Question: I have a USB device (USB to RS-232) that works on some computers without drivers but not on others. This is a problem because I don't have the drivers disk for it nor any info on who made it. 

*Are there any tools that will tell me what kind of device it is or whatever info windows (and other OS's) pulls in when it's trying to set it up?*

Answer: 
Its not a general solution, but a USB to RS-232 interface cable has a high probability of being built out of either a [Silicon Labs CP210x](https://www.silabs.com/products/interface/usbtouart/Pages/default.aspx) chip, or a close relative of the [FTDI FT232R](http://www.ftdichip.com/Products/FT232R.htm) chip. 

You can get driver packages for both easily on-line, and the odds that one is right are pretty good.

Finding VID, PID, REV, CLASS, SUBCLASS, PROTOCOL etc.
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In the general case, you should be able to extract the VID/PID and device class codes from the node in the device manager corresponding to the unknown device. VID and PID can be read from the Details tab, by selecting Hardware Ids, and the Class and Subclass by selecting Compatible Ids.

VID/PID/REV
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The VID can usually be translated to an actual vendor name since vendors are **supposed** to buy VIDs and register with the [USB-IF](http://www.usb.org/). The [list linked by Dennis](http://www.linux-usb.org/usb.ids) is kept reasonably up to date, and may be the quickest way to just look up a vendor name.

Windows will match a driver as specifically as it can, so a vendor can bug-fix a product without using up one of their precious PID codes by modifying the revision code, and produce a driver that compensates for the bug in old devices by matching it to the triple of VID/PID/REV.

CLASS/SUB/PROTO
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If the device implements one of the standard device classes, then the VID/PID don't matter nearly as much as the class codes. This is why nearly any USB thumb drive "just works"; they all promise to implement the Mass Storage Class, and Windows knows that means they act like a disk and should have a recognized partition table and file system.

There is a list of the class codes about 90% of the way down the list linked above. Don't be surprised to find a lot of devices that say CLASS 0xFF, which is the vendor-defined class. 

Part of your problem is that there isn't a completely obvious standard class for an RS232 bridge device, and it doesn't look Windows has nominated a right answer with a stock driver either.

The classes in which you might put a USB to serial translator got standardized relatively late in the game, not all flavors of Windows have a stock driver for it, and not all of the devices claim to implement it.
I've had good luck with Everest

<http://www.softpedia.com/get/System/System-Info/Everest-Home-Edition.shtml>

It will give you all kinds of info about devices that are present without drivers.