SentenceTransformer based on BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5 on the trivia dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5
Maximum Sequence Length: 196 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity
Training Dataset:
- trivia
Language: en

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 196, 'do_lower_case': True}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': True, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("bwang0911/bge-int8")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Where in Australia was swashbuckling Errol Flynn born?',
    'Errol Flynn Blood" (1935), Major Geoffrey Vickers in "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1936), as well as a number of Westerns, such as "Dodge City" (1939), "Santa Fe Trail" (1940), and "San Antonio" (1945). Errol Leslie Flynn was born on 20 June 1909 in Battery Point, a suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. His father, Theodore Thomson Flynn, was a lecturer (1909) and later professor (1911) of biology at the University of Tasmania. His mother was born Lily Mary Young, but shortly after marrying Theodore at St John\'s Church of England, Birchgrove, Sydney, on 23 January 1909, she changed her first name',
    'Errol Flynn early in his career: Errol Flynn Errol Leslie Thomson Flynn (20 June 1909 – 14 October 1959) was an Australian-born American actor during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Considered the natural successor to Douglas Fairbanks, he achieved worldwide fame for his romantic swashbuckler roles in Hollywood films, as well as frequent partnerships with Olivia de Havilland. He was best known for his role as Robin Hood in "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (1938); his portrayal of the character was named by the American Film Institute as the 18th greatest hero in American film history. His other famous roles included the',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Information Retrieval

Datasets: NanoClimateFEVER, NanoDBPedia, NanoFEVER, NanoFiQA2018, NanoHotpotQA, NanoMSMARCO, NanoNFCorpus, NanoNQ, NanoQuoraRetrieval, NanoSCIDOCS, NanoArguAna, NanoSciFact and NanoTouche2020
Evaluated with InformationRetrievalEvaluator

Metric	NanoClimateFEVER	NanoDBPedia	NanoFEVER	NanoFiQA2018	NanoHotpotQA	NanoMSMARCO	NanoNFCorpus	NanoNQ	NanoQuoraRetrieval	NanoSCIDOCS	NanoArguAna	NanoSciFact	NanoTouche2020
cosine_accuracy@1	0.28	0.6	0.64	0.3	0.66	0.38	0.34	0.26	0.86	0.34	0.18	0.56	0.4694
cosine_accuracy@3	0.46	0.78	0.9	0.38	0.78	0.5	0.5	0.48	0.96	0.48	0.52	0.66	0.7347
cosine_accuracy@5	0.54	0.84	0.92	0.42	0.82	0.6	0.56	0.64	0.96	0.6	0.64	0.68	0.8163
cosine_accuracy@10	0.68	0.92	0.94	0.48	0.92	0.74	0.6	0.72	1.0	0.7	0.8	0.84	0.9184
cosine_precision@1	0.28	0.6	0.64	0.3	0.66	0.38	0.34	0.26	0.86	0.34	0.18	0.56	0.4694
cosine_precision@3	0.18	0.52	0.3	0.18	0.3467	0.1667	0.3	0.16	0.4	0.2467	0.1733	0.2333	0.3946
cosine_precision@5	0.132	0.496	0.188	0.128	0.244	0.12	0.3	0.132	0.252	0.204	0.128	0.144	0.3878
cosine_precision@10	0.088	0.432	0.096	0.076	0.142	0.074	0.244	0.076	0.136	0.132	0.08	0.096	0.3265
cosine_recall@1	0.1217	0.0629	0.6167	0.1554	0.33	0.38	0.0121	0.25	0.7473	0.0737	0.18	0.54	0.0357
cosine_recall@3	0.2267	0.1301	0.8567	0.2226	0.52	0.5	0.0406	0.46	0.9253	0.1547	0.52	0.64	0.0855
cosine_recall@5	0.2773	0.1827	0.8767	0.2646	0.61	0.6	0.0587	0.61	0.942	0.2117	0.64	0.66	0.1405
cosine_recall@10	0.349	0.2871	0.8967	0.3058	0.71	0.74	0.0821	0.69	0.9933	0.2727	0.8	0.84	0.2204
cosine_ndcg@10	0.2921	0.5202	0.7847	0.2791	0.6314	0.5328	0.2699	0.465	0.9204	0.272	0.4849	0.6789	0.3691
cosine_mrr@10	0.3988	0.7049	0.7672	0.3567	0.7392	0.4702	0.428	0.3999	0.9073	0.4481	0.3844	0.6334	0.611
cosine_map@100	0.2301	0.3763	0.7406	0.247	0.5493	0.4806	0.0994	0.3974	0.8925	0.223	0.393	0.6282	0.2939

