UFDC Home | Help | RSS TABLE OF CONTENTS HIDE Front Cover Front Matter Frontispiece Title Page Advertising Preface Table of Contents Suggestions to teachers Introduction First epoch: Early discoveries... Second epoch: Development of the... Third epoch: The Revolutionary... Fourth epoch: development of the... Fifth epoch: The Civil War Sixth epoch: Reconstruction and... Questions for class use Historical recreations Declaration of Independence Constitution of the United... Table of states Table of the presidents Index Back Cover Spine Group Title: Barnes's historical series Title: A brief history of the United States CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE TURNER PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: Material Information Title: A brief history of the United States Series Title: Barnes historical series Physical Description: 332, l p. : ill., maps, ports. ; 21 cm. Language: English Creator: Steele, Joel Dorman, 1836-1886Steele, Esther Baker, 1835-1911American Book Company ( Publisher ) Publisher: American Book Company Place of Publication: New York Publication Date: c1900 Subjects Subject: History -- Juvenile literature -- United States ( lcsh )Juvenile literature -- 1900 ( rbgenr )Bldn -- 1900 Genre: Juvenile literature ( rbgenr )non-fiction ( marcgt ) Spatial Coverage: United States -- New York -- New YorkUnited States -- Illinois -- ChicagoUnited States -- Ohio -- Cincinnati Notes Statement of Responsibility: by Joel Dorman Steele and Esther Baker Steele. General Note: Imprint also notes publisher's locations in Cincinnati and Chicago. Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00086662 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: aleph - 001605534oclc - 02885377notis - AHM9814lccn - 00003384 Table of Contents Front Cover Front Cover 1 Front Cover 2 Front Matter Front Matter Frontispiece Frontispiece Title Page Title Page Advertising Advertising Preface Page 1 Page 2 Table of Contents Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Suggestions to teachers Page 7 Page 8 Introduction Page 9 Page 10 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 Page 15 Page 16 Page 17 Page 18 Page 18a First epoch: Early discoveries and settlements Second epoch: Development of the English colonies Page 45 Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Page 54 Page 54a Third epoch: The Revolutionary War 138a Page 139 Page 140 Page 141 Page 142 Page 143 Page 144 Page 145 Page 146 Page 147 Page 148 Page 148a Fourth epoch: development of the states Page 149 Page 150 Page 151 Page 152 Page 153 Page 154 Page 155 Page 156 Page 157 Page 158 Page 159 Page 160 Page 160a Page 160b 184a 214a Fifth epoch: The Civil War Page 215 Page 216 Page 217 Page 218 Page 219 Page 220 Page 221 Page 222 Page 222a Page 222b Page 223 Page 224 Page 225 Page 226 Page 226a 280a Sixth epoch: Reconstruction and passing events Page 281 Page 282 Page 283 Page 284 Page 285 Page 286 Page 287 Page 288 Page 289 Page 290 Page 291 Page 292 Page 292a Page 293 Page 294 Page 295 Page 296 Page 297 Page 298 Page 299 Page 300 Page 301 Page 302 Page 302a Page 303 Page 304 Page 305 Page 306 Page 306a Page 307 Page 308 Page 309 Page 310 Page 311 Page 312 Page 313 Page 314 Page 315 Page 316 Page 317 Page 318 Page 319 Page 320 Page 320a Page 321 Page 322 Page 323 Page 324 Page 324a Page 325 Page 326 Page 326a Page 327 Page 328 Page 329 Page 330 Page 331 Page 332 Questions for class use Page i Page ii Page iii Page iv Page v Page vi Page vii Page viii Page ix Page x Page xi Page xii Page xiii Page xiv Page xv Historical recreations Page xvi Page xvii Page xviii Page xix Page xx Page xxi Declaration of Independence Page xxii Page xxiii Page xxiv Page xxv Constitution of the United States Table of states Page xl Page xli Table of the presidents Page xlii Index Page xliii Page xliv Page xlv Page xlvi Page xlvii Page xlviii Page xlix Page l Back Cover Back Cover 1 Back Cover 2 Spine Spine Full Text I '.ttJ.44J.4AJ.J.AL4J.44A J AAA44.J.LJ.4.L.Lt '4 No. 4 0 N0. ,. THIS BOOK belongs co *rks. 1o1n t. J Pae If thmo art borrowed by a friend, Right u.elcome shall he be; To read, to study. nor to tend. But to return to me, S-Nor hat imparred knowlledge Doth diminish learning's store: SBut books, I find, if often lenr. 4 Return to me no more. 4 4 - RFAD SLOWLY PAUSE FREQUENTLY SRITURN DULY WITH THE CORNERS OF THE LEA.'VES ;.4 NOT TURNED DOWN 4 t* The Baldwin Library m Univraigy 7 b- 4- 1' ' ~--, 2 Father and Sons for Liberty If\ ~rri- BARNES'S HISTORICAL SERIES A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES BY JOEL DORMAN STEELE, PH.D., FG.S. AND ESTHER BAKER STEELE, LIT.D. NEW YORK :. CCININNATI *: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY BARNES'S HISTORY SERIES. Primary History of the United States, o$.60 Brief History of the United States, I.oo Brief History of France, ... I.oo Brief History of Ancient Peoples, i.oo Brief History of Modern Peoples, I.oo Brief General History of the World, 1.60 Brief History of Greece, . .75 Brief History of Rome, . .. I.oo Sent, postage paid, on receipt of price. Copyright, 1871, 1879, i88o, and 1885, by A. S. BARNES & CO. Copyright, 1898 and 1900, by AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. Br. U. S. W. P. 30 ... -- U-_ ief- ._ . THIS work has been prepared with - the following design, viz.: to state only those important events in our history which every American citizen should know, and to tell them in such a way as to arouse the pupil's interest and inspire enthu- siasm for the study. In carrying out this idea, the author has sought to avoid all sectional and partisan statements; to explain, from the standpoint of the Union, those principles which, coming to an issue at different times, have been decided by the progress of events; and, incidentally, to inspire, by the sweep of the story, a love for our common country, and an intelligent solicitude for her destiny. Experience has taught the value of certain general methods of teaching this study. 1. To divide the history into Epochs, giving each a characteristic name. 2. To precede each Epoch by a map and questions in order to familiarize the pupil with the localities of the events about which he is to read; and to follow each Epoch with a Chronological Table and a list of Reading References for further study. 3. To furnish copious notes containing collateral facts, minor events, sketches of the lives of presidents and noted men, and, especially, those anecdotes of heroism and devotion that so brighten the record of our national growth. 4. To give each paragraph a distinct title to aid the pupil in learning, and the teacher in hearing, the lesson; and to arrange these topics in such a way as to form a systematic analysis of the subject. PREFACE. 6. To make the great battles easy of remembrance by associating with the description of each the pivotal point on which its issue turned. 6. To introduce something of the philosophy of history by stating the plan of each campaign, and the objects sought by, and the results of, important engage- ments, thus leading pupils to appreciate the fact that events hinge upon each other. 7. To stimulate flagging interest, and also induce a more comprehensive study of history, by means of review questions like the Historical Recreations of this series. The constantly-increasing adoption of this book, since its appearance in 1871, has shown the excellence of the plan on which it was prepared. New plates and illustrations being now called for, the author has seized the opportunity to revise the text carefully, and to introduce blackboard analyses, additional chapters on civilization, and fresh material on manners and customs. It is his hope that his fellow teachers will find the book as much more useful as it is attractive. sanc- tified by the heroism and devotion of the fathers can not but elicit the choicest care and tenderest love of the sons. J. D. S. '""~-~ ~ , : ~b~ I `~bb/ PAGE INTRODUCTION ..................... ......... ... ....................... ... ................ 9 Remains of Prehistoric Peoples....................... ................ 9 The Mound Builders......... ............................................ 10 The Indians and their Characteristics.................................... 10 The Coming of the Northmen............................................. 15 The Division of American History into Six Great Epochs .............. 16 References for Reading ..................................................... 17 Blackboard Analysis of the Introduction.................................... 18 FIRST EPOCH. EArLY DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS... ........................ ................ 1!) The Commercial Problem of the Fifteenth Century...................... 19 Christopher Columbus and his Voyages................................... 20 Naming the New Continent................... ................... 24 The Cabots and their Discoveries .............. ...................... 25 Some Spanish Explorers................................................ 26 Some French Explorers..................................................... 30 Some English Explorers ............................................. 34 New Netherland ................ ..................... .......... 39 Settlements at the End of the Sixteenth Century.......................... 40 Sea-life in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries.......................... 41 Table of Contemporary European Sovereigns.............................. 42 Chronological Summary.............................. .................. 42 References for Reading ................... .. ..... ..................... 43 Blackboard Analysis of the First Epoch.............................. ..... 44 SECOND EPOCH. DEVELOPIMENT OF THE COLONIES.......... ................... .... ............. 45 Settlement of the Thirteen Colonies............................. ...... 45 The Four Inter-Colonial Wars .......... .......... .............77-90 4 CONTENTS. PAGE Colonial Civilization....................................... .................... 91 General Condition of the Colonies...................................... 91 Manners and Customs................................ ................ 93 Education................... ............................................. 96 Table of Contemporary European Sovereigns.............................. 97 Chronological Summary.................... .... ................... 97 References for Reading ....................................................... 99 Blackboard Analysis of the Second Epoch.................................. 100 THIRD EPOCH. THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.................................. ...... 101 Causes of the Separation from Great Britain.............................. 101 The Seven-Years Struggle for Independence............................106-142 Condition of the Country at the Close of the War......................... 142 Adoption of Federal Constitution and Formation of Parties ............ 143 Rural Life One Hundred Years Ago ...................................... 144 Chronological Summary.................................. .............. 146 References for Reading ........................................................ 147 Blackboard Analysis of the Third Epoch.................................. 148 FOURTH EPOCH. DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATES........................ ......................... 149 Washington's Administration................. .................... 149 Adams' Administration.................................................... 154 Jefferson's Administration....................................... 155 Madison's Administration.................... ........................ 159 Second War with Great Britain..................................... 160 Monroe's Administration............................ .............. 172 John Quincy Adams' Administration............... ............... 174 Jackson's Administration................................................... 175 Van Buren's- Administration... ............................................. 178 Harrison and Tyler's Administration ............ ..................... 180 Polk's Administration ................................. ........ 185 War with Mexico........................................................ 185 Taylor and Fillmore's Administration .................................... 191 Pierce's Administration.................................... 194 Buchanan's Administration...................................... 196 Secession of the South ....... .................................. 198 New States..................... .............. 200 C ivilization........... .................. .................. ..... ....... ..... 210 Distinctions of Dress-the Five Classes............................... 210 The Laborer ................ ...................................... 210 The Schools .................................................... 210 The Middle of the Century.......................... ............. 211 Chronological Summary...... ............................................ 211 References for Reading ....................................................... 213 Blackboard Analysis of the Fourth Epoch .............................. 214 CONTENTS. 0 FIFTH EPOCH. PAGE THE CIVIL WAR .................................................. ............... 215 Lincoln's Administration....................... .............................. 215 The Five-Years Struggle for National Unity........................ 216 vWhat the War Cost...................................................... 275 Assassination of the President ........................................ 275 N ew States ....................... ........ ................................... 277 Chronological Summary............................. ........................ 277 References for Reading.................................................... 279 Blackboard Analysis of the Fifth Epoch............................ .... ... 280 SIXTH EPOCH. RECONSTRUCTION AND PASSING EVENTS .......... .... ..... ......................- 281 Johnson's Administration ..... ..................... .............. ........ 281 Grant's A dm inistration ...................................................... 287 Bayes' Administration......................... .. ...... .............. 294 Garfield and Arthur's Administration................ ....... ...... ...... 295 Cleveland's First Administration .......... ........................... ...... 297 Harrison's Administration ................................ ..... ..... 299 Cleveland's Second Administration. ....... .............................. 301 McKinley's Administration .................................................. 303 N ew States ....... ........................................................... 322 Progress in Civilization ........ .... ............. ................... 323 Blackboard Analysis of the Sixth Epoch ................................ 332 APPENDIX. Questions for Class Use................. ................... ................. Historical Recreations ........................... .......................... xvi Declaration of Independence................................................ xxi Constitution of the United States, with Questions, and Notes............. xxvi Table of States..................... ............... ........................ xl Table of Presidents ........................ ..... ....................... xlii Index ....................................... ........ .. ............... xliii LIST OF MAPS. EARLY VOYAGES AND DISCOVERIES ..................................... Opposite 18, 19 DEVELOPMENT OF COLONIES ...... .....................** ... ..... 45 REVOLUTIONARY VWAR-THE COLONIES.................... ..... ... 101 REVOLUTIONARY WAR-CAMPAIGNS NORTH AND SOUTH ............ 120, 121 WAR OF 1812, AND WAR WITH MEXICO............................ 149 CAMPAIGNS IN WAR OF 1812, AND WAR wITH MEXICO.......... 160, 161 THE CIVIL W AR ............................. ...... ....... ........ 215 CAMPAIGNS OF THE CIVIL WAR...................................... 22, 223 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN..................................... ...............*..... 236 VICINITY OF VICKSBURG .....................................*..... .............. 245 VICINITY OF CIATTANOOGA ...................................** ...................... 247 ICINITY OF GETTYSBURG ............................................... .......... 252 GRANT'S CAMPAIGN AROUND RICHOND ............................................ 261 TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UNITED STATES ........... ........Opposite 281 H AWAIIAN ISLANDS ...........................*....****...* *......... 302 CUBA AND PORTO RIC0 ............................. ................. 306 UNITED STATES AND OUTLYING POSSESSIONS................. ......*...............* 317 PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.................... ........... ...........Opposite 320, 321 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE FATHER AND SONS FOR LIBERTY, Frontispiece. PREFACE (Illustrated Heading) ..... 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Illustrated Heading) ....................... 3 INTRODUCTION (Illustrated Heading). 9 Relics of Early American Races. 11 Scene in Indian Life............. 13 Indian Hieroglyphics............ 14 Landing of Northmen ............ 15 EPOCH I. (Illustrated Heading)...... 19 Portrait of Columbus ............ 20 Tomb of Columbus..... .......... 24 Burial of Do Soto ................ 28 La Salle at the Mouth of the Mississippi ................... 34 EPOCe II. (Illustrated Heading) .... 45 Smith Trading with Indians .... 47 The Ruins of Jamestown ........ 52 Puritans Going to Church ....... 54 Canonious Receiving Powder and Shot ....................... 55 Morning Attack by Indians...... 58 The Charter Oak ................. 03 Dutch Trading at New York..... 06 Portrait of Penn ................. 71 Mr. Dustin Defending his Chil- dren from the Indians......... 78 An Incident of WVashington's Re- turn............................ 82 Quebec in Early Times ........... 88 A Scold Gagged................... 92 New England Kitchen Scene.... 94 EPocH III. (Illustrated Heading) .. 101 Retreat from Lexington ......... 107 Prayer before Bunker Hill ...... 109 Capture of Ticonderoga......... 110 Surrender of Rall................ 117 Portrait of La Fayette .......... 110 Arnold at Saratoga............... 123 In Camp at Valley Forge ........ 126 Portrait of Franklin.............. 127 Capture of Stony Point .......... 131 Portrait of Marion................ 134 Development of the Flag ......... 138 Capture of a Redoubt at York- town ........................... 141 EPoCn IV. (Illustrated Heading) ... 149 Portraits of Washington, Hamil- ton, and Jefferson ............ 151 Battle of Tippecanoe ............ 159 Constitution and Guerriere...... 162 PAGE American Leaders, Rev. & 1812- Putnam, Perry, Greene, Jones, Montgomery, I-Iull ........... 164 Death of Lawrence............... 167 Battle of New Orleans............ 170 Portrait of Jackson ............. 176 Portrait of Taylor .............. 177 View of Salt Lake City.......... 182 IIomes of Eminent Americans.. 184 Taylor at Buena Vista .......... 186 Washing out Gold ................ 191 Portraits of Clay, Calhoun, and Webster ....................... 192 Portrait of Lincoln............... 198 Portrait of Davis ............... 199 San Francisco Bay and City..... 207 EPOCH V. (Illustrated Heading) .... 215 Jackson at Bull Run ............ 219 Attack on Fort Donelson ........ 224 Federal Leaders Sheridan, Foote, Grant, Farragut, Sher- man, Porter................... 227 Monitor and Merrimac.......... 232 Confederate Leaders-Jackson, Johnston, Lee, Longstreet,Bu- chanan, Mitchell............... 238 Battle of Missionary Ridge...... 249 Grant Writing the Telegram.... 256 Guarding a Train ............... 257 Sheridan at Cedar Creek......... 261 Sinking the Alabama ............ 268 Sherman's March to the Sea..... 271 Death of J. E. B. Stuart......... 276 ErocH VI. (Illustrated Heading)... 281 Landing the Atlantic Cable ..... 285 Portrait of Greeley............... 