henry Pyrgos, Jon Welsh, Fergus Thomson, Moray Low, Tom Ryder, Richie Gray, Stevie Swindall, Calum Forrester, Richie Vernon Replacements: Pat MacArthur, Kevin Tkachuk, Aly Muldowney, Ryan Grant, Ruaridh Jackson, Colin Shaw, Peter Murchie, Peter Horne, Will Cliff, Robert Harley, Alex Dunbar, Ryan Wilson ### European Champions Cup #### Results ##### Round 1 ##### Round 2 ##### Round 3 ##### Round 4 - This match was postponed twice from its originally scheduled kickoff of 18 December. Weather-related travel delays prevented Glasgow from arriving in Toulouse until hours before the planned kickoff, causing a postponement to 19 December. The team's equipment, which was travelling on a separate flight, was further delayed, leading to the second postponement. ##### Round 5 ##### Round 6 ### Magners Celtic League #### League table #### Results ##### Round 1 ##### Round 2 ##### Round 3 ##### Round 4 ##### Round 5 ##### Round 6 ##### Round 7 ##### Round 8 ##### Round 9 ##### Round 10 ##### Round 11: 1872 Cup (1st Leg) ##### Round 12: 1872 Cup (2nd Leg) Glasgow Warriors won the 1872 Cup with an aggregate score of 47 - 46. ##### Round 13 ##### Round 14 ##### Round 15 ##### Round 16 ##### Round 17 ##### Round 18 ##### Round 19 ##### Round 20 ##### Round 21 ##### Round 22 ## Competitive debuts this season A player's nationality shown is taken from the nationality at the highest honour for the national side obtained; or if never capped internationally their place of birth. Senior caps take precedence over junior caps or place of birth; junior caps take precedence over place of birth. A player's nationality at debut may be different from the nationality shown. Combination sides like the British and Irish Lions or Pacific Islanders are not national sides, or nationalities. Players in BOLD font have been capped by their senior international XV side as nationality shown. Players in Italic font have capped either by their international 7s side; or by the international XV 'A' side as nationality shown. Players in normal font have not been capped at senior level. A position in parentheses indicates that the player debuted as a substitute. A player may have made a prior debut for Glasgow Warriors in a non-competitive match, 'A' match or 7s match; these matches are not listed. Tournaments where competitive debut made: Crosshatching indicates a jointly hosted match. ## Sponsorship ### Official kit supplier Canterbury - Official kit supplier
Borova, Chuhuiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast	# Borova, Chuhuiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast ## Abstract Borova (Ukrainian: Борова) is a village in Chuhuiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast (province) of Ukraine. Borova was previously located in the Zmiiv Raion. The raion was abolished on 18 July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven. The area of Zmiiv Raion was merged into Chuhuiv Raion.
List of people of the Three Kingdoms (X)	# List of people of the Three Kingdoms (X) ## Abstract The following is a partial list of people significant to the Three Kingdoms period (220 – 280) of Chinese history. Their romanised names start with the letter X.
Anatoly Polyansky	# Anatoly Polyansky ## Abstract Anatoly Trofimovich Polyansky (Russian: Анатолий Трофимович Полянский; 29 January 1928, Avdiivka – 7 June 1993, Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian architect. ## Work His work includes the pavilion of the USSR on the International World Fair in Brussels (Grand Prix) in 1958 pioneer camp, Artek in Crimea, the Museum of the Great Patriotic War, Moscow, the Yalta Hotel Complex and the USSR embassy buildings in Greece, Sweden and Egypt. ## Awards and honors - USSR State Prize (1967) - Order of the October Revolution (1976) - Lenin Komsomol Prize (1978) - People's Architect of the USSR (1980) - State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996, posthumous) - Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Zitto Kabwe	# Zitto Kabwe ## Abstract Zitto Zuberi Ruyagwa Kabwe (born on 24 September 1976), popularly known as Zitto Kabwe, is a Tanzanian politician and party leader of ACT-Wazalendo. He was a member of the opposition party, Chadema, from 1992 until his expulsion in March 2015. He served as a two term Member of Parliament for the Kigoma North constituency from 2005 to 2015. He was also the Chairman of the parliamentary Public Accounts Committee (PAC) as well as the chair of the parliamentary standing committee where he oversaw more than 250 State-Owned Companies. On 19 March 2015, he officially co-founded the Alliance for Change and Transparency and serves as its leader. ## Biography ### Personal life Zitto Kabwe was born in Mwandiga, Kigoma. His mother, Shida Salum Mohammed had 10 children, six girls and 4 boys. On June 1, 2014, Kabwe's mother died in Dar es Salaam after years of suffering from cervical cancer. At the time of her death, she was the chairperson for Chama cha Watu Wenye Ulemavu wa Viungo (CHAWATA). Now married to Ms. Anna Bwana, Kabwe is the father of a son named Wiza-Chachage and daughters Josina-UmmKulthum and Alaa-Angelika. His son is named after a public intellectual Prof. Chachage S. Chachage of the Universality of Dar es Salaam who was a close friend of Zitto. The daughters are named after a Mozambican Liberation Heroine Josina Machel and Zitto's much-loved auntie Mama Mhonga and who takes care of him as a mother after the death of Hajjat Shida Salum. Alaa is named after Alaa Salah, The Lady Liberty of the Sudanese Revolution, of 2019 and Zitto's mother-in-law Mrs. Angelika Bwana. ### Education Kabwe joined Kigoma Primary School in 1984 and sat for the CPEE in 1990. He went on to advance to Kigoma Secondary School in 1991 and was enrolled there until 1994. In 1994 he transferred to Kibohehe Secondary School where he sat for his CSEE in 1995 and went on to proceed to Galanos Secondary School for the 1996 academic year. In 1997 he joined Tosamaganga Secondary School and sat for his ACSEE in 1998. In 1999 Kabwe joined the University of Dar es Salaam and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics in 2003. After working for 6 years, Zitto enrolled at Bucerius Law School located in Hamburg, Germany where he graduated with a Master of Law and Business degree (MLB) in 2010. In 2011 Zitto Kabwe enrolled as a Ph.D. student at the Otto Beisheim School of Management in Vallendar, Germany. ### Career As the Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee, Mr. Kabwe campaigned for a strong conflict of interest code as a measure to fight corruption by public officeholders. He served as a bridge between political parties, parliamentarians and civil society organizations so that they could act together on matters of national interests. ### The Mining Act of 2010 Zitto Kabwe is strongly associated with the passage of the Mining Act, 2010, Cap 123. Kabwe was involved in cross-party negotiation and consultation with civil society as the law was drafted and considered. The act came in the wake of public concerns that Tanzania was getting meager royalties from the mining sector. The act places mining rights in the hands of Tanzanian nationals and required mining companies to list with the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange. The mining act also restricted participation of non-Tanzanians in small scale mining, dealing in minerals and gemstone operations.
Alexandre Bonnet	# Alexandre Bonnet ## Abstract Alexandre Bonnet (born 17 October 1986) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Championnat National club Quevilly-Rouen. ## Club career Bonnet made his professional debut with Toulouse. In 2009, Bonnet joined Ligue 2 club Le Havre. In June 2022, he announced his departure from the club after thirteen seasons. He made 470 appearances and scored 52 goals for Le Havre, becoming the club's captain. Bonnet subsequently signed for Quevilly-Rouen, also in Ligue 2. ## International career Between 2006 and 2008, Bonnet made four appearances and scored one goal for the France U21 national team. ## Career statistics
Rose Hill station	# Rose Hill station ## Abstract Rose Hill was a commuter railroad station on the Chicago and North Western Railway 's Milwaukee Division, now the Union Pacific North Line. The station was located at Rosehill Drive and Ravenswood Avenue, in Chicago 's Edgewater neighborhood. Rose Hill opened in 1855 or 1856, and was in service for more than 100 years before closing in 1958 as part of a service revision on the North Western's commuter lines. ## History The station that would come to be known as Rose Hill opened as a stop on the Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad, a line which officially began operating January 1, 1855, and ran from Chicago to north-suburban Waukegan. The Wisconsin portion of the line opened in June, providing a connection between its namesake cities. Rose Hill was one of the earlier stops on the line, opening in 1855 or 1856, as Chittenden, named for the town of Chittenden which the station served. At the time, Chittenden was part of the civil township of Lake View, the line had but a single track running at grade, and this was the first stop outside of the Chicago city limits. Trains stopped at a pair of platforms on the west side of the track which were separated from each other by a gap permitting the passage of the unpaved Rosehill Drive. On September 16, 1857, an auction was held at the station for one hundred fifty Chittenden lots. Those buying lots were given free transport to and from the sale and "provided with a good dinner." The winner that day was the Rosehill Cemetery Company which acquired all one hundred and fifty lots. Not long afterward, the new cemetery was constructed immediately west of the Chittenden stop. Rosehill Cemetery opened on July 29, 1859, and the station's name was changed to match, inconsistently using the variants "Rose Hill" and "Rosehill." In May 1866, the Chicago and Milwaukee was leased in perpetuity to the Chicago and North Western Railway with the Chicago–Milwaukee line becoming the Chicago and North Western's Milwaukee Division. On July 15, 1889, Lake View was annexed by the city of Chicago and in 1896 and 1903, the city of Chicago passed ordinances requiring the elevation of the line. It wasn't until 1908 or 1909 that the elevation was completed to Evanston. When the line was elevated, a new station was constructed using stone to match the Castellated Gothic Rosehill Cemetery Administration Building and Entry Gate which was immediately west of the station. The station building was situated at track-level on the east side of the tracks. Passengers and mourners boarded and alighted at a pair of side platforms serving the outer two tracks while a through track ran down the center. Access to the street was by a pair of stairways on the east and west sides of the embankment which led down to the north side of Rosehill Drive. An elevator, executed in the same Castellated Gothic style, was provided on the western (northbound) platform to allow for pallbearers on funeral trains to easily bring coffins down to ground level for interment. By the 1950s, Chicago and North Western management began to reassess its commuter service and came to the conclusion that the road could be operated more economically and efficiently by closing stations in and near Chicago and focusing on suburban and long-haul traffic. In June 1958, the company went before the Illinois Commerce Commission requesting permission to abandon more than twenty stops, alter train schedules, revise its ticketing structure, and raise fares on monthly tickets. On November 14, the ICC ruled in favor of granting the majority of the North Western's requests, including the closure of the Rose Hill station. The fare increase and service alterations went into effect on December 1, 1958, and Rose Hill was abandoned along with twenty other stations either in or near Chicago on the Milwaukee, Geneva, and Wisconsin Divisions.
Layne Staley: Angry Chair	# Layne Staley: Angry Chair ## Abstract Layne Staley: Angry Chair, subtitled A Look Inside the Heart and Soul of an Incredible Musician, is a biography by Argentinean journalist Adriana Rubio about Layne Staley, the lead vocalist of the rock band Alice in Chains, published in January 2003. It is named after the Alice in Chains song, Angry Chair. It features 50 pages of photos of Staley's art work, sketches, diary entries, and childhood pictures. It also contains the alleged last interview of Staley, which Rubio claimed she conducted less than three months before Staley died of a heroin and cocaine overdose in April 2002. Rubio also conducted extensive interviews with Staley's mother, Nancy Layne McCallum, as well as his sister Liz Coats (née Elmer) while writing the book. The book was re-released as Layne Staley: Get Born Again on 30 June 2006, with additional material including more pictures and artworks from Staley, and an extended version of the alleged last interview. ## Controversy The content of Rubio's book, including what she described as Layne's final interview, was called into serious question in David De Sola's 2015 book Alice In Chains: The Untold Story. In his book, DeSola questions not only the content of the alleged interview - which contains multiple factual errors, portrays Staley as using his lyrics and song titles in casual conversation, and also uses quotes from previous printed interviews - but also dispels the claim that Rubio ever interviewed Staley at all. While Rubio's book received massive coverage at the time of its release, De Sola's counter claims were not quoted by any of the websites that cited Rubio's content as truthful. Staley's friends and family have also publicly expressed their frustration over, and have disputed Rubio's book, stating that it is "full of lies", and claim that Rubio never interviewed Staley, who had expressed no interest in talking to her. One of Staley's sisters, Liz Coats, has been quoted as saying: I personally have never read Adriana's book. I did meet with her and speak with her at length. I also talked with Layne when I was contacted by her, and let him know of her intentions to write a book about him. He let me know that he wanted no part of it. He said that he did not trust journalists, and that they had never been honest in his experience. He also said for me to tell her, and I quote, "Tell her if she wants to write a book about someone, she should write it about herself." Anyone who knew Layne would know that would be something he would say. When I heard that Adriana claimed to have spoken to Layne, I knew the book would be full of lies, and I chose not to read it. The fact that she came out with that after his death made me sick. I regret that I ever spoke with her. In all of his wisdom, he was right again, and I unfortunately had to learn the hard way. She was not to be trusted. You might wonder why I ever spoke with her in the first place. Imagine watching your big brother, this incredible man, trapped in his addiction, a personal hell on earth, for years and years. When I was first contacted by Adriana, I was so grateful that this woman from another country was so impressed by him, and wanted to tell his story, and honor him this way. I wanted Layne to know, or hear again, how much he was admired and loved, as he was such an extraordinary person. I even had the hope that a book written honoring him, might be one of the things that might change his course. You grasp at straws after you’ve watched someone you love go through such strife for so long. I'm glad so many people realize what a joke this book was. I hate the thought of people believing her lies, but I know the truth, and that's why I will never read the book. No point. Staley's last known interview was for the radio show Rockline on July 19, 1999, with the other members of Alice in Chains, to promote the release of the compilation album Nothing Safe: Best of the Box.
