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{
    "title": "Acknowledgments: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "Information related to everyone who helped develop this edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook.",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/acknowledgements.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# Acknowledgments

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/acknowledgements.htm)

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) produces the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) under the general guidance and direction of Kirk Mueller, Assistant Commissioner for Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, and Michael Wolf, Division Chief of Employment Projections. Kathleen Green, Branch Chief of Outreach and Publications, and Francisco Velez, Jr., Branch Chief of Projections Research and Analysis, provided planning and day-to-day direction.

Staff responsible for research and preparation of material in the*OOH*included Domingo Angeles, Javier Colato, Ryan Farrell, Elsbeth Hamilton, Lindsey Ice, Stanislava Ilic-Godfrey, William Lawhorn, Sofia Laycock, Christine Machovec, Sarah Mattson, Michael J. Rieley, Victoria Roderick, Emily Rolen, Patricia Tate, and Elka Torpey.

Other projections data produced for the*OOH*were provided by Daniel Elmore, Nicholas Hale, Maria Hussain, Youyang Li, Nicholas Orsini, and Dustin Riles under the direction of Samuel Rinde, Branch Chief of Macro and Input-Output. Data-processing and technical support were provided by Cal Hockemeyer, Alan Lacey, Curtisjames Miller, Eraj Mohiuddin, and William O'Brien under the supervision of Andrew O'Bar, Branch Chief of Employment Systems and Processing. Other projections data produced for EP and project management support were provided by Kevin Dubina, Amy Hopson, Meredith Miller, and An Nguyen under the supervision of Emily Krutsch, Branch Chief of Special Projects.

Editorial support was provided by staff in the Office of Publications: Ryan Ansell, Richard Hernandez, Lisa Huynh, Harry Nitzberg, John C. Roach, and Jonathan Yoe under the supervision of Maureen Soyars Hicks, Branch Chief of Special Publications, and Karen Ransom, Division Chief of Publishing Services. Technical and computer-programming support was provided by the Office of Technology and Survey Processing: Aju Cherian, Robbin Galloway, Janiece Johnson, Jerie Refugia, and Sabrina Worthington under the supervision of Thao Do, Branch Chief, and Jo-Ann Yu, Division Chief of Enterprise Web Systems.

Most of the photographs used in the*OOH*are stock photographs; however, BLS wishes to express its appreciation to the organizations that contributed photographs. Situations portrayed in the photographs may not be free of every possible safety or health hazard. The depiction of a company or trade name in no way constitutes endorsement by the U.S. Department of Labor.

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Acknowledgments,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

PERCUSSION INNER ENDRecommend this page using:[Facebook](javascript:void(0);)[Twitter](javascript:void(0);)[LinkedIn](javascript:void(0);)<div><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\"><img src=\"/images/icons/google.png\"></a><span><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\">Google+</a></span></div>
    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "CareerInfo App: Handheld OOH: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "The CareerInfo app helps you find data and information about employment, pay, job outlook, how to become one, and more for hundreds of detailed occupations. You can browse by occupational groups and titles or search by occupation or keywords. Within occupational groups, the app allows you to sort by occupation title, projected growth, and typical education or median pay.",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/app.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# CareerInfo App: Handheld OOH

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/app.htm)

BLS has partnered with the U.S. Department of Labor’s Office of the Chief Information Officer to develop the*CareerInfo*app, available for[Apple IOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/careerinfo/id1476300397)and[Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.dol.ooh_occupational_handbook&hl=en_US)devices.*CareerInfo*presents information from the*[Occupational Outlook Handbook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)*(*OOH*), the most popular BLS resource for career information.

The*CareerInfo*app helps you find data and information about employment, pay, job outlook, how to become one, and more for hundreds of detailed occupations. You can browse by occupational groups and titles or search by occupation or keywords. Within occupational groups, the app allows you to sort by occupation title, projected growth, and typical education or median pay.

You'll even be able to personalize the app by filtering searches and by “liking,” saving, viewing, and comparing favorites.

Check out the new*CareerInfo*app and explore the occupational information and data produced by BLS. You’ll be glad you did!

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, CareerInfo App: Handheld OOH ,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

PERCUSSION INNER ENDRecommend this page using:[Facebook](javascript:void(0);)[Twitter](javascript:void(0);)[LinkedIn](javascript:void(0);)<div><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\"><img src=\"/images/icons/google.png\"></a><span><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\">Google+</a></span></div>
    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "Speaking and Listening: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/emp/skills/speaking-and-listening.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

1COL CMS LAYOUT COL1 ENDno_index_endOneColHeadBasic EndEmployment ProjectionsSHARE ON:[Bureau of Labor Statistics](https://www.bls.gov)>[Employment Projections](/emp/)>Home

- [Employment Projections](/emp/)

- Home

## Speaking and listening

Communicates verbally to convey, exchange, and receive ideas and information.

Other available formats: ([XLSX](/emp/skills/skills.xlsx))

| 2023 National Employment Matrix title | 2023 National Employment Matrix code | Skill score[1] | Employment, 2023 | Employment, 2033 | Employment change, numeric, 2023–33 | Employment change, percent, 2023–33 |

\| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |

\| Clergy | 21-2011 | 4.3 | 260.1 | 266.7 | 6.5 | 2.5 |

\| Disc jockeys, except radio[2] | 27-2091 | 4.3 | 21.0 | 22.1 | 1.1 | 5.1 |

\| Broadcast announcers and radio disc jockeys | 27-3011 | 4.3 | 26.5 | 25.4 | -1.1 | -4.0 |

\| Education teachers, postsecondary | 25-1081 | 4.2 | 77.2 | 79.7 | 2.5 | 3.3 |

\| Public relations managers[2] | 11-2032 | 4.1 | 78.4 | 83.8 | 5.4 | 6.9 |

\| Religious workers, all other[2] | 21-2099 | 4.1 | 83.8 | 85.7 | 1.9 | 2.2 |

\| Judges, magistrate judges, and magistrates | 23-1023 | 4.1 | 25.9 | 26.8 | 0.9 | 3.4 |

\| Agricultural sciences teachers, postsecondary | 25-1041 | 4.1 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 0.5 | 4.8 |

\| Biological science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1042 | 4.1 | 64.9 | 70.3 | 5.4 | 8.4 |

\| Atmospheric, earth, marine, and space sciences teachers, postsecondary | 25-1051 | 4.1 | 14.4 | 15.0 | 0.5 | 3.8 |

\| Law teachers, postsecondary | 25-1112 | 4.1 | 19.0 | 19.4 | 0.4 | 2.2 |

\| Social work teachers, postsecondary | 25-1113 | 4.1 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 0.5 | 3.6 |

\| Art, drama, and music teachers, postsecondary | 25-1121 | 4.1 | 127.4 | 130.9 | 3.5 | 2.7 |

\| Communications teachers, postsecondary | 25-1122 | 4.1 | 35.0 | 36.2 | 1.2 | 3.3 |

\| English language and literature teachers, postsecondary | 25-1123 | 4.1 | 70.1 | 70.9 | 0.8 | 1.1 |

\| Public relations specialists | 27-3031 | 4.1 | 308.0 | 327.2 | 19.2 | 6.2 |

\| Chief executives | 11-1011 | 4.0 | 313.9 | 331.1 | 17.2 | 5.5 |

\| Legislators[2] | 11-1031 | 4.0 | 33.7 | 35.0 | 1.4 | 4.1 |

\| Education administrators, kindergarten through secondary | 11-9032 | 4.0 | 316.6 | 315.0 | -1.6 | -0.5 |

\| Political scientists | 19-3094 | 4.0 | 6.2 | 6.3 | 0.2 | 2.6 |

\| Lawyers | 23-1011 | 4.0 | 859.0 | 903.3 | 44.2 | 5.2 |

\| Business teachers, postsecondary | 25-1011 | 4.0 | 104.9 | 111.9 | 7.0 | 6.7 |

\| Architecture teachers, postsecondary | 25-1031 | 4.0 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 0.3 | 3.2 |

\| Forestry and conservation science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1043 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.1 | 5.0 |

\| Anthropology and archeology teachers, postsecondary | 25-1061 | 4.0 | 6.3 | 6.5 | 0.2 | 3.8 |

\| Area, ethnic, and cultural studies teachers, postsecondary | 25-1062 | 4.0 | 14.7 | 15.3 | 0.5 | 3.6 |

\| Sociology teachers, postsecondary | 25-1067 | 4.0 | 16.1 | 16.6 | 0.5 | 3.4 |

\| History teachers, postsecondary | 25-1125 | 4.0 | 25.8 | 26.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 |

\| Postsecondary teachers, all other[2] | 25-1199 | 4.0 | 202.5 | 209.0 | 6.5 | 3.2 |

\| Secondary school teachers, except special and career/technical education | 25-2031 | 4.0 | 1,071.4 | 1,064.5 | -6.9 | -0.6 |

\| Career/technical education teachers, secondary school | 25-2032 | 4.0 | 89.6 | 88.9 | -0.7 | -0.8 |

\| Instructional coordinators | 25-9031 | 4.0 | 225.2 | 229.3 | 4.1 | 1.8 |

\| Producers and directors | 27-2012 | 4.0 | 167.9 | 181.5 | 13.5 | 8.0 |

\| Coaches and scouts | 27-2022 | 4.0 | 307.1 | 334.0 | 26.9 | 8.8 |

\| News analysts, reporters, and journalists | 27-3023 | 4.0 | 49.8 | 48.4 | -1.4 | -2.7 |

\| Advertising and promotions managers | 11-2011 | 3.9 | 22.2 | 21.7 | -0.6 | -2.6 |

\| Fundraising managers[2] | 11-2033 | 3.9 | 38.2 | 40.5 | 2.3 | 5.9 |

\| Education administrators, all other[2] | 11-9039 | 3.9 | 57.7 | 59.1 | 1.4 | 2.5 |

\| Lodging managers | 11-9081 | 3.9 | 53.3 | 58.6 | 5.3 | 9.9 |

\| Emergency management directors | 11-9161 | 3.9 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 0.5 | 4.0 |

\| Fundraisers | 13-1131 | 3.9 | 125.9 | 133.3 | 7.4 | 5.9 |

\| Training and development specialists | 13-1151 | 3.9 | 420.1 | 468.6 | 48.5 | 11.5 |

\| Epidemiologists | 19-1041 | 3.9 | 11.0 | 13.1 | 2.1 | 18.8 |

\| Industrial-organizational psychologists | 19-3032 | 3.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 0.5 | 5.8 |

\| Clinical and counseling psychologists | 19-3033 | 3.9 | 76.8 | 87.0 | 10.2 | 13.3 |

\| Urban and regional planners | 19-3051 | 3.9 | 45.2 | 47.1 | 2.0 | 4.3 |

\| Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors | 21-1018 | 3.9 | 449.8 | 534.3 | 84.5 | 18.8 |

\| Child, family, and school social workers | 21-1021 | 3.9 | 365.9 | 383.8 | 17.9 | 4.9 |

\| Health education specialists | 21-1091 | 3.9 | 62.1 | 66.4 | 4.3 | 7.0 |

\| Engineering teachers, postsecondary | 25-1032 | 3.9 | 48.8 | 53.3 | 4.5 | 9.2 |

\| Chemistry teachers, postsecondary | 25-1052 | 3.9 | 25.4 | 26.2 | 0.9 | 3.4 |

\| Environmental science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1053 | 3.9 | 9.1 | 9.4 | 0.4 | 3.9 |

\| Political science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1065 | 3.9 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 0.7 | 3.3 |

\| Psychology teachers, postsecondary | 25-1066 | 3.9 | 51.1 | 53.6 | 2.6 | 5.0 |

\| Social sciences teachers, postsecondary, all other[2] | 25-1069 | 3.9 | 20.3 | 20.8 | 0.6 | 2.7 |

\| Health specialties teachers, postsecondary | 25-1071 | 3.9 | 284.2 | 337.5 | 53.3 | 18.8 |

\| Nursing instructors and teachers, postsecondary | 25-1072 | 3.9 | 89.9 | 105.9 | 16.1 | 17.9 |

\| Library science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1082 | 3.9 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 0.2 | 4.2 |

\| Criminal justice and law enforcement teachers, postsecondary | 25-1111 | 3.9 | 16.1 | 16.6 | 0.5 | 2.9 |

\| Foreign language and literature teachers, postsecondary | 25-1124 | 3.9 | 26.1 | 26.4 | 0.3 | 1.0 |

\| Elementary school teachers, except special education | 25-2021 | 3.9 | 1,441.0 | 1,430.4 | -10.7 | -0.7 |

\| Middle school teachers, except special and career/technical education | 25-2022 | 3.9 | 640.0 | 635.3 | -4.7 | -0.7 |

\| Farm and home management educators | 25-9021 | 3.9 | 9.8 | 9.7 | -0.2 | -1.7 |

\| Actors | 27-2011 | 3.9 | 76.0 | 79.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 |

\| Media and communication workers, all other[2] | 27-3099 | 3.9 | 27.0 | 29.1 | 2.2 | 8.0 |

\| Pediatricians, general | 29-1221 | 3.9 | 37.7 | 38.5 | 0.8 | 2.1 |

\| Advertising sales agents | 41-3011 | 3.9 | 111.6 | 104.2 | -7.4 | -6.6 |

\| Flight attendants | 53-2031 | 3.9 | 130.3 | 143.2 | 12.9 | 9.9 |

\| Marketing managers | 11-2021 | 3.8 | 389.1 | 420.8 | 31.7 | 8.2 |

\| Human resources managers | 11-3121 | 3.8 | 208.9 | 222.5 | 13.5 | 6.5 |

\| Training and development managers | 11-3131 | 3.8 | 43.2 | 46.4 | 3.2 | 7.3 |

\| Education administrators, postsecondary | 11-9033 | 3.8 | 216.4 | 222.7 | 6.2 | 2.9 |

\| Postmasters and mail superintendents | 11-9131 | 3.8 | 13.2 | 12.8 | -0.4 | -3.0 |

\| Atmospheric and space scientists | 19-2021 | 3.8 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 0.6 | 5.6 |

\| Psychologists, all other[2] | 19-3039 | 3.8 | 56.6 | 59.4 | 2.9 | 5.0 |

\| Sociologists | 19-3041 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 6.9 |

\| Anthropologists and archeologists | 19-3091 | 3.8 | 8.7 | 9.3 | 0.7 | 7.8 |

\| Social scientists and related workers, all other[2] | 19-3099 | 3.8 | 39.2 | 40.6 | 1.3 | 3.4 |

\| Educational, guidance, and career counselors and advisors | 21-1012 | 3.8 | 360.8 | 377.0 | 16.2 | 4.5 |

\| Counselors, all other[2] | 21-1019 | 3.8 | 65.9 | 75.4 | 9.5 | 14.4 |

\| Mental health and substance abuse social workers | 21-1023 | 3.8 | 123.7 | 138.1 | 14.4 | 11.6 |

\| Social workers, all other[2] | 21-1029 | 3.8 | 69.0 | 72.8 | 3.8 | 5.5 |

\| Community health workers | 21-1094 | 3.8 | 63.4 | 71.7 | 8.3 | 13.1 |

\| Community and social service specialists, all other[2] | 21-1099 | 3.8 | 103.6 | 109.8 | 6.1 | 5.9 |

\| Directors, religious activities and education | 21-2021 | 3.8 | 155.9 | 159.4 | 3.5 | 2.2 |

\| Computer science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1021 | 3.8 | 45.0 | 47.7 | 2.7 | 6.1 |

\| Mathematical science teachers, postsecondary | 25-1022 | 3.8 | 58.5 | 60.4 | 1.9 | 3.3 |

\| Physics teachers, postsecondary | 25-1054 | 3.8 | 17.7 | 18.4 | 0.7 | 3.7 |

\| Economics teachers, postsecondary | 25-1063 | 3.8 | 15.5 | 16.0 | 0.5 | 3.5 |

\| Geography teachers, postsecondary | 25-1064 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 4.3 |

\| Philosophy and religion teachers, postsecondary | 25-1126 | 3.8 | 26.4 | 27.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 |

\| Recreation and fitness studies teachers, postsecondary | 25-1193 | 3.8 | 16.2 | 16.7 | 0.6 | 3.4 |

\| Career/technical education teachers, postsecondary | 25-1194 | 3.8 | 121.8 | 121.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 |

\| Career/technical education teachers, middle school | 25-2023 | 3.8 | 12.2 | 12.1 | -0.1 | -0.9 |

\| Special education teachers, kindergarten and elementary school[2] | 25-2052 | 3.8 | 212.7 | 211.2 | -1.6 | -0.7 |

\| Special education teachers, middle school | 25-2057 | 3.8 | 88.6 | 87.8 | -0.8 | -0.9 |

\| Special education teachers, secondary school | 25-2058 | 3.8 | 159.5 | 158.6 | -0.9 | -0.6 |

\| Special education teachers, all other[2] | 25-2059 | 3.8 | 45.1 | 46.0 | 1.0 | 2.1 |

\| Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other[2] | 27-2099 | 3.8 | 35.7 | 38.3 | 2.6 | 7.3 |

\| Editors | 27-3041 | 3.8 | 114.2 | 111.9 | -2.3 | -2.0 |

\| Speech-language pathologists | 29-1127 | 3.8 | 180.8 | 214.1 | 33.3 | 18.4 |

\| Emergency medicine physicians[2] | 29-1214 | 3.8 | 37.6 | 39.0 | 1.3 | 3.5 |

\| Family medicine physicians | 29-1215 | 3.8 | 120.3 | 126.1 | 5.7 | 4.8 |

\| First-line supervisors of police and detectives | 33-1012 | 3.8 | 144.5 | 150.0 | 5.5 | 3.8 |

\| Detectives and criminal investigators | 33-3021 | 3.8 | 113.4 | 116.0 | 2.6 | 2.3 |

\| Concierges | 39-6012 | 3.8 | 41.8 | 44.0 | 2.3 | 5.4 |

\| Reservation and transportation ticket agents and travel clerks | 43-4181 | 3.8 | 123.8 | 128.5 | 4.7 | 3.8 |

\| Public safety telecommunicators | 43-5031 | 3.8 | 102.7 | 106.8 | 4.1 | 4.0 |

\| Air traffic controllers | 53-2021 | 3.8 | 24.0 | 24.7 | 0.7 | 2.9 |

\| Sales managers | 11-2022 | 3.7 | 584.8 | 619.1 | 34.3 | 5.9 |

\| Financial managers | 11-3031 | 3.7 | 837.1 | 975.3 | 138.3 | 16.5 |

\| Purchasing managers | 11-3061 | 3.7 | 81.3 | 85.4 | 4.1 | 5.1 |

\| Architectural and engineering managers | 11-9041 | 3.7 | 210.2 | 221.8 | 11.6 | 5.5 |

\| Medical and health services managers | 11-9111 | 3.7 | 562.7 | 723.3 | 160.6 | 28.5 |

\| Social and community service managers | 11-9151 | 3.7 | 199.5 | 215.9 | 16.4 | 8.2 |

\| Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes | 13-1011 | 3.7 | 18.6 | 20.4 | 1.7 | 9.2 |

\| Human resources specialists | 13-1071 | 3.7 | 933.7 | 1,007.9 | 74.2 | 7.9 |

\| Labor relations specialists | 13-1075 | 3.7 | 65.8 | 65.6 | -0.2 | -0.3 |

\| Project management specialists[2] | 13-1082 | 3.7 | 973.6 | 1,043.4 | 69.9 | 7.2 |

\| Management analysts | 13-1111 | 3.7 | 1,018.3 | 1,126.2 | 107.9 | 10.6 |

\| Meeting, convention, and event planners | 13-1121 | 3.7 | 149.0 | 158.9 | 9.9 | 6.6 |

\| Animal scientists | 19-1011 | 3.7 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 7.9 |

\| Physicists | 19-2012 | 3.7 | 21.1 | 22.6 | 1.5 | 7.2 |

\| Survey researchers | 19-3022 | 3.7 | 9.7 | 9.7 | 0.0 | -0.2 |

\| School psychologists | 19-3034 | 3.7 | 65.5 | 66.0 | 0.5 | 0.7 |

\| Marriage and family therapists | 21-1013 | 3.7 | 76.0 | 88.2 | 12.3 | 16.2 |

\| Healthcare social workers | 21-1022 | 3.7 | 193.2 | 211.9 | 18.7 | 9.7 |

\| Family and consumer sciences teachers, postsecondary | 25-1192 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 0.1 | 4.3 |

\| Kindergarten teachers, except special education | 25-2012 | 3.7 | 122.7 | 121.8 | -0.8 | -0.7 |

\| Curators | 25-4012 | 3.7 | 14.2 | 16.0 | 1.7 | 12.2 |

\| Librarians and media collections specialists | 25-4022 | 3.7 | 142.2 | 146.4 | 4.2 | 2.9 |

\| Teaching assistants, except postsecondary[2] | 25-9045 | 3.7 | 1,389.2 | 1,381.0 | -8.2 | -0.6 |

\| Educational instruction and library workers, all other[2] | 25-9099 | 3.7 | 127.2 | 129.7 | 2.5 | 2.0 |

\| Art directors | 27-1011 | 3.7 | 126.6 | 133.2 | 6.6 | 5.2 |

\| Choreographers | 27-2032 | 3.7 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 0.3 | 5.3 |

\| Writers and authors | 27-3043 | 3.7 | 150.7 | 158.4 | 7.7 | 5.1 |

\| Interpreters and translators | 27-3091 | 3.7 | 78.3 | 80.1 | 1.8 | 2.3 |

\| Physician assistants | 29-1071 | 3.7 | 153.4 | 197.1 | 43.7 | 28.5 |

\| Recreational therapists | 29-1125 | 3.7 | 16.6 | 17.3 | 0.7 | 4.3 |

\| Exercise physiologists | 29-1128 | 3.7 | 21.5 | 23.7 | 2.2 | 10.4 |

\| Nurse practitioners | 29-1171 | 3.7 | 292.5 | 427.9 | 135.5 | 46.3 |

\| Audiologists | 29-1181 | 3.7 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 1.6 | 10.9 |

\| Neurologists | 29-1217 | 3.7 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 0.7 | 6.8 |

\| Psychiatrists | 29-1223 | 3.7 | 27.0 | 29.1 | 2.1 | 7.6 |

\| Radiologists | 29-1224 | 3.7 | 34.3 | 35.6 | 1.2 | 3.6 |

\| Physicians, all other[2] | 29-1229 | 3.7 | 337.0 | 350.1 | 13.1 | 3.9 |

\| First-line supervisors of correctional officers | 33-1011 | 3.7 | 55.5 | 54.6 | -0.9 | -1.6 |

\| First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other[2] | 33-1099 | 3.7 | 20.7 | 21.6 | 0.8 | 4.0 |

\| Fish and game wardens | 33-3031 | 3.7 | 6.8 | 6.5 | -0.3 | -5.0 |

\| Police and sheriff's patrol officers | 33-3051 | 3.7 | 674.2 | 700.6 | 26.4 | 3.9 |

\| Transit and railroad police | 33-3052 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 3.5 |

\| Chefs and head cooks | 35-1011 | 3.7 | 187.1 | 202.6 | 15.5 | 8.3 |

\| Tour and travel guides | 39-7010 | 3.7 | 56.3 | 61.7 | 5.3 | 9.5 |

\| First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers | 41-1012 | 3.7 | 347.8 | 351.9 | 4.1 | 1.2 |

\| Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, technical and scientific products | 41-4011 | 3.7 | 325.3 | 335.3 | 10.0 | 3.1 |

\| Real estate sales agents | 41-9022 | 3.7 | 430.7 | 438.7 | 7.9 | 1.8 |

\| Sales engineers | 41-9031 | 3.7 | 59.7 | 63.4 | 3.7 | 6.3 |

\| Sales and related workers, all other[2] | 41-9099 | 3.7 | 137.2 | 142.6 | 5.3 | 3.9 |

\| Telephone operators | 43-2021 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 3.5 | -1.2 | -26.4 |

\| Compensation and benefits managers | 11-3111 | 3.6 | 19.1 | 19.5 | 0.4 | 2.1 |

\| Education and childcare administrators, preschool and daycare | 11-9031 | 3.6 | 80.9 | 79.2 | -1.7 | -2.1 |

\| Gambling managers | 11-9071 | 3.6 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 0.3 | 5.1 |

\| Entertainment and recreation managers, except gambling[2] | 11-9072 | 3.6 | 35.8 | 39.7 | 3.9 | 10.8 |

\| Natural sciences managers | 11-9121 | 3.6 | 100.1 | 107.6 | 7.5 | 7.5 |

\| Funeral home managers | 11-9171 | 3.6 | 35.8 | 37.4 | 1.6 | 4.5 |

\| Personal service managers, all other[2] | 11-9179 | 3.6 | 27.9 | 29.8 | 1.9 | 6.9 |

\| Managers, all other[2] | 11-9199 | 3.6 | 1,282.5 | 1,356.2 | 73.7 | 5.7 |

\| Logisticians | 13-1081 | 3.6 | 237.1 | 282.9 | 45.8 | 19.3 |

\| Market research analysts and marketing specialists | 13-1161 | 3.6 | 903.4 | 978.3 | 74.9 | 8.3 |

\| Business operations specialists, all other[2] | 13-1199 | 3.6 | 1,181.5 | 1,245.3 | 63.8 | 5.4 |

\| Financial and investment analysts[2] | 13-2051 | 3.6 | 347.4 | 380.5 | 33.1 | 9.5 |

\| Personal financial advisors | 13-2052 | 3.6 | 321.0 | 375.9 | 55.0 | 17.1 |

\| Computer user support specialists | 15-1232 | 3.6 | 725.3 | 762.5 | 37.2 | 5.1 |

\| Landscape architects | 17-1012 | 3.6 | 24.7 | 25.8 | 1.2 | 4.7 |

\| Agricultural engineers | 17-2021 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 7.8 |

\| Health and safety engineers, except mining safety engineers and inspectors | 17-2111 | 3.6 | 23.1 | 24.3 | 1.2 | 5.1 |

\| Soil and plant scientists | 19-1013 | 3.6 | 20.3 | 21.7 | 1.5 | 7.2 |

\| Zoologists and wildlife biologists | 19-1023 | 3.6 | 18.8 | 19.6 | 0.8 | 4.4 |

\| Medical scientists, except epidemiologists | 19-1042 | 3.6 | 146.6 | 163.4 | 16.8 | 11.5 |

\| Astronomers | 19-2011 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 7.4 |

\| Environmental scientists and specialists, including health | 19-2041 | 3.6 | 84.6 | 90.7 | 6.1 | 7.3 |

\| Geoscientists, except hydrologists and geographers | 19-2042 | 3.6 | 26.0 | 27.4 | 1.4 | 5.5 |

\| Economists | 19-3011 | 3.6 | 17.5 | 18.4 | 0.9 | 5.1 |

\| Geographers | 19-3092 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.5 |

\| Historians | 19-3093 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 5.7 |

\| Forensic science technicians | 19-4092 | 3.6 | 18.6 | 21.2 | 2.5 | 13.6 |

\| Occupational health and safety specialists | 19-5011 | 3.6 | 125.9 | 144.7 | 18.8 | 14.9 |

\| Rehabilitation counselors | 21-1015 | 3.6 | 87.6 | 89.2 | 1.6 | 1.8 |

\| Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists | 21-1092 | 3.6 | 90.7 | 94.0 | 3.2 | 3.6 |

\| Social and human service assistants | 21-1093 | 3.6 | 433.0 | 467.4 | 34.4 | 7.9 |

\| Judicial law clerks | 23-1012 | 3.6 | 15.6 | 16.1 | 0.5 | 3.4 |

\| Administrative law judges, adjudicators, and hearing officers | 23-1021 | 3.6 | 15.8 | 16.1 | 0.3 | 2.1 |

\| Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators | 23-1022 | 3.6 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 0.5 | 6.1 |

\| Adult basic education, adult secondary education, and english as a second language instructors | 25-3011 | 3.6 | 41.7 | 36.4 | -5.3 | -12.7 |

\| Substitute teachers, short-term[2] | 25-3031 | 3.6 | 473.3 | 489.2 | 15.9 | 3.4 |

\| Tutors | 25-3041 | 3.6 | 195.1 | 196.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 |

\| Teaching assistants, postsecondary | 25-9044 | 3.6 | 184.6 | 192.1 | 7.4 | 4.0 |

\| Interior designers | 27-1025 | 3.6 | 92.2 | 95.9 | 3.7 | 4.0 |

\| Set and exhibit designers | 27-1027 | 3.6 | 29.6 | 31.1 | 1.5 | 5.1 |

\| Music directors and composers | 27-2041 | 3.6 | 50.3 | 51.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 |

\| Film and video editors | 27-4032 | 3.6 | 47.2 | 49.4 | 2.2 | 4.7 |

\| Oral and maxillofacial surgeons | 29-1022 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 0.2 | 3.3 |

\| Dietitians and nutritionists | 29-1031 | 3.6 | 81.3 | 87.3 | 6.0 | 7.4 |

\| Optometrists | 29-1041 | 3.6 | 49.3 | 53.6 | 4.3 | 8.7 |

\| Podiatrists | 29-1081 | 3.6 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 0.1 | 1.4 |

\| Occupational therapists | 29-1122 | 3.6 | 150.5 | 167.3 | 16.8 | 11.1 |

\| Therapists, all other[2] | 29-1129 | 3.6 | 43.2 | 48.3 | 5.1 | 11.8 |

\| Nurse anesthetists | 29-1151 | 3.6 | 49.9 | 55.1 | 5.2 | 10.4 |

\| Nurse midwives | 29-1161 | 3.6 | 7.2 | 7.7 | 0.5 | 7.1 |

\| Anesthesiologists | 29-1211 | 3.6 | 36.1 | 37.6 | 1.5 | 4.0 |

\| Cardiologists[2] | 29-1212 | 3.6 | 16.4 | 17.2 | 0.8 | 5.0 |

\| Dermatologists | 29-1213 | 3.6 | 13.0 | 13.9 | 0.9 | 7.1 |

\| General internal medicine physicians | 29-1216 | 3.6 | 73.8 | 76.3 | 2.5 | 3.4 |

\| Obstetricians and gynecologists | 29-1218 | 3.6 | 21.3 | 22.0 | 0.7 | 3.3 |

\| Physicians, pathologists | 29-1222 | 3.6 | 11.8 | 12.5 | 0.6 | 5.5 |

\| Athletic trainers | 29-9091 | 3.6 | 34.3 | 38.7 | 4.3 | 12.7 |

\| Genetic counselors | 29-9092 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 0.6 | 16.1 |

\| First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers | 33-1021 | 3.6 | 87.0 | 90.7 | 3.6 | 4.2 |

\| Correctional officers and jailers | 33-3012 | 3.6 | 370.9 | 346.0 | -24.8 | -6.7 |

\| First-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers, except gambling services[2] | 39-1014 | 3.6 | 123.3 | 134.6 | 11.2 | 9.1 |

\| First-line supervisors of personal service workers | 39-1022 | 3.6 | 155.9 | 171.7 | 15.8 | 10.1 |

\| Morticians, undertakers, and funeral arrangers | 39-4031 | 3.6 | 25.3 | 26.1 | 0.9 | 3.5 |

