Question: Is there any teaching of the Buddha one can say has been proven wrong, any statement about the universe, the world, the future or the past maybe?

Answer: 
The problem I have faced with your question is the only teaching of the Buddha of which I am totally convinced is genuine is the [flower sermon](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_Sermon).

There was nothing said. Obviously Shakyamuni Buddha gave sermons, but what was in those sermons will be debated by theologians.
To me what has been said that we can verify with our practice is the basis of human suffering and the way out of it. The principles we can verify with our practice.
If we did find something he reportedly said that was wrong or false, how would we know he really said it? This is the downfall of trying to do a meticulous study of an oral tradition over 2000 years old. It does not invalidate Buddhism's usefulness but does preclude in my opinion any proving of points of details about what the Buddha said.
I think Buddha himself has answered this question in Maha-sihanada Sutta,

> 
> 23. Here, I see no ground on which any recluse or brahman or god or Mara
>  or Brahma or anyone at all in the world could, in accordance with the
>  Dhamma, accuse me thus: 'While you claim full enlightenment, you are
>  not fully enlightened in regard to certain things.' [72] And seeing no
>  ground for that, I abide in safety, fearlessness and intrepidity.
> 24. "I see no ground on which any recluse... or anyone at all could accuse me thus: 'While you claim to have destroyed the taints, these
>  taints are undestroyed by you.' And seeing no ground for that, I abide
>  in safety, fearlessness and intrepidity.
> 25. "I see no ground on which any recluse... or anyone at all could accuse me thus: 'Those things called obstructions by you are not able
>  to obstruct one who engages in them.' And seeing no ground for that, I
>  abide in safety, fearlessness and intrepidity.
> 26. "I see no ground on which any recluse... or anyone at all could accuse me thus: 'When you teach the Dhamma to someone, it does not
>  lead him when he practices it to the complete destruction of
>  suffering.' And seeing no ground for that, I abide in safety,
>  fearlessness and intrepidity
> 
> 
> [MN 12](http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.012.ntbb.html#fn-9)
> 
> 
> 

While this statement points to the omniscience of Buddha, it also shows his confidence that no thing in this world is able to challenge him and his teachings.