Outline of South America	# Outline of South America ## Abstract The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to South America. South America is the southern continent of the two Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly (about 3/4) in the Southern Hemisphere. It lies between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The continent is culturally, ethnically and racially diverse, home to indigenous peoples and to descendants of settlers from Europe, Africa and Asia. Due to its history of colonialism most South Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese, and its societies and states are commonly modeled after Western traditions. ## Geography of South America Geography of South America ### Geography by political division #### Geography of countries - Geography of Argentina - Geography of Bolivia - Geography of Brazil - Geography of Chile - Geography of Colombia - Geography of Ecuador - Geography of Guyana - Geography of Panama - Geography of Paraguay - Geography of Peru - Geography of Suriname - Geography of Trinidad and Tobago - Geography of Uruguay - Geography of Venezuela #### Geography of dependencies and other territories - Geography of Aruba - Geography of Bonaire - Geography of Curaçao - Geography of the Falkland Islands - Geography of French Guiana - Geography of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ### Geographical features of South America - List of islands of South America - List of rivers of South America - List of World Heritage Sites in South America ### Regions of South America #### Directional regions - Eastern South America: Federative Republic of Brazil - Northern South America (the part of South America located in the Northern Hemisphere) North-eastern South America: The Guianas North-western South America: Caribbean South America - North-eastern South America: The Guianas - North-western South America: Caribbean South America - Southern South America: Southern Cone - Western South America: Andean States #### Natural regions - Altiplano - Amazon basin - Amazon rainforest Brazilian Amazon Peruvian Amazon - Brazilian Amazon - Peruvian Amazon - Andes Tropical Andes Dry Andes Wet Andes - Tropical Andes - Dry Andes - Wet Andes - Atacama Desert - Brazilian Highlands - Caribbean South America - Gran Chaco - Guianas - Llanos - Pampas - Pantanal - Patagonia - Tierra del Fuego - Atlantic Forest - Caatinga - Cerrado - Chiquitano dry forests ### Political divisions of South America #### Countries of South America List of South American countries - Argentina - Bolivia - Brazil - Chile - Colombia - Ecuador - Guyana - Panama - Paraguay - Peru - Suriname - Trinidad and Tobago - Uruguay - Venezuela #### Dependencies and other territories - Aruba - Bonaire - Curaçao - Falkland Islands - French Guiana - South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands #### Regions by country - Regions of Argentina - Regions of Bolivia - Regions of Brazil - Regions of Chile - Regions of Colombia - Regions of Ecuador - Regions of Guyana - Regions of Paraguay - Regions of Peru - Regions of Suriname - Regions of Trinidad and Tobago - Regions of Uruguay - Regions of Venezuela ### Demography of South America Demographics of South America - List of South American countries by population - List of South American countries by GDP PPP #### Demographics by political division ##### Demographics of countries - Demographics of Argentina - Demographics of Bolivia - Demographics of Brazil - Demographics of Chile - Demographics of Colombia - Demographics of Ecuador - Demographics of Guyana - Demographics of Panama - Demographics of Paraguay - Demographics of Peru - Demographics of Suriname - Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago - Demographics of Uruguay - Demographics of Venezuela ##### Demographics of dependencies and other territories - Demographics of Aruba - Demographics of Bonaire - Demographics of Curaçao - Demographics of the Falkland Islands - Demographics of French Guiana - Demographics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ## Politics of South America - Conflicts in South America - Political parties in South America ### Politics by political division #### Politics of countries - Politics of Argentina - Politics of Bolivia - Politics of Brazil - Politics of Chile - Politics of Colombia - Politics of Ecuador - Politics of Guyana - Politics of Panama - Politics of Paraguay - Politics of Peru - Politics of Suriname - Politics of Trinidad and Tobago - Politics of Uruguay - Politics of Venezuela #### Politics of dependencies and other territories - Politics of Aruba - Politics of Bonaire - Politics of Curaçao - Politics of the Falkland Islands - Politics of French Guiana - Politics of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands #### Elections by political division ##### Elections in countries - Elections in Argentina - Elections in Bolivia - Elections in Brazil - Elections in Chile - Elections in Colombia - Elections in Ecuador - Elections in Guyana - Elections in Panama - Elections in Paraguay - Elections in Peru - Elections in Suriname - Elections in Trinidad and Tobago - Elections in Uruguay - Elections in Venezuela ##### Elections in dependencies and other territories - Elections in Aruba - Elections in Bonaire - Elections in Curaçao - Elections in the Falkland Islands - Elections in French Guiana - Elections in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands #### Human rights by political division ##### Human rights in countries - Human rights in Argentina - Human rights in Bolivia - Human rights in Brazil - Human rights in Chile - Human rights in Colombia - Human rights in Ecuador - Human rights in Guyana - Human rights in Panama - Human rights in Paraguay - Human rights in Peru - Human rights in Suriname - Human rights in Trinidad and Tobago - Human rights in Uruguay - Human rights in Venezuela ##### Human rights in dependencies and other territories - Human rights in Aruba - Human rights in Bonaire - Human rights in Curaçao - Human rights in the Falkland Islands - Human rights in French Guiana - Human rights in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands #### Law by political division ##### Law of countries - Law of Argentina - Law of Bolivia - Law of Brazil - Law of Chile - Law of Colombia - Law of Ecuador - Law of Guyana - Law of Panama - Law of Paraguay - Law of Peru - Law of Suriname - Law of Trinidad and Tobago - Law of Uruguay - Law of Venezuela ##### Law of dependencies and other territories - Law of Aruba - Law of Bonaire - Law of Curaçao - Law of the Falkland Islands - Law of French Guiana - Law of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands #### Law enforcement by political division ##### Law enforcement in countries - Law enforcement in Argentina - Law enforcement in Bolivia - Law enforcement in Brazil - Law enforcement in Chile - Law enforcement in Colombia - Law enforcement in Ecuador - Law enforcement in Guyana - Law enforcement in Panama - Law enforcement in Paraguay - Law enforcement in Peru - Law enforcement in Suriname - Law enforcement in Trinidad and Tobago - Law enforcement in Uruguay - Law enforcement in Venezuela ##### Law enforcement in dependencies and other territories - Law enforcement in Aruba - Law enforcement in Bonaire - Law enforcement in Curaçao - Law enforcement in the Falkland Islands - Law enforcement in French Guiana - Law enforcement in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ### Governments of South America - South American Union ## History of South America ### History of South America, by period - Pre-Columbian era - Early modern period European colonization of the Americas Portuguese colonization of the Americas Colonial Brazil Spanish colonization of the Americas Colonial Argentina Colonial Bolivia Colonial Chile Colonial Peru Colonial Venezuela - European colonization of the Americas Portuguese colonization of the Americas Colonial Brazil Spanish colonization of the Americas Colonial Argentina Colonial Bolivia Colonial Chile Colonial Peru Colonial Venezuela - Portuguese colonization of the Americas Colonial Brazil - Colonial Brazil - Spanish colonization of the Americas Colonial Argentina Colonial Bolivia Colonial Chile Colonial Peru Colonial Venezuela - Colonial Argentina - Colonial Bolivia - Colonial Chile - Colonial Peru - Colonial Venezuela ### History of South America, by region - History of Andean South America #### History of South America, by country - History of Argentina - History of Bolivia - History of Brazil Empire of Brazil - Empire of Brazil - History of Chile - History of Colombia - History of Ecuador - History of Guyana - History of Panama - History of Paraguay - History of Peru - History of Suriname - History of Trinidad and Tobago - History of Uruguay - History of Venezuela #### History of dependencies and other territories - History of Aruba - History of Bonaire - History of Curaçao - History of the Falkland Islands - History of French Guiana - History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ### History of South America, by subject - Military history of South America Spanish American wars of independence Latin American wars of independence South American dreadnought race - Spanish American wars of independence - Latin American wars of independence - South American dreadnought race - Slavery in South America Slavery in Brazil - Slavery in Brazil ## Culture of South America Culture of South America - Coats of arms of South America - Flags of South America - Religion in South America Islam in South America Christianity in South America Hinduism in South America - Islam in South America - Christianity in South America - Hinduism in South America - World Heritage Sites ### Culture in South America, by country #### Culture of countries - Culture of Argentina - Culture of Bolivia - Culture of Brazil - Culture of Chile - Culture of Colombia - Culture of Ecuador - Culture of Guyana - Culture of Panama - Culture of Paraguay - Culture of Peru - Culture of Suriname - Culture of Trinidad and Tobago - Culture of Uruguay - Culture of Venezuela #### Culture of dependencies and other territories - Culture of Aruba - Culture of Bonaire - Culture of Curaçao - Culture of the Falkland Islands - Culture of French Guiana - Culture of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ### Architecture of South America - Architecture of Argentina - Architecture of Colombia - Architecture of Peru ### The Arts in South America ### Cuisine of South America Cuisine of South America - Cuisine of Argentina - Cuisine of Bolivia - Cuisine of Brazil - Cuisine of Chile - Cuisine of Colombia - Cuisine of Ecuador - Cuisine of Guyana - Cuisine of Panama - Cuisine of Paraguay - Cuisine of Peru - Cuisine of Suriname - Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago - Cuisine of Uruguay - Cuisine of Venezuela ### Languages of South America Languages of South America #### Languages of South America, by country - Languages of Argentina - Languages of Bolivia - Languages of Brazil - Languages of Chile - Languages of Colombia - Languages of Ecuador - Languages of Guyana - Languages of Panama - Languages of Paraguay - Languages of Peru - Languages of Suriname - Languages of Trinidad and Tobago - Languages of Uruguay - Languages of Venezuela #### Languages of dependencies and other territories - Languages of Aruba - Languages of Bonaire - Languages of Curaçao - Languages of the Falkland Islands - Languages of French Guiana - Languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ### Media of South America - Media of Argentina - Media of Bolivia - Media of Colombia - Media of Paraguay - Media of Peru - Media of Venezuela ### Prostistution in South America Prostitution in South America - Prostitution in Argentina - Prostitution in Bolivia - Prostitution in Brazil - Prostitution in Chile - Prostitution in Colombia - Prostitution in Ecuador - Prostitution in Guyana - Prostitution in Paraguay - Prostitution in Peru - Prostitution in Suriname - Prostitution in Trinidad and Tobago - Prostitution in Uruguay - Prostitution in Venezuela ### Racism in South America Racism in South America - Racism in Argentina - Racism in Brazil ### Religion in South America Religion in South America - Religion in Argentina - Religion in Bolivia - Religion in Brazil - Religion in Chile - Religion in Colombia - Religion in Ecuador - Religion in Guyana - Religion in Panama - Religion in Paraguay - Religion in Peru - Religion in Suriname - Religion in Trinidad and Tobago - Religion in Uruguay - Religion in Venezuela ### Sport in South America Sport in South America #### Sport in South America, by country - Sport in Argentina - Sport in Bolivia - Sport in Brazil - Sport in Chile - Sport in Colombia - Sport in Ecuador - Sport in Guyana - Sport in Panama - Sport in Paraguay - Sport in Peru - Sport in Suriname - Sport in Trinidad and Tobago - Sport in Uruguay - Sport in Venezuela #### Sport in dependencies and other territories - Sport in Aruba - Sport in Bonaire - Sport in Curaçao - Sport in the Falkland Islands - Sport in French Guiana - Sport in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ## Economy and infrastructure of South America ## Education in South America ## South America lists - List of newspapers in South America - List of radio stations in South America - List of television stations in South America
Satondella dantarti	# Satondella dantarti ## Abstract Satondella dantarti is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Scissurellidae, the little slit snails. ## Distribution This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.
