Datasets:

---

AlexHung29629

/

reasoning_mixed_v2

like 0

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn one study on the effect that eating meat products has on weight level, an SRS of 500 subjects who admitted to eating meat at least once a day had their weights compared with those of an independent SRS of 500 people who claimed to be vegetarians. In a second study, an SRS of 500 subjects were served at least one meat meal per day for 6 months, while an independent SRS of 500 others were chosen to receive a strictly vegetarian diet for 6 months, with weights compared after 6 months.\nOptions:\nA: The first study is a controlled experiment, while the second is a survey.\nB: Both studies are observational studies.\nC: Both studies are a mix of observational studies and controlled experiments.\nD: Both studies are surveys.\nE: Both studies are controlled experiments.\nF: The first study is a survey, while the second is a controlled experiment.\nG: The first study is an observational study, while the second is a survey.\nH: The first study is a controlled experiment, while the second is an observational study.\nI: The first study is a survey, while the second is an observational study.\nJ: The first study is an observational study, while the second is a controlled experiment.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following cellular processes is primarily responsible for the amplification of a signal in a signaling cascade initiated by a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)?\nA: Dephosphorylation of the RTK by protein phosphatases\nB: Internalization of the RTK via clathrin-mediated endocytosis\nC: Activation of downstream kinases such as MAPK\nD: Dimerization of the RTK with another RTK\nE: Inhibition of the RTK by negative feedback loops\nF: Ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the RTK\nG: Binding of inhibitory proteins to the RTK\nH: Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) by G proteins\nI: Inactivation of the RTK by receptor-specific inhibitors\nJ: Conversion of GTP to GDP on the Gα subunit by intrinsic GTPase activity", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA voltage of 25\\angle45° Vis applied to an impedance of 4 - j2\\Omega. Determine the current in both rectangular and polar forms.\nOptions:\nA: 2.5∠45°A in polar form and 2.5 + j2.5A in rectangular form\nB: 2.5√5∠71.6°A in polar form and 1.25√2 + j3.75√2A in rectangular form\nC: 3.54∠-45°A in polar form and 2.5 - j2.5A in rectangular form\nD: 6.25∠45°A in polar form and 3.125 + j4.42A in rectangular form\nE: 5.0∠34.2°A in polar form and 4.0 + j2.5A in rectangular form\nF: 2.5√5∠71.6°A in polar form and 1.35√2 + j3.75√2A in rectangular form\nG: 1.5√5∠71.6°A in polar form and 1.25√2 + j3.75√2A in rectangular form\nH: 4.47∠56.3°A in polar form and 2.5 + j3.89A in rectangular form\nI: 2.5√3∠30°A in polar form and 2.165 + j1.25A in rectangular form\nJ: 2.5√5∠51.6°A in polar form and 1.25√2 + j3.75√2A in rectangular form", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of gene regulation, consider a scenario where a gene is controlled by both enhancer and silencer elements. The enhancer is located 3 kb upstream of the transcription start site (TSS), and the silencer is located 2 kb downstream of the TSS. Which of the following mechanisms is most likely to be involved in the coordinated regulation of this gene by the enhancer and silencer elements?\n\nA: Direct physical interaction between the enhancer and silencer elements\nB: Formation of a chromatin loop bringing the enhancer and silencer elements into close proximity\nC: Recruitment of histone methyltransferases (HMTs) by the silencer to the enhancer\nD: Recruitment of histone demethylases (HDMs) by the enhancer to the silencer\nE: Acetylation of histones at the silencer element by the enhancer\nF: Deacetylation of histones at the enhancer element by the silencer\nG: Recruitment of RNA polymerase II to the enhancer element by the silencer\nH: Recruitment of co-activators to the silencer element by the enhancer\nI: Chromatin remodeling by the silencer to enhance enhancer binding\nJ: Chromatin remodeling by the enhancer to prevent silencer binding", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA confidence interval estimate is determined from the monthly grocery expenditures in a random sample of n families. Which of the following will result in a smaller margin of error? I. A smaller confidence level. II. A smaller sample standard deviation. III. A smaller sample size\nOptions:\nA: I and II\nB: II and II\nC: I, II, and III\nD: II and III\nE: I and III\nF: II only\nG: I and I\nH: III only\nI: I only\nJ: III and III", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following processes is essential for the initial formation of the embryonic germ layers during early development?\nA: The activation of the Notch signaling pathway\nB: The inhibition of the Wnt signaling pathway\nC: The upregulation of microRNAs that target differentiation genes\nD: The activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway\nE: The sustained expression of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog transcription factors\nF: The downregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs)\nG: The activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway\nH: The inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway\nI: The activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway\nJ: Gastrulation and the formation of the primitive streak", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nConsider pairs of sequences of positive real numbers \\( a_1 \\geq a_2 \\geq a_3 \\geq \\cdots \\) and \\( b_1 \\geq b_2 \\geq b_3 \\geq \\cdots \\), and the sums \\( A_n = a_1 + \\cdots + a_n \\), \\( B_n = b_1 + \\cdots + b_n \\) for \\( n = 1, 2, \\ldots \\). For any pair, define \\( c_i = \\min \\{a_i, b_i\\} \\) and \\( C_n = c_1 + \\cdots + c_n \\) for \\( n = 1, 2, \\ldots \\).\n(a) Does there exist a pair \\( \\left(a_i\\right)_{i \\geq 1},\\left(b_i\\right)_{i \\geq 1} \\) such that the sequences \\( \\left(A_n\\right)_{n \\geq 1} \\) and \\( \\left(B_n\\right)_{n \\geq 1} \\) are unbounded while the sequence \\( \\left(C_n\\right)_{n \\geq 1} \\) is bounded?\n(b) Does the answer to question (a) change by assuming additionally that \\( b_i = \\frac{1}{i} \\) for \\( i = 1, 2, \\ldots \\)?\nJustify your answer.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of project management, which of the following best describes the integration of Agile methodology with the traditional Waterfall approach to successfully manage a complex software development project?\n\nA: The project uses Waterfall to define clear requirements and phases, and Agile to manage iterative development and continuous feedback.\nB: The project uses Agile to define the overall scope and timeline, and Waterfall to manage specific sprints and deliverables.\nC: The project uses Waterfall to ensure detailed documentation and Agile to promote flexibility and adaptability.\nD: The project uses Agile to establish a rigid project plan and Waterfall to handle changes and iterations.\nE: The project uses Waterfall to manage stakeholder communication and Agile to handle day-to-day development tasks.\nF: The project uses Agile to define project milestones and Waterfall to manage the development process.\nG: The project uses Waterfall to ensure iterative testing and Agile to manage requirements gathering.\nH: The project uses Agile to manage the entire project lifecycle and Waterfall to handle specific risk assessments.\nI: The project uses Waterfall to manage user stories and Agile to handle sprint planning.\nJ: The project uses both methodologies in parallel, with Waterfall guiding the strategic planning and Agile guiding the tactical execution at each stage.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nCompute the discrete logarithm of 5, with a base of 3, modulo 17.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nExample 3 Given the $n$ interior angles of an $n$-sided polygon, sorted in descending order as $A_{1}>A_{2}>\\cdots>A_{n}(n \\geqslant 4)$, let $\\alpha$ denote the minimum of $180^{\\circ}-A_{1}, A_{1}-A_{2}, \\cdots, A_{n-1}-A_{n}$. Find the maximum value of $\\alpha$.\n\n---\n\nThe translation maintains the original text's line breaks and formatting.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nExample 5. Let $O$ be the center of the base $\\triangle ABC$ of a regular tetrahedron $P-ABC$. A moving plane through $O$ intersects the three lateral edges or their extensions of the tetrahedron at points $Q$, $R$, and $S$ respectively. Then the sum $\\frac{1}{PQ}+\\frac{1}{PR}+\\frac{1}{PS}(\\quad)$.\n(A) has a maximum value but no minimum value\n(B) has a minimum value but no maximum value\n(C) has both a maximum value and a minimum value, and they are not equal\n(D) is a constant independent of the position of plane $QRS$", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following hominid species is known for having a combination of ape-like and human-like features, particularly in the structure of the hand, which suggests the capability for both tree-climbing and tool use, and is considered a key transitional species in human evolution?\n\nA: Australopithecus afarensis\nB: Australopithecus africanus\nC: Paranthropus boisei\nD: Homo habilis\nE: Ardipithecus ramidus\nF: Kenyanthropus platyops\nG: Australopithecus sediba\nH: Homo erectus\nI: Sahelanthropus tchadensis\nJ: Orrorin tugenensis", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn comparative genomics, the concept of paralogous genes is crucial for understanding gene family evolution. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between paralogous genes within a species?\n\nA: Paralogous genes are identical in sequence and function within the same species.\nB: Paralogous genes are derived from a common ancestral gene and have diverged in sequence and function.\nC: Paralogous genes are derived from a common ancestral gene and generally retain the same function.\nD: Paralogous genes are derived from different ancestral genes but have similar functions.\nE: Paralogous genes are always located in the same position on the chromosome.\nF: Paralogous genes are always found in the same number within the same species.\nG: Paralogous genes are homologous but do not share a common ancestral gene.\nH: Paralogous genes are only found in closely related species.\nI: Paralogous genes can be identified by high sequence similarity alone.\nJ: Paralogous genes are always more similar in sequence to each other than to orthologs in other species.