Question: In my world human(oid)s are not born anymore, they are grown in pods which mirror the conditions of a natural womb.

Children are educated before birth and are "born" as fully mature adults with a standard education ready to join society.

How long would this process take? I assume that artificial growth could be much quicker than a natural 18-20 year period. Could a human be grown in a year? A decade?

Answer: 
A year? No. Babies already require 9 months in the womb to get to where they get. You're limited because many processes in growth require chemical processes that simply take time. Humans simply aren't cars to be manufactured.

A decade? Now its getting interesting. It is reasonable to assume that a human could grow faster in a "perfect" environment with genes to leverage that perfect environment. Its entierly possible we could reach "fully grown" in a decade. However, the womb would probably have to be adjusted. Many thing a human body needs require things that challenge their motion (so they can learn which muscles are doing what). The humans would be gloriously clumsy unless they got Physical Education as part of their standard education in the womb.

A standard education in the womb you say? That education process might be very daunting indeed. You may be able to physically produce a human in a decade, but you may find it hard to properly educate them that fast.
Human growth is subject to many limiting factors, including the ability of the mother to supply the required nutrients to the foetus, and after birth, the ability of the child to acquire the full range of expected social skills.

A young human is physically small in order to convey the impression of youth to other humans. Since learning to be an adult human takes around eighteen to twenty-five years, that is how long it takes for the human body to mature fully. Size and other physical traits conveys an impression of age to others.

Now, if humans could grow to maturity and be born with all necessary knowledge to be fully functioning adults, as well as be free of the limitations of maternal nutrition, growing such a human in-vitro could occur in a relative short period of time.

In larger mammalian - and dinosaur - species where achieving an adult body-size (of several hundred kilograms to many tons) as quickly as possible is of paramount importance, very high growth rates can be achieved, with newborns achieving maturity within a handful of years, certainly within 5 years or less.

We could therefore expect that with genetic engineering - or some clever artificial stimulation - to remove the limits on pre-maturity growth-rate, a fully mature human could be produced within three years.

I should point out that if humans were genetically engineered to grow that quickly, it would effectively sterilize the population and make them dependent on artificial reproduction. Should a modified human mother become pregnant, her body would not be able to supply the huge metabolic needs that such a foetus impose on her, and a significant or even fatal loss of body mass would likely occur. Should the foetus survive, it would be no better educated than any normal human newborn.

On the other hand, if humans were grown rapidly and educated in-vitro through medical trickery rather than genetic engineering, a natural pregnancy would most likely be possible, with a normal-sized infant being born after the usual period of gestation. It is up to you if the mother would have been educated sufficiently to have the knowledge to handle a naturally-born child.