Son of Sam (band)	# Son of Sam (band) ## Abstract Son of Sam is an American horror punk band that is a side project created by Todd Youth in 2000, during his tenure as the guitarist for Danzig. The band's initial line up featured members of Samhain, Danzig, and AFI. Much like its members' other work, Son of Sam plays in the horror punk style, and also infuses metal and deathrock elements into their music. The name of the band was inspired by the iconic serial killer David Berkowitz, known as the notorious "Son of Sam". This also draws reference to the band Samhain. ## History In 1999, Youth was invited by Glenn Danzig to fill in the guitar position for the Samhain reunion tour, replacing Samhain's original guitarist, Pete "Damien" Marshall, who had opted out in order to tour with Iggy Pop. Playing guitar for the Samhain reunion inspired Youth to write an album worth of Samhain influenced music. Youth then contacted Steve Zing and London May (both ex-Samhain members), who were impressed with what Todd had written, and agreed to help him record an album. The project was dubbed "Son of Sam," a nod to the fact that the band was spawned out of the Samhain reunion. Davey Havok, whose band, AFI, had opened for the Samhain reunion tour, was invited to write lyrics and record vocals for the album, since it was well known that Havok was a Samhain fan. In a short amount of time, they recorded an album of 10 tracks called Songs from the Earth and released it on Nitro Records in 2001. "To me, doing this record was sort of a tribute to Samhain. Playing guitar for Samhain on the reunion tour was such an honor. I had forgotten how much I love and respect the band," Youth stated. The album featured guest guitar and keyboard from Glenn Danzig on the tracks Stray and Songs From The Earth. In December 2007, messages on the Horror High website indicated that a follow-up record was being made. Davey Havok did not return on vocals as, although he had said numerous times that he would love to make a new Son of Sam album, he was too busy with commitments to AFI 's record label, Interscope. Todd Youth released a statement saying while Havok would not be doing vocals, he had given the rest of the band his full blessing in seeking a replacement vocalist. Youth enlisted the talents of Chelsea Smiles bandmate Sky Vaughan-Jayne (real name Jonathan Ian Skye Jayne, and in this incarnation, Ian Thorne) to take up Havok's former mantle, and the band signed to Horror High records. The second album Into the Night was recorded and released in 2008. With the release of the second LP they embarked on a small American tour. On March 24, 2020, they announced a reunion on their Facebook page. Todd Youth passed away on October 27, 2018. ## Discography ### Albums - Songs from the Earth (2001) - Into the Night (2008) ### Other - Son of Sam (2001) – promotional CD intended for radio play featuring "Songs from the Earth" and "Satiate" - Punkzilla: The Compilation (2002) – Nitro Records compilation featuring "Michael" ## Band members ### Current members - Ian Thorne – vocals (2007–2008, 2020–present) - Jack Cash – guitar (2020–present) - Mike Christie – guitar (2020–present) - Mel McFail – drums (2020–present) ### Former members - Davey Havok – vocals (2000–2001) - Todd Youth – guitars (2000–2001, 2007–2008; died 2018) - London May – drums (2000–2001) - Karl Rosqvist – drums (2007–2008) - Steve Zing – bass (2000–2001, 2007–2008)
Ehrman Mitchell	# Ehrman Mitchell ## Abstract Ehrman Burkman Mitchell III FRAIA FRAIC (January 25, 1924 - January 18, 2005) was an American architect. He was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 1924 and graduated from The Hill School in 1941. He then attended the University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1948. In 1958, he co-founded Mitchell/Giurgola Architects with Romaldo Giurgola. He served as president of the American Institute of Architects from 1979-1980 and advocated quality design in public architecture.
Thomas F. Barker	# Thomas F. Barker ## Abstract Thomas F. Barker (September 3, 1828 – December 24, 1896) was a political figure in New Brunswick. He represented York County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1875 to 1878 as a Conservative member. He was born in St. Mary's, New Brunswick, the son of Anthony Barker, and was educated in Fredericton. Barker married Hannah Miles. He served on the county council for 14 years, serving 4 years as county warden.
List of awards and nominations received by Seth Rogen	# List of awards and nominations received by Seth Rogen ## Abstract Seth Rogen is a Canadian actor, writer, and producer of film and television. He is most known for his performances in comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin (2005), Knocked Up (2007), Superbad (2007), Pineapple Express (2008), Zack and Miri Make a Porno (2008), Observe and Report (2009), Funny People (2009), This is the End (2013), Neighbors (2014), The Interview, The Night Before (2015), and The Disaster Artist (2017). He is also known for his performances in the independent dramas, Take This Waltz (2011), 50/50 (2011), and Steve Jobs (2015). He is also known for his voice performances in Shrek the Third (2007), Horton Hears a Who! (2008), Kung Fu Panda film series (2008-2016), Monsters vs. Aliens (2009), and The Lion King (2019). ## Major associations ## Audience awards
Ohrdruf Priory	# Ohrdruf Priory ## Abstract Ohrdruf Priory or Karmel St. Elija, Ohrdruf, is a Carmelite monastery at Ohrdruf in Thuringia, Germany. It is the latest in a series of religious foundations in the town: ## First foundation A Benedictine cell dedicated to Saint Michael was established here by Saint Boniface in 724 – 726 (also the date of foundation of the settlement) which seems to have had a school attached. It was given with its lands by Saint Lull (d. 786) to Hersfeld Abbey, and apparently did not survive as a Benedictine community beyond the end of the century. It is nevertheless of importance as the first monastery founded in Thuringia. ## Second foundation In 777 Saint Lullus established the parish church of Saint Peter. When this was re-founded in 980, a community of canons seems also to have been established, which later followed the Augustinian rule; they were still subordinate to Hersfeld Abbey. The monastery at Ohrdruf was the centre of spiritual authority for the region of south-west Thuringia until the middle of the 14th century, but in 1344 was transferred to Gotha. ## Third foundation In 1463 the former premises of the canons were occupied by Carmelite friars, who were dispossessed at the Reformation, when the monastery was suppressed and the buildings largely demolished. The remainder was converted into a residence for the Counts of Gleichen, at that time the owners of Ohrdruf, called "Schloss Ehrenstein", after their ancestral castle. This building is now the town museum, archive and cultural centre. ## Fourth foundation In 1991 a second Carmelite monastery, the Karmel St. Elija, was set up here in a new building dedicated on 15 October, the feast of the Carmelite Saint Teresa of Avila.
The Room's Too Cold	# The Room's Too Cold ## Abstract The Room's Too Cold is the debut studio album by the American rock band The Early November. Produced by Chris Badami, it was released on October 7, 2003 through Drive-Thru Records. It was co-produced by the lead singer - Arthur 'Ace' Enders. The album also features a guest appearance from Kenny Vasoli of The Starting Line, who was also signed to Drive-Thru at the time. The album peaked at number 107 on US Billboard 200. ## Recording The Room's Too Cold was recorded at Portrait Recording Studio in Lincoln Park, New Jersey with Chris Badami and Enders producing the sessions. The former also acted as engineer, with assistance from Michelle Dispenziere; Badami mixed the tracks before the album was mastered by Alan Douches at West West Side Music in New York City. The band recorded 17 songs in total, with 11 songs making the final track listing. Enders and Badami met with David Rimelis to arrange a string part for "Ever So Sweet". ## Release Between late August and October 2003, the group performed on the Drive-Thru Records 2003 Invasion Tour. The Room's Too Cold was released on October 7. In January 2004, the band went on a tour of the UK, with Allister, Home Grown, Hidden in Plain View, and Yourcodenameis:milo. In March 2004, the group went on a headlining US tour with support from Limbeck, Spitalfield and Hey Mercedes. A music video was filmed for "Something That Produces Results" in April 2004. In April and May 2004, the band supported Less Than Jake on their tour of North America, and performed at the Skate and Surf Festival. They went on a brief East Coast tour with A Thorn for Every Heart, Engine Down and Days Away at the start of 2005. In February 2005, the group supported Sugarcult on the US Take Action Tour. In late 2013, the album was repressed on vinyl through Rise Records. In addition, the group performed it in its entirety in December of the same year. ## Track listing All lyrics written by Arthur Enders, except one line in "Baby Blue" by Matt Pryor, all songs written by the Early November. Notes - "Something That Produces Results" & "Baby Blue" both have an acoustic renditions on Aces band I Can Make A Mess Like Nobody's Business acoustic album "Dust'n Off the Ol" Gee-Tar." - The line "I don't want you to love me anymore" on the track "Baby Blue" is taken directly from a The Get Up Kids song "No Love" on their debut album Four Minute Mile. - The singles were The Mountain Range in My Living Room and Something That Produces Results ## Personnel Personnel per booklet. ## Charts
Cuatro balazos	# Cuatro balazos ## Abstract Four Bullets for Joe (Spanish: Sonaron cuatro balazos or Cuatro balazos) is a 1964 Spanish-Italian Western film directed by Agustín Navarro, scored by Manuel Parada, screenplayed by Fernando Galiana, Mario Guerra, José Mallorquí, Julio Porter, Vittorio Vighi and portrayed by Paul Piaget, Fernando Casanova, Liz Poitel, Barbara Nelli, Ángela Cavo and Britt Ekland. ## Cast - Paul Piaget as Frank Dalton - Fernando Casanova as Sheriff Paul - Liz Poitel as Katy (as Liz Poiter) - Barbara Nelli as Margaret (as Barbara Nelly) - Ángela Cavo as Helen - Paco Morán as John (as Frank Moran) - Tullio Altamura as juror - Rafael Bardem as judge - Juan Cazalilla as barman - Juan Cortés as juror - Miguel del Castillo as servant - Luigi Del Pizzo as juror - José Ángel Espinosa as a drunk - Tito García as juror - José Marco as Henry (as John Marco) - Fernando Montes as Albert - José Riesgo as Richard - Bruno Scipioni as juror - Britt Ekland
Ernesto Castro	# Ernesto Castro ## Abstract Ernesto Alfredo Castro Aldana (born 26 May 1971) is a Salvadoran politician and businessman who currently serves as the president of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador. Castro previously served as a secretary and private advisor to Nayib Bukele from 2012 to 2020 when he was elected as a deputy of the Legislative Assembly from San Salvador in the 2021 legislative election. ## Early career Ernesto Alfredo Castro Aldana was born on 26 May 1971. He has degrees in Business Administration and Marketing Studies. Castro is a businessman. Before entering politics, Castro worked as an external consultant to various companies and institutions, including serving as the general director of Grupo Tres y Punto. In 2006, Castro, Nayib Bukele, Karim Bukele, and Andrés García founded 503, S.A de C.V., a restaurant management company. ## Early political career From 2012 to 2015, Castro was Bukele's secretary and private advisor while he served as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán from 2012 to 2015. From 2015 to 2018, Castro continued to serve as Bukele's secretary and private advisor while he was serving as mayor of San Salvador. Castro was a founding member of Nuevas Ideas, a political party established by Bukele in 2017. Castro continued to serve as Bukele's private secretary after Bukele assumed the presidency on 1 June 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Castro supported the nationwide lockdowns implemented by Bukele's government. Castro resigned as Bukele's secretary and private advisor in 2020 to seek public office in the 2021 legislative election. On 20 July 2020, Castro was elected as a candidate for deputy of the Legislative Assembly as a member of Nuevas Ideas. As a candidate, Castro stated that "we will attack the issue of corruption, we will consolidate the issue of transparency, we will address the issue of accountability, we will avoid and break all those oligarchic monopolies" (" vamos atacar el tema de la corrupción, vamos a consolidar el tema de la transparencia, vamos a hacer el tema de la rendición de cuentas, vamos a evitar y vamos a quebrar todos esos monopolios oligárquicos "). On 28 February 2021, Castro received 57,733 marks—the most of any candidate—and was elected as a deputy to the Legislative Assembly; he was one of 56 Nuevas Ideas deputies to be elected. ## President of the Legislative Assembly Prior to assuming office as a deputy, an opinion poll conducted by La Prensa Gráfica from 20 to 26 April 2021 found that 6.6 percent of respondents believed that Castro would be the best option to serve as president of the Legislative Assembly, the highest percent received by any individual. Castro assumed office on 1 May 2021, and 64 out of the 84 deputies of the Legislative Assembly voted to elect Castro as the president of the Legislative Assembly. That same day, Castro voted with the Nuevas Ideas-led Legislative Assembly to remove Attorney General Raúl Melara and five Supreme Court justices from the constitutional court. On 11 March 2022, Castro was named as the president pro-tempore of the Forum of Presidents of Legislative Branches of Central America, the Caribbean Basin, and Mexico (FOPREL) for the 2022–2023 term, succeeding Sergio Gutiérrez of Mexico. Castro left office on 10 March 2023 and was succeeded by his vice president pro-tempore, Alfredo Pacheco of the Dominican Republic. In December 2022, Bukele suggested reducing the total number of municipalities in El Salvador from 262 to 50. In February 2023, Castro confirmed that Nuevas Ideas was not only evaluating a proposal to reduce the number of municipalities from 262 to 50, but that the party was also evaluating a proposal to reduce the number of seats on the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 64. Ultimately, in June 2023, Castro voted with the Nuevas Ideas-led Legislative Assembly to reduce the number of municipalities from 262 to 44 and the number of seats on the Legislative Assembly from 84 to 60. Opposition politicians claimed that the reductions were attempts by Nuevas Ideas to consolidate power and diminish the political representation of smaller political parties. On 20 February 2023, Castro announced that he was running for re-election to the Legislative Assembly in the 2024 general election. He also stated that most deputies from Nuevas Ideas would also be seeking re-election. On 9 July 2023, Castro secured one of Nuevas Ideas' 16 nominations for the legislative seats of San Salvador. In December 2022, Castro stated that Nuevas Ideas aimed to win 70 seats in the Legislative Assembly, but after the reduction of legislative seats and municipalities, Castro stated that the party now aimed to win all 60 seats in the Legislative Assembly and all 44 municipalities. Castro's projections were criticized by opposition politicians who described them as being "undemocratic" (" antidemocrática ") and an attempt to "concentrate power" (" concentrar el poder "). In the lead up to the election, Castro attended four reunions with Salvadoran expatriates living in the United States; the four reunions Castro attended were held in Houston, Los Angeles, New York City, and Washington, D.C. Castro won re-election during the 2024 legislative election. On 1 May 2024, Castro was re-elected as the president of the Legislative Assembly. ## Political positions Castro opposes the legalization of abortion in El Salvador. In March 2023, Castro wrote on Twitter that "there is not even the slightest possibility" (" no existe ni la más mínima posibilidad ") that the Nuevas Ideas-led Legislative Assembly would vote in favor of legalizing abortion. ## Personal life Castro is married to Michelle Sol. Sol succeeded Bukele as mayor of Nuevo Cuscatlán, serving from 2015 to 2018; is the incumbent minister of housing, serving since 2019; and is seeking election as mayor of La Libertad Este in the 2024 general election. Sol is a niece of Ana Ligia Mixco Sol de Saca, the former first lady of El Salvador from 2004 to 2009. As of November 2022, Castro has a net worth of around US$881,000 and receives a monthly salary of US$5,700. In February 2023, the El Faro digital newspaper revealed that Castro and Sol's cooking company, Sociedad Castro Sol S.A. de C.V., had received US$504,000 in 18 checks from Salvadoran President Mauricio Funes between September 2010 and August 2011 to provide food and cook for the Presidential Battalion. El Faro alleged that the payments came from a black budget managed by Funes during his presidency.