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nYou suspect that your patient has an enlarged submandibular salivary gland. You expect the enlarged gland\nOptions:\nA: to be palpable intraorally..\nB: to be palpable extraorally.\nC: to be palpable both intra- and extraorally.\nD: only to be detectable by radiographical examination.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following statements accurately describes the interaction between the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance in the human body?\nA: RAAS activation leads to decreased renal sodium reabsorption, while SNS activation increases heart rate and vasoconstriction.\nB: SNS activation suppresses renin release, thereby reducing angiotensin II levels and aldosterone secretion.\nC: RAAS and SNS activation both result in increased renal sodium reabsorption, but RAAS specifically increases potassium excretion.\nD: SNS activation leads to increased renin release, while RAAS activation primarily affects vasodilation.\nE: RAAS and SNS activation both lead to increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), enhancing fluid balance.\nF: RAAS activation results in vasodilation, while SNS activation leads to vasoconstriction.\nG: SNS activation inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), while RAAS activation stimulates its release.\nH: RAAS and SNS activation both increase renal blood flow, but RAAS specifically increases the reabsorption of water.\nI: SNS activation leads to increased renin release, which in turn increases angiotensin II and aldosterone, causing vasoconstriction and sodium retention.\nJ: RAAS and SNS activation both decrease cardiac output, leading to reduced blood pressure.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nStatement 1 | Every integral domain with characteristic 0 is infinite. Statement 2 | Every integral domain with prime characteristic is finite.\nOptions:\nA: False, Not Enough Information\nB: True, Both are True\nC: True, Not Enough Information\nD: True, True\nE: False, True\nF: Not Enough Information, True\nG: Not Enough Information, False\nH: False, False\nI: True, False", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA researcher is studying a complex mixture of metabolites using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). To improve the detection and quantification of target metabolites, the researcher is considering various strategies. Which of the following approaches would **not** be effective in enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of the LC-MS analysis?\n\nA: Using a more sensitive mass spectrometer, such as a quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS\nB: Implementing a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique\nC: Employing a higher flow rate in the liquid chromatography (LC) system\nD: Optimizing the mobile phase composition to improve peak resolution\nE: Using a derivatization reagent to increase the detectability of certain metabolites\nF: Applying a targeted metabolomics approach with selected reaction monitoring (SRM)\nG: Increasing the injection volume of the sample\nH: Employing a smaller particle size in the LC column to enhance separation\nI: Using a temperature gradient in the LC column to improve separation\nJ: Implementing a pre-fractionation step using solid-phase extraction (SPE)", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nSeveral natural numbers were written on the board, with the difference between any two neighboring numbers being the same. Kolya replaced different digits with different letters, and identical digits with identical letters. Restore the original numbers if the following are written on the board: Т, ЕЛ, ЕК, ЛА, СС.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, which of the following statements is true regarding the choice of exchange-correlation functional and its impact on the electronic structure of a molecule?\n\nA: The choice of exchange-correlation functional has no significant effect on the calculated electronic structure.\nB: The B3LYP functional is guaranteed to provide the most accurate results for all types of molecules.\nC: The choice of exchange-correlation functional can significantly affect the predicted bond lengths and angles.\nD: The LDA functional is always preferred over the GGA functional for transition metal complexes.\nE: The PBE functional is the only functional that can accurately predict the electronic structure of organic molecules.\nF: The accuracy of the exchange-correlation functional is independent of the basis set used in the calculation.\nG: The choice of exchange-correlation functional has a minimal impact on the energy gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO).\nH: The HSE06 functional is only applicable to inorganic molecules.\nI: The exchange-correlation functional has no effect on the convergence of the SCF procedure.\nJ: The choice of exchange-correlation functional is irrelevant if the molecule is in a high-symmetry configuration.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nUn gruppo di amici ha deciso di giocare a un videogioco. Qualsiasi due persone giocano insieme o l'una contro l'altra. Inoltre, se il giocatore \\(A\\) gioca insieme a \\(B\\), e \\(B\\) gioca contro \\(C\\), allora \\(A\\) gioca anche contro \\(C\\). Quanti amici ci sono nel gruppo se ogni giocatore ha esattamente 15 avversari? Elenca tutte le opzioni possibili.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nRelaxation Voltage controlled oscillators are used to generate\nOptions:\nA: Sinusoidal wave\nB: Triangular wave\nC: Sawtooth wave\nD: Both B and C", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nFind the orthogonal projection of 9e_1 onto the subspace of R^4 spanned by [2, 2, 1, 0] and [-2, 2, 0, 1].\nOptions:\nA: [0, 0, 0, 0]\nB: [-2, 2, 1, 0]\nC: [9, 0, 0, 0]\nD: [8, 0, 2, -2]\nE: [-2, 2, 0, 1]\nF: [4.5, 4.5, 0, 0]\nG: [4, 4, 2, 1]\nH: [2, 2, 1, 0]\nI: [2, 2, 0.5, 0]\nJ: [1, 1, 0.5, 0.5]", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nExact solutions of the Schrödinger equation CANNOT be obtained for a\nOptions:\nA: simple harmonic oscillator\nB: particle in a one-dimensional box\nC: rigid rotor\nD: helium atom", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of genetic disorders, a patient is diagnosed with a rare condition characterized by multiple exonic deletions and insertions in a single gene. Which of the following statements best describes the potential impact of such complex genetic alterations on the patient's phenotype and treatment options?\n\nA: The exonic deletions and insertions are likely to have no significant impact on the patient's phenotype.\nB: The exonic deletions and insertions will result in a single amino acid change, leading to a mild form of the disorder.\nC: The exonic deletions and insertions may lead to the production of multiple abnormal proteins, each with different functional consequences.\nD: The exonic deletions and insertions primarily affect intronic regions and are unlikely to cause the disorder.\nE: The exonic deletions and insertions are a common feature of the disorder and do not influence the severity of symptoms.\nF: The exonic deletions and insertions are indicative of a specific subtype of the disorder and can guide targeted therapy.\nG: The exonic deletions and insertions result in a complete loss of gene function, leading to a severe form of the disorder.\nH: The exonic deletions and insertions are a result of somatic mutations and are not present in all cells of the body.\nI: The exonic deletions and insertions are rare events and suggest a high likelihood of de novo mutations.\nJ: The exonic deletions and insertions are artifacts of the sequencing process and do not have biological significance.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of RNA interference (RNAi), which of the following statements accurately describes a mechanism by which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can regulate gene expression in a manner that is distinct from the canonical RNAi pathway involving the RISC complex?\n\nA: siRNAs can directly bind to and degrade mRNA without the involvement of any proteins.\nB: siRNAs can form a complex with the miRISC (microRNA-induced silencing complex) to inhibit translation of target mRNAs.\nC: siRNAs can act as transcriptional activators by binding to promoter regions of target genes.\nD: siRNAs can mediate the methylation of DNA at specific genomic loci, leading to gene silencing.\nE: siRNAs can recruit the histone deacetylase complex to specific chromosomal regions, altering chromatin structure and repressing gene expression.\nF: siRNAs can directly interact with the spliceosome to alter the splicing of pre-mRNA.\nG: siRNAs can induce the formation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in the nucleus, which is then processed by Dicer.\nH: siRNAs can bind to and stabilize target mRNAs, preventing their degradation.\nI: siRNAs can be transported into neighboring cells via exosomes, where they can initiate RNAi in a cell-non-autonomous manner.\nJ: siRNAs can form a complex with the Argonaute protein to cleave target mRNAs in a sequence-specific manner, but this complex does not involve other components of the RISC complex.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n2. Sia $x_{1}$ e $x_{2}$ le radici maggiori dei polinomi\n\n$$\n\\begin{gathered}\nf(x)=1-x-4 x^{2}+x^{4} \\\\\n\\text { e } \\\\\ng(x)=16-8 x-16 x^{2}+x^{4}\n\\end{gathered}\n$$\n\nrispettivamente. Trova $\\frac{x_{2}}{x_{1}}$.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nAccording to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing, when interpreting and reporting test results, one should\nOptions:\nA: exclude the potential effects of situational and demographic variables from consideration\nB: Avoid discussing the test results with the tester to prevent performance anxiety\nC: Give more weight to the lowest score as it indicates areas for improvement\nD: Always associate test results with the tester's demographic information for context\nE: use descriptive labels, because such labels readily communicate specific meanings to most people\nF: Neglect the confidence interval, since the obtained score represents the true score\nG: focus attention on the confidence interval of a score rather than on the obtained score itself\nH: stress the obtained score, since it is the best estimate of the true score\nI: Only interpret the scores in comparison to the average result of the group\nJ: Consider only the highest obtained score as it demonstrates the tester's potential", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of high-pressure materials science, which of the following statements best describes the challenges and potential applications of transforming carbon into diamond at high pressures?