Question: As part of my guitar practice routine, I work on a rotating schedule of practicing Melodic Patterns. And when I'm studying music theory and analyzing a particular song, part of that analysis includes noticing any repeating patterns we usually refer to as motifs. My Question is, for all intents and purposes are these patterns the same thing just going by two different names?

Answer: 
Acciaccatura has been covered. It has no real length value of its own - hence it's written using a small dot. It doesn't count towards the (already) 4 beats in that bar.

The quavers are written as a separate *voice*, with their stems going in a different direction to show that. Imagine one instrument playing the up stems, and another the downstems. It would have been possible to write that bar with all upstems, but it would be played subtly differently. Doing that would mean the 3 notes would all stop as the A note is played. The composer didn't want that - he wanted the C and E to continue while the A was played. Only way to write that simply is how it is.
Welcome :-)

1. A [grace note](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_note).
2. Not sure what's going on there, so I leave that one for others who may provide a much better answer. Looks like an additional voice, as indicated by the notes being drawn "upside down" compared to the other notes.