\| Recreation workers | 39-9032 | 3.6 | 300.0 | 316.5 | 16.5 | 5.5 |

\| Residential advisors | 39-9041 | 3.6 | 95.7 | 100.7 | 5.0 | 5.2 |

\| Insurance sales agents | 41-3021 | 3.6 | 547.6 | 581.0 | 33.4 | 6.1 |

\| Travel agents | 41-3041 | 3.6 | 68.8 | 71.2 | 2.3 | 3.4 |

\| Demonstrators and product promoters | 41-9011 | 3.6 | 56.5 | 59.2 | 2.8 | 4.9 |

\| Real estate brokers | 41-9021 | 3.6 | 113.6 | 115.8 | 2.2 | 2.0 |

\| Switchboard operators, including answering service | 43-2011 | 3.6 | 44.9 | 33.6 | -11.3 | -25.2 |

\| Communications equipment operators, all other[2] | 43-2099 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 5.1 |

\| Eligibility interviewers, government programs | 43-4061 | 3.6 | 160.0 | 164.9 | 5.0 | 3.1 |

\| Loan interviewers and clerks | 43-4131 | 3.6 | 206.1 | 201.2 | -4.9 | -2.4 |

\| First-line supervisors of production and operating workers | 51-1011 | 3.6 | 690.9 | 695.1 | 4.2 | 0.6 |

\| Airline pilots, copilots, and flight engineers | 53-2011 | 3.6 | 96.3 | 101.1 | 4.8 | 5.0 |

\| Airfield operations specialists | 53-2022 | 3.6 | 18.7 | 19.7 | 1.0 | 5.3 |

\| General and operations managers | 11-1021 | 3.5 | 3,630.1 | 3,840.5 | 210.4 | 5.8 |

\| Administrative services managers | 11-3012 | 3.5 | 256.8 | 272.8 | 16.0 | 6.2 |

\| Facilities managers[2] | 11-3013 | 3.5 | 140.5 | 147.9 | 7.4 | 5.3 |

\| Industrial production managers | 11-3051 | 3.5 | 230.1 | 236.7 | 6.5 | 2.8 |

\| Transportation, storage, and distribution managers | 11-3071 | 3.5 | 211.8 | 230.8 | 19.1 | 9.0 |

\| Construction managers | 11-9021 | 3.5 | 520.9 | 568.5 | 47.6 | 9.1 |

\| Property, real estate, and community association managers | 11-9141 | 3.5 | 467.1 | 482.2 | 15.1 | 3.2 |

\| Buyers and purchasing agents | 13-1020 | 3.5 | 524.1 | 561.4 | 37.2 | 7.1 |

\| Claims adjusters, examiners, and investigators | 13-1031 | 3.5 | 345.2 | 330.0 | -15.2 | -4.4 |

\| Compliance officers | 13-1041 | 3.5 | 403.9 | 425.8 | 21.9 | 5.4 |

\| Financial examiners | 13-2061 | 3.5 | 65.5 | 79.2 | 13.8 | 21.0 |

\| Credit counselors | 13-2071 | 3.5 | 31.8 | 33.3 | 1.5 | 4.9 |

\| Loan officers | 13-2072 | 3.5 | 334.1 | 338.7 | 4.5 | 1.4 |

\| Software developers[2] | 15-1252 | 3.5 | 1,692.1 | 1,995.7 | 303.7 | 17.9 |

\| Architects, except landscape and naval | 17-1011 | 3.5 | 127.3 | 137.2 | 9.9 | 7.8 |

\| Bioengineers and biomedical engineers | 17-2031 | 3.5 | 19.7 | 21.2 | 1.5 | 7.4 |

\| Environmental engineers | 17-2081 | 3.5 | 41.3 | 44.2 | 2.9 | 6.9 |

\| Industrial engineers | 17-2112 | 3.5 | 336.6 | 377.5 | 40.9 | 12.2 |

\| Mining and geological engineers, including mining safety engineers | 17-2151 | 3.5 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 0.1 | 2.0 |

\| Nuclear engineers | 17-2161 | 3.5 | 13.4 | 13.3 | -0.1 | -0.8 |

\| Food scientists and technologists | 19-1012 | 3.5 | 14.5 | 15.7 | 1.3 | 8.9 |

\| Biochemists and biophysicists | 19-1021 | 3.5 | 35.7 | 39.0 | 3.2 | 9.0 |

\| Biological scientists, all other[2] | 19-1029 | 3.5 | 66.8 | 70.6 | 3.8 | 5.6 |

\| Conservation scientists | 19-1031 | 3.5 | 25.9 | 27.4 | 1.4 | 5.6 |

\| Foresters | 19-1032 | 3.5 | 15.4 | 15.9 | 0.5 | 3.0 |

\| Life scientists, all other[2] | 19-1099 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 8.5 | 0.5 | 6.5 |

\| Materials scientists | 19-2032 | 3.5 | 9.2 | 10.0 | 0.8 | 8.7 |

\| Physical scientists, all other[2] | 19-2099 | 3.5 | 34.1 | 34.9 | 0.8 | 2.3 |

\| Environmental science and protection technicians, including health | 19-4042 | 3.5 | 33.9 | 36.2 | 2.4 | 7.0 |

\| Occupational health and safety technicians | 19-5012 | 3.5 | 27.6 | 30.8 | 3.2 | 11.4 |

\| Preschool teachers, except special education | 25-2011 | 3.5 | 528.5 | 551.8 | 23.3 | 4.4 |

\| Special education teachers, preschool | 25-2051 | 3.5 | 25.7 | 26.1 | 0.4 | 1.6 |

\| Teachers and instructors, all other[2] | 25-3099 | 3.5 | 143.5 | 145.5 | 1.9 | 1.4 |

\| Special effects artists and animators | 27-1014 | 3.5 | 73.3 | 76.4 | 3.2 | 4.3 |

\| Artists and related workers, all other[2] | 27-1019 | 3.5 | 13.4 | 13.8 | 0.4 | 3.3 |

\| Fashion designers | 27-1022 | 3.5 | 21.9 | 22.9 | 1.0 | 4.7 |

\| Graphic designers | 27-1024 | 3.5 | 267.2 | 273.8 | 6.6 | 2.5 |

\| Athletes and sports competitors | 27-2021 | 3.5 | 25.1 | 27.8 | 2.8 | 11.1 |

\| Court reporters and simultaneous captioners | 27-3092 | 3.5 | 17.5 | 17.9 | 0.3 | 1.8 |

\| Sound engineering technicians | 27-4014 | 3.5 | 18.0 | 17.9 | -0.1 | -0.5 |

\| Dentists, general | 29-1021 | 3.5 | 141.0 | 147.7 | 6.7 | 4.8 |

\| Orthodontists | 29-1023 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 0.3 | 3.7 |

\| Prosthodontists | 29-1024 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 3.5 |

\| Dentists, all other specialists[2] | 29-1029 | 3.5 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 0.2 | 2.3 |

\| Pharmacists | 29-1051 | 3.5 | 337.7 | 355.9 | 18.3 | 5.4 |

\| Physical therapists | 29-1123 | 3.5 | 259.2 | 296.0 | 36.8 | 14.2 |

\| Veterinarians | 29-1131 | 3.5 | 88.2 | 105.0 | 16.8 | 19.1 |

\| Registered nurses | 29-1141 | 3.5 | 3,300.1 | 3,497.3 | 197.2 | 6.0 |

\| Ophthalmologists, except pediatric | 29-1241 | 3.5 | 12.4 | 12.9 | 0.6 | 4.5 |

\| Orthopedic surgeons, except pediatric[2] | 29-1242 | 3.5 | 16.0 | 16.6 | 0.7 | 4.2 |

\| Pediatric surgeons[2] | 29-1243 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 2.0 |

\| Surgeons, all other[2] | 29-1249 | 3.5 | 28.4 | 29.6 | 1.2 | 4.3 |

\| Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other[2] | 29-1299 | 3.5 | 40.4 | 41.5 | 1.0 | 2.6 |

\| Paramedics[2] | 29-2043 | 3.5 | 100.6 | 106.5 | 5.9 | 5.9 |

\| Opticians, dispensing | 29-2081 | 3.5 | 77.3 | 79.5 | 2.3 | 2.9 |

\| Orthotists and prosthetists | 29-2091 | 3.5 | 9.1 | 10.4 | 1.4 | 15.1 |

\| Hearing aid specialists | 29-2092 | 3.5 | 10.5 | 12.0 | 1.6 | 14.9 |

\| Health information technologists and medical registrars[2] | 29-9021 | 3.5 | 39.1 | 45.5 | 6.4 | 16.3 |

\| Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other[2] | 29-9099 | 3.5 | 41.9 | 44.3 | 2.4 | 5.8 |

\| Physical therapist assistants | 31-2021 | 3.5 | 108.5 | 136.0 | 27.5 | 25.4 |

\| Medical assistants | 31-9092 | 3.5 | 783.9 | 901.9 | 118.0 | 15.0 |

\| First-line supervisors of security workers[2] | 33-1091 | 3.5 | 67.8 | 70.3 | 2.5 | 3.7 |

\| Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists | 33-2022 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 16.3 |

\| Private detectives and investigators | 33-9021 | 3.5 | 38.8 | 40.7 | 1.9 | 5.0 |

\| Parts salespersons | 41-2022 | 3.5 | 267.9 | 271.2 | 3.3 | 1.2 |

\| Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel[2] | 41-3091 | 3.5 | 1,170.3 | 1,214.5 | 44.2 | 3.8 |

\| Sales representatives, wholesale and manufacturing, except technical and scientific products | 41-4012 | 3.5 | 1,356.1 | 1,366.1 | 10.0 | 0.7 |

\| Telemarketers | 41-9041 | 3.5 | 85.2 | 66.8 | -18.3 | -21.5 |

\| Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers | 41-9091 | 3.5 | 32.4 | 27.7 | -4.8 | -14.6 |

\| First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers | 43-1011 | 3.5 | 1,570.5 | 1,501.4 | -69.1 | -4.4 |

\| Customer service representatives | 43-4051 | 3.5 | 2,954.6 | 2,805.8 | -148.8 | -5.0 |

\| Interviewers, except eligibility and loan | 43-4111 | 3.5 | 169.1 | 152.5 | -16.7 | -9.9 |

\| Receptionists and information clerks | 43-4171 | 3.5 | 1,054.5 | 1,048.8 | -5.7 | -0.5 |

\| Information and record clerks, all other[2] | 43-4199 | 3.5 | 162.8 | 167.4 | 4.7 | 2.9 |

\| Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance | 43-5032 | 3.5 | 215.4 | 215.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 |

\| Executive secretaries and executive administrative assistants | 43-6011 | 3.5 | 516.1 | 517.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 |

\| Medical secretaries and administrative assistants | 43-6013 | 3.5 | 768.9 | 810.1 | 41.3 | 5.4 |

\| Secretaries and administrative assistants, except legal, medical, and executive | 43-6014 | 3.5 | 1,982.3 | 1,976.2 | -6.1 | -0.3 |

\| First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors[2] | 53-1047 | 3.5 | 594.1 | 625.6 | 31.5 | 5.3 |

\| Computer and information systems managers | 11-3021 | 3.4 | 613.5 | 720.4 | 106.9 | 17.4 |

\| Food service managers | 11-9051 | 3.4 | 393.6 | 399.5 | 5.9 | 1.5 |

\| Cost estimators | 13-1051 | 3.4 | 227.9 | 219.6 | -8.3 | -3.6 |

\| Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists | 13-1141 | 3.4 | 103.7 | 111.0 | 7.2 | 7.0 |

\| Budget analysts | 13-2031 | 3.4 | 50.8 | 52.7 | 2.0 | 3.9 |

\| Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents | 13-2081 | 3.4 | 54.0 | 55.0 | 1.0 | 1.9 |

\| Financial specialists, all other[2] | 13-2099 | 3.4 | 129.8 | 137.9 | 8.1 | 6.2 |

\| Computer systems analysts | 15-1211 | 3.4 | 527.2 | 583.7 | 56.5 | 10.7 |

\| Computer and information research scientists | 15-1221 | 3.4 | 36.6 | 46.0 | 9.4 | 25.6 |

\| Computer network architects | 15-1241 | 3.4 | 177.8 | 201.7 | 23.9 | 13.4 |

\| Computer occupations, all other[2] | 15-1299 | 3.4 | 470.9 | 522.0 | 51.1 | 10.8 |

\| Actuaries | 15-2011 | 3.4 | 30.2 | 36.8 | 6.6 | 21.8 |

\| Operations research analysts | 15-2031 | 3.4 | 123.3 | 151.6 | 28.3 | 23.0 |

\| Statisticians | 15-2041 | 3.4 | 32.4 | 36.2 | 3.8 | 11.8 |

\| Data scientists[2] | 15-2051 | 3.4 | 202.9 | 276.0 | 73.1 | 36.0 |

\| Mathematical science occupations, all other[2] | 15-2099 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 4.9 | 0.3 | 6.9 |

\| Aerospace engineers | 17-2011 | 3.4 | 68.9 | 73.0 | 4.1 | 6.0 |

\| Civil engineers | 17-2051 | 3.4 | 341.8 | 363.9 | 22.1 | 6.5 |

\| Computer hardware engineers | 17-2061 | 3.4 | 84.1 | 90.2 | 6.1 | 7.2 |

\| Electrical engineers | 17-2071 | 3.4 | 189.1 | 206.3 | 17.2 | 9.1 |

\| Marine engineers and naval architects | 17-2121 | 3.4 | 10.1 | 11.0 | 0.8 | 8.0 |

\| Materials engineers | 17-2131 | 3.4 | 25.0 | 26.9 | 1.8 | 7.4 |

\| Petroleum engineers | 17-2171 | 3.4 | 20.8 | 21.3 | 0.5 | 2.4 |

\| Engineers, all other[2] | 17-2199 | 3.4 | 161.1 | 169.2 | 8.0 | 5.0 |

\| Microbiologists | 19-1022 | 3.4 | 23.2 | 24.8 | 1.6 | 6.7 |

\| Hydrologists | 19-2043 | 3.4 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 0.2 | 2.8 |

\| Hydrologic technicians[2] | 19-4044 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 2.4 |

\| Nuclear technicians | 19-4051 | 3.4 | 5.4 | 5.1 | -0.3 | -6.2 |

\| Self-enrichment teachers | 25-3021 | 3.4 | 370.1 | 382.8 | 12.7 | 3.4 |

\| Commercial and industrial designers | 27-1021 | 3.4 | 34.0 | 35.1 | 1.1 | 3.1 |

\| Designers, all other[2] | 27-1029 | 3.4 | 30.4 | 31.3 | 0.9 | 3.0 |

\| Technical writers | 27-3042 | 3.4 | 50.1 | 52.1 | 2.0 | 4.0 |

\| Photographers | 27-4021 | 3.4 | 151.1 | 156.9 | 5.8 | 3.9 |

\| Media and communication equipment workers, all other[2] | 27-4099 | 3.4 | 13.3 | 13.7 | 0.5 | 3.4 |

\| Chiropractors | 29-1011 | 3.4 | 61.2 | 67.3 | 6.1 | 9.9 |

\| Pharmacy technicians | 29-2052 | 3.4 | 463.9 | 497.2 | 33.3 | 7.2 |

\| Psychiatric technicians | 29-2053 | 3.4 | 124.6 | 145.8 | 21.3 | 17.1 |

\| Licensed practical and licensed vocational nurses | 29-2061 | 3.4 | 657.8 | 674.7 | 16.9 | 2.6 |

\| Surgical assistants | 29-9093 | 3.4 | 21.3 | 22.7 | 1.4 | 6.7 |

\| Psychiatric aides | 31-1133 | 3.4 | 36.0 | 36.3 | 0.3 | 0.8 |

\| Dental assistants | 31-9091 | 3.4 | 376.5 | 408.0 | 31.5 | 8.4 |

\| Firefighters | 33-2011 | 3.4 | 326.8 | 340.5 | 13.7 | 4.2 |

\| Fire inspectors and investigators | 33-2021 | 3.4 | 14.9 | 15.5 | 0.7 | 4.5 |

\| Animal control workers | 33-9011 | 3.4 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 0.6 | 4.9 |

\| First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers | 35-1012 | 3.4 | 1,211.4 | 1,288.2 | 76.8 | 6.3 |

\| Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge, and coffee shop | 35-9031 | 3.4 | 435.6 | 437.0 | 1.4 | 0.3 |

\| First-line supervisors of gambling services workers | 39-1013 | 3.4 | 33.2 | 34.9 | 1.7 | 5.2 |

\| Amusement and recreation attendants | 39-3091 | 3.4 | 381.5 | 398.6 | 17.1 | 4.5 |

\| Embalmers | 39-4011 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 1.2 |

\| First-line supervisors of retail sales workers | 41-1011 | 3.4 | 1,407.4 | 1,316.9 | -90.5 | -6.4 |

\| Retail salespersons | 41-2031 | 3.4 | 3,810.1 | 3,814.7 | 4.5 | 0.1 |

\| Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents | 41-3031 | 3.4 | 513.8 | 547.9 | 34.1 | 6.6 |

\| Credit authorizers, checkers, and clerks | 43-4041 | 3.4 | 14.5 | 13.7 | -0.8 | -5.2 |

\| New accounts clerks | 43-4141 | 3.4 | 42.2 | 36.0 | -6.2 | -14.6 |

\| Order clerks | 43-4151 | 3.4 | 106.3 | 87.3 | -19.0 | -17.9 |

\| Human resources assistants, except payroll and timekeeping | 43-4161 | 3.4 | 104.2 | 99.2 | -5.0 | -4.8 |

\| First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers | 49-1011 | 3.4 | 604.3 | 626.2 | 21.9 | 3.6 |

\| Medical appliance technicians | 51-9082 | 3.4 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 0.5 | 3.9 |

\| Aircraft cargo handling supervisors | 53-1041 | 3.4 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 0.7 | 7.7 |

\| Commercial pilots | 53-2012 | 3.4 | 56.5 | 59.7 | 3.2 | 5.7 |

\| Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers | 11-9013 | 3.3 | 856.6 | 842.9 | -13.8 | -1.6 |

\| Insurance appraisers, auto damage | 13-1032 | 3.3 | 10.5 | 9.5 | -1.0 | -9.2 |

\| Accountants and auditors | 13-2011 | 3.3 | 1,562.0 | 1,653.4 | 91.4 | 5.8 |

\| Financial risk specialists[2] | 13-2054 | 3.3 | 57.5 | 62.3 | 4.8 | 8.4 |

\| Information security analysts | 15-1212 | 3.3 | 180.7 | 239.8 | 59.1 | 32.7 |

\| Computer network support specialists | 15-1231 | 3.3 | 166.7 | 178.8 | 12.1 | 7.3 |

\| Software quality assurance analysts and testers | 15-1253 | 3.3 | 205.0 | 229.2 | 24.2 | 11.8 |

\| Surveyors | 17-1022 | 3.3 | 52.6 | 55.7 | 3.1 | 5.9 |

\| Electronics engineers, except computer | 17-2072 | 3.3 | 98.7 | 107.6 | 8.9 | 9.1 |

\| Mechanical engineering technologists and technicians | 17-3027 | 3.3 | 39.9 | 40.7 | 0.8 | 1.9 |

\| Forest and conservation technicians | 19-4071 | 3.3 | 31.3 | 31.8 | 0.5 | 1.7 |

\| Paralegals and legal assistants | 23-2011 | 3.3 | 366.2 | 370.5 | 4.3 | 1.2 |

\| Archivists | 25-4011 | 3.3 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 0.7 | 8.0 |

\| Museum technicians and conservators | 25-4013 | 3.3 | 14.4 | 16.0 | 1.6 | 10.7 |

\| Umpires, referees, and other sports officials | 27-2023 | 3.3 | 23.1 | 25.5 | 2.4 | 10.4 |

\| Audio and video technicians | 27-4011 | 3.3 | 87.3 | 91.9 | 4.6 | 5.3 |

\| Camera operators, television, video, and film | 27-4031 | 3.3 | 38.2 | 38.9 | 0.7 | 1.9 |

\| Respiratory therapists | 29-1126 | 3.3 | 133.9 | 151.4 | 17.5 | 13.1 |

\| Acupuncturists | 29-1291 | 3.3 | 22.1 | 23.3 | 1.2 | 5.5 |

\| Cardiovascular technologists and technicians | 29-2031 | 3.3 | 58.4 | 60.9 | 2.4 | 4.2 |

\| Diagnostic medical sonographers | 29-2032 | 3.3 | 84.9 | 97.7 | 12.8 | 15.1 |

\| Nuclear medicine technologists | 29-2033 | 3.3 | 17.8 | 17.6 | -0.2 | -1.3 |

\| Radiologic technologists and technicians | 29-2034 | 3.3 | 227.8 | 241.0 | 13.1 | 5.8 |

\| Magnetic resonance imaging technologists | 29-2035 | 3.3 | 43.4 | 47.0 | 3.6 | 8.4 |

\| Health technologists and technicians, all other[2] | 29-2099 | 3.3 | 177.9 | 190.4 | 12.5 | 7.0 |

\| Occupational therapy assistants | 31-2011 | 3.3 | 47.5 | 58.1 | 10.6 | 22.3 |

\| Healthcare support workers, all other[2] | 31-9099 | 3.3 | 108.5 | 114.6 | 6.1 | 5.6 |

\| Bailiffs | 33-3011 | 3.3 | 16.7 | 16.5 | -0.2 | -1.4 |

\| Waiters and waitresses | 35-3031 | 3.3 | 2,277.9 | 2,300.8 | 22.9 | 1.0 |

\| First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers | 37-1012 | 3.3 | 222.4 | 230.2 | 7.8 | 3.5 |

\| Gambling and sports book writers and runners | 39-3012 | 3.3 | 9.6 | 9.4 | -0.2 | -2.4 |

\| Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other[2] | 39-3099 | 3.3 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 0.4 | 5.2 |

\| Makeup artists, theatrical and performance | 39-5091 | 3.3 | 7.4 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 9.4 |

\| Counter and rental clerks | 41-2021 | 3.3 | 403.7 | 420.8 | 17.1 | 4.2 |

\| Bill and account collectors | 43-3011 | 3.3 | 196.5 | 177.8 | -18.6 | -9.5 |

\| Procurement clerks | 43-3061 | 3.3 | 63.3 | 59.1 | -4.2 | -6.7 |

\| Tellers | 43-3071 | 3.3 | 350.3 | 298.8 | -51.4 | -14.7 |

\| Brokerage clerks | 43-4011 | 3.3 | 49.7 | 48.2 | -1.4 | -2.8 |

\| Court, municipal, and license clerks | 43-4031 | 3.3 | 165.1 | 171.4 | 6.3 | 3.8 |

\| Hotel, motel, and resort desk clerks | 43-4081 | 3.3 | 271.3 | 290.2 | 18.9 | 7.0 |

\| Cargo and freight agents | 43-5011 | 3.3 | 106.7 | 117.0 | 10.3 | 9.7 |

\| Legal secretaries and administrative assistants | 43-6012 | 3.3 | 154.2 | 146.3 | -7.9 | -5.1 |

\| First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers | 47-1011 | 3.3 | 853.2 | 903.4 | 50.3 | 5.9 |

\| Construction and building inspectors | 47-4011 | 3.3 | 142.6 | 142.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 |

\| Nuclear power reactor operators | 51-8011 | 3.3 | 5.8 | 5.2 | -0.6 | -10.3 |

\| Captains, mates, and pilots of water vessels | 53-5021 | 3.3 | 40.2 | 41.2 | 0.9 | 2.3 |

\| Transportation inspectors | 53-6051 | 3.3 | 29.7 | 30.8 | 1.2 | 3.9 |

\| Property appraisers and assessors[2] | 13-2020 | 3.2 | 83.9 | 87.1 | 3.2 | 3.9 |

\| Credit analysts | 13-2041 | 3.2 | 73.7 | 70.8 | -2.8 | -3.9 |

\| Database architects | 15-1243 | 3.2 | 61.4 | 68.0 | 6.6 | 10.8 |

\| Computer programmers | 15-1251 | 3.2 | 139.4 | 126.0 | -13.4 | -9.6 |

\| Web developers | 15-1254 | 3.2 | 94.1 | 102.5 | 8.5 | 9.0 |

\| Web and digital interface designers[2] | 15-1255 | 3.2 | 128.6 | 138.8 | 10.2 | 7.9 |

\| Mathematicians | 15-2021 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.1 | 3.7 |

\| Chemical engineers | 17-2041 | 3.2 | 21.4 | 23.5 | 2.1 | 9.8 |

\| Mechanical engineers | 17-2141 | 3.2 | 291.9 | 323.9 | 32.1 | 11.0 |

\| Architectural and civil drafters | 17-3011 | 3.2 | 112.3 | 113.6 | 1.3 | 1.1 |

\| Civil engineering technologists and technicians | 17-3022 | 3.2 | 66.0 | 67.1 | 1.2 | 1.8 |

\| Environmental engineering technologists and technicians | 17-3025 | 3.2 | 14.2 | 14.5 | 0.3 | 2.3 |

\| Chemists | 19-2031 | 3.2 | 87.2 | 93.8 | 6.6 | 7.6 |

\| Biological technicians | 19-4021 | 3.2 | 83.1 | 88.6 | 5.5 | 6.6 |

\| Social science research assistants | 19-4061 | 3.2 | 37.5 | 39.9 | 2.4 | 6.3 |

\| Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other[2] | 19-4099 | 3.2 | 83.3 | 88.2 | 4.8 | 5.8 |

\| Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers | 23-2093 | 3.2 | 56.3 | 56.9 | 0.6 | 1.0 |

\| Legal support workers, all other[2] | 23-2099 | 3.2 | 47.3 | 47.8 | 0.5 | 1.0 |

\| Floral designers | 27-1023 | 3.2 | 53.7 | 48.1 | -5.6 | -10.4 |

\| Merchandise displayers and window trimmers | 27-1026 | 3.2 | 176.4 | 184.7 | 8.4 | 4.8 |

\| Musicians and singers | 27-2042 | 3.2 | 169.3 | 172.8 | 3.5 | 2.1 |

\| Broadcast technicians | 27-4012 | 3.2 | 30.0 | 30.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |

\| Radiation therapists | 29-1124 | 3.2 | 17.2 | 17.7 | 0.5 | 3.1 |

\| Medical dosimetrists[2] | 29-2036 | 3.2 | 4.2 | 4.5 | 0.2 | 5.4 |

\| Emergency medical technicians[2] | 29-2042 | 3.2 | 169.7 | 180.0 | 10.3 | 6.1 |

\| Dietetic technicians | 29-2051 | 3.2 | 25.0 | 26.1 | 1.1 | 4.3 |

\| Veterinary technologists and technicians | 29-2056 | 3.2 | 125.7 | 150.0 | 24.3 | 19.3 |

\| Occupational therapy aides | 31-2012 | 3.2 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 0.2 | 3.7 |

\| Phlebotomists | 31-9097 | 3.2 | 141.2 | 152.2 | 11.0 | 7.8 |

\| Security guards | 33-9032 | 3.2 | 1,229.6 | 1,256.3 | 26.6 | 2.2 |

\| Protective service workers, all other[2] | 33-9099 | 3.2 | 83.5 | 86.3 | 2.8 | 3.3 |

\| First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers | 37-1011 | 3.2 | 241.6 | 251.4 | 9.8 | 4.0 |

\| Pest control workers | 37-2021 | 3.2 | 98.2 | 105.1 | 6.9 | 7.0 |

\| Gambling dealers | 39-3011 | 3.2 | 86.8 | 89.6 | 2.8 | 3.2 |

\| Gambling service workers, all other[2] | 39-3019 | 3.2 | 14.5 | 14.9 | 0.4 | 2.9 |

\| Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists | 39-5012 | 3.2 | 571.1 | 611.4 | 40.3 | 7.1 |

\| Skincare specialists | 39-5094 | 3.2 | 81.8 | 90.2 | 8.4 | 10.3 |

\| Baggage porters and bellhops | 39-6011 | 3.2 | 29.5 | 29.6 | 0.1 | 0.5 |

\| Exercise trainers and group fitness instructors | 39-9031 | 3.2 | 350.1 | 397.7 | 47.5 | 13.6 |

\| Personal care and service workers, all other[2] | 39-9099 | 3.2 | 93.1 | 104.4 | 11.3 | 12.1 |

\| Gambling cage workers | 43-3041 | 3.2 | 13.1 | 12.7 | -0.5 | -3.7 |

\| Postal service clerks | 43-5051 | 3.2 | 74.6 | 72.4 | -2.2 | -3.0 |

\| Office clerks, general | 43-9061 | 3.2 | 2,645.8 | 2,498.2 | -147.5 | -5.6 |

\| Statistical assistants | 43-9111 | 3.2 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 0.2 |

\| Office and administrative support workers, all other[2] | 43-9199 | 3.2 | 206.8 | 190.8 | -16.0 | -7.7 |

\| First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers | 45-1011 | 3.2 | 68.9 | 71.0 | 2.1 | 3.1 |

\| Agricultural inspectors | 45-2011 | 3.2 | 13.3 | 13.9 | 0.5 | 3.9 |

\| Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, except line installers | 49-2022 | 3.2 | 162.3 | 156.8 | -5.5 | -3.4 |

\| Commercial divers | 49-9092 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 0.3 | 8.3 |

\| Power distributors and dispatchers | 51-8012 | 3.2 | 9.2 | 9.1 | -0.1 | -1.4 |

\| Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians | 53-3011 | 3.2 | 11.6 | 11.6 | 0.0 | -0.1 |

\| Driver/sales workers | 53-3031 | 3.2 | 503.2 | 549.3 | 46.1 | 9.2 |

\| Locomotive engineers | 53-4011 | 3.2 | 27.5 | 27.9 | 0.4 | 1.3 |

\| Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers | 53-4013 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.5 |

\| Railroad conductors and yardmasters | 53-4031 | 3.2 | 41.1 | 41.9 | 0.8 | 1.9 |

\| Ship engineers | 53-5031 | 3.2 | 9.5 | 9.8 | 0.3 | 3.4 |

\| Traffic technicians | 53-6041 | 3.2 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 0.3 | 4.2 |

\| Passenger attendants | 53-6061 | 3.2 | 21.6 | 22.9 | 1.3 | 5.8 |

\| Farm labor contractors | 13-1074 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.1 | 6.6 |

\| Insurance underwriters | 13-2053 | 3.1 | 118.4 | 113.7 | -4.7 | -4.0 |

\| Database administrators | 15-1242 | 3.1 | 80.5 | 87.1 | 6.6 | 8.2 |

\| Network and computer systems administrators | 15-1244 | 3.1 | 335.4 | 326.6 | -8.8 | -2.6 |

\| Cartographers and photogrammetrists | 17-1021 | 3.1 | 12.9 | 13.7 | 0.8 | 6.3 |

\| Electrical and electronics drafters | 17-3012 | 3.1 | 23.2 | 24.2 | 1.0 | 4.1 |

\| Drafters, all other[2] | 17-3019 | 3.1 | 18.5 | 17.4 | -1.1 | -5.7 |

\| Aerospace engineering and operations technologists and technicians | 17-3021 | 3.1 | 11.0 | 11.9 | 0.9 | 7.9 |

\| Industrial engineering technologists and technicians | 17-3026 | 3.1 | 74.5 | 77.6 | 3.0 | 4.1 |

\| Calibration technologists and technicians[2] | 17-3028 | 3.1 | 13.8 | 14.5 | 0.8 | 5.5 |

\| Engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, all other[2] | 17-3029 | 3.1 | 69.5 | 72.6 | 3.1 | 4.4 |

\| Food science technicians | 19-4013 | 3.1 | 25.1 | 26.9 | 1.8 | 7.3 |

\| Chemical technicians | 19-4031 | 3.1 | 58.3 | 61.4 | 3.2 | 5.5 |

\| Library technicians | 25-4031 | 3.1 | 81.5 | 77.0 | -4.6 | -5.6 |

\| Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians | 29-2010 | 3.1 | 344.2 | 362.5 | 18.2 | 5.3 |

\| Ophthalmic medical technicians | 29-2057 | 3.1 | 74.8 | 85.3 | 10.5 | 14.1 |

\| Medical records specialists[2] | 29-2072 | 3.1 | 191.5 | 208.2 | 16.7 | 8.7 |

\| Nursing assistants | 31-1131 | 3.1 | 1,419.4 | 1,481.8 | 62.4 | 4.4 |

\| Medical transcriptionists | 31-9094 | 3.1 | 54.5 | 51.9 | -2.6 | -4.7 |

\| Pharmacy aides | 31-9095 | 3.1 | 44.0 | 44.4 | 0.4 | 0.9 |

\| Gambling surveillance officers and gambling investigators | 33-9031 | 3.1 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 0.3 | 2.6 |

\| Transportation security screeners | 33-9093 | 3.1 | 51.7 | 52.2 | 0.5 | 0.9 |

\| Cooks, fast food | 35-2011 | 3.1 | 682.2 | 588.5 | -93.7 | -13.7 |

\| Bartenders | 35-3011 | 3.1 | 734.3 | 798.9 | 64.5 | 8.8 |

\| Animal trainers | 39-2011 | 3.1 | 57.9 | 61.6 | 3.7 | 6.4 |

\| Crematory operators[2] | 39-4012 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 4.7 |

\| Funeral attendants | 39-4021 | 3.1 | 32.9 | 33.9 | 1.1 | 3.2 |

\| Payroll and timekeeping clerks | 43-3051 | 3.1 | 160.3 | 136.2 | -24.2 | -15.1 |

\| Correspondence clerks | 43-4021 | 3.1 | 5.5 | 5.1 | -0.4 | -6.7 |

\| Library assistants, clerical | 43-4121 | 3.1 | 87.7 | 82.7 | -5.0 | -5.7 |

\| Production, planning, and expediting clerks | 43-5061 | 3.1 | 399.2 | 418.7 | 19.5 | 4.9 |

\| Desktop publishers | 43-9031 | 3.1 | 6.4 | 5.6 | -0.9 | -13.4 |

\| Hazardous materials removal workers | 47-4041 | 3.1 | 50.3 | 50.9 | 0.5 | 1.0 |

\| Rotary drill operators, oil and gas | 47-5012 | 3.1 | 12.8 | 13.1 | 0.3 | 2.2 |

\| Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters | 47-5032 | 3.1 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 1.2 |

\| Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers | 49-2011 | 3.1 | 85.7 | 84.0 | -1.7 | -2.0 |

\| Security and fire alarm systems installers | 49-2098 | 3.1 | 86.0 | 93.4 | 7.4 | 8.6 |

\| Bicycle repairers | 49-3091 | 3.1 | 14.5 | 15.3 | 0.8 | 5.6 |

\| Telecommunications line installers and repairers | 49-9052 | 3.1 | 102.2 | 99.4 | -2.8 | -2.7 |

\| Power plant operators | 51-8013 | 3.1 | 32.4 | 29.3 | -3.1 | -9.4 |

\| Subway and streetcar operators | 53-4041 | 3.1 | 15.4 | 16.0 | 0.7 | 4.2 |

\| Rail transportation workers, all other[2] | 53-4099 | 3.1 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 0.1 | 3.5 |

\| Motorboat operators | 53-5022 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 3.4 |

\| Parking attendants | 53-6021 | 3.1 | 120.9 | 127.3 | 6.4 | 5.3 |

\| Tax preparers | 13-2082 | 3.0 | 103.8 | 108.2 | 4.4 | 4.2 |

\| Electrical and electronic engineering technologists and technicians | 17-3023 | 3.0 | 99.6 | 102.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 |

\| Agricultural technicians | 19-4012 | 3.0 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 1.2 | 5.9 |

\| Geological technicians, except hydrologic technicians | 19-4043 | 3.0 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 0.3 | 3.8 |

\| Dental hygienists | 29-1292 | 3.0 | 214.1 | 233.7 | 19.6 | 9.2 |

\| Surgical technologists | 29-2055 | 3.0 | 112.8 | 119.3 | 6.5 | 5.8 |

\| Home health and personal care aides | 31-1120 | 3.0 | 3,961.9 | 4,782.4 | 820.5 | 20.7 |

\| Orderlies | 31-1132 | 3.0 | 50.0 | 52.2 | 2.3 | 4.5 |

\| Massage therapists | 31-9011 | 3.0 | 147.1 | 173.2 | 26.0 | 17.7 |

\| Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers | 31-9096 | 3.0 | 118.2 | 141.1 | 22.9 | 19.4 |

\| Parking enforcement workers | 33-3041 | 3.0 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 0.0 | -0.4 |

\| Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers | 33-9092 | 3.0 | 129.1 | 137.9 | 8.8 | 6.8 |

\| Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers | 39-3031 | 3.0 | 119.7 | 122.7 | 3.1 | 2.6 |

\| Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants | 39-3093 | 3.0 | 15.5 | 16.7 | 1.2 | 8.0 |

\| Barbers | 39-5011 | 3.0 | 78.4 | 83.3 | 5.0 | 6.4 |

\| Childcare workers | 39-9011 | 3.0 | 970.8 | 957.8 | -13.0 | -1.3 |

\| Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks | 43-3031 | 3.0 | 1,663.8 | 1,579.9 | -83.9 | -5.0 |

\| Financial clerks, all other[2] | 43-3099 | 3.0 | 46.2 | 47.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 |

\| File clerks | 43-4071 | 3.0 | 87.2 | 73.9 | -13.3 | -15.3 |

\| Insurance claims and policy processing clerks | 43-9041 | 3.0 | 271.8 | 261.3 | -10.5 | -3.9 |

\| Proofreaders and copy markers | 43-9081 | 3.0 | 6.7 | 6.5 | -0.2 | -3.4 |

\| Forest and conservation workers | 45-4011 | 3.0 | 10.9 | 10.5 | -0.4 | -3.8 |

\| Miscellaneous construction and related workers[2] | 47-4090 | 3.0 | 31.6 | 32.9 | 1.3 | 4.0 |

\| Radio, cellular, and tower equipment installers and repairers | 49-2021 | 3.0 | 12.0 | 12.9 | 0.8 | 6.8 |

\| Avionics technicians | 49-2091 | 3.0 | 21.9 | 23.5 | 1.7 | 7.6 |

\| Electrical and electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment | 49-2094 | 3.0 | 59.8 | 60.5 | 0.7 | 1.2 |

\| Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers | 49-2097 | 3.0 | 27.8 | 28.3 | 0.5 | 1.9 |

\| Recreational vehicle service technicians | 49-3092 | 3.0 | 18.4 | 20.2 | 1.8 | 9.9 |

\| Wind turbine service technicians | 49-9081 | 3.0 | 11.4 | 18.2 | 6.8 | 60.1 |

\| Locksmiths and safe repairers | 49-9094 | 3.0 | 17.6 | 15.8 | -1.7 | -9.9 |

\| Stationary engineers and boiler operators | 51-8021 | 3.0 | 35.5 | 36.9 | 1.4 | 4.1 |

\| Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators | 51-8031 | 3.0 | 124.7 | 117.2 | -7.5 | -6.0 |

\| Plant and system operators, all other[2] | 51-8099 | 3.0 | 15.8 | 16.3 | 0.5 | 3.2 |

\| Sailors and marine oilers | 53-5011 | 3.0 | 32.1 | 33.2 | 1.1 | 3.5 |

\| Transportation workers, all other[2] | 53-6099 | 3.0 | 11.3 | 11.9 | 0.6 | 5.3 |

\| Mechanical drafters | 17-3013 | 2.9 | 50.4 | 47.9 | -2.5 | -4.9 |

\| Surveying and mapping technicians | 17-3031 | 2.9 | 57.4 | 60.6 | 3.2 | 5.6 |

\| Craft artists | 27-1012 | 2.9 | 14.3 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 2.2 |

\| Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators | 27-1013 | 2.9 | 26.3 | 27.4 | 1.1 | 4.0 |

\| Dancers | 27-2031 | 2.9 | 15.2 | 16.2 | 1.0 | 6.7 |

\| Lighting technicians[2] | 27-4015 | 2.9 | 10.8 | 10.5 | -0.3 | -3.0 |

\| Physical therapist aides | 31-2022 | 2.9 | 44.3 | 45.6 | 1.3 | 2.9 |

\| Medical equipment preparers | 31-9093 | 2.9 | 70.7 | 74.7 | 4.0 | 5.7 |

\| School bus monitors[2] | 33-9094 | 2.9 | 70.1 | 68.4 | -1.7 | -2.4 |

\| Cooks, short order | 35-2015 | 2.9 | 128.8 | 123.5 | -5.3 | -4.1 |

\| Food preparation workers | 35-2021 | 2.9 | 904.8 | 870.8 | -34.0 | -3.8 |

\| Fast food and counter workers | 35-3023 | 2.9 | 3,734.1 | 3,946.5 | 212.5 | 5.7 |

\| Food servers, nonrestaurant | 35-3041 | 2.9 | 278.6 | 292.2 | 13.7 | 4.9 |

\| Food preparation and serving related workers, all other[2] | 35-9099 | 2.9 | 88.6 | 95.3 | 6.8 | 7.6 |

\| Pesticide handlers, sprayers, and applicators, vegetation | 37-3012 | 2.9 | 26.7 | 28.0 | 1.4 | 5.1 |

\| Costume attendants | 39-3092 | 2.9 | 6.5 | 7.0 | 0.5 | 7.1 |

\| Shampooers | 39-5093 | 2.9 | 13.3 | 14.5 | 1.3 | 9.5 |

\| Cashiers | 41-2011 | 2.9 | 3,338.8 | 2,985.7 | -353.1 | -10.6 |

\| Gambling change persons and booth cashiers | 41-2012 | 2.9 | 21.4 | 20.5 | -0.9 | -4.3 |

\| Billing and posting clerks | 43-3021 | 2.9 | 449.0 | 451.3 | 2.3 | 0.5 |

\| Couriers and messengers | 43-5021 | 2.9 | 225.5 | 244.3 | 18.8 | 8.3 |

\| Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping | 43-5111 | 2.9 | 51.8 | 50.1 | -1.7 | -3.3 |

\| Data entry keyers | 43-9021 | 2.9 | 163.9 | 122.8 | -41.0 | -25.0 |

\| Carpenters | 47-2031 | 2.9 | 923.1 | 961.6 | 38.6 | 4.2 |

\| Electricians | 47-2111 | 2.9 | 779.8 | 864.1 | 84.3 | 10.8 |

\| Helpers--electricians | 47-3013 | 2.9 | 71.5 | 72.2 | 0.7 | 1.0 |

\| Derrick operators, oil and gas | 47-5011 | 2.9 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 0.4 | 3.1 |

\| Service unit operators, oil and gas | 47-5013 | 2.9 | 48.7 | 49.7 | 1.0 | 2.1 |

\| Electrical and electronics repairers, powerhouse, substation, and relay | 49-2095 | 2.9 | 25.4 | 25.7 | 0.2 | 0.8 |

\| Electronic equipment installers and repairers, motor vehicles | 49-2096 | 2.9 | 9.1 | 7.9 | -1.2 | -13.2 |

\| Aircraft mechanics and service technicians | 49-3011 | 2.9 | 141.4 | 148.7 | 7.3 | 5.2 |

\| Motorcycle mechanics | 49-3052 | 2.9 | 16.0 | 16.4 | 0.4 | 2.5 |

\| Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door | 49-9012 | 2.9 | 48.8 | 49.6 | 0.8 | 1.6 |

\| Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers | 49-9021 | 2.9 | 441.2 | 481.3 | 40.1 | 9.1 |

\| Home appliance repairers | 49-9031 | 2.9 | 37.5 | 37.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 |

\| Millwrights | 49-9044 | 2.9 | 42.3 | 44.3 | 2.0 | 4.8 |

\| Manufactured building and mobile home installers | 49-9095 | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.7 | -0.6 | -19.6 |

\| Riggers | 49-9096 | 2.9 | 24.2 | 25.4 | 1.2 | 4.9 |

\| Forging machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4022 | 2.9 | 9.3 | 7.9 | -1.5 | -15.7 |

\| Fabric and apparel patternmakers | 51-6092 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.4 | -0.3 | -11.7 |

\| Model makers, wood | 51-7031 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 1.0 | -0.1 | -12.8 |

\| Chemical plant and system operators | 51-8091 | 2.9 | 18.4 | 18.2 | -0.1 | -0.8 |

\| Chemical equipment operators and tenders | 51-9011 | 2.9 | 121.9 | 115.4 | -6.5 | -5.4 |

\| Inspectors, testers, sorters, samplers, and weighers | 51-9061 | 2.9 | 595.5 | 577.7 | -17.8 | -3.0 |

\| Photographic process workers and processing machine operators | 51-9151 | 2.9 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 1.5 |

\| Bus drivers, school[2] | 53-3051 | 2.9 | 365.3 | 368.9 | 3.6 | 1.0 |

\| Bus drivers, transit and intercity | 53-3052 | 2.9 | 194.1 | 204.1 | 10.1 | 5.2 |

\| Shuttle drivers and chauffeurs[2] | 53-3053 | 2.9 | 222.3 | 241.3 | 19.0 | 8.5 |

\| Taxi drivers[2] | 53-3054 | 2.9 | 171.1 | 193.8 | 22.7 | 13.3 |

\| Aircraft service attendants[2] | 53-6032 | 2.9 | 25.2 | 26.7 | 1.6 | 6.2 |

\| Conveyor operators and tenders | 53-7011 | 2.9 | 30.4 | 30.1 | -0.3 | -0.9 |

\| Stockers and order fillers | 53-7065 | 2.9 | 2,864.7 | 3,033.3 | 168.6 | 5.9 |

\| Electro-mechanical and mechatronics technologists and technicians | 17-3024 | 2.8 | 15.8 | 15.6 | -0.2 | -1.2 |

\| Crossing guards and flaggers | 33-9091 | 2.8 | 93.0 | 97.2 | 4.2 | 4.5 |

\| Cooks, institution and cafeteria | 35-2012 | 2.8 | 456.3 | 471.1 | 14.9 | 3.3 |

\| Cooks, private household | 35-2013 | 2.8 | 37.8 | 35.4 | -2.4 | -6.3 |

\| Cooks, all other[2] | 35-2019 | 2.8 | 20.0 | 21.1 | 1.0 | 5.2 |

\| Dining room and cafeteria attendants and bartender helpers | 35-9011 | 2.8 | 493.8 | 534.7 | 40.9 | 8.3 |

\| Animal caretakers | 39-2021 | 2.8 | 364.6 | 425.2 | 60.6 | 16.6 |

\| Motion picture projectionists | 39-3021 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | -0.1 | -5.0 |

\| Shipping, receiving, and inventory clerks | 43-5071 | 2.8 | 848.7 | 784.2 | -64.4 | -7.6 |

\| Word processors and typists | 43-9022 | 2.8 | 39.9 | 24.8 | -15.2 | -38.0 |

\| Log graders and scalers | 45-4023 | 2.8 | 5.2 | 5.1 | -0.1 | -1.5 |

\| Boilermakers | 47-2011 | 2.8 | 11.3 | 11.2 | -0.1 | -1.2 |

\| Stonemasons | 47-2022 | 2.8 | 12.4 | 12.0 | -0.4 | -3.6 |

\| Pile driver operators | 47-2072 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 0.1 | 4.6 |

\| Pipelayers | 47-2151 | 2.8 | 37.3 | 36.4 | -0.9 | -2.3 |

\| Structural iron and steel workers | 47-2221 | 2.8 | 66.1 | 68.9 | 2.7 | 4.1 |

\| Helpers--carpenters | 47-3012 | 2.8 | 22.3 | 21.6 | -0.7 | -3.0 |

\| Helpers--roofers | 47-3016 | 2.8 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 0.3 | 5.6 |

\| Elevator and escalator installers and repairers | 47-4021 | 2.8 | 24.4 | 25.8 | 1.4 | 5.7 |

\| Highway maintenance workers | 47-4051 | 2.8 | 160.4 | 166.5 | 6.1 | 3.8 |

\| Helpers--extraction workers | 47-5081 | 2.8 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 0.1 | 1.8 |

\| Extraction workers, all other[2] | 47-5099 | 2.8 | 7.4 | 7.4 | 0.0 | -0.5 |

\| Electrical and electronics installers and repairers, transportation equipment | 49-2093 | 2.8 | 7.6 | 8.2 | 0.5 | 6.9 |

\| Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists | 49-3031 | 2.8 | 300.2 | 308.7 | 8.5 | 2.8 |

\| Farm equipment mechanics and service technicians | 49-3041 | 2.8 | 48.0 | 53.5 | 5.5 | 11.4 |

\| Mechanical door repairers | 49-9011 | 2.8 | 27.7 | 30.9 | 3.2 | 11.4 |

\| Electrical power-line installers and repairers | 49-9051 | 2.8 | 123.4 | 132.8 | 9.4 | 7.6 |

\| Musical instrument repairers and tuners | 49-9063 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 6.4 | 0.1 | 1.5 |

\| Maintenance and repair workers, general | 49-9071 | 2.8 | 1,616.5 | 1,698.3 | 81.8 | 5.1 |

\| Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other[2] | 49-9099 | 2.8 | 201.5 | 208.7 | 7.2 | 3.6 |

\| Aircraft structure, surfaces, rigging, and systems assemblers | 51-2011 | 2.8 | 31.4 | 26.3 | -5.2 | -16.4 |

\| Miscellaneous assemblers and fabricators[2] | 51-2090 | 2.8 | 1,520.8 | 1,527.9 | 7.0 | 0.5 |

\| Bakers | 51-3011 | 2.8 | 243.4 | 256.1 | 12.7 | 5.2 |

\| Food and tobacco roasting, baking, and drying machine operators and tenders | 51-3091 | 2.8 | 19.6 | 20.0 | 0.4 | 2.2 |

\| Food batchmakers | 51-3092 | 2.8 | 171.3 | 186.8 | 15.5 | 9.1 |

\| Rolling machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4023 | 2.8 | 25.0 | 23.1 | -1.9 | -7.7 |

\| Prepress technicians and workers | 51-5111 | 2.8 | 23.3 | 19.0 | -4.3 | -18.5 |

\| Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers | 51-6052 | 2.8 | 24.6 | 23.0 | -1.6 | -6.5 |

\| Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers | 51-6091 | 2.8 | 15.1 | 14.7 | -0.5 | -3.1 |

\| Gas plant operators | 51-8092 | 2.8 | 16.1 | 14.6 | -1.6 | -9.8 |

\| Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9041 | 2.8 | 57.2 | 58.7 | 1.6 | 2.7 |

\| Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders | 51-9051 | 2.8 | 15.2 | 15.5 | 0.3 | 2.0 |

\| Semiconductor processing technicians | 51-9141 | 2.8 | 26.6 | 30.1 | 3.4 | 13.0 |

\| Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders | 51-9191 | 2.8 | 12.5 | 12.4 | -0.1 | -0.5 |

\| Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders | 51-9193 | 2.8 | 7.1 | 7.8 | 0.7 | 9.4 |

\| Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9196 | 2.8 | 95.2 | 83.3 | -11.9 | -12.5 |

\| Light truck drivers | 53-3033 | 2.8 | 1,092.6 | 1,188.9 | 96.3 | 8.8 |

\| Motor vehicle operators, all other[2] | 53-3099 | 2.8 | 86.5 | 93.6 | 7.1 | 8.3 |

\| Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators and locomotive firers | 53-4022 | 2.8 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 0.2 | 1.5 |

\| Bridge and lock tenders | 53-6011 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 |

\| Automotive and watercraft service attendants | 53-6031 | 2.8 | 94.6 | 94.5 | -0.1 | -0.1 |

\| Crane and tower operators | 53-7021 | 2.8 | 42.6 | 44.2 | 1.6 | 3.7 |

\| Hoist and winch operators | 53-7041 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.0 | -0.5 |

\| Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators | 53-7071 | 2.8 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.1 | 1.2 |

\| Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers | 53-7072 | 2.8 | 11.7 | 12.3 | 0.6 | 5.0 |

\| Tank car, truck, and ship loaders | 53-7121 | 2.8 | 12.7 | 13.2 | 0.5 | 3.9 |

\| Cooks, restaurant | 35-2014 | 2.7 | 1,434.2 | 1,678.6 | 244.5 | 17.0 |

\| Tree trimmers and pruners | 37-3013 | 2.7 | 67.1 | 70.4 | 3.2 | 4.8 |

\| Meter readers, utilities | 43-5041 | 2.7 | 20.4 | 18.1 | -2.3 | -11.4 |

\| Postal service mail carriers | 43-5052 | 2.7 | 316.7 | 307.1 | -9.5 | -3.0 |

\| Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service | 43-9051 | 2.7 | 70.6 | 66.2 | -4.4 | -6.2 |

\| Office machine operators, except computer | 43-9071 | 2.7 | 29.2 | 24.8 | -4.4 | -15.1 |

\| Agricultural equipment operators | 45-2091 | 2.7 | 62.7 | 68.0 | 5.3 | 8.4 |

\| Farmworkers and laborers, crop, nursery, and greenhouse | 45-2092 | 2.7 | 497.3 | 485.4 | -11.9 | -2.4 |

\| Farmworkers, farm, ranch, and aquacultural animals | 45-2093 | 2.7 | 204.7 | 194.1 | -10.6 | -5.2 |

\| Agricultural workers, all other[2] | 45-2099 | 2.7 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 0.3 | 2.5 |

\| Brickmasons and blockmasons | 47-2021 | 2.7 | 72.6 | 75.0 | 2.4 | 3.3 |

\| Cement masons and concrete finishers | 47-2051 | 2.7 | 211.8 | 210.3 | -1.5 | -0.7 |

\| Construction laborers | 47-2061 | 2.7 | 1,401.2 | 1,516.6 | 115.4 | 8.2 |

\| Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators | 47-2071 | 2.7 | 44.5 | 46.3 | 1.7 | 3.9 |

\| Operating engineers and other construction equipment operators | 47-2073 | 2.7 | 468.0 | 487.6 | 19.6 | 4.2 |

\| Insulation workers, mechanical | 47-2132 | 2.7 | 23.4 | 24.6 | 1.2 | 5.1 |

\| Painters, construction and maintenance | 47-2141 | 2.7 | 338.9 | 352.4 | 13.6 | 4.0 |

\| Roofers | 47-2181 | 2.7 | 168.1 | 177.9 | 9.8 | 5.8 |

\| Sheet metal workers | 47-2211 | 2.7 | 124.2 | 127.1 | 2.9 | 2.3 |

\| Solar photovoltaic installers | 47-2231 | 2.7 | 25.0 | 37.0 | 12.0 | 48.0 |

\| Helpers, construction trades, all other[2] | 47-3019 | 2.7 | 28.0 | 30.4 | 2.3 | 8.3 |

\| Fence erectors | 47-4031 | 2.7 | 24.3 | 25.5 | 1.2 | 4.8 |

\| Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators | 47-4061 | 2.7 | 17.7 | 18.1 | 0.4 | 2.5 |

\| Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners | 47-4071 | 2.7 | 30.1 | 32.6 | 2.4 | 8.1 |

\| Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining | 47-5022 | 2.7 | 34.4 | 34.1 | -0.3 | -0.8 |

\| Earth drillers, except oil and gas | 47-5023 | 2.7 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 0.8 | 4.0 |

\| Continuous mining machine operators | 47-5041 | 2.7 | 16.1 | 15.8 | -0.3 | -1.8 |

\| Roof bolters, mining | 47-5043 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 1.4 | -0.6 | -32.0 |

\| Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining | 47-5044 | 2.7 | 5.3 | 4.1 | -1.2 | -22.9 |

\| Underground mining machine operators, all other[2] | 47-5049 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | -0.1 | -4.5 |

\| Automotive body and related repairers | 49-3021 | 2.7 | 169.2 | 171.4 | 2.1 | 1.3 |

\| Automotive service technicians and mechanics | 49-3023 | 2.7 | 794.6 | 815.9 | 21.2 | 2.7 |

\| Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines | 49-3042 | 2.7 | 191.1 | 207.3 | 16.2 | 8.5 |

\| Motorboat mechanics and service technicians | 49-3051 | 2.7 | 26.1 | 27.8 | 1.8 | 6.7 |

\| Tire repairers and changers | 49-3093 | 2.7 | 107.6 | 113.3 | 5.7 | 5.3 |

\| Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons | 49-9045 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | -0.1 | -17.8 |

\| Camera and photographic equipment repairers | 49-9061 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.2 | -0.4 | -16.9 |

\| Medical equipment repairers | 49-9062 | 2.7 | 67.0 | 79.3 | 12.3 | 18.4 |

\| Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other[2] | 49-9069 | 2.7 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 0.4 | 3.5 |

\| Signal and track switch repairers | 49-9097 | 2.7 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 0.2 | 2.3 |

\| Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers | 49-9098 | 2.7 | 104.6 | 109.2 | 4.6 | 4.4 |

\| Coil winders, tapers, and finishers | 51-2021 | 2.7 | 12.1 | 10.9 | -1.1 | -9.3 |

\| Engine and other machine assemblers | 51-2031 | 2.7 | 49.0 | 38.6 | -10.4 | -21.3 |

\| Fiberglass laminators and fabricators | 51-2051 | 2.7 | 20.9 | 21.8 | 1.0 | 4.6 |

\| Butchers and meat cutters | 51-3021 | 2.7 | 139.1 | 136.2 | -2.9 | -2.1 |

\| Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers | 51-3022 | 2.7 | 141.1 | 147.7 | 6.6 | 4.7 |

\| Food processing workers, all other[2] | 51-3099 | 2.7 | 66.8 | 69.7 | 2.9 | 4.4 |

\| Drilling and boring machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4032 | 2.7 | 5.8 | 4.7 | -1.1 | -19.2 |

\| Metal-refining furnace operators and tenders | 51-4051 | 2.7 | 21.4 | 20.4 | -1.0 | -4.8 |

\| Pourers and casters, metal | 51-4052 | 2.7 | 5.6 | 5.2 | -0.4 | -6.7 |

\| Model makers, metal and plastic | 51-4061 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.4 | -0.5 | -17.6 |

\| Molding, coremaking, and casting machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4072 | 2.7 | 158.8 | 154.9 | -3.9 | -2.5 |

\| Multiple machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4081 | 2.7 | 130.0 | 132.3 | 2.3 | 1.8 |

\| Welding, soldering, and brazing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-4122 | 2.7 | 35.6 | 32.5 | -3.2 | -8.9 |

\| Heat treating equipment setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4191 | 2.7 | 15.2 | 13.8 | -1.4 | -9.5 |

\| Plating machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4193 | 2.7 | 32.4 | 28.8 | -3.6 | -11.1 |

\| Printing press operators | 51-5112 | 2.7 | 156.2 | 141.3 | -14.9 | -9.5 |

\| Print binding and finishing workers | 51-5113 | 2.7 | 38.1 | 31.4 | -6.7 | -17.5 |

\| Laundry and dry-cleaning workers | 51-6011 | 2.7 | 195.4 | 206.2 | 10.8 | 5.5 |

\| Furniture finishers | 51-7021 | 2.7 | 18.2 | 17.9 | -0.3 | -1.6 |

\| Patternmakers, wood | 51-7032 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 0.4 | -0.1 | -13.5 |

\| Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers | 51-8093 | 2.7 | 33.6 | 32.8 | -0.8 | -2.3 |

\| Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9012 | 2.7 | 53.4 | 54.3 | 0.9 | 1.7 |

\| Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9021 | 2.7 | 26.5 | 26.3 | -0.3 | -1.0 |

\| Dental laboratory technicians | 51-9081 | 2.7 | 35.1 | 33.7 | -1.5 | -4.2 |

\| Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders | 51-9111 | 2.7 | 367.9 | 392.5 | 24.6 | 6.7 |

\| Computer numerically controlled tool operators | 51-9161 | 2.7 | 189.9 | 172.4 | -17.5 | -9.2 |

\| Computer numerically controlled tool programmers | 51-9162 | 2.7 | 28.3 | 32.5 | 4.2 | 14.9 |

\| Etchers and engravers | 51-9194 | 2.7 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 0.3 | 2.3 |

\| Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic | 51-9195 | 2.7 | 49.2 | 51.8 | 2.6 | 5.3 |

\| Production workers, all other[2] | 51-9199 | 2.7 | 265.1 | 270.1 | 5.0 | 1.9 |

\| Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers | 53-3032 | 2.7 | 2,211.3 | 2,313.4 | 102.0 | 4.6 |

\| Machine feeders and offbearers | 53-7063 | 2.7 | 43.8 | 38.2 | -5.6 | -12.7 |

\| Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners | 37-2011 | 2.6 | 2,431.6 | 2,507.3 | 75.8 | 3.1 |

\| Maids and housekeeping cleaners | 37-2012 | 2.6 | 1,335.5 | 1,346.2 | 10.8 | 0.8 |

\| Building cleaning workers, all other[2] | 37-2019 | 2.6 | 15.2 | 15.8 | 0.6 | 4.3 |

\| Manicurists and pedicurists | 39-5092 | 2.6 | 212.7 | 237.8 | 25.1 | 11.8 |

\| Models | 41-9012 | 2.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 0.0 | -0.4 |

\| Postal service mail sorters, processors, and processing machine operators | 43-5053 | 2.6 | 111.3 | 102.5 | -8.7 | -7.9 |

\| Animal breeders | 45-2021 | 2.6 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 0.2 | 2.4 |

\| Fishing and hunting workers | 45-3031 | 2.6 | 25.5 | 25.3 | -0.2 | -0.7 |

\| Carpet installers | 47-2041 | 2.6 | 20.3 | 18.5 | -1.8 | -8.9 |

\| Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tiles | 47-2042 | 2.6 | 32.8 | 36.1 | 3.3 | 10.1 |

\| Floor sanders and finishers | 47-2043 | 2.6 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 0.2 | 2.5 |

\| Tile and stone setters | 47-2044 | 2.6 | 55.6 | 61.4 | 5.8 | 10.4 |

\| Drywall and ceiling tile installers | 47-2081 | 2.6 | 116.6 | 120.4 | 3.8 | 3.3 |

\| Glaziers | 47-2121 | 2.6 | 56.5 | 58.6 | 2.1 | 3.8 |

\| Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters | 47-2152 | 2.6 | 473.4 | 499.7 | 26.3 | 5.6 |

\| Plasterers and stucco masons | 47-2161 | 2.6 | 24.1 | 24.9 | 0.8 | 3.3 |

\| Helpers--painters, paperhangers, plasterers, and stucco masons | 47-3014 | 2.6 | 7.8 | 8.0 | 0.1 | 1.9 |

\| Rock splitters, quarry | 47-5051 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 0.1 | 2.8 |