\n\nA: The transformation of carbon into diamond requires pressures of at least 15 GPa and temperatures around 2000°C, and it is primarily used in the jewelry industry.\nB: The transformation can occur at pressures as low as 5 GPa and is commonly used to produce industrial-grade diamonds for cutting and drilling tools.\nC: The process is highly exothermic, releasing a significant amount of energy that can be harnessed for power generation.\nD: The transformation involves a series of intermediate phases, including a liquid carbon phase, and the exact conditions for each phase are well-documented.\nE: The transformation is reversible at room temperature and pressure, making it useful for creating temporary diamond structures.\nF: The transformation is solely a theoretical concept, and no experimental evidence exists to support its feasibility.\nG: The transformation can be achieved at lower pressures and temperatures using catalytic processes, making it more accessible for commercial applications.\nH: The transformation of carbon into diamond is a well-understood process, but the synthesis of large, high-quality diamonds remains a significant challenge.\nI: The transformation is accompanied by a significant volume reduction, which can be used to study the properties of dense materials.\nJ: The transformation is primarily used for scientific research, and its practical applications are limited due to the high costs and technical difficulties involved.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhy are magnolias found both in the eastern United States andeastern China, which belong to different realms, and hardlyanywhere else?\nOptions:\nA: Magnolias are found in these regions as a result of ancient trade routes that distributed seeds between the eastern United States and eastern China.\nB: Magnolias are found both in the eastern United States and eastern China due to the historical geographic continuity and warm moist climate of these regions, which were untouched by glaciation during the Cenozoic Era.\nC: The magnolias in these two regions were planted by humans.\nD: Magnolias are found in these regions due to the high biodiversity of both regions.\nE: The presence of magnolias in these regions is due to a shared climate zone that favors their growth, despite the distance.\nF: The magnolias in these regions are a result of convergent evolution, where similar species evolved independently in both areas.\nG: The distribution of magnolias is due to the accidental spread of seeds by human activities unrelated to intentional planting.\nH: Magnolias are native to only these two regions.\nI: Magnolias are found in these regions because they were transported there by migratory birds.\nJ: Magnolias thrive in both locations due to similar soil compositions found only in these two areas.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n15. Let $a_{1}, a_{2}, \\cdots, a_{n}$ be given real numbers, not all zero. If the inequality $r_{1}\\left(x_{1}-a_{1}\\right)+$ $r_{2}\\left(x_{2}-a_{2}\\right)+\\cdots+r_{n}\\left(x_{n}-a_{n}\\right) \\leqslant \\sqrt{x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+\\cdots+x_{n}^{2}}-\\sqrt{a_{1}^{2}+a_{2}^{2}+\\cdots+a_{n}^{2}}$, holds for all real numbers $x_{1}, x_{2}, \\cdots, x_{n}$, find the values of $r_{1}, r_{2}, \\cdots, r_{n}$.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following is not correct about economies of scale?\nOptions:\nA: Economies of scale are associated with increases in production of output.\nB: Economies of scale are associated with the rising or increasing portion of an average total cost (ATC) curve.\nC: Economies of scale are associated with the declining or decreasing portions of the ATC curve.\nD: Economies of scale result in decreases in per unit average cost.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn a project management scenario, a team is using a hybrid approach that combines Agile and Lean methodologies. The team is struggling to balance the iterative nature of Agile with the continuous improvement focus of Lean. Which of the following strategies would best help the team to effectively integrate these methodologies while maintaining a focus on value delivery and continuous improvement?\n\nA: Implementing fixed iteration cycles for Agile and periodic Kaizen events for Lean\nB: Using a single project board that combines Agile user stories and Lean value stream maps\nC: Conducting regular retrospectives to identify and implement Lean improvements within each Agile sprint\nD: Assigning different team members to focus exclusively on Agile or Lean practices\nE: Integrating Lean principles into the Agile sprint planning and review processes\nF: Establishing a dual-track process where one track follows Agile and the other follows Lean\nG: Creating a hybrid team structure with roles that blend Agile and Lean responsibilities\nH: Using a common set of metrics that align with both Agile and Lean principles\nI: Implementing a rolling wave planning approach with detailed Agile planning and high-level Lean planning\nJ: Maintaining separate Agile and Lean teams to operate independently and report to a central project manager", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n43 嬰兒聽力篩檢沒有通過，要接受診斷聽性腦幹反應時，發現右耳反應正常，但左耳第Ⅴ波潛時值明\n顯延長，此時記錄要採取何種步驟？\n(A)改變聲音的刺激速率 (B)加長記錄時間窗（recording window）\n(C)以噪音遮蔽右耳，再測試左耳 (D)繼續記錄，不用理睬", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n9. Let $x, y$ be real numbers. Then the minimum value of $(x y-1)^{2}+(x+y)^{2}$ is ( ).\n(A) 0\n(B) $\\frac{1}{4}$\n(C) $\\frac{1}{2}$\n(D) 1\n(E) 2", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n5.4. Find the sum of the digits in the decimal representation of the integer part of the number $\\sqrt{\\underbrace{44.44}_{2018} \\underbrace{88 \\ldots 88}_{2017} 9}$.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following mechanisms is primarily responsible for the segmentation of the Drosophila melanogaster embryo during early development?\nA: Maternal effect genes such as bicoid and nanos\nB: The Hedgehog signaling pathway\nC: The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway\nD: The Notch signaling pathway\nE: The TGF-β signaling pathway\nF: The FGF signaling pathway\nG: The JAK-STAT signaling pathway\nH: The RA (Retinoic Acid) signaling pathway\nI: The BMP (Bone Morphogenetic Protein) signaling pathway\nJ: The Pair-rule genes such as even-skipped and fushi tarazu", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nConsider a hypothetical planetary system where a gas giant planet orbits a star in a highly elliptical orbit with an eccentricity of 0.85. The gas giant has a small, spherical moon that is tidally locked to the planet. Assuming the moon's orbit around the gas giant is also highly elliptical and that the gas giant's gravitational influence is the dominant force, which of the following statements best describes the long-term stability of the moon's orbit?\n\nA: The moon's orbit will remain stable due to the gas giant's strong gravitational pull.\nB: The moon's orbit will eventually circularize due to tidal forces.\nC: The moon will be ejected from the system due to the highly elliptical orbit of the gas giant.\nD: The moon will experience significant orbital precession, leading to chaotic behavior.\nE: The moon will collide with the gas giant due to the intense tidal forces.\nF: The moon will migrate to a more distant orbit over time.\nG: The moon's orbit will oscillate between two stable states.\nH: The moon will be torn apart by tidal forces, forming a ring system around the gas giant.\nI: The moon's orbit will remain highly elliptical indefinitely.\nJ: The moon will transition to a retrograde orbit due to gravitational perturbations.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nThe production of a unit of good Y requires the employment of 3 workers and 7 units of capital. The going wage is $4. The rent on a unit of capital is $1. What should be the marginal physical product of capital in order for the production to be carried out at the least cost and what is this cost if the marginal physical product of labor is $2?\nOptions:\nA: MPPK = 0.25, total cost = $18\nB: MPPK = 0.5, total cost = $19\nC: MPPK = 1.5, total cost = $25\nD: MPPK = 0.3, total cost = $17\nE: MPPK = 0.9, total cost = $26\nF: MPPK = 1, total cost = $21\nG: MPPK = 0.4, total cost = $23\nH: MPPK = 0.75, total cost = $22\nI: MPPK = 0.8, total cost = $24\nJ: MPPK = 0.6, total cost = $20", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn comparative genomics, the concept of \"genome synteny\" refers to the conservation of gene order between species. Given the highly conserved synteny between human and mouse genomes, which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the implications for gene function and evolution?\n\nA: Synteny conservation implies that all human and mouse genes have identical functions.\nB: Synteny conservation means that the physical distance between genes is the same in both species.\nC: Synteny conservation is an indication that the regulatory regions of genes are identical between the species.\nD: Synteny conservation suggests that the evolutionary rate of genes is the same in both species.\nE: Synteny conservation indicates that the genes are likely to be functionally related and may be co-regulated.\nF: Synteny conservation implies that the genes are not subject to natural selection.\nG: Synteny conservation means that the genes are always located on the same chromosome in both species.\nH: Synteny conservation is irrelevant to the functional analysis of genes.\nI: Synteny conservation indicates that the genes have the same number of exons and introns.\nJ: Synteny conservation suggests that the genes are likely to be part of the same operon.