The Home Depot Pro	# The Home Depot Pro ## Abstract The Home Depot Pro, headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida, is a wholesale distributor and direct marketer of maintenance, repair and operations (MRO) products for non-industrial businesses in the United States. The Home Depot Pro distributes products such as HVAC, janitorial supplies, plumbing supplies, and security supplies. The Home Depot Pro was established in 1978 formerly known as Wilmar Industries, founded by William S. Green. In 2000, Wilmar acquired Barnett together forming the company Interline Brands. Gradually, Interline Brands diversified their customer base through the acquisitions of Sexauer, Trayco, Barnett, U.S. Lock, Leran Gas Products, Maintenance USA, Hardware Express, and janitorial supply distributors AmSan, Clean Source and Jan Pak. In 2015, Interline Brands merged five of its janitorial brands into one unified brand called Supply Works. On July 22, 2015, The Home Depot acquired Interline Brands for $1.6 billion. Interline Brands was rebranded in 2018 as The Home Depot Pro. The former brand names of Interline Brands were renamed to The Home Depot Pro Multifamily, The Home Depot Pro Speciality Trades, and The Home Depot Pro Institutional. ## History ### Wilmar Industries The origin of Interline Brands first began with Wilmar Supply Company in 1978. Wilmar was a hardware store in Collingswood, New Jersey founded by William (Bill) Green and his father Martin Green. To expand its business beyond retail it began selling MRO products to area apartment complexes and then expanded geographically by distributing to multi-family housing businesses. Wilmar went public in 1996 and purchased 14 regional competing businesses before acquiring the Sexauer Group, an established distributor of plumbing products to institutions, in 1999. A leveraged buyout in May 2000 took the company private in preparation for the next stage of growth. Wilmar acquired Barnett, Inc. because the two businesses were very similar, but each targeted a different customer base. Wilmar's customers performed facility maintenance, while Barnett sold to locksmiths, retail hardware, and contractors. Wilmar Industries acquired Barnett in September 2000 and renamed the umbrella company Interline Brands in June 2001. Their guiding principle was to "change as little as possible about the way our customers currently do business with us". Each of the businesses (including Sexauer) retained their identity from the customer's point of view, including salesmen, telephone numbers, products, etc. They realized the value of each company's brand, and preserved sales/marketing relationships built over the years. What did change was behind the scenes in accounting, distribution, and administration, realizing economies of scale. In 2000, Interline had a total of 76 distribution centers, which they were able to shrink to 56 in 2004. A 319,000 sq ft (29,600 m2) national distribution center in Nashville, Tennessee was opened in 2001, reducing the inventory required at the local distribution centers and improving delivery times. In late 2004 Interline went public as NYSE: IBI but was later delisted in September 2012 to become privatized. ### Acquisitions and rebranding To further expand the business of Interline the firm acquired several distributors of cleaning supplies. It first acquired American Sanitary or AmSan in May 2006 for $127.5 million along with AmSan's own line of products called Renown. Renown has base products such as toilet paper, paper towels, brooms, and cleaning agents. In the 1990s AmSan became a conglomerate by buying 44 independent janitor and sanitary distributors. Some of AmSan's acquisitions are AmSan Eve, AmSan Vonachen-Elton, AmSan Nogg Chemical & Paper, and AmSan West. In 2002 Michael Mulhern became CEO of AmSan. Mulhern moved the headquarters of AmSan from Raleigh, North Carolina to Chicago, Illinois. Under Mulhern AmSan underwent a series of reforms dedicated to increasing profitability. AmSan turned over 40% of its top 35 executives, downsized its office operations, and downsized under-performing distribution centers. By 2005 AmSan had revenues totaling $300 million. American Capital invested $25 million in the recapitalization of AmSan in 2005. AmSan West, which has operations in Sacramento and Los Angeles, was not acquired by Interline Brands. In 2008 AmSan established a sales and distribution territory in Columbus, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Atlanta and Nashville. In 2009 a showroom and walk-in store was established in Fort Myers, Florida. Cleansource, a regional distributor of JanSan products, was acquired in October 2010 for $60.1 million. CleanSource was founded in 1956 in San Jose, California. It distributes janitorial, food service supplies, and MRO products. Customers of CleanSource consist of healthcare, education, and institutional facilities. In 2010 CleanSource generated around $115 million in sales. A regional supplier of cleaning and packaging solutions called JanPak was acquired in 2012 for $82 million. JanPak was founded in 1945 in Bluefield, West Virginia by James Shott, H. I. Shott, Jr., James Tilson, L. M. Kerley Sr. and B. L. Early. It was first called Paper Supply Company until 2000 when the name changed to JanPak Inc. Mike Shott, James Shott's grandson, was serving as company chair of the board directors at the time of the name change to JanPak. The name changed to JanPak to unite its sister branches such as Charlotte Paper Company or Greenville Paper Company who each were known by a different name. On March 16, 2015, Interline merged AmSan, CleanSource, JanPak, Trayco, and Sexauer into a new national brand called SupplyWorks. AF Lighting was also sold to Almo Corporation in March 2015 because lighting was a minimal part of the business of Interline Brands. ### Purchase by The Home Depot and rebranding The Home Depot acquired Interline Brands in July 2015 for $1.6 billion from P2 Capital Partners, Goldman Sachs' private equity arm, and the management of Interline Brands. The acquisition of Interline Brands allows The Home Depot access to expand its business to the multi-family sector, hospitality, and industrial area. Craig Menear, CEO of The Home Depot, says that the purchase gives The Home Depot more opportunity to expand in the maintenance, repair, and operations sector that was previously not successful. In January 2016 Michael Grebe retired leaving Kenneth Sweder as the new CEO. In 2017 Interline Brands was renamed to The Home Depot Pro including its brand names except for U.S. Lock. Wilmar Industries was renamed to The Home Depot Pro Multifamily. Barnett was renamed to The Home Depot Pro Specialty Trades. SupplyWorks was renamed to The Home Depot Pro Institutional. ## Operations The company staffs 30 showrooms throughout North America with 70 strategically placed distribution centers stocking over 30,000 products under the brands Wilmar, Barnett, SupplyWorks, Hardware Express, Maintenance USA, U.S. Lock, and Copperfield. Its customer base includes: - Facilities maintenance businesses servicing multi-family housing facilities, educational institutions, lodging and healthcare facilities, government properties and building service contractors - Professional contractors who repair, remodel and build residential and non-industrial facilities - Specialty distributors, including plumbing and hardware retailers. The Interline companies offer plumbing, electrical, HVAC, security hardware and janitorial products, but nearly half of Interline's sales are plumbing products. Their goal is to provide premium products at competitive prices with same or next-day delivery. "Get It Right. Get It Now." is the company slogan. Products are sold using multiple channels: direct sales by national account representatives or field representatives, telephone sales, customer service representatives, direct marketing through flyers & catalogs, "pro centers", vendor managed inventory, and Internet-based service. Most Interline Distribution Centers include a customer center for over-the-counter sales which Barnett customers prefer. In markets with a large customer base but no distribution center, Interline would look for an existing single-location supply house that could be purchased and turned into a "pro center"—a small contractor showroom and pickup facility that stocks high turnover items. Next day delivery is shipped using Interline Brands delivery trucks. Third party carriers such as UPS and Saia are also used for customers outside of the next day service area. There are also will call or pick up locations at most Interline Brands locations. Interline Brands contains eight brand names to serve contractors, specialty distributors, housing maintenance and janitorial needs. The products from these brands are stored in distribution centers and contractor showrooms in the United States and Canada. ### Internationally #### Canada In Ontario, Interline Brands has a distribution center in Mississauga under the Barnett and Sexauer brand. Sexauer, a brand of Interline Brands, had a distribution center in Edmonton and Toronto. ## The Home Depot Pro Multifamily The Home Depot Pro Multifamily first began as Wilmar Supply Company in 1978 by William Green and Martin Green in Collingswood, New Jersey as a hardware store. Wilmar expanded its retail business by selling MRO products to apartment complexes and multi-family housing. In 1986 William Green became CEO of Wilmar and in 1993 William bought out Martin's interests in Wilmar. The annual revenues of Wilmar escalated from $24.52 million in 1993 to $100.64 million in 1997. In the same year The Pier-Angeli Group, Lindley Plumbing, and Supply Company and Management Supply Company were acquired by Wilmar as part of its strategy of expanding to new markets through the fragmented industry. On January 24, 1996 Wilmar went public and raise over $47 million. Wilmar expanded into the institutional and lodging facilities by acquiring Sexauer and Trayco in December 1999 for $85 million. Wilmar also acquired Ace Maintenance Mart USA, Inc. in 1999. On January 24, 1996 Wilmar went public as (NASDAQ:WLMR) and raised over $47 million. Wilmar expanded into the institutional and lodging facilities by acquiring Sexauer and Trayco in December 1999 for $85 million. Wilmar went private in May 2000 by investment groups that include Parthenon Capital, The Chase Manhattan Bank (now known as JPMorgan Chase Bank) as trustee for First Plaza Group Trust (a GM Pension Fund), Sterling Investment Partners, BancBoston Capital and Svoboda Capital, LLC. William Green still retained the position of CEO William Green. In 2000 Wilmar, based in Moorestown, New Jersey, purchased Barnett, Inc. for $214 million. Wilmar and its acquisitions became an umbrella company under the name Interline Brands in 2001. Michael J. Grebe became CEO of Wilmar in January 2002 and continued to be CEO until January 1, 2016. After Wilmar acquired Barnett the two companies began a program of integrating operations into streamlining the distribution operations. The logo of Interline Brands is colored after Wilmar with red, black and white. ### Maintenance USA Maintenance USA is a low price supplier of maintenance, repair and operations products. It was founded in 1974 as Ace Maintenance Mart USA in San Diego, California and acquired by Wilmar in 1999. ### Sexauer J. A. Sexauer Manufacturing Company was founded in 1921 in Scarsdale, New York by James A. Sexauer. Sexauer was a specialty plumbing parts repair manufacturer and distributor. In December 1999 Wilmar Industries acquired Sexauer from the Dyson-Kissner-Moran Corp. for $85 million. J.A. Sexauer's subsidiary Sexauer, Ltd., based in Toronto, was also acquired by Wilmar. The acquisitions of J.A. Sexauer Manufacturing, Sexauer Ltd., and a similar business called Trayco by Wilmar were referred to as the Sexauer Group. In 2000 Wilmar and Barnett merged to form an umbrella company called Interline Brands. In March 2010 Sexauer added Kohler plumbing products to its plumbing inventory. It is now part of SupplyWorks which then became part of The Home Depot Pro Institutional. ### Trayco Trayco was founded in 1993 in Florence, South Carolina. Trayco distributes plumbing supplies, light fixtures, and maintenance parts to wholesale retailers or housing units. It is now part of SupplyWorks. ## U.S. Lock U.S. Lock has a wide variety of security locks and accessories from padlocks to door handles. The five national distribution centers for U.S. Lock are located in Brentwood, San Bernardino, Louisville, Charlotte and Jacksonville. U.S. Lock first began as Lawrence Locksmith Supply Corporation in 1974 in Rockville Centre, New York. In 1988 it was acquired by Waxman Industries, Inc. and renamed U.S. Lock. In 1998 Barnett, Inc. acquired U.S. Lock from Waxman Industries, Inc. for $33 million. U.S. Lock is the only former brand of Interline Brands