 advanced features to dominate the leading names in the industry. You can fold it halfway and store it wherever you want. It has two rollers at the bottom to ensure easy transportation from one place to another. You can keep it under your sofa, bed, or desk. More importantly, its design has received a few prestigious awards, including the Red Dot Design award. The length of the WalkingPad C1 is 32.3 inches, and the height is 2.2 inches. Hence, you cannot find a better option while looking for a compact and budget treadmill. It features intelligent speed controls, and you can control the speed with the motion trajectory. The design makes it versatile, and you can practice your walking and work simultaneously.
The frames use high-quality steel and can support up to 220lbs. It has two walking boards to offer a smooth and comfortable workout experience. It features three control methods and 180 degree folding to ensure easy storage and convenient usage.
A Complete Guide to Buying the Best Folding Exercise Bike – This is our best-selling folding exercise bikes review. It has all of the things you need to increase your capacity for exercise and improve your range of motion.
These are the best treadmills on a budget, and you can have any to support your workout. While some are versatile and can be perfect for walking and running, a few can be best for only walking. Hence, know your workout requirements before going ahead. Moreover, make sure that you have space to store your workout companion.
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A versatile relay board with opto-isolated input. The relay channel can drive up to 10A at 250VAC or 15A at 125VAC.
- 5V supply voltage / input signals
- High Level Trigger
- Can drive up to 10A at 250VAC or 15A at 125VAC
- 2 LEDs that show the current state of the relay
- Some markings are in Chinese; they key input connectors are in English
Anonymous (verified owner) – :
It is very robust physically and works according to specifications
Boateng Oduro (verified owner) – :
working to perfectionPersonality: Arrow is a comical character that doesn't really know what he's doing half the time but usually ends up making loads of friends as he goes on. He is a lovable horse that gets on well with everyone. He doesn't really have any plans to start a herd.
History: Arrow was born in a large herd with lots of foals to play with. His mother and father didn't pay alot of attention to him so he spent alot of time with a filly called Bonnie. They were the best of mates but one day a large flood split them apart and they never saw each other again and nor did he ever see the rest of the herd. After the flood died down he grew up alone but made many friends along the way.Energy Metabolism - 1 Energy Metabolism = overall use of chemical energy; includes acquisition and production of usable energy (from catabolism of foodstuffs ATP) and use of ATP - It is usually assumed that production and use are in balance because ATP is not stored within the body to any great extent - Example: skeletal muscle ATP = 5 mmoles/L intracellular fluid (this amount is capable of sustaining full contraction for only a few seconds) Metabolic Rate = amount of energy used per time 1. Aerobic = oxidative metabolism of foodstuffs ATP (e.g., 38 ATP/glucose) 2. Anaerobic = ATP production without oxidative metabolism (glycolysis [glucose lactate] is most common mechanism) glycolysis yield is 2 ATP/glucose, so less efficient but much faster. Basal Metabolic Rate (or Standard or Resting MR) = minimum metabolic rate required for maintenance. Measured in postabsorptive state on resting animal during resting phase of the daily cycle at specified temperature (temps. where no energy spent on thermoregulation for endotherms). Also, animal is not growing or reproductively active for true BMR. MEASUREMENT OF METABOLIC RATE I. DIRECT - Calorimetry = measures total heat production of an organism (HP = heat of combustion of substrates – heat of combustion of excreted materials) - HP is directly related to the amount of substrate metabolized - Measured by placing an animal inside a calorimeter. Accurate measurement and calculation of HP is complex and difficult. Confounding factors include heating of ingested food, heating of inspired air, vaporization of water to humidify air, external work done by animal. II. INDIRECT A) Laboratory 1. Oxygen Consumption – because oxygen is required for aerobic metabolism, the amount of oxygen that an animal consumes can be considered a measure of their energy metabolism - This works because the amount of heat produced for a given quantity of oxygen consumed is nearly constant, regardless of the substrate being oxidized. - (SEE P. 140, Willmer et al.) - Example: Carbohydrates yield 20.9 kJ/L O2 and proteins yield 18.6 kJ/L O2 (fats in between). These differ by only 10%, and in most cases a combination of fuels is being utilized, so the error is less than this maximum value. So 20 kJ/L O2 is usually used to covert oxygen consumption to heat production. - Oxygen consumption is the most common method for measurement of metabolic rate and the two terms are often used interchangeably. - Oxygen consumption, however, is an effective measure of aerobic metabolism only. This is sufficient in most cases (outside of strenuous exercise or hypoxic conditions) because the anaerobic contribution to energy provision is very small. 2. Carbon Dioxide Production = carbon dioxide is produced as a by-product of aerobic metabolism, so CO2 production can also be used as a measure of aerobic metabolic rate. However, it is not as accurate as oxygen consumption, because HP/CO2 can vary up to 34% with the substrate being oxidized. (Fat = 6.7 kcal/L CO2 and Carbo = 5.0 kcal/L CO2). - Also, there is a large pool of readily mobilized carbon dioxide in the body, mainly as HCO3- in the blood, which interferes with measurement of CO2 production). Energy Metabolism - 2 Respiratory Quotient (RQ) = CO2 produced/O2 consumed - Utility of RQ is that it provides some idea of what substrates are being metabolized (SEE ENERGY SUBSTRATES TABLE, p. 140 in Willmer et al.) B) Field 1. Doubly labeled Water (D2O18) D = H2 (deuterium) - Method: a) Inject b) Equilibrate (approx. 1 hour) c) Sample [initial] d) Release e) Recapture (within 1-2 days) f) Sample [final] - Theory: a) D2O18 equilibrates with water in the rest of the body; gives H2O18, D2O (HH2O), and CO218 b) Deuterium lost only through water loss c) O18 lost both through water and CO218 d) Difference between isotope turnover rates ([initial] – [final]) allows estimate of CO2 production and estimates of MR (assume RQ = 0.85, so 24J/ml CO2 HP) - FMR estimates vary depending on ambient humidity, activity of the animal, and a number of other factors, so measurement of MR by doubly labeled water is not very precise (and remember that CO2 production wasn’t that great of a measure of MR anyway), but it gives a ballpark ( 10%) estimate of FMR - FMR in animals is generally is about 2-4X BMR 2. Heart Rate Monitoring - Method: a) Attach or implant transmitter that measures heart rate of animal b) Release animal into wild c) Detect transmitter signal remotely OR recapture animal to remove data logger d) MR vs. heart rate must be calibrated beforehand (best done for each individual) e) Heart rate sometimes varies with type of activity f) If calibrated appropriately, gives good measure of MR (and works over short time periods) 3. Time-Activity Budgets - Method: a) Measure MR (oxygen consumption) for different activities in the lab b) Measure time spent in these various activities in the field c) Add up the MR for times spent in different activities FMR estimate - Difficulties with this method arise in getting accurate MR estimates for the multitude of different activities and because environmental conditions usually vary from those in the lab. - But, again, this method provides ballpark estimates of FMR with careful observation. Usually in fairly close agreement with doubly labeled water estimates. RESTING METABOLISM Effectors of RMR include: age, sex, circadian phase, season, digestive state, phylogeny, body size, temperature (ectotherms), and habitats and habits (life history). Energy Metabolism - 3 1. Circadian Phase = RMR higher during active phase than during resting phase of daily cycle for endotherms (about 20% difference for small animals). 2. Digestive State = energy is required to digest foodstuffs. This energy is called the Heat Increment of Feeding (HIF). HIF differs for different substrates: - Carbohydrates = 6% (% of calories present in food needed to digest it) - Fats = 13% - Protein = 30% - RMR higher when digesting than when digestive tract is empty (up to 50% or more higher when digesting) 3. Phylogeny - BMR varies among different vertebrate classes (Endotherms average about 10X greater than similar-sized ectotherms) - Variation may also exist, to a