Question: Forgive me, but I don't know the technical term to know what to search for.

I am trying to find a way to keep track of changes in my code during the development of my program. something that would allow me to go back to a section of code that I deleted. I am not talking about "undo". But rather a way that would let me keep track or be able to retrieve a section of my code that I deleted but now want it back.

Is there such a way? If there is, then what is this whole system/procedure called? Is there something that integrates with Visual Studio 2010?

Answer: 
The term you are looking for is Source Control. Modern source control's provide all the functionality you described plus much more.

Team Foundation Server seamlessly integrates into VS2010 and is very useful. Read through [Source Control for Visual Studio](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zxd4dfad%28v=VS.80%29.aspx) to get up to speed.
subversion has a lot of mind share these days, but it's very old-school, first-gen tech. Distributed revision control is gaining a lot of momentum and I'd highly recommend that you become familiar with it if you're going to be a code monkey professional. Look up mercurial (also referred to as hg) or bazaar. If nothing else, perforce - a professional, commercial revision control tool - is free for up to two users. It works very well, as long as you keep your branching craziness to a minimum.