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn time-out, a disruptive child who wants to stay with his or her class is removed from the classroom. This exemplifies\nOptions:\nA: negative reinforcement\nB: extrinsic reinforcement\nC: intrinsic reinforcement\nD: operant conditioning\nE: positive punishment\nF: observational learning\nG: omission training\nH: positive reinforcement\nI: classical conditioning\nJ: negative punishment", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn 1985, a landowner, the undisputed owner of an apartment building, leased it to a tenant for a term of seven years. Rent was to be paid in installments due on the first day of each month. One year later, in 1986, the landowner died leaving no heirs. In her will, the landowner left her entire estate to the Girl Scouts of America. The apartment building was not specifically mentioned in the will. One month after the landowner died, the tenant, having learned of the landowner's death, decided to remain on the property, but stopped paying rent. The Girl Scouts of America organization was unaware of the landowner's gift to the organization until 2009, when attorneys for the organization conducted an inventory of testamentary gifts to the Girl Scouts of America, which revealed that they had a claim to ownership of the apartment building. The statutory period for adverse possession in this jurisdiction is 20 years. In an ejection action by the Girl Scouts of America against the tenant, the organization will prevail\nOptions:\nA: if the tenant believed that his lease with the landowner was still in effect after the latter died.\nB: because the Girl Scouts of America did not know about their ownership until 2009.\nC: because the tenant discontinued paying rent following the landowner's death.\nD: if the tenant was never formally notified about the landowner's will.\nE: if the tenant leased the apartment building to a teacher for three years while he (the tenant) was called into military service.\nF: because the statutory period for adverse possession had not yet been reached.\nG: if the tenant claimed to have bought the apartment building from the landowner before her death.\nH: because the tenant never paid taxes on the apartment building.\nI: if the tenant made significant improvements to the apartment building.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWayne W. tells Dr. Pete Pannick that his partner is threatening to harm Dr. Panniclc because he's not happy with the advice that Wayne is getting in therapy. Dr. Panniclc knows that Wayne's partner has engaged in violent behavior in the past and believes the threat is serious. Dr. Panniclc:\nOptions:\nA: should continue to see Wayne in therapy and ask Wayne to bring his partner to the next session to discuss the situation.\nB: should continue seeing Wayne in therapy but, with his permission, contact the police to discuss the threat.\nC: may terminate therapy with Wayne but only after providing him with pre-termination counseling and appropriate referrals.\nD: may terminate therapy with Raymond.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following techniques is best suited for studying the conformational changes in proteins at the single-molecule level, and why?\n\nA: X-ray crystallography, because it provides high-resolution structural information.\nB: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, because it can be performed in solution and provides detailed structural information.\nC: Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), because it can directly visualize individual molecules and measure forces.\nD: Mass spectrometry, because it can identify post-translational modifications and protein interactions.\nE: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), because it can measure distances between specific sites within a protein.\nF: Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, because it can provide information on the secondary structure of proteins.\nG: Single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, because it can track the dynamics of individual protein molecules in real time.\nH: Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), because it can study the solution structure of proteins.\nI: Electron microscopy, because it can provide high-resolution images of protein complexes.\nJ: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), because it can measure the thermal stability of proteins.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA tech company is launching a new mobile app that collects user data for personalized services. To ensure ethical data use and user trust, which of the following strategies would best balance data protection, user privacy, and the company's need for data to improve user experience?\n\nA: Collecting as much data as possible without explicit user consent to enhance the app's functionality.\nB: Providing a clear and concise privacy policy, with opt-in options for data collection and regular updates on data usage.\nC: Using a complex and lengthy terms of service document that users must agree to without offering a summary or explanation.\nD: Limiting data collection to only what is necessary for the app's core functions, with no additional options for users to opt out.\nE: Implementing a user-friendly settings menu that allows users to control what data is collected and how it is used, with transparent communication about the benefits and risks.\nF: Sharing user data with third-party partners without user knowledge to maximize the app's revenue.\nG: Offering users incentives to share more data, with minimal information about how the data will be used.\nH: Conducting regular third-party audits of data practices and publishing the results to maintain transparency.\nI: Focusing on collecting only anonymized data, with no options for users to opt out of data collection.\nJ: Implementing a strict data minimization policy, where only the bare minimum data is collected, and providing users with detailed control over their data settings.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following materials is most likely to exhibit a significant change in its bandgap energy when reduced to nanoscale dimensions, due to quantum confinement effects?\n\nA: 10 nm gold nanoparticles\nB: 20 nm silicon quantum dots\nC: 50 nm graphene sheets\nD: 100 nm silver nanowires\nE: 200 nm silica nanoparticles\nF: 5 nm cadmium selenide quantum dots\nG: 10 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles\nH: 50 nm gold nanorods\nI: 100 nm iron oxide nanoparticles\nJ: 200 nm carbon nanotubes", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following techniques is most appropriate for quantifying the concentration of a specific metabolite in a complex biological matrix?\nA: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)\nB: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy\nC: Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)\nD: Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)\nE: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)\nF: Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)\nG: X-ray Crystallography\nH: Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)\nI: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)\nJ: Fluorescence Spectroscopy", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following processes is primarily responsible for the amplification of a cellular signal in the context of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling?\nA: Phosphorylation of the GPCR by protein kinases\nB: Internalization of the GPCR via clathrin-mediated endocytosis\nC: Activation of adenylyl cyclase by G proteins\nD: Receptor dimerization with another GPCR\nE: Inactivation of G-proteins by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)\nF: Ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the GPCR\nG: Binding of inhibitory G proteins (Gi) to adenylyl cyclase\nH: Inhibition of GPCR signaling by arrestins\nI: Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) by G proteins\nJ: Conversion of GTP to GDP on the Gα subunit by intrinsic GTPase activity", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA financial firm is using a data-driven approach to optimize its investment portfolio. The firm has access to various data sources, including historical stock prices, economic indicators, and news sentiment analysis. The goal is to predict future stock performance and allocate assets to maximize returns while managing risk.\n\nWhich of the following methods would be the most effective for integrating these data sources and achieving the firm's investment goals, considering the need for accurate predictions and dynamic portfolio adjustments?\n\nA: Use a simple moving average model to predict stock prices based on historical data alone.\nB: Implement a deep learning model that incorporates all available data sources, including historical stock prices, economic indicators, and news sentiment, to predict stock performance and optimize the portfolio.\nC: Rely on expert judgment and manual analysis of the data to make investment decisions.\nD: Use a static, rule-based system to allocate assets based on fixed thresholds and historical data.\nE: Apply a time-series forecasting model that only considers historical stock prices, ignoring economic indicators and news sentiment.\nF: Develop a hybrid model that combines machine learning predictions with expert judgment to make final investment decisions.\nG: Use a linear regression model that predicts stock performance based solely on economic indicators, without considering historical stock prices or news sentiment.\nH: Implement a decision tree model that classifies investment opportunities into fixed categories based on economic indicators.\nI: Utilize a Bayesian network to model the relationships between all data sources and predict stock performance, but make final decisions based on fixed rules.\nJ: Employ a reinforcement learning algorithm that continuously learns from new data and adjusts the portfolio in real-time to optimize returns and manage risk.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn a hypothetical universe where the dark energy density \\( \\rho_{\\text{DE}} \\) varies as a function of time, \\( \\rho_{\\text{DE}}(t) \\), and is given by \\( \\rho_{\\text{DE}}(t) = \\rho_0 (1 + \\alpha t) \\), where \\( \\rho_0 \\) is the initial dark energy density and \\( \\alpha \\) is a positive constant, which of the following best describes the long-term behavior of the universe's expansion?\n\nA: The expansion will decelerate and eventually stop.\nB: The expansion will continue to accelerate indefinitely.\nC: The expansion will decelerate and then start to re-collapse.\nD: The expansion will decelerate but never stop.\nE: The expansion will accelerate until a certain point and then decelerate.\nF: The expansion will oscillate between acceleration and deceleration.\nG: The expansion will asymptotically approach a constant rate.\nH: The expansion will initially decelerate, then accelerate, and finally reach a constant rate.\nI: The expansion will initially accelerate, then decelerate, and finally reach a constant rate.\nJ: The expansion will follow a completely unpredictable pattern.