Question: Immediately upon reading the [Twiweekly challenge](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/3401/triweekly-topic-challenge-29-government?cb=1) for government I saw the prompt; Any significantly advanced society will probably have government in one form or another. This made me ask, could an advanced society exist without a governing body? If not how advanced can a culture become before it requires a government?

Answer: 
There is a possibility for advanced culture without government: post-scarcity society.

Imagine:

* Robotics and other technologies so advanced you can get almost any industrial product you need for free.
* Population decreased so there is no limitation by resources. In fact, say that we mine/grow our resources in space so nobody has to see an ugly factory or mine entry from their houses.
* Availability of goods leads to cultural changes, people no longer need to have the newest phone or the biggest car (because having it no longer represents success), public recognition is based in personal abilities (from writting good novels to producing the most imaginative cooking recipes). Also, violence is socially unaceptable.
* Robots are available everywhere and can stop any altercation (say, someone who has drunk too much) before any actual damage happens.
* No foreign threat (other countries).

If that sounds familiar, it is because it is pretty much like Asimov's Spacial worlds (they have some government, but then they were not isolated from other worlds).
@SJuan76's answer is excellent, but I think that post-scarcity is a little too soon to drop all government. 

Violence is inherent in our genes. So while any citizen is able to do irreversible damage to another, we will still need police, a.k.a. government. 

I think that a post-death society, where nanite surgery can repair any wound or even reverse death, maybe then we can stop trying to govern each other and get on with enjoying our (eternal) lives.