\| Roustabouts, oil and gas | 47-5071 | 2.6 | 46.0 | 48.6 | 2.5 | 5.5 |

\| Electric motor, power tool, and related repairers | 49-2092 | 2.6 | 17.7 | 18.6 | 0.9 | 5.0 |

\| Rail car repairers | 49-3043 | 2.6 | 20.2 | 21.1 | 0.9 | 4.4 |

\| Outdoor power equipment and other small engine mechanics | 49-3053 | 2.6 | 40.0 | 41.2 | 1.2 | 2.9 |

\| Industrial machinery mechanics | 49-9041 | 2.6 | 429.5 | 503.3 | 73.8 | 17.2 |

\| Maintenance workers, machinery | 49-9043 | 2.6 | 59.0 | 63.6 | 4.6 | 7.8 |

\| Watch and clock repairers | 49-9064 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 |

\| Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers | 49-9091 | 2.6 | 39.3 | 39.2 | -0.1 | -0.4 |

\| Electrical, electronic, and electromechanical assemblers, except coil winders, tapers, and finishers | 51-2028 | 2.6 | 271.1 | 290.6 | 19.5 | 7.2 |

\| Structural metal fabricators and fitters | 51-2041 | 2.6 | 59.3 | 50.3 | -9.1 | -15.3 |

\| Food cooking machine operators and tenders | 51-3093 | 2.6 | 30.7 | 31.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 |

\| Extruding and drawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4021 | 2.6 | 64.1 | 65.3 | 1.3 | 2.0 |

\| Cutting, punching, and press machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4031 | 2.6 | 181.3 | 161.0 | -20.3 | -11.2 |

\| Grinding, lapping, polishing, and buffing machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4033 | 2.6 | 76.3 | 68.1 | -8.2 | -10.7 |

\| Lathe and turning machine tool setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4034 | 2.6 | 19.7 | 17.5 | -2.3 | -11.4 |

\| Milling and planing machine setters, operators, and tenders, metal and plastic | 51-4035 | 2.6 | 14.1 | 12.3 | -1.8 | -12.9 |

\| Machinists | 51-4041 | 2.6 | 298.0 | 303.0 | 5.0 | 1.7 |

\| Patternmakers, metal and plastic | 51-4062 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 1.7 | -0.5 | -22.2 |

\| Tool and die makers | 51-4111 | 2.6 | 59.1 | 53.3 | -5.8 | -9.7 |

\| Layout workers, metal and plastic | 51-4192 | 2.6 | 6.9 | 6.7 | -0.2 | -3.5 |

\| Metal workers and plastic workers, all other[2] | 51-4199 | 2.6 | 20.7 | 19.2 | -1.4 | -6.9 |

\| Shoe machine operators and tenders | 51-6042 | 2.6 | 6.1 | 5.2 | -0.8 | -13.6 |

\| Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders | 51-6061 | 2.6 | 6.9 | 6.1 | -0.7 | -10.3 |

\| Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-6063 | 2.6 | 16.4 | 14.4 | -1.9 | -11.8 |

\| Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-6064 | 2.6 | 24.1 | 22.0 | -2.1 | -8.8 |

\| Upholsterers | 51-6093 | 2.6 | 30.7 | 30.1 | -0.6 | -2.0 |

\| Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other[2] | 51-6099 | 2.6 | 15.6 | 14.1 | -1.5 | -9.5 |

\| Woodworking machine setters, operators, and tenders, except sawing | 51-7042 | 2.6 | 60.6 | 59.3 | -1.3 | -2.2 |

\| Grinding and polishing workers, hand | 51-9022 | 2.6 | 12.5 | 10.3 | -2.2 | -17.8 |

\| Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9023 | 2.6 | 107.8 | 112.4 | 4.7 | 4.3 |

\| Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers | 51-9071 | 2.6 | 46.2 | 44.5 | -1.7 | -3.7 |

\| Ophthalmic laboratory technicians | 51-9083 | 2.6 | 18.9 | 19.2 | 0.3 | 1.6 |

\| Tire builders | 51-9197 | 2.6 | 20.7 | 21.3 | 0.6 | 3.1 |

\| Helpers--production workers | 51-9198 | 2.6 | 183.5 | 168.4 | -15.2 | -8.3 |

\| Dredge operators | 53-7031 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 2.1 |

\| Industrial truck and tractor operators | 53-7051 | 2.6 | 770.8 | 791.9 | 21.2 | 2.7 |

\| Wellhead pumpers | 53-7073 | 2.6 | 19.4 | 19.0 | -0.4 | -2.0 |

\| Material moving workers, all other[2] | 53-7199 | 2.6 | 26.5 | 27.6 | 1.2 | 4.4 |

\| Dishwashers | 35-9021 | 2.5 | 475.0 | 481.9 | 6.9 | 1.4 |

\| Landscaping and groundskeeping workers | 37-3011 | 2.5 | 1,188.2 | 1,248.3 | 60.1 | 5.1 |

\| Grounds maintenance workers, all other[2] | 37-3019 | 2.5 | 14.1 | 14.6 | 0.5 | 3.8 |

\| Graders and sorters, agricultural products | 45-2041 | 2.5 | 32.2 | 30.6 | -1.5 | -4.7 |

\| Fallers | 45-4021 | 2.5 | 6.9 | 6.3 | -0.6 | -8.4 |

\| Logging equipment operators | 45-4022 | 2.5 | 34.1 | 32.8 | -1.3 | -3.8 |

\| Logging workers, all other[2] | 45-4029 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 3.4 | -0.3 | -7.4 |

\| Terrazzo workers and finishers | 47-2053 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.4 | -0.1 | -8.4 |

\| Tapers | 47-2082 | 2.5 | 20.0 | 19.8 | -0.1 | -0.7 |

\| Insulation workers, floor, ceiling, and wall | 47-2131 | 2.5 | 39.1 | 40.2 | 1.0 | 2.7 |

\| Paperhangers | 47-2142 | 2.5 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 5.7 |

\| Reinforcing iron and rebar workers | 47-2171 | 2.5 | 21.9 | 22.9 | 0.9 | 4.2 |

\| Helpers--brickmasons, blockmasons, stonemasons, and tile and marble setters | 47-3011 | 2.5 | 17.1 | 15.6 | -1.6 | -9.1 |

\| Helpers--pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters | 47-3015 | 2.5 | 47.1 | 49.8 | 2.8 | 5.9 |

\| Automotive glass installers and repairers | 49-3022 | 2.5 | 21.7 | 22.1 | 0.4 | 2.0 |

\| Timing device assemblers and adjusters | 51-2061 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | -0.1 | -16.3 |

\| Slaughterers and meat packers | 51-3023 | 2.5 | 72.8 | 73.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 |

\| Foundry mold and coremakers | 51-4071 | 2.5 | 11.8 | 8.9 | -2.9 | -24.6 |

\| Shoe and leather workers and repairers | 51-6041 | 2.5 | 9.4 | 8.3 | -1.1 | -11.9 |

\| Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-6062 | 2.5 | 9.9 | 8.7 | -1.2 | -11.7 |

\| Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters | 51-7011 | 2.5 | 99.7 | 97.0 | -2.7 | -2.7 |

\| Woodworkers, all other[2] | 51-7099 | 2.5 | 15.1 | 13.1 | -2.0 | -13.5 |

\| Cutters and trimmers, hand | 51-9031 | 2.5 | 6.9 | 5.6 | -1.3 | -18.4 |

\| Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9032 | 2.5 | 52.5 | 51.1 | -1.4 | -2.7 |

\| Painting, coating, and decorating workers | 51-9123 | 2.5 | 11.4 | 11.6 | 0.2 | 1.5 |

\| Coating, painting, and spraying machine setters, operators, and tenders | 51-9124 | 2.5 | 167.9 | 169.9 | 2.0 | 1.2 |

\| Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders | 51-9192 | 2.5 | 15.8 | 16.6 | 0.7 | 4.5 |

\| Cleaners of vehicles and equipment | 53-7061 | 2.5 | 402.7 | 420.6 | 17.8 | 4.4 |

\| Laborers and freight, stock, and material movers, hand | 53-7062 | 2.5 | 3,004.8 | 3,130.6 | 125.7 | 4.2 |

\| Packers and packagers, hand | 53-7064 | 2.5 | 641.3 | 614.3 | -26.9 | -4.2 |

\| Refuse and recyclable material collectors | 53-7081 | 2.5 | 148.4 | 151.9 | 3.5 | 2.3 |

\| Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers | 51-4121 | 2.4 | 454.5 | 463.8 | 9.3 | 2.0 |

\| Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners | 51-4194 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 6.3 | -0.5 | -7.8 |

\| Sewing machine operators | 51-6031 | 2.4 | 128.7 | 111.8 | -17.0 | -13.2 |

\| Sewers, hand | 51-6051 | 2.4 | 5.6 | 4.9 | -0.7 | -12.2 |

\| Sawing machine setters, operators, and tenders, wood | 51-7041 | 2.4 | 45.6 | 45.3 | -0.2 | -0.5 |

\| Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials | 51-6021 | 2.1 | 29.3 | 25.8 | -3.5 | -12.0 |

\| Footnotes: [1] Skills scores range from 1.0 (Not important) to 5.0 (Extremely important). More information can be found on the EP definitions page: https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/definitions.htm. [2] Skills information from similar O*NET-SOC occupation(s) imputed for this occupation. More information can be found in the following file: Crosswalk of O*NET-SOC occupations to National Employment Matrix occupations for skills mapping.xlsx. Source: Employment Projections program, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | | | | | | |

**Last Modified Date:**August 29, 2024

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    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "Disclaimer: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/disclaimer.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# Disclaimer

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/disclaimer.htm)

Many trade associations, professional societies, unions, industrial organizations, and government agencies provide career information that is valuable to counselors and jobseekers. For the convenience of*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) users, some of these organizations and their Internet addresses are listed at the end of each occupational profile. Although these references were carefully compiled, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has neither the authority nor the facilities to investigate the organizations or the information or publications made available to BLS. As a result, BLS cannot guarantee the accuracy of such information and the listing of an organization does not constitute in any way an endorsement or recommendation by BLS, either of the organization and its activities or of the information the organization may supply. Each organization has sole responsibility for whatever information it issues.

The*OOH*describes the job outlook over a projected 10-year period for occupations across the nation; consequently, short-term labor market fluctuations and regional differences in job outlook generally are not discussed. Similarly, the*OOH*provides a general, composite description of jobs and cannot be expected to reflect work situations in specific establishments or localities. The*OOH*, therefore, is not intended to, and should never, be used for any legal purpose. For example, the*OOH*should not be used as a guide for determining wages, hours of work, the right of a particular union to represent workers, appropriate bargaining units, or formal job evaluation systems. Wage data in the*OOH*should not be used to compute the future loss of earnings in adjudication proceedings involving work injuries or accidental deaths.

BLS has no role in establishing educational, licensing, or practicing standards for any occupation; any such standards are established by national accrediting organizations and are merely reported by BLS in the*OOH*. The education information in the*OOH*presents the typical requirements for entry into the given occupation and does not describe the education and training of those individuals already employed in the occupation. In addition, education requirements for occupations may change over time and often vary by employer or state. Therefore, the information in the*OOH*should not be used to determine if an applicant is qualified to enter a specific job in an occupation.

All text, charts, and tables presented are in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Most photographs and illustrations are protected by copyright. Comments about the contents of this publication and suggestions for improving it are welcome. Address all comments to Chief, Division of Employment Projections, Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. Phone: (202) 691-5700. FAX: (202) 691-5745. Email:[Contact us](https://data.bls.gov/forms/ooh.htm). Information in the*OOH*is available upon request to individuals with sensory impairments. Voice phone:**(202) 691-5200**; Federal Relay Service:**(800) 877-8339**.

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Disclaimer,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

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    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "Occupational Information Included in the OOH: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "The Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) is a career resource offering information about the hundreds of occupations that provide most jobs in the United States.",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/occupational-information-included-in-the-ooh.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# Occupational Information Included in the OOH

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/occupational-information-included-in-the-ooh.htm)

The*Occupational Outlook Handbook**(OOH)*is a career resource offering information on the hundreds of occupations that provide most of jobs in the United States. Each occupational profile describes the typical duties performed by the occupation, the work environment of that occupation, the typical education and training needed to enter the occupation, the median pay for workers in the occupation, and the job outlook over the coming decade for that occupation. Each profile is in a standard format that makes it easy to compare occupations, such as by[projected employment change](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm#info).

## **Sections of Occupational Profiles**

- [Summary](#Summary)

- [What They Do](#What They Do)

- [Work Environment](#Work Environment)

- [How to Become One](#How to Become One)

- [Pay](#Pay)

- [Job Outlook](#Job Outlook)

- [State and Area Data](#State and Area Data)

- [Similar Occupations](#Similar Occupations)

- [More Information](#More Information)

## **Summary**

All profiles have a “Quick Facts” table that gives information on the following topics:

***Median Pay:***The wage at which half of the workers in the occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. Median wage data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes)(OEWS) survey.

***Typical Entry-Level Education:***The level of education that most workers need to enter an occupation.

***Work Experience in a Related Occupation:***The skills and know-how that a worker receives in another occupation which is usually considered necessary by employers or is a commonly accepted substitute for more formal types of training or education.

***On-the-job Training*:**Postemployment training necessary to attain competency in the skills needed in the occupation. The training is occupation specific rather than job specific; the skills learned can be transferred to another job in the same occupation.

***Number of Jobs:***The employment, or size, of the occupation in the base year of the employment projections.

***Job Outlook:***The projected percent change in employment over the projections decade.

***Employment Change:***The projected numeric change in employment over the projections decade.

The summary section briefly describes all of the sections included in each occupational profile.

## **What They Do**

This section describes the main work of people in the occupation.

All occupations have a list of duties or typical tasks performed by these workers. The list includes daily responsibilities, such as answering phone calls or taking a patient’s medical history.

This section also may describe the equipment, software, tools, or other items that people in the occupation typically use, as well as those with whom workers in the occupation interact, such as clients, patients, and coworkers.

Some profiles discuss specialties, alternate job titles, or types of occupations within a given occupation. This subsection includes a brief explanation of each specialty’s job duties and how specialties differ from one another.

## **Work Environment**

Jobseekers and career planners should learn an occupation’s working conditions, including the typical workplace, the expected level of physical activity, and typical working hours.

The section typically begins by noting the employment size of the occupation in the base year and includes a table of some of the industries in which workers are employed. The section also notes whether employees sometimes need to travel, and if so, how frequently. If the workplace is hazardous, the section typically lists the type of equipment an employee must wear, such as a hardhat or protective goggles, to guard against accidents or exposure to harmful conditions. A subsection on Injuries and Illnesses may appear if this information is notable.

### **Work Schedules**

Information on the typical schedule for workers in an occupation is in this section, including whether workers are employed part time. Full-time workers typically work 35 or more hours in a week, whereas part-time employees work less than 35 hours. For some occupations, the profile also may include the time of day an employee is expected to begin work and for how long, such as nights or weekends in facilities that are open 24 hours. A discussion of work schedules for occupations in which work may be seasonal, such as for agricultural workers, also is in this section.

## **How to Become One**

Knowing how to prepare to enter an occupation gives jobseekers and students an idea of how to become a doctor, flight attendant, or wind turbine technician, for example. All profiles have subsections on education and important qualities of workers in the occupation. Optional subsections include information on work experience; training; other experience, such as volunteering or internships; licenses, certifications, and registrations; and advancement.

### **Education**

This subsection describes the education that most workers typically need to enter an occupation. Some occupations require no formal education, whereas others may require, for example, a doctoral or professional degree. In some occupations, such as computer support specialists, workers can enter with different educational backgrounds. In these cases, the profile discusses all of the typical paths for entry into the occupation.

This subsection may include information on the college majors and subjects that people usually study in preparation for the occupation, as well as a list of typical classes that may aid a high school student in preparing for an occupation.

This subsection also may link to a field of degree (FOD) page that highlights data and information for a variety of academic fields. FOD pages provide a glimpse of workers with the degree and shows occupations, outlook, and more for peoplewho have a particular major.

### **Work Experience in a Related Occupation**

This subsection describes whether employers require work experience in a related occupation. Many managerial occupations rely on related work experience.

### **Training**

This subsection describes the typical on-the-job training necessary to attain competency in an occupation, including both practical and classroom training that workers receive after being hired. Apprenticeships, internships, and residency programs also are discussed in this subsection.

### **Other Experience**

Other types of experience may be helpful or essential in getting a job in the occupation, such as experience gained through volunteering or student internships completed while one is in school. Students and jobseekers may find this section helpful as it may provide additional content for their résumés.

### **Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations**

This subsection describes whether credentials such as licenses, certifications, and registrations typically are needed for an occupation and, if so, how workers can earn the credentials.

States issue licenses to workers to signify that they have met specific legal requirements to practice in certain occupations. To become licensed, workers usually need to pass an exam and comply with eligibility requirements, such as possessing a minimum level of education, work experience, or training; or completing an internship, a residency, or an apprenticeship. States have their own regulatory boards that set standards for practicing in a licensed occupation, so rules and eligibility criteria, including recertification requirements, may vary by state, even for the same occupation.

Some occupations have certifications available that typically are voluntary. Certification requires demonstrated competency in a skill or a set of skills and commonly requires passing an exam or having a certain amount and type of work experience or training. For some certification programs, the candidate must have a certain level of education before becoming eligible for certification.

This subsection explains any prerequisites for certification, licensure, or registration, as well as how a person would complete them—such as by passing an exam, performing a certain type of work, or receiving certain training or education. If states require workers to be certified before they can be licensed, this section also notes that information.

Certification should not be confused with certificates from an educational institution. A certificate awarded by a postsecondary educational institution is a postsecondary nondegree award and is discussed in the subsection on education.

Registrations typically are required and issued by state or local governments. Workers seeking registration may need to be licensed or certified. In most cases, workers must pay fees to receive or maintain their registration.

### **Important Qualities**

What does it take to be an engineer or teacher? This subsection describes important characteristics of workers in the occupation and includes an explanation of why those characteristics are useful. The qualities may include skills, aptitudes, and personal characteristics.

### **Advancement**

This subsection explains the requirements for advancement, such as certification or additional formal education.

Opportunities for advancement can come from within the occupation, such as a promotion to a supervisory or managerial level; from advancement into another occupation, such as moving from a computer support specialist to a network and computer systems administrator; or by becoming self-employed, such as a dentist opening up his or her own practice.

## **Pay**

Almost all occupational profiles in the*OOH*show median wage data for wage and salary workers in the occupation. The median wage is the wage at which half of the workers in an occupation earned more and half earned less. The data are from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes)(OEWS) program. A chart that compares the median wage of workers in the occupation to the median wage of workers across all occupations accompanies the wage data.

Profiles typically include median wages and the wages earned by the top 10 percent and bottom 10 percent of workers in the occupation. Profiles also may include wages earned by workers in selected industries—those in which most of an occupation’s workers are employed. The wage data by industry also are from the OEWS survey.

Some occupational profiles may cite wage data from sources other than the BLS. Unless otherwise noted, the source of pay data for occupations in the*OOH*is the OEWS survey.

The Pay section provides work schedule information, also found in the Work Environment section.

## **Job Outlook**

Is employment projected to grow or decline over the projections decade? This section has a chart that compares the rate of growth or decline for the occupation(s) covered in the profile to the rate for all occupations. The section discusses the major factors expected to affect the outlook for employment in the occupation. Some of the factors are changes in technology, business practices, and demographics.

This section also gives the number of openings in the occupation projected each year, on average, over the decade. Occupational openings result not only from growth but also from the need to replace workers who exit the labor force, such as to retire, and from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations.

## **State and Area Data**

This section has links to sources for employment, wages, and projections data by state and area. Included are links to data maps from the BLS Occupation Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program for the occupation(s) covered in the profile. External links direct users to[Projections Central](https://projectionscentral.org), which contains state employment projections developed by Labor Market Information (LMI) or by individual state Employment Projections offices; and to[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org/Toolkit/Careers/Occupations/occupation-profile.aspx), which includes occupational profiles and tools to find employment and wage data by state and metro area.

## **Similar Occupations**

Some occupations have similar job duties or similar required skills. This section provides links to those occupations.

## **More Information**

This section includes external links to associations, organizations, and other institutions that provide readers with additional information.

The section also includes links to the[Occupational Information Network](https://www.onetonline.org/)(O*NET) system for the occupation or occupations included in the profile and may link to occupational videos from the[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org/Videos/video-library.aspx). State employment service offices use O*NET to classify applicants and job openings. For each occupation, O*NET lists several descriptors, including common tasks, necessary knowledge and skills, and frequently used technology.

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Occupational Information Included in the OOH,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

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    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "Glossary: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/glossary.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# Glossary

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/glossary.htm)[A](#A)|[B](#B)|[C](#C)|[D](#D)|[E](#E)|[F](#F)|[G](#G)|[H](#H)|[I](#I)|[J](#J)|[K](#K)|[L](#L)|[M](#M)|[N](#N)|[O](#O)|[P](#P)|[Q](#Q)|[R](#R)|[S](#S)|[T](#T)|[U](#U)|[V](#V)|[W](#W)|[X](#X, Y, Z)|[Y | Z](#X, Y, Z)

### **A**

**Annual:**recurring, done, or performed every year; yearly

**Applicant:**a person who formally applies for a job

**Apprenticeship:**a formal relationship between a worker and a sponsor that consists of a combination of on-the-job training and related occupation-specific instruction in which the worker learns the practical and theoretical aspects of an occupation. Apprenticeship programs are sponsored by individual employers, joint employer–labor groups, and employee associations. Apprenticeship programs usually provide at least 144 hours of occupation-specific technical instruction and 2,000 hours of on-the-job training per year over a 3- to 5-year period. Examples of occupations that utilize apprenticeships include*electricians*and*ironworkers*; see*On-the-job training*

**Associate’s degree:**degree awarded usually for at least 2 years of full-time academic study beyond high school; see*Education*

**Average:**the quantity calculated by adding together the elements of a set of numbers and dividing the resulting sum by the quantity of numbers summed; see*Mean*

[Back to top](#top)

### **B**

**Baby-boom generation:**individuals born between 1946 and 1964, inclusive

**Bachelor’s degree:**degree awarded usually for at least 4 years of full-time academic study beyond high school; see*Education*

**Base year:**year used as a reference point for comparison with later years. For example, 2023 is the base year for the 2023–33 employment projections. Employment in the base year is actual 2023 data, whereas employment in the target, or projection, year is projected

**Business cycle:**the periods of growth and decline in an economy. There are four stages in the cycle: expansion, when the economy grows; peak, the high point of an expansion; contraction, when the economy slows down; and trough, the low point of a contraction

[Back to top](#top)

### **C**

**Certification:**award for demonstrating competency in a skill or a set of skills, typically through work experience, training, and the passage of an examination, or some combination thereof. Some certification programs may require a certain level of educational achievement for eligibility

**Consolidation:**the merger of two or more commercial interests or corporations

**Current Population Survey (CPS):**a national survey that samples about 60,000 households on a monthly basis and collects information on labor force characteristics of the U.S. civilian noninstitutional population; the CPS is conducted by the Census Bureau for the Bureau of Labor Statistics

[Back to top](#top)

### **D**

**Demand for workers:**total openings, resulting from employment growth and the need to replace workers who leave their occupation

**Doctoral or professional degree:**degree awarded usually for at least 3 years of full-time academic work beyond a bachelor’s degree; for example, some science and other occupations need a doctoral degree, and all*lawyers, physicians,*and*dentists*need a professional degree for employment; see*Education*

**Domestic sourcing**: moving jobs to lower cost regions of the United States instead of to other countries

**Duties:**the major tasks or activities that employees in an occupation usually perform

[Back to top](#top)

### **E**

**Earnings:**pay or wages of a worker or a group of workers for services performed during a specific period—for example, hourly, daily, weekly, or annually. Also see*Pay*,*Wages*

**Education:**levels of education typically needed for entry into an occupation are classified as follows:

**Doctoral or professional degree**: degree awarded usually for at least 3 years of full-time academic work beyond a bachelor’s degree; for example,*lawyers,**physicians and surgeons,*and*dentists*

**Master’s degree:**degree awarded usually for 1 or 2 years of full-time academic study beyond a bachelor’s degree

**Bachelor’s degree**: degree awarded usually for at least 4 years of full-time academic study beyond high school

**Associate’s degree:**degree awarded usually for at least 2 years of full-time academic study beyond high school

**Postsecondary nondegree award:**usually a certificate or other award that is not a degree and is issued by an educational institution. Certifications issued by professional organizations or certifying bodies are not included in this category. Programs may last only a few weeks to 2 years; for example,*nursing assistants,**emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics,*and*hairstylists*

**Some college, no degree:**a high school diploma or the equivalent, plus the completion of one or more postsecondary courses that did not result in any degree or award

**High school diploma or equivalent:**the completion of high school or the equivalent, resulting in the award of a high school diploma or the equivalent

**No formal educational credential:**signifies that a formal credential issued by an educational institution, such as a high school diploma or a postsecondary certificate, is not typically needed for entry into the occupation; for example,*janitors and cleaners,**cashiers,*and*agricultural equipment operators*

**Employed:**the situation of a person who has an agreement with an employer to work full time, part time, or on a contractual basis for that employer

**Employment:**the number of jobs in an occupation, including full-time jobs, part-time jobs, and self-employment

**Employment growth/decline:**increase/decrease in the number of jobs

**Entry level:**the starting level for workers who are new to an occupation; different occupations may require different levels of education, training, or experience upon entry

[Back to top](#top)

### **F**

**Fieldwork:**an investigation or search for material, data, etc., such that the work is carried out in the field as opposed to the classroom, the laboratory, or official headquarters—for example, the work*archeologists*perform at a dig site in the desert; the work*historians*or*curators*engage in when they find or collect artifacts for museums; and the work*environmental technicians*do when they collect water samples from a pond, a stream, or an ocean

**Five years or more (of work experience in a related occupation):**the number of years of experience in a related occupation typically needed for entry into a given occupation; see*Work experience in a related occupation*

**Fixed work schedules**: schedules of employees who work the same hours on an ongoing basis—for example, 9 a.m.–5 p.m.; see*Work schedules*

**Flexible work schedules:**schedules of employees who set their own hours within specified guidelines and with a fixed number of total hours; see*Work schedules*

**Full time:**35 or more hours per week, according to the Current Population Survey; see*Work schedules*

[Back to top](#top)

### **G**

**GDP (gross domestic product):**the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period; the most commonly used measure of the size of the overall economy; the[Bureau of Economic Analysis](https://www.bea.gov/)(BEA) produces estimates of GDP

**Greater than full time:**more than 40 hours per week; see*Work schedules*

**Growth rate**: the percent change in the number of jobs added or lost in a U.S. occupation or industry over a given projections decade; growth rate adjectives used in the OOH are defined by the following percent changes for the 2023–33 employment projections:

- much faster than the average: increase 9 percent or more

- faster than the average: increase 6 percent to 8 percent

- as fast as the average: increase 3 percent to 5 percent

- slower than the average: increase 1 percent to 2 percent

- little or no change: increase less than 1 percent to decrease less than 1 percent

- decline: decrease 1 percent or more

[Back to top](#top)

### **H**

**High school diploma or equivalent:**award or credential that is equivalent to a high school diploma; see*Education*

**Household:**all persons who occupy a housing unit such as an apartment or a single-family home

[Back to top](#top)

### **I**

**Important qualities:**characteristics and personality traits that are likely needed for workers to be successful in given occupations

**Industry:**a group of establishments that produce similar products or provide similar services; see*North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)*

**Injury and illness:**in general, a*Handbook*profile will discuss injuries and illnesses only if they are particularly high compared with the rate for all other occupations. Whether they meet this criterion is typically determined with the use of injury and illness data from the BLS Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII) program. The “**Injuries and Illnesses**” section of each profile is used to discuss potential sources of accidents and injuries in the work environment.

**Internship:**training under supervision in a professional setting. This category does not include internships that are suggested for advancement; see*On-the-job training*

[Back to top](#top)

### **J**

**Job:**a specific instance of employment; a position of employment to be filled at an establishment;*see Employment*

**Job outlook:**a statement that conveys the projected rate of growth or decline in employment in an occupation over the next 10 years; also compares the projected growth rate with that projected for all other occupations; see*Growth rate*

[Back to top](#top)

### **K**

[Back to top](#top)

### **L**

**Labor force:**the sum of all persons 16 years and older in the civilian noninstitutional population who are either employed, or unemployed but available for work and actively looking for work

**Less than 5 years (of work experience in a related occupation):**the number of years of experience in a related occupation typically needed for entry into a given occupation; see*Work experience in a related occupation*

**Licenses**: permissions granted by government agencies or other accrediting bodies that allow someone to work in a particular occupation or perform certain duties

**Long-term on-the-job training:**more than 12 months of on-the-job training, or, alternatively, combined work experience and formal classroom instruction (not including apprenticeships), that is needed for the worker to attain competency in the skills needed in the occupation; see*On-the-job training*

[Back to top](#top)

### **M**

**Master’s degree:**degree awarded usually for 1 or 2 years of full-time academic study beyond a bachelor’s degree; see*Education*

**Mean:**the mathematical average of a set of numbers, calculated by adding the numbers together and dividing the result by the number of numbers summed; see*Average*

**Median:**the middle number in an ordered list consisting of an odd number of numbers; the average of the two middle numbers in an ordered list consisting of an even number of numbers

**Moderate-term on-the-job training:**more than 1 month, and up to 12 months, of combined on-the-job experience and informal training that is needed for the worker to attain competency in the skills needed in the occupation; see*On-the-job training*

[Back to top](#top)

### **N**

**New job:**an addition of a position to an establishment’s payroll, usually as a result of economic expansion

**No formal educational credential:**signifies that a formal credential issued by an educational institution, such as a high school diploma or a postsecondary certificate, is not typically needed for entry into the occupation; for example,*janitors and cleaners,**cashiers,*and*agricultural equipment operators*; see*Education*

**None (on-the-job training):**no additional occupation-specific training or preparation is typically required for the worker to attain competency in an occupation; see*On-the-job training*

**None (work experience in a related occupation):**no work experience in a related occupation is typically required for the worker to enter a given occupation; see*Work experience in a related occupation*

**Nonfixed work schedules:**schedules of employees who work different hours on one job; often used to accommodate particular traits of individual workers or because the work required by the employer varies for each individual; see*Work schedules*

**North American Industry Classification System (NAICS):**industry classification system used by federal statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. economy

**Number of jobs:**number of actual instances of employment, according to the BLS National Employment Matrix; see the[Employment Projections Methods Overview](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/projections-methods.htm)for more information about the matrix

**Numeric change in employment:**a projected change in the number of jobs in an occupation or industry

[Back to top](#top)

### **O**

**Occupation:**a craft, trade, profession, or other means of earning a living. Also, a set of activities or tasks that employees are paid to perform and that, together, go by a certain name. Employees who are in the same occupation perform essentially the same tasks, whether or not they work in the same industry

**Occupational openings:**opportunities to enter an occupation; openings occur when occupations grow, creating new jobs, and when workers leave an occupation permanently, resulting in the need to replace them

**O*NET:**an online research source that provides detailed descriptions of occupations for use by jobseekers, workforce development and human resources professionals, students, and researchers. Created for the U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, by the National Center for O*NET Development

**On-the-job training:**training or preparation that is typically needed for a worker, once employed in an occupation, to attain competency in the occupation. Training is occupation specific rather than job specific; skills learned can be transferred to another job in the same occupation.