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following artifacts, discovered in the region of ancient Mesopotamia, is known for its detailed account of the reigns of Sumerian kings and has been crucial for understanding the chronology of the early Mesopotamian dynasties?\nA: The Stele of Hammurabi\nB: The Code of Ur-Nammu\nC: The Kudurru of Meli-Shipak\nD: The Codex of Eshnunna\nE: The Sumerian King List\nF: The Vase of Gudea\nG: The Code of Lipit-Ishtar\nH: The Law Code of Ur-Namma\nI: The Cylinder of Gudea\nJ: The Laws of the City of Lagash", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nII. (50 points)\nFrom an $n$-term non-constant rational arithmetic sequence, what is the maximum number of terms that can be selected to form a geometric sequence $(n \\in \\mathbf{N})$?", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA marketing team is planning a new campaign and wants to optimize their approach using customer data. They have detailed information on customer preferences, past campaign responses, and demographic data. Which of the following strategies would best leverage advanced data analytics to enhance the effectiveness of the campaign?\n\nA: Use a single, broad marketing message to reach all customers and maintain consistency.\nB: Segment the customer base using machine learning algorithms and tailor marketing messages to each segment.\nC: Focus exclusively on the most profitable customer segments and disregard the rest.\nD: Implement a randomized controlled trial to test different marketing messages and analyze the results.\nE: Use predictive analytics to forecast customer behavior and personalize marketing interactions.\nF: Rely on traditional marketing techniques and avoid using data analytics.\nG: Conduct large-scale surveys with all customers and create a generalized marketing strategy.\nH: Use A/B testing to compare the effectiveness of different marketing strategies and make data-driven decisions.\nI: Outsource the marketing campaign to an external agency without providing customer data.\nJ: Develop a dynamic content strategy that adapts to customer feedback and real-time data.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of the Hartree-Fock (HF) method, which of the following statements correctly describes the impact of electron correlation on the accuracy of the HF energy for a molecule?\n\nA: Electron correlation is fully accounted for in the HF method, making it highly accurate.\nB: Electron correlation is neglected in the HF method, leading to systematic underestimation of the true energy.\nC: Electron correlation is neglected in the HF method, leading to systematic overestimation of the true energy.\nD: Electron correlation is partially accounted for in the HF method, improving its accuracy.\nE: Electron correlation has no significant impact on the HF energy.\nF: Electron correlation is only important for molecules with more than two electrons.\nG: Electron correlation is fully accounted for in the HF method for molecules with a bond length close to \\( R_0 \\).\nH: Electron correlation is only neglected in the HF method for molecules with a bond length significantly larger than \\( R_0 \\).\nI: Electron correlation is only neglected in the HF method for molecules with a bond length significantly smaller than \\( R_0 \\).\nJ: Electron correlation is partially accounted for in the HF method for molecules with a bond length significantly larger than \\( R_0 \\).", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA manufacturing company is looking to enhance its supply chain resilience and reduce operational risks. The company operates in an industry with volatile demand and long supplier lead times. Given the following constraints and goals:\n\n1. The company must ensure a service level of at least 98% to meet customer expectations.\n2. The company aims to reduce the impact of supply chain disruptions by diversifying its supplier base.\n3. The company needs to optimize inventory levels to minimize holding costs while maintaining high service levels.\n4. The company must balance the cost of transportation and the need for rapid response to market changes.\n\nWhich of the following strategies is most likely to achieve these goals while maintaining or improving supply chain resilience?\n\nA: Establish a single, highly reliable supplier to ensure consistent quality and reduce complexity.\nB: Implement a dual-sourcing strategy with suppliers in different regions to mitigate the risk of disruptions.\nC: Increase safety stock levels to buffer against demand volatility and supplier delays.\nD: Centralize inventory management to a single, large distribution center to streamline operations.\nE: Invest in advanced supply chain simulation tools to predict and manage disruptions more effectively.\nF: Develop a collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) system with key suppliers.\nG: Outsource all inventory management to a third-party logistics (3PL) provider to reduce operational costs.\nH: Implement a demand-driven lean manufacturing system to align production with real-time demand.\nI: Increase the frequency of production runs to reduce lead times, even if it increases setup costs.\nJ: Invest in a comprehensive risk management system to identify and mitigate potential supply chain risks.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA circular drumhead of radius \\( R \\) is fixed at its boundary and set into vibration. The wave equation for the drumhead is given by \\( \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial t^2} = c^2 \\left( \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial r^2} + \\frac{1}{r} \\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial r} + \\frac{1}{r^2} \\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial \\theta^2} \\right) \\), where \\( u(r,\\theta,t) \\) is the displacement of the drumhead, \\( c \\) is the wave speed, and \\( r \\) and \\( \\theta \\) are the radial and angular coordinates, respectively. The drumhead is initially at rest and has an initial displacement given by \\( u(r,\\theta,0) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\), where \\( J_0 \\) is the Bessel function of the first kind of order zero, and \\( \\alpha \\) is the first positive root of \\( J_0 \\). What is the displacement \\( u(r,\\theta,t) \\) at any time \\( t \\)?\n\nA: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\cos\\left(\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nB: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\sin\\left(\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nC: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_1\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\cos\\left(\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nD: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_1\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\sin\\left(\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nE: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\sin\\left(\\frac{2\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nF: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{2\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\cos\\left(\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nG: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\cos\\left(\\frac{2\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nH: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_1\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) \\sin\\left(\\frac{2\\alpha ct}{R}\\right) \\)\nI: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_0\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) e^{-\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}} \\)\nJ: \\( u(r,\\theta,t) = A J_1\\left(\\frac{\\alpha r}{R}\\right) e^{-\\frac{\\alpha ct}{R}} \\)", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following genetic disorders is characterized by a defect in the protein responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the nuclear envelope, leading to symptoms such as muscle weakness, cardiomyopathy, and accelerated aging?\n\nA: Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy\nB: Osteogenesis Imperfecta\nC: Marfan Syndrome\nD: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome\nE: Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome\nF: Pompe Disease\nG: Myotonic Dystrophy\nH: Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease\nI: Hemophilia\nJ: Sickle Cell Anemia", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nCalculate the total electric potential energy of a thin spherical conducting shell of radius R and carrying charge q.\nOptions:\nA: {2q^2 / (4\\pi\\epsilon_0R)} joules\nB: {q^2 / (2\\pi\\epsilon_0R)} joules\nC: {q^2R / (4\\pi\\epsilon_0)} joules\nD: {q^2 / (4\\pi\\epsilon_0)} joules\nE: {q^2 / (16\\pi\\epsilon_0R)} joules\nF: {q^2 / (4\\pi\\epsilon_0R^2)} joules\nG: {q^3 / (8\\pi\\epsilon_0R^2)} joules\nH: {q^2 / (8\\pi\\epsilon_0R)} joules\nI: {q^2 / (π\\epsilon_0R)} joules\nJ: {q^2 / (4\\pi\\epsilon_0R)} joules", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWe have an empty equilateral triangle with length of a side $l$. We put the triangle, horizontally, over a sphere of radius $r$. Clearly, if the triangle is small enough, the triangle is held by the sphere. Which is the distance between any vertex of the triangle and the centre of the sphere (as a function of $l$ and $r$)?", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn a gas of hard-sphere molecules at a temperature \\( T \\) and number density \\( n \\), the mean free path \\( \\lambda \\) is given by \\( \\lambda = \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2} \\pi d^2 n} \\), where \\( d \\) is the diameter of the molecules. Suppose the gas is in a cubic container of side length \\( L \\) and the molecules are subjected to a uniform electric field \\( E \\) along one of the container's edges. The electric field causes the molecules to drift with a velocity \\( v_d = \\mu E \\), where \\( \\mu \\) is the mobility of the molecules. If the mean free path \\( \\lambda \\) is much smaller than the side length \\( L \\), and the gas is in a steady state, what is the probability \\( P \\) that a molecule will travel a distance \\( L \\) without colliding with another molecule?\n\nA: \\( P = \\frac{L}{\\lambda} \\)\nB: \\( P = \\frac{\\lambda}{L} \\)\nC: \\( P = \\frac{L - \\lambda}{L} \\)\nD: \\( P = \\frac{\\lambda}{L + \\lambda} \\)\nE: \\( P = \\frac{L - \\lambda}{L - \\lambda/2} \\)\nF: \\( P = \\frac{L + \\lambda}{2L} \\)\nG: \\( P = e^{-L/\\lambda} \\)\nH: \\( P = \\frac{L^2 - \\lambda^2}{L^2} \\)\nI: \\( P = \\frac{\\lambda^2}{L^2} \\)\nJ: \\( P = \\frac{L^2 - \\lambda^2}{L^2 + \\lambda^2} \\)", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n14. 