Question: I want to make a new column based on two variables. I want my new column to have the value "Good" if (column 1 >= .5 or column 2 < 0.5) and (column 1 < .5 or column 2 >= 0.5) otherwise "Bad". 

I tried using `lambda` and `if`. 

```
df["new column"] = df[["column 1", "column 2"]].apply(
    lambda x, y: "Good" if (x >= 0.5 or y < 0.5) and (x < 0.5 or y >= 0.5) else "Bad"
)

```

Got

```
TypeError: ("() missing 1 required positional argument: 'y'", 'occurred at index column 1')

```

Answer: 
Use `np.where`, pandas does intrinsic data alignment, meaning you don't need to use apply or iterate row by row, pandas will align the data on index:

```
df['new column'] = df['new column'] = np.where(((df['y'] <= .5) | (df['x'] > .5)) & ((df['x'] < .5) | (df['y'] >= .5)), 'Good', 'Bad')
df

```

Using @YunaA. setup....

```
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'x': [1, 2, 0.1, 0.1], 
                   'y': [1, 2, 0.7, 0.2], 
                   'column 3': [1, 2, 3, 4]})

df['new column'] = df['new column'] = np.where(((df['y'] <= .5) | (df['x'] > .5)) & ((df['x'] < .5) | (df['y'] >= .5)), 'Good', 'Bad')
df

```

Output:

```
     x    y  column 3 new column
0  1.0  1.0         1       Good
1  2.0  2.0         2       Good
2  0.1  0.7         3        Bad
3  0.1  0.2         4       Good

```

Timings:
========

```
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

np.random.seed(123)
df = pd.DataFrame({'x':np.random.random(100)*2, 
                   'y': np.random.random(100)*1})
def update_column(row):
    if (row['x'] >= .5 or row['y'] <= .5) and (row['x'] < .5 or row['y'] >= .5):
        return "Good"
    return "Bad"  

```

Results

```
%timeit df['new column'] = np.where(((df['y'] <= .5) | (df['x'] > .5))
& ((df['x'] < .5) | (df['y'] >= .5)), 'Good', 'Bad')

```

> 
> 1.45 ms ± 72.9 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
> 
> 
> 

```
%timeit df['new_column'] = df.apply(update_column, axis=1)

```

> 
> 5.83 ms ± 484 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 100 loops each)
> 
> 
>
Pass the row into the lambda instead.

```
df['new column'] = df[['column 1', 'column 2']].apply(lambda row: "Good" if (row['column 1'] >= .5 or row['column 2'] < .5) and (row['column 1'] < .5 or row['column 2'] >= .5) else "Bad", axis=1)

```

Example:

```
import pandas as pd

df = pd.DataFrame({'column 1': [1, 2, 0.1, 0.1], 
                   'column 2': [1, 2, 0.7, 0.2], 
                   'column 3': [1, 2, 3, 4]})
df['new column'] = df[['column 1', 'column 2']].apply(lambda row: "Good" if (row['column 1'] >= .5 or row['column 2'] < .5) and (row['column 1'] < .5 or row['column 2'] >= .5) else "Bad", axis=1)

print(df)

```

Output:

```
   column 1  column 2  column 3 new column
0       1.0       1.0         1       Good
1       2.0       2.0         2       Good
2       0.1       0.7         3        Bad
3       0.1       0.2         4       Good

```