Question: When I create a `std::string` using the default constructor, is ANY memory allocated on the heap? I'm hoping the answer does not depend on the implementation and is standardized. Consider the following:

```
std::string myString;

```

Answer: 
No, *but*, and I don't know of any implementation that does allocate memory on the heap by default. Quite a few do, however, include what's called the short string optimization (SSO), where they allocate some space as part of the string object itself, so as long as you don't need more than that length (seems to be between 10 and 20 characters as a rule) it can avoid doing a separate heap allocation at all.

That's not standardized either though.
Generally, **yes** they allocate memory on the heap. I'll give an example: `c_str()` requires a NULL trailing character '\0'. Most implementations allocate this NUL `\0` ahead of time, as part of the string. So you'll get at least one byte allocated, often more.

If you really need specific behavior I'd advise writing your own class. Buffer/string classes are not that hard to write.