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license: other
license_name: apple-sample-code-license
license_link: LICENSE

OpenELM: An Efficient Language Model Family with Open Training and Inference Framework

Sachin Mehta, Mohammad Hossein Sekhavat, Qingqing Cao, Maxwell Horton, Yanzi Jin, Chenfan Sun, Iman Mirzadeh, Mahyar Najibi, Dmitry Belenko, Peter Zatloukal, Mohammad Rastegari

We introduce OpenELM, a family of Open Efficient Language Models. OpenELM uses a layer-wise scaling strategy to efficiently allocate parameters within each layer of the transformer model, leading to enhanced accuracy. We pretrained OpenELM models using the CoreNet library. We release both pretrained and instruction tuned models with 270M, 450M, 1.1B and 3B parameters.

Our pre-training dataset contains RefinedWeb, deduplicated PILE, a subset of RedPajama, and a subset of Dolma v1.6, totaling approximately 1.8 trillion tokens. Please check license agreements and terms of these datasets before using them.

See the list below for the details of each model:


from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM

openelm_270m = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-270M", trust_remote_code=True)
openelm_450m = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-450M", trust_remote_code=True)
openelm_1b = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-1_1B", trust_remote_code=True)
openelm_3b = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-3B", trust_remote_code=True)

openelm_270m_instruct = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-270M-Instruct", trust_remote_code=True)
openelm_450m_instruct = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-450M-Instruct", trust_remote_code=True)
openelm_1b_instruct = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct", trust_remote_code=True)
openelm_3b_instruct = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("apple/OpenELM-3B-Instruct", trust_remote_code=True)

Usage

We have provided an example function to generate output from OpenELM models loaded via HuggingFace Hub in generate_openelm.py.

You can try the model by running the following command:

python generate_openelm.py --model [MODEL_NAME] --hf_access_token [HF_ACCESS_TOKEN] --prompt 'Once upon a time there was' --generate_kwargs repetition_penalty=1.2

Please refer to this link to obtain your hugging face access token.

Additional arguments to the hugging face generate function can be passed via generate_kwargs. As an example, to speedup the inference, you can try lookup token speculative generation by passing the prompt_lookup_num_tokens argument as follows:

python generate_openelm.py --model [MODEL_NAME] --hf_access_token [HF_ACCESS_TOKEN] --prompt 'Once upon a time there was' --generate_kwargs repetition_penalty=1.2 prompt_lookup_num_tokens=10

Alternatively, try model-wise speculative generation with an assistive model by passing a smaller model through the assistant_model argument, for example:

python generate_openelm.py --model [MODEL_NAME] --hf_access_token [HF_ACCESS_TOKEN] --prompt 'Once upon a time there was' --generate_kwargs repetition_penalty=1.2 --assistant_model [SMALLER_MODEL_NAME]

Main Results

Zero-Shot

Model Size	ARC-c	ARC-e	BoolQ	HellaSwag	PIQA	SciQ	WinoGrande	Average
OpenELM-270M	26.45	45.08	53.98	46.71	69.75	84.70	53.91	54.37
OpenELM-270M-Instruct	30.55	46.68	48.56	52.07	70.78	84.40	52.72	55.11
OpenELM-450M	27.56	48.06	55.78	53.97	72.31	87.20	58.01	57.56
OpenELM-450M-Instruct	30.38	50.00	60.37	59.34	72.63	88.00	58.96	59.95
OpenELM-1_1B	32.34	55.43	63.58	64.81	75.57	90.60	61.72	63.44
OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct	37.97	52.23	70.00	71.20	75.03	89.30	62.75	65.50
OpenELM-3B	35.58	59.89	67.40	72.44	78.24	92.70	65.51	67.39
OpenELM-3B-Instruct	39.42	61.74	68.17	76.36	79.00	92.50	66.85	69.15

LLM360

Model Size	ARC-c	HellaSwag	MMLU	TruthfulQA	WinoGrande	Average
OpenELM-270M	27.65	47.15	25.72	39.24	53.83	38.72
OpenELM-270M-Instruct	32.51	51.58	26.70	38.72	53.20	40.54
OpenELM-450M	30.20	53.86	26.01	40.18	57.22	41.50
OpenELM-450M-Instruct	33.53	59.31	25.41	40.48	58.33	43.41
OpenELM-1_1B	36.69	65.71	27.05	36.98	63.22	45.93
OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct	41.55	71.83	25.65	45.95	64.72	49.94
OpenELM-3B	42.24	73.28	26.76	34.98	67.25	48.90
OpenELM-3B-Instruct	47.70	76.87	24.80	38.76	67.96	51.22

