Question: I already know that the Wheel of Time idea originates in real-world concept, Kalachakra (the author [admitted](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_of_time#Literature) it).

But what about the Pattern - as a textile metaphor for fate, space, time and universe (and everything)? Are there signs that it was borrowed from the myths or preceding fiction works?

Answer: 
It is a common theme throughout history.

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> Dion, a Tragedy: And Miscellaneous Poetry ... - Page 30
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> George Ambrose Rhodes - **1806**
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> To the tried wisdom of the chosen few, Th' approved of his country;
>  not himself, Arrest th' enacting and enforcing power, T' embody the
>  vagaries of his brain, And **weave the fate of empires on his loom**
>  To what strange shape he pleases.
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> <https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rqlgAAAAcAAJ>
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In the preceding fiction category, there's Piers Anthony's ["With a Tangled Skein"](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_a_Tangled_Skein) (1985) from his Incarnations or Immortality series. The characters there are strongly based on the Greek fates, and the threads of life and tapestry of fate are key elements.