that retained its name after the acquisition by The Home Depot. ## The Home Depot Pro Specialty Trades The Home Depot Pro Specialty Trades first began as Barnett in 1958 as Barnett Tube Fitting and Valve Company by the Leonard Barnett family. The initial purpose of Barnett was to supply copper tubing to customers through its catalog. In 1972 Barnett changed to Barnett Brass & Copper. Barnett was acquired by Waxman Industries for $12.5 million giving Barnett access to the mail-order market. Waxman Industries formed Barnett, Inc. in 1993 and two years later it reached $100 million in sales. In April 1996 Barnett went public and completed its IPO. Learn Gas Products was acquired by Barnett from Waxman Industries. In November 1997 Forbes ranked Barnett as 60th of the Top 200 Best Small Companies in America. By the end of 1997, Barnett had mailed over 4.5 million flyers for its new 1,800 products. The result of the mailings added 38,000 new customers. In 1998 Barnett, Inc. acquired U.S. Lock from Waxman Industries, Inc. for $33 million. Barnett established its headquarters in the LaVilla neighborhood in downtown Jacksonville, Florida in May 1998. By the end of 1998 Barnett also acquired U.S. Lock from Waxman Industries for $33 million. Waxman Industries, which owned 44% of Barnett, underwent a plan of financial restructuring that included the sale of its Barnett stock by December 2000. With Barnett now private the New Jersey company Wilmar Industries acquired Barnett in 2000 for $214 million due to its similar operations. ### Leran Gas Products Leran Gas Products was established in 1968 as a business-to-business distributor of propane gas products to the liquefied petroleum gas industry of the United States. It is the only national distributor of propane gas products such as Noritz, Tracpipe, and Marshall Excelsior. Barnett acquired Leran Gas Products in 1997. ### Hardware Express Hardware Express is a supplier for hardware retailers and wholesalers that focuses on a quick response to high-velocity items and daily deliveries. Products of Hardware Express are sold through a 17,000 item catalog, direct mail marketing, inside sales representatives, or online. Hardware Express was acquired by Barnett and is a brand of Interline Brands. ## The Home Depot Pro Institutional The Home Depot Pro Institutional first began as the Interline Brands subsidiary SupplyWorks. SupplyWorks was the result of five previous brands acquired over time by Interline Brands and merged into one unified brand. The re-branding makes SupplyWorks easier to grow under one brand instead of multiple brands. President & COO President & COO Kenneth Sweder says on the creation of SupplyWorks, "The launch of SupplyWorks punctuates the growth strategy we've been pursuing to build a leading share position in the highly fragmented institutional facilities maintenance end market". The products of SupplyWorks produce $850 million, making up half of Interline Brands annual revenue. Supply stands for products and the Works represent everything the products do for the customer. The products of SupplyWorks consist of a variety of cleaning solutions and janitorial supplies. There are over 3,000 brand supply partners of SupplyWorks such as Georgia-Pacific, Dart Container, 3M, Diversey, Kimberly-Clark and Spartan. SupplyWorks also has products unrelated to janitorial brands such as corrugated boxes, disposable food packaging and MRO products. Products can be purchased online or through a sales representative. After The Home Depot acquired Interline Brands it had also acquired the SupplyWorks brand. The Home Depot renamed SupplyWorks to The Home Depot Pro Institutional in 2019. ### Operations SupplyWorks has over 68 distribution centers throughout the United States along with 100 delivery vehicles. Next day delivery is shipped using SupplyWorks delivery trucks. Third party carriers such as UPS is also used for customers outside of the next day service area. There are also will call or pick up locations at most SupplyWorks locations. The customer base of SupplyWorks is property management, contractors, health care and educational facilities. ### Marketing After the re-branding of JanPak, CleanSource, Trayco, AmSan, and Sexauer into SupplyWorks, the new company applied a marketing strategy to increase revenue with expanded customers. The announcement of the new brand SupplyWorks was made at EverBank Field, with fireworks and a promotional video on the scoreboard to start the new brand announcement. CEO Michael Grebe said that "it's easier to grow one brand instead of five." The SupplyWorks brand is also advertised on the scoreboard during Jacksonville Jaguars games. By being under one unified brand, SupplyWorks can now nationalize the commercial building supply business. The AmSan brand Renown is still distributed by SupplyWorks and marketed under Interline Brands. The company has a website and mobile app, with customer tools to create favorites lists, custom catalogs, and bin labels. ## Exclusive Products Interline Brands has several exclusive products streamlined under Wilmar, Barnett, Maintenance USA, Hardware Express, US Lock and SupplyWorks. - Anvil Mark - Door hardware - Appeal - Paper towels, Toilet paper - Bala - Ceiling fans - Designer's Touch - Window blinds - DuraPro - Toilet accessories - Garrison - HVAC units - Legend - Door handles - Legend Force - Safety accessories - Monument - Exhaust and ventiliation fans - Premier - Plumbing supplies - Preferred Industries - AC power plugs and sockets accessories - PremierPlus - Bathroom accessories, Piping and plumbing fitting, Plumbing supplies - ProPlus - Bathroom accessories - Sentinel - Smoke detectors and Carbon monoxide detectors - Yukon ### Renown Renown is a private-label product owned by Interline Brands since the acquisition of AmSan in 2006. Renown consists of cleaning and janitorial products, such as trash bags, paper towels, toilet paper, cleaning agents, rubber gloves, and mops. It is currently marketed under the SupplyWorks brand.
Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist)	# Kateryna Yushchenko (scientist) ## Abstract Kateryna Lohvynivna Yushchenko (Ukrainian: Катерина Логвинівна Ющенко, Russian: Екатерина Логвиновна Ющенко; 8 December 1919 – 15 August 2001) was a Ukrainian computer and information research scientist, corresponding member of USSR Academy of Sciences (1976), and member of The International Academy of Computer Science. She developed one of the world's first high-level languages with indirect address in programming (Pointers are analogous to this addressing), called the Address programming language. Over the period of her academic career, Yushchenko supervised 47 Ph.D. students. Further professional achievements include Yushchenko being awarded two USSR State Prizes, The USSR Council of Ministers Prize, The Academician Glushkov Prize, and The Order of Princess Olga. Yushchenko was the first woman in the USSR to become a Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences in programming. ## Biography Kateryna Lohvynivna Yushchenko (née Rvacheva) was born in 1919 in Chyhyryn, central Ukraine. She started her undergraduate studies in Kyiv University in 1937, and during the Second World War she attended the Central Asian State University in Tashkent, graduating in 1942. After the war she returned to Ukraine and in 1950, under the direction of Boris Gnedenko, she obtained a Ph.D. from the Institute of Mathematics of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. For a period of seven years, Yushchenko held the position of Senior Researcher of the Kiev Institute of Mathematics of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences (1950–57). In 1954, the Levedev Laboratory (where the first computer in continental Europe MESM was created) was transferred to the Institute of Mathematics. Yushchenko was a member of the joint group of scholars operating the MESM. In 1957 she became Director of the Institute of Computer Science of the Ukrainian SSR Academy of Sciences. During her forty years service to the institute, Yushchenko created an internationally notable scientific school of theoretical programming. ### Scientific contributions Yushchenko is best known for her creation of Address programming language, the first fundamental advancement in the scientific school of theoretical programming. This language provided the free location of a program in computer memory. In the process of working with MESM, it became clear that the more complex tasks were difficult to solve by writing simple machine programs. There was a need to develop a high-level programming language, but there was a problem: the absence of an appropriate translator for better human/computer communication. L.I. Kaluzhnin, a professor at Kyiv University, who taught a course on mathematical logic in the 1950–1970s, made a significant advancement in the understanding of this problem and formalized a scheme of interfacing with the program. Following this development, in 1955, Yushchenko developed a programming language based on two general principles for the computer work: addressing and software management. Creating a convenient system of concepts for describing the computer architecture and its system instructions, the language thus became the means of manipulation of the second-rank addresses (Pointers) and higher ranks. Address programming language became the first fundamental achievement of the Soviet School of Theoretical Programming. Yushchenko was the founder of the first Soviet School of Theoretical Programming. During the 1970s–1980s, theoretical programming became a subject of research of its own. One of the major achievements of the School at that time was the creation of algebraic grammar methods for software synthesis. In the 1990s, the efforts of the School of Theoretical Programming were concentrated on the study of algebraic grammar-methods of knowledge representation model of computation, and friendly user interface for designing and developing databases and knowledge bases for decision support systems, expert systems and methods of learning for them. After forty years of research, theoretical programming enriched with its own formal-algorithmic apparatus and the subject of research, significantly expanded from procedural languages to methods of knowledge representation that form artificial intelligence tools for developers of application systems. ## Work Yushchenko worked on probability theory, algorithmic languages and programming languages, and developing methods of automated data processing systems. To prepare programmers, Yushchenko wrote an educational series of textbooks in the 1970s. Yushchenko held five Copyright Certificates, which developed eight State Standards of Ukraine. She is an author of over 200 manuscripts, including 23 monographs and train aids. Part of these works have two to-three editions, and have been translated to more than 5 languages internationally, including German, Czech, Hungarian, French, Danish and so on. ### Books - Glushkov V.M., & Yushchenko E.L., D 1966, The Kiev Computer; a Mathematical Description, USA, Ohio, Translation Division, Foreign Technology Div., Wright-Pattenon AFB, 234p., ASIN: B0007G3QGC. - Gnedenko B.V., Koroliouk V. S. & Iouchtchenko E.L., D 1969, Eléments de programmation sur ordinateurs, Paris, Dunod, 362p., ASIN: B0014UQTU0, viewed 24 October 2021, < https://files.infoua.net/yushchenko/Elements-de-programmation-sur-ordinateurs_BGnedenko-VKoroliouk-EIouchtchenko_1969_France_OCR.pdf >. - Gnedenko B.V., Koroljuk V.S. & Justschenko E.L., D 1964, Elemente der Programmierung, DDR, Leipzig, Verlag: B. G. Teubner, 327 oldal. - Gnedenko B.V., Korolyuk V.S. & Juscsenko E.L. D 1964, Bevezetѐs a progamozásba, – I, II. – Magyarország, Budapest, Uj technica. - Вычислительная машина «Киев»: математическое описание / В. М. Глушков, Е. Л. Ющенко. — К. : Техн. лит., 1962. — 183 с. - Кулинкович А.Е., Ющенко Е.Л., О базовом алгоритмическом языке. / Кулинкович А.Е., Ющенко Е.Л., в журн.: «Кибернетика», К. : No. 2, 1965. C.3-9, – URL: https://files.infoua.net/yushchenko/O-bazovom-algoritmicheskov-yazyke_AKulinkovich_EYushchenko_1965.pdf - Ющенко Е. Л. Адресное программирование / Е. Л. Ющенко. — К. : Техн. лит., 1963. — 286 с. https://files.infoua.net/yushchenko/Adresnoe-programmirovanie_EYushchenko_1963.pdf - Ющенко Е. Л. Программирующая программа с входным адресным языком для машины Урал −1 / Е. Л. Ющенко, Т. А. Гринченко. — К. : Наук. думка, 1964. — 107 с. - Ющенко Е.Л., Адресный язык (Тема 5) // Кибернетика на транспорте: Заочный семинар. / Киевский дом Научно-технической пропаганды / – К. : – 1962. – 32 с., – URL: Kibernetika-na-transporte_Adresnyy-yazyk_KYushchenko_1962.pdf (infoua.net) - Управляющая машина широкого назначения «Дніпро» и программирующая программа в ней / Е. Л. Ющенко, Б. Н. Малиновский, Г. А. Полищук, Э. К. Ядренко, А. И. Никитин. — К. : Наук. думка, 1964. — 280 с.
