Question: Is there any system/compiler/SDK/IDE that provides an ability to develop desktop applications using JavaScript?

Answer: 
You can use **[node-webkit](https://github.com/rogerwang/node-webkit)**.

It uses webkit to render the webpage and execute the Javascript, and you will have access to all the Node.js javascript API (reading/writing files, …)
There is the [jls](http://javalikescript.free.fr/) JavaScript platform and eclipse WTP as IDE.

Jls supports graphical user interface, file system manipulation, unit testing, thread, process, network sockets and selectors, HTTP client and server, SQL, image manipulation, zip file...

You can found the desktop documentation [here](http://javalikescript.free.fr/jsdoc/sa/).