290 Custer's Death .................. 293 Riot at Pittsburgh, Pa.............. 294 Portrait of Garfield ............. 296 Portrait of Cleveland ........... 298 Portrait of Harrison............. 300 Portrait of AMcKinley ........... 303 Wreck of the Maine............... 308 Portrait of Schley ................ 309 Portrait of Sampson.............. 310 Battle of Manila Bay............ 311 Portrait of Dewey................ 312 Portrait of Shafter. ............ 313 The Oregon off Santiago, July3.. 314 Portrait of Miles ................ 314 Portrait of Otis .. ................ 320 Progress of Inventions ...... 325, 326 ~ C I I T ^ , full analysis; thus, in each Presidential Administration, the order of subjects is uniform, viz.: Domestic Affairs, Foreign Affairs, and Political Parties-the sub- sidiary topics being grouped under these heads. The teacher is therefore recom- mended to place on the board the analysis of each Epoch, and, when possible, conduct the recitation from that without the use of the book in the class. Specimen Analyses are given at the close of each Epoch. These are merely suggestions, and should be used to elicit other and more elaborate ones from the 8 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. pupils. In these analyses may also be inserted the titles of additional material gathered by teacher and class. Good analyses thus, incidentally, serve as pigeon- holes for classifying as well as preserving one's knowledge. The Reading References at the end of each Epoch contain a list of books that will be found valuable for additional information. It is not the intention to make the References a mere catalogue of United States Histories and biographies of celebrated Americans, but simply to name a few works to interest a class and furnish matter for collateral reading. Bancroft's and Hildreth's Histories, Irving's Life of Washington, and Sparks' American Biographies are supposed to be in every school library. They are, therefore, not referred to in these lists. The Lives of the Presidents, the Histories of the different States, and all works of local value are useful, and should be secured, if possible. The Magazine of American History will be found serviceable for reference on disputed points of American History and Biography. The recent volumes of Harper's Magazine, and the Century abound in excellent articles on special subjects. The American Cyclo- pedia and Thomas' Dictionary of Biography will afford material for preparing essays. With a little effort, a poem, a prose selection, or a composition on some historical topic may be offered by the class each day to enliven the recitation. Formal debates, oral or written, should be held, to stimulate research, upon such subjects as the tariff, civil service reform, treatment of the Indians, etc. For Courses of Reading, and for information concerning the value and char- acter of various historical works, refer to Adams' Manual of Historical Literature- a most reliable and excellent bibliography. Hall's Methods of Teaching History will also furnish the teacher with suggestive ideas. The Tables of Contemporary European Sovereigns, inserted at the end of the early Epochs, should be used to link American history to that of the old world, in which it had its origin. The Suggestions on page i of the appendix, about topical recitation, are com- mended by universal experience. At each recitation, let some of the pupils write a few of the paragraphs on their slates, on paper, or on the blackboard; after- ward, let other pupils criticise the language, spelling, punctuation, use of capitals, etc. Remember, however, that the chief end of class-work is to kindle an interest in history. The reading of a beautiful poem, or the narration of a curious cir- cumstance, a noble sentiment, or a deed of heroism, in some way connected with an event, will arouse attention and fix the fact permanently in the mind. For example, the third attack on Charleston (page 132), is a dry, dull statement, but how it brightens when we read the reply of Colonel Moultrie, who was there taken prisoner, to the offer of money and the command of a British regiment in Jamaica, if he would desert the American cause:-"Not the fee simple of all Jamaica would induce me to part with my integrity." The class may care little about the former way of choosing the Vice-President; but they will be eager to see how Adams, the federalist, and Jefferson, the republican, came to be elected together. The inauguration of Van Buren will take on a new meaning when the pupil is told that Van Buren, with General Jackson at his side, rode to the Capitol in a carriage made of wood from the ship Constitution, and, as they passed, the crowd shared, its cheers between "Old Hickory" and "Old Ironsides ". Just so, Stedman's, "Oh, evil the black shroud of night at Chantilly", will stir a class when reading the second Bull Run campaign; while Whittier's "Angels of Buena Vista" will temper the patriotic ardor aroused by that bloody victory. OF H-E _ N.. g[hIU o STATES '...Who first -- I ...TF. 0 c--..~ -' d Ir" o' r THL A ._:.J: ^. L ... . S settled Amer- Aiica ?-To i con- I hlt was i f n r i" .....of "e':':' -' .-t th e the ,-- haoppcnnd, v e do iit knu-ow. Chinese vessels, coasting along the sore according to the custom of early voyagers, may have been driven by storms to cross the Pacific Ocean, while the cre re ere thankful to escape a watery grave by settling an unknown coun- try; or, parties wandering across Bering Strait in search of adventure, and finding on this side a pleasant land, may have resolved to make it their home. American Antiquities.-In various parts of the con- tinent, are found remains of the people who occupied this country in prehistoric times. Through the Mississippi valley, from the Lakes to the Gulf, extends a succession of defensive earth-works.* The largest forest trees are. INTRODUCTION. often found growing upon them. The Indians have no tradition as to the origin of these structures. They gen- erally crown steep hills, and consist of embankments, ditches, etc., indicating considerable acquaintance with military science. At Newark, Ohio, a fortification exists which covers an area. A peculiar kind of earth-work has the outline of gi- gantic men or animals. An embankment in Adams County, Ohio, represents very accurately a serpent 1,000 feet long. Its body winds with graceful curves, and in its wide-extended jaws lies a figure which the animal seems about to swallow. In Mexico and Peru, still more wonderful remains have been discovered. They consist not only of defensive works, altars, and monuments, but also of idols, temples, aqueducts, and paved roads. The Mound Builders is the name given to the people who erected the mounds of North America. The old pits where the Mound Builders dug copper are still found in the mining region of Lake Superior. They seem, also, to have occupied INTRODUCTION. Indies, however, there was an immense population. The Indians were the successors of the Mound Builders, and 1. CLIFF-DnWELLERS OF NEW MEXICO. 2. ~CULPTUI.ED HEAD FROM YUCATAN. 3. INDIAN VASE. 4. INCENSE BURNER. 5, 6. STONE HATCHET AND VASE FROM MEXICO. 7. FORTIFIED ONONDAGA VILLAGE. 8. MOUNDS AT SPRING CREEK, TENNESSEE. 9. TEMPLE IN YUCATAN. were by far their inferiors in civilization.* We know not why the ancient race left, nor whence the Indians came. This view was generally accepted until recently. Many now hold that all the aboriginal inhabitants of this country were of one race; and that the agriculture, pottery, and other arts of the Mound Builders, as well as of the Indians, came from the superior civilization of Central America and Mexico, illustrating what is termed " the northern drift of civilization on this continent. INTRODUCTION. It is supposed that the former were driven southward by the savage tribes from the north. Indian Characteristics.* rts and Inventions. -The Indian has been well termed the "Red Man of the For- est ". Edueation. He made no advancement, but each son emulated the prowess of his father in the hunt and the fight. The hunting-ground and the battle- field embraced every thing of real honor or value. So the son was educated to throw the tomahawk, shoot the arrow, and catch fish with the spear. He knew nothing of books, paper, writing, or history. Domestic Life.-- The Indian had neither cow, nor beast of burden. He regarded all labor as degrading, and fit only for women. His squaw, therefore, built his wig- wam, cut his wood, and carried his burdens when he journeyed. While he hunted or fished, she cleared the land for his corn by burning down the trees, scratched the The chief exceptions to this description of the Indians within the present limits of the United States were the Mobilians, who lived along the South Atlantic and the Gulf; the Iroquois Confederacy, or the Five Nations of Central New York; and the Pueblos or Village Indians of New Mexico and Arizona. (1.) The Mobilians worshiped the sun; built timber houses, sometimes clustered in towns and fortified with a ditch and wall; made pottery, and cultivated corn, hemp, and flax. (2.) The Iroquois Confederacy was styled the Long House ", because these Indians dwelt in wigwams often 250 feet in length and 30 feet wide, and each holding 20 or 30 families. This league formed, in fact, a republic, with a chief magistrate, a cabinet, and a congress of the sachems of the different tribes. Fierce, blood-thirsty, and fond of conquest, the Iroquois would probably have subdued the continent if the white man had not come. Early travelers called them the Romans of the new world. (3.) The Pueblo Indians lived in huge stone or adobe buildings, a single one often containing several thousand people. They tilled the land, and dressed in cloth of their own manufacture. INTRODUCTION. for her. o .. ; .--". --- : - .i ; Mr- r, . S- -I- D SCENE IN INDIAN LIFE. Dispositio.--In war, the Indian was brave and alert, but cruel and revengeful, preferring treachery and cun- ning always stood hospitably open to the poorest and meanest of his tribe. Endiucrance.--He could endure great fatigue, and in INTRODUCTION. his expeditions often lay without shelter in the severest weather. It was his glory to bear the most horrible tort- ures without a sign of suffering. Religion. >e 1o14 SPECIMEN OF INDIAN HIEROGLYPHICS.* water-falls. As he believed secre- INTRODUCTION. the encroachments of the settler, and the building of railroads. But he can not stop the tide of immigration. Unless he can be induced to give up his roving habits SA.-.. ...s,-. and cultivate the soil, he is doomed to destruction. It is to be earnestly hoped that the red man may yet be Christianized, and taught the arts of industry and peace. The Northmen (inhabitants of Norway and Sweden) claim to have been the discoverers of America. Accord- ing to their traditions, this continent was first seen about the year 1000, by one Biorne (be ern'), who had been tary, with the book; No. 3 the geologist, with a hammer; Nos. 4, 5, 6 are attend- ants; Nos. 7, 8 are the guides, without hats; Nos. 11, 12 show what they ate in camp; Nos. 13, 14, 15 indicate how many fires they made. INTRODUCTION. driven to sea by a tempest. Afterward, other adventurers made successful voyages, established settlements, and bar- tered with the natives. Snor'ri, son of one of these settlers, is said to have been the first child born of European parents upon our shore.* The Northmen claim to have explored the coast as far south as Florida. How much credit is to be given to these traditions is uncertain. Many his- torians reject them, while others still think there are traces of the Northmen remaining, such as the old tower at Newport, R. I., and the singular inscriptions on the rock at Dighton, Mass. Admitting, however, the claims of the Northmen, the fact is barren of all results. No per- manent settlements were made, the route hither was lost and even the existence of the continent was forgotten. The true history of this country begins with its dis- covery by Columbus in 14'i-'. It naturally divides itself into six great epochs. First Epoch.-Early Discoveries andr Settlementes.-- This epoch extends from the discovery of America in 1492, to the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607. Dur- ing this period, various European nations were exploring the continent and making widely scattered settlements. Second Epoch.-Developnment of the Colonies.-This epoch extends from the settlement at Jamestown, Va., in 1607, to the breaking out of the Revolutionary War in 1775. During this period, the scattered settlements grew into thirteen flourishing colonies, subject to Great Britain. Third Epoch. -Bevolutionary TWar.-This epoch ex- tends from the breaking out of the Revolutionary War Snorri was the founder of an illustrious family. One of his descendants is said to have been Albert Thorwaldsen, the great Danish sculptor of the present century. The beautiful photographs of Thor'wald sen's Day ", Night ", and The Seasons ", which hang in so many American parlors, thus acquire a new interest by being linked with the pioneer boy born on New England shores so many centuries ago. INTRODUCTION. in 1775, to the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. During this period, the colonies threw off the govern- ment of England and established their independence. Fourth Epoch.. Fifth Epoch.-The Civil War.-This epoch extends from the breaking out of the Civil War in 1861, to the surrender of Lee's army in 1865. During this period, a gigantic strife was carried on between the Northern and the Southern States, the former struggling for the per- petuation of the Union, and the latter for its division. Sixth Epoch.-R-econstructionl arn Passin Events.-- This epoch extends from the close of the Civil War in 1865, to the present time. During this period, the seceding States have been restored to their rights in the Union, peace has been fully established, and many inter- esting events have occurred. REFERENCES FOR READING. Beamish's Discovery of America by the Northmen.-Bradford's American Antiquities.- Baldwin's Ancient America.-Squier and Davis' American Antiquities, and Discoveries in the West.-Sinding's History of Scandinavia.-Catlin's North American Indians.-Thatcher's In- dian Biography.-Stone's Life and Times of Red Jacket, and Life of Brandt.-Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales.-Morgan's League of the Iroguois.-Schoolcrqft's Memoirs of Residence Among the Indians, and other works by the same author.-Foster's Prehistoric Races of the United States of America.-Bancroft's Native Races.-Lowell's Chippewa Legend (Poetry).- Whittier's Bridal of Pennacook (Poetry).-Jones' Mound Builders of Tennessee.-Ancient Monuments in America, harper's Magazine, vol. 21; The First Americans, The Pueblos, and Visit of the Vikings, vol. 65; also many excellent articles in vols. 66 and 67.-The Old Mill at Newport, Scribner's Monthly, vol. 17 -The Beginning of a Nation, Century Magazine, Nov., 1882; Prehistoric Re- mains in the Ohio Valley, and The Serpent Mound of Ohio, March and April, 1890. BARNES' BRIEF HISTORY. BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 1. Who first settled America. 2. American Antiquities. 3. The Mound Builders. 4. The Indians. 5. The Northmen. 6. Natural Divisions o0 United States History 1. Mounds. 2. Earthworks. 8. Peruvian and Mexican Ruins. 1. Their Number. 2. Indian Characteristics. a. Arts and Inven tions. b. Progress and Edu. cation. c. Domestic Life. T d. Disposition. e. Endurance. f. Religion. 3. The Indians of To-day. 1. Who were they ? 2. Story of Biorni. 3. Who was Snorri ? 4 Traces of Northmen. 5. The Results. 1. First Epoch. 2. Second Epoch. S 3. Third Epoch. 4. Fourth Epoch. 5. Fifth Epoch. 6. Sixth Epoch. J"Pl~~~r ~''~ J ~ .cs ~1411 7 4).1~?\ ,- /I r r?_~ (S-'J-- .r Map to mniustlrale EARLY VOYAGES .,o DISCOVERIES OAF NORTH AMERICA -0 I'M"k -d---- (.p.,', Itht.J A 8.Bdra Ice I I r -$ ---- A Ifl I Geographical Knowledge in the Fifteenth Century.- T!i- if-"t- 'l F -f Eu.niu-pe had then ie-- rc.:.a. About 1' l.,4 ti,-, .',...t ,-sire for geo- .1i;, l:h !:,,._,,:. was awak- ,-,,l. Thl ."''I.-'- ,-nd the astro- ."ii..--n i-t. n tl.... -t for reckoning '- --,titui.p,:--a.l .. :-. n-,: impulse to navi- gation. Voyagers were no longer compelled to creep along the shore, but began to strike out boldly into the open sea. The art of printing had just come into use, and books of travel were eagerly read. Marco Polo Questions on the Geography of the First Epoch.-In the accompanying map there are no divisions of the continent, as none existed at that time. When they are called for in the following questions, the object is to test the pupil's knowledge. Locate the West Indies. San Salvador, [now called Guanahani (gwah nah hah ne), though many assert a neighboring island to be the true San Salvador]. Cuba. Hispaniola or Hayti (ha ti). Cape Breton. Roanoke Island. Manhattan Island. Describe the Orinoco River. Mississippi River. St. Lawrence River. James River. Ohio River. Colorado River. Columbia River. Whereis Labrador? Central America? Florida? Mexico? XewMexico? Cali- fornia? Oregon? Peru? Locate St. Augustine. Santa F6 (sahn tah fa). New York. Montreal. Quebec. Albany. Jamestown. Port Royal. Isthmus of Darien. Cape Henry. Cape Charles. Cape Cod. Chesapeake Bay. Hudson Bay. EPOCH I. and other adventurers returning from the East told won- derful far- f their round the world to the east than it does. Hence, he argued that by going a few COLeTBS. hundred leagues west, he would Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, about himself to be divinely called to carry the true faith into the uttermost parts of the earth ". Inspired by this thought, no discouragement or contumely could drive him to de- spair. It was eighteen years from the conception to the accomplishment of his plan. During all thigh time his life was a marvel of patience, and of brave devotion to his one purpose. His sorrows were many; his triumph was brief. Evil men maligned him to Ferdinand and Isabella. Disregarding their promise that he should be gov- ernor-general over all the lands he might discover, the king and queen sent out an- [1474. touch the coast of Eastern Asia.* He was determined to try this new route, but was too poor to pay for the neces- sary ships, men, and provisions. courage. After sailing westward from Cape Verde Islands for a few days, and seeing nothing but a wide waste of wildly tossing waves, he returned, ridiculing the idea. Columnbus at the Court of Spain.--Columbus, disheart- ened Turn- ing away sadly, Columbus determined to go to France. other governor, and by his order Columbus was taken. Several facts served to strengthen the faith of Columbus in the correctness of his theory. The Azores and the Madeira, Canary, and Cape Verde islands being the most westerly lands then known, were the outposts of geographical knowledge. There had been washed on their shores by westerly winds, pieces of wood curiously carved, trees, and seeds of unknown species, and especially the bodies of two men of strange color and visage. t  1482.] COLUMBUS. EPOCH I., treasurer of Aragon, advanced most of the money, and the friends of Columbus the remainder. Columbus had succeeded at last, after eighteen years of waiting. Coblumbus' Equipnent.-Though armed with the king's authority, Columbus obtained vessels and sailors with the greatest difficulty. The boldest seamen shru -1: fi.. ,, -iuch a desperate undertaking. At last, three small vessels were manned; the Pinta (pin'ta), Santa Maria (ma r'a), and Nina (nYin'y). com- pass re- turn in- even if a ship could perchance get around there safely, how could it ever get back? Can a ship sail up hill?" All of which sounds very strange to us now, when hun- dreds of travelers make every year the entire circuit of the globe. [1492. COLUMBUS. sisted artifi- cially carved, and a branch of thorn with berries floated near. All was now eager expectation. In the evening, Columbus beheld a light rising and "`:,1.11 in the distance, as of a torch borne by one walking. Later at night, the joyful cry of "Land!" rang out from the Pinta. In the morning, the shore, green with tropical verdure, lay smiling before them. Tihe Landing.