Aodh Ruadh CLG	# Aodh Ruadh CLG ## Abstract Aodh Ruadh CLG is a GAA club based in the town of Ballyshannon in County Donegal. Historically one of their county's most successful GAA clubs, it has won 12 Donegal Senior Football Championship titles, and currently competes in Division 1 of the league and the Senior Championship. The club colours are green and white and it plays its home games at Fr Tierney Park. The club has a local rivalry with Réalt na Mara. ## History Aodh Ruadh was founded in 1909 as a football and hurling club. It is named after nobleman Hugh Roe O'Donnell (Irish: Aodh Ruadh Ó Domhnaill). Fr Tierney Park opened officially in 1954. Jim "Natch" Gallagher was mentor to Donegal's 1972 and 1974 Ulster Senior Football Championship -winning teams. With Bundoran, Aodh Ruadh formed one half of the St Joseph's team that won seven Donegal SFC titles and an Ulster Club SFC — the only Donegal team to achieve this feat until Gaoth Dobhair in 2018. Aodh Ruadh also contributed three players to Donegal's 1992 All-Ireland SFC title win: Brian Murray, Gary Walsh and Sylvester Maguire. In 2011, Aodh Ruadh created history by electing an all-female executive consisting of: Betty McIntyre, Chair, Emma Gaughan, Secretary, and Catherine McKee, Treasurer. ## Notable players ## Honours - Donegal Senior Football Championship: 1929, 1932, 1937, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1951, 1986, 1987, 1994, 1997, 1998 - Donegal Division 1 Football League: 1930, 1941, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1955, 1997 - Donegal Division 2 Football League: 2017, 2021 - Donegal Division 3 Football League: 2016 - Donegal Division 4 Football League: 1982, 2007, 2008 - Donegal Intermediate Football Championship: 2020 **Runner-up: 2012, 2018 - Donegal Under-21 Football Championship: 1981, 1982, 1988, 1989, 1993 - Donegal Under-21 B Football Championship: 2013 - Ulster Minor Club Football Championship: 1992 - Donegal Minor Football Championship: 1935, 1936, 1937, 1961, 1963, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1988, 1990, 1992 - Donegal Minor Football League: 1980, 1982, 1986, 2012
Ad abolendam	# Ad abolendam ## Abstract Ad abolendam (lit. ' On abolition / Towards abolishing '; full title in Latin: Ad abolendam diversam haeresium pravitatem, lit. ' To abolish diverse malignant heresies ') was a decretal and bull of Pope Lucius III, written at Verona and issued 4 November 1184. It was issued after the Council of Verona settled some jurisdictional differences between the Papacy and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The document prescribes measures to uproot heresy and sparked the efforts which culminated in the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisitions. Its chief aim was the complete abolition of Christian heresy. ## Historical origins The historical context for the issuing of Ad abolendam was papal reassertion of its authority in Europe following the Investiture Dispute with the Emperor, and its discovery of what has been called a 'legislative' means of doing so. The Third Lateran Council of 1179 had already resolved to prevent schisms of the kind that the Investiture Dispute had created, and decretals such as Ad abolendam were intended to enforce this; Fisher has suggested that it was no coincidence that the decree followed the Peace of Constance of the previous year, at which the Emperor was in effect compelled to acknowledge defeat. ## Heretics The list of proscribed heretical sects was originally decreed at the Third Lateran Council (March 1179), and was retained and expanded at Verona in 1184. Pope Lucius condemned all heretical sects and persons who preached without the authorisation of the Roman Church, whether publicly or privately, and placed them under excommunication. Among the particular sects mentioned in Ad abolendam were the Cathars, Humiliati, Waldensians, Arnoldists, and Josephines. More important than the direct attack on heresy, however, was the stipulation of equal measures for those who supported heretics, overtly or indirectly, and modern historians have noted that, these groups being primarily based around Lombardy and the Languedoc, Papal motivation in condemning them was probably as politically motivated as it was theological. All associated with heresy would be placed under excommunication, too; but the heretics themselves were an ill-defined grouping, some of which hardly existed by 1184, and some of whom had never been previously established as heretics. All except the Cathars and the anti-authority Milanese group of the 1130s, the Arnoldists, have been ascertained as heretics. Of the others, the Patarenes were originally reformers (albeit against the so-called Papal Monarchy); the Humiliati, ‘their only error was apparently failing to observe the prescription of lay preaching rather than the teaching of false doctrines;’ The Poor of Lyon- the Waldensians - have been compared to the Cistercians as merely searching for the vita apostolica; of the Passagines, nothing is known, and the Josephines are not even associated with any doctrine at all. ## Penalty Those accused of heresy, if they could not prove their innocence or forswear their errors, or if they backslid into error subsequently, were to be handed over to the lay authorities to receive their animadversio debita ("due penalty"). All those who supported heresy were deprived of many rights: the right to hold public office, the right to trial, the right to draft a will, and the hereditability of their fiefs and offices. For the enforcement of the measures demanded by the decretal, Lucius obligated all patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops to re-announce the excommunication on certain feasts and holidays. Those who did not observe this for three years consecutively would be deprived of their ecclesiastical offices. The bishops were furthermore obligated to "seek out" heretics. They were to make bi- or triannual rounds of their dioceses, visiting locations of suspicion and questioning the people about the existence of heresy. The people would be required to swear under oath (compurgation) anything they knew about heretical activity. All oath-breakers were to be treated as heretics. ## Canon 3 The bull was incorporated as Canon 3 of the Fourth Council of the Lateran of 1215 under Pope Innocent III. Contrary to what is often said, Lucius did not institute the Inquisition, which was not created until the reign of Pope Gregory IX in 1234.
V1 (film)	# V1 (film) ## Abstract V1, also known as V1 Murder Case, is a 2019 Tamil suspense thriller film directed by Pavel Navageethan in his directorial debut. The film stars Ram Arun Castro and Vishnupriya Pillai. The film was released on 27 December 2019. ## Plot The movie follows Inspector Agni (Ram Arun Castro), a forensic expert who is undergoing treatment for nyctophobia and is suffering from hallucinations about a past murder. His colleague, Inspector Luna (Vishnupriya Pillai), convinces him to take the case of a recently murdered young woman. The duo interrogate the victim's boyfriend Inba (Lijeesh), who admits that he and Narmadha (Gayathri) had been going through a rough patch while living together. Agni is convinced that someone else is involved in the crime and interrogates the victim’s friend as well as a man who was in touch with her just before her murder. Inba is then found dead at his residence with a suicide note, although the team observes someone fleeing the scene. The reason for Agni's nyctophobia is shown in a flashback. Agni was living with his wife Blessie. One day, Agni finds Blessie dead near the staircase and chases the person at the scene who dies by accident during the chase. To Agni's shock, it is revealed that Blessie had accidentally fallen while holding a gun. Agni realizes that Blessie's death was an accident and his incorrect intuition led to the death of an innocent man. Drowned by his guilt, Agni takes in the dead man's only daughter Sam and puts her in an orphanage. After discovering Agni's nyctophobia, his boss forces Agni to resign, but he vows to find the culprit before leaving his position. In the course of his investigation, Sam is trapped with a paedophile who was a suspect in Narmadha's case. Agni saves Sam and kills the suspect, thus overcoming his phobia. Despite all indications, Agni continues interrogations and sets his eyes on Narmadha's father. Finally, he discovers that Narmadha's father killed her by stabbing her neck with a pen as revenge for her relationship with a lower-caste man. Following the arrest of her father, Agni rejoins the force and brings Sam to live with him. ## Cast - Ram Arun Castro as Agni, Forensic Officer - Vishnupriya Pillai as Luna - Gayathri as Narmadha - Lijeesh as Inba - Mime Gopi as Chain snatcher's father - Linga as Sidharthan - Ramachandran Durairaj as Agni's assistant - Eashvar Karthic as Avinashi - Mona Bedre as Sakhi ## Production Director and scriptwriter Pavel Navageethan struggled to finance the picture. He finally found a producer after film editor Prem Kumar told the story to 100 producers. Ram Arun Castro and Malayalam actress Vishnupriya Pillai were signed to play the lead roles. ## Release and reception The film released to mixed reviews. The Times of India gave the film two out of five stars praising the lack of songs, performances of Castro and Vishnupriya, and the engaging first half, but criticized the second half of the film as it lacked the important elements of a thriller. Sify praised the intriguing beginning, but criticized the screenplay and forced climax. The Hindu praised the scene where each character recounts the events in different ways but criticized the screenplay and the unreliability of certain scenes. Deccan Chronicle said that the film is "enjoyable in parts" and criticized the film's climax and the murderer's reason for killing. On the other hand, the Deccan Chronicle praised the performances of Castro and Vishnupriya, the screenplay, and the cinematography. Indian Express wrote "Though the reason in V1 does have its shock value, it suffers from miserable staging". Silverscreen wrote "Debutant Pavel’s bullet strikes but loses its momentum half-way through while attempting to justify the genre".
