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| """Example radiology reports for training the structuring model. | |
| This module contains curated examples of radiology reports with their | |
| corresponding structured extractions. These examples are used for few-shot | |
| learning with LangExtract to train the model on proper categorization of | |
| report sections into prefix, body, and suffix components with appropriate | |
| clinical significance labels. | |
| The examples cover various imaging modalities including CT, MRI, and different | |
| anatomical regions (spine, abdomen, brain, knee) to provide comprehensive | |
| training coverage for the radiology report structuring task. | |
| """ | |
| import textwrap | |
| from enum import Enum | |
| import langextract as lx | |
| class ReportSectionType(Enum): | |
| PREFIX = "findings_prefix" | |
| BODY = "findings_body" | |
| SUFFIX = "findings_suffix" | |
| def get_examples_for_model() -> list[lx.data.ExampleData]: | |
| """Examples that structure radiology reports into semantic sections. | |
| Returns: | |
| List of ExampleData objects containing radiology report examples | |
| with their corresponding structured extractions for training | |
| the language model. | |
| """ | |
| return [ | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| EXAMINATION: CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS WITH IV CONTRAST | |
| CLINICAL INDICATION: Abdominal pain. | |
| COMPARISON: None. | |
| TECHNIQUE: Axial images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained following the administration of intravenous contrast material. Coronal and sagittal reformations were reviewed. | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| No acute abnormality is seen in the visualized lung bases. The liver is normal in size and contour. There is a 1.2 cm simple-appearing low-attenuation lesion in hepatic segment VII, consistent with a cyst. The gallbladder contains numerous calcified gallstones, compatible with cholelithiasis. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| 1. Cholelithiasis without evidence of acute cholecystitis. | |
| 2. Hepatic cyst. | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="EXAMINATION: CT ABDOMEN AND PELVIS WITH IV CONTRAST", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Examination", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="CLINICAL INDICATION: Abdominal pain.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Clinical Indication", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="COMPARISON: None.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Comparison", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="TECHNIQUE: Axial images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained following the administration of intravenous contrast material. Coronal and sagittal reformations were reviewed.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Technique", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="No acute abnormality is seen in the visualized lung bases.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lungs", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The liver is normal in size and contour.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Liver", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="There is a 1.2 cm simple-appearing low-attenuation lesion in hepatic segment VII, consistent with a cyst.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Liver", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The gallbladder contains numerous calcified gallstones, compatible with cholelithiasis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Gallbladder", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="1. Cholelithiasis without evidence of acute cholecystitis.\n2. Hepatic cyst.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| CLINICAL HISTORY: | |
| Low back pain, rule out disc herniation | |
| MRI LUMBAR SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST: | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| The lumbar lordosis is maintained. Vertebral body heights are preserved. | |
| There is a small hemangioma in the L3 vertebral body. | |
| The conus medullaris terminates at L1 and appears normal. | |
| At L2-L3, there is mild disc desiccation without significant stenosis. | |
| At L3-L4, a small posterior disc bulge causes mild central canal narrowing. | |
| At L4-L5, there is a large posterior disc herniation with severe central canal stenosis and nerve root impingement. | |
| At L5-S1, mild disc bulge without significant stenosis. | |
| The paraspinal musculature appears unremarkable. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| Large L4-L5 disc herniation with severe stenosis. | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="CLINICAL HISTORY:\nLow back pain, rule out disc herniation\n\nMRI LUMBAR SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST:", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The lumbar lordosis is maintained. Vertebral body heights are preserved.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lumbar Spine", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="There is a small hemangioma in the L3 vertebral body.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Bones", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The conus medullaris terminates at L1 and appears normal.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Spinal Cord", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At L2-L3, there is mild disc desiccation without significant stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L2-L3", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At L3-L4, a small posterior disc bulge causes mild central canal narrowing.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L3-L4", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At L4-L5, there is a large posterior disc herniation with severe central canal stenosis and nerve root impingement.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L4-L5", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At L5-S1, mild disc bulge without significant stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lumbar Spine Levels: L5-S1", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The paraspinal musculature appears unremarkable.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Paraspinal Soft Tissues", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Large L4-L5 disc herniation with severe stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| INDICATION: | |
| Neck pain, radiculopathy | |
| MRI CERVICAL SPINE: | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| Normal cervical lordosis is maintained. No vertebral body compression fractures. | |
| The cervical spinal cord demonstrates normal signal intensity. | |
| At C3-C4, no significant disc disease or stenosis. | |
| At C4-C5, mild disc osteophyte complex with mild foraminal narrowing. | |
| At C5-C6, moderate disc herniation with moderate central canal stenosis. | |
| At C6-C7, small disc bulge without significant stenosis. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| Moderate C5-C6 disc herniation and stenosis. | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="INDICATION: \nNeck pain, radiculopathy\n\nMRI CERVICAL SPINE:", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Normal cervical lordosis is maintained. No vertebral body compression fractures.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Cervical Spine", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The cervical spinal cord demonstrates normal signal intensity.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Spinal Cord", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At C3-C4, no significant disc disease or stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C3-C4", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At C4-C5, mild disc osteophyte complex with mild foraminal narrowing.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C4-C5", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At C5-C6, moderate disc herniation with moderate central canal stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C5-C6", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="At C6-C7, small disc bulge without significant stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Cervical Spine Levels: C6-C7", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Moderate C5-C6 disc herniation and stenosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| TECHNIQUE: | |
| Multidetector helical CT from lung bases to adrenals with and without intravenous contrast. | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| LIVER/GALLBLADDER/SPLEEN: The liver has a normal appearance. Gallbladder wall appears normal. The spleen is normal in size. | |
| PANCREAS/ADRENALS: The pancreas and bilateral adrenal glands appear unremarkable. | |
| RETROPERITONEUM: No lymphadenopathy. No fluid collection. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| Normal abdominal CT. | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="TECHNIQUE: \nMultidetector helical CT from lung bases to adrenals with and without intravenous contrast.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The liver has a normal appearance.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Liver", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Gallbladder wall appears normal.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Gallbladder", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The spleen is normal in size.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Spleen", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The pancreas and bilateral adrenal glands appear unremarkable.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Pancreas/Adrenals", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="No lymphadenopathy.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Retroperitoneum", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="No fluid collection.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Retroperitoneum", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Normal abdominal CT.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| HISTORY: | |
| Lower abdominal pain | |
| CT ABDOMEN/PELVIS WITH CONTRAST: | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| LIVER: Multiple hepatic metastases are present, measuring up to 3.2 cm. | |
| KIDNEYS: The left kidney shows moderate hydronephrosis. The right kidney appears normal. | |
| LYMPH NODES: Enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes, largest measuring 2.1 cm. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| 1. Multiple hepatic metastases | |
| 2. Left hydronephrosis | |
| 3. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="HISTORY: \nLower abdominal pain\n\nCT ABDOMEN/PELVIS WITH CONTRAST:", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Multiple hepatic metastases are present, measuring up to 3.2 cm.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Liver", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The left kidney shows moderate hydronephrosis.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Kidneys", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The right kidney appears normal.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Kidneys", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes, largest measuring 2.1 cm.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lymph Nodes", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="1. Multiple hepatic metastases\n2. Left hydronephrosis \n3. Retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| EXAMINATION: | |
| MRI brain without contrast | |
| CLINICAL HISTORY: | |
| Headaches | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| The brain parenchyma demonstrates normal signal intensity. No mass lesions are identified. | |
| The ventricular system is normal in size and configuration. | |
| No abnormal enhancement is seen. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| Normal brain MRI. | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="EXAMINATION:\nMRI brain without contrast\n\nCLINICAL HISTORY:\nHeadaches", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The brain parenchyma demonstrates normal signal intensity.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Brain Parenchyma", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="No mass lesions are identified.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Brain Parenchyma", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The ventricular system is normal in size and configuration.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Ventricular System", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="No abnormal enhancement is seen.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Enhancement", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Normal brain MRI.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| INDICATION: | |
| Right knee pain | |
| MRI RIGHT KNEE: | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| MENISCI: There is a complex tear of the medial meniscus. The lateral meniscus appears intact. | |
| LIGAMENTS: The ACL shows complete rupture. The PCL, MCL, and LCL are intact. | |
| BONES: Mild bone marrow edema is present in the medial femoral condyle. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| 1. Complex medial meniscal tear | |
| 2. Complete ACL rupture | |
| 3. Bone marrow edema in medial femoral condyle | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="INDICATION:\nRight knee pain\n\nMRI RIGHT KNEE:", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="There is a complex tear of the medial meniscus.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Menisci", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The lateral meniscus appears intact.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Menisci", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The ACL shows complete rupture.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Ligaments", | |
| "clinical_significance": "significant", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The PCL, MCL, and LCL are intact.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Ligaments", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Mild bone marrow edema is present in the medial femoral condyle.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Bones", | |
| "clinical_significance": "minor", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="1. Complex medial meniscal tear\n2. Complete ACL rupture\n3. Bone marrow edema in medial femoral condyle", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.ExampleData( | |
| text=textwrap.dedent( | |
| """\ | |
| EXAMINATION: CT CHEST | |
| FINDINGS: | |
| The longs are clear bilaterally. The hart size is normal. No pleural effushion. | |
| IMPRESSION: | |
| Normal chest CT. | |
| """ | |
| ).rstrip(), | |
| extractions=[ | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="EXAMINATION: CT CHEST", | |
| extraction_class="findings_prefix", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Examination", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The lungs are clear bilaterally.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Lungs", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="The heart size is normal.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Heart", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="No pleural effusion.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_body", | |
| attributes={ | |
| "section": "Pleura", | |
| "clinical_significance": "normal", | |
| }, | |
| ), | |
| lx.data.Extraction( | |
| extraction_text="Normal chest CT.", | |
| extraction_class="findings_suffix", | |
| attributes={}, | |
| ), | |
| ], | |
| ), | |
| ] | |