-Columbus, dressed in a splendid military suit of scarlet embroidered with gold, and followed by a reti- nue of his officers and men bearing banners, stepped upon the new world, Friday, Oct. 12, 1492. He threw himself upon his knees, kissed the earth, and with tears of joy gave thanks to God. He then formally planted the cross and took posses- sion of the country in the name of Ferdinand and Isabella. The wondering natives, who crowded the shore, gazed on the spectacle with awe. They supposed the ships to be huge white-winged birds, and the Spaniards-to have come from heaven. How sadly and how soon these simple people were undeceived ! Further Discoveries.-Columbus found the land to be an island, which he named San Salvador. He supposed that he had reached the islands lying off the eastern coast of India, and he therefore called the dark-hued natives, Indians. Careful inquiries were also made concerning the rich prod- ucts of the East, such as spices, precious stones, and espe- cially gold. But the simple people had only a few golden ornaments. These they readily bartered for small bells. 1492. EPOCH I. ex- treme. The whole nation took a holiday. His appearance was hailed with shouts and the ringing of bells. The king and queen were dazzled by their new and sudden acquisi- tion. As Columbus told them of the beautiful land he had discovered, its brilliant birds, its tropical forests, its delightful climate, and above all, its natives waiting to be converted to the Christian faith, they sunk upon their knees, and gave God thanks for such a signal triumph. \( ~ c :' ry1 I >I S TOME OF COLIOMfES AT HAVAMA .* Subsequent Toyages.-Colum- bus afterward made three voy- ages.'"Y eUs v6s pu'shi ns), a friend of Columbus, accompa- nied a subsequent expedition to the new world. A German named Waldsee-Miiller published The body of Columbus was buried at Valladolid. It was thence transported, in 1513, to the Carthusian Monastery of Seville, where a monument was erected by Fer- dinand bearing the famous inscription-" To Castile and Leon, Colon gave a new world." In 1536, his body was removed to the city of Saint Domingo, Hayti. But, in [1493. THE CABOTS. a spirited account of this mariner's adventures, and sug- gestedi- tude diminish in length as they approach the pole, the short- est route to India must be by sailing north-west instead of west, as Columbus had done. He easily obtained authority from King Henry VII., to make the attempt. After a pros- perous voyage, he came in sight of a sterile region, prob- ably Labrador,* and sailed along the coast for many leagues. This was in 1497,." Sebastian Cabot continued his father's discoveries. During the same year (p. 24) in which Columbus reached the shore of South America, and Vasco da Gama found the sea-route to India (p. 41), Sebastian, a youth of twenty- one, discovered Newfoundland ana coasted as far south as 1796, the remains, as was supposed, were taken to Havana with imposing ceremo- nies. The tomb in the Cathedral is inscribed in Spanish: 0, rest thou, image of the great Colon, Thousand centuries remain, guarded in the urn, And in the remembrance of our nation." In 1877, however, while excavating near the Cathedral in Saint Domingo, the vault was opened and a leaden coffin found containing human bones, and inscribed in Spanish-"Illustrious and renowned man, Christopher Columbus". It is therefore thought that the body carried to Havana was not that of the great admiral. Very little is definitely known of John Cabot, and even the time and place of his birth and death are matters of conjecture. Sebastian went with his father on the first voyage, and some give him the credit of all that is attributed above to John Cabot. 1499.] EPOCH I. Cape Cod. As he found neither the way to India, nor gold, precious stones, and spices, his expedition was consid- ered a failure. Yet, by his discoveries, the English acquired a title to a vast territory in the new world. Though he gave to E ._1. i.1 a continent, no one knows his burial-place. We shall now follow the principal explorations made within the limits of the future United States, by the SPANISH, FRENCH, ENGLISH, and DUTCH. The Spanish ex- plored mainly the southern portion of North America; the French, the northern; and the English, the middle portion along the coast. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. Feeling in Spain.--America, at this time, was to the Spaniard a land of vague, but magnificent promise, where the simple natives wore unconsciously the costliest gems, and the sands of the rivers sparkled with gold. Every returning ship brought fresh news to quicken the pulse of Spanish enthu- siasm. Now, Cortez had taken Mexico, and reveled in the wealth of the Montezumas; now,Pizarro had conquered Peru, and captured the riches of the Incas; now, Magellan, sailing through the strait which bears his name, had crossed the Pacific, and his vessel returning home by the Cape of Good Hope, had circumnavigated the globe. Men of the highest rank and culture, warriors, adventurers, all flocked to the new world. Soon, Cuba, Iispaniola, Porto Rico, and Ja- ma [1498. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS., having found neither youth nor glory. Bal b6 a crossed the Isthmus of Darien the next year, and from the summit of the Andes beheld a wide expanse of the Pacific Ocean. Wading into its waters with his naked sword in one hand, and the banner of Castile in the other, he sol- emnly declared that the ocean, and all the shores which it might touch, belonged to the crown of Spain forever. De Narvaez (nar va'6th). Eight years afterward, four per- sons-the only survivors of this ill-fated expedition-reached the Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast. Ferdinand de Soto, undismayed by these failures, under- took anew the conquest of Florida. He set out with 600 choice men, amid the fluttering of banners, the flourish of Eight years afterward, De Ayllon (da ile yon') made a kidnapping expedition to what is now South Carolina. Desiring to obtain laborers for the mines a.nd planta- tions in Hayti, he invited some of the natives on board his vessels, and, when they were all below, suddenly closed the hatches and set sail. The speculation did not, how- ever, turn out profitably. One vessel sunk with all on board, and many of his cap- 1512.] EPOCH I. W- I BURIAL OF DE SOTO. of their wanderings (1541), they emerged upon the bank of the Mississippi. After another year of fruitless explora- tions, De Soto died. At the dead of night, his followers sunk his body in the river, and the sullen waters buried his hopes and his ambition. "He had crossed a large part of the continent," says Bancroft, "and found nothing so re- markable as his burial-place." De Soto had been the soul of the company. When he died, the other adventurers were tives, preferring starvation to slavery, died on the voyage. History tells us that in 1525, when De Ayllon went back with the intention of settling the country, the Indians practiced upon him the lesson of cruelty he had taught them. His men were lured into the interior. Their entertainers, falling upon them at night, slew the larger part, and De Ayllon was only too glad to escape with his life. [1539. SPANISH EXPLORATIONS. anxious only to get home in safety. They constructed boats and descended the river, little over half of this gallant array finally reaching the settlements in Mexico. Menendez (ma nen' dcth), wiser than his predecessors, on landing (1565), forthwith laid the foundations of a colony. In honor of the day, he named it St. Augustine. THIS IS THE OLDEST TOWN IN THE UNITED STATES.* Explorations on the Pacific.- California, in the six- teenth century, was a general name applied to all the region north-west of Mexico. It is said to have originated in an old Spanish romance very popular in the time of Cortez, in which appeared a queen whose magnificent country bore this name. The Mexicans told the Spaniards that most of their gold and precious stones came from a country far to the north-west. Cortez, therefore, turned his attention in that direction and sent out several expeditions to explore the Californias. All these adventurers returned empty- handed from the very region where, three centuries after- ward, the world was startled by the finding of an El Do ra'do such as would have satisfied the wildest dreams of Cortez and his credulous followers. Cabrillo (ka brel'yo) made the first voyage along what is now the California coast (15 4 2); he died in San Diego harbor, but his pilot went north past the present limits of Oregon. .Jew Mexico was explored and named by Espejo (6s pa' Many Spanish remains still exist. Among these is Fort Marion, once San Marco, which was founded in 1565 and finished in 1755. It is built of coquina (ko ke'na) -a curious stone composed of small shells. t The conquests of the new world enriched Spain, which became the wealthiest EPOCH I. West Indies, but of Yucatan, Mexico, and Florida.* The Spanish explorers had traversed a large portion of the present Southern States, and of the Pacific coast. All this vast territory they claimed by the rights of discovery and pos- session. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. The French were .- to share in the profits which Spain was i' *.i i,. in the new world. Within seven years after the discovery of the continent, the fisheries of Newfound- land were frequented by their mariners.t Verrazani (za'ni), a Florentine, was the first navi- gator sent by the French king to find the new way to the Indies. Sailing westward from Madeira (1524), he reached land near the present harbor of Wilmington. He supposed this had never been seen by Europeans, although we know that Cabot had discovered it nearly thirty years before. He coasted along the shores of Carolina and New Jersey, entered the harbors of New York and N.--;'port, and returned with a glowing description of the lands he had found. He named the country New France. Cartier (kar tya') ascended the River St. Lawrence (1535) to the Indian village of Hochelaga (h6 she la'ca), the present site of Montreal. The town was pleasantly situated and most powerful country in Europe. This made other nations all the more anxious to find the western passage to India. The routes by the Cape of Good Hope and by the Strait of Magellan were long and dangerous. To discover the shorter north western route now became the great wish of all maritime nations, and has been anxiously sought down to the present time. A writer of that time locates Quebec in Florida; indeed, the Spaniards applied the name, Florida, to all North America, as far as Canada and Newfoundland. t Cape Breton (brit un) was named by the fishermen in remembrance of the:r home in Brittany, France. t The name, St. Lawrence, was that of the day on which Cartier entered the gulf [1600. FRENCH EXPLORATIONS. at the foot of a lofty hill, which Cartier climbed. Stirred by the magnificent prospect, he named it Mont Real amongg ra al'), Regal Mountain. John Ribaut (re bo') led the first expedition (15 6 2) under the auspices of Coligny (ko len ye').t The company landed at Port Royal, S. C. So captivated were they, that when volun- teers were called for to hold the .. f. F rance, so many came forward with such a good will a-nd joly courage ",. Ti,..-.1 Thus per- ished the colony, but the name still survives. Laudonniere (1o d6'ne 6r), two years after, built a fort, also called Carolina, on the St. John's River. Soon the colonists Jean Ribaut, as his name is given in Coligny's MS. and in his own journal. t Coligny was an admiral of France, and a leader of the Huguenots (ht' ge niz), most feeble were landed in France. It is said that Queen Elizabeth, while conversing with those sent to England, first thought of colonizing the new world. only word but with exceeding great paine ". The credulous Frenchmen gazed with awe on this wonder- ful pair, and congratulated themselves on having come to such a land,-where cer. tainly there would be no need of Ponce de Leon's fabled fountain. 1535.] EPOCH I. were reduced to the verge of starvation.* They were on the point of leaving, when they were reinforced by Ribaut. The French now seemed fairly fixed on the coast of Florida. The Spaniards, however, claimed the country. Menendez, about this time, had made a settlement in St. Augustine. Leading an expedition northward through the wilderness, in the midst of a fearful tempest, he attacked Fort Carolina and massacred almost the entire population. Champlain (sharn plan'), at the beginning of the seven- teenth.t Champlain was captivated by the charms of the new world, and longed to plant a French empire and the Catholic faith amid its savage wilds. De Monts (mong) received a grant of all the territory be- tween the fortieth and forty-sixth parallels of latitude.:t This tract was termed A ca'di a, a name afterward confined to New Brunswick and the adjacent islands, and now to Nova Scotia. With Champlain, he founded Port Royal, N. S., in 1605, THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO FOUND AN AGRICULTURAL COLONY IN AMERICA. It was three years before a cabin was built in Canada, and two before the James River was discovered. Champlain returned in 1608, and established a trading Their sufferings were horrible. Weak and emaciated, they fed themselves with roots, sorrel, pounded fish-bones, and even roasted snakes. "Oftentimes," says LaudonniBre, our poor soldiers were constrained to give away the very shirts from their backs to get one fish. If at any time they shewed unto the savages the exces- sive price which they tooke, these villaines would answer them roughly: 'If thou make so great account of thy merchandise, eat it, and we will eat our fish'; then fell they out a laughing, and mocked us with open throat." t This fact illustrates the frequent and rapid changes which took place among the aboriginal tribes. $ Between the sites of Philadelphia and Montreal. [1564. FRENCH EXPLOIATIONS, post at Quebec. THIS WAS THE FIRST PERMANENT FRENCH SETTLEMENT IN CANADA. The next summer, in his eager desire to explore the country, he joined a war party of the Hurons against the Iroquois, or Five Nations of Central New York.* On this journey he discovered the beautiful lake thatis- s 6 8, they founded the mis- sion, an- other sprung forward to fill the post. We shall name but two of these patient, indefatigable pioneers of New France. Father JIMarquette (mar ket'), hearing from some wander- ing Indians of a great river which they termed the Father of Waters", determined to visit it. He floated in a birch- bark canoe down the Wisconsin to the Mississippi (1673), and thence to the mouth of the Arkansas (ar'k6n saw).f The interference of Champlain with the Indians secured the inveterate hostility of the Iroquois. Not long after, they seized the missionaries who came among them, tortured and put them to death. This cut off any further explorations toward the south. The French, therefore, turned their attention toward the west. The Iro- quois afterward made an alliance with the English (see p. 77) t Soon after, while on another expedition, he went ashore for the purpose of quiet EPOCH I. XIV., King of France. Results of French Enterprise.-Before the close of the seventeenth century, the French had explored the Great Lakes, the Fox, Maumee (mamee'), Wabash (wa' lash), Wisconsin, and Illinois rivers, and the M\;- -'- 1ipi from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Gulf. They had traversed a vast region extending from Newfoundland to Texas; and. As we shall see hereafter, the English at this time clung to a narrow strip along the Atlantic coast, but their colonies contained 200,000 inhabitants. [1682. ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. planted, here and there in the wilderness, rude settlements- the beginnings of civilization. In 1688, New France pos- sessed, mari- time enterprise was awakened, and British sailors cruised on every sea. Like the other navigators of the day, they were eager to discover the western passage to Asia. Frobisher (fr6b'ish er)it of Magellan, coasting along the Pacific shore to the south- ern part of Oregon. Having refitted his ship, probably One of the sailors brought back a stone which was thought to contain gold. A fleet of fifteen vessels was forthwith equipped for this new El Dorado. The north- west passage to Cathay was forgotten. After innumerable perils incident to Arctic regions, the ships were loaded with the precious ore and returned. Unfortunately, history neglects to tell us what became of the cargo I 1576.] EPOCH I. [1579-'80. in Bod6ga Bay (1579), he sailed westward, and returned home by way of the Cape of Good Hope.* Sir Humphrey Gilbert was not a sailor, but he had studied the accounts of American discoveries and concluded that. instead of random expeditions after gold and spices, com- panies should be sent out to form permanent settlements. His attempts to colonize the new world, however, ended fatally. Sailing home in a bark of only ten-tons burden, in the midst of a f. fi ii storm the light of his little vessel sud- denly disappeared. Neither ship nor crew was ever seen again. Sir Walter Raleight (raw'l), a half-brother of Gilbert, adopted his views of American colonization. Being a great favorite with Queen Elizabeth, he easily obtained from her a patent of an extensive territory, which was named Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Raleid'h's first attempt to plant a colony was on Roanoke Island. The settlers made no endeavor to cultivate the soil, but spent their time in hunting for gold and pearls.: At He was thus the first Englishman who explored the Pacific coast, and the second European who circumnavigated the globe. t Raleigh was not only a man of dauntless courage, but he also added to a hand- some person much learning and many accomplishments. Meeting Queen Elizabeth one day while she was walking, he spread his mantle over a wet place in her path. She was so pleased with his gallantry that she admitted him to court, and he con- tinued a favorite during her entire life-time. Conversing with her once illus- trates the friendly relations between Raleigh and the queen. After her death, he was accused by James I. of treason, was imprisoned for many years, and finally, executed. On the scaffold, he asked for the ax, and feeling the edge, observed, with a smile, "This is a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." Then com- posedly laying his head on the block, and moving his lips as in prayer, he gave the fatal signal. $ They were told that the Roanoke River had its head-waters in golden rocks, by ENGLISH EXPLORATIONS. last, they were nearly starved, when Drake, happening to stop there on one of his exploring tours, took pity on them and carried them home. (See page 42.) They had lived long enough in America to learn the use of tobacco from the Indians. This they introduced into England. The custom of "drinking tobacco ", as it was called, soon became the fashion.* Ralei~h's Second 4Attempt. Gov. im- agination can only picture what history has failed to record. Raleigh had now spent about $200,000, a great sum for that day, on this American colony; and, disheartened, trans- ferred his patent to other parties (1589). Trading Voyages.