U Should've Known Better	# U Should've Known Better ## Abstract " U Should've Known Better " is a song by American recording artist Monica. It was written in collaboration with Harold Lilly and Jermaine Dupri, and produced by the latter along with frequent co-producer Bryan Michael Cox for her original third studio album, All Eyez on Me (2002). When the album was shelved for release outside Japan, the song was one out of five original records that were transferred into its new version, After the Storm (2003). A contemporary R&B slow jam, "U Should've Known Better" contains elements of soul music and rock music. Built on an pulsating backbeat, the song's instrumentation consists of screeching guitars and an understated harp pattern. Lyrically, Monica, as the protagonist, delivers a message of loyalty to her imprisoned love interest and sings about staying down for him despite his doubts. The song was generally well received by contemporary music critics who highlighted the heartfelt emotion and sadness. Released as the fourth and final single from After the Storm on March 8, 2004, the single marked Monica's first balladic release in over five years. On the charts, "U Should've Known Better" peaked at number 19 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 6 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks, becoming the album's highest-charting single release after " So Gone ". Its accompanying music video was shot by director Benny Boom, and filmed in Mexico in April 2004. It features rapper Young Buck as Monica's love interest. ## Background In an interview with MTV News in June 2000, Monica revealed that she was planning to start work on a follow-up to her 1998 album The Boy Is Mine throughout the summer season, with a first single to be released by October of the same year. The following month, personal tribulations put a temporary halt on the album's production when her former boyfriend Jarvis "Knot" Weems committed suicide. In July 2000, Monica and Weems were together at the graveside of Weems's brother, who had died in an automobile accident at age 25 in 1998, when Weems, without warning, put a gun to his head and shot himself to death. Knot left behind a daughter from a previous relationship, who Monica took into care after going into hiatus. In early 2001, Monica eventually decided to resume recording to prepare the release of her third album in fall 2001. Throughout the process, Monica primarily worked with her usual stable of producers, which included Dallas Austin, production team Soulshock & Karlin, Bryan Michael Cox, and Rodney Jerkins and his Darkchild crew. Though she "had never thought about writing much" by then, her producers encouraged the singer to intensify her work on the All Eyez on Me album and to write and contribute own lyrics and ideas to the songs, one of which was the ballad "U Should've Known Better." ## Production and release Monica penned the song along with Harold Lilly and longtime contributor Jermaine Dupri, while production on the track was helmed by Dupri and Bryan Michael Cox. "U Should've Known Better" was mixed by Phil Tan with further assistance from Dupri and John Horesco IV. William Odum played the guitar, while recording at the SouthSide Studios in Atlanta, Georgia was overseen Brian Frye. He was assisted by Tadd Mingo, and Javier Valeverde. A sultry ballad, the lyrics of the song deal with misunderstandings in a relationship, which conduce to doubts about love's veracity. Nonetheless Monica, as the female protagonist, promises her man she'll stay with him, singing lines like: "It don't matter if you're up, matter if you're down, either way I'm gonna be around." When the US release of All Eyez on Me was shelved, the song was one out of five original records that were transferred into its new version, After the Storm. Although a duet with DMX, "Don't Gotta Go Home", was expected be released as the album's fourth single at times, "U Should've Known Better" eventually replaced original plans. ## Chart performance Released as the album's fourth and final single in March 2004, "U Should've Known Better" opened as the Hot Shot Debut of the week at number 72 on Billboard ' s Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart in the week of April 3, 2004. However, it took another three months until the song entered the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it debuted at number 67 in the week of June 6, 2004, the second-highest debut of the week. "U Should've Known Better" remained twenty weeks on the chart, reaching its peak position of number 19 in its ninth week. It marked the second single from After the Storm to reach the top twenty on the Hot 100chart and, as the album's final single, would remain its second highest-charting offering behind leading single " So Gone." Although never released on a CD single or CD maxi single format, "U Should've Known Better" was also successful on Billboard ´s component charts. It reached number 6 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks —Monica's tenth non-consecutive top ten entry on that particular chart—as well as the top ten on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay and the top twenty on the Hot 100 Airplay chart. It also appeared on the Rhythmic Top 40 at number 20. The song was ranked 72nd on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles 2004 year-end chart. ## Music video The music video for "U Should've Known Better" was shot by director Benny Boom, and produced by Joyce Washington for FM Rocks. It was filmed in various locations throughout Mexico, in April 2004, and features rapper Young Buck appears in the video as her love interest. The video follows the single's topic of a misunderstandings in a relationship, showing Monica as the girlfriend, with the boyfriend held in a Mexico hold-prison. With Monica getting help from a guy friend, her boyfriend's best friend sees them and thinks otherwise. Monica drives through the desert of Mexico to get him out of prison. The video ends with Monica and her boyfriend hugging at the end and going home together. The "U Should've Known Better" video premiered worldwide in May 2004 at the end on BET's Access Granted. It charted well on several video-chart countdowns, including BET's 106 & Park and MTV's TRL. ## Track listings Notes - denotes co-producer - denotes additional producer ## Credits and personnel Credits for After the Storm are adapted from the album's liner notes. ## Charts
50 for 50	# 50 for 50 ## Abstract 50 for 50 is a three-disc compilation album by the English progressive rock band Jethro Tull, released in 2018. Released to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary, the collection includes 50 tracks, selected by frontman Ian Anderson himself, released between 1968 and 2003. ## Track listing All songs written by Ian Anderson, except where noted. ## 50th Anniversary Collection 50th Anniversary Collection is a single-disc greatest hits album by the English progressive rock band Jethro Tull, released in 2018. The album is a summary of 50 for 50, containing the same cover in a different color. The tracklist was selected by Anderson himself. ### Track listing ## Charts Chart information for 50 for 50 only, not 50th Anniversary Collection:
1995 in radio	# 1995 in radio ## Abstract The year 1995 saw a number of significant events in radio broadcasting. ## Events - January 1 – KAEV in Lake Arrowhead, California changes to KCXX with an alternative rock format. - January 28 - The final original American Top 40 airs internationally only. The final Long Distance Dedication is "Move On" by James Brown, from host Shadoe Stevens to the show's listeners. - February 15 – After nine years as a "Pure Rock" station, Long Beach 's 105.5 KNAC flips to a Mexican music format as KBUE (Que Buena). KNAC was, however, resurrected in 1998 as the internet-based radio station knac.com. - March – After several years of playing contemporary Christian music, KQCS (93.5 FM) in Bettendorf, Iowa switches to an active rock format and adopts the call letters KORB. - March – After 22 years as KRVR (106.5 FM), under a format that had evolved from beautiful music to a hybrid of beautiful, easy listening and adult contemporary and had been known to locals as "K-River," the call letters and format are changed for this Davenport, Iowa station. The new call sign is KCQQ and – known as Q106 and Q106.5 – the format is switched to classic hits, eventually evolving to classic rock. - March 4- Partners For Christian Media signs Contemporary Christian station J103 on the air in Chattanooga TN. - March 28 – KJJO in Minneapolis, Minnesota flips to smooth jazz as KMJZ. - May 12- Mora, Minnesota gets its first radio outlet, as new FM station KBEK signs on with 25 kW of power on 95.5 MHz. - June: WUAE /Providence signs on for the first time. - July - Evergreen Media acquires Pyramid Broadcasting's 12 station group for $306.5 million; the sale closes the following January. - August - Chancellor Broadcasting announces it will acquire Shamrock Broadcasting 's 19 station group for $365 million. - September 27 – The BBC in the United Kingdom and Sveriges Radio in Sweden both begin Digital Audio Broadcasting. - September 30 – "SoundWave" (now known as 96.4FM The Wave) – sister network to Wales 's first local commercial radio station Swansea Sound – goes on air. ## Debuts - July – Cigar Dave hosts the first broadcast of Smoke This! - August - 95.1 RW begins broadcast in San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines. ## Closings - January 28 – Final broadcast of the original American Top 40. - October 6 — Ken Beatrice 's last show on WMAL in Washington, DC. - December 1 – Final broadcast of Chippie, a German program on computer topics, produced by the Hessischer Rundfunk (Hessian Broadcasting). ## Deaths - Tom Clay, 66, American radio personality and disc jockey. - Bob Cruz, 42, American Disc Jockey hired to replace Jay Reynolds at WABC (AM) in 1976. - Gary Dee, 60, pioneer in controversial talk radio, mostly in Cleveland, Ohio. - Gerald Durrell, 70, British naturalist, zookeeper, author, and radio and television presenter - Simon Gellar, 75, owner of WVCA: Gloucester, Ma. (now WNKC) on July 11. - J. P. McCarthy, 62, American radio personality - Vivian Stanshall, 51, English comedian, writer, artist, broadcaster, and musician (born 1943) - 1 June, Dallas Townsend, 76, an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS Radio and television for over 40 years. - 2 February, Willard Waterman, 80, a character actor in films, TV and on radio, remembered best for succeeding Harold Peary as the title character of The Great Gildersleeve at the height of that show's popularity. - Wolfman Jack, 57, American disc jockey
Alahan Monastery	# Alahan Monastery ## Abstract Alahan Monastery (Turkish: Koja Kalessi) is a complex of fifth-century buildings located in the mountains of Isauria in southern Asia Minor (Mersin province in modern day Turkey). Located at an altitude of 4,000 ft, it stands 3,000 ft over the Calycadnus valley and is a one-hour walking distance from the village of Geçimli. Although termed a monastery in many sources, this attribution is contested and more recent scholarship consider it to be a pilgrimage shrine. The complex played a significant role in the development of early Byzantine architecture, and practically everything known about it can be attributed to the excavations of Michael Gough. ## History Construction took place during two periods. The first occurred in the mid-fifth century under Emperor Leo I, while the second occurred in the last quarter of the fifth century under Emperor Zeno. The complex contains two churches, rock-cut chambers, a baptistery, living quarters, and many other spaces, like a forecourt, necropolis, bathhouse, and lower terrace. There is debate about the monastery's original purpose, but it nonetheless became a communal living space for monks and those seeking pilgrimage until the seventh century AD, at which point it became abandoned. Upon assuming power, Emperor Zeno, an Isaurian, took over construction and likely funded the project. He often returned to his homeland as a means of retreat, which could suggest his interest in completing the project. The complex is an example of expert Isaurian stonemasonry. Alahan is a key site in the history of early Byzantine architecture, half a century before the great achievements of Anicia Juliana and Justinian in Constantinople. ## Buildings ### Cave Church At the western end of the site there is a large naturally formed cave about 10 m (32.8 ft) high. It used to contain many large rooms arranged on three floors, each just over 2 m high, though now it is almost completely empty. Inside the cave complex there is a church, which is about 7.5 by 7.7 m (24.5 by 25 ft) in size. The cave church is believed to be the first of the monastery's churches to be built. ### West Church The West Church, referred to by Gough as the "Church of the Evangelists ", is the largest of all the churches in the monastery, with an overall measurement of 36 by 16 m (118 by 52.5 ft). The church has a basilica form with three rows - a central nave and two side aisles. It was built after the cave church, but before the East Church. It is the least preserved of all three churches and early visitors to the site did not identify it as a church, but as a gateway to the site. According to Gough, the provision of two pastophories proves that it was a church, and decorations found on its adorned gateway make reference to Evangelism, supporting Gough's given name for the building. Gough's excavation discovered decorations of sculpted masonry and rich mosaics, which suggests that the church had wealthy patronage during its time. The rugged terrain of the mountains meant that much of the cliff side had to be cut back during building. Even then, the plan of the church was adapted to fit the lay of the land. As a result, it doesn't resemble the perfect east/west orientation that was typical of churches at the time. ### East Church The East Church, located on the far eastern side of the monastery, is the best preserved of all the churches. It is considerably smaller than the West Church, measuring 23 by 15 m (75.5 by 49 ft) in size. It has a basilica design with a tower superimposed over the east section of the nave. Gough believes that the roof was likely not made of stone, as practically none were found among the rubble of his excavation. Rather, he suggests that it was likely made of a light timber tiles. This church is less decorated than the other two because it was only approached from within the monastery complex. It contains only slight adornments on the entrance. ### Colonnaded Walkway A colonnaded walkway, originally covered, connects the West and the East Churches. The walkway also provided access to other buildings in the complex, like the baptistery and living quarters. It also restricted access to the site from the hillside below, thanks to a high retaining wall on its south side. No evidence exists to suggest the type of roof that covered the walkway. ### Baptistery A twin-apsed baptistery with two aisles, oriented east-west, with an entrance to the south through the north wall of the colonnaded walkway. The discovery of a cruciform-shaped baptismal pool confirms that the building was used as a baptistery. It is believed that it was built as the community at Alahan expanded, as a font located in the cave church likely served as the original baptistery. There is painting present inside the baptistery that is not in the east church, perhaps because the painters were no longer present when the east church was finished. This suggests that there was a considerable lapse in time between the construction of each building. There is not enough evidence to suggest conclusively what type of roof covered the building. ### Living Quarters As the community grew, the living quarters in the cave complex were no longer sufficiently sized. Additional living quarters were built between the west church and the baptistery with four separate groups of rooms. These quarters could be entered through the cave complex and the colonnaded walkway. ### Other spaces The complex has many other spaces. These include a forecourt, located outside the east church and north of the colonnaded walkway; a necropolis just west of the forecourt; tombs of Tarasis the Elder and Younger, carved into the cliff side next to the necropolis; a spring complex that directed water around and under buildings, both to keep them dry and to provide a reliable water source to the community; a bath house, located far east, past the east church; and a lower terrace in the valley that was used for agriculture. ## Visitors The Ottoman traveler, Evliya Çelebi, visited the monastery in 1671–72 and his account recorded his amazement along with his recommendation that, " This is something that deserves a visit." The first European visitor Count Leon de Laborde who arrived in 1826 was enthusiastic but inaccurate in his written accounts of the monastery. This was followed by the English cleric, A.C. Headlam, who wrote an exhaustive article which gives meticulous detail to the monastic complex as well as the church located at the east end. Headlam postulated that Alahan may be a known as the Byzantine monastery Apadna, which was restored during Justinians reign, however, Michael Gough states Alahan shows no signs of restoration to support this premise. ## World Heritage Status This site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on February 25, 2000 in the Cultural category.