何種類型的起重機必須遵守起重機和起重作業的相關法規 (A)吊升荷重在 0.\n 5 公噸至 3.0 公噸的起重機 (B)吊升荷重大於 3 公噸的起重機 (C)吊升荷重 0.\n 5 公噸以下 (D)所有的起重機 。", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nLet $ABC$ be an equilateral triangle and a point M inside the triangle such that $MA^2 = MB^2 +MC^2$. Draw an equilateral triangle $ACD$ where $D \\ne B$. Let the point $N$ inside $\\vartriangle ACD$ such that $AMN$ is an equilateral triangle. Determine $\\angle BMC$.\n\n", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nII. (25 points) Given 15 quadratic equations $x^{2}-p_{i} x+q_{i}=0(i=1,2, \\cdots, 15)$ with coefficients $p_{i} 、 q_{i}$ taking values from $1,2, \\cdots, 30$, and these coefficients are all distinct. If an equation has a root greater than 20, it is called a \"good equation.\" Find the maximum number of good equations.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nFolkoro\nIn a certain state, the airline system is arranged in such a way that each city is connected by air routes\nto no more than three other cities, and from any city, you can reach any other city with no more than one\ntransfer. What is the maximum number of cities that can be in this state?", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn computational chemistry, which of the following techniques is best suited for enhancing the sampling of rare events in the reaction pathways of complex systems?\nA: Steered molecular dynamics (SMD)\nB: Transition path sampling (TPS)\nC: Umbrella sampling\nD: Metadynamics\nE: Replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD)\nF: Coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD)\nG: Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid methods\nH: Enhanced sampling with machine learning potentials\nI: Hamiltonian replica exchange (HREX)\nJ: Standard molecular dynamics (MD) with a single long trajectory", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA healthcare provider is using data analytics to improve patient outcomes and operational efficiency. They have collected extensive data on patient health records, treatment outcomes, and operational processes. Which of the following strategies, when implemented using advanced data analytics, would most effectively enhance patient care while reducing operational costs and ensuring regulatory compliance?\n\nA: Implementing a real-time patient monitoring system that alerts healthcare providers to critical changes in patient conditions, but without integrating this data with electronic health records.\nB: Using predictive analytics to forecast patient readmission rates and proactively address risk factors, while also optimizing staff scheduling to ensure adequate coverage.\nC: Focusing solely on reducing the length of hospital stays by streamlining discharge processes, without considering the impact on patient recovery.\nD: Implementing a centralized data repository for all patient data, but using only basic analytics tools for decision-making.\nE: Deploying machine learning algorithms to personalize treatment plans based on patient data, but not integrating these insights with operational processes.\nF: Utilizing natural language processing (NLP) to analyze patient feedback and improve service quality, but not integrating these insights with clinical data.\nG: Developing a comprehensive data governance framework to ensure data quality and security, while also using advanced analytics to optimize resource allocation.\nH: Using data analytics to create detailed patient profiles and personalized health plans, but without optimizing operational workflows.\nI: Implementing a hybrid cloud solution to store and process patient data, but not leveraging real-time analytics for immediate patient care.\nJ: Creating a data-driven decision-making culture that integrates insights from all departments, but without a clear strategy for data integration and analytics.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nLet \\( f(x) \\) be an arbitrary function and \\( n \\in \\mathbf{N}_{+} \\). Then\n$$\nf(x+n)=f(x)+C_{n}^{1} \\Delta f(x)+C_{n}^{2} \\Delta^{2} f(x)+\\cdots+C_{n}^{n} \\Delta^{n} f(x) .\n$$", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nRisolvere la seguente equazione: √(4 - 3√(10 - 3x)) = x - 2.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nRobert Rogers is a real estate salesman whose commission is 3.5% of his sales. He is married and claims three exemptions. Last month his sales were $256,225. What were Robert's gross earnings, standard deductions, and net earnings?\nOptions:\nA: $8,967.88, $2,586.84, $7,381.04\nB: $9,217.88, $2,586.84, $6,631.04\nC: $8967.88, $2586.84, $6381.04\nD: $9,000.00, $2,586.84, $6,413.16\nE: $8967.88, $2075.67, $6381.04\nF: $8,900.00, $2,075.67, $6,824.33\nG: $256,225, $2075.67, $6381.04\nH: $256,225, $2586.84, $6381.04\nI: $8,967.88, $3,000.00, $5,967.88\nJ: $8,967.88, $2,500.00, $6,467.88", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of pathogen evolution, how does the concept of \"antigenic shift\" in influenza viruses influence the effectiveness of seasonal flu vaccines, and what evolutionary mechanism primarily drives this phenomenon?\nA: Antigenic shift increases vaccine effectiveness by stabilizing the virus's surface proteins.\nB: Antigenic shift decreases vaccine effectiveness by introducing new viral subtypes through genetic recombination.\nC: Antigenic shift has no impact on vaccine effectiveness as it does not change the virus's surface proteins.\nD: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by point mutations in the hemagglutinin gene.\nE: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by natural selection pressure from the host immune system.\nF: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria.\nG: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by changes in the viral polymerase fidelity.\nH: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by the host's genetic background.\nI: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.\nJ: Antigenic shift is primarily driven by random genetic drift in the viral population.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich neural circuit is primarily involved in the regulation of the body's stress response and the release of stress hormones in response to a perceived threat?\nA: The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop\nB: The reticular activating system\nC: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis\nD: The amygdala-hippocampal circuit\nE: The cerebellar-cortical circuit\nF: The sensorimotor cortex circuit\nG: The dopaminergic midbrain circuit\nH: The visual-auditory convergence circuit\nI: The somatosensory-motor integration circuit\nJ: The prefrontal cortex-amygdala circuit", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following statements accurately describes the role of the core muscles during a push-up exercise, considering the stability and alignment of the spine and pelvis?\n\nA: The rectus abdominis muscles are primarily responsible for maintaining pelvic stability during the entire push-up movement.\nB: The external oblique muscles act as the primary stabilizers of the scapula during the push-up.\nC: The transversus abdominis and multifidus muscles work together to maintain spinal stability during the push-up.\nD: The serratus anterior muscles are the primary agonists for shoulder flexion during the push-up.\nE: The latissimus dorsi muscles are primarily responsible for maintaining shoulder blade retraction during the push-up.\nF: The pectoralis major muscles are the primary stabilizers of the lumbar spine during the push-up.\nG: The internal oblique muscles are the primary agonists for hip flexion during the push-up.\nH: The erector spinae muscles are primarily responsible for pelvic tilt during the push-up.\nI: The gluteus maximus muscles are the primary stabilizers of the thoracic spine during the push-up.\nJ: The trapezius muscles are primarily responsible for maintaining shoulder joint stability during the push-up.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nQuarterfinal 1 (Time limit: 3 mins per integral)\n\nQ1. $\\int\\log(x)\\left(\\left(\\frac xe\\right)^x+\\left(\\frac ex\\right)^x\\right)\\,dx$\n\nQ2. $\\int_0^\\infty\\frac{\\sin^3(x)}x\\,dx$\n\nQ3. $\\int\\det\\begin{pmatrix}x&1&0&0&0\\\\1&x&1&0&0\\\\0&1&x&1&0\\\\0&0&1&x&1\\\\0&0&0&1&x\\end{pmatrix}\\,dx$\n\nQuarterfinal 2 (Time limit: 3 mins per integral)\n\nQ4. $\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\int_0^1\\sum_{k=1}^n\\frac{(kx)^4}{n^5}\\,dx$\n\nQ5. $\\int_0^1\\frac{\\log(1+x^2+x^3+x^4+x^5+x^6+x^7+x^9)}x\\,dx$\n\nQ6. $\\int_0^1(1-\\sqrt[2024]x)^{2024}\\,dx$\n\nQuarterfinal 3 (Time limit: 3 mins per integral)\n\nQ7. $\\int_0^{2\\pi}\\left\\lvert\\left\\{\\lfloor\\sin x\\rfloor,\\lfloor\\cos x\\rfloor,\\lfloor\\tan x\\rfloor,\\lfloor\\cot x\\rfloor\\right\\}\\right\\rvert\\,dx$\n(Here $\\lvert S\\rvert$ refers to the cardinality of the set $S$.)\n\nQ8. $\\int_0^\\infty\\frac{dx}{(x+1)(\\log^2(x)+\\pi^2)}$\n\nQ9. $\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\frac1n\\int_0^n\\max(\\{x\\},\\{\\sqrt2x\\},\\{\\sqrt3x\\})\\,dx$\n(Here $\\{t\\}\\coloneqq t-\\lfloor t\\rfloor$ denotes the fractional part of $t$.)\n\nQuarterfinal 4 (Time limit: 3 mins per integral)\n\nQ10. $\\int\\frac{e^{2x}}{(1-e^x)^{2024}}\\,dx$\n\nQ11. $\\lim_{n\\to\\infty}\\log_n\\left(\\int_0^1(1-x^3)^n\\,dx\\right)$\n\nQ12. $\\int\\frac{\\sin x}{1+\\sin x}\\cdot\\frac{\\cos x}{1+\\cos x}\\,dx$\n\nQuarterfinal tiebreakers (Time limit: 3 mins per integral)\n\nQ13. $\\int_0^{2024}x^{2024}\\log_{2024}(x)\\,dx$\n\nQ14. $\\lim_{t\\to\\infty}\\int_0^2\\left(x^{-2024t}\\prod_{n=1}^{2024}\\sin(nx^t)\\right)\\,dx$\n\nThe integration bee is currently live as of this post! ([url=https://web.mit.edu/webcast/math/iap24/]livestream[/url], [url=https://math.mit.edu/~yyao1/integrationbee.html]website[/url])", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA man decided to stop at a drive-through hamburger stand for a late snack. As he drove up to the drive- through line, the manager of the hamburger stand informed him through the intercom system that the restaurant was closing and no further orders would be accepted. She told the man that the last car to be served was the one directly in front of him. The man became angry and yelled into the intercom machine, \"Listen, babe, I am hungry. I want two cheeseburgers, a large order of fries, and a Coke. \" The manager retorted, \"I'm terribly sorry, but we cannot accept your order. \"Shortly thereafter, the manager handed the food order to the passengers in the car immediately in front of the man's. When the man saw the manager serving that car, he became very angry, drove his automobile up to the service window and shouted at the manager, \"You can't do this to me. \" When the manager laughed, the man suddenly reached into the car's glove compartment and pulled out a gun. He aimed at the manager and fired the weapon, intending to hit her. The bullet missed the manager but hit a customer, wounding him in the head. In an action by the customer against the man for battery, the customer will be\nOptions:\nA: successful, because the man caused harm with his actions, regardless of his intent.