-Fortunately for American interests, trading ventures were more profitable than colonizing ones. English vessels frequented the Banks of Newfoundland, and, probably, occasionally visited Virginia. Gos'nold,f a master the Pacific Ocean, and that the walls of a great city near its fountain were thickly studded with pearls. An amusing story is told of Raleigh while he was learning to smoke. One morn- ing his servant on entering the room with a cup of ale for his master, saw a cloud of smoke issuing from Sir Walter's mouth. Frantically dashing the liquor in his face, he rushed down stairs imploring help, lest his master should be burned to ashes 1 t The English ships were at that time accustomed to steer southward along the coast of Spain, Portugal, and Africa, as far as the Canary Islands; then they followed 1586.] of a small bark, discovered (1602) and named Cape Cod and some of the islands about Martha's Vineyard. Loading his vessel with sassafras-root, then highly esteemed as a medi- cine, he returned home to publish the most favorable reports of the region he had visited. Some British merchants ac- cordingly sent out the next year a couple of vessels under Captain Pring. He discovered several harbors in Maine, and brought back his ships loaded with furs and sassafras. As the result of these various explorations, many felt an earnest desire to colonize the new world. James I. accord- ingly 1007 under Captain Newport. He made at Jamestown* THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. The Plymouth Company, whose principal men resided at Plymouth, had the tract between the forty-first and forty- fifth degrees of latitude. This was called North Virginia., the track of Columbus to the West India Islands, and thence past the coast of Florida northward to the point they wished to reach. Navigators knew this was a round- about. EPOCH I. [1602. DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. to reside in London and have general control of all the col- onies; and also a council, to reside in each colony and have control of its local affairs. The Church of England was the established religion. Moreover, for five years, all the pro- ceeds of the colonial industry and commerce were to be ap- plied to a common fund, no person being allowed the fruit of his individual labor. DUTCH EXPLORATIONS. During all this time, the Dutch manifested no interest in the new world. In the beginning of the seventeenth cen- tury, however, Captain Henry Hudson, an English navi- gator in the Dutch service, entered the harbor of New York. Hoping to reach the Pacific Ocean, he afterward ascended the noble river which bears his name (1609).* On this discovery, the Dutch based their claim to the region extending from the Delaware River to Cape Cod. They gave to it the name of New Netherland. EXTENT OF THESE EXPLORATIONS. 1. The Spanish confined their explorations to the West Indies and the adjacent mainland, and in the United States made settlements only in Florida and New Mexico. 2. The French claimed the whole of New France and made their first settlements in Acadia and Canada. 3. The English explored the Atlantic coast at various points, and claimed this vast territory, which they termed Virginia, having made their first settlement at Jamestown.t It is now believed that Verrazani (p. 30) was the true discoverer of this stream, over three quarters of a century before. t After this time, the English is the only nation that directly influences the his- 1606.] EPOCH I. [1613. 4. The Dutch laid claim to New Netherland, but made no settlement till 1613. The Rival Claims.-These four claims overlapped t one another and necessarily produced much confusion. While the first few settlements were separated by hundreds of miles of savage forests, this was of little account. But as the set- tlements increased, the rival claims became a source of con- stant strife and were decided principally by the sword. The Permanent Settlements.-At the close of the six- teenth century, neither the English nor the French had planted a single stable colony, and the only permanent settlements, north of the Gulf of Mexico, were those of the Spaniards at St. Augustine and Santa Fe. In the beginning of the seventeenth century, permanent settle- ments multiplied. They were made, as we have seen, by The FRENCH at Port Royal, N. S., in 1605; The ENGLISH at Jamestown, in 1607: The FRENCH at Quebec, in 1608; The DUTCH at New York, in 1613 ;t The ENGLISH at Plymouth, in 1620. tory of the United States. The country was settled mainly by emigrants from Great Britain, and in the next epoch all the colonies became dependencies of that empire. t It is noticeable that the English grants extended westward to the Pacific Ocean; the French, southward from the St. Lawrence to the Gulf; and the Spanish, north- ward to the Arctic Ocean. None of the European nations had any idea -f the im- mense territory it was donating. t Here lay the shaggy continent from Florida to the Pole, outstretched in savage slumber along the sea. On the bank of the James River was a nest of woe-begone Englishmen, a handful of fur-traders at the mouth ot the Hudson, and a few shiver- ing Frenchmen among the snow-drifts of Acadia; while, deep within the wild monotony of desolation, on the icy verge of the great northern river, Champlain upheld the banner of France over the rock of Quebec. These were the advance guard of civilization, the messengers of promise to a desert continent. Yet, not content with inevitable woes, they were rent by petty jealousies and miser- able. 1789.] EARLY NAVIGATORS. 41 SEA-LIFE IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES. AT the opening of modern history, the known world comprised only Europe, south- western Asia, and a strip of northern Africa. The southernmost point in Africa then discovered was Cape Non (Nun), so called because it was considered the limit of navi- gation. The most absurd ideas prevailed with regard to the regions beyond. The water at the equator was thought to be boiling hot; the tropic sun, it was said, would permanently blacken the sidn of any white man who ventured farther south; while the unknown seas were supposed to be peopled by terrible sea-monsters. To the Portuguese belongs the glory of having dissipated many of these errors, and opened the way to the discovery of new lands. In the fifteenth century, they were the most enlightened and enterprising people in Europe. Prince Henry devoted himself to the study of astronomy, founded an observatory and a naval college, col- lected all existing information concerning the earth's surface, and prepared new and more accurate charts for navigators. His father, John I., and his grand-nephew, John II., encouraged maritime explorations. Under such auspices, the Portuguese sailors discovered the A z0res'* and Cape Verde Islands, crossed the dreaded equator, and finally described the southern extremity of Africa. Diaz (dee'ath), the discov- erer, well named it the Stormy Cape; but the king, believing the long-desired route to India was now found, rechristened it the Cape of Good Hope. His hope was realized fifteen years later, when Vs co d Giima rounded the cape and reached India. The problem of a sea-route (p. 20) was solved. The Portuguese quickly established settlements and opened a direct trade by sea between India and Europe. The old land-routes to India across the Mediterranean and the Levant being aban- doned, Venice and the other Italian cities lost the profitable Eastern trade. The sixteenth century, however, had already dawned. The discoveries of Colum- bus had kindled the zeal and fired the imagination of Spain,-then fast becoming the leading nation of Europe. Pope Alexander VI. had apportioned the unknown regions of the Earth to the Portuguese and the Spaniards, giving to the former all east and to the latter all west of an imaginary line running north and south 100 leagues west of the Azores. Spanish warriors who "united the valor of the knight-errant with the rapacity of pirates", flocked to the new world. The West Indies, Mexico, Peru, and Chili were discovered and conquered, and the spoils were sent to Europe. Soon, the coffers of Spain were running over with American gold and silver. While the Spanish flag was planted, step by step, on the eastern coast of America, from the St. John's to the river Platte ", the whole western coast of South America fell into Spanish hands. The Spanish explorations in America surpassed the Portuguese in Africa. Portugal was too busy with her discoveries to turn aside, except to possess the territory of Brazil, and Spain was left unmolested to prosecute her conquests. While Spain was thus building up an empire in the western world, English sea- men were content with a humbler harvest in the Newfoundland fisheries. During the reign of Elizabeth, however, English navigators began to dispute with Spain the sovereignty of the sea.. The British Channel swarmed with privateers-" sea-dogs ", The explorers were accustomed to take formal possession of the country they discovered. Thus Cartier (p. 30) erected a cross thirty feet high, on which he hung a shield containing the arms of France and the inscription, Vive le Roi ". Gilbert (p. 36) raised a pillar in Newfound- land with a lead plate, on which were engraved the queen's arms. A piece of turf and a bit of twig were presented to him, and he received these symbols of possession with a hazel wand. 42 EPOCH I. [1577. as they were called-and it was a lucky galleon that could run the gauntlet of these swift cruisers. The greed of gold, the love of adventure, a chivalrous contempt of danger, and the bitter hatred then existing between Protestant England and Catho- lic Spain, combined to inspire the sea-dogs to the most daring deeds. In 1577, Drake set sail with five ships, his own scarcely larger than a channel schooner, the others still smaller, resolved to fly the English flag in waters where it had never been seen. The first of Englishmen to pass through the Strait of Magellan, he swept along the coast of Chili and Peru, plundering towns and vessels, and capturing the great gal- leon that yearly sailed from Lima to Cadiz with precious stones, gold dust, and silver ingots. Finding a squadron was stationed in the Strait of Magellan to intercept him on his return (p. 35), he took the bold resolution of crossing the Pacific and going home via the Cape of Good Hope. His venture succeeded, and he reached Plymouth, England, after an absence of three years. Though he had escaped with only one ship-the Golden Hind-it was laden with treasure to the amount of 800,000. The queen received a large share of the spoils, knighted the freebooter, wore his jewels in her crown, and ordered the Golden Hind to be preserved in memory of this remarkable voyage. Open war having at last broken out between England and Spain, Drake again went to the West Indies, plundered the towns of St. Domingo and Car- thagena, burned Forts San Antonio and St. Augustine, and,visiting Virginia, brought back the remains of Raleigh's colony (p. 37). The success of these adventures, lured other freebooters to the Spanish Main ". Cavendish fitted out a fleet and sailed thither (1586); he roamed about for months, burning villages and capturing coast- ing vessels, until at last he overhauled the Santa Anna, a merchantman loaded with a rich cargo of gold, silver, and spices, from the Manillas. Returning via the cape, he was the second Englishman to circumnavigate the globe. The English privateers, however, could fight for their country as well as for gain, and Drake, Hawkins, and Frobisher were in the very front of the little fleet that destroyed the "Invincible Armada" (1588) and broke the Spanish power. CONTEMPORARY EUROPEAN SOVEREIGNS. ENGLAND. FRANCE. GERMANY. SPAIN. Henry VI... 1485 Charles VIII..1483 Frederick III..1440 Ferdinand & Henry VIII... 1509 Louis XII......1498 MaximilianI..1493 Isabella..... 1479 Francis I......1515 Charles V......1520 Edward VI....1547 Henry II......1547 Charles I...... 1516 Mary .......... 1553 Elizabeth......1558 Francis H.....1559 Ferdinand I...1556 Philip II......1556 Charles IX....1560 MaximilianII.1564 James I........1603 Henry III.....1574 Rudolph II....1576 Henry IV......1589 Matthias ......1612 Philip I ......1598 CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. PAGE 1492. Columbus discovered the new world, October 12 23 1497. The Cabots discovered Labrador, June 24 25 1498. The Cabots explored the Atlantic Coast 25 South America was discovered by Columbus, August 10 24 Vasco da Gama sailed round the Cape of Good Hope and discovered a passage to India 41 1512.] CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 43 PAGE 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, March 27 27 1513. Balboa saw the Pacific Ocean, September 26 27 1519-'21. Cortez conquered Mexico 26 1520. Magellan discovered and sailed through the strait which bears his name, into the Pacific Ocean; his vessel returning home by the Cape of Good Hope, made the first circumnavigation of the globe. 26 1524. Verrazani explored the coast of North America 30 1528. Narvaez explored part of Florida 27 1534-'35. Cartier explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and ascended the river 30 1539-'41. De Soto rambled over the Southern States and in 1541 discovered the Mississippi River 28 1542-'43. Cabrillo explored California and sailed along the Pacific Coast. 29 1562. Ribaut attempted to plant a Huguenot colony at Port Royal 31 1564. LaudonniBre attempted to plant a Huguenot colony on the St. John's River. It was destroyed by the Spaniards 31 1565. Menendez founded a colony at St. Augustine, Florida; first perma- nent settlement in the United States 29 1576-'77. Frobisher tried to find a north-west passage; entered Baffin Bay, and twice attempted to found a colony in Labrador, but failed 34 1578-'80. Drake sailed along the Pacific Coast to Oregon, and circumnavi- gated the globe.. 35 1582. Espejo founded Santa F6; second oldest town in the United States, 29 1583. Gilbert was lost at sea 36 1584-'87. Raleigh twice attempted to plant a colony in Virginia 36 1602. Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, May 15 37 1605. De Monts established a colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; first attempt to found an agricultural colony in America 32 1607. The English settled Jamestown; first permanent English settle- ment in America, May 13 38 1608. Champlain planted a colony at Quebec; first permanent French settlement in Canada, July 3 . 32 1609. Hudson discovered the Hudson River. 39 Champlain discovered Lake Champlain 33 1613. Settlement of New York by the Dutch. .. 39 1620. Pilgrims settled at Plymouth; first English settlement in New England, December 21. .. 40 REFERENCES FOR READING. Irving's Columbus.-Parkman's Pioneers of France, Jesuits in North America, and Dis- covery' John Cabot.-Barlow's Vision of Columbus (Poem), and Poems on Columbus by Samuel Rogers and J. R. Lowell.-Simms' Damsel of Darien (Poem).-Prescott's Ferdinand and Isabella (Colum- bus).-Hawks' history of N-orth Carolina (Lost Colony of Roanoke).-Shea's Discovery and Exploration of the Missssippi Valley.- Wallace's Fair God (Fiction).-Barnes' Popular History of the United States.-Harper's Magazine, Vol. 49, The First Century of the Republic; Vol. 65, Overthrow of the French Power in America, and The Spanish Discoverers.-Scribner's Monthly, Vol. 9, Picturesfrom Florida.-Weise's Discoveries of America to the Year 1525. BARNES' BRIEF HISTORY. BLACKBOARD ANALYSIS. 1. Geographical Knowledge in the Fifteenth Century. 1. His Views. 2. At Court of Portugal. 3. At Court of Spain. 4. His Success. 2. Columbus. 5. His Equipment. 6i. His Voyage. 7. The Landing. 8. Further Discoveries. 9. His Reception Home. 10. Subsequent Voyages. How America was Named. S1. John Cabot. The Cabots. 2. Sebastian Cabot. 1. The Feeling in Spain. 2. Ponce de Leon. 3. Balboa. 4. De Narvaez. J5. Ferdinand de Soto. Spanish Explorations. 6 enen de. oto Sa. -. 7. Explorations on Pacific. b. ' I c. New Mexico. 8. Extent of the Spanish Possessions. 1. Newfoundland Fisheries. 2. Verrazani. 3. Cartier. 4. John Ribaut. 5. Laudonnibre. French Explorations. 6 Chaplain. Founds Q ecla. 7. De Monts and Port Royal. I a. Their zeal. 8. Jesuit Missionaries. b Marquette. Sc. La Salle. 9. Results of French Enterprise. 1. British Claim and Maritime Zeal. 2. Frobisher. 3. Francis Drake. 4. Humphrey Gilbert. M First attempt to plant English Explorations. 5. Raleigh. a Colony. ( Second attempt. 6. Trading Voyages. [ a. London Co. 7. Companies formed. b. Plymouth Co. c. Their Charter. Dutch Explorations. 1 Henry CHdsn. a. The Spanish. 1. Claims of the Four b. The French. Nations. c. The English. Extent of these Ex- Td. he Dutch. plorations. 2. Result of these Rival Claims. 3. Permanent Settlements at the End of the Sixteenth Century and the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. S l,1 T, ILLLITR.TiTE THE .- '--- DEVELOPMENT OF COL( S ". IAND EArL, T .- WESTERN EXPLORATION S- '' i,., .,, ,,, -; .. .. -. -_ .' 1 . A N. N -4A c : .... ^ .. .. = ,, ---. / .,'' -" , 4' :. p S- ,; ', .. ,, ( . ,- .r -k *, .- ', -.' r- / I .' 1 l -- i' f^ **f'? ~ " NE'NF C.UND L All '', C'C' 1. NTIEJ ET 1' r < A e1 :4i'*' T- ~*,&IIpl ,Lg10.~ ,e-P02 .C~- &) SA111k Pu rr 'z la, p M3.jr.inr.r i TO ILLUSTRATE COLONIAL WA-RS ): 'c Ot .a PO r CH .ir..' / --- ---.... DE L_. M.O: E !O_ 'HE Island, New York, New J .:_-- *.. ii. 1'( T HIS Epoch Pennsylvania, Delaware, MA I land, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia. The Cavaliers land in Virginia, and the Puritans in Massachusetts Immigration increases and the settlements multiply along the whole coast. The colonies, however, have little history in common. Each by itself struggles with the wilderness, contends with the Indian, and develops the principles of liberty. Questions on the Geography of the SeconId epoch.-Locate Jamestown. Salem. Boston. Swansea. Providence. Bristol. Hadley. Hatfield. Portsmouth. Dover. Hartford. Wethersfield. New Haven. Windsor. Saybrook. New York. Albany. Schenectady. Elizabethtown. Wilmington. Philadelphia. St. Mary's. Charleston. Savannah. Haverhill. Deerfield. St. Augustine. Quebec. Louisburg. Locate Fort Venango." Oswego. Presque Isle. Fort Le Bceuf. Crown Point. Fort Ticonderoga. Fort Niagara. Fort Duques. Miami River. St. Lawrence River. Locate Manhattan Island. Alleghany Mountains. Cape Breton. Massachusetts Bay. Chesapeake Bay. EPOCH II. I.-VIRGINIA. The Character of the colonists was poorly adapted to en- dure the hardships incident to a life in a new country. The settlers mem- ber of the council, and afterward as president, his services were invaluable. He persuaded the settlers to erect a fort, and to build log huts for the winter. He made long voyages, carefully exploring Chesapeake Bay, securing the fi i. n1il-L Ip of the Indians, and bringing back boat-loads of supplies. He Idlls his master, arrays himself in the dead man's garments, mounts a horse and spurs his way to a Russian camp. Having returned to England, he embarks for the new world. On the voyage, he ex- cites rehsh. He is poisoned, but overcomes the dose and severely beats the poisoner. His party of fifteen is attacked by Opechancanough (Op e k6n'ka no), brother and successor of Powhatan, with seven hundred warriors; Smith drags the old chief by his long hair into the midst of the Indian braves, who, amazed at such audacity, immediately sur- render.. His services were, however, of unquestionable value to Virginia; and his disinterestedness appears from the fact that he never received a foot of land in the colony his wisdom had saved, [1607. 1607.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 47 trained the tender gentlemen till they learned how to swing the ax in the forest. He declared that "hie who would not work, might not eat." He taught them that industry and self-reliance are the surest guarantees to fortune. Smith's Adventures were of the most romantic character. In one of his expeditions up the (<_'I .. I a hm'i ny* he was -.*...A-v * use of his pocket compass, and the motions of the oo and _- -....'.: :- . town. When they found that this informed his friends of Oie Pacific Ocean, and thus to India. Captain Newport, before his return to England, -" -- .... A'.." ai .- made a prisoner byup the I ndians. With singular coolness, he immcluded that the way to India did not lie in that direction. These attempts show uswhat inadequate ideas then pr ailed concerning the motionsize of this continent and star. As aothe edee o the s lty o te I it i sad tatr hag seie This was undertaken by the express order of the company, to seek a passage to the Pacific Ocean, and thus to India. Captain Newport, before his return to England, t As another evidence of the simplicity of the Indians, it is said that having seized I, '" .,. t;.- .- '. .: .o ,- ( : .5 _. . rl. - : .: f > : ,' : : -- - L [._.= -= -.. ., -..' r < -: l i --- _ S ITH TRAIN WIT TH I D AI% S t hs another evidence of the simplicity of the Indians, it is said that having seized could not understand by what magical art he made a few marks on paper express his thoughts. They considered him a being of a superior order and treated him with the utmost respect. He was carried from one tribe to another* and at last brought to the great chief, Pow ha tan', by whom he was condemned to die. His head was laid on a stone, and the huge war-club of the Indian executioner was raised to strike the fatal blow. Suddenly, Po ca h6n' tas, the young daughter of the chief, who had already become attached to the pris- oner, threw herself upon his neck and pleaded for his pardon.t The favorite of the tribe was given her desire. Smith was released, and soon sent home with promises of friendship. His little protector was often thereafter to be seen going to Jamestown with baskets of corn for the white men. A Second Charter (1609) was now obtained by the com- pany. This vested the authority in a governor instead of a local council. The colonists were not consulted with re- gard to the change, nor did the charter guarantee to them any rights. The "Starving Time."-Unfortunately, Smith was dis- abled, the colonists were reduced from 490 to 60. At last, they determined to flee from the wretched place. "None dropped a tear, for none had enjoyed one day of happiness." a quantity of gunpowder belonging to the colonists, they planted it for seed, expect- ing to reap a full harvest of ammunition for the next contest. His route was over the peninsula, since made famous by McClellan's campaign. t This incident has been discredited because Smith did not mention it in his first account (1608) of his adventures, but describes it in the second one, published 16 years later. It should be remembered, however, that this conduct of Pocahontas EPOCH II. [1607. 1610.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 49 The next morning, as they slowly moved down with the tide, to their great joy they met their new governor, Lord Dela- ware, with abundant supplies and a company of immigrants. All returned to the homes they had just deserted, and James- town colony was once more rescued from ruin. The Third Charter.-Up to this time, the colony had proved a failure and was publicly ridiculed in London. To quiet the outcry, the charter was changed (1 612). The coun- cil-like simplicity and winning grace of Lady Rebecca, as she was called, attracted universal admiration. She was introduced at court and received every mark of attention. As she was about to return to her native land with her hus- band and infant son,* she suddenly died. First Colonial Assembly.-Governor Yeardley (yeerd II) believed that the colonists should have "a hande in the gov- erning of themselves ". He accordingly called at Jamestown, July 30, 1619, THE FIRST LEGISLATIVE BODY THAT EVER ASSEM- BLED IN AMERICA. It consisted of the governor, council, and deputies, or "- I .u, -.-- ", as they were called, chosen from the various plantations, or "boroughs ". Its laws had to be was entirely in accord with Indian usage, while it does not seem wise to drop out of our early history such a characteristic and beautiful legend. This son became a man of distinction. Many of the leading families of Virginia have been proud to say that the blood of Pocahontas coursed through their veins. EPOCH II. received the avails. Tobacco was an article of export. The colonists were so eager in its cultivation that, at one time, they planted it even in the streets of Jamestown., at first, was fixed at the cost of the passage-100 pounds of tobacco-but wives were in such demand that it soon went up to 150 pounds. Domestic ties were formed. The colonists, having homes, now became Virginians. All : i. ir had the right to vote. Religious toleration was enjoyed. Virginia be- came almost an independent republic. Slavery Introduced.-In 1619, the captain of a Dutch trading vessel sold to the colonists twenty negroesf They were employed in cultivating tobacco. As their labor was found profitable, large numbers were afterward imported. Indian Troubles.-After the death of Powhatan, the firm In the early life of this colony, particles of mica glittering in the brook were mistaken for gold dust. "There was no talk, no hope, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." Newport carried to England a ship-load of the worthless stuff. Smith remonstrated in vain against this folly. t From this circumstance, small as it seemed at the time, the most momentous consequences ensued,-consequences that, long after, rent the republic with strife, and moistened its soil with blood. [1619. 1622.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 01 friend of the English, the Indians formed a plan for the ex- termination planta- tions. mas- sacre of five hundred settlers (1.. 1 ), which ended in the natives being expelled from the region. Virginia a Royal Province.-The majority of the stock- holders gladly granted to the infant colony those rights for which they were struggling at home. King James, becoming jealous of the company, because of its republican sentiments, took away the charter (1624), and made Virginia a royal province. Henceforth, the king appointed the governor and council, though the colony still retained its assembly. A Period of Oppression.-The British Parliament en- forced the Navigation Act (1660), which ordered that the commerce of the colony should be carried on in Ei i1; -1l ves- sels, and that their tobacco should be shipped to England. Besides this, their own assembly was composed mainly of royalists, who levied exorbitant taxes, refused to go out of office when their term had expired, fixed their salary at about $9 per day (equal to $ 3 6 at the present time), restricted the right of voting to "freeholders and housekeepers", and imposed on Quakers a monthly fine of one hundred dollars for absence from worship in the English Church. Two parties EPOCH II. gradually sprung up in their midst: one, the aristocratic party, was composed of the rich planters and the office-hold- ers; the other comprised the liberty-loving portion of the people, who felt themselves deprived of their rights.* Bacon's Rebellion.-These difficulties came to a crisis in 1 67 6-a century before Independence Day-when Governor Berkeley failed to provide for the defense of the settlements against the Indians. At this juncture, Nathaniel Bacon, a patriotic young lawyer, rallied a company, defeated the Indians, and then turned to meet the governor, who had denounced him as a traitor. During the contest which fol- lowed, Berkeley was driven out of Jamestown and the village itself burned.t In the midst of this success, Bacon died. No leader could be found worthy to take his place, and the people It is a curious fact that the royalists who fled from England in Cromwell's time took refuge in Virginia, and were hospitably entertained, while the "regicides" (the judges who con- I demned Charles I.) fled to Massa- '--- chusetts and were concealed from their pursuers. ... Going up the James River, .-i .. just before reaching City Point, .:one sees on the right-hand bank I '-- s the ruins of an old church. The crumbling tower, with its arched Doorways, is almost hidden by the ''" --' profusion of shrubbery which sur- rounds it. Its moss-covered walls, entwined with ivy planted by S~loving hands which have since i crumbled into dust, look desolately out upon the old church-yard at ,Ils .- its back. i-ere, pushing aside the rank vines and tangled bushes ,i-i. --1.-.. _'- .- which conceal them, one finds a .-_- ---_ _- -- few weather-beaten tombstones. A THE RUINS AT JAMESTOWN. huge button-wood-tree, taking root below, has burst apart one of these old slabs, and now, with its many fellows, spreads its lofty branches high over the solitary dead. And this is all that remains of that Jamestown whose struggles we have here recorded. [1676. 1620.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 53 dispersed. Berkeley revenged himself with terrible severity. On hearing of the facts, Charles II. impatiently declared, "He has taken more lives in that naked country than I did for the murder of my father." II.-MASSACHUSETTS. The Plymouth Company made several attempts to explore North Virginia. Captain John Smith, already so famous in South Virginia, examined the coast from Penob- sc. 1. PLYMOUTH COLONY. Settlement.-Landcli of the Pilgrims.*-One stormy day in the autumn of 1620, the Mayflower, with a band of, i. itself a church, choose its.1 Finding the location suitable for a settlement, they all came ashore and, amid a storm of snow and sleet, com- menced building their rude huts. The Character of the Pilgrim settlers was well suited to the rugged, stormy land which they sought to subdue. They had come into the wilderness with their families in search of a home where they could educate their children and wor- shipi- lence had destroyed the tribe inhabiting tb e place where they landed. They were startled, however, one day in early spring. The exact number of the pilgrims was 102. t The little shallop sent out to reconnoiter com- panions in the Mayflower were waiting their return; but "being ye last day of y, week, they prepared there to keepe yC Sabbath". No wonder that the influence of such a people has been felt throughout the country, and that "Forefathers' Rock", on which they first stepped, is yet held in grateful remembrance. $ This was Dec. 11, Old Style. In 1752, eleven days were added to correct an error in the calendar, thus making this date the 22d. Only 10 days should be allowed for 1620, and the correct date is the 21st, New Style. (Steele's New Astronomy, p. 269.) EPOCH II. [1620. .. .. .J ,-.*** ' ' Puritans Going to Church. "Thanks be to God for winter time That bore the Mayflower up, To pour amid New England snows the treasures of its cup, To fold them in its icy arms, those sturdy Pilgrim sires, And weld an iron brotherhood around their Christmas fires."-B. F. TAYLOR. ' 1621.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 55 by a voice in their village crying in broken English, Wel- come I" It was the salutation of Sam'o set, an Indian, whose chief, Mas'sa soit, soon after visited them. The treaty then made lasted for fifty years. Ca non'i cus, a Narragansett chief, once sent a bundle of arrows, wrapped in a rattlesnake skin, as a token of defiance. Governor Brad- CANONICUS RECEIVING THE POWDER AND SHOT SENT BY GOVERNOR BRADFORD. ford returned the skin filled with powder and shot. This significant hint was effectual. The Progress of the Colony was slow. Their harvests were insufficient to feed themselves and the new-comers. During the "famine of 1623," the best dish they could set before their friends was a bit of fish and a cup of water.* After four years they numbered only 184. The plan of working in common having failed here as at Jamestown, As an illustration of their pious content, itis said that Elder Brewster was wont, over a meal consisting only of clams, to return thanks to God, who "had given them to suck the abundance of the seas, and of the treasures hid in the sands." EPOCH II. land was assigned to each settler. Abundance ensued. The colony was never organized by royal charter; therefore they elected their own governor and made their own laws. In 16 92, Plymouth was united with Massachusetts Bay Colony, under the name of Massachusetts. 2. MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY. Settlement.-John Endicott and five associates obtained a grant of land about Massachusetts Bay (1628). Having secured from King Charles I. a charter giving authority to make laws and govern the territory, the company afterward transferred all its rights to the colony. This was a popular measure, and many prominent Puritan families flocked to the land of liberty. Some gathered around Governor Endi- cott, who had already started Salem and Charlestown, some established colonies at Dorchester and Watertown, and some, under the TVillinms, con- sidered a doctrine dangerous to the peace of the colony, and he was ordered (16 36) to be sent to England. It was in the [1627. 1636.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 01 depth of winter, yet he fled to the forest where he found refuge among the Indians. Canonicus, the Narragansett sachem, gave him land to found a settlement, which he gratefully named PROVIDENCE. Mrs. Annie Huftciinsoit, during the same year, aroused a violent and bitter controversy. She claimed to be favored with special revelations of God's will. These she expounded to crowded congregations of women, greatly to the scandal of the clergy and people. Finally she, also, was banished. The Quakcers, about twenty years after these summary measures, created fresh trouble by their peculiar views. They were fined, whipped, imprisoned, and sent out of the colony; yet they as constantly returned, glorying in their sufferings. At last, four were executed. The people beginning to con- sider them as martyrs, the persecution gradually relaxed. A Union of the Colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plym- outh, New Haven, and Connecticut, was formed (1643) under the title of THE UNITED COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. This was a famous league in colonial times. The object was a common protection against the Indians, and the en- croachments of the Dutch and French settlers. King Philip's War.-During the life of Massasoit, Plym- outh enjoyed peace with the Indians, as did Jamestown during that of Powhatan. After Massasoit's death, his son, Philip, brooded with a jealous eye over the encroachments of the whites. With profound sagacity, he planned a confed- eration of the Indian tribes against the intruders. The first blow fell on the people of Swansea, as they were quietly going home from church on Sunday (July 4, 1675). The settlers flew to arms, but Philip escaped, and soon excited the savages to fall upon the settlements high up the Connecticut valley.* At Hadley, the Indians surprised the people during a religious service. Seizing their muskets at the sound of the savage war-whoop, the men rushed out of the EPOCH II. The colonists fortified their houses with palisades, carried their arms with them into the fields when at work, and EARLY MORNING ATTACK BY INDIANS. stacked them at the door when at church. The Narragansett Indians favored Philip, and seemed on the point of joining meeting-house to fall into line. But the foe was on every side. Confused and be- wildered, the settlers seemed about to give way, when suddenly a strange old man with long white beard and ancient garb appeared among them. Ringing out a quick, sharp word of command, he recalled them to their senses. Following their myste- riousfic. Fleeing from the vengeance of Charles II., with a price set upon his head, he had for years wandered about, living in mills, clefts of rocks, and forest caves. At last, he had found an asy- lum doubt over the truth of this thrilling story. It is curious to notice, also, that there is no proof that Philip possessed any eloquence or was even present in any fight, though all these statements have hitherto been made by reliable historians. [1675. 1676.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 59 his alliance. They had gathered their winter's provisions, and fortified themselves in the midst of an almost inacces- sible swamp. Fifteen hundred of the colonists accordingly attacked them in this stronghold. The Indian wigwams and supplies were burned, and one thousand warriors perished. In the spring, the war broke out anew along a frontier of three hundred miles, and to within twenty miles of Boston. Nowhere fighting in the open field, but by ambuscade and :.1.:;_1_, the Indians kept the whole country in terror. Driven to desperation by their atrocities, the settlers hunted down the savages like wild beasts. Philip was chased from one hiding-place to another. His family being captured at last, he fled, broken-hearted, to his old home on Mt. Hope, near Bristol, R. I., where he was shot by a faithless Indian. New England a Royal Province.-The Navigation Act (p. 51), which we have seen so unpopular in Virginia, was exceedingly oppressive in Massachusetts, which possessed a thriving commerce. In spite of the decree, the colony opened a trade with the West Indies. The royalists in England determined that this bold republican spirit should be quelled. The colony, stoutly insisting upon its rights under the charter, resisted the officer sent over to enforce the Navigation Act and the authority of the king; whereupon, the charter was annulled, and Massachusetts made a ROYAL PROVINCE (1684). Charles II. died ..: 1... his plan was com- pleted, but James II. sent over Sir Edmund Andros, as first royal governor of New England (1686). He carried things with a high hand. The colonies endured his oppression for three years, when, learning that his royal master was de- throned,* they rose against their petty tyrant and put him in jail. With true Puritan sobriety, they then quietly re- sumed their old form of government. This, also, lasted for The "English Revolution of 1688." iSee Barnes' General Histcry, p. 5104 EPOCH II. three years, when Sir William Phipps came as royal gov- ernor over a province embracing Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia. From this time till the Revolution, Massa- chusetts remained a royal province. Salem Witchcraft (1692).-A strange delusion known as the Salem witchcraft,* produced an intense excitement. The children of Mr. Parris, a minister near Salem, per- formed pranks which could be explained only by supposing that they were under Satanic influence. Every effort was made to discover who had bewitched them. An Indian servant was flogged until she admitted herself to be guilty. Soon, others were affected, and the terrible mania spread rapidly. Committees of examination were appointed and courts of trial convened. The most improbable stories were credited. To express a doubt of witchcraft, was to indicate one's own'alliance with the evil spirit. Persons of the high- est respectability, clergymen, magistrates, and even the gov- ernor's wife, were implicated. At last, after fifty-five persons had been tortured and twenty hanged, the people awoke to their folly. III.-- AINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE. These Colonies were so intimately associated with Mas- sachusetts that they have almost a common history. Gorges (g6r' jaz) and Mason, about two years after the landing of the A belief in witchcraft was at that time universal. Sir Matthew Hale, one of the most enlightened judges of England, repeatedly tried and condemned persons accused of witchcraft. Blackstone himself, at a later day, declared that to deny witchcraft was to deny Revelation. Cotton Mather, the most prominent minister of the colony, was active in the rooting out of this supposed crime. He published a book full of the most ridiculous witch stories. One judge, who engaged in this per- secution, was afterward so deeply penitent that he observed a day of fasting in each year, and on the day of general fast rose in his place in the Old South Church at Boston, and in the presence of the congregation handed to the pulpit a written con- fession acknowledging his error and praying for forgiveness. [1692. 1622.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 61 Pilgrims, obtained from the Council for New England the grant of a large tract of land which lay between the Merri- mac and Kennebec rivers. They established some small fishing stations near Portsmouth and at Dover. This patent being afterward dissolved, Mason took the country lying west of the Piscataqua, and named it New Hampshire; Gorges took that lying east, and called it the province of Maine.* Massachusetts, however, claimed this territory, and, to secure it, paid about six thousand dollars to the heirs of Gorges. Maine was not separated from Massachusetts till 1820. The f.. .-LI- settlements of New Hampshire also placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts. Three times, either by their own consent or by royal authority, they were joined in one colony and as often separated," until 1741, when New Hampshire finally became a distinct royal province and so remained until the Revolution. IV.