**Internship/residency:**a formal period of training during which individuals work under the supervision of experienced workers in a professional setting, such as a hospital.  Internships and residencies occur after the completion of a formal postsecondary degree program and generally are required for state licensure or certification in fields such as medicine, counseling, and architecture. During an internship or residency, trainees may be restricted from independently performing all of the functions of the occupation. Examples of occupations in the internship or residency category include*physicians and surgeons*, and*marriage and family therapists*. This category does not include internships that are suggested for advancement in one's career, such as a marketing internship, or internships that take place as part of a formal degree program.

**Apprenticeship**: a formal relationship between a worker and a sponsor that consists of a combination of on-the-job training and related occupation-specific instruction in which the worker learns the practical and theoretical aspects of an occupation. Apprenticeship programs are sponsored by individual employers, joint employer-labor groups, and employee associations. Apprenticeship programs usually provide at least 144 hours of occupation-specific technical instruction and 2,000 hours of on-the-job training per year over a 3- to-5-year period. Examples of occupations that utilize apprenticeships include*electricians*and*ironworkers*.

**Long-term on-the-job training:**more than 12 months of on-the-job training, or, alternatively, combined work experience and formal classroom instruction, that is needed for workers to develop the skills to attain competency in an occupation. This on-the-job training category also includes employer-sponsored training programs, such as those offered by fire academies and schools for*air traffic controllers*. In other occupations—*nuclear power reactor operators*, for example—trainees take formal courses, often provided at the jobsite, to prepare for the required licensing exams. In addition, the category includes occupations in which workers typically need to possess a natural ability or talent—*musicians and singers*,*athletes*,*dancers*,*photographers*, and*actors*, among others—and that ability or talent must be cultivated over several years, sometimes in a nonwork setting. The category excludes apprenticeships.

**Moderate-term on-the-job training:**more than 1 month, and up to 12 months, of combined on-the-job experience and informal training that is needed for the worker to develop the skills to attain competency in the occupation; this on-the-job training category also includes employer-sponsored training programs.

**Short-term on-the-job training:**1 month or less of combined on-the-job experience and informal training that is needed for the worker to develop the skills to attain competency in the occupation; this on-the-job training category also includes employer-sponsored training programs.

**None**: no additional occupation-specific training or preparation is typically required for the worker to attain competency in the occupation.

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### **P**

**Part time:**less than 35 hours of work per week, according to the Current Population Survey; see*Work schedules*

**Pay:**earnings or wages of a worker or a group of workers for services performed during a specific period—for example, hourly, daily, weekly, or annually; also see*Earnings*,*Wages*

**Percent:**one part in a hundred. For example, 62 percent (also written “62%”) means 62 parts out of 100

**Percent change in employment**: employment growth rates expressed as percentages

**Percentile wage estimate:**the value of a wage below which a certain percentage of workers fall

**Personal consumption:**total goods and services purchased by individuals in the U.S. economy; the amount of goods and services used or purchased by individuals or households in the U.S. economy; a key statistic in measuring or calculating overall GDP

**Population:**the total number of inhabitants of the United States; also, the total number of observations under consideration in a statistical study

**Postsecondary nondegree award:**a certificate or other credential that is awarded by an educational institution upon completion of formal postsecondary schooling. (The postsecondary nondegree certificate is different from certifications issued by professional organizations or certifying bodies.) Postsecondary nondegree award programs may last from just a few weeks to 2 years. Examples of those who need postsecondary nondegree awards are*nursing assistants*,*emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics*, and*hairstylists*; see*Education*

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### **Q**

**Qualifications:**personality traits, education, training, work experience, or other qualities workers need to enter an occupation

**Qualities**: characteristics and personality traits that are likely needed for workers to be successful in given occupations

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### **R**

**Related occupations:**occupations that have similar job duties; see*Similar occupations*

**Residency:**training under supervision in a professional setting; see*On-the-job training*

**Rotating work schedules:**schedules that have a fixed number of hours and time off, but no set weekly hours, over a period of more than 1 week; see*Work schedules*

[Back to top](#top)

### **S**

**Salary:**earnings of a worker or a group of workers for services performed during a specific period—for example, an hourly straight-time wage rate or, for workers not paid on an hourly basis, straight-time earnings divided by hours worked

**Seasonal employment:**employment that is not expected to last a full year, but that may reoccur; for example, many*retail sales associates*are hired only for the busy holiday season, and forest*firefighters*are more likely to be employed during the summer months, when vegetation is dryer

**Self-employed**: those who work for profit or fees in their own business, profession, trade, or farm; only the unincorporated self-employed are included in the self-employed category

**Short-term on-the-job training:**1 month or less of on-the-job experience and informal training; see*On-the-job training*

**Similar occupations**: occupations that tend to share common daily tasks or require similar skills, rather than similar wages or education

**Some college, no degree:**a high school diploma or the equivalent, plus the completion of one or more postsecondary courses that did not result in any degree or award; see*Education*

**Standard Occupational Classification (SOC):**the coding system used by all federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data

**Supply of workers:**the number of people in the labor force; for most occupations, the supply of workers is smaller than the total number in the labor force because the supply is limited to those with particular education or training requirements

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### **T**

**Training:**see*On-the-job training*

[Back to top](#top)

### **U**

**Union membership:**the group of workers who join labor unions, hold union memberships, and enjoy benefits of the organized, coordinated efforts of the union to improve the work environment; also, the status of being a member of a union

[Back to top](#top)

### **V**

**Vocational school:**a secondary school that teaches vocational trades, such as construction trades; vocational schools may or may not award degrees

[Back to top](#top)

### **W**

**Wages:**earnings or pay of a worker or a group of workers for services performed during a specific period—for example, hourly, daily, weekly, or annually; also see*Earnings*,*Pay*

**Work experience in a related occupation:**the level of work experience in an occupation related to a given occupation; the work experience captures work experience that is commonly considered necessary by employers or is a commonly accepted substitute for other, more formal types of training or education

**Five years or more:**the number of years of experience in a related occupation typically needed for entry into a given occupation is more than 5 years

**Less than 5 years:**the number of years of experience in a related occupation typically needed for entry into a given occupation is less than 5 years

**None:**No work experience in a related occupation is typically needed for entry into a given occupation

**Work schedules:**the number of daily hours, weekly hours, and annual weeks that employees in an occupation are scheduled to, and do, work. Short-term fluctuations and one-time events are not considered, unless the change becomes permanent

**Fixed work schedules:**schedules under which employees who work those schedules do so on a continual basis, such as 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.

**Flexible work schedules:**schedules under which employees set their own hours within guidelines and with a fixed number of total hours

**Nonfixed work schedules:**schedules of employees who work different hours on one job; often utilized to accommodate particular traits of individual workers or because the work required varies by individual

**Rotating work schedules:**schedules that have a fixed number of hours and time off, but no set weekly hours, over a period of more than 1 week; see*Work schedules*

**Full time:**between 35 and 40 hours, inclusive, of work per week

**Greater than full time:**more than 40 hours of work per week

**Part time:**Less than 35 hours of work per week

[Back to top](#top)

### **X, Y, Z**

[Back to top](#top)BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Glossary,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

PERCUSSION INNER ENDRecommend this page using:[Facebook](javascript:void(0);)[Twitter](javascript:void(0);)[LinkedIn](javascript:void(0);)<div><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\"><img src=\"/images/icons/google.png\"></a><span><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\">Google+</a></span></div>
    ]
}


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string_value:
{
    "title": "Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "Although employment for hundreds of occupations are covered in detail in the Occupational Outlook Handbook, this page presents summary data on additional occupations for which employment projections are prepared but detailed occupational information is not developed.",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm)

Although employment for hundreds of occupations is covered in detail in the*Occupational Outlook**Handbook*, this page presents summary data on additional occupations for which employment projections are prepared but detailed occupational information is not developed. For each occupation, the[Occupational Information Network](https://www.onetonline.org/)(O*NET) code, the occupational definition, 2023 employment, the May 2023 median annual wage, the projected employment change and growth rate from 2023 to 2033, and education and training categories are presented. In addition, select occupations include links to career videos from[CareerOneStop](https://www.CareerOneStop.org/).

Occupational Groups (Note—click a link below to scroll the page to the occupational group):

[Management occupations](#Management occupations)

[Business and financial operations occupations](#Business and financial operations occupations)

[Computer and mathematical occupations](#Computer and mathematical occupations)

[Architecture and engineering occupations](#Architecture and engineering occupations)

[Life, physical, and social science occupations](#Life, physical, and social science occupations)

[Community and social service occupations](#Community and social service occupations)

[Legal occupations](#Legal occupations)

[Educational instruction and library occupations](#Educational instruction and library occupations)

[Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations](#Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations)

[Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations](#Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations)

[Healthcare support occupations](#Healthcare support occupations)

[Protective service occupations](#Protective service occupations)

[Food preparation and serving related occupations](#Food preparation and serving related occupations)

[Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations](#Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations)

[Personal care and service occupations](#Personal care and service occupations)

[Sales and related occupations](#Sales and related occupations)

[Office and administrative support occupations](#Office and administrative support occupations)

[Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations](#Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations)

[Construction and extraction occupations](#Construction and extraction occupations)

[Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations](#Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations)

[Production occupations](#Production occupations)

[Transportation and material moving occupations](#Transportation and material moving occupations)

### **Management occupations**

**Legislators**

Develop, introduce, or enact laws and statutes at the local, tribal, state, or federal level. Includes only workers in elected positions.

- 2023 employment:**33,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,290**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,400**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-1031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [11-1031.00 - Legislators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-1031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [11-1031.00 - Legislators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11103100)

**Education administrators, all other**

All education administrators not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**57,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$88,460**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,400**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9039&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [11-9039.00 - Education Administrators, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9039.00)

**Postmasters and mail superintendents**

Plan, direct, or coordinate operational, administrative, management, and support services of a U.S. post office; or coordinate activities of workers engaged in postal and related work in assigned post office.

- 2023 employment:**13,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$88,670**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-400**
 - Growth rate:**-3 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9131&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [11-9131.00 - Postmasters and Mail Superintendents](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9131.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [11-9131.00 - Postmasters and Mail Superintendents](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11913100)

**Personal service managers, all other**

All personal service managers not listed separately. Excludes \"Financial Specialists\" (13-2000). Daycare Managers are included in Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare (11-9031).

- 2023 employment:**27,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$57,570**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,900**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9179&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [11-9179.00 - Personal Service Managers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9179.00)
 - [11-9179.01 - Fitness and Wellness Coordinators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9179.01)
 - [11-9179.02 - Spa Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9179.02)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [11-9179.01 - Fitness and Wellness Coordinators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11917901)
 - [11-9179.02 - Spa Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11917902)

**Managers, all other**

All managers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**1,282,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$133,560**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**73,700**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=11-9199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [11-9199.00 - Managers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.00)
 - [11-9199.01 - Regulatory Affairs Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.01)
 - [11-9199.02 - Compliance Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.02)
 - [11-9199.08 - Loss Prevention Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.08)
 - [11-9199.09 - Wind Energy Operations Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.09)
 - [11-9199.10 - Wind Energy Development Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.10)
 - [11-9199.11 - Brownfield Redevelopment Specialists and Site Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/11-9199.11)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [11-9199.01 - Regulatory Affairs Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11919901)
 - [11-9199.02 - Compliance Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11919902)
 - [11-9199.08 - Loss Prevention Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11919908)
 - [11-9199.09 - Wind Energy Operations Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11919909)
 - [11-9199.10 - Wind Energy Development Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11919910)
 - [11-9199.11 - Brownfield Redevelopment Specialists and Site Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=11919911)

### **Business and financial operations occupations**

**Agents and business managers of artists, performers, and athletes**

Represent and promote artists, performers, and athletes in dealings with current or prospective employers. May handle contract negotiation and other business matters for clients.

- 2023 employment:**18,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$84,900**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,700**
 - Growth rate:**9 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [13-1011.00 - Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [13-1011.00 - Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13101100)

**Farm labor contractors**

Recruit and hire seasonal or temporary agricultural laborers. May transport, house, and provide meals for workers.

- 2023 employment:**1,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,730**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-1074&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [13-1074.00 - Farm Labor Contractors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1074.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [13-1074.00 - Farm Labor Contractors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13107400)

**Business operations specialists, all other**

All business operations specialists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**1,181,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$79,590**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**63,800**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-1199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [13-1199.00 - Business Operations Specialists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1199.00)
 - [13-1199.04 - Business Continuity Planners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1199.04)
 - [13-1199.05 - Sustainability Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1199.05)
 - [13-1199.06 - Online Merchants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1199.06)
 - [13-1199.07 - Security Management Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-1199.07)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [13-1199.06 - Online Merchants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13119906)
 - [13-1199.07 - Security Management Specialists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13119907)

**Credit analysts**

Analyze credit data and financial statements of individuals or firms to determine the degree of risk involved in extending credit or lending money. Prepare reports with credit information for use in decisionmaking. Excludes \"Financial Risk Specialists\" (13-2054).

- 2023 employment:**73,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$79,420**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-2,800**
 - Growth rate:**-4 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-2041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [13-2041.00 - Credit Analysts](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [13-2041.00 - Credit Analysts](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13204100)

**Tax preparers**

Prepare tax returns for individuals or small businesses. Excludes \"Accountants and Auditors\" (13-2011).

- 2023 employment:**103,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,010**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,400**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-2082&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [13-2082.00 - Tax Preparers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2082.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [13-2082.00 - Tax Preparers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13208200)

**Financial specialists, all other**

All financial specialists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**129,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$78,310**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**8,100**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=13-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [13-2099.00 - Financial Specialists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2099.00)
 - [13-2099.01 - Financial Quantitative Analysts](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2099.01)
 - [13-2099.04 - Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/13-2099.04)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [13-2099.01 - Financial Quantitative Analysts](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13209901)
 - [13-2099.04 - Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=13209904)

### **Computer and mathematical occupations**

**Computer occupations, all other**

All computer occupations not listed separately. Excludes \"Computer and Information Systems Managers\" (11-3021), \"Computer Hardware Engineers\" (17-2061), \"Electrical and Electronics Engineers\" (17-2070), \"Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary\" (25-1021), \"Special Effects Artists and Animators\" (27-1014), \"Graphic Designers\" (27-1024), \"Health Information Technologists and Medical Registrars\" (29-9021), and \"Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers\" (49-2011).

- 2023 employment:**470,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$104,920**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**51,100**
 - Growth rate:**11 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=15-1299&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [15-1299.00 - Computer Occupations, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.00)
 - [15-1299.01 - Web Administrators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.01)
 - [15-1299.02 - Geographic Information Systems Technologists and Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.02)
 - [15-1299.03 - Document Management Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.03)
 - [15-1299.04 - Penetration Testers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.04)
 - [15-1299.05 - Information Security Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.05)
 - [15-1299.06 - Digital Forensics Analysts](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.06)
 - [15-1299.07 - Blockchain Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.07)
 - [15-1299.08 - Computer Systems Engineers/Architects](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.08)
 - [15-1299.09 - Information Technology Project Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1299.09)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [15-1299.01 - Web Administrators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129901)
 - [15-1299.02 - Geographic Information Systems Technologists and Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129902)
 - [15-1299.03 - Document Management Specialists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129903)
 - [15-1299.04 - Penetration Testers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129904)
 - [15-1299.05 - Information Security Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129905)
 - [15-1299.06 - Digital Forensics Analysts](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129906)
 - [15-1299.07 - Blockchain Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129907)
 - [15-1299.08 - Computer Systems Engineers/Architects](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129908)
 - [15-1299.09 - Information Technology Project Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15129909)

**Mathematical science occupations, all other**

All mathematical scientists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**4,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$70,620**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=15-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [15-2099.00 - Mathematical Science Occupations, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-2099.00)
 - [15-2099.01 - Bioinformatics Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-2099.01)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [15-2099.01 - Bioinformatics Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=15209901)

### **Architecture and engineering occupations**

**Engineers, all other**

All engineers not listed separately. Excludes \"Sales Engineers\" (41-9031), \"Locomotive Engineers\" (53-4011), and \"Ship Engineers\" (53-5031).

- 2023 employment:**161,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$111,970**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**8,000**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=17-2199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [17-2199.00 - Engineers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.00)
 - [17-2199.03 - Energy Engineers, Except Wind and Solar](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.03)
 - [17-2199.05 - Mechatronics Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.05)
 - [17-2199.06 - Microsystems Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.06)
 - [17-2199.07 - Photonics Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.07)
 - [17-2199.08 - Robotics Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.08)
 - [17-2199.09 - Nanosystems Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.09)
 - [17-2199.10 - Wind Energy Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.10)
 - [17-2199.11 - Solar Energy Systems Engineers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-2199.11)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [17-2199.03 - Energy Engineers, Except Wind and Solar](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219903)
 - [17-2199.05 - Mechatronics Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219905)
 - [17-2199.06 - Microsystems Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219906)
 - [17-2199.07 - Photonics Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219907)
 - [17-2199.08 - Robotics Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219908)
 - [17-2199.09 - Nanosystems Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219909)
 - [17-2199.10 - Wind Energy Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219910)
 - [17-2199.11 - Solar Energy Systems Engineers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=17219911)

**Engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, all other**

All engineering technologists and technicians, except drafters, not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**69,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$73,500**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**3,100**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=17-3029&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Associate's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [17-3029.00 - Engineering Technologists and Technicians, Except Drafters, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-3029.00)
 - [17-3029.01 - Non-Destructive Testing Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-3029.01)
 - [17-3029.08 - Photonics Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/17-3029.08)

### **Life, physical, and social science occupations**

**Biological scientists, all other**

All biological scientists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**66,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$91,100**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**3,800**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-1029&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-1029.00 - Biological Scientists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1029.00)
 - [19-1029.01 - Bioinformatics Scientists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1029.01)
 - [19-1029.02 - Molecular and Cellular Biologists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1029.02)
 - [19-1029.03 - Geneticists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1029.03)
 - [19-1029.04 - Biologists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1029.04)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [19-1029.01 - Bioinformatics Scientists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19102901)
 - [19-1029.03 - Geneticists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19102903)

**Life scientists, all other**

All life scientists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**8,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$86,950**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-1099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-1099.00 - Life Scientists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-1099.00)

**Physical scientists, all other**

All physical scientists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**34,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$112,280**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**800**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-2099.00 - Physical Scientists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-2099.00)
 - [19-2099.01 - Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-2099.01)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [19-2099.01 - Remote Sensing Scientists and Technologists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19209901)

**Social scientists and related workers, all other**

All social scientists and related workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**39,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$95,890**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,300**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-3099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-3099.00 - Social Scientists and Related Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3099.00)
 - [19-3099.01 - Transportation Planners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-3099.01)

**Social science research assistants**

Assist social scientists in laboratory, survey, and other social science research. May help prepare findings for publication and assist in laboratory analysis, quality control, or data management. Excludes \"Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary\" (25-9044).

- 2023 employment:**37,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$56,400**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,400**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-4061&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-4061.00 - Social Science Research Assistants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-4061.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [19-4061.00 - Social Science Research Assistants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19406100)

**Forest and conservation technicians**

Provide technical assistance regarding the conservation of soil, water, forests, or related natural resources. May compile data pertaining to size, content, condition, and other characteristics of forest tracts under the direction of foresters, or train and lead forest workers in forest propagation and fire prevention and suppression. May assist conservation scientists in managing, improving, and protecting rangelands and wildlife habitats. Excludes \"Conservation Scientists\" (19-1031) and \"Foresters\" (19-1032).

- 2023 employment:**31,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$51,880**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-4071&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Associate's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-4071.00 - Forest and Conservation Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-4071.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [19-4071.00 - Forest and Conservation Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19407100)

**Life, physical, and social science technicians, all other**

All life, physical, and social science technicians not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**83,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,350**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,800**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=19-4099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Associate's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [19-4099.00 - Life, Physical, and Social Science Technicians, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-4099.00)
 - [19-4099.01 - Quality Control Analysts](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-4099.01)
 - [19-4099.03 - Remote Sensing Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/19-4099.03)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [19-4099.01 - Quality Control Analysts](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19409901)
 - [19-4099.03 - Remote Sensing Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=19409903)

### **Community and social service occupations**

**Counselors, all other**

All counselors not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**65,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,130**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**9,500**
 - Growth rate:**14 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=21-1019&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Master's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [21-1019.00 - Counselors, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1019.00)

**Community and social service specialists, all other**

All community and social service specialists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**103,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,690**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,100**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=21-1099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [21-1099.00 - Community and Social Service Specialists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-1099.00)

**Clergy**

Conduct religious worship and perform other spiritual functions associated with beliefs and practices of religious faith or denomination. Provide spiritual and moral guidance and assistance to members.

- 2023 employment:**260,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,920**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,500**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=21-2011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [21-2011.00 - Clergy](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-2011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [21-2011.00 - Clergy](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=21201100)

**Directors, religious activities and education**

Coordinate or design programs and conduct outreach to promote the religious education or activities of a denominational group. May provide counseling, guidance, and leadership relative to marital, health, financial, and religious problems.

- 2023 employment:**155,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$50,140**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**3,500**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=21-2021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [21-2021.00 - Directors, Religious Activities and Education](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-2021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [21-2021.00 - Directors, Religious Activities and Education](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=21202100)

**Religious workers, all other**

All religious workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**83,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,960**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,900**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=21-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [21-2099.00 - Religious Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/21-2099.00)

### **Legal occupations**

**Judicial law clerks**

Assist judges in court or by conducting research or preparing legal documents. Excludes \"Lawyers\" (23-1011) and \"Paralegals and Legal Assistants\" (23-2011).

- 2023 employment:**15,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$57,490**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=23-1012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Doctoral or professional degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [23-1012.00 - Judicial Law Clerks](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/23-1012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [23-1012.00 - Judicial Law Clerks](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=23101200)

**Title examiners, abstractors, and searchers**

Search real estate records, examine titles, or summarize pertinent legal or insurance documents or details for a variety of purposes. May compile lists of mortgages, contracts, and other instruments pertaining to titles by searching public and private records for law firms, real estate agencies, or title insurance companies. Excludes \"Loan Officers\" (13-2072).

- 2023 employment:**56,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$53,550**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**600**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=23-2093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [23-2093.00 - Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/23-2093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [23-2093.00 - Title Examiners, Abstractors, and Searchers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=23209300)

**Legal support workers, all other**

All legal support workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**47,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$67,700**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=23-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Associate's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [23-2099.00 - Legal Support Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/23-2099.00)

### **Educational instruction and library occupations**

**Postsecondary teachers, all other**

All postsecondary teachers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**202,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$79,870**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,500**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-1199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Doctoral or professional degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-1199.00 - Postsecondary Teachers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-1199.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [25-1199.00 - Postsecondary Teachers, All Other](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=25119900)

**Self-enrichment teachers**

Teach or instruct individuals or groups for the primary purpose of self-enrichment or recreation, rather than for an occupational objective, educational attainment, competition, or fitness. Excludes \"Coaches and Scouts\" (27-2022) and \"Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors\" (39-9031). Flight instructors are included with \"Aircraft Pilots and Flight Engineers\" (53-2010).

- 2023 employment:**370,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,330**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**12,700**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-3021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-3021.00 - Self-Enrichment Teachers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-3021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [25-3021.00 - Self-Enrichment Teachers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=25302100)

**Substitute teachers, short-term**

Teach students on a short-term basis as a temporary replacement for a regular classroom teacher, typically using the regular teacher\"s lesson plan. Excludes long-term substitute teachers who perform all the duties of a regular teacher; these teachers are coded within the 25-1000 or 25-2000 minor groups.

- 2023 employment:**473,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,380**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**15,900**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-3031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-3031.00 - Substitute Teachers, Short-Term](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-3031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [25-3031.00 - Substitute Teachers, Short-Term](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=25303100)

**Teachers and instructors, all other**

All teachers and instructors not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**143,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$64,390**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,900**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-3099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-3099.00 - Teachers and Instructors, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-3099.00)

**Farm and home management educators**

Instruct and advise individuals and families engaged in agriculture, agricultural-related processes, or home management activities. Demonstrate procedures and apply research findings to advance agricultural and home management activities. May develop educational outreach programs. May instruct on either agricultural issues such as agricultural processes and techniques, pest management, and food safety, or on home management issues such as budgeting, nutrition, and child development. Excludes \"Dietitians and Nutritionists\" (29-1031).

- 2023 employment:**9,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$59,770**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-200**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-9021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Master's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-9021.00 - Farm and Home Management Educators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-9021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [25-9021.00 - Farm and Home Management Educators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=25902100)

**Teaching assistants, postsecondary**

Assist faculty or other instructional staff in postsecondary institutions by performing instructional support activities, such as developing teaching materials, leading discussion groups, preparing and giving examinations, and grading examinations or papers. Graduate students who teach one or more full courses should be classified in the 25-1000 minor group.

- 2023 employment:**184,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$43,750**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**7,400**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-9044&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-9044.00 - Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-9044.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [25-9044.00 - Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=25904400)

**Educational instruction and library workers, all other**

All educational instruction and library workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**127,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,800**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,500**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=25-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [25-9099.00 - Educational Instruction and Library Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/25-9099.00)

### **Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations**

**Merchandise displayers and window trimmers**

Plan and erect commercial displays, such as those in windows and interiors of retail stores and at trade exhibitions.

- 2023 employment:**176,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,230**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**8,400**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=27-1026&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [27-1026.00 - Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-1026.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [27-1026.00 - Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=27102600)

**Designers, all other**

All designers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**30,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$67,500**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**900**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=27-1029&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [27-1029.00 - Designers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-1029.00)

**Entertainers and performers, sports and related workers, all other**

All entertainers and performers, sports and related workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**35,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**The annual wage is not available.**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,600**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=27-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [27-2099.00 - Entertainers and Performers, Sports and Related Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-2099.00)

**Media and communication workers, all other**

All media and communication workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**27,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$61,900**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,200**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=27-3099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [27-3099.00 - Media and Communication Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-3099.00)

**Media and communication equipment workers, all other**

All media and communication equipment workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**13,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$71,340**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=27-4099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [27-4099.00 - Media and Communication Equipment Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/27-4099.00)

### **Healthcare practitioners and technical occupations**

**Therapists, all other**

All therapists not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**43,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$63,650**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,100**
 - Growth rate:**12 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-1129&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-1129.00 - Therapists, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1129.00)
 - [29-1129.01 - Art Therapists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1129.01)
 - [29-1129.02 - Music Therapists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1129.02)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-1129.01 - Art Therapists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29112901)
 - [29-1129.02 - Music Therapists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29112902)

**Acupuncturists**

Diagnose, treat, and prevent disorders by stimulating specific acupuncture points within the body using acupuncture needles. May also use cups, nutritional supplements, therapeutic massage, acupressure, and other alternative health therapies. Excludes \"Chiropractors\" (29-1011).

- 2023 employment:**22,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$78,220**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,200**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-1291&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Master's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-1291.00 - Acupuncturists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1291.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-1291.00 - Acupuncturists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29129100)

**Healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners, all other**

All healthcare diagnosing or treating practitioners not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**40,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$107,990**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,000**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-1299&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Master's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-1299.00 - Healthcare Diagnosing or Treating Practitioners, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1299.00)
 - [29-1299.01 - Naturopathic Physicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1299.01)
 - [29-1299.02 - Orthoptists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-1299.02)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-1299.01 - Naturopathic Physicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29129901)
 - [29-1299.02 - Orthoptists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29129902)

**Dietetic technicians**

Assist in the provision of food service and nutritional programs, under the supervision of a dietitian. May plan and produce meals based on established guidelines, teach principles of food and nutrition, or counsel individuals.

- 2023 employment:**25,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,520**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,100**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-2051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Associate's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-2051.00 - Dietetic Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2051.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-2051.00 - Dietetic Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29205100)

**Ophthalmic medical technicians**

Assist ophthalmologists by performing ophthalmic clinical functions. May administer eye exams, administer eye medications, and instruct the patient in care and use of corrective lenses.

- 2023 employment:**74,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$41,780**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**10,500**
 - Growth rate:**14 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-2057&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-2057.00 - Ophthalmic Medical Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2057.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-2057.00 - Ophthalmic Medical Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29205700)

**Hearing aid specialists**

Select and fit hearing aids for customers. Administer and interpret tests of hearing. Assess hearing instrument efficacy. Take ear impressions and prepare, design, and modify ear molds. Excludes \"Audiologists\" (29-1181).

- 2023 employment:**10,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,670**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,600**
 - Growth rate:**15 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-2092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-2092.00 - Hearing Aid Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2092.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-2092.00 - Hearing Aid Specialists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29209200)

**Health technologists and technicians, all other**

All health technologists and technicians not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**177,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,470**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**12,500**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-2099.00 - Health Technologists and Technicians, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2099.00)
 - [29-2099.01 - Neurodiagnostic Technologists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2099.01)
 - [29-2099.05 - Ophthalmic Medical Technologists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2099.05)
 - [29-2099.08 - Patient Representatives](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-2099.08)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-2099.01 - Neurodiagnostic Technologists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29209901)
 - [29-2099.05 - Ophthalmic Medical Technologists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29209905)
 - [29-2099.08 - Patient Representatives](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29209908)

**Healthcare practitioners and technical workers, all other**

All healthcare practitioners and technical workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**41,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$63,630**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,400**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=29-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [29-9099.00 - Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-9099.00)
 - [29-9099.01 - Midwives](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/29-9099.01)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [29-9099.01 - Midwives](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=29909901)

### **Healthcare support occupations**

**Medical equipment preparers**

Prepare, sterilize, install, or clean laboratory or healthcare equipment. May perform routine laboratory tasks and operate or inspect equipment.

- 2023 employment:**70,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,280**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,000**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=31-9093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [31-9093.00 - Medical Equipment Preparers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-9093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [31-9093.00 - Medical Equipment Preparers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=31909300)

**Pharmacy aides**

Record drugs delivered to the pharmacy, store incoming merchandise, and inform the supervisor of stock needs. May operate cash register and accept prescriptions for filling.

- 2023 employment:**44,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,200**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**400**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=31-9095&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [31-9095.00 - Pharmacy Aides](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-9095.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [31-9095.00 - Pharmacy Aides](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=31909500)

**Healthcare support workers, all other**

All healthcare support workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**108,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,490**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,100**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=31-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [31-9099.00 - Healthcare Support Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-9099.00)
 - [31-9099.01 - Speech-Language Pathology Assistants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-9099.01)
 - [31-9099.02 - Endoscopy Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/31-9099.02)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [31-9099.01 - Speech-Language Pathology Assistants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=31909901)
 - [31-9099.02 - Endoscopy Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=31909902)

### **Protective service occupations**

**First-line supervisors of correctional officers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of correctional officers and jailers.

- 2023 employment:**55,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$70,530**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-900**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Correctional Officers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33101100)

**First-line supervisors of police and detectives**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of members of police force.

- 2023 employment:**144,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$101,750**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,500**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-1012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-1012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Police and Detectives](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33101200)

**First-line supervisors of firefighting and prevention workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in firefighting and fire prevention and control.

- 2023 employment:**87,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$86,220**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**3,600**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-1021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-1021.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-1021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-1021.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Firefighting and Prevention Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33102100)

**First-line supervisors of security workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of security workers and security guards.

- 2023 employment:**67,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$54,580**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,500**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-1091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-1091.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Security Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-1091.00)

**First-line supervisors of protective service workers, all other**

All protective service supervisors not listed separately above.

