 much more complