Question: I tried doing this by Eisenstein's criterion:

$2$ is prime in $\mathbb{Q}$ and I then proceeded to write that it divides $-2$, $-2$ and $0$ but doesn't divide $1$ and also $2^2=4$ doesn't divide $2$. I then noticed these last two are erroneous since we're in $\mathbb{Q}$ and we have that $(1/2)(2)=1$ and thus $2$ does divide $1$; also $(4)(1/2)=2$ so $4$ divides $2$.
How could I have done it instead?

Answer: 
What you're missing here is the result known as ["Gauss' lemma"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_lemma_(polynomial)). The result says the following.

**Theorem (Gauss' lemma)**

*Let $p(X) \in \mathbb{Z}[X]$ be a non-constant polynomial. Then $p(X)$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Z}[X]$ if and only if it is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ and primitive in $\mathbb{Z}[X]$.*

To be primitive just means that the gcd of its coefficients is equal to 1. Thus, one can state a version of Gauss' lemma as follows.

**Theorem (Gauss' lemma version 2)**

*Let $p(X) \in \mathbb{Z}[X]$ be a non-constant polynomial and assume that $p(X)$ is primitive. Then $p(X)$ is irreducible over $\mathbb{Z}[X]$ if and only if it is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}[X]$.*

In your case, your polynomial $p(X) = X^3 - 2X - 2 \in \mathbb{Z}[X]$ is clearly primitive, so you can deduce irreducibility over $\mathbb{Q}$ from irreducibility over $\mathbb{Z}$ by applying Gauss' lemma along with your preferred irreducibility criterion over $\mathbb{Z}$.
Suppose that $p/q\in\mathbb Q$ is a root of this polynomial, with $p,q$ coprime integers. Then you have that
$$\frac{p^3}{q^3}-2\frac{p}{q}-2=0$$
or, by doing a bit of algebra,
$$p^3=2q^2 (p+q)$$
from which you can derive a contradiction.