- 2023 employment:**20,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$65,050**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**800**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-1099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-1099.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Protective Service Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-1099.00)

**Parking enforcement workers**

Patrol assigned area, such as public parking lot or city streets to issue tickets to overtime parking violators and illegally parked vehicles.

- 2023 employment:**7,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,840**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-3041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-3041.00 - Parking Enforcement Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-3041.00)

**Animal control workers**

Handle animals for the purpose of investigations of mistreatment, or control of abandoned, dangerous, or unattended animals.

- 2023 employment:**12,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$43,170**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**600**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-9011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-9011.00 - Animal Control Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-9011.00 - Animal Control Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33901100)

**Crossing guards and flaggers**

Guide or control vehicular or pedestrian traffic at such places as streets, schools, railroad crossings, or construction sites.

- 2023 employment:**93,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,370**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,200**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-9091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-9091.00 - Crossing Guards and Flaggers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9091.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-9091.00 - Crossing Guards and Flaggers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33909100)

**Lifeguards, ski patrol, and other recreational protective service workers**

Monitor recreational areas, such as pools, beaches, or ski slopes, to provide assistance and protection to participants.

- 2023 employment:**129,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$30,380**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**8,800**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-9092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-9092.00 - Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9092.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-9092.00 - Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33909200)

**Transportation security screeners**

Conduct screening of passengers, baggage, or cargo to ensure compliance with Transportation Security Administration (TSA) regulations. May operate basic security equipment such as x-ray machines and hand wands at screening checkpoints.

- 2023 employment:**51,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$50,020**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-9093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-9093.00 - Transportation Security Screeners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-9093.00 - Transportation Security Screeners](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33909300)

**School bus monitors**

Maintain order among students on a school bus. Duties include helping students safely board and exit and communicating behavioral problems. May perform pretrip and posttrip inspections and prepare for and assist in emergency evacuations.

- 2023 employment:**70,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,130**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,700**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-9094&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-9094.00 - School Bus Monitors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9094.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-9094.00 - School Bus Monitors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33909400)

**Protective service workers, all other**

All protective service workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**83,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$39,360**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,800**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=33-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [33-9099.00 - Protective Service Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9099.00)
 - [33-9099.02 - Retail Loss Prevention Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/33-9099.02)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [33-9099.02 - Retail Loss Prevention Specialists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=33909902)

### **Food preparation and serving related occupations**

**First-line supervisors of food preparation and serving workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in preparing and serving food.

- 2023 employment:**1,211,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,520**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**76,800**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=35-1012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [35-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/35-1012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [35-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=35101200)

**Dishwashers**

Clean dishes, kitchen, food preparation equipment, or utensils.

- 2023 employment:**475,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$31,200**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,900**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=35-9021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [35-9021.00 - Dishwashers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/35-9021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [35-9021.00 - Dishwashers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=35902100)

**Food preparation and serving related workers, all other**

All food preparation and serving related workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**88,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,870**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,800**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=35-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [35-9099.00 - Food Preparation and Serving Related Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/35-9099.00)

### **Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations**

**First-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate work activities of cleaning personnel in hotels, hospitals, offices, and other establishments.

- 2023 employment:**241,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,650**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**9,800**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [37-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [37-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=37101100)

**First-line supervisors of landscaping, lawn service, and groundskeeping workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of workers engaged in landscaping or groundskeeping activities. Work may involve reviewing contracts to ascertain service, machine, and workforce requirements; answering inquiries from potential customers regarding methods, material, and price ranges; and preparing estimates according to labor, material, and machine costs.

- 2023 employment:**222,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$55,740**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**7,800**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-1012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [37-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-1012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [37-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=37101200)

**Maids and housekeeping cleaners**

Perform any combination of light cleaning duties to maintain private households or commercial establishments, such as hotels and hospitals, in a clean and orderly manner. Duties may include making beds, replenishing linens, cleaning rooms and halls, and vacuuming.

- 2023 employment:**1,335,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,450**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**10,800**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-2012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- Occupational Requirements Survey profile for this occupation:
 - [Maids and housekeeping cleaners](https://www.bls.gov/ors/factsheet/pdf/maids-and-housekeeping-cleaners.pdf)(PDF)

- O*NET links:
 - [37-2012.00 - Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-2012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [37-2012.00 - Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=37201200)

**Building cleaning workers, all other**

All building cleaning workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**15,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$39,900**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**600**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=37-2019&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [37-2019.00 - Building Cleaning Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-2019.00)

### **Personal care and service occupations**

**First-line supervisors of entertainment and recreation workers, except gambling services**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of entertainment and recreation related workers.

- 2023 employment:**123,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,060**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**11,200**
 - Growth rate:**9 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-1014&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-1014.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-1014.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-1014.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Entertainment and Recreation Workers, Except Gambling Services](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39101400)

**First-line supervisors of personal service workers**

Supervise and coordinate activities of personal service workers.

- 2023 employment:**155,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,690**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**15,800**
 - Growth rate:**10 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-1022&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-1022.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-1022.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-1022.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39102200)

**Motion picture projectionists**

Set up and operate motion picture projection and related sound reproduction equipment.

- 2023 employment:**2,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,160**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-5 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-3021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-3021.00 - Motion Picture Projectionists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-3021.00)

**Ushers, lobby attendants, and ticket takers**

Assist patrons at entertainment events by performing duties, such as collecting admission tickets and passes from patrons, assisting in finding seats, searching for lost articles, and helping patrons locate such facilities as restrooms and telephones.

- 2023 employment:**119,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$29,780**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**3,100**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-3031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-3031.00 - Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-3031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-3031.00 - Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39303100)

**Amusement and recreation attendants**

Perform a variety of attending duties at amusement or recreation facility. May schedule use of recreation facilities, maintain and provide equipment to participants of sporting events or recreational pursuits, or operate amusement concessions and rides.

- 2023 employment:**381,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$29,390**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**17,100**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-3091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-3091.00 - Amusement and Recreation Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-3091.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-3091.00 - Amusement and Recreation Attendants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39309100)

**Costume attendants**

Select, fit, and take care of costumes for cast members, and aid entertainers. May assist with multiple costume changes during performances.

- 2023 employment:**6,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$52,370**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-3092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-3092.00 - Costume Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-3092.00)

**Locker room, coatroom, and dressing room attendants**

Provide personal items to patrons or customers in locker rooms, dressing rooms, or coatrooms.

- 2023 employment:**15,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,450**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,200**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-3093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-3093.00 - Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-3093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-3093.00 - Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39309300)

**Entertainment attendants and related workers, all other**

All entertainment attendants and related workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**7,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,280**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**400**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-3099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-3099.00 - Entertainment Attendants and Related Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-3099.00)

**Embalmers**

Prepare bodies for interment in conformity with legal requirements.

- 2023 employment:**3,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$54,090**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-4011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Associate's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-4011.00 - Embalmers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-4011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-4011.00 - Embalmers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39401100)

**Crematory operators**

Operate crematory equipment to reduce human or animal remains to bone fragments in accordance with state and local regulations. Duties may include preparing the body for cremation and performing general maintenance on crematory equipment. May use traditional flame-based cremation, calcination, or alkaline hydrolysis.

- 2023 employment:**3,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$41,670**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**200**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-4012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-4012.00 - Crematory Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-4012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-4012.00 - Crematory Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39401200)

**Funeral attendants**

Perform a variety of tasks during funeral, such as placing casket in parlor or chapel prior to service, arranging floral offerings or lights around casket, directing or escorting mourners, closing casket, and issuing and storing funeral equipment.

- 2023 employment:**32,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,850**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,100**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-4021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-4021.00 - Funeral Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-4021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-4021.00 - Funeral Attendants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39402100)

**Makeup artists, theatrical and performance**

Apply makeup to performers to reflect period, setting, and situation of their role.

- 2023 employment:**7,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,390**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**700**
 - Growth rate:**9 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-5091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-5091.00 - Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-5091.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-5091.00 - Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Performance](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39509100)

**Shampooers**

Shampoo and rinse customers\" hair.

- 2023 employment:**13,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$29,530**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,300**
 - Growth rate:**10 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-5093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-5093.00 - Shampooers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-5093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-5093.00 - Shampooers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39509300)

**Baggage porters and bellhops**

Handle baggage for travelers at transportation terminals or for guests at hotels or similar establishments.

- 2023 employment:**29,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$34,840**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-6011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-6011.00 - Baggage Porters and Bellhops](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-6011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-6011.00 - Baggage Porters and Bellhops](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39601100)

**Concierges**

Assist patrons at hotel, apartment, or office building with personal services. May take messages; arrange or give advice on transportation, business services, or entertainment; or monitor guest requests for housekeeping and maintenance.

- 2023 employment:**41,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,150**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,300**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-6012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-6012.00 - Concierges](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-6012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-6012.00 - Concierges](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39601200)

**Tour and travel guides**

The definitions for these occupations are available by following their SOC links.

- [39-7011](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#39-0000)- Tour Guides and Escorts

- [39-7012](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#39-0000)- Travel Guides

- 2023 employment:**56,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,060**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,300**
 - Growth rate:**9 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-7010&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-7011.00 - Tour Guides and Escorts](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-7011.00)
 - [39-7012.00 - Travel Guides](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-7012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-7011.00 - Tour Guides and Escorts](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39701100)
 - [39-7012.00 - Travel Guides](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39701200)

**Residential advisors**

Coordinate activities in resident facilities in secondary school and college dormitories, group homes, or similar establishments. Order supplies and determine need for maintenance, repairs, and furnishings. May maintain household records and assign rooms. May assist residents with problem solving or refer them to counseling resources.

- 2023 employment:**95,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,950**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,000**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-9041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-9041.00 - Residential Advisors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-9041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [39-9041.00 - Residential Advisors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=39904100)

**Personal care and service workers, all other**

All personal care and service workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**93,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,980**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**11,300**
 - Growth rate:**12 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=39-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [39-9099.00 - Personal Care and Service Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/39-9099.00)

### **Sales and related occupations**

**First-line supervisors of retail sales workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of retail sales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, such as purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.

- 2023 employment:**1,407,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,730**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-90,500**
 - Growth rate:**-6 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41101100)

**First-line supervisors of non-retail sales workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of sales workers other than retail sales workers. May perform duties such as budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.

- 2023 employment:**347,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$84,570**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,100**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-1012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-1012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-1012.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41101200)

**Gambling change persons and booth cashiers**

Exchange coins, tokens, and chips for patrons\" money. May issue payoffs and obtain customer\"s signature on receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area and furnish change persons with money bank at the start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers. Excludes \"Cashiers\" (41-2011).

- 2023 employment:**21,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,230**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-900**
 - Growth rate:**-4 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-2012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-2012.00 - Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-2012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-2012.00 - Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41201200)

**Counter and rental clerks**

Receive orders, generally in person, for repairs, rentals, and services. May describe available options, compute cost, and accept payment. Excludes \"Fast Food and Counter Workers\" (35-3023), \"Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks\" (43-4081), \"Order Clerks\" (43-4151), and \"Reservation and Transportation Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks\" (43-4181).

- 2023 employment:**403,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,400**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**17,100**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-2021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-2021.00 - Counter and Rental Clerks](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-2021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-2021.00 - Counter and Rental Clerks](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41202100)

**Sales representatives of services, except advertising, insurance, financial services, and travel**

Sell services to individuals or businesses. May describe options or resolve client problems. Excludes \"Advertising Sales Agents\" (41-3011), \"Insurance Sales Agents\" (41-3021), \"Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents\" (41-3031), \"Travel Agents\" (41-3041), \"Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing\" (41-4010), and \"Telemarketers\" (41-9041).

- 2023 employment:**1,170,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$64,600**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**44,200**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-3091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-3091.00 - Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-3091.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-3091.00 - Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41309100)

**Demonstrators and product promoters**

Demonstrate merchandise and answer questions for the purpose of creating public interest in buying the product. May sell demonstrated merchandise.

- 2023 employment:**56,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,970**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,800**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-9011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-9011.00 - Demonstrators and Product Promoters](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-9011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-9011.00 - Demonstrators and Product Promoters](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41901100)

**Telemarketers**

Solicit donations or orders for goods or services over the telephone.

- 2023 employment:**85,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$34,480**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-18,300**
 - Growth rate:**-22 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-9041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-9041.00 - Telemarketers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-9041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [41-9041.00 - Telemarketers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=41904100)

**Door-to-door sales workers, news and street vendors, and related workers**

Sell goods or services door-to-door or on the street.

- 2023 employment:**32,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$34,910**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-4,800**
 - Growth rate:**-15 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-9091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-9091.00 - Door-to-Door Sales Workers, News and Street Vendors, and Related Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-9091.00)

**Sales and related workers, all other**

All sales and related workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**137,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,610**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,300**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=41-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [41-9099.00 - Sales and Related Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/41-9099.00)

### **Office and administrative support occupations**

**First-line supervisors of office and administrative support workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of clerical and administrative support workers.

- 2023 employment:**1,570,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$63,450**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-69,100**
 - Growth rate:**-4 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43101100)

**Switchboard operators, including answering service**

Operate telephone business systems equipment or switchboards to relay incoming, outgoing, and interoffice calls. May supply information to callers and record messages.

- 2023 employment:**44,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,750**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-11,300**
 - Growth rate:**-25 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-2011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-2011.00 - Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-2011.00)

**Telephone operators**

Provide information by accessing alphabetical, geographical, or other directories. Assist customers with special billing requests, such as charges to a third party and credits or refunds for incorrectly dialed numbers or bad connections. May handle emergency calls and assist children or people with physical disabilities to make telephone calls.

- 2023 employment:**4,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,080**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,200**
 - Growth rate:**-26 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-2021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-2021.00 - Telephone Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-2021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-2021.00 - Telephone Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43202100)

**Communications equipment operators, all other**

All communications equipment operators not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**1,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,310**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-2099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-2099.00 - Communications Equipment Operators, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-2099.00)

**Financial clerks, all other**

All financial clerks not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**46,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,940**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,100**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-3099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-3099.00 - Financial Clerks, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-3099.00)

**Cargo and freight agents**

Expedite and route movement of incoming and outgoing cargo and freight shipments in airline, train, and trucking terminals and shipping docks. Take orders from customers and arrange pickup of freight and cargo for delivery to loading platform. Prepare and examine bills of lading to determine shipping charges and tariffs.

- 2023 employment:**106,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,330**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**10,300**
 - Growth rate:**10 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-5011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-5011.00 - Cargo and Freight Agents](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-5011.00)
 - [43-5011.01 - Freight Forwarders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-5011.01)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-5011.00 - Cargo and Freight Agents](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43501100)
 - [43-5011.01 - Freight Forwarders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43501101)

**Couriers and messengers**

Pick up and deliver messages, documents, packages, and other items between offices or departments within an establishment or directly to other business concerns, traveling by foot, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, or public conveyance. Excludes \"Light Truck Drivers\" (53-3033).

- 2023 employment:**225,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,710**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**18,800**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-5021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-5021.00 - Couriers and Messengers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-5021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-5021.00 - Couriers and Messengers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43502100)

**Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance**

Schedule and dispatch workers, work crews, equipment, or service vehicles for conveyance of materials, freight, or passengers, or for normal installation, service, or emergency repairs rendered outside the place of business. Duties may include using radio, telephone, or computer to transmit assignments and compiling statistics and reports on work progress.

- 2023 employment:**215,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,860**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**400**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-5032&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-5032.00 - Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-5032.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-5032.00 - Dispatchers, Except Police, Fire, and Ambulance](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43503200)

**Meter readers, utilities**

Read meter and record consumption of electricity, gas, water, or steam.

- 2023 employment:**20,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,720**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-2,300**
 - Growth rate:**-11 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-5041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-5041.00 - Meter Readers, Utilities](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-5041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-5041.00 - Meter Readers, Utilities](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43504100)

**Data entry keyers**

Operate data entry device, such as keyboard or photo composing perforator. Duties may include verifying data and preparing materials for printing. Excludes \"Word Processors and Typists\" (43-9022).

- 2023 employment:**163,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,790**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-41,000**
 - Growth rate:**-25 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9021.00 - Data Entry Keyers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-9021.00 - Data Entry Keyers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43902100)

**Word processors and typists**

Use word processor, computer, or typewriter to type letters, reports, forms, or other material from rough draft, corrected copy, or voice recording. May perform other clerical duties as assigned. Excludes \"Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners\" (27-3092), \"Medical Transcriptionists\" (31-9094), \"Secretaries and Administrative Assistants\" (43-6010), and \"Data Entry Keyers\" (43-9021).

- 2023 employment:**39,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,450**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-15,200**
 - Growth rate:**-38 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9022&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9022.00 - Word Processors and Typists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9022.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-9022.00 - Word Processors and Typists](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43902200)

**Mail clerks and mail machine operators, except postal service**

Prepare incoming and outgoing mail for distribution. Time-stamp, open, read, sort, and route incoming mail; and address, seal, stamp, fold, stuff, and affix postage to outgoing mail or packages. Duties may also include keeping necessary records and completed forms.

- 2023 employment:**70,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,880**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-4,400**
 - Growth rate:**-6 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9051.00 - Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9051.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-9051.00 - Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43905100)

**Office machine operators, except computer**

Operate one or more of a variety of office machines, such as photocopying, photographic, and duplicating machines, or other office machines. Excludes \"Billing and Posting Clerks\" (43-3021) and \"Mail Clerks and Mail Machine Operators, Except Postal Service\" (43-9051).

- 2023 employment:**29,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,450**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-4,400**
 - Growth rate:**-15 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9071&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9071.00 - Office Machine Operators, Except Computer](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9071.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-9071.00 - Office Machine Operators, Except Computer](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43907100)

**Proofreaders and copy markers**

Read transcript or proof type setup to detect and mark for correction any grammatical, typographical, or compositional errors. Excludes workers whose primary duty is editing copy. Includes proofreaders of braille.

- 2023 employment:**6,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,790**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-200**
 - Growth rate:**-3 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9081&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9081.00 - Proofreaders and Copy Markers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9081.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-9081.00 - Proofreaders and Copy Markers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43908100)

**Statistical assistants**

Compile and compute data according to statistical formulas for use in statistical studies. May perform actuarial computations and compile charts and graphs for use by actuaries. Includes actuarial clerks.

- 2023 employment:**7,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$50,510**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9111&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9111.00 - Statistical Assistants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9111.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [43-9111.00 - Statistical Assistants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=43911100)

**Office and administrative support workers, all other**

All office and administrative support workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**206,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$43,230**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-16,000**
 - Growth rate:**-8 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=43-9199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [43-9199.00 - Office and Administrative Support Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/43-9199.00)

### **Farming, fishing, and forestry occupations**

**First-line supervisors of farming, fishing, and forestry workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of agricultural, forestry, aquacultural, and related workers. Excludes \"First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers\" (37-1012).

- 2023 employment:**68,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$57,320**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,100**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=45-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [45-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/45-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [45-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=45101100)

**Agricultural inspectors**

Inspect agricultural commodities, processing equipment, and facilities, and fish and logging operations, to ensure compliance with regulations and laws governing health, quality, and safety.

- 2023 employment:**13,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,010**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=45-2011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Bachelor's degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [45-2011.00 - Agricultural Inspectors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/45-2011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [45-2011.00 - Agricultural Inspectors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=45201100)

**Graders and sorters, agricultural products**

Grade, sort, or classify unprocessed food and other agricultural products by size, weight, color, or condition. Excludes \"Agricultural Inspectors\" (45-2011).

- 2023 employment:**32,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$34,360**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,500**
 - Growth rate:**-5 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=45-2041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [45-2041.00 - Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/45-2041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [45-2041.00 - Graders and Sorters, Agricultural Products](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=45204100)

### **Construction and extraction occupations**

**First-line supervisors of construction trades and extraction workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate activities of construction or extraction workers.

- 2023 employment:**853,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$76,760**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**50,300**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**5 years or more**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-1011.00)
 - [47-1011.03 - Solar Energy Installation Managers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-1011.03)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47101100)
 - [47-1011.03 - Solar Energy Installation Managers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47101103)

**Paperhangers**

Cover interior walls or ceilings of rooms with decorative wallpaper or fabric, or attach advertising posters on surfaces such as walls and billboards. May remove old materials or prepare surfaces to be papered.

- 2023 employment:**2,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,460**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**200**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2142&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-2142.00 - Paperhangers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2142.00)

**Pipelayers**

Lay pipe for storm or sanitation sewers, drains, and water mains. Perform any combination of the following tasks: grade trenches or culverts, position pipe, or seal joints. Excludes \"Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers\" (51-4121).

- 2023 employment:**37,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,330**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-900**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2151&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-2151.00 - Pipelayers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2151.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-2151.00 - Pipelayers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47215100)

**Plasterers and stucco masons**

Apply interior or exterior plaster, cement, stucco, or similar materials. May also set ornamental plaster.

- 2023 employment:**24,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$52,640**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**800**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-2161&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-2161.00 - Plasterers and Stucco Masons](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2161.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-2161.00 - Plasterers and Stucco Masons](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47216100)

**Fence erectors**

Erect and repair fences and fence gates, using hand and power tools.

- 2023 employment:**24,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,410**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,200**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-4031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-4031.00 - Fence Erectors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-4031.00 - Fence Erectors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47403100)

**Highway maintenance workers**

Maintain highways, municipal and rural roads, airport runways, and rights-of-way. Duties include patching broken or eroded pavement and repairing guard rails, highway markers, and snow fences. May also mow or clear brush from along road, or plow snow from roadway. Excludes \"Tree Trimmers and Pruners\" (37-3013).

- 2023 employment:**160,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,360**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,100**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-4051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-4051.00 - Highway Maintenance Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4051.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-4051.00 - Highway Maintenance Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47405100)

**Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators**

Lay, repair, and maintain track for standard or narrow-gauge railroad equipment used in regular railroad service or in plant yards, quarries, sand and gravel pits, and mines. Includes ballast cleaning machine operators and railroad bed tamping machine operators.

- 2023 employment:**17,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$67,000**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**400**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-4061&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-4061.00 - Rail-Track Laying and Maintenance Equipment Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4061.00)

**Septic tank servicers and sewer pipe cleaners**

Clean and repair septic tanks, sewer lines, or drains. May patch walls and partitions of tank, replace damaged drain tile, or repair breaks in underground piping.

- 2023 employment:**30,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,910**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,400**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-4071&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-4071.00 - Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4071.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-4071.00 - Septic Tank Servicers and Sewer Pipe Cleaners](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47407100)

**Miscellaneous construction and related workers**

The definitions for these occupations are available by following their SOC links.

- [47-4091](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#47-0000)- Segmental Pavers

- [47-4099](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#47-0000)- Construction and Related Workers, All Other

- 2023 employment:**31,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,090**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,300**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-4090&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-4091.00 - Segmental Pavers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4091.00)
 - [47-4099.00 - Construction and Related Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4099.00)
 - [47-4099.03 - Weatherization Installers and Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4099.03)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-4091.00 - Segmental Pavers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47409100)
 - [47-4099.03 - Weatherization Installers and Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47409903)

**Derrick operators, oil and gas**

Rig derrick equipment and operate pumps to circulate mud or fluid through drill hole.

- 2023 employment:**12,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,210**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**400**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5011.00 - Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5011.00 - Derrick Operators, Oil and Gas](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47501100)

**Rotary drill operators, oil and gas**

Set up or operate a variety of drills to remove underground oil and gas, or remove core samples for testing during oil and gas exploration. Excludes \"Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas\" (47-5023).

- 2023 employment:**12,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$61,770**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5012.00 - Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5012.00 - Rotary Drill Operators, Oil and Gas](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47501200)

**Service unit operators, oil and gas**

Operate equipment to increase oil flow from producing wells or to remove stuck pipe, casing, tools, or other obstructions from drilling wells. Includes fishing-tool technicians.

- 2023 employment:**48,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$55,750**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,000**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5013&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5013.00 - Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5013.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5013.00 - Service Unit Operators, Oil and Gas](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47501300)

**Excavating and loading machine and dragline operators, surface mining**

Operate or tend machinery at surface mining site, equipped with scoops, shovels, or buckets to excavate and load loose materials.

- 2023 employment:**34,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$50,050**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-300**
 - Growth rate:**-1 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5022&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5022.00 - Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5022.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5022.00 - Excavating and Loading Machine and Dragline Operators, Surface Mining](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47502200)

**Earth drillers, except oil and gas**

Operate a variety of drills such as rotary, churn, and pneumatic to tap subsurface water and salt deposits, to remove core samples during mineral exploration or soil testing, and to facilitate the use of explosives in mining or construction. Includes horizontal and earth boring machine operators.

- 2023 employment:**18,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$56,660**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**800**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5023&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5023.00 - Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5023.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5023.00 - Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Gas](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47502300)

**Explosives workers, ordnance handling experts, and blasters**

Place and detonate explosives to demolish structures or to loosen, remove, or displace earth, rock, or other materials. May perform specialized handling, storage, and accounting procedures.

- 2023 employment:**4,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$61,590**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5032&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5032.00 - Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5032.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5032.00 - Explosives Workers, Ordnance Handling Experts, and Blasters](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47503200)

**Continuous mining machine operators**

Operate self-propelled mining machines that rip coal, metal and nonmetal ores, rock, stone, or sand from the mine face and load it onto conveyors, shuttle cars, or trucks in a continuous operation.

- 2023 employment:**16,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$61,420**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-300**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5041.00 - Continuous Mining Machine Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5041.00 - Continuous Mining Machine Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47504100)

**Roof bolters, mining**

Operate machinery to install roof support bolts in underground mine.

- 2023 employment:**2,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$66,660**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-600**
 - Growth rate:**-32 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5043&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5043.00 - Roof Bolters, Mining](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5043.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5043.00 - Roof Bolters, Mining](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47504300)

**Loading and moving machine operators, underground mining**

Operate underground loading or moving machine to load or move core, ore, or rock using shuttle or mine car or conveyors. Equipment may include power shovels, hoisting engines equipped with cable-drawn scraper or scoop, or machines equipped with gathering arms and conveyor.

- 2023 employment:**5,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$64,070**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,200**
 - Growth rate:**-23 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5044&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5044.00 - Loading and Moving Machine Operators, Underground Mining](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5044.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5044.00 - Loading and Moving Machine Operators, Underground Mining](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47504400)

**Underground mining machine operators, all other**

All underground mining machine operators not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**2,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$68,910**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-5 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5049&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5049.00 - Underground Mining Machine Operators, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5049.00)

**Rock splitters, quarry**

Separate blocks of rough dimension stone from quarry mass using jackhammers, wedges, or chop saws.

- 2023 employment:**3,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,530**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5051.00 - Rock Splitters, Quarry](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5051.00)

**Roustabouts, oil and gas**

Assemble or repair oil field equipment using hand and power tools. Perform other tasks as needed.

- 2023 employment:**46,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,340**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,500**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5071&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5071.00 - Roustabouts, Oil and Gas](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5071.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5071.00 - Roustabouts, Oil and Gas](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47507100)

**Helpers--extraction workers**

Help extraction craft workers, such as earth drillers, blasters and explosives workers, derrick operators, and mining machine operators, by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying equipment or cleaning work area. Apprentice workers are classified with the appropriate skilled construction trade occupation (47-2011 through 47-2231).

- 2023 employment:**7,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,520**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5081&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5081.00 - Helpers--Extraction Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5081.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [47-5081.00 - Helpers--Extraction Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=47508100)

**Extraction workers, all other**

All extraction workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**7,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,580**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**-1 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=47-5099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [47-5099.00 - Extraction Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-5099.00)

### **Installation, maintenance, and repair occupations**

**First-line supervisors of mechanics, installers, and repairers**

Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of mechanics, installers, and repairers. May also advise customers on recommended services. Excludes team or work leaders.

- 2023 employment:**604,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$75,820**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**21,900**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49101100)

**Computer, automated teller, and office machine repairers**

Repair, maintain, or install computers, word processing systems, automated teller machines, and electronic office machines, such as duplicating and fax machines.

- 2023 employment:**85,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,760**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,700**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-2011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Some college, no degree**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-2011.00 - Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-2011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-2011.00 - Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49201100)

**Audiovisual equipment installers and repairers**

Install, repair, or adjust audio or television receivers, stereo systems, camcorders, video systems, or other electronic entertainment equipment in homes or other venues. May perform routine maintenance. Excludes \"Audio and Video Technicians\" (27-4011).

- 2023 employment:**27,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,380**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-2097&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-2097.00 - Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-2097.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-2097.00 - Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49209700)

**Security and fire alarm systems installers**

Install, program, maintain, and repair security and fire alarm wiring and equipment. Ensure that work is in accordance with relevant codes. Excludes \"Electricians\" (47-2111) who do a broad range of electrical wiring.

- 2023 employment:**86,000**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$56,430**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**7,400**
 - Growth rate:**9 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-2098&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-2098.00 - Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-2098.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-2098.00 - Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49209800)

**Bicycle repairers**

Repair and service bicycles.

- 2023 employment:**14,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,320**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**800**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-3091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-3091.00 - Bicycle Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-3091.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-3091.00 - Bicycle Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49309100)

**Recreational vehicle service technicians**

Diagnose, inspect, adjust, repair, or overhaul recreational vehicles including travel trailers. May specialize in maintaining gas, electrical, hydraulic, plumbing, or chassis/towing systems as well as repairing generators, appliances, and interior components. Includes workers who perform customized van conversions. Excludes \"Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics\" (49-3023) and \"Bus and Truck Mechanics and Diesel Engine Specialists\" (49-3031) who also work on recreation vehicles.

- 2023 employment:**18,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,950**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,800**
 - Growth rate:**10 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-3092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-3092.00 - Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-3092.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-3092.00 - Recreational Vehicle Service Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49309200)

**Tire repairers and changers**

Repair and replace tires.

- 2023 employment:**107,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,790**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,700**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-3093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-3093.00 - Tire Repairers and Changers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-3093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-3093.00 - Tire Repairers and Changers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49309300)

**Mechanical door repairers**

Install, service, or repair automatic door mechanisms and hydraulic doors. Includes garage door mechanics.

- 2023 employment:**27,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,650**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**3,200**
 - Growth rate:**11 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9011.00 - Mechanical Door Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9011.00 - Mechanical Door Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49901100)

**Control and valve installers and repairers, except mechanical door**

Install, repair, and maintain mechanical regulating and controlling devices, such as electric meters, gas regulators, thermostats, safety and flow valves, and other mechanical governors.

- 2023 employment:**48,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$70,100**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**800**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9012.00 - Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9012.00 - Control and Valve Installers and Repairers, Except Mechanical Door](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49901200)

**Home appliance repairers**

Repair, adjust, or install all types of electric or gas household appliances, such as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and ovens.

- 2023 employment:**37,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,170**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9031.00 - Home Appliance Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9031.00 - Home Appliance Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49903100)

**Refractory materials repairers, except brickmasons**

Build or repair equipment such as furnaces, kilns, cupolas, boilers, converters, ladles, soaking pits, and ovens, using refractory materials.

- 2023 employment:**600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,410**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-18 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9045&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9045.00 - Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9045.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9045.00 - Refractory Materials Repairers, Except Brickmasons](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49904500)

**Camera and photographic equipment repairers**

Repair and adjust cameras and photographic equipment, including commercial video and motion picture camera equipment.

- 2023 employment:**2,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,850**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-400**
 - Growth rate:**-17 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9061&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9061.00 - Camera and Photographic Equipment Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9061.00)

**Musical instrument repairers and tuners**

Repair percussion, stringed, reed, or wind instruments. May specialize in one area, such as piano tuning. Excludes \"Audiovisual Equipment Installers and Repairers\" (49-2097) who repair electrical and electronic musical instruments.