-CONNECTICUT. Settlement.-About eleven years after the Pilgrims landed, Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, obtained from the Earl of Warwick a transfer of the grant of the Con- necticut t valley, which he had secured from the Council for New Eil: i: 1:. The Dutch claimed the territory, and, before the English could take possession, built a fort at Hartford, and commenced-. ii... with the Indians. Some traders from Plymouth sailing up the river were stopped by the Dutch, who threatened to fire upon them. But they kept on and To distinguish it from the islands along the coast, this country had been called the Mayne (main) land, which perhaps gave rise to its present name. New Hamp- shire was so called from Hampshire in England, Mason's home. The settlers of New Hampshire were long vexed with suits brought by the men into whose hands Mason's grant had fallen. t This State is named from its principal river-Connecticut being the Indian word for Long River. EPOCH II. established a post at Windsor (win' zer). Many people from Boston, allured by the rich meadow lands, settled near. In the autumn of 1635, John Steele, one of the proprietors of Cambridge, led a pioneer company "out west," as it was then called, and laid the foundations of Hartford. The next year, the main band, with their pastor-Thomas Hooker, an elo- quent and estimable man-came, driving their flocks before them through the wilderness. In the meantime, John Win- throp* established a fort at the mouth of the river, and thus shut out the Dutch. Here he planted a colony, named Saybrook, in honor of the proprietors. The Pequod War.-The colonists had no sooner become settled in their new home than the Pequod Indians endeav- ored to persuade the Narragansetts to join them in a general attack upon the whites. Roger Williams hearing of this and forgetting all the injuries he had received, on a stormy night set out in his canoe for the Indian village. Though the Pequod messengers were present, he prevailed upon the old NTarragansett chief to remain at home. So the Pequods lost their ally and were forced to fight alone. They com- menced by murdering thirty colonists. Captain Mason, therefore, resolved to attack their stronghold on the Mystic River. His party approached the fort at day-break (June 5, 1637). Aroused by the barking of a dog, the sleepy sentinel shouted Owanux Owanux !" (the Englishmen !) but it was too late. The troops were already within the palisades. The Indians, rallying, made a fierce resistance, when Captain Ma- son, seizing a fire-brand, hurled it among the wigwams. The John Winthrop appears in history without blemish. Highly educated and accomplished, he was no less upright and generous. In the bloom of life, he left his brilliant prospects in the old world to follow the fortunes of the new. When his father had made himself poor in nurturing the Massachusetts colony, this noble son gave up voluntarily his own large inheritance to further the good work". It was through his personal influence and popularity at court that the liberal charter was procured from Charles II. which guaranteed freedom to Connecticut. [1633. 1637.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 63 flames quickly swept through the encampment. The English themselves barely escaped. The few Indians who fled to the swamps were hunted down. The tribe perished in a day. The Three Colonies.-1. The NEW HAVEN COLONY was founded (1638) by a number of wealthy London families. They took the Bible for law, and only church members could vote. 2. The CONNECTICUT COLONY, proper, comprising Hart- ford, Wethersfield, and Windsor, adopted a written constitu- tion in which it was agreed to give to all freemen the right to vote. This was TIE FIRST INSTANCE IN HISTORY OF A WRIT- TEN CONSTITUTION FRAMED BY TIE PEOPLE FOR TIE PEOPLE. S. The SAYBROOK COLONY was at first governed by the pro- prietors, but was afterward sold to the Connecticut Colony. This reduced the three colonies to two. A Royal Charter was obtained (1 6 2) which united both these colonies and guaranteed to all the rights upon which the Connecticut colonists had agreed. This was a precious document, since it gave them almost independ- ence, and was the most fa- vorable yet granted to any colony. Twenty-five years after, Governor Andros marching from Boston over the route where the pious '4- THE CHARTER OAK. Hooker had led his little flock fifty years before, came "glittering with scarlet and lace" into the assembly at Hartford, and demanded the charter. A protracted debate ensued. Tradition loves to relate that, as the people crowded around to take a last look at this guarantee of their liberties, suddenly the lights were extinguished; on EPOCH II. their being relighted, the charter was gone; Captain Wadsworth had seized it, escaped through the crowd and hidden it in the hollow of a tree, famous ever after as the Charter Oak. However, Andros pronounced the charter government at an end. "Finis" was written at the close of the minutes of their last meeting. When the governor was so summarily deposed in Boston, the people brought the charter from its hiding-place, the general court reassembled, and the "finis" disappeared.* V.-RHODE ISLAND. Settlement.-Roger Williams t settled Providence Planta- tion in 16 36, the year in which Hooker came to Hartford. Other exiles from Massachusetts followed,t among them the celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson. A party of these purchased the island of Aquiday and established the Rhode Island Plan- tation. Roger Williams stamped upon these colonies his Another attempt to infringe upon charter rights occurred in 1693. Governor Fletcher ordered the militia placed under his own command. Having called them out to listen to his royal commission, he began to read. Immediately, Captain Wads- worth ordered the drums to be beaten. Fletcher commanded silence, and began again. "Drum, drum I" cried Wadsworth. "Silence 1" shouted the governor. "Drum, drum, I say I" repeated the captain; and then turning to Fletcher, with a meaning look, he added: "If I am interrupted again, I will make the sun shine through you." The governor did not press the matter.-The story of the Charter Oak is denied by some, who claim that contemporary history does not mention it, and that probably Andros seized the charter, while the colonists had previously made a copy. t William Blackstone, being as dissatisfied with the yoke of the "lords brethren" in Boston as with that of the "lords bishops" in England, some time before this removed to the banks of what is now called the Blackstone, near Providence. He, however, acknowledged the jurisdiction of Massachusetts. $ Persecuted refugees from every quarter flocked to Providence; and Williams shared equally with all, the lands he had obtained, reserving to himself only two small fields which, on his first arrival, he had planted with his own hands. An island of a reddish appearance was observed lying in the bay. This was known to the Dutch as Rood or Red Island. Hence the name of the island and State of Rhode Island. (Brodhead.) The price paid was 40 fathoms of white wam- pum, 20 hoes, and 10 coats. [1687. 1643.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 65 favorite idea of religious toleration, i. e., that the civil power has no right to interfere with the religious opinions of men. A Charter.-The colonists wished to join the New En- gland Union, but were refused on the ostensible plea that they had no charter.* Williams accordingly visited England and obtained a charter uniting the two plantations. On his return, the people met, elected their officers, and (1647) agreed on a set of laws guaranteeing freedom of faith and worship to all,-" the first legal declaration of liberty of con- science ever adopted in Europe or America." VI.-NEW YORK. Settlement.-Soon after the discovery of the Hudson, Dutch ships began to visit the river to traffic in furs with the Indians. Afterward, the West India Company obtained a grant of New Netherland, and under its patronage perma- nent settlements were made at New Amsterdam t and at Fort Orange (Albany). The company allowed persons who should plant a colony of fifty settlers to select and buy land of the Indians, which it was agreed should descend to their heirs forever. These persons were called patrons (patrons) of the manor.1 The Four Dutch Governors (1626-'64).-The early his- Plymouth, in virtue of its charter, claimed to have jurisdiction over the Rhode Island territory ". t Some huts were built by Dutch traders on Manhattan Island in 1613, and a trading-post was established in 1615. In the latter year, Fort Nassau was completed, south of the present site of Albany. In 1624, a party of Walloons (Belgian Protest- ants) was brought over by the company. About the same time, Fort Orange was erected, and eighteen families built their bark huts under its protection. In 1626, Minuit, the first governor, arrived in New Amsterdam, and purchased Manhattan Island of the Indians for about $24, nearly 1 mill per acre. t Some of the old Dutch manors remain to this day The famous anti-rent diffi- gulties (p. 182) grew out of such titles. EPOCH II tory of New York is only an account of Indian butcheries, varied by difficulties with the Swedes on the Delaware, and the English on the Connecticut.* These disturbances are monotonous enough in the recital, but doubtless thrilled the blood of the early Knickerbockers. Peter Stuyvesant was the last and ablest of the four Dutch governors. He agreed with Connecticut upon the boundary line (1650), and,taking an A ., I THE DUTCH TRADING WITH THE INDIANS AT NEW YORK. armed force, marched upon the Swedes, who at once sub- mitted to him. But the old governor hated democratic in- stitutions, and was terribly vexed in this wise. There were some English in the colony, and they longed for the rights of self-government which the Connecticut people enjoyed. They kept demanding these privileges and talking of them to their Dutch neighbors. At this juncture, an English fleet These disputes arose from the fact that the Dutch claimed the territory lying between the Delaware and the Connecticut. [1866. 1664.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 67 came to anchor in the harbor and demanded the surrender of the town in the name of the Duke of York. Stout-hearted old Peter pleaded with his council to fight. But in vain. They rather liked the idea of English rule. The surrender was signed, and at last the reluctant governor attached his name. In September, 1664, the English flag floated over Manhat- tan Island. The colony was named New York in honor of the proprietor. The English Governors disappointed the people by not granting them their coveted rights. A remonstrance against being taxed without representation was burned by the hang- man. So that when, after nine years of English rule, a Dutch fleet appeared in the harbor, the people went back quietly under their old rulers. But the next year, peace being re- stored between England and Holland, New Amsterdam be- came New York again. Thus ended the Dutch rule in the colonies. Andros, who twelve years after played the tyrant in New England, was the next governor; but he- ruled so arbitrarily that he was called home. Under his successor, Dongan, an assembly of the representatives of the people was called, by permission of the Duke of York (1683). This was but a transient gleam of civil freedom, for two years after, when the Duke of York became James II., King of En- gland, he forgot all his promises, forbade legislative assem- blies, prohibited printing-presses, and annexed the colony to New England. When, however, Andros was driven from Boston, Nicholson, his lieutenant and apt tool of tyranny in New York, fled at once. Captain Leisler (lis'ler), supported by the democracy but bitterly opposed by the aristocracy, thereupon administered I ,i -, until the arrival of Governor Sloughter (slaw' ter), who arrested him on the absurd charge of treason. Sloughter was unwilling to execute him, but Leisler's enemies, at a dinner party, made the governor EPOCH II. drunk, obtained his signature, and before he became sober enough to repent, Leisler was no more.* From this time till the Revolution, the struggles of the people with the royal governors for their rights, developed the spirit of liberty and paved the way for that eventful crisis. VII.-NEW JERSEY. Settlement.-The present State of New Jersey was em- braced in the territory of New Netherland, and the Dutch seem to have had a trading-post at Bergen as early as 1618. Soon after New Netherland passed into the hands of the Duke of York, he gave the land t between the Hudson and the Dela- ware to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. In 1664, a company from Long Island and New England settled at Elizabethtown, which they named after Carteret's wife. This was the first permanent English settlement in the State. East and West Jersey.-Lord Berkeley sold his share to some English Quakers. This part was called WEST JERSEY. A company of Quakers soon settled at Burlington. Others followed, and thus West Jersey became a Quaker colony. Sir George Carteret's portion was called EAST JERSEY. After For many years, the Atlantic Ocean was infested by pirates. A little after the events narrated above, William Kidd, a New York ship-master, was sent out to cruise against these sea-robbers. He turned pirate himself and became the most noted of them all. Returning from his cruise, he was at length captured while boldly walking in the streets of Boston. He was carried to England, tried, and hanged. His name and deeds have been woven into popular romance, and the song My name is Cap- tain Kidd, as I sailed, as I sailed", is well known. He is believed to have buried his ill-gotten riches on the coast of Long Island or the banks of the Hudson, and these localities have been oftentimes searched by credulous persons seeking for Kidd's treasure. t This tract was called New Jersey in honor of Carteret, who had been governor of Jersey Island in the English Channel. [1691. 1682.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 69 his death, it was sold to William Penn and eleven other Quakers.* New Jersey United. -Constant disputes arose out of the land titles. Among so many proprietors, the tenants hardly knew from whom to obtain their titles for land. The proprietors finally (1702) surrendered their rights of govern- ment to the English crown, and the whole of New Jersey was united with New York under one governor, but with a separate assembly. Thirty-six years after, at the earnest request of the people, New Jersey was set apart as a distinct royal province. VIII., IX.-PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. Settlement.-The first permanent settlement in Dela- ware was made near Wilmington (1638), by the Swedes, on a tract which they called New Sweden. They also estab- lished the first settlement in Pennsylvania, a few miles below Philadelphia. The Dutch subsequently conquered these settlements, but they continued to prosper long after the Swedish and the Dutch rule had yielded to the con- stantly-growing English power. Williain77 Peznn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was a cele- brated English Quaker.f He obtained from Charles II. a grant of the land lying west of the Delaware. This tract, It was settled, however, largely by Puritans and Scotch Presbyterians. The latter, having refused to accept the English form of religion, had been bitterly perse- cuted. Fleeing their native country, they found an asylum in this favored land. + The Quakers, avoiding unmeaning forms, aim to lead purely spiritual lives. Their usual worship is conducted in solemn silence, each soul for itself. They take no oath, make no compliments, remove not the hat to king or ruler, and "thee and "thou" both friend and foe. Every day is to them a holy day, and the Sabbath simply a day of rest. We can readily see how this must have scandalized the Puritans. William Penn became a Quaker while in college at Oxford. Refusing to wear the customary student's surplice, he with others violently assaulted some fellow-students EPOCH II. Penn named Sylvania, but the king insisted upon calling it Pennsylvania* (Penn's woods). The Duke of York added to this grant the present State of Delaware, which soon came to be termed the "Three lower counties on the Dela- ware ". Penn wished to form a refuge for his Quaker brethren, who were bitterly persecuted in England. He at once sent over large numbers, as many as two thousand in a single year. In 1682, he came himself, and was received by the settlers with the greatest cordiality and respect. Philadelphia Founded.-The year following (1683), Penn purchased land of the Swedes and laid out a city which he named Philadelphia, signifying BROTHERLY LOVE. It was in the midst of the forest, and the startled deer bounded past the settler who came to survey his new home Yet within a year, it contained one hundred houses; in two years, it num- bered over two thousand inhabitants; and in three years, it gained more than New York had in half a century. The Great Law was a code agreed upon by the legisla- tive body which Penn called from among the settlers soon after his arrival. It made faith in Christ a necessary quali- fication for voting and office-holding; but also provided that no one believing in "Almighty God" should be molested in his religious views. The Quakers, having been persecuted themselves, did not celebrate their liberty by persecuting and stripped them of their robes. For this he was expelled. His father would not allow him to return home. Afterward relenting, he sent him to Paris, Cork, and other cities, to soften his Quaker peculiarities. After several unhappy quarrels, his father proposed to overlook all else if he would only consent to doff his hat to the king, the Duke of York, and himself. Penn still refusing, he was again turned out of doors. He was several times imprisoned for his religious extremes. On the death of his father, to whom he had once more been reconciled, he became heir to quite a fortune. He took the territory which forms Pennsylvania in payment of a debt of 16,000 due his father from the crown. Penn offered the secretary who drew up the charter twenty guineas to leave off the prefix "Penn ". This request being denied, the king was appealed to, who com- manded the tract to be called Pennsylvania, in honor of William Penn's father. [1682. 1683.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. ( . others. Penn, himself, surrendered the most of his power to the people. His highest ambition seemed to be to advance their interests. He often declared that if he knew any thing more that could make them happier, he would freely grant it. Penn's Treaty with the Indians* possesses a romantic interest. He met them un- der a large elm-tree t near Philadelphia. The savages were touched by his gentle words and kindly bearing. "We will live in love with William Penn and his chil- dren," said they, "as long as the sun and moon shall shine." Penn's Return. Penn returned to England (16 8 4), leaving the colony fairly pA f ; ,, established. His benevo- WILLIAM PFENN. lent spirit shone forth in his parting words, "Dear friends, my love salutes you all." Delaware.-" The three lower counties on the Delaware" "We meet", said Penn, "on the broad pathway of good faith and good will; no advantage shall be taken on either side, but all shall be openness and love. The friendship between you and me I will not compare to a chain; for that the rains might rust or the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one man's body were to be divided into two parts; we are all one flesh and blood." t This tree was carefully preserved until 1810, when it was blown down. A mon- ument now marks the spot. $ The simple-minded natives kept the history of this treaty by means of strings of wampum, and they would often count over the shells on a clean piece of bark and rehearse its provisions. "It was the only treaty never sworn to, and the only one never broken." On every hand the Indians waged relentless war with the colonies, but they never shed a drop of Quaker blood. EPOCH II. being greatly offended by the action of the council which Penn had left to govern in his absence, set up for themselves. Penn "sorrowfully" consented to their action, appointed a deputy governor over them and afterward granted them an assembly. Pennsylvania and Delaware, however, remained under one governor until the Revolution. Penn's Heirs, after his death (1718), became proprietors of the flourishing colony he had established. It was ruled by deputies whom they appointed; but, in 1779, the State of Pennsylvania bought out their claims by the payment of about half a million of dollars.