"Receiving Party") can show by competent written evidence: (a) is already known to the Receiving Party before the time of disclosure by the Disclosing Party, as evidenced by the Receiving Party's written records made or obtained before the date of disclosure; provided, however, that this clause (a) shall not apply to the reports and data described in the second sentence of Section 9.1.2; (b) is disclosed to the Receiving Party on a non-confidential basis by a Third Party who, to the knowledge of the Receiving Party, is under no obligation to the Disclosing Party (or any of its Affiliates) with respect to confidentiality, secrecy or restriction on the use of such information or data; (c) is now, or hereafter becomes, through no act or failure of the Receiving Party or any of its Affiliates in violation of this Agreement, generally known or available to the public; (d) is independently discovered or developed by or on behalf of the Receiving Party or any of its Affiliates (i) not pursuant to or in connection with this Agreement and (ii) without the use of or reference to the Confidential Information of the Disclosing Party as evidenced by the Receiving Party's written records; or (e) is publicly disclosed by the Disclosing Party, either before or after it is disclosed to the Receiving Party under this Agreement. 9.1.4 Permitted Disclosure. The Receiving Party may disclose the Disclosing Party's Confidential Information only to the extent such disclosure is reasonably necessary in the following instances, or to the extent permitted under the other applicable provisions of this Agreement: (a) to those of the Receiving Party's Affiliates and its and their respective officers, directors, employees, agents, advisors and consultants who (a) are bound in writing (or, with respect to counsel to the Receiving Party, by professional or ethical