- 2023 employment:**6,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$42,800**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9063&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Apprenticeship**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9063.00 - Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9063.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9063.00 - Musical Instrument Repairers and Tuners](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49906300)

**Watch and clock repairers**

Repair, clean, and adjust mechanisms of timing instruments, such as watches and clocks. Includes watchmakers, watch technicians, and mechanical timepiece repairers. Excludes \"Timing Device Assemblers and Adjusters\" (51-2061).

- 2023 employment:**1,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,140**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9064&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9064.00 - Watch and Clock Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9064.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9064.00 - Watch and Clock Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49906400)

**Precision instrument and equipment repairers, all other**

All precision instrument and equipment repairers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**10,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$62,040**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**400**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9069&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9069.00 - Precision Instrument and Equipment Repairers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9069.00)

**Coin, vending, and amusement machine servicers and repairers**

Install, service, adjust, or repair coin, vending, or amusement machines including video games, juke boxes, pinball machines, or slot machines.

- 2023 employment:**39,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,980**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9091.00 - Coin, Vending, and Amusement Machine Servicers and Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9091.00)

**Commercial divers**

Work below surface of water, using surface-supplied air or scuba equipment to inspect, repair, remove, or install equipment and structures. May use a variety of power and hand tools, such as drills, sledgehammers, torches, and welding equipment. May conduct tests or experiments, rig explosives, or photograph structures or marine life. Excludes \"Athletes and Sports Competitors\" (27-2021), \"Police and Sheriff\"s Patrol Officers\" (33-3051), and \"Fishing and Hunting Workers\" (45-3031).

- 2023 employment:**3,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$61,300**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9092.00 - Commercial Divers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9092.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9092.00 - Commercial Divers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49909200)

**Locksmiths and safe repairers**

Repair and open locks, make keys, change locks and safe combinations, and install and repair safes.

- 2023 employment:**17,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,380**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,700**
 - Growth rate:**-10 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9094&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9094.00 - Locksmiths and Safe Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9094.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9094.00 - Locksmiths and Safe Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49909400)

**Manufactured building and mobile home installers**

Move or install mobile homes or prefabricated buildings.

- 2023 employment:**3,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,980**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-600**
 - Growth rate:**-20 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9095&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9095.00 - Manufactured Building and Mobile Home Installers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9095.00)

**Riggers**

Set up or repair rigging for construction projects, manufacturing plants, logging yards, ships and shipyards, or for the entertainment industry.

- 2023 employment:**24,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$56,220**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,200**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9096&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9096.00 - Riggers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9096.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9096.00 - Riggers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49909600)

**Signal and track switch repairers**

Install, inspect, test, maintain, or repair electric gate crossings, signals, signal equipment, track switches, section lines, or intercommunications systems within a railroad system.

- 2023 employment:**9,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$82,710**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**200**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9097&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9097.00 - Signal and Track Switch Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9097.00)

**Helpers--installation, maintenance, and repair workers**

Help installation, maintenance, and repair workers in maintenance, parts replacement, and repair of vehicles, industrial machinery, and electrical and electronic equipment. Perform duties such as furnishing tools, materials, and supplies to other workers; cleaning work area, machines, and tools; and holding materials or tools for other workers.

- 2023 employment:**104,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,710**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,600**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9098&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9098.00 - Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9098.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9098.00 - Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49909800)

**Installation, maintenance, and repair workers, all other**

All installation, maintenance, and repair workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**201,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,500**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**7,200**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=49-9099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [49-9099.00 - Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9099.00)
 - [49-9099.01 - Geothermal Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-9099.01)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [49-9099.01 - Geothermal Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=49909901)

### **Production occupations**

**First-line supervisors of production and operating workers**

Directly supervise and coordinate the activities of production and operating workers, such as inspectors, precision workers, machine setters and operators, assemblers, fabricators, and plant and system operators. Excludes team or work leaders.

- 2023 employment:**690,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$65,930**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,200**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-1011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-1011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-1011.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51101100)

**Meat, poultry, and fish cutters and trimmers**

Use hands or hand tools to perform routine cutting and trimming of meat, poultry, and seafood.

- 2023 employment:**141,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,300**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,600**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-3022&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-3022.00 - Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-3022.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-3022.00 - Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51302200)

**Slaughterers and meat packers**

Perform nonroutine or precision functions involving the preparation of large portions of meat. Work may include specialized slaughtering tasks, cutting standard or premium cuts of meat for marketing, making sausage, or wrapping meats. Work typically occurs in slaughtering, meat packing, or wholesale establishments. Excludes \"Meat, Poultry, and Fish Cutters and Trimmers\" (51-3022) who perform routine meat cutting.

- 2023 employment:**72,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,160**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,000**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-3023&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-3023.00 - Slaughterers and Meat Packers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-3023.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-3023.00 - Slaughterers and Meat Packers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51302300)

**Layout workers, metal and plastic**

Lay out reference points and dimensions on metal or plastic stock or workpieces, such as sheets, plates, tubes, structural shapes, castings, or machine parts, for further processing. Includes shipfitters.

- 2023 employment:**6,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$62,270**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-200**
 - Growth rate:**-3 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-4192&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-4192.00 - Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-4192.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-4192.00 - Layout Workers, Metal and Plastic](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51419200)

**Tool grinders, filers, and sharpeners**

Perform precision smoothing, sharpening, polishing, or grinding of metal objects.

- 2023 employment:**6,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,410**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-500**
 - Growth rate:**-8 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-4194&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-4194.00 - Tool Grinders, Filers, and Sharpeners](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-4194.00)

**Metal workers and plastic workers, all other**

All metal workers and plastic workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**20,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$41,200**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,400**
 - Growth rate:**-7 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-4199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-4199.00 - Metal Workers and Plastic Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-4199.00)

**Prepress technicians and workers**

Format and proof text and images submitted by designers and clients into finished pages that can be printed. Includes digital and photo typesetting. May produce printing plates.

- 2023 employment:**23,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,070**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-4,300**
 - Growth rate:**-18 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-5111&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**Postsecondary nondegree award**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-5111.00 - Prepress Technicians and Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-5111.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-5111.00 - Prepress Technicians and Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51511100)

**Printing press operators**

Set up and operate digital, letterpress, lithographic, flexographic, gravure, or other printing machines. Includes short-run offset printing presses.

- 2023 employment:**156,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$41,860**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-14,900**
 - Growth rate:**-10 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-5112&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-5112.00 - Printing Press Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-5112.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-5112.00 - Printing Press Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51511200)

**Print binding and finishing workers**

Bind books and other publications or finish printed products by hand or machine. May set up binding and finishing machines.

- 2023 employment:**38,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,100**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-6,700**
 - Growth rate:**-18 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-5113&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-5113.00 - Print Binding and Finishing Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-5113.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-5113.00 - Print Binding and Finishing Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51511300)

**Laundry and dry-cleaning workers**

Operate or tend washing or dry-cleaning machines to wash or dry-clean industrial or household articles, such as cloth garments, suede, leather, furs, blankets, draperies, linens, rugs, and carpets. Includes spotters and dyers of these articles.

- 2023 employment:**195,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$31,050**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**10,800**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6011.00 - Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6011.00 - Laundry and Dry-Cleaning Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51601100)

**Pressers, textile, garment, and related materials**

Press or shape articles by hand or machine.

- 2023 employment:**29,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$32,240**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-3,500**
 - Growth rate:**-12 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6021.00 - Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6021.00 - Pressers, Textile, Garment, and Related Materials](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51602100)

**Sewing machine operators**

Operate or tend sewing machines to join, reinforce, decorate, or perform related sewing operations in the manufacture of garment or nongarment products.

- 2023 employment:**128,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$34,440**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-17,000**
 - Growth rate:**-13 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6031.00 - Sewing Machine Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6031.00 - Sewing Machine Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51603100)

**Shoe and leather workers and repairers**

Construct, decorate, or repair leather and leather-like products, such as luggage, shoes, and saddles. May use hand tools.

- 2023 employment:**9,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,020**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,100**
 - Growth rate:**-12 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6041.00 - Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6041.00 - Shoe and Leather Workers and Repairers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51604100)

**Shoe machine operators and tenders**

Operate or tend a variety of machines to join, decorate, reinforce, or finish shoes and shoe parts.

- 2023 employment:**6,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,970**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-800**
 - Growth rate:**-14 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6042&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6042.00 - Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6042.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6042.00 - Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51604200)

**Sewers, hand**

Sew, join, reinforce, or finish, usually with needle and thread, a variety of manufactured items. Includes weavers and stitchers.

- 2023 employment:**5,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$32,240**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-700**
 - Growth rate:**-12 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6051.00 - Sewers, Hand](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6051.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6051.00 - Sewers, Hand](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51605100)

**Tailors, dressmakers, and custom sewers**

Design, make, alter, repair, or fit garments.

- 2023 employment:**24,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,650**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,600**
 - Growth rate:**-7 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6052&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6052.00 - Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6052.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6052.00 - Tailors, Dressmakers, and Custom Sewers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51605200)

**Textile bleaching and dyeing machine operators and tenders**

Operate or tend machines to bleach, shrink, wash, dye, or finish textiles or synthetic or glass fibers.

- 2023 employment:**6,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,340**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-700**
 - Growth rate:**-10 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6061&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6061.00 - Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6061.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6061.00 - Textile Bleaching and Dyeing Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51606100)

**Textile cutting machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut textiles.

- 2023 employment:**9,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,620**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,200**
 - Growth rate:**-12 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6062&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6062.00 - Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6062.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6062.00 - Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51606200)

**Textile knitting and weaving machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines that knit, loop, weave, or draw in textiles. Excludes \"Sewing Machine Operators\" (51-6031).

- 2023 employment:**16,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,130**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,900**
 - Growth rate:**-12 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6063&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6063.00 - Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6063.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6063.00 - Textile Knitting and Weaving Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51606300)

**Textile winding, twisting, and drawing out machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines that wind or twist textiles; or draw out and combine sliver, such as wool, hemp, or synthetic fibers. Includes slubber machine and drawing frame operators.

- 2023 employment:**24,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,530**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-2,100**
 - Growth rate:**-9 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6064&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6064.00 - Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6064.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6064.00 - Textile Winding, Twisting, and Drawing Out Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51606400)

**Extruding and forming machine setters, operators, and tenders, synthetic and glass fibers**

Set up, operate, or tend machines that extrude and form continuous filaments from synthetic materials, such as liquid polymer, rayon, and fiberglass.

- 2023 employment:**15,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,030**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-500**
 - Growth rate:**-3 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6091.00 - Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6091.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6091.00 - Extruding and Forming Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Synthetic and Glass Fibers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51609100)

**Fabric and apparel patternmakers**

Draw and construct sets of precision master fabric patterns or layouts. May also mark and cut fabrics and apparel.

- 2023 employment:**2,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$62,510**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-300**
 - Growth rate:**-12 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6092.00 - Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6092.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6092.00 - Fabric and Apparel Patternmakers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51609200)

**Upholsterers**

Make, repair, or replace upholstery for household furniture or transportation vehicles.

- 2023 employment:**30,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$42,730**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-600**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6093.00 - Upholsterers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-6093.00 - Upholsterers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51609300)

**Textile, apparel, and furnishings workers, all other**

All textile, apparel, and furnishings workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**15,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,130**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,500**
 - Growth rate:**-10 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-6099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-6099.00 - Textile, Apparel, and Furnishings Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-6099.00)

**Model makers, wood**

Construct full-size and scale wooden precision models of products. Includes wood jig builders and loft workers.

- 2023 employment:**1,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,040**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-13 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-7031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-7031.00 - Model Makers, Wood](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-7031.00)

**Patternmakers, wood**

Plan, lay out, and construct wooden unit or sectional patterns used in forming sand molds for castings.

- 2023 employment:**500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,630**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-14 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-7032&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-7032.00 - Patternmakers, Wood](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-7032.00)

**Woodworkers, all other**

All woodworkers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**15,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,760**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-2,000**
 - Growth rate:**-14 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-7099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-7099.00 - Woodworkers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-7099.00)

**Chemical plant and system operators**

Control or operate entire chemical processes or system of machines.

- 2023 employment:**18,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$80,030**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-1 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-8091&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-8091.00 - Chemical Plant and System Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-8091.00)

**Gas plant operators**

Distribute or process gas for utility companies and others by controlling compressors to maintain specified pressures on main pipelines.

- 2023 employment:**16,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$82,560**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,600**
 - Growth rate:**-10 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-8092&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-8092.00 - Gas Plant Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-8092.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-8092.00 - Gas Plant Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51809200)

**Petroleum pump system operators, refinery operators, and gaugers**

Operate or control petroleum refining or processing units. May specialize in controlling manifold and pumping systems, gauging or testing oil in storage tanks, or regulating the flow of oil into pipelines.

- 2023 employment:**33,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$94,580**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-800**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-8093&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-8093.00 - Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-8093.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-8093.00 - Petroleum Pump System Operators, Refinery Operators, and Gaugers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51809300)

**Plant and system operators, all other**

All plant and system operators not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**15,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$56,940**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-8099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-8099.00 - Plant and System Operators, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-8099.00)
 - [51-8099.01 - Biofuels Processing Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-8099.01)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-8099.01 - Biofuels Processing Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51809901)

**Chemical equipment operators and tenders**

Operate or tend equipment to control chemical changes or reactions in the processing of industrial or consumer products. Equipment used includes devulcanizers, steam-jacketed kettles, and reactor vessels. Excludes \"Chemical Plant and System Operators\" (51-8091).

- 2023 employment:**121,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$51,720**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-6,500**
 - Growth rate:**-5 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9011.00 - Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9011.00 - Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51901100)

**Separating, filtering, clarifying, precipitating, and still machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend continuous flow or vat-type equipment; filter presses; shaker screens; centrifuges; condenser tubes; precipitating, fermenting, or evaporating tanks; scrubbing towers; or batch stills. These machines extract, sort, or separate liquids, gases, or solids from other materials to recover a refined product. Includes dairy processing equipment operators. Excludes \"Chemical Equipment Operators and Tenders\" (51-9011).

- 2023 employment:**53,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$48,120**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**900**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9012&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9012.00 - Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9012.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9012.00 - Separating, Filtering, Clarifying, Precipitating, and Still Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51901200)

**Crushing, grinding, and polishing machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines to crush, grind, or polish materials, such as coal, glass, grain, stone, food, or rubber.

- 2023 employment:**26,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,510**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-300**
 - Growth rate:**-1 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9021.00 - Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9021.00 - Crushing, Grinding, and Polishing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51902100)

**Grinding and polishing workers, hand**

Grind, sand, or polish, using hand tools or hand-held power tools, a variety of metal, wood, stone, clay, plastic, or glass objects. Includes chippers, buffers, and finishers.

- 2023 employment:**12,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,940**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-2,200**
 - Growth rate:**-18 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9022&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9022.00 - Grinding and Polishing Workers, Hand](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9022.00)

**Mixing and blending machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines to mix or blend materials, such as chemicals, tobacco, liquids, color pigments, or explosive ingredients. Excludes \"Food Batchmakers\" (51-3092).

- 2023 employment:**107,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$46,100**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**4,700**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9023&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9023.00 - Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9023.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9023.00 - Mixing and Blending Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51902300)

**Cutters and trimmers, hand**

Use hand tools or hand-held power tools to cut and trim a variety of manufactured items, such as carpet, fabric, stone, glass, or rubber.

- 2023 employment:**6,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,040**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,300**
 - Growth rate:**-18 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9031.00 - Cutters and Trimmers, Hand](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9031.00)

**Cutting and slicing machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines that cut or slice materials, such as glass, stone, cork, rubber, tobacco, food, paper, or insulating material. Excludes \"Cutting, Punching, and Press Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders, Metal and Plastic\" (51-4031), \"Textile Cutting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders\" (51-6062), and \"Woodworking Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders\" (51-7040).

- 2023 employment:**52,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,310**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-1,400**
 - Growth rate:**-3 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9032&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9032.00 - Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9032.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9032.00 - Cutting and Slicing Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51903200)

**Extruding, forming, pressing, and compacting machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend machines, such as glass-forming machines, plodder machines, and tuber machines, to shape and form products such as glassware, food, rubber, soap, brick, tile, clay, wax, tobacco, or cosmetics. Excludes \"Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders\" (51-6042) and \"Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders\" (51-9196).

- 2023 employment:**57,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$42,670**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,600**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9041.00 - Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9041.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9041.00 - Extruding, Forming, Pressing, and Compacting Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51904100)

**Furnace, kiln, oven, drier, and kettle operators and tenders**

Operate or tend heating equipment other than basic metal, plastic, or food processing equipment. Includes activities such as annealing glass, drying lumber, curing rubber, removing moisture from materials, or boiling soap.

- 2023 employment:**15,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$45,640**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9051.00 - Furnace, Kiln, Oven, Drier, and Kettle Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9051.00)

**Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders**

Operate or tend machines to prepare industrial or consumer products for storage or shipment. Includes cannery workers who pack food products.

- 2023 employment:**367,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$38,330**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**24,600**
 - Growth rate:**7 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9111&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9111.00 - Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9111.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9111.00 - Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51911100)

**Photographic process workers and processing machine operators**

Perform work involved in developing and processing photographic images from film or digital media. May perform precision tasks such as editing photographic negatives and prints.

- 2023 employment:**9,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,620**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9151&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9151.00 - Photographic Process Workers and Processing Machine Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9151.00)

**Adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders**

Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood; gluing paper; or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials. Excludes \"Shoe Machine Operators and Tenders\" (51-6042).

- 2023 employment:**12,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$43,540**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**-1 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9191&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9191.00 - Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9191.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9191.00 - Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919100)

**Cleaning, washing, and metal pickling equipment operators and tenders**

Operate or tend machines to wash or clean products, such as barrels or kegs, glass items, tin plate, food, pulp, coal, plastic, or rubber, to remove impurities.

- 2023 employment:**15,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$39,340**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**700**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9192&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9192.00 - Cleaning, Washing, and Metal Pickling Equipment Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9192.00)

**Cooling and freezing equipment operators and tenders**

Operate or tend equipment such as cooling and freezing units, refrigerators, batch freezers, and freezing tunnels, to cool or freeze products, food, blood plasma, and chemicals.

- 2023 employment:**7,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$42,420**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**700**
 - Growth rate:**9 percent (Much faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9193&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9193.00 - Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9193.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9193.00 - Cooling and Freezing Equipment Operators and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919300)

**Etchers and engravers**

Engrave or etch metal, wood, rubber, or other materials. Includes such workers as etcher-circuit processors, pantograph engravers, and silk screen etchers. Photoengravers are included in \"Prepress Technicians and Workers\" (51-5111).

- 2023 employment:**11,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$40,040**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9194&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9194.00 - Etchers and Engravers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9194.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9194.00 - Etchers and Engravers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919400)

**Molders, shapers, and casters, except metal and plastic**

Mold, shape, form, cast, or carve products such as food products, figurines, tile, pipes, and candles consisting of clay, glass, plaster, concrete, stone, or combinations of materials.

- 2023 employment:**49,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$43,310**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**2,600**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9195&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9195.00 - Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9195.00)
 - [51-9195.03 - Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9195.03)
 - [51-9195.04 - Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9195.04)
 - [51-9195.05 - Potters, Manufacturing](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9195.05)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9195.00 - Molders, Shapers, and Casters, Except Metal and Plastic](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919500)
 - [51-9195.03 - Stone Cutters and Carvers, Manufacturing](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919503)
 - [51-9195.04 - Glass Blowers, Molders, Benders, and Finishers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919504)
 - [51-9195.05 - Potters, Manufacturing](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919505)

**Paper goods machine setters, operators, and tenders**

Set up, operate, or tend paper goods machines that perform a variety of functions, such as converting, sawing, corrugating, banding, wrapping, boxing, stitching, forming, or sealing paper or paperboard sheets into products.

- 2023 employment:**95,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$47,250**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-11,900**
 - Growth rate:**-13 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9196&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9196.00 - Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9196.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9196.00 - Paper Goods Machine Setters, Operators, and Tenders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919600)

**Tire builders**

Operate machines to build tires.

- 2023 employment:**20,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$54,080**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**600**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9197&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9197.00 - Tire Builders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9197.00)

**Helpers--production workers**

Help production workers by performing duties requiring less skill. Duties include supplying or holding materials or tools, and cleaning work area and equipment. Apprentice workers are classified in the appropriate production occupations (51-0000).

- 2023 employment:**183,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$36,700**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-15,200**
 - Growth rate:**-8 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9198&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9198.00 - Helpers--Production Workers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9198.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [51-9198.00 - Helpers--Production Workers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=51919800)

**Production workers, all other**

All production workers not listed separately. Excludes \"Packers and Packagers, Hand\" (53-7064).

- 2023 employment:**265,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$37,430**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**5,000**
 - Growth rate:**2 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=51-9199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [51-9199.00 - Production Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/51-9199.00)

### **Transportation and material moving occupations**

**Aircraft cargo handling supervisors**

Supervise and coordinate the activities of ground crew in the loading, unloading, securing, and staging of aircraft cargo or baggage. May determine the quantity and orientation of cargo and compute aircraft center of gravity. May accompany aircraft as member of flight crew and monitor and handle cargo in flight, and assist and brief passengers on safety and emergency procedures. Includes loadmasters.

- 2023 employment:**9,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,920**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**700**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-1041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-1041.00 - Aircraft Cargo Handling Supervisors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-1041.00)

**First-line supervisors of transportation and material moving workers, except aircraft cargo handling supervisors**

The definitions for these occupations are available by following their SOC links.
This occupation includes the following SOC 2018 occupations:

- [53-1042](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#53-0000)- First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand

- [53-1043](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#53-0000)- First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators

- [53-1044](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#53-0000)- First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants

- [53-1049](https://www.bls.gov/soc/2018/major_groups.htm#53-0000)- First-Line Supervisors of Transportation Workers, All Other

- 2023 employment:**594,100**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$60,510**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**31,500**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-1047&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**None**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-1042.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-1042.00)
 - [53-1042.01 - Recycling Coordinators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-1042.01)
 - [53-1043.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-1043.00)
 - [53-1044.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Passenger Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-1044.00)
 - [53-1049.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Transportation Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-1049.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-1042.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Helpers, Laborers, and Material Movers, Hand](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53104200)
 - [53-1042.01 - Recycling Coordinators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53104201)
 - [53-1043.00 - First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53104300)

**Airfield operations specialists**

Ensure the safe takeoff and landing of commercial and military aircraft. Duties include coordination between air-traffic control and maintenance personnel, dispatching, using airfield landing and navigational aids, implementing airfield safety procedures, monitoring and maintaining flight records, and applying knowledge of weather information.

- 2023 employment:**18,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$51,140**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,000**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-2022&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Long-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-2022.00 - Airfield Operations Specialists](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-2022.00)

**Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians**

Drive ambulance or assist ambulance driver in transporting sick, injured, or convalescent persons. Assist in lifting patients.

- 2023 employment:**11,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$32,580**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-3011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-3011.00 - Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-3011.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-3011.00 - Ambulance Drivers and Attendants, Except Emergency Medical Technicians](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53301100)

**Motor vehicle operators, all other**

All motor vehicle operators not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**86,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,690**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**7,100**
 - Growth rate:**8 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-3099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-3099.00 - Motor Vehicle Operators, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-3099.00)

**Subway and streetcar operators**

Operate subway or elevated suburban trains with no separate locomotive, or electric-powered streetcar, to transport passengers. May handle fares.

- 2023 employment:**15,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$84,270**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**700**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-4041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-4041.00 - Subway and Streetcar Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-4041.00)

**Rail transportation workers, all other**

All rail transportation workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**1,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$44,660**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**3 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-4099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-4099.00 - Rail Transportation Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-4099.00)

**Bridge and lock tenders**

Operate and tend bridges, canal locks, and lighthouses to permit marine passage on inland waterways, near shores, and at danger points in waterway passages. May supervise such operations. Includes drawbridge operators, lock operators, and slip bridge operators.

- 2023 employment:**3,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$49,120**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**0**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6011&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6011.00 - Bridge and Lock Tenders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6011.00)

**Parking attendants**

Park vehicles or issue tickets for customers in a parking lot or garage. May park or tend vehicles in environments such as a car dealership or rental car facility. May collect fee.

- 2023 employment:**120,900**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$32,840**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**6,400**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6021&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6021.00 - Parking Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6021.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-6021.00 - Parking Attendants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53602100)

**Automotive and watercraft service attendants**

Service automobiles, buses, trucks, boats, and other automotive or marine vehicles with fuel, lubricants, and accessories. Collect payment for services and supplies. May lubricate vehicle, change motor oil, refill antifreeze, or replace lights or other accessories, such as windshield wiper blades or fan belts. May repair or replace tires. Excludes \"Cashiers\" (41-2011).

- 2023 employment:**94,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$33,820**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-100**
 - Growth rate:**0 percent (Little or no change)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6031&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6031.00 - Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6031.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-6031.00 - Automotive and Watercraft Service Attendants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53603100)

**Aircraft service attendants**

Service aircraft with fuel. May de-ice aircraft, refill water and cooling agents, empty sewage tanks, service air and oxygen systems, or clean and polish exterior.

- 2023 employment:**25,200**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$39,110**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,600**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6032&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6032.00 - Aircraft Service Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6032.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-6032.00 - Aircraft Service Attendants](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53603200)

**Traffic technicians**

Conduct field studies to determine traffic volume, speed, effectiveness of signals, adequacy of lighting, and other factors influencing traffic conditions, under direction of traffic engineer.

- 2023 employment:**7,800**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$52,240**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**300**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6041&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6041.00 - Traffic Technicians](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6041.00)

**Transportation inspectors**

Inspect equipment or goods in connection with the safe transport of cargo or people. Includes rail transportation inspectors, such as freight inspectors, rail inspectors, and other inspectors of transportation vehicles not elsewhere classified. Excludes \"Transportation Security Screeners\" (33-9093).

- 2023 employment:**29,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$87,290**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,200**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6051&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6051.00 - Transportation Inspectors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6051.00)
 - [53-6051.01 - Aviation Inspectors](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6051.01)
 - [53-6051.07 - Transportation Vehicle, Equipment and Systems Inspectors, Except Aviation](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6051.07)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-6051.00 - Transportation Inspectors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53605100)
 - [53-6051.01 - Aviation Inspectors](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53605101)
 - [53-6051.07 - Transportation Vehicle, Equipment and Systems Inspectors, Except Aviation](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53605107)

**Passenger attendants**

Provide services to ensure the safety of passengers aboard ships, buses, trains, or within the station or terminal. Perform duties such as explaining the use of safety equipment, serving meals or beverages, or answering questions related to travel. Excludes \"Baggage Porters and Bellhops\" (39-6011) and \"Flight Attendants\" (53-2031).

- 2023 employment:**21,600**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$35,620**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,300**
 - Growth rate:**6 percent (Faster than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6061&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6061.00 - Passenger Attendants](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6061.00)

**Transportation workers, all other**

All transportation workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**11,300**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$40,300**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**600**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-6099&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-6099.00 - Transportation Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-6099.00)

**Gas compressor and gas pumping station operators**

Operate steam-, gas-, electric motor-, or internal combustion-engine driven compressors. Transmit, compress, or recover gases, such as butane, nitrogen, hydrogen, and natural gas.

- 2023 employment:**4,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$61,870**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**100**
 - Growth rate:**1 percent (Slower than average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7071&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-7071.00 - Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-7071.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-7071.00 - Gas Compressor and Gas Pumping Station Operators](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53707100)

**Pump operators, except wellhead pumpers**

Tend, control, or operate power-driven, stationary, or portable pumps and manifold systems to transfer gases, oil, other liquids, slurries, or powdered materials to and from various vessels and processes.

- 2023 employment:**11,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$54,690**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**600**
 - Growth rate:**5 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7072&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-7072.00 - Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-7072.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-7072.00 - Pump Operators, Except Wellhead Pumpers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53707200)

**Wellhead pumpers**

Operate power pumps and auxiliary equipment to produce flow of oil or gas from wells in oil field.

- 2023 employment:**19,400**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$71,830**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**-400**
 - Growth rate:**-2 percent (Decline)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7073&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**High school diploma or equivalent**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**Less than 5 years**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Moderate-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-7073.00 - Wellhead Pumpers](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-7073.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-7073.00 - Wellhead Pumpers](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53707300)

**Tank car, truck, and ship loaders**

Load and unload chemicals and bulk solids, such as coal, sand, and grain, into or from tank cars, trucks, or ships, using material moving equipment. May perform a variety of other tasks relating to shipment of products. May gauge or sample shipping tanks and test them for leaks.

- 2023 employment:**12,700**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$58,620**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**500**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7121&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-7121.00 - Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-7121.00)

- CareerOneStop videos for this occupation:
 - [53-7121.00 - Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders](https://www.careeronestop.org/videos/careeronestop-videos.aspx?videocode=53712100)

**Material moving workers, all other**

All material moving workers not listed separately.

- 2023 employment:**26,500**

- May 2023 median annual wage:**$40,310**

- Projected employment change, 2023–33:
 - Number of new jobs:**1,200**
 - Growth rate:**4 percent (As fast as average)**
 - [Click here for additional projections detail](https://data.bls.gov/projections/nationalMatrix?queryParams=53-7199&ioType=o)

- Education and training:
 - Typical entry-level education:**No formal educational credential**
 - Work experience in a related occupation:**None**
 - Typical on-the-job training:**Short-term on-the-job training**

- O*NET links:
 - [53-7199.00 - Material Moving Workers, All Other](https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/53-7199.00)

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Data for Occupations Not Covered in Detail,
at[https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm)(visited*February 11, 2025*).

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

PERCUSSION INNER ENDRecommend this page using:[Facebook](javascript:void(0);)[Twitter](javascript:void(0);)[LinkedIn](javascript:void(0);)<div><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\"><img src=\"/images/icons/google.png\"></a><span><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\">Google+</a></span></div>
    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "OOH Data Access and Republishing Information: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "A page with information for researchers and developers wishing to copy, access, download, or republish Occupational Outlook Handbook material, content, or data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-developer-info.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# OOH Data Access and Republishing Information

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/ooh-developer-info.htm)

Thank you for your interest in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*). This page has resources to help you use*OOH*content and data for your projects.

### Using and Republishing*OOH*Content

Please note the following guidelines when using material from the*OOH*:

The[Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) copyright policy](https://www.bls.gov/opub/copyright-information.htm)indicates that you are free to use our public domain material without specific permission, although we do ask that you cite BLS as the source.

Photographs are protected by copyright and used by BLS under a subscription service with[Getty Images](http://www.gettyimages.com/)and[Shutterstock Images](https://www.shutterstock.com/). You will need the permission of the copyright holder in order to reproduce photographs.