OpenLLM Leaderboard

Model Size	ARC-c	CrowS-Pairs	HellaSwag	MMLU	PIQA	RACE	TruthfulQA	WinoGrande	Average
OpenELM-270M	27.65	66.79	47.15	25.72	69.75	30.91	39.24	53.83	45.13
OpenELM-270M-Instruct	32.51	66.01	51.58	26.70	70.78	33.78	38.72	53.20	46.66
OpenELM-450M	30.20	68.63	53.86	26.01	72.31	33.11	40.18	57.22	47.69
OpenELM-450M-Instruct	33.53	67.44	59.31	25.41	72.63	36.84	40.48	58.33	49.25
OpenELM-1_1B	36.69	71.74	65.71	27.05	75.57	36.46	36.98	63.22	51.68
OpenELM-1_1B-Instruct	41.55	71.02	71.83	25.65	75.03	39.43	45.95	64.72	54.40
OpenELM-3B	42.24	73.29	73.28	26.76	78.24	38.76	34.98	67.25	54.35
OpenELM-3B-Instruct	47.70	72.33	76.87	24.80	79.00	38.47	38.76	67.96	55.73

See the technical report for more results and comparison.

Evaluation

Setup

Install the following dependencies:


# install public lm-eval-harness

harness_repo="public-lm-eval-harness"
git clone https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness ${harness_repo}
cd ${harness_repo}
# use main branch on 03-15-2024, SHA is dc90fec
git checkout dc90fec
pip install -e .
cd ..

# 66d6242 is the main branch on 2024-04-01 
pip install datasets@git+https://github.com/huggingface/datasets.git@66d6242
pip install tokenizers>=0.15.2 transformers>=4.38.2 sentencepiece>=0.2.0

Evaluate OpenELM


# OpenELM-270M
hf_model=apple/OpenELM-270M

# this flag is needed because lm-eval-harness set add_bos_token to False by default, but OpenELM uses LLaMA tokenizer which requires add_bos_token to be True
tokenizer=meta-llama/Llama-2-7b-hf
add_bos_token=True
batch_size=1

mkdir lm_eval_output

shot=0
task=arc_challenge,arc_easy,boolq,hellaswag,piqa,race,winogrande,sciq,truthfulqa_mc2
lm_eval --model hf \
        --model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token},tokenizer=${tokenizer} \
        --tasks ${task} \
        --device cuda:0 \
        --num_fewshot ${shot} \
        --output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
        --batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log

shot=5
task=mmlu,winogrande
lm_eval --model hf \
        --model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token},tokenizer=${tokenizer} \
        --tasks ${task} \
        --device cuda:0 \
        --num_fewshot ${shot} \
        --output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
        --batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log

shot=25
task=arc_challenge,crows_pairs_english
lm_eval --model hf \
        --model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token},tokenizer=${tokenizer} \
        --tasks ${task} \
        --device cuda:0 \
        --num_fewshot ${shot} \
        --output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
        --batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log

shot=10
task=hellaswag
lm_eval --model hf \
        --model_args pretrained=${hf_model},trust_remote_code=True,add_bos_token=${add_bos_token},tokenizer=${tokenizer} \
        --tasks ${task} \
        --device cuda:0 \
        --num_fewshot ${shot} \
        --output_path ./lm_eval_output/${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot \
        --batch_size ${batch_size} 2>&1 | tee ./lm_eval_output/eval-${hf_model//\//_}_${task//,/_}-${shot}shot.log

Bias, Risks, and Limitations

The release of OpenELM models aims to empower and enrich the open research community by providing access to state-of-the-art language models. Trained on publicly available datasets, these models are made available without any safety guarantees. Consequently, there exists the possibility of these models producing outputs that are inaccurate, harmful, biased, or objectionable in response to user prompts. Thus, it is imperative for users and developers to undertake thorough safety testing and implement appropriate filtering mechanisms tailored to their specific requirements.

Citation

If you find our work useful, please cite:

@article{mehtaOpenELMEfficientLanguage2024,
    title = {{OpenELM}: {An} {Efficient} {Language} {Model} {Family} with {Open} {Training} and {Inference} {Framework}},
    shorttitle = {{OpenELM}},
    url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.14619v1},
    language = {en},
    urldate = {2024-04-24},
    journal = {arXiv.org},
    author = {Mehta, Sachin and Sekhavat, Mohammad Hossein and Cao, Qingqing and Horton, Maxwell and Jin, Yanzi and Sun, Chenfan and Mirzadeh, Iman and Najibi, Mahyar and Belenko, Dmitry and Zatloukal, Peter and Rastegari, Mohammad},
    month = apr,
    year = {2024},
}

@inproceedings{mehta2022cvnets, 
     author = {Mehta, Sachin and Abdolhosseini, Farzad and Rastegari, Mohammad}, 
     title = {CVNets: High Performance Library for Computer Vision}, 
     year = {2022}, 
     booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th ACM International Conference on Multimedia}, 
     series = {MM '22} 
}