\nB: unsuccessful, because the man was not aiming at the customer.\nC: unsuccessful, because the manager could have prevented the situation by accepting the man's order.\nD: successful, because the man was acting recklessly and created a dangerous situation.\nE: unsuccessful, because the man could not foresee that the bullet would hit anyone other than the manager.\nF: unsuccessful, because the man was provoked by the manager's refusal to serve him.\nG: unsuccessful, because the man did not intend to shoot the customer.\nH: successful, because there was a \"substantial certainty\" that the customer would be hit by the bullet.\nI: successful, because the man intended to shoot the manager.\nJ: successful, because the bullet from the man's gun directly caused the customer's injury.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nGiven the point M ($4\\sqrt {2}$, $\\frac{\\pi}{4}$) in the polar coordinate system, the polar coordinate equation of the curve C is $\\rho^2 = \\frac{12}{1+2\\sin^{2}\\theta}$. Point N moves on the curve C. Establish a rectangular coordinate system with the pole as the coordinate origin and the positive half of the polar axis as the x-axis. The parameter equation of line 1 is $\\begin{cases} x=6+t \\\\ y=t \\end{cases}$ (t is the parameter).\n(I) Find the ordinary equation of line 1 and the parameter equation of curve C;\n(II) Find the minimum distance of the distance from the midpoint P of line segment MN to line 1.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nFind all $f: \\mathbb{N}^{*} \\longrightarrow \\mathbb{N}^{*}$ such that $\\forall m, n$ :\n\n$$\nf\\left(f(m)^{2}+2 f(n)^{2}\\right)=m^{2}+2 n^{2}\n$$", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nConsider a multinational corporation operating in multiple countries with varying trade policies, exchange rates, and economic conditions. The corporation is assessing the impact of a potential new trade agreement that will significantly reduce tariffs and non-tariff barriers between two major economic blocs, while also introducing stricter environmental and labor standards. Which of the following strategies is most likely to maximize the corporation's long-term profitability and sustainability under these new conditions?\n\nA: Focus on short-term cost reductions by relocating production to the country with the lowest labor costs, regardless of environmental and labor standards.\nB: Invest in automation and technology to reduce dependency on labor, thereby mitigating the impact of stricter labor standards.\nC: Diversify the supply chain to include more suppliers from both economic blocs to leverage the reduced tariffs and spread risk.\nD: Increase investment in research and development to innovate and create products that meet the new environmental and labor standards, potentially commanding premium prices.\nE: Form strategic alliances with local companies in both economic blocs to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory environment and consumer preferences.\nF: Lobby for the relaxation of environmental and labor standards to maintain current operational costs.\nG: Increase marketing efforts in emerging markets to offset the potential increase in production costs due to stricter standards.\nH: Implement a just-in-time inventory system to reduce holding costs and improve cash flow.\nI: Focus on strengthening relationships with key suppliers and customers to ensure a stable and reliable supply chain.\nJ: Reduce the scale of operations in both economic blocs to minimize exposure to regulatory risks and focus on other markets.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nSolve the following system of equations:\n\n$$\n105(x+y)=120(y+z)=168(z+x)=x y z .\n$$", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA mixture of water and ethanol is prepared with a mole fraction of water of 0.60 . If a small change in the mixture composition results in an increase in the chemical potential of water by $0.25 \\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$, by how much will the chemical potential of ethanol change?\nOptions:\nA: 0.15 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nB: -0.15 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nC: 0.60 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nD: 0.25 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nE: -0.25 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nF: 0.38 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nG: -0.20 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nH: -0.75 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nI: -0.38 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$\nJ: -0.60 $\\mathrm{~J} \\mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIf\n\\[\\frac{y}{x-z}=\\frac{x+y}{z}=\\frac{x}{y}\\]\nfor three positive numbers $x,y$ and $z$, all different, then $\\frac{x}{y}=$\n$\\text{(A) } \\frac{1}{2}\\quad \\text{(B) } \\frac{3}{5}\\quad \\text{(C) } \\frac{2}{3}\\quad \\text{(D) } \\frac{5}{3}\\quad \\text{(E) } 2$", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIf a bank has $1000 in checking deposits and the bank is required to reserve $250 what is the reserve ratio? How much does the bank have in excess reserves? What is the size of the money multiplier?\nOptions:\nA: 75% $250 M = 4\nB: 25% $750 M = ¼\nC: 30% $700 M = 3.33\nD: 40% $600 M = 2.5\nE: 50% $500 M = 2\nF: 60% $400 M = 1.67\nG: 25% $750 M = 4\nH: 35% $650 M = 2.86\nI: 20% $800 M = 5\nJ: 75% $750 M = ¼", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nThe weight percent of sodium hydroxide dissolved in water is 50%. What is the mole fraction of sodium hydroxide?\nOptions:\nA: 31.00%\nB: 0.164\nC: 0.311\nD: 0.5", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following signaling pathways is primarily responsible for the regulation of cell growth and survival, and is often activated in response to growth factors and insulin, involving key molecules such as AKT and mTOR?\nA: MAPK/ERK pathway\nB: Wnt/β-catenin pathway\nC: JAK-STAT pathway\nD: PI3K/AKT pathway\nE: Notch signaling pathway\nF: Hedgehog signaling pathway\nG: TGF-β signaling pathway\nH: p53 signaling pathway\nI: Cell cycle G1/S checkpoint pathway\nJ: NF-κB signaling pathway", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nHow did Eratosthenes estimate the size of Earth in 240 B.C.?\nOptions:\nA: By observing the duration of a solar eclipse.\nB: By measuring the size of Earth's shadow on the Moon in a lunar eclipse.\nC: By comparing the maximum altitude of the Sun in two cities at different latitudes at the same time on the same day.\nD: By sending fleets of ships around Earth.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n5. A certain meeting has 30 participants, each of whom knows at most five others; among any five people, at least two are not acquaintances. Find the largest positive integer $k$, such that in a group of 30 people satisfying the above conditions, there always exists a subgroup of $k$ people, none of whom are acquaintances.\n（Leng Gangsong, Contributed）", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA tech company is expanding its services to include health data management, which involves handling sensitive personal health information (PHI). The company needs to ensure compliance with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) in Canada, and the Australian Privacy Principles (APP). Which of the following approaches would best ensure the company's compliance with all these regulations while maintaining user trust and minimizing operational complexity?\n\nA: Implement a single, comprehensive data protection policy that meets the highest standards of all applicable regulations.\nB: Develop separate data protection policies for each country, tailored to the specific requirements of HIPAA, PIPEDA, and APP.\nC: Focus on HIPAA compliance, assuming it will cover the requirements of PIPEDA and APP.\nD: Outsource health data management to a third-party provider in a jurisdiction with less stringent health data protection laws.\nE: Implement a tiered compliance approach, applying the most stringent requirements to users in the most regulated jurisdictions and less stringent requirements elsewhere.\nF: Develop a hybrid compliance model that integrates the key principles of HIPAA, PIPEDA, and APP, and conduct regular audits to ensure adherence.\nG: Rely on user consent for all data processing activities, regardless of the specific requirements of each regulation.\nH: Limit the collection of personal health information to only what is strictly necessary and implement robust data minimization practices.\nI: Establish a dedicated compliance team for each country to ensure that local laws are strictly followed.\nJ: Use blockchain technology to ensure transparent and immutable data processing, thereby meeting the audit and accountability requirements of all regulations.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following statements is true regarding the use of density functional theory (DFT) in quantum chemical computations?\n\nA: DFT is computationally more expensive than the Hartree-Fock method for all systems.\nB: DFT always provides the exact ground state energy for any molecule.\nC: DFT is based on the wavefunction of the system, similar to post-Hartree-Fock methods.\nD: DFT is less computationally efficient than the Hartree-Fock method but more accurate for large molecules.\nE: DFT can accurately predict excited state energies for all molecules.\nF: DFT is the only method that can handle relativistic effects in heavy atoms.\nG: DFT provides a variational upper bound to the exact ground state energy.\nH: DFT is more accurate than the Hartree-Fock method for systems with strong electron correlation.\nI: DFT is the most computationally efficient method for calculating the electronic structure of large organic molecules.\nJ: DFT can only be used with extended basis sets.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of cardiovascular physiology, consider a patient with a condition that leads to a significant reduction in blood viscosity. How would this change in blood viscosity most likely affect the patient's cardiovascular system?