Nano BEIR

Dataset: NanoBEIR_mean

Evaluated with NanoBEIREvaluator with these parameters:

{
    "dataset_names": [
        "climatefever",
        "dbpedia",
        "fever",
        "fiqa2018",
        "hotpotqa",
        "msmarco",
        "nfcorpus",
        "nq",
        "quoraretrieval",
        "scidocs",
        "arguana",
        "scifact",
        "touche2020"
    ]
}

Metric	Value
cosine_accuracy@1	0.4515
cosine_accuracy@3	0.6257
cosine_accuracy@5	0.6951
cosine_accuracy@10	0.7891
cosine_precision@1	0.4515
cosine_precision@3	0.277
cosine_precision@5	0.2197
cosine_precision@10	0.1537
cosine_recall@1	0.2697
cosine_recall@3	0.4063
cosine_recall@5	0.4672
cosine_recall@10	0.5528
cosine_ndcg@10	0.5
cosine_mrr@10	0.5576
cosine_map@100	0.427

Training Details

Training Dataset

trivia

Dataset: trivia at bfe9460
Size: 60,315 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 8 tokens mean: 15.15 tokens max: 42 tokens	min: 113 tokens mean: 138.92 tokens max: 196 tokens	min: 111 tokens mean: 137.88 tokens max: 196 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`Which American-born Sinclair won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1930?`	Sinclair Lewis Sinclair Lewis Harry Sinclair Lewis (February 7, 1885 – January 10, 1951) was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. In 1930, he became the first writer from the United States to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His works are known for their insightful and critical views of American capitalism and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken wrote of him, "[If] there	Nobel Prize in Literature analyze its importance on potential future Nobel Prize in Literature laureates. Only Alice Munro (2009) has been awarded with both. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent to the Nobel Prize. Like the Nobel or the Man Booker International Prize, it is awarded not for any one work, but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Gabriel García Márquez (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), Czesław Miłosz (1978 Neustadt,
`Where in England was Dame Judi Dench born?`	Judi Dench regular contact with the theatre. Her father, a physician, was also the GP for the York theatre, and her mother was its wardrobe mistress. Actors often stayed in the Dench household. During these years, Judi Dench was involved on a non-professional basis in the first three productions of the modern revival of the York Mystery Plays in 1951, 1954 and 1957. In the third production she played the role of the Virgin Mary, performed on a fixed stage in the Museum Gardens. Though she initially trained as a set designer, she became interested in drama school as her brother Jeff	Judi Dench to independence, published in August 2014, a few weeks before the Scottish referendum. In September 2018, Dench criticized the response to the sexual misconduct allegations made against actor Kevin Spacey, referring to him as a "good friend". Judi Dench Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English actress. Dench made her professional debut in 1957 with the Old Vic Company. Over the following few years, she performed in several of Shakespeare's plays, in such roles as Ophelia in "Hamlet", Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet", and Lady Macbeth in "Macbeth". Although most of her work during this period
`From which country did Angola achieve independence in 1975?`	Corruption in Angola they really are. Angola's colonial era ended with the Angolan War of Independence against Portugal occurred between 1970 and 1975. Independence did not produce a unified Angola, however; the country plunged into years of civil war between the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the governing Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA). 30 years of war would produce historical legacies that combine to allow for the persistence of a highly corrupt government system. The Angolan civil war was fought between the pro-western UNITA and the communist MPLA and had the characteristics typical of a	Cuban intervention in Angola Cuban intervention in Angola In November 1975, on the eve of Angola's independence, Cuba launched a large-scale military intervention in support of the leftist People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) against United States-backed interventions by South Africa and Zaire in support of two right-wing independence movements competing for power in the country, the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA). By the end of 1975 the Cuban military in Angola numbered more than 25,000 troops. Following the withdrawal of Zaire and South Africa, Cuban forces remained in Angola

Loss: MultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
learning_rate: 1e-05
warmup_ratio: 0.1
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 8
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 3
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
tp_size: 0
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs