Question: As part of my guitar practice routine, I work on a rotating schedule of practicing Melodic Patterns. And when I'm studying music theory and analyzing a particular song, part of that analysis includes noticing any repeating patterns we usually refer to as motifs. My Question is, for all intents and purposes are these patterns the same thing just going by two different names?

Answer: 
The small notehead with the eighth-note tail and slashed stem is a type of grace note named an *acciaccatura*, a crushed note, one you squeeze in just before the following note, which still occurs on the beat. 

In the second highlighted bar, on the second beat you play C and E quarter notes, and also play the eighth notes B then A. The notation with sticks up/sticks down is for clarity. If the eighth notes also has sticks up it would look worse and be harder to read. Like lots of notation, there are visual clues. You need to look at more than just the noteheads.
Welcome :-)

1. A [grace note](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_note).
2. Not sure what's going on there, so I leave that one for others who may provide a much better answer. Looks like an additional voice, as indicated by the notes being drawn "upside down" compared to the other notes.