* X.-MARYLAND. Settlement.-Lord Baltimore t (Cecil Calvert), a Catholic, was anxious to secure for the friends of his church a refuge from the persecutions which they were then suffering in England. He accordingly obtained from King Charles a grant of land lying north of the Potomac. The first settle- ment was made (1634) by his brother, at an Indian village which he called St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. The Charter was very different from that granted to Vir- A difficulty having arisen with Maryland about boundaries, it was settled by two surveyors named Mason and Dixon, who ran the line in 1763-'67. This Mason and Dixon's Line afterward became famous as the division between the slave and the free States. t His father, George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, with this same design had attempted to plant a colony in Newfoundland. But having failed on account of the severity of the climate, he visited Virginia. When he found that the Catholics were there treated with great harshness, he returned to England, took out a grant of land, and bestowed upon it, in honor of the queen, the name Mary's land (Terra Marix). Before the patent had received the great seal of the king, Lord Baltimore died. His son, inheriting the father's noble and benevolent views, secured the grant himself, and carried out the philanthropic scheme. $ It is curious to observe how largely this country was peopled in its earlier days by refugees for religious faith. The Huguenots, the Puritans, the Walloons, the Quakers, the Presbyterians, the Catholics, the persecuted of every sect and creed, all flocked to this "home of the free". [1691. 1684.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 73 ginia, since it gave to all freemen a voice in making the laws. An Assembly,called in accordance with this provision, passed (1649) the celebrated TOLERATION ACT, which secured to all Christians liberty to worship God according to the dictates of their own conscience. Maryland, like Rhode Island,* be- came an asylum for the persecuted. Civil Wars.-l. Clayborne's Rebellion (1635).-The Vir- gin. ('i i...t however, fled to Virginia, and, going to England, appealed to King Charles I. for redress. But the final decision fully sustained the rights of Lord Baltimore under the charter. In 1645, however, Clayborne came back to Maryland, raised a rebellion and drove Governor Calvert, in his turn, out of the colony. The governor, at last, raised govern- ments, one Protestant, the other Catholic, were sustained. In 1691, Lord Baltimore was entirely deprived of his rights as proprietor, and Maryland became a royal province. The Two years before, Rhode Island had passed an act protecting every kind of religious faith and worship. Maryland extended protection to all forms of Chris- tianity alone, EPOCH II. Church of England was established, and the Catholics were again disfranchised in the very province they had planted. In 1715, the fourth Lord Baltimore recovered the govern- ment, and religious toleration was restored. Maryland re- mained under this administration until the Revolution. XI., XII.-THE CAROLINAS. Settlement.-Lord Clarendon and several other noble- men obtained (16 63) from Charles II.* a grant of a vast tract south of Virginia, which was called in honor of the king, Carolina. Two permanent settlements were soon made. 1. The ALBEMARLE t COLONY. This was a name given to a plantation already settled by people who had pushed through the wilderness from Virginia. A governor from their own number was appointed over them. They were then left in quiet to enjoy their liberties and forget the world. 2. The CARTERET COLONY was established (1670) by English immi- grants. They first sailed into the well-known waters where Ribaut anchored and the fort of Carolina was erected so long before. Landing, they began a settlement on the banks of the Ashley, but afterward removed to the "ancient groves cov- ered with yellow jessamine", which marked the site of the present city of Charleston. The growth of this colony was rapid from the first. Thither came ship-loads of Dutch from New York, dissatisfied with the English rule and attracted by the genial climate. The Huguenots (French Protest- This in Latin is Carolus II.; hence the name Carolina. It was the same that Ribaut (p. 31) gave his fort, in honor of Charles IX. of France. t Both colonies were named after prominent proprietors of the grant. Except when rent day came. Then they were called upon to pay to the English proprietors a half-penny per acre. [1691. 1685.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 75 ants), hunted from their homes, here found a southern welcome.* The Grand Model was a form of government for the colonies prepared by Lord Shaftesbury and the celebrated philosopher, John Locke. It was a magnificent scheme. The wilderness was to be divided into vast estates, with which hereditary titles were to be granted. But the model was aristocratic, while the people were democratic. It granted no rights of self-government, while the settlers came into the wilderness for the love of liberty. This was not the soil on which vain titles and empty pomp could flourish. To make the Grand Model a success, it would have been neces- sary to transform the log-cabin into a baronial castle, and the independent settlers into armed retainers. The attempt to introduce the scheme arousing violent opposition, it was at length abandoned. (See page 96.) North and South Carolina Separated.-The two colonies, -the northern, or ALBEMARLE, and the southern, or CAP>- TERET,-being so remote from each other, had from the begin- ning separate governors, though they remained one province. There was constant friction between the settlers and the proprietors. The people were jealous. The proprietors were arbitrary. Rents, taxes, and rights were plentiful sources of irritation. Things kept on in this unsettled way until (172 9) the discouraged proprietors ceded to the crown their right of government and seven eighths of the soil. The two col- In Charleston alone there were at one time as many as 16,000 Huguenots. They added whole streets to the city. Their severe morality, marked charity, elegant manners, and thrifty habits made them a most desirable acquisition. They brought the mulberry and olive, and established magnificent plantations on the banks of the Cooper. They also introduced many choice varieties of pears, which still bear illus- trious Huguenot names. Their descendants are eminently honorable, and have borne a proud part in the establishment of our Republic. Of seven presidents who were at the head of the Congress of Philadelphia during the Revolution, three were of Huguenot parentage." EPOCH 1I. onies were separated, and they remained royal provinces until the Revolution. XIII.-GEORGIA. Settlement.-The same year in which Washington was born (1732), this last colony of the famous thirteen which were to fight for independence under him, was planned. James O'gle thorpe, a warm-hearted English officer, having conceived the idea of founding a refuge for debtors burdened by the severe laws of that time, naturally turned to America, even then the home of the oppressed. George II. granted him "in trust for the poor ", a tract of land which, in honor of the king, was called Georgia. Oglethorpe settled at Savan- nah in 1733.* A general interest was excited in England, and many charitable people gave liberally to promote the enterprise. More emigrants followed, including, as in the other colonies, many who sought religious or civil liberty.t The trustees limited the size of a man's farm, did not allow women to He made peace with the Indians, conciliating them by presents and by his kindly disposition. One of the chiefs gave him in return a buffalo's skin with the head and feathers of an eagle painted on the inside of it. "The eagle," said the chief, "signifies swiftness; and the buffalo, strength. The English are swift as a bird to fly over the vast seas, and as strong as a beast before their enemies. The eagle's feathers are soft and signify love; the buffalo's skin is warm and means pro- tection; therefore love and protect our families." t The gentle Moravians and sturdy Scotch Highlanders were among the number, and proved a valuable acquisition to the colony. The former had fled hither from Austria, for "conscience sake." Lutheran Salzburgers founded a colony in the pine forests and named it Ebenezer, -taking as their motto "Hitherto hath the Lord helped us." When John Wesley, the founder of Methodism, came to America as a missionary with his brother Charles, he was greatly charmed with the fervent piety of this simple people. The celebrated George Whitefield afterward founded at Savannah an orphan asylum, which he supported by contributions from the immense audiences which his wonderful eloquence attracted. On one occasion sixty thousand were gathered to hear him, and his open-air meetings were often attended by from twenty thousand to forty thousand people. [1732. 1752.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 77 inherit land, and forbade the importation of rum,* or of slaves. These restrictions were irksome, and great discon- tent prevailed. At last, the trustees, wearied by the fre- quent complaints of the colonists, surrendered their charter to the crown. Georgia remained a royal province until the Revolution. XIV.-INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 1. KING WILLIAM'S WAR (1689-'97). Cause. War having broken out in Europe between England and France, their colonies in America took up the quarrel. The Indians of Canada and Maine aided the French, and the Iroquois assisted the English. Attacks upon the Colonists.-In the depth of winter, war parties of the French and Indians, coming down on their snow-shoes from Canada flt !..,, the forest, fell upon the exposed settlements Df New York and New England, and committed horrible barbarities. Schenectady, unsuspect- ing t and defenseless, was attacked at midnight. Men, women, and children were dragged from their beds and tomahawked. The few who escaped, half-naked, made their way through the snow of that fearful night to Albany. t Rum was obtained in exchange for lumber in the West Indies. Hence this law prevented that trade and cut off a valuable source of profit. t The garrison felt so secure that it is said they had placed at the gate two snow images for sentinels. $ The histories of the time abound in thrilling stories of Indian adventure. One day in March, 1697, Haverhill, Mass., was attacked. Mr. Dustin was at work in the field. Hurrying to his house, he brought out his seven children, and bidding them "run ahead", slowly retreated, keeping the Indians back with his gun. He thus brought off his little flock in safety. His wife, who was unable to escape with him, was dragged into captivity. The party who had captured Mrs. Dustin marched many days through the forest, and at length reached an island in the Merrimac. Here she resolved to escape. A white boy, who had been taken prisoner before, found out from his master, at Mrs. Dustin's request, how to strike a blow that would produce Attacks by the Colonists.-Aroused by these scenes of savage ferocity, the colonists organized two expeditions; one under Phipps (soon after, Governor of Massachusetts, p. 5 9), against Port Royal, Acadia; and the other, a combined land and naval attack on Canada. The former was successful, MR. DUSTIN DEFENDING HIS CHILDREN FROM THE SAVAGES. and secured, it is said, plunder enough to pay the expenses of the expedition. The latter was a disastrous failure. Peace.-The war lasted eight years. It was ended by the treaty of Ryswick (riz'wik), according to which, each party held the territory it had at the beginning of the struggle. instant death, and how to take off a scalp. Having learned these facts, in the night she awoke the boy and her nurse, and arranged their parts. The task was soon done. Seizing each a tomahawk, they killed ten of the sleeping Indians; only one escaped. She then scalped the dead bodies, in order to prove her story when she should reach home, and hastened to the bank, where, finding a canoe, they descended the river and soon rejoined her family, EPOCH 1I. [1689. 1702.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 79 2. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR (1702-'13). Cause.-E li ilni having declared war against France and Spain, hostilities broke out between their colonies. The Five Nations had made a treaty with the French, and so took no part in the contest. Their neutrality protected New York from invasion. Consequently, the brunt of the war fell on New England. Attacks upon the Colonists. -The N.. England frontier was again desolated.* Remote settlements were abandoned. The people betook themselves to palisaded houses, and worked their farms with their guns always at hand. Attacks by the Colonists.-1. At the South.-South Carolina made a I1- -., expedition against her old enemies at St. Augustine (1702).t 2. At the ,Aorth.-Port Royal was again wrested from the French by a combined force of English and colonial troops. On the last night of February, 1704, a party of about three hundred and fifty French and Indians reached a pine forest near Deerfield, Mass. The snow lay four feet deep on the level, but it was covered by a thick crust, while the drifts reached nearly to the top of the palisades of the town. The stealthy invaders, watching an opportunity, skulked about till the unfaithful sentinels deserted the morning watch, when they rushed upon the defenseless slumberers, who awoke from their dreams to death or captivity. Leaving the blazing village with forty-seven dead bodies to be consumed amid the wreck, they then started back with their train of one hundred and twelve captives. The horrors of that march through the wilderness can never be told. The groan of helpless exhaustion, or the wail of suffering childhood, was instantly stilled by the pitiless tomahawk. Mrs. Williams, the feeble wife of the minister, had remembered her Bible in the midst of surprise and comforted herself with its promises, till, her strength failing, she commended her five captive children to God, and bent to the savage blow of the war-ax. One of her daughters grew up in captivity, embraced the Catholic faith, and became the wife of a chief. Years after, she visited her friends in Deerfield. The whole village joined in a fast for her deliverance, but her heart loved best her own Mohawk children, and she went back to the fires of her Indian wigwam. t Four years after, the French and Spanish in Havana sent a fleet against Charleston. The people, however, valiantly defended themselves, and soon drove off their assailants. 80 EPOCH II. [1710. In honor of the queen, its name was changed to Annapolis. Another expedition sailed against Quebec, but many of the ships were dashed upon the rocks in the St. Lawrence, and nearly one thousand men perished. Thus ended the second attempt to conquer Canada. Peace.-The war lasted eleven years. It was ended by the treaty of Utrecht (.'tr6kt), according to which, Acadia was ceded to England. 3. KING GEORGE'S WAR* (1744-'48). Capture of Louisburg.-War having again broken out between England and France, the flame was soon kindled in the new world. The only event of importance was the capt- ure of Louisburg t on the island of Cape Breton, by a com- bined force of English and colonial troops. The latter did most of the fighting, but the former took the glory and the This war was preceded by what is known as the SPANISH WAR ", which grew out of difficulties then existing between England and Spain. It was marked by no important event in the colonies. Governor Oglethorpe invested (1740) St. Augus- tine with a force of two thousand men, but the strength of the Spanish garrison, and the loss by sickness, caused the attempt to be abandoned. The Spaniards, in their turn, sent (1742) an expedition against Georgia. By means of a letter which Gov- ernor Oglethorpe caused to fall into the hands of the Spaniards, they were made to believe that he expected large reinforcements. Being frightened, they burned the fort they had captured, and fled in haste. The colonies, also, furnished about four thousand men for an expedition against the Spanish settlements in the West Indies; but only a few hundred returned from this disastrous enterprise. t Louisburg was called the Gibraltar (gi bral'tdr) of America ". Its fortifications were extensive, and cost upward of $5,000,000. The siege was conducted in the most unscientific way, the colonial troops laughing at military terms and discipline. When the place was captured, they were themselves astonished at what they had done. The achievement called forth great rejoicing over the country, especially in New En- gland, and had an influence on the Revolutionary War, thirty years after. Colonel Gridley, who planned General Pepperell's batteries in the siege, laid out the Amer- ican intrenchments on Bunker Hill. The same old drums that beat the triumphal entrance of the New Englanders into Louisburg, June 17, 1745, beat at Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. When General Gage was erecting intrenchments on Boston Neck, the provincials sneeringly remarked that his mud walls were nothing compared to the stone walls of old Louisburg." 1748.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 81 booty. Peace being made in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle (aks la sh& pel'), England gave back Louisburg to the French. The boundaries between the French and the English colonies were left undecided, and so the germ of a new war remained. 4. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754-'63). Cause.-The English occupied at this time a narrow strip along the coast, one thousand miles in length. It was like a string to the great bow of the French territory which reached around from Quebec to New Orleans. Both nations claimed the region west of the Alleghany Mountains, along the Ohio River. The three previous inter-colonial wars had engen- dered bitter hatred, and occasions of quarrel were abundant. The French had over sixty military posts guarding the long line of their possessions. They seized the English surveyors along the Ohio.* They broke up a. British post on the Miami (me a' me).f They built a fort at Presque Isle (presk e1'), near the present town of Erie, Penn.; another, Fort le Boeuf (l1h bfif), at the present town of Waterford; and a third, Fort Venango (ve nang' g5), about forty miles south, at the mouth of French Creek. These encroachments awakened the liveliest solicitude on the part of the colonists. Washington's Journey.--Dinwiddie, Lieutenant-Gov- ernor of Virginia, accordingly sent a message by George Washington, then a young man of twenty-one, to the French commander of these forts, asking their removal. Washing- ton, the very day he received his credentials, set out on his The claims of the real proprietors, the Indians, were overlooked by both the En- glish and the French. The Indians, feeling this, sent to the agent of the Ohio Com- pany the pertinent query, "Where is the Indian's land? The English claim all on one side of the river, the French all on the other. Where does our land lie? " t The Indian allies of the French having captured the Miami chief who defended his English friends, killed and ate him, in true savage style, 82 EPOCH II. [1753. perilous journey through the wilderness from Williamsburg to Lake Erie. He found the French officer at Fort Venango loud and boastful. At Fort le Bceuf, the commandant, St. Pierre (san pe 6r'), treated him with great respect; but, like a true soldier, refused to discuss theories, and declared of the fort was even then lined with canoes ready for an -4I intended expedition down the river. Washington's return through the wilderness, a distance of four hundred miles, was full of peril. order At last, which he should home unharmed, and delivered St. Pierre's reply. The streams were swollen. The snow was falling and freezing as i fronell. The horses gave out, and he was forced to proceed on foot. With only one companion, he quitted the usual path, and, with the compass as his guide, struck boldly out through the forest. An Indian, lying in wait, fired at him only a few paces off, but 1754.