SemanticPalette / app.py
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# Copyright (c) 2024 Jaerin Lee
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.
import argparse
import random
import time
import json
import os
import glob
import pathlib
from functools import partial
from pprint import pprint
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
import torch
import spaces
import gradio as gr
from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
from model import StableMultiDiffusionPipeline
from util import seed_everything
### Utils
def log_state(state):
pprint(vars(opt))
if isinstance(state, gr.State):
state = state.value
pprint(vars(state))
def is_empty_image(im: Image.Image) -> bool:
if im is None:
return True
im = np.array(im)
has_alpha = (im.shape[2] == 4)
if not has_alpha:
return False
elif im.sum() == 0:
return True
else:
return False
### Argument passing
# parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Semantic drawing demo powered by StreamMultiDiffusion.')
# parser.add_argument('-H', '--height', type=int, default=768)
# parser.add_argument('-W', '--width', type=int, default=1920)
# parser.add_argument('--model', type=str, default=None)
# parser.add_argument('--bootstrap_steps', type=int, default=1)
# parser.add_argument('--seed', type=int, default=-1)
# parser.add_argument('--device', type=int, default=0)
# parser.add_argument('--port', type=int, default=8000)
# opt = parser.parse_args()
opt = argparse.Namespace()
opt.height = 768
opt.width = 1920
opt.model = None
opt.bootstrap_steps = 1
opt.seed = -1
# opt.device = 0
# opt.port = 8000
### Global variables and data structures
# device = f'cuda:{opt.device}' if opt.device >= 0 else 'cpu'
device = 'cuda' if torch.cuda.is_available() else 'cpu'
print(device)
model_dict = {
'Blazing Drive V11m': 'ironjr/BlazingDriveV11m',
'Real Cartoon Pixar V5': 'ironjr/RealCartoon-PixarV5',
# 'Kohaku V2.1': 'KBlueLeaf/kohaku-v2.1',
# 'Realistic Vision V5.1': 'ironjr/RealisticVisionV5-1',
# 'Stable Diffusion V1.5': 'runwayml/stable-diffusion-v1-5',
}
models = {
k: StableMultiDiffusionPipeline(device, sd_version='1.5', hf_key=v).cuda()
for k, v in model_dict.items()
}
prompt_suggestions = [
'1girl, souryuu asuka langley, neon genesis evangelion, solo, upper body, v, smile, looking at viewer',
'1boy, solo, portrait, looking at viewer, white t-shirt, brown hair',
'1girl, arima kana, oshi no ko, solo, upper body, from behind',
]
opt.max_palettes = 5
opt.default_prompt_strength = 1.0
opt.default_mask_strength = 1.0
opt.default_mask_std = 0.0
opt.default_negative_prompt = (
'nsfw, worst quality, bad quality, normal quality, cropped, framed'
)
opt.verbose = True
opt.colors = [
'#000000',
'#2692F3',
'#F89E12',
'#16C232',
'#F92F6C',
'#AC6AEB',
# '#92C62C',
# '#92C6EC',
# '#FECAC0',
]
### Event handlers
def add_palette(state):
old_actives = state.active_palettes
state.active_palettes = min(state.active_palettes + 1, opt.max_palettes)
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
if state.active_palettes != old_actives:
return [state] + [
gr.update() if state.active_palettes != opt.max_palettes else gr.update(visible=False)
] + [
gr.update() if i != state.active_palettes - 1 else gr.update(value=state.prompt_names[i + 1], visible=True)
for i in range(opt.max_palettes)
]
else:
return [state] + [gr.update() for i in range(opt.max_palettes + 1)]
def select_palette(state, button, idx):
if idx < 0 or idx > opt.max_palettes:
idx = 0
old_idx = state.current_palette
if old_idx == idx:
return [state] + [gr.update() for _ in range(opt.max_palettes + 7)]
state.current_palette = idx
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
updates = [state] + [
gr.update() if i not in (idx, old_idx) else
gr.update(variant='secondary') if i == old_idx else gr.update(variant='primary')
for i in range(opt.max_palettes + 1)
]
label = 'Background' if idx == 0 else f'Palette {idx}'
updates.extend([
gr.update(value=button, interactive=(idx > 0)),
gr.update(value=state.prompts[idx], label=f'Edit Prompt for {label}'),
gr.update(value=state.neg_prompts[idx], label=f'Edit Negative Prompt for {label}'),
(
gr.update(value=state.mask_strengths[idx - 1], interactive=True) if idx > 0 else
gr.update(value=opt.default_mask_strength, interactive=False)
),
(
gr.update(value=state.prompt_strengths[idx - 1], interactive=True) if idx > 0 else
gr.update(value=opt.default_prompt_strength, interactive=False)
),
(
gr.update(value=state.mask_stds[idx - 1], interactive=True) if idx > 0 else
gr.update(value=opt.default_mask_std, interactive=False)
),
])
return updates
def change_prompt_strength(state, strength):
if state.current_palette == 0:
return state
state.prompt_strengths[state.current_palette - 1] = strength
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def change_std(state, std):
if state.current_palette == 0:
return state
state.mask_stds[state.current_palette - 1] = std
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def change_mask_strength(state, strength):
if state.current_palette == 0:
return state
state.mask_strengths[state.current_palette - 1] = strength
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def reset_seed(state, seed):
state.seed = seed
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def rename_prompt(state, name):
state.prompt_names[state.current_palette] = name
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return [state] + [
gr.update() if i != state.current_palette else gr.update(value=name)
for i in range(opt.max_palettes + 1)
]
def change_prompt(state, prompt):
state.prompts[state.current_palette] = prompt
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def change_neg_prompt(state, neg_prompt):
state.neg_prompts[state.current_palette] = neg_prompt
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def select_model(state, model_id):
state.model_id = model_id
if opt.verbose:
log_state(state)
return state
def import_state(state, json_text):
current_palette = state.current_palette
# active_palettes = state.active_palettes
state = argparse.Namespace(**json.loads(json_text))
state.active_palettes = opt.max_palettes
return [state] + [
gr.update(value=v, visible=True) for v in state.prompt_names
] + [
state.model_id,
state.prompts[current_palette],
state.prompt_names[current_palette],
state.neg_prompts[current_palette],
state.prompt_strengths[current_palette - 1],
state.mask_strengths[current_palette - 1],
state.mask_stds[current_palette - 1],
state.seed,
]
### Main worker
@spaces.GPU
def generate(state, *args, **kwargs):
return models[state.model_id](*args, **kwargs)
def run(state, drawpad):
seed_everything(state.seed if state.seed >=0 else np.random.randint(2147483647))
print('Generate!')
background = drawpad['background'].convert('RGBA')
inpainting_mode = np.asarray(background).sum() != 0
print('Inpainting mode: ', inpainting_mode)
user_input = np.asarray(drawpad['layers'][0]) # (H, W, 4)
foreground_mask = torch.tensor(user_input[..., -1])[None, None] # (1, 1, H, W)
user_input = torch.tensor(user_input[..., :-1]) # (H, W, 3)
palette = torch.tensor([
tuple(int(s[i+1:i+3], 16) for i in (0, 2, 4))
for s in opt.colors[1:]
]) # (N, 3)
masks = (palette[:, None, None, :] == user_input[None]).all(dim=-1)[:, None, ...] # (N, 1, H, W)
has_masks = [i for i, m in enumerate(masks.sum(dim=(1, 2, 3)) == 0) if not m]
print('Has mask: ', has_masks)
masks = masks * foreground_mask
masks = masks[has_masks]
# if inpainting_mode:
# prompts = state.prompts[1:len(masks)+1]
# negative_prompts = state.neg_prompts[1:len(masks)+1]
# mask_strengths = state.mask_strengths[:len(masks)]
# mask_stds = state.mask_stds[:len(masks)]
# prompt_strengths = state.prompt_strengths[:len(masks)]
# else:
# masks = torch.cat([torch.ones_like(foreground_mask), masks], dim=0)
# prompts = state.prompts[:len(masks)+1]
# negative_prompts = state.neg_prompts[:len(masks)+1]
# mask_strengths = [1] + state.mask_strengths[:len(masks)]
# mask_stds = [0] + [state.mask_stds[:len(masks)]
# prompt_strengths = [1] + state.prompt_strengths[:len(masks)]
if inpainting_mode:
prompts = [state.prompts[v + 1] for v in has_masks]
negative_prompts = [state.neg_prompts[v + 1] for v in has_masks]
mask_strengths = [state.mask_strengths[v] for v in has_masks]
mask_stds = [state.mask_stds[v] for v in has_masks]
prompt_strengths = [state.prompt_strengths[v] for v in has_masks]
else:
masks = torch.cat([torch.ones_like(foreground_mask), masks], dim=0)
prompts = [state.prompts[0]] + [state.prompts[v + 1] for v in has_masks]
negative_prompts = [state.neg_prompts[0]] + [state.neg_prompts[v + 1] for v in has_masks]
mask_strengths = [1] + [state.mask_strengths[v] for v in has_masks]
mask_stds = [0] + [state.mask_stds[v] for v in has_masks]
prompt_strengths = [1] + [state.prompt_strengths[v] for v in has_masks]
return generate(
state,
prompts,
negative_prompts,
masks=masks,
mask_strengths=mask_strengths,
mask_stds=mask_stds,
prompt_strengths=prompt_strengths,
background=background.convert('RGB'),
background_prompt=state.prompts[0],
background_negative_prompt=state.neg_prompts[0],
height=opt.height,
width=opt.width,
bootstrap_steps=2,
)
### Load examples
root = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent
example_root = os.path.join(root, 'examples')
example_images = glob.glob(os.path.join(example_root, '*.png'))
example_images = [Image.open(i) for i in example_images]
with open(os.path.join(example_root, 'prompt_background_advanced.txt')) as f:
prompts_background = [l.strip() for l in f.readlines() if l.strip() != '']
with open(os.path.join(example_root, 'prompt_girl.txt')) as f:
prompts_girl = [l.strip() for l in f.readlines() if l.strip() != '']
with open(os.path.join(example_root, 'prompt_boy.txt')) as f:
prompts_boy = [l.strip() for l in f.readlines() if l.strip() != '']
with open(os.path.join(example_root, 'prompt_props.txt')) as f:
prompts_props = [l.strip() for l in f.readlines() if l.strip() != '']
prompts_props = {l.split(',')[0].strip(): ','.join(l.split(',')[1:]).strip() for l in prompts_props}
prompt_background = lambda: random.choice(prompts_background)
prompt_girl = lambda: random.choice(prompts_girl)
prompt_boy = lambda: random.choice(prompts_boy)
prompt_props = lambda: np.random.choice(list(prompts_props.keys()), size=(opt.max_palettes - 2), replace=False).tolist()
### Main application
css = f"""
#run-button {{
font-size: 30pt;
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #4338ca 0%, #26a0da 51%, #4338ca 100%);
margin: 0;
padding: 15px 45px;
text-align: center;
text-transform: uppercase;
transition: 0.5s;
background-size: 200% auto;
color: white;
box-shadow: 0 0 20px #eee;
border-radius: 10px;
display: block;
background-position: right center;
}}
#run-button:hover {{
background-position: left center;
color: #fff;
text-decoration: none;
}}
#semantic-palette {{
border-style: solid;
border-width: 0.2em;
border-color: #eee;
}}
#semantic-palette:hover {{
box-shadow: 0 0 20px #eee;
}}
#output-screen {{
width: 100%;
aspect-ratio: {opt.width} / {opt.height};
}}
.layer-wrap {{
display: none;
}}
"""
for i in range(opt.max_palettes + 1):
css = css + f"""
.secondary#semantic-palette-{i} {{
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #374151 0%, #374151 71%, {opt.colors[i]} 100%);
}}
.primary#semantic-palette-{i} {{
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, #4338ca 0%, #4338ca 71%, {opt.colors[i]} 100%);
}}
"""
with gr.Blocks(theme=gr.themes.Soft(), css=css) as demo:
iface = argparse.Namespace()
def _define_state():
state = argparse.Namespace()
# Cursor.
state.current_palette = 0 # 0: Background; 1,2,3,...: Layers
state.model_id = list(model_dict.keys())[0]
# State variables (one-hot).
state.active_palettes = 1
# Front-end initialized to the default values.
prompt_props_ = prompt_props()
# state.prompt_names = [
# '🌄 Background',
# '👧 Girl',
# '👦 Boy',
# '🐶 Dog',
# '🚗 Car',
# '💐 Garden',
# ] + ['🎨 New Palette' for _ in range(opt.max_palettes - 5)]
# state.prompts = [
# 'Maximalism, best quality, high quality, city lights, times square',
# '1girl, looking at viewer, pink hair, leather jacket',
# '1boy, looking at viewer, brown hair, casual shirt',
# 'Doggy body part',
# 'Car',
# 'Flower garden',
# ] + ['' for _ in range(opt.max_palettes - 5)]
state.prompt_names = [
'🌄 Background',
'👧 Girl',
'👦 Boy',
] + prompt_props_ + ['🎨 New Palette' for _ in range(opt.max_palettes - 5)]
state.prompts = [
prompt_background(),
prompt_girl(),
prompt_boy(),
] + [prompts_props[k] for k in prompt_props_] + ['' for _ in range(opt.max_palettes - 5)]
state.neg_prompts = [
opt.default_negative_prompt
+ (', humans, humans, humans' if i == 0 else '')
for i in range(opt.max_palettes + 1)
]
state.prompt_strengths = [opt.default_prompt_strength for _ in range(opt.max_palettes)]
state.mask_strengths = [opt.default_mask_strength for _ in range(opt.max_palettes)]
state.mask_stds = [opt.default_mask_std for _ in range(opt.max_palettes)]
state.seed = opt.seed
return state
state = gr.State(value=_define_state)
### Demo user interface
gr.HTML(
"""
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; text-align: center;">
<div>
<h1>🧠 Semantic Paint 🎨</h1>
<h5 style="margin: 0;">powered by</h5>
<h3><a href="https://jaerinlee.com/research/StreamMultiDiffusion">StreamMultiDiffusion: Real-Time Interactive Generation with Region-Based Semantic Control</a></h3>
<h5 style="margin: 0;">If you ❤️ our project, please visit our Github and give us a 🌟!</h5>
</br>
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; text-align: center;">
<a href='https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.09055'>
<img src="https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2403.09055-red">
</a>
&nbsp;
<a href='https://jaerinlee.com/research/StreamMultiDiffusion'>
<img src='https://img.shields.io/badge/Project-Page-green' alt='Project Page'>
</a>
&nbsp;
<a href='https://github.com/ironjr/StreamMultiDiffusion'>
<img src='https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ironjr/StreamMultiDiffusion?label=Github&color=blue'>
</a>
&nbsp;
<a href='https://twitter.com/_ironjr_'>
<img src='https://img.shields.io/twitter/url?label=_ironjr_&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftwitter.com%2F_ironjr_'>
</a>
&nbsp;
<a href='https://github.com/ironjr/StreamMultiDiffusion/blob/main/LICENSE'>
<img src='https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-lightgrey'>
</a>
&nbsp;
<a href='https://huggingface.co/papers/2403.09055'>
<img src='https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Paper-yellow'>
</a>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div>
</br>
</div>
"""
)
with gr.Row():
iface.image_slot = gr.Image(
interactive=False,
show_label=False,
show_download_button=True,
type='pil',
label='Generated Result',
elem_id='output-screen',
show_share_button=True,
value=lambda: random.choice(example_images),
)
with gr.Row():
with gr.Column(scale=1):
with gr.Group(elem_id='semantic-palette'):
gr.HTML(
"""
<div style="justify-content: center; align-items: center;">
<br/>
<h3 style="margin: 0; text-align: center;"><b>🧠 Semantic Palette 🎨</b></h3>
<br/>
</div>
"""
)
iface.btn_semantics = [gr.Button(
value=state.value.prompt_names[0],
variant='primary',
elem_id='semantic-palette-0',
)]
for i in range(opt.max_palettes):
iface.btn_semantics.append(gr.Button(
value=state.value.prompt_names[i + 1],
variant='secondary',
visible=(i < state.value.active_palettes),
elem_id=f'semantic-palette-{i + 1}'
))
iface.btn_add_palette = gr.Button(
value='Create New Semantic Brush',
variant='primary',
)
with gr.Accordion(label='Import/Export Semantic Palette', open=False):
iface.tbox_state_import = gr.Textbox(label='Put Palette JSON Here To Import')
iface.json_state_export = gr.JSON(label='Exported Palette')
iface.btn_export_state = gr.Button("Export Palette ➡️ JSON", variant='primary')
iface.btn_import_state = gr.Button("Import JSON ➡️ Palette", variant='secondary')
gr.HTML(
"""
<div>
</br>
</div>
<div style="justify-content: center; align-items: center;">
<h3 style="margin: 0; text-align: center;"><b>❓Usage❓</b></h3>
</br>
<div style="justify-content: center; align-items: left; text-align: left;">
<p>1-1. Type in the background prompt. Background is not required if you paint the whole drawpad.</p>
<p>1-2. (Optional: <em><b>Inpainting mode</b></em>) Uploading a background image will make the app into inpainting mode. Removing the image returns to the creation mode. In the inpainting mode, increasing the <em>Mask Blur STD</em> > 8 for every colored palette is recommended for smooth boundaries.</p>
<p>2. Select a semantic brush by clicking onto one in the <b>Semantic Palette</b> above. Edit prompt for the semantic brush.</p>
<p>2-1. If you are willing to draw more diverse images, try <b>Create New Semantic Brush</b>.</p>
<p>3. Start drawing in the <b>Semantic Drawpad</b> tab. The brush color is directly linked to the semantic brushes.</p>
<p>4. Click [<b>GENERATE!</b>] button to create your (large-scale) artwork!</p>
</div>
</div>
"""
)
gr.HTML(
"""
<div style="display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; text-align: center;">
<h5 style="margin: 0;"><b>... or run in your own 🤗 space!</b></h5>
</div>
"""
)
gr.DuplicateButton()
with gr.Column(scale=4):
with gr.Row():
with gr.Column(scale=3):
iface.ctrl_semantic = gr.ImageEditor(
image_mode='RGBA',
sources=['upload', 'clipboard', 'webcam'],
transforms=['crop'],
crop_size=(opt.width, opt.height),
brush=gr.Brush(
colors=opt.colors[1:],
color_mode="fixed",
),
type='pil',
label='Semantic Drawpad',
elem_id='drawpad',
show_share_button=True,
)
with gr.Column(scale=1):
iface.btn_generate = gr.Button(
value='Generate!',
variant='primary',
# scale=1,
elem_id='run-button'
)
iface.model_select = gr.Radio(
list(model_dict.keys()),
label='Stable Diffusion Checkpoint',
info='Choose your favorite style.',
value=state.value.model_id,
)
with gr.Group(elem_id='control-panel'):
with gr.Row():
iface.tbox_prompt = gr.Textbox(
label='Edit Prompt for Background',
info='What do you want to draw?',
value=state.value.prompts[0],
placeholder=lambda: random.choice(prompt_suggestions),
scale=2,
)
iface.tbox_name = gr.Textbox(
label='Edit Brush Name',
info='Just for your convenience.',
value=state.value.prompt_names[0],
placeholder='🌄 Background',
scale=1,
)
with gr.Row():
iface.tbox_neg_prompt = gr.Textbox(
label='Edit Negative Prompt for Background',
info='Add unwanted objects for this semantic brush.',
value=opt.default_negative_prompt,
scale=2,
)
iface.slider_strength = gr.Slider(
label='Prompt Strength',
info='Blends fg & bg in the prompt level, >0.8 Preferred.',
minimum=0.5,
maximum=1.0,
value=opt.default_prompt_strength,
scale=1,
)
with gr.Row():
iface.slider_alpha = gr.Slider(
label='Mask Alpha',
info='Factor multiplied to the mask before quantization. Extremely sensitive, >0.98 Preferred.',
minimum=0.5,
maximum=1.0,
value=opt.default_mask_strength,
)
iface.slider_std = gr.Slider(
label='Mask Blur STD',
info='Blends fg & bg in the latent level, 0 for generation, 8-32 for inpainting.',
minimum=0.0001,
maximum=100.0,
value=opt.default_mask_std,
)
iface.slider_seed = gr.Slider(
label='Seed',
info='The global seed.',
minimum=-1,
maximum=2147483647,
step=1,
value=opt.seed,
)
### Attach event handlers
for idx, btn in enumerate(iface.btn_semantics):
btn.click(
fn=partial(select_palette, idx=idx),
inputs=[state, btn],
outputs=[state] + iface.btn_semantics + [
iface.tbox_name,
iface.tbox_prompt,
iface.tbox_neg_prompt,
iface.slider_alpha,
iface.slider_strength,
iface.slider_std,
],
api_name=f'select_palette_{idx}',
)
iface.btn_add_palette.click(
fn=add_palette,
inputs=state,
outputs=[state, iface.btn_add_palette] + iface.btn_semantics[1:],
api_name='create_new',
)
iface.btn_generate.click(
fn=run,
inputs=[state, iface.ctrl_semantic],
outputs=iface.image_slot,
api_name='run',
)
iface.slider_alpha.input(
fn=change_mask_strength,
inputs=[state, iface.slider_alpha],
outputs=state,
api_name='change_alpha',
)
iface.slider_std.input(
fn=change_std,
inputs=[state, iface.slider_std],
outputs=state,
api_name='change_std',
)
iface.slider_strength.input(
fn=change_prompt_strength,
inputs=[state, iface.slider_strength],
outputs=state,
api_name='change_strength',
)
iface.slider_seed.input(
fn=reset_seed,
inputs=[state, iface.slider_seed],
outputs=state,
api_name='reset_seed',
)
iface.tbox_name.input(
fn=rename_prompt,
inputs=[state, iface.tbox_name],
outputs=[state] + iface.btn_semantics,
api_name='prompt_rename',
)
iface.tbox_prompt.input(
fn=change_prompt,
inputs=[state, iface.tbox_prompt],
outputs=state,
api_name='prompt_edit',
)
iface.tbox_neg_prompt.input(
fn=change_neg_prompt,
inputs=[state, iface.tbox_neg_prompt],
outputs=state,
api_name='neg_prompt_edit',
)
iface.model_select.change(
fn=select_model,
inputs=[state, iface.model_select],
outputs=state,
api_name='model_select',
)
iface.btn_export_state.click(lambda x: vars(x), state, iface.json_state_export)
iface.btn_import_state.click(import_state, [state, iface.tbox_state_import], [
state,
*iface.btn_semantics,
iface.model_select,
iface.tbox_prompt,
iface.tbox_name,
iface.tbox_neg_prompt,
iface.slider_strength,
iface.slider_alpha,
iface.slider_std,
iface.slider_seed,
])
if __name__ == '__main__':
demo.queue(max_size=20).launch()