\n\nA: Increased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output, leading to reduced tissue perfusion\nB: Decreased blood pressure and increased cardiac output, leading to improved tissue perfusion\nC: Increased blood pressure and increased cardiac output, leading to hypertension\nD: Decreased blood pressure and decreased cardiac output, leading to hypotension\nE: Normal blood pressure but increased cardiac output, leading to tachycardia\nF: Normal blood pressure but decreased cardiac output, leading to bradycardia\nG: Increased heart rate and decreased stroke volume, leading to reduced cardiac output\nH: Decreased heart rate and increased stroke volume, leading to increased cardiac output\nI: Increased heart rate and increased stroke volume, leading to hypertension\nJ: Decreased heart rate and decreased stroke volume, leading to hypotension", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nAs of 2019, about what percentage of people from Turkey agree that the state is run for the benefit of all the people?\nOptions:\nA: 62%\nB: 55%\nC: 81%\nD: 90%\nE: 40%\nF: 66%\nG: 51%\nH: 70%\nI: 36%\nJ: 75%", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of electron microscopy (EM) for biological samples, which of the following preparation techniques is most likely to preserve the structural integrity of the sample while enhancing contrast and resolution?\n\nA: High temperature dehydration and unstained sample\nB: Room temperature fixation and negative staining\nC: Freeze-drying and heavy metal shadowing\nD: Low temperature embedding and unstained sample\nE: High temperature embedding and positive staining\nF: Room temperature embedding and negative staining\nG: Freeze-drying and unstained sample\nH: Room temperature fixation and heavy metal staining\nI: High temperature dehydration and heavy metal staining\nJ: Low temperature embedding and heavy metal staining", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n33 warriors go on watch for 33 days. On the first day, one warrior should go, on the second day two, on the third day three, and so on, with all the warriors going on the final day. Can Uncle Chernomor organize the watches so that all the warriors go on watch the same number of times?", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nConsider the coordination compound \\([Fe(CN)_6]^{3-}\\). Which of the following statements is true regarding the magnetic properties and ligand field splitting of this complex?\n\nA: The complex is paramagnetic with high spin and has a large crystal field splitting energy.\nB: The complex is diamagnetic with low spin and has a small crystal field splitting energy.\nC: The complex is paramagnetic with low spin and has a large crystal field splitting energy.\nD: The complex is diamagnetic with high spin and has a large crystal field splitting energy.\nE: The complex is paramagnetic with high spin and has a small crystal field splitting energy.\nF: The complex is diamagnetic with low spin and has a large crystal field splitting energy.\nG: The complex is paramagnetic with low spin and has a small crystal field splitting energy.\nH: The complex is diamagnetic with high spin and has a small crystal field splitting energy.\nI: The complex is paramagnetic with high spin and has a moderate crystal field splitting energy.\nJ: The complex is diamagnetic with low spin and has a moderate crystal field splitting energy.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following epigenetic modifications is most commonly associated with the establishment and maintenance of long-term gene silencing, and what is its primary molecular mechanism?\n\nA: DNA methylation, which adds methyl groups to cytosine residues in CpG islands, leading to the recruitment of repressive chromatin factors\nB: Histone acetylation, which increases the positive charge on histone tails, leading to a more open chromatin structure\nC: Histone methylation, which can either activate or repress gene expression depending on the specific lysine residue and the degree of methylation\nD: Chromatin remodeling, which uses ATP to slide, eject, or reposition nucleosomes, altering the accessibility of DNA to transcriptional machinery\nE: Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) interactions, which can recruit chromatin-modifying enzymes to specific genomic regions\nF: DNA demethylation, which removes methyl groups from DNA, often leading to gene activation\nG: Histone phosphorylation, which can alter the interaction between histones and DNA, affecting chromatin structure\nH: Histone ubiquitination, which can mark histones for degradation and influence gene expression\nI: DNA topoisomerase activity, which can relieve DNA supercoiling and affect transcriptional activity\nJ: Histone deacetylation, which removes acetyl groups from histone tails, leading to a more condensed chromatin structure and gene repression", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn the context of regenerative medicine, which of the following approaches would most effectively demonstrate the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in promoting bone regeneration in a critical-size defect model?\nA: Injecting MSCs directly into the defect site and monitoring bone formation using X-ray imaging.\nB: Transfecting MSCs with bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) genes and assessing bone regeneration in vitro using biochemical assays.\nC: Co-culturing MSCs with osteoblasts and evaluating the mineralization of the extracellular matrix using Alizarin Red staining.\nD: Encapsulating MSCs in a biodegradable scaffold and implanting the construct into the defect site, then assessing bone formation using micro-CT scans.\nE: Using CRISPR-Cas9 to knock out genes involved in osteogenesis in MSCs and evaluating the impact on bone formation in a mouse model.\nF: Transplanting MSCs into a mouse with a genetic bone disorder and evaluating the correction of the disorder.\nG: Performing a transcriptomic analysis of MSCs before and after differentiation into osteoblasts to identify key regulatory genes.\nH: Inducing MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro and then transplanting them into the defect site to assess their integration and function.\nI: Culturing MSCs in a medium containing osteogenic growth factors and assessing their differentiation into osteoblasts using immunocytochemistry.\nJ: Using MSCs to generate bone organoids and studying their development over time using live-cell imaging.", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following processes is primarily responsible for the establishment of epigenetic marks during early embryonic development, and what is the specific molecular mechanism involved?\n\nA: DNA methylation; through the de novo activity of DNMT3a and DNMT3b\nB: Histone modification; through the action of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs)\nC: Non-coding RNA; through the regulation of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs)\nD: Chromatin remodeling; through the action of SWI/SNF complexes\nE: DNA methylation; through the maintenance activity of DNMT1\nF: Histone modification; through the recruitment of histone methyltransferases by transcription factors\nG: Non-coding RNA; through the interaction with Argonaute proteins\nH: Chromatin remodeling; through the alteration of nucleosome spacing\nI: DNA methylation; through the activity of TET enzymes\nJ: Histone modification; through the inheritance of histone variants", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n下列關於「學術自由」之敘述，何者錯誤？ \n(A)憲法上之講學自由規定為對於學術自由之制度性保障 \n(B)為保障學術自由應承認大學自治之制度 \n(C)大學自治制度包含學習自由之保障 \n(D)大學欠缺法律之授權而制定學則限制學生之學習自由，違反法律保留原則", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nIn a given economy, households save 10% of their incomes; the current income tax burden is 25%; planned investments are expected to be $60 billion; and the trade deficit is about $2.5 billion. Current government expenditures are $270 billion per year. The full capacity GNP level is $1,060 billion. What is the current deficit? What is the full em-ployment deficit? Compare the two. Is the current budget expansionary or contractionary ? Explain.\nOptions:\nA: $18.07 billion\nB: $12.5 billion\nC: $22.3 billion\nD: $30 billion\nE: $10 billion\nF: $15 billion\nG: $35 billion\nH: $20 billion\nI: $25 billion\nJ: $17 billion", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nA black bishop and a white king are placed randomly on a $2000 \\times 2000$ chessboard (in distinct squares). Let $p$ be the probability that the bishop attacks the king (that is, the bishop and king lie on some common diagonal of the board). Then $p$ can be expressed in the form $\\tfrac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Compute $m$.\n\n[i]Proposed by Ahaan Rungta[/i]", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking on", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\n(7) A number table composed of several rows of numbers, starting from the second row, each number in the row is equal to the sum of the two numbers above it, the last row contains only one number, the first row is the first 100 positive integers arranged in ascending order, then the number in the last row is $\\qquad$ (exponential notation can be used).", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nWhich of the following methods is most suitable for the long-term monitoring of groundwater contamination by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a rural area with limited resources?\nA: Continuous flow injection analysis\nB: Portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)\nC: Passive diffusion bag samplers\nD: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)\nE: Field portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry\nF: Groundwater modeling software\nG: Remote sensing via satellite imagery\nH: In-situ sensor networks with real-time data transmission\nI: Manual grab sampling and laboratory analysis\nJ: Bioreporter bacteria for on-site detection", "role": "user" } ]

[ { "content": "detailed thinking off", "role": "system" }, { "content": "You will be given a problem. Please reason step by step, and put your final answer within \\boxed{}:\nSei \\(ABCD\\) ein konvexes Viereck, wobei \\(K\\), \\(L\\), \\(M\\) und \\(N\\) die Mittelpunkte der Seiten \\(AB\\), \\(BC\\), \\(CD\\) und \\(DA\\) sind. Beweisen Sie, dass der Schnittpunkt der Segmente \\(KM\\) und \\(LN\\) der Mittelpunkt dieser Segmente ist, sowie der Mittelpunkt des Segments, das die Mittelpunkte der Diagonalen verbindet.", "role": "user" } ]