**Getty Images**

Phone: 800-462-4379

Email:[https://www.gettyimages.com/customer-support](https://www.gettyimages.com/customer-support)

**Shutterstock Images**

Phone: 866-663-3954

Email:[https://www.shutterstock.com/help](https://www.shutterstock.com/help)

How to Find*OOH*Data

This XML file contains all the data and the entire text from the*OOH*:

- [Entire*OOH*in XML format](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/xml-compilation.xml)(13MB)

For information on how to import XML files, visit:

- [https://www.bls.gov/help/hlp_xml_output.htm](https://www.bls.gov/help/hlp_xml_output.htm)

The[Employment Projections program](https://www.bls.gov/emp)produces detailed projections for each occupation in the*OOH*:

- [Table 1.7 Occupational projections and worker characteristics](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm)

Browse by occupation for wage and employment data at the national and sub-national level using[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes)(OEWS) program data:

- [OEWS Occupational Profiles](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_stru.htm)

### Understanding the Projections Process

The Employment Projections program offers a number of resources with information on how the projections in the*OOH*are created, details on the education, training, and work experience designations used throughout the Handbook, and crosswalk and classification systems used by the*OOH*:

- [Employment Projections Methods Overview](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/projections-methods.htm)

- [Occupational Data Definitions](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/definitions.htm)

- [Education and Training](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/education-training-system.htm)

- [Classifications and Crosswalks](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/crosswalks.htm)

Occupational data in the*OOH*follow the[Standard Occupational Classification](https://www.bls.gov/soc/)(SOC) system.

Industry data in the*OOH*follow the[North American Industry Classification System](https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/)(NAICS).

### Other Sources of Career Information

Visit[Projections Central](https://www.projectionscentral.org)for state-level employment projections developed by state Labor Market Information (LMI) offices.

[O*NET](https://www.onetonline.org/)provides information on occupations at a detailed level.

O*NET also has data resources available in its[Resource Center](https://www.onetcenter.org/developers.html).

[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org)has state and metro-area wage data and occupational information.

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, OOH Data Access and Republishing Information,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

PERCUSSION INNER ENDRecommend this page using:[Facebook](javascript:void(0);)[Twitter](javascript:void(0);)[LinkedIn](javascript:void(0);)<div><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\"><img src=\"/images/icons/google.png\"></a><span><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\">Google+</a></span></div>
    ]
}


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string_value:
{
    "title": "Teacher’s Guide: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "As a teacher, you can help your students plan their future. Through the OOH, students can use valuable occupational information to help them make career choices. By familiarizing yourself with the features of the OOH, you will be in a position to quickly and effectively help your students use this valuable tool.",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/teachers-guide.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# Teacher’s Guide

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/teachers-guide.htm)

### **A Note to Teachers**

#### 

The*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) is an online publication that has information on hundreds of occupations in the United States. The*OOH*is a rich resource for those seeking career guidance. Using the*OOH*, students can explore different aspects of occupations by clicking on the following tabs:

- What workers do on the job

- Work environment

- Education, training, and other qualifications needed to enter the occupation

- Pay

- Projected employment change and job prospects

- State and area data

- Similar occupations

- Contacts for more information

As a teacher, you can help your students plan their future. Through the*OOH*, students can use valuable occupational information to help them make career choices. By familiarizing yourself with the features of the*OOH*, you will be in a position to quickly and effectively help your students use this valuable tool.

### **Navigating the*OOH*Homepage**

There are several ways to find career information about a detailed occupation:

1. ***Occupation Group Search*.**The*OOH*is divided into clusters of similar occupations. To find an occupation, students may browse the occupational group of interest on the left-hand side of the homepage. Clicking on a group results in a landing page of similar occupations together with their respective job summaries, typical entry-level education, and median pay. Typical entry-level education and median pay can be quickly sorted by clicking the arrows at the top of each column.

2. ***Occupation Finder*.**The occupation finder (located toward the top of the homepage) makes it easy to search for occupations by typical entry-level education, on-the-job training requirements, projected number of new jobs, projected employment growth rate, or median pay, or a combination of any of these five characteristics. For example, a student who wants to learn which occupations typically require a bachelor's degree and much faster than average growth can use the drop-down menus to narrow down the occupations using those two criteria.

3. ***Search Box*.**Students may also search for occupations by entering a title into the “Search Handbook” box at the top right side of the homepage.

4. ***A–Z Index Search*.**Students may use the alphabetical index to look for an occupation. For example, someone looking for “Accountants” would click on “A” and then on “Accountants” in the A–Z index search. The student would then be directed to the occupational profile on accountants and auditors.

5. ***Browse Occupations*.**Clicking on these buttons takes students to four distinct pages: highest paying occupations, occupations projected to be the fastest growing, occupations projected to have the most new jobs created, and occupations by academic field of degree (FOD).

6. ***Featured Occupation*.**With each visit to the*OOH*homepage, a different occupation will be featured that students can click on and explore.

7. ***OOH Glossary.***The*OOH*Glossary includes terms often used in the occupational profiles and related pages, including general economic concepts, such as seasonal employment and the labor force; definitions of BLS resources, such as surveys and classification systems; and terms particular to the*OOH*, such as education and training categories.

8. ***Question Mark (?).***Certain terms in the profiles have question marks next to them. Users can click on the question mark to read the definition of a term or about the section.

### About the Information in Each Profile

Each occupational profile in the*OOH*is made up of nine separate “tabs” or pages. The Summary tab highlights key characteristics of the occupation, and the remaining tabs offer more detailed information:

**1. Summary**

- Quick-facts table; this feature summarizes key information about the occupation, including:

- Median pay

- Entry-level education

- Work experience in a related occupation

- On-the-job training

- Number of jobs in the base year

- Job outlook

- Employment change

- Career videos have been added to some occupational profiles. The videos, produced by[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org/Videos/NewCareerVideos/new-career-videos.aspx), give a brief overview of the occupation.

- Summary information describes each occupation by basic characteristics (See items 2–9)

**2. What They Do**

- Definition of the occupation

- Typical duties

- Specialties within the occupation

**3. Work Environment**

- Number of jobs in the base year

- Work setting, including potential hazards and physical, emotional, or mental demands

- Employment by largest industries

- Work schedules, including information on hours worked and seasonality of work

- Injuries and illnesses (if relevant)

**4. How to Become One**

- Typical entry-level education requirements

- Important qualities that are helpful in performing the work

- Typical on-the-job training needed to attain competency in the occupation (if relevant)

- Licenses, certifications, and registrations (if relevant)

- Work experience in a related occupation (if relevant)

- Other experience (if relevant)

- Advancement (if relevant)

**5. Pay**

- Median annual or hourly wages
 - Top 10 percent in wages earned
 - Bottom 10 percent in wages earned
 - Wages earned in top-employing industries

- Chart showing median annual or hourly wages in the occupation in comparison with median annual or hourly wage for all occupations

- Work schedules

**6. Job Outlook**

- Projected change in level and percentage of employment, including a discussion of the following factors affecting occupational employment change:
 - Industry growth or decline
 - Technological change
 - Demand for a product or service
 - Demographic change
 - Change in business patterns

- Chart showing projected rate of employment growth in the occupation in comparison with the projected rate of growth for all occupations

- Table showing employment projections data for the occupations covered in a profile, with a link to a spreadsheet that details employment by industry for those occupations

**7. State and Area Data**

- Links to sources for employment, wages, and projections data by state and area, including:
 - [Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/)(OEWS) program produces annual employment and wage estimates for more than 800 occupations
 - [Projections Central](https://www.projectionscentral.org)has state employment projections developed by Labor Market Information (LMI) or by individual state Employment Projections offices
 - [CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org)includes occupational profiles with data by state and metro area

**8. Similar Occupations**

- List of similar occupations, with summaries of their job duties, typical education level needed to enter the occupation, and median pay

- Similar occupations are selected by similar work performed and, sometimes, on the basis of the skills, education, and/or training needed to do the work at a competent level.

**9. More Info**

- List of outside associations, organizations, and government agencies that offer career information for specific occupations. Sources are listed as a service to readers but are not endorsed by the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

- Links to[O*NET](https://www.onetonline.org), which provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.

- Career videos have been added to some occupational profiles on the Summary tab. The videos, produced by[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org/Videos/NewCareerVideos/new-career-videos.aspx), provide a brief overview of the occupation, including typical duties and entry-level education needed.

### **About the Projections**

Employment projections are released annually and cover a decade. The projections focus on long-term trends and are based on assumptions about economic and labor force growth. However, because the economy may be affected by unforeseeable events, such as those leading to an economic downturn, the projections are subject to error. Refer to the[Employment Projections Methods Overview](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/projections-methods.htm)page on the Employment Projections site.

In describing projected employment change in an occupation, the*OOH*uses the phrases \"much faster than the average,\" “faster than the average,” “about as fast as the average,” “more slowly than the average,” “little or no change,” and “decline.” A table found on this[page](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm#info)explains how to interpret these key phrases.

BLS employment projections are national in scope and do not always show local conditions. State employment projections are developed by state employment security agencies. State projections are available on[Projections Central](https://www.projectionscentral.org).

The occupational projections describe expected employment change over the projections decade; employment change is expected to vary within that 10-year period. In addition to openings that stem from employment growth, many more openings are expected to occur from the need to replace workers who retire or who permanently leave an occupation for other reasons. See[Table 1.10](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-separations-and-openings.htm).

To learn more about using the*OOH*, see[Occupational Information Included in the*OOH*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/occupational-information-included-in-the-ooh.htm)*.*For answers to frequently asked questions, see the[*OOH*FAQs page](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm).

### **Other Career-Related Information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics**

In addition to publishing the*[Occupational Outlook Handbook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)*, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has other sources of career information that might be useful to teachers and students:

### **More Career Information**

**The U.S. Department of Defense**

The[MyFUTURE.com](https://www.myfuture.com/)page is a career search database that provides information related to training, including both college and military training options.

**The U.S. Department of Labor**

### **NOTE:**

The text in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*is in the public domain and can be reproduced without further permission. You may link to this site without obtaining special permission. The Bureau of Labor Statistics, however, requests appropriate citations. The following citation for the*OOH*website conforms to the U.S. Government Printing Office’s style guide:

\"Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,*Occupational Outlook Handbook*, [article title], at [https Web address] (visited [date accessed]).\"

Information from the*OOH*will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: 1 (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Service: 1 (800) 877-8339.

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, Teacher’s Guide,

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

PERCUSSION INNER ENDRecommend this page using:[Facebook](javascript:void(0);)[Twitter](javascript:void(0);)[LinkedIn](javascript:void(0);)<div><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\"><img src=\"/images/icons/google.png\"></a><span><a href=\"javascript:void(0);\" class=\"share_googleplus\">Google+</a></span></div>
    ]
}


key: chroma:document
string_value:
{
    "title": "OOH FAQs: Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics",
    "description": "OOH Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)",
    "source": "www.bls.gov",
    "link": "https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm",
    "date": "2024-08-29",
    "text": [

PERCUSSION INNER START

- [OOH HOME](/ooh/home.htm)|

- [OCCUPATION FINDER](/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)|

- [OOH FAQ](/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)|

- [HOW TO FIND A JOB](/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)|

- [A-Z INDEX](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)|

- [OOH SITE MAP](/ooh/ooh-site-map.htm)

[Occupational Outlook Handbook](/ooh/home.htm)>[About](#)>

# OOH FAQs

[PRINTER-FRIENDLY](/ooh/about/print/ooh-faqs.htm)

[Career information](#outlook)|[Employment estimates and growth](#growth)|[How does BLS prepare projections?](#prepare)|[Information included in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](#info)|[Pay](#pay)|[Education, training, and licensing](#educ)|[Publications and website information](#pub)|[Military careers](#mil)|[Disclaimer](/ooh/about/disclaimer.htm)

### Career information

[Back to top](#top)

- [Will the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) hire me or provide information on a specific job for me?](#outlook1)

- [How can I learn of an occupation that is of interest to me?](#outlook2)

- [What if I can't find the occupation I am interested in?](#outlook3)

- [What occupation would be best for me?](#outlook4)

- [Is the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) available in Spanish?](#outlook5)

- [Does the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have employment information for states or local areas?](#outlook6)

- [Where can I find state resources on occupations and labor markets?](#outlook7)

- [Where can I find more detailed data?](#outlook8)

- [I do not think my employer is treating me fairly. What can I do?](#outlook9)

#### Will the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) hire me or provide information on a specific job for me?

BLS hires primarily economists, mathematical statisticians, and information technology specialists. Information on job vacancies at BLS and how to apply for them may be found at[USAJobs](https://www.usajobs.gov/Search/Results?k=bureau%20of%20labor%20statistics).

BLS resources related to job-search information, such as career exploration, are available on the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*) \"[How to find a job](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)\" page.

Additional career information is available through online sources from the U.S. Department of Labor. For example, DOL’s[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org/)site includes the following links:

- [State job banks](https://www.careeronestop.org/JobSearch/FindJobs/state-job-banks.aspx), which allow you to search job openings listed with state employment agencies

- [Explore Careers](https://www.careeronestop.org/ExploreCareers/explore-careers.aspx), which allows you to compare occupations, research industries, and find a career that matches your interests

- [Video Library](https://www.careeronestop.org/Videos/video-library.aspx), which provides videos on careers, industries, skills and abilities, or work options and education levels

- [Find Training](https://www.careeronestop.org/FindTraining/find-training.aspx), which explains the different types of training, how to pay for training, and training choices

- [Find Local Help](https://www.careeronestop.org/LocalHelp/local-help.aspx), which allows you to search for workforce services in your neighborhood or across the country

If you are not a U.S. citizen, you should check immigration rules with the[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services](https://www.uscis.gov/)before attempting to get a job in the United States.

#### How can I learn about an occupation that is of interest to me?

The[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh)(*OOH*)provides information on what workers do; the work environment; education, training, and other qualifications; pay; the job outlook; information on state and area data; similar occupations; and sources of additional information for more than 300 occupational profiles covering about 4 out of 5 jobs in the economy.

The*OOH*is broken up into clusters of similar occupations. In order to find an occupation, browse the occupation groups of interest on the left-hand side of the homepage, or use the[A–Z Index](/ooh/a-z-index.htm)if you know the specific occupation. You may search for occupations by using the selector drop-down menus on the*OOH*homepage. Select by pay range, entry-level education, on-the-job training, projected number of new jobs, or projected growth rate. If you know the specific occupation you are interested in, you may enter a job title into the “Search Handbook” box on the top right-hand side of the homepage. In addition, you may browse by clicking any of the four links titled “[highest paying](/ooh/highest-paying.htm),” “[fastest growing](/ooh/fastest-growing.htm)(projected),” “[most new jobs](/ooh/most-new-jobs.htm)(projected),” and “[field of degree](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/field-of-degree/home.htm).”

Although hundreds of occupations are covered in detail in the*OOH*,BLS publishes information on[additional occupations](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm)for which the required education, training, median wages, and employment projections are prepared but detailed occupational information is not developed.

#### What if I can't find the occupation I am interested in?

Many occupations and job titles are covered in th*e**[Occupational Outlook Handbook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)*(*OOH*). If you cannot find an occupation that you are interested in, look under the[A–Z index](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/a-z-index.htm)to search for an occupation using similar titles. Or you can simply search for your occupation by entering the title into the “Search Handbook” box at the top of the page.

The*OOH*includes occupations that are defined in the[Standard Occupational Classification](https://www.bls.gov/soc/)(SOC) System, which is used by federal statistical agencies to classify workers into occupational categories for the purpose of collecting, calculating, or disseminating data.

In addition,*[Career Outlook](https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook)*, published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, features employment projections in articles about occupations*. Career Outlook*articles also highlight projections data, unusual occupations, and interviews with workers.

#### What occupation would be best for me?

The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not provide specific career guidance or advice. Nevertheless, the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*)profiles do provide general information on the education and training typically needed to enter occupations. To learn about employment growth and job prospects, you are encouraged to read the “Job Outlook” section of occupations that interest you.

You also may use the[Occupation Finder](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/occupation-finder.htm)navigation tool featuring drop-down menus to search for occupations by pay range, entry-level education, on-the-job training, projected number of new jobs, or projected growth rate.

BLS resources related to job-search information, such as career exploration, are available on the*OOH*\"[How to find a job](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/how-to-find-a-job/home.htm)\" page.

Career information also is available through online sources from the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL). For example, DOL's[CareerOneStop](https://www.careeronestop.org/)site includes the following links:

If you are not a U.S. citizen, you should check immigration rules with the[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services](https://www.uscis.gov/)before attempting to get a job in the United States.

#### Is the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) available in Spanish?

A limited number of[occupational profiles in Spanish](/es/ooh/ooh-en-espanol.htm)are available. The information in these profiles is based on the 2021–31 employment projections. The article “[Resumes, Applications, and Cover Letters](/es/ooh/about/curriculum.htm)” is also available in Spanish.

#### Does the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have employment information for states or local areas?

Employment data for states and local areas are available from several BLS programs. Employment data by occupation for states and local areas are available from the[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/)(OEWS) program. Each profile in the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*) has a “State and Area Data” section with links to OEWS data and resources for states and areas.

Current employment data by industry for states and metropolitan areas are available from the[Current Employment Statistics (State and Metro Area)](https://www.bls.gov/sae/)(CES-SAE) program. Local area unemployment statistics are available from the[Local Area Unemployment Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/lau/)(LAUS) program.

The[BLS Geographic Guide for Employment and Unemployment](https://www.bls.gov/guide/geography/employment.htm)contains a comprehensive list of available information by geography.

#### Where can I find state resources on occupations and labor markets?

While the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*)provides projected employment growth at the national level, each state’s Employment Security Agency develops and provides state occupation projections. These projections—as well as the links to[each of the states’ Labor Market Information websites](https://www.projectionscentral.org/Projections/ProjectionSites), which contain information on that state’s employment, unemployment, and wages—are available from[Projections Central](https://projectionscentral.org). The “State and Area Data” section within each[*OOH*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)profile contains links to resources for state and area data.

#### Where can I find more detailed data?

The[Employment Projections](https://www.bls.gov/emp/)(EP) program has detailed downloadable data on projected employment by[occupation](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/occupational-data.htm ). In addition,[tables 1.8 and 1.9](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm)show National Employment Matrix base-year and projected employment for each occupation by industry and for each industry by detailed occupation. The EP homepage also has links to more detailed data on the[aggregate economy](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/aggregate-economy.htm),[labor force](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/labor-force.htm), and[industry output and employment](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/industry-out-and-emp.htm). Methodology on[occupational separations](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/separations.htm)is available and[tables 1.2, 1.7, and 1.10](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm)include these data in addition to projections of new jobs.

The[Current Population Survey](https://www.bls.gov/cps/)(CPS), a monthly survey of households, has[data](https://www.bls.gov/cps/#tables)on employment by detailed occupation, gender, race, and Hispanic origin. The CPS uses an occupational classification different from that of the[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/)(OEWS) survey, and the OEWS is the primary source of employment data for the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/). Therefore, the coverage of some occupations may not match between the two sources.

Data on unemployment, prices, and other labor statistics–related topics are available from other BLS programs. BLS programs by subject area are available on the[Subject Areas homepage](https://www.bls.gov/bls/proghome.htm).

#### I do not think my employer is treating me fairly. What can I do?

Although the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not have information regarding your legal employment rights, you can visit the[Department of Labor’s compliance assistance website](https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/flsa).

### Employment estimates and growth

[Back to top](#top)

#### What are the fastest growing occupations?

The table of[fastest growing occupations](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/fastest-growing-occupations.htm)shows the occupations that are projected to have the highest percent increase in employment over the projections decade.

#### Which occupations are adding the most jobs?

The table of[fastest growing industries](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/industries-fast-grow-employment.htm)shows the industries that are projected to have the largest percent growth in employment over the projections decade.

#### What is the difference between “fastest growing occupations” and “occupations adding the most new jobs”?

Projected employment can be viewed in two ways: as percent change and as numeric change. BLS has two tables that illustrate these different approaches.

The table of[fastest growing occupations](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/fastest-growing-occupations.htm)shows the occupations that are projected to have the highest percent increase in employment over the projections decade. The table of[occupations with the most job growth](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupations-most-job-growth.htm)shows the occupations that are projected to add the most new jobs over the projections decade.

The occupations in these tables are different because a fast rate of employment growth does not always translate into many new jobs. For example, employment of occupation “A” is 2,000 and is projected to grow 20 percent. Because of the occupation’s relatively small size, this percent growth accounts for only 400 new jobs over the projections decade. In contrast, employment of occupation “B” is one million and projected to grow 5 percent. The large size of occupation “B” will still result in 50,000 new jobs over the decade despite the lower growth rate.

#### What are the fastest growing industries?

The table of[fastest growing industries](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/industries-fast-grow-employment.htm)shows the industries that are projected to have the largest percent growth in employment over the projections decade.

#### Does the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have data on projected employment growth for states or geographic areas?

TheBLSprovides data on projected employment growth at the national level.[State projections](https://projectionscentral.org/state_projection_sites)are developed and provided by each state’s Employment Security Agency and are available from[Projections Central](https://projectionscentral.org).

#### Does the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have employment estimates by state or geographic area?

The[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/)(OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for more than 800 occupations. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. Each profile in the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)has a “State and Area Data” section that contains links to OEWS data for states and areas.

#### Does the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have more details on projected employment growth?

The[Employment Projections](https://www.bls.gov/emp/)(EP) program has detailed downloadable data on projected employment by[occupation](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/occupational-data.htm ). In addition,[tables 1.8 and 1.9](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm)show National Employment Matrix base-year and projected employment for each occupation by industry and for each industry by detailed occupation. The EP homepage also has links to more detailed data on the[aggregate economy](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/aggregate-economy.htm ),[labor force](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/labor-force.htm), and[industry output and employment](https://www.bls.gov/emp/data/industry-out-and-emp.htm). Methodology on[occupational separations](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/separations.htm)is available and[tables 1.2, 1.7, and 1.10](https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables.htm)include these data in addition to projections of new jobs.

#### Why might there be a difference between estimated employment in a particular occupation in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) and estimated employment in that same occupation from surveys such as the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey or the Current Population Survey (CPS)?

Employment for a particular occupation in the*OOH*represents total employment for all classes of workers—wage and salary, self-employed, and unpaid family workers—from the BLS National Employment Matrix, which combines employment data from several different sources. Data in the matrix come primarily from the establishment-based OEWS survey, which reports employment of wage and salary workers only, for each occupation in every industry except agriculture and private households. Matrix data also come from the household-based CPS, which provides information on the number of self-employed and unpaid family workers in each occupation. In addition, the matrix incorporates CPS employment data for all classes of workers in the agriculture and private household industries.

### How does BLS prepare projections?

[Back to top](#top)

#### Where can I find technical documentation on employment projections?

Technical documentation on employment projections is available in the[Employment Projections: Handbook of Methods](https://www.bls.gov/opub/hom/emp/home.htm).

#### Where can I find the ONET-SOC-to-*OOH*crosswalk?

The ONET-SOC-to-*OOH*crosswalk is available on the BLS website on the[Classifications and Crosswalks](https://www.bls.gov/emp/documentation/crosswalks.htm)page.

### Information included in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*

[Back to top](#top)

#### What information is included in the occupational profiles in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*)?

See[Occupational Information Included in the*OOH*](/ooh/about/occupational-information-included-in-the-ooh.htm)for information on what is included in each section, or page, of*OOH*profiles.

#### What are the definitions of the key phrases used to describe projected changes in employment?

The definitions of the key phrases used in the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*) are as follows:

| Changing employment between 2023 and 2033 | |

\| --- | --- |

\| If the statement reads— | Employment is projected to— |

\| Grow much faster than the average | increase 9 percent or more |

\| Grow faster than the average | increase 6 percent to 8 percent |

\| Grow about as fast as the average | increase 3 percent to 5 percent |

\| Grow slower than the average | increase 1 percent to 2 percent |

\| Little or no change | increase less than 1 percent to decrease less than 1 percent |

\| Decline | decrease 1 percent or more |

#### Are all occupations included in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*)?

BLS publishes projections for more than 800 detailed occupations that are included in the Standard Occupational Classification System (SOC). The*OOH*includes detailed information on 597 occupations in 338*OOH*profiles, which covers about 4 out of 5 jobs in the economy. Limited information, including wage data, base-year employment, and projected-year employment, is available for the remaining[occupations that are not covered in detail](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm).

#### How can I get my webpage added to the Contacts for More Info tab?

Analysts use the following guidelines when selecting and approving potential websites. Contact us through[this form](https://data.bls.gov/forms/ooh.htm)to request being added if you feel your website meets these criteria:

Websites must cover occupation-specific information not covered in the*OOH*.

We do not include these types of websites as Contacts:

### Pay

[Back to top](#top)

#### Where can I find more information on occupational pay?

The[Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics](https://www.bls.gov/oes/)(OEWS) program produces wage estimates annually for more than 800 occupations. OEWS wage estimates represent wages and salaries only, and do not include nonproduction bonuses or employer costs for nonwage benefits, such as health insurance or employer contributions to retirement plans. Self-employed people are not included in the estimates. Estimates are available for the[nation as a whole](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm), for individual[states](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcst.htm), and for[metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrcma.htm).[National occupational wage estimates for specific industries](https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oessrci.htm)also are available. Additional information for these estimates, including hourly and annual 10th-, 25th-, 75th-, and 90th-percentile wage data, is available in downloadable Excel files found on each page.

#### How do I find starting-salary information?

The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not collect data on starting salaries. However, some profiles in the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)have links to outside organizations in the “Contacts” section that may have information on starting salaries.

#### Is information on pay by education or experience level available?

This[chart](https://www.bls.gov/emp/images/ep_chart_001.png)shows median annual earnings by educational attainment. The data are from the[Current Population Survey](https://www.bls.gov/cps/)(CPS). They reflect the highest level of education that a worker has attained. They do not take into account completion of training programs in the form of apprenticeships and other on-the-job training, which also may influence earnings and unemployment rates.

The “How to Become One” sections in the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)profiles do provide information on the education and training typically needed to enter occupations.

#### What are the highest paying occupations?

This[table](/ooh/highest-paying.htm)shows the 20 occupations with the highest median annual earnings.

### Education, training, and licensing

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#### Where can I find a school that offers the training or education I need to enter this occupation?

The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not have information on specific providers of education or training. However,[CareerOneStop: Find Training](https://www.careeronestop.org/FindTraining/find-training.aspx)has information on available training programs, colleges, and universities in your local area for the occupation you are interested in.

#### What courses should I take to enter this occupation?

Most occupational profiles in the[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*) describe the general educational preparation typical among those who enter the occupation. This information is available under the “How to Become One” section in each*OOH*profile. Some profiles include information on helpful coursework. See[CareerOneStop: Career Advisor](https://www.careeronestop.org/ResourcesFor/CareerAdvisor/career-advisor.aspx)for links to career guidance associations and other career services that may be able to advise you.

#### Does the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) have information on licensing requirements?

Beyond the general information on licensing presented in the “How to Become One” sections of some[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)profiles, BLS does not have information on specific licensing requirements because those requirements often vary by state. However,[CareerOneStop: License Finder](https://www.careeronestop.org/Credentials/Toolkit/find-licenses.aspx)allows you to search for occupational licensing requirements by state, occupation, or agency.

### Publications and website information

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#### How do I get a print copy of the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*)?

The[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)(*OOH*) is no longer available in print from the[U.S. Government Publishing Office](https://www.gpo.gov/)(GPO). However, some private publishers print it and it is available from private and online booksellers. Individual occupational profiles can be printed using the printer-friendly icon on the top right-hand side of each profile page.

#### **Is there a mobile version of the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*)?**

The*CareerInfo*app presents information from the*[Occupational Outlook Handbook](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)*(*OOH)*and is available for[Apple IOS](https://apps.apple.com/us/app/careerinfo/id1476300397)and[Android](https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.dol.ooh_occupational_handbook&hl=en_US)devices.*CareerInfo*allows you to browse by occupational groups and titles or search by occupation or keywords. Within occupational groups, you can sort by occupation title, projected growth, and typical education or median pay. You’ll even be able to personalize the app.

#### How often is the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) updated?

Projections data in the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) are updated annually. Detailed information in profiles is updated with new research on a rolling basis.

#### Who is the author of the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*)? How do I cite the*OOH*?

[*OOH*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)research is conducted by economists in the[Employment Projections](https://www.bls.gov/emp/)program at the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The projections and wage data in the*OOH*are updated annually.

A[list of acknowledgments](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/acknowledgements.htm)for the*OOH*is available. BLS suggests the following citation, which conforms to the U.S. Government Printing Office’s style guide, for the*OOH*website:

\"Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,*Occupational Outlook Handbook*, [article title], at [https web address] (visited [date accessed]).\"

The suggested citation for each profile can be found on the bottom of the web page. For example, the citation for Chemical Engineers profile is as follows:

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,*Occupational Outlook Handbook*, Chemical Engineers, at[https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/chemical-engineers.htm](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/architecture-and-engineering/chemical-engineers.htm)(visited September 6, 2023).

#### May I reproduce material from the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*website?

All text, charts, and tables are in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Photographs are protected by copyright and used by BLS under a subscription service with[Getty Images](https://www.gettyimages.com/)and[Shutterstock Images](https://www.shutterstock.com/). You will need the permission of the copyright holder in order to reproduce photographs.

**Getty Images**

Phone: 800-462-4379

Email:[https://www.gettyimages.com/customer-support](https://www.gettyimages.com/customer-support)

**Shutterstock Images**

Phone: 866-663-3954

Email:[https://www.shutterstock.com/help](https://www.shutterstock.com/help)

#### May I link to the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*website?

You may link to the site without permission. The[Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) copyright policy](https://www.bls.gov/opub/#copyright)indicates that you are free to use our public domain material without specific permission, although we do ask that you cite BLS as the source.

#### How do I contact the webmaster?

Address technical (Web) questions to[webmaster@bls.gov](mailto:webmaster@bls.gov).

#### Can I download the*Occupational Outlook Handbook*(*OOH*) as a single file?

There is no single PDF or other printer-friendly version of the entire*OOH*at this time. Individual printer-friendly versions are available on each occupational profile page.

For users interested in a data file with*OOH*content, an XML file is available for download here:[*OOH*in XML format](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/xml-compilation.xml)(13 MB). Note that:

For more information, see[OOH Data Access and Republishing Information](/ooh/about/ooh-developer-info.htm).

For information on how to import XML files, visit[https://www.bls.gov/help/hlp_xml_output.htm](https://www.bls.gov/help/hlp_xml_output.htm).

### Military careers

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#### How do I join the United States military?

The[*Occupational Outlook Handbook*](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/)has general information on[military careers](/ooh/military/military-careers.htm).

Each military service publishes its own pamphlets, handbooks, and fact sheets, all of which describe entrance requirements, training and advancement opportunities, and other aspects of military careers. These publications are widely available at recruiting stations, at most state employment service offices, and in high schools, colleges, and public libraries. Phone numbers and addresses of recruiters can be found online at each service branch’s official website. Recruiters also can be located by[searching by zip code](https://www.todaysmilitary.com/joining-eligibility/questions-ask-recruiter).

The U.S. Department of Defense sponsors several websites that have information on military careers, including the following websites:

[Careers in the Military](https://www.careersinthemilitary.com/)

[My Future](https://www.myfuture.com/)

[Today’s Military](https://todaysmilitary.com/)

Information on educational assistance and other veterans’ benefits is available at[Department of Veterans Affairs](https://benefits.va.gov/benefits/)offices throughout the country.

#### Can I join the United States military if I am not a U.S. citizen?

You must have U.S. citizenship or proof of permanent residency to join any branch of the U.S. military. Immigration rules are set by the[U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services](https://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis).

#### 

BLS CITATIONSuggested Citation**Suggested citation:**

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,Occupational Outlook Handbook, OOH FAQs,
at[https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm](https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/ooh-faqs.htm)(visited*February 08, 2025*).

/Suggested Citation/BLS CITATION

**Last Modified Date:**Thursday, August 29, 2024

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