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 83 War Opens.-Early the next spring, the French, at the fork of the Monongahela and the Alleghany, drove off a party of English traders and erected a fort, which was called Duquesne (du kan'). Soon, among the blackened stumps, corn and barley were growing on the present site of Pitts- burgh. In the meantime, a regiment of Virginia troops, under Colonel Frye, Washington being second in com- mand, had been sent to occupy this important point. Learn- ing that the French had anticipated them, Washington hastened forward with a reconnoitering party. Jumonville (zhoo m6n vel'), who was hiding among the rocks with a detachment of French troops, waiting an opportunity to attack him, was himself surprised and slain.* On the death of Colonel Frye, soon after, Washington assumed command and collected the troops at the Great Meadows, behind a rude stockade, aptly named FORT NECESSITY. Here he was attacked by a large force of French and Indians, and, after a severe conflict, was compelled to capitulate. The Five Objective Points of the War.-1. FonT Du- QUESNE was the key to the region west of the Alleghanies, and so long as the French held it, Virginia and Pennsyl- vania were exposed to Indian attacks. 2. The possession of LOUISBURG and ACADIA threatened New El:,iiA1,. while it gave control over the N,--,f ... .1!. 11 i. fisheries. French privateers harbored there, darted out and captured English ships, and then returned where they were safe from pursuit. 3. CROWN POINT and TICONDEROGA controlled the route to missing, was captured. Attempting to cross the Alleghany on a rude raft, they were caught between large masses of ice floating down the rapid current of the mid- channel. Washington thrust out his pole to check the speed, but was jerked into the foaming water. Swimming to an island, he barely saved his life. Fortunately, in the morning the river was frozen over, and he escaped on the ice. Washington's word of command to "fire!" upon that skulking foe (May 28, 1754), was the opening of the campaign. Washington himself, it is said, fired the first gun of that long and bloody war. EPOCH II. pro- tected the great fur trade of the upper lakes and the West. 5. QUEBEC being the strongest fortification in Canada, gave control of the St. Lawrence, and largely decided the posses- sion of that province. We thus see why these points were so persistently at- tacked by the English, and so obstinately defended by the French. We shall speak of them in order. I. Fort Duquesne.-The First Expeditioi (1755) was commanded by General Braddock, Washington acting as an aid-de-camp (ad'de kong). The general was a British officer, proud and conceited. Washington warned him of the dan- gers of savage warfare, but his suggestions were received with contempt.* The column arrived within ten miles of the fort, marching along the Monongahela in regular array, drums beating and colors flying. Suddenly, in ascending a little slope, with a deep ravine and thick underbrush on each side, they came upon the Indians lying in ambush. The terri- ble war-whoop resounded on every hand. The British regu- lars huddled together, and, frightened, fired by platoons, at random, against rocks and trees. The Virginia troops alone sprung into the forest and fought the savages in Indian style. Washington seemed every-where present. An Indian chief with his braves specially singled him out. Four balls passed through his clothes. Two horses were shot under him. Braddock was mortally wounded and borne from the "The Indians," said Braddock, "may frighten continental troops, but they can make no impression on the king's regulars!" t Fifteen years after, this old Indian chief came a long way" to see the Virginia officer at whom he fired a rifle fifteen times without hitting him, during the Monon- gahela fight. Washington never received a wound in battle. [1755. 1755.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 85 field. At last, when the colonial troops were nearly all killed, the regulars turned and fled disgracefully, abandon- ing every thing to the foe. Washington covered their flight and saved the wreck of the army from pursuit. Second Expedition (17 5 8).-General Forbes led the second expedition, Washington commanding the Virginia troops. The general lost so much time in building roads that, in November, he was fifty miles from the fort. A council of war decided to give up the attempt. But Washington re- ceiving news of the weakness of the French garrison, urged a forward movement. He himself led the advance guard, and by his vigilance dispelled all danger of Indian surprise. The French fired the fort, and fled at his approach. As the flag of England floated out over the ruined ramparts, this gateway of the West was named Pittsburgh.* 2. Acadia and Louisburg.--1. .cadia.-Scarcely had the war commenced, when an attack was made on the A ca'di an boundary. The French forts at the head of the Bay of Fundy were quickly taken, and the entire region east of the Penobscot fellinto the hands of the English.t 2. Loztsbzur, (1757).-General Loudoun (lOw'don) col- lected an army at Halifax for an attack on Louisburg. After spending all summer in drilling his troops, he gave up the This was in honor of William Pitt, prime minister of England, whose true friend- ship for the colonies was warmly appreciated in America. He came into power in 1758, and from that time the war took on a different aspect. (Barnes' Gen. I-ist. p. 534.) + This victory was disgraced by an act of heartless cruelty. The Acadians were a simple-minded, rural people. They readily gave up their arms and meekly submitted to their conquerors. But the English authorities, knowing their sympathy with the French, drove old and young on board the ships at the point of the bayonet, and dis- tributed them among the colonies. Families were broken up, their homes burned, and the broken-hearted Acadians met every-where only insult and abuse. Longfel- low pathetically describes the misfortunes of these exiles, in his world-famous poem , "Evangeline." Parkman, in Hlarper's Magazine, Nov., 1884, gives another version, and claims that the expulsion was justified on the part of the English and the colonists, EPOCH II. [1758. attempt on learning that the French fleet contained one more ship than his own The next year, Generals Amherst (am'erst) and Wolfe captured the city after a severe bom- bardment, and took possession of the entire island.* 3. Crown Point and Ticonderoga.-1. Battle of Lake George.-About the time of Braddock's expedition, another was made against Crown Point. The French under Dies- kaut (des'kow) were met near the head of Lake George.t Fortunately, General Johnson, being slightly wounded, early in the action retired to his tent, whereupon, General Lyman, with his provincial troops, regained the battle then nearly lost. This victory following closely on the heels of Brad- dock's disaster, excited great joy. Johnson was given a baronetcy and $25,000; Lyman, the real victor, received nothing. This battle ended the attempt to take Crown Point. Johnson built Fort William Henry near the battle- field; and, when winter set in, dismissing the New England militia, went to his fortified stone mansion on the Mohawk. 2. Attack on Ticonderoga.-On a calm Sunday morning, about four months before the fall of Fort Duquesne, a thou- sand boats full of soldiers, with waving flags and strains Abandoning Louisburg, the English made Halifax, as it is to-day, their rendez- vous (ren'de vo-o) in that region. t The brave Dieskau was severely wounded. In the pursuit, a soldier found him leaning against a stump. As he fumbled for his watch to propitiate his enemy, the soldier, thinking him to be searching for his pistol, shot him. $ Johnson, the English commander, received word of the approach of the enemy, and sent out Colonel Williams with twelve hundred men to stop them. In the skir- mish, Williams was killed. He was the real founder of Williams College, having by his will, made while on his way to battle, bequeathed a sum to found a free school for Western Massachusetts. Two years after, Montcalm (m6nt khm), the new French general, swept down from Canada and captured this fort with its garrison, although Webb was at Fort Edward, fourteen miles below, with six thousand men lying idly in camp. The vic- tory is noted for an illustration of savage treachery. The English had been guaran- teed a safe escort to Fort Edward. But they had scarcely left the fort when the Indians fell upon them to plunder and to slaughter. In vain did the French officers peril their lives to save their captives from the lawless tomahawk. Kill me," cried Montcalm, 1758.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 87 of martial music, swept down Lake George to attack Ticon- deroga. General Abercrombie (ab'er krum bi) ordered an assault before his artillery came up, and while the battle raged lay hid away in the rear. A disastrous repulse was the result.* 3. Capture of both Forts.-The next year (1759), at the approach of General Amherst with a large army, both Ti- conderoga and Crown Point were evacuated. 4. Niagara.-1. About the time of Braddock's expedition, General Shirley marched to capture Niagara. But reaching Oswego and learning of that disastrous defeat, he was dis- couraged. He simply built a fort and came home.t 2. Nothing further was done toward the capture of this important post for four years, when it was invested by Gen- eral Prideaux (prid'o).1 In spite of desperate attempts made to relieve the garrison, it was at last compelled to surrender (1759). New York was thus extended to Niagara River, and the West was secured to the English. 5. Quebec (1759).-The same summer in which Niagara, Crown Point, and Ticonderoga were occupied by the En- glish, General Wolfe anchored with a large fleet and eight thousand land troops in front of Quebec. Opposed to him was the vigilant French general, Montcalm, with a command in desperation, "but spare the English, who are under my protection." The Indian fury, however, was implacable, and the march of the prisoners to Fort Edward be- came a flight for life. While the main army was delaying after this failure, Colonel Bradstreet obtained permission to go against Fort Frontenac, on the present site of Iingston. Crossing the lake, he captured the fort and a large quantity of stores intended for Fort Du- quesne. The loss disheartened the garrison of the latter place, frightened off their Indian allies, and did much to cause its evacuation on the approach of the English. + The next year, that indefatigable general, Montcalm, crossed the lake from Canada and captured this fort with its garrison and a large amount of public stores. $ Prideaux was accidentally killed during the siege, but his successor, Johnson, satisfactorily carried out his plans. It was expected that the two armies engaged in the capture of these forts would join Wolfe in the attack on Quebec; but, for various reasons, they made no attempt to do so, and Wolfe was left to perform his task alone. 88 EPOCH II, [1759. equal to his own. The English cannon easily destroyed the lower city next the river, but the citadel being on higher ground, was far out of their reach. The bank of the river. QUEBEC IN EARLY TIMES. for miles a high craggy wall, bristled with cannon at every landing-place. For months, Wolfe lingered before the city, -vainly seeking some feasible point of attack. Carefully re- connoitering the precipitous bluff above the city, his sharp eyes at length discovered a narrow path winding among the rocks to the top, and he determined to lead his army up this ascent.* To distract the enemy's attention, he took his men several miles up the river. Thence dropping down silently General Wolfe was a great admirer of the poet Gray. As he went the rounds for final inspection on the beautiful starlight evening before the attack, he remarked to those in the boat with him, "I would rather be the author of The Elegy in a Coun- try Church-yard', than to have the glory of beating the French to-morrow"; and amid the rippling of the water and the dashing of the oars, he repeated: The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth o'er gave, Await alike the inevitable hour; The paths of glory lead but to the grave." 1759.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 89 by night with the ebb-tide, they landed, clambered up the steep cliff,* quickly dispersed the guard, and, at day-break, stood arrayed in order of battle on the Plains of Abraham. Montcalm, astonished at the audacity of the attempt, could scarcely believe it possible. When convinced of its truth, he at once made an impetuous attack. Wolfe's veterans held their fire until the French were close at hand, then poured upon them rapid, steady volleys. The enemy soon wavered. Wolfe, placing himself at the head, now ordered a bayonet charge. Already twice wounded, he still pushed forward. A third ball struck him. He was carried to the rear. "They run! They run !" exclaimed the officer on whom he leaned. "Who run?" he faintly gasped. "The French," was the reply. "Now God be praised, I die happy," murmured the expiring hero. Montcalm, too, was fatally wounded as he was vainly trying to rally the fugitives. On being told by the surgeon that he could not live more than twelve hours, he answered, "So much the better. I shall not see the sur- render of Quebec." Five days afterward (September 18, 1759), the city and garrison capitulated. Close of the War.t Peace.-The next year, an attempt was made to re-capture Quebec. But a powerful fleet arrived from England in time to raise the siege. A large army marched upon Montreal, and Canada soon submitted. The English flag now waved over the continent, from the Arctic Ocean to the Mississippi. Peace was made at Paris in 1 763. Spain ceded Florida to England. France gave up to En- Although Wolfe rose from a sick-bed to lead his troops, he was the first man to land. The shore was lined with French sentinels. A captain who understood French and had been assigned this duty, answered the challenge of the sentinel near the landing, and thus warded off the first danger of alarm. t The five points which were especially sought by the English were now all capt- ured. Canada itself, worn out, impoverished, and almost in famine, because of the long war, was ready for peace. EPOCH II. gland all her territory east of the Mississippi, except two small islands south of Newfoundland, retained as fishing stations; while, to Spain she ceded New Orleans, and all her territory west of the Mississippi. Pontiac's War.-The French traders and missionaries had won the hearts of the Indians. When the more haughty English came to take possession of the western forts, great discontent was aroused. Pon'ti ac, a chief of the Ottawas, Philip-like, formed a confederation of the tribes against the common foe. It was secretly agreed to fall upon all the British posts at once. Eight forts were thus surprised and captured.* Thousands of persons fled from their homes to avoid the scalping-knife. At last, the Indians, disagreeing among themselves, deserted the alliance, and a treaty was signed. Pontiac, still revengeful, fled to the hunting-grounds of the Illinois. He was killed (1769), at Cahokia, by an Indian, for the bribe of a barrel of liquor. Effects of the French and Indian War.-During this war, the colonists spent $16,000,000, and England repaid only $5,000,000. The Americans lost thirty thousand men, and suffered the untold horrors of Indian barbarity. The taxes sometimes equaled two thirds the income of the tax-payer; Various stratagems were employed to accomplish their designs. At Maumee, a squaw lured forth the commander by imploring aid for an Indian woman dying out- side the fort. Once without, he was at the mercy of the ambushed savages. At Mackinaw, hundreds of Indians had gathered. Commencing a game at ball, one party drove the other, as if by accident, toward the fort. The soldiers were attracted to watch the game. At length, the ball was thrown over the pickets, and the Indians jumping after it, began the terrible butchery. The commander, Major Henry, writ- ing in his room, heard the war-cry and the shrieks of the victims, and, rushing to his window, beheld the savage work of the tomahawk and the scalping-knife. Amid un- told perils, he himself escaped. At Detroit, the plot was betrayed by a squaw, and when the chiefs were admitted to their proposed council for "brightening the chain of friendship ", they found themselves surrounded by an armed garrison. Pontiac was allowed to escape. Two days after, he commenced a siege which lasted several months. In payment of the supplies for his army, he issued birch-bark notes signed with the figure of an otter. These primitive "government bonds" were promptly paid when due. [1763. 1763.] DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH COLONIES. 91 but were paid without murmur, because levied by the colo- nists themselves. The men of different colonies and diverse ideas fought shoulder to shoulder, and many sectional jeal- ousies were allayed. They learned to think and act independ- ently of the mother country, and thus came to know their strength. Democratic ideas had taken root, legislative bodies had been called, troops raised, and supplies voted, not by En- gland, but by themselves. They had become fond of liberty. They knew their rights and dared maintain them. When they voted money, they kept the purse in their own hands. The treatment of the British officers also helped to unite the colonists. They made sport of the awkward provincial soldiers. The best American officers were often thrust aside to make place for young British subalterns. But, in spite of sneers, Washington, Gates, Montgomery, Stark, Arnold, Morgan, Putnam, all received their training, and learned how, when the time came, to fight even British regulars. 15. COLONIAL CIVILIZATION. There were now thirteen colonies. They numbered nearly 2,000,000 people. The largest city was Philadelphia, which contained about twenty-five thousand inhab- itants. There were slaves in all the colonies, those at the North being chiefly house servants. Three forms of government existed-charter, proprietary, and royal. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut had charter governments. Mary- land and Pennsylvania (with Delaware) were proprietary-that is, their proprietors governed them. Georgia, Virginia, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, and the Carolinas were directly subject to the crown. The colonies were all Protestant. The intolerant religious spirit of early days had moderated, and there had been a gradual assimilation of manners and customs. The people of all the colonies had become Americans. In accordance with the customs of the age, the laws were severe. Thus in New England, at one time, there were twelve, and in Virginia seventeen, offenses punishable by death. The affairs of private life were regulated by law in a manner that would not now be endured. At Hartford, for example, the ringing of the watchman's bell in the morning was the signal for every one to rise; and in Massa- chusetts a scold was sometimes gagged and placed near her door (see the picture on the next page), while for other minor offenses the offender was confined in the stocks or the pillory. Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs