Intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring was used in all the 31 institutions. Cerebral perfusion pressure was used in 30 of the 31 units and a Cerebral perfusion pressure target of 60 to 70 mm Hg was the most widely used target (25 of 31 units). Transcranial Doppler was used in 12 units (39%); brain tissue oxygen (PbtO(2)) was used in 8 (26%); cerebral microdialysis was used in 4 (13%); jugular bulb oximetry in 1 unit; and near-infrared spectrometry was not used in any unit