Question: I'd like to be able to do queries that normalize accented characters, so that for example:

```
é, è, and ê

```

are all treated as 'e', in queries using '=' and 'like'. I have a row with username field set to '**rené**', and I'd like to be able to match on it with both '**rene**' and '**rené**'.

I'm attempting to do this with the 'collate' clause in MySQL 5.0.8. I get the following error:

```
mysql> select * from User where username = 'rené' collate utf8_general_ci;
ERROR 1253 (42000): COLLATION 'utf8_general_ci' is not valid for CHARACTER SET 'latin1'

```

FWIW, my table was created with:

```
CREATE TABLE `User` (
  `id` bigint(19) NOT NULL auto_increment,
  `username` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY  (`id`),
  UNIQUE KEY `uniqueUsername` (`username`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=56790 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8

```

Answer: 
The reason for the error is not the table but the characterset of your input, i.e. the 'rené' in your query. The behaviour depends on the [character\_set\_connection](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/server-system-variables.html#sysvar_character_set_connection) variable:

> 
> The character set used for literals that do not have a character set introducer and for number-to-string conversion. 
> 
> 
> 

Using the MySQL Client, change it using `SET NAMES`:

> 
> A SET NAMES 'charset\_name' statement is equivalent to these three statements:
> 
> 
> 

```
SET character_set_client = charset_name;
SET character_set_results = charset_name;
SET character_set_connection = charset_name;

```

(from <http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/charset-connection.html>)

Example output:

```
mysql> set names latin1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from User where username = 'rené' collate utf8_general_ci;
ERROR 1253 (42000): COLLATION 'utf8_general_ci' is not valid for CHARACTER SET 'latin1'

mysql> set names utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from User where username = 'rené' collate utf8_general_ci;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

```

Altenatively, use can explicitly set the character set using a 'character set introducer':

```
mysql> set names latin1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from User where username = _utf8'rené' collate utf8_general_ci;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

```

*I know this question is pretty old but since Google led me here for a related question, I though it still deserves an answer :)*
I'd suggest that you save the normalized versions to your table in addition with the real username. Changing the encoding on the fly can be expensive, and you have to do the conversion again for every row on every search.

If you're using PHP, you can use [iconv()](http://fi.php.net/manual/en/function.iconv.php) to handle the conversion:

```
$username = 'rené';
$normalized = iconv('UTF-8', 'ASCII//TRANSLIT', $string);

```

Then you'd just save both versions and use the normalized version for searching and normal username for display. Comparing and selecting will be alot faster from the normalized column, provided that you normalize the search string also:

```
$search = mysql_real_escape_string(iconv('UTF-8', 'ASCII//TRANSLIT', $_GET['search']));
mysql_query("SELECT * FROM User WHERE normalized LIKE '%".$search."%'");

```

Of course this method might not be viable if you have several columns that need normalizations, but in your specific case this might work allright.