The Rimers of Eldritch	# The Rimers of Eldritch ## Abstract The Rimers of Eldritch is a play by Lanford Wilson. The play is set in the mid-20th century in Eldritch, Missouri, a decaying Bible Belt town that once was a prosperous coal mining community. The plot focuses on the murder of the aging local hermit, Skelly Mannor, by a woman, Nelly Windrod, who mistakenly thought he was committing rape when he was actually trying to prevent a rape from occurring. ## Production history The play premiered off-off-Broadway at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in July 1966, as directed by Wilson. The production as directed by Michael Kahn opened off-Broadway at the Cherry Lane Theatre on February 20, 1967, where it ran for 32 performances. The cast included Dena Dietrich, Don Scardino, Helen Stenborg, Susan Tyrrell, and Bette Henritze, who won the Obie Award for Distinguished Performance. Wilson adapted his play into a television movie broadcast by PBS as the first episode of its Great Performances series on November 4, 1972. The production was directed by Davey Marlin-Jones, and stars Roberts Blossom, Susan Sarandon, Rue McClanahan, K Callan, Will Hare, Kate Harrington, Frances Sternhagen, and Ernest Thompson. The play was revived at La MaMa in 1981 for the theater's 20th anniversary celebration. Wilson directed this production. Mark Brokaw directed a revival at the Second Stage Theatre that opened on November 8, 1988 and ran for 43 performances. The cast included William Mesnik, Adam Storke, and Amy Ryan. Reviewing the production for The New York Times, Mel Gussow cited Wilson's "sensitivity and his gift for language." ## Critical reception Howard Thompson reviewed the television movie for The New York Times. He noted that "as a TV drama, it has a good cast, an astute director in Davey Marlin-Jones, and an authenticity of background.... the action is cluttered with a confusion of bits and pieces and even scenes that jump to the past and the future.... Mr. Marlin-Jones, with the plot edging forward, handles some scenes beautifully as in one gossipy exchange between two uneasy women, Sarah Cummingham and Helen Stenborg." Reviewing an October 1981 production of the play at the New Ehrlich Theater, Boston Center for the Arts, Carolyn Clay of The Boston Phoenix wrote that "Underneath the oft-false folksiness of small-town life, Wilson opines, lurk sex and violence. Of course, anyone could turn these pulpy ingredients into a play. Probably only Wilson, immersed in his Tennessee Williams period, could turn them into an elegiac jigsaw puzzle more reminiscent of Under Milk Wood than Tobacco Road."... "The style Wilson employs in The Rimers of Eldritch used, if memory serves, to be called 'heightened realism.' As in Our Town, there is minimal scenery, and the whole town is on stage. But if Thornton Wilder's play is the rock of Americana, Wilson's explores what's crawling underneath."
Henry Holland (fashion designer)	# Henry Holland (fashion designer) ## Abstract Henry Holland (born 26 May 1983) is an English fashion designer, businessman and blogger from Ramsbottom, Greater Manchester. ## Early life and education Holland is a graduate of the BA Journalism course at the London College of Communication and has worked for the following publications: the teenage Sneak magazine (fashion section), Smash Hits and Bliss. He is openly gay. ## Career Prior to the launch of his own company, Holland gained attention with his Fashion Groupies T-shirt designs. Holland's range of 1980s-inspired T-shirts displayed catchphrases such as, "I'll tell you who's boss, Kate Moss". In September 2006 Holland designed a range of T-shirts that were worn by both Gareth Pugh and Giles Deacon as they took their bow at the end of their runway shows during London Fashion Week. Gareth Pugh appeared to take a bow at the end of his show wearing a T-shirt emblazoned with the words "Get Yer Freak on Giles Deacon" while later in the week Giles Deacon wore a T-shirt that had "Uhu Gareth Pugh" printed on it. Holland subsequently designed a full collection and founded his own fashion house the "House of Holland" in 2008. He is well known for his work with model Agyness Deyn. In 2009, Levi Strauss & Co debuted a denim collaboration with Holland. Later in September 2009, Holland negotiated a deal with the British retailer, Debenhams, for the creation of a fashion line, "H! by Henry Holland"; the line was eventually sold in Debenhams stores from spring 2010. For Spring/Summer 2010 he designed a pink wedding dress exclusive to LA-based boutique REVOLVE Clothing under his House of Holland line. Holland's 2011 collection features a number of T-shirts that display acronyms such as "waysb", meaning, "what are you sayin' b****s". In May 2012, Holland's collaboration with sunglasses company, Le Specs, was released. The collection, entitled "Henry Holland for Le Specs", featured sunglass models with names such as "Muffin Top" and "Blinders". The collection campaign featured Australian hip-hop recording artist and model Iggy Azalea. Following the success of his first two eyewear campaigns starring Iggy Azalea and Ioanna Gika, Holland released his third eyewear campaign, this time featuring model and actress Adwoa Aboah. The range featured a design called 'Cagefighters'. To mark Magnum's 25th birthday, Henry Holland has created a bespoke 1960s inspired dress complete with mimicked cracked chocolate made from layers of fabric and sequins. Holland follows in the footsteps of notable designers, including Karl Lagerfeld, who have also worked with the ice cream company. The dress took over three months to complete and is now worth around £5,000. ## Media appearances In Autumn 2008 and Spring 2010, Holland co-presented T4 's flagship fashion and music series, Frock Me, alongside Alexa Chung and Gemma Cairney.In 2012 Holland starred as a judge on fashion design show Styled to Rock airing on Sky Living. The show, with Rihanna as an executive producer took unknown British designers, giving them the opportunity to design for celebs such as Cheryl Cole, The Saturdays and Katy B. Henry's good friend and self-named "muse". He was also another guest judge on the show Glow Up: Britain's Next Make-Up Star season 2 ## Celebrity clients In February 2009, singer MIA wore his black-and-white, polka dot tulle mini-design while heavily pregnant at the 51st Grammy Awards. The design was from the House of Holland spring/summer 2009 collection. ## Influences Holland states that Nicola Roberts, of Girls Aloud fame, is his muse and heroine. ## Administration On 5 March 2020, it was announced that House of Holland had gone into administration. It was further announced that the seven employees of the business would be retained during, and to assist, the administration.
Armstrong phase modulator	# Armstrong phase modulator ## Abstract In 1933, Edwin H. Armstrong patented a method for generating frequency modulation of radio signals. The Armstrong method generates a double sideband suppressed carrier signal, phase shifts this signal, and then reinserts the carrier to produce a frequency modulated signal. Frequency modulation generates high quality audio and greatly reduces the amount of noise on the channel when compared with amplitude modulation. Early broadcasters used amplitude modulation because it was easier to generate than frequency modulation and because the receivers were simpler to make. The electronics theory indicated that a frequency modulated signal would have infinite bandwidth; for an amplitude modulated signal, the bandwidth is approximately twice the highest modulating frequency. Armstrong realized that while a frequency modulated signal would have an infinite bandwidth, only the first few sets of sidebands would be significant; the rest could be ignored. An amplitude modulated voice channel bandwidth would be approximately 6 kilohertz; a common frequency modulated voice channel bandwidth could be 15 kilohertz. ## How it works The Armstrong method begins by generating a carrier signal at a very low frequency, say 500 kilohertz. This frequency is below the AM broadcast band and much below the current FM broadcast band of 88 to 108 megahertz. This carrier signal is applied to two stages in the transmitter: a balanced modulator and a mixer. To understand how a balanced modulator works it is necessary to understand amplitude modulation and how it works. Most people describe amplitude modulation as a method of changing the strength of the carrier (amplitude) in sync with the modulating audio. This is true, the power output does change with modulation, but it changes because any AM modulator generates two sidebands, one above and one below the carrier. As power goes into these sidebands, the power output increases. The amplitude modulated signal, then, consists of a constant strength carrier and two sidebands. The sidebands carry the information and the carrier just goes along for the ride. The carrier can be removed at the transmitter and reinserted at the receiver to allow the transmitter to put all the power in the sidebands. A frequency modulator also generates sidebands, but instead of one sideband on each side of the carrier, it generates many sidebands on each side of the carrier. The FM bandwidth is wider because of the many sidebands. The power output from an FM transmitter is constant with modulation, so as power goes into the sidebands, the carrier power is reduced. A balanced modulator mixes the audio signal and the radio frequency carrier, but suppresses the carrier, leaving only the sidebands. The output from the balanced modulator is a double sideband suppressed carrier signal and it contains all the information that the AM signal has, but without the carrier. It is possible to generate an AM signal by taking the output from the balanced modulator and reinserting the carrier. In the Armstrong method, the audio signal and the radio frequency carrier signal are applied to the balanced modulator to generate a double sideband suppressed carrier signal. The phase of this output signal is then shifted 90 degrees with respect to the original carrier. The balanced modulator output can either lead or lag the carrier's phase. The double sideband signal and the original carrier signal are then applied to the mixer, and the original carrier—90 degrees out of phase—is reinserted. The output from the mixer is a frequency modulated signal. Reinserting the carrier without the phase shift produces an AM signal. Reinserting the carrier with the 90 degree phase shift produces a PM signal. If the intelligence is integrated before being applied to the resulting phase modulator, this equivalent to an FM signal. One of the problems with the Armstrong method is that the frequency deviation —the amount of modulation—must be kept small to minimize distortion. The maximum deviation is a fraction of 1 kilohertz, but FM broadcast requires 75 kilohertz deviation and a typical FM voice channel deviation is 5 kilohertz. To solve this problem, Armstrong multiplied the signal many times to a higher frequency to obtain the necessary deviation. For example, to generate an FM signal with 5 kilohertz deviation at 146.94 megahertz, the transmitter would generate a signal at 6.1225 megahertz with only 0.2 kilohertz deviation, and then multiply the signal 24 times (the so-called "Serrasoid" method, which was created by Radio Engineering Labs (REL), and was endorsed by Armstrong). ## Legacy The Armstrong method is no longer used commercially. Frequency modulation is most commonly generated at the operating frequency with the required deviation (the so-called "direct FM" method). While the system was being used in the 1930s and 1940s it provided a high quality FM audio system.
Richard Haynes (cricketer)	# Richard Haynes (cricketer) ## Abstract Richard Haynes (27 August 1913 – 16 October 1976) was an English cricketer. He played for Gloucestershire between 1930 and 1939.
1968 South Dakota Coyotes football team	# 1968 South Dakota Coyotes football team ## Abstract The 1968 South Dakota Coyotes football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Dakota in the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1968 NCAA College Division football season. In its third season under head coach Joe Salem, the team compiled a 9–1 record (5–1 against NCC opponents), finished in second place out of seven teams in the NCC, and outscored opponents by a total of 299 to 173. The team played its home games at Inman Field in Vermillion, South Dakota. ## Schedule
Weiskittel-Roehle Burial Vault	# Weiskittel-Roehle Burial Vault ## Abstract Weiskittel-Roehle Burial Vault is a historic burial vault located in Section P, Loudon Park Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland. It is a rectangular structure made of cast iron built into the side of a hill, constructed to look like ashlar masonry and painted gray. It was made as the tomb of Anton W. Weiskittel who died in 1884, a Baltimore iron founder. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.
Reginald Thynne	# Reginald Thynne ## Abstract Major-General Sir Reginald Thomas Thynne KCB (23 December 1843 – 30 December 1926) was a British Army officer who became General Officer Commanding North Eastern District. ## Early life Thynne was born at the rectory of Walton, Somerset, the son of Lord John Thynne and a grandson of Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath. ## Military career Thynne was commissioned as an ensign in the Grenadier Guards on 3 October 1862. After seeing action in the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879 and then in the Anglo-Egyptian War in 1882, he became commanding officer of 3rd Battalion Grenadier Guards and then went on to be General Officer Commanding North Eastern District in 1894 before retiring in 1902. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1902 Coronation Honours list published on 26 June 1902, and invested as such by King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October 1902. Thynne's daughter (Katharine) Angela married the civil servant Sir Vincent Baddeley in 1933.
Rossleigh Court	# Rossleigh Court ## Abstract Rossleigh Court, constructed between 1906 and 1907, currently is a rental apartment building located on the northwest corner of 85th Street and Central Park West in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City. Like the similarly designed and adjoining building to its north, 257 Central Park West, Rossleigh Court was designed by Mulliken and Moeller and built by Gotham Building and Construction. Opening one year after its "twin" to the north, both buildings followed the popular "French Flat" model in a Beaux-Arts style.
Kaila	# Kaila ## Abstract Kaila may refer to: People with the surname Kaila: - Eino Kaila (1890-1958), Finnish philosopher, critic and teacher - Erkki Kaila (1867–1944), Finnish theologian, Archbishop of Turku - Lauri Kaila, Finnish entomologist and researcher of biodiversity - Osmo Kaila (1916–1991), Finnish chess master - Toto Fogelberg-Kaila (1924-2013), Finnish cartoonist People with the given name Kaila: - Kaila Charles (born 1998), American basketball player - Kaila Estrada (born 1996), Filipina actress - Kaila Holtz (born 1981), Canadian softball pitcher - Kaila McKnight (born 1986), Australian athlete - Kaila Methven (born 1994), American fashion designer - Kaila Mullady (born 1993), American musician - Kaila Murnain, Australian politician - Kaila Story (born 1980), African-American podcaster - Kaila Yu (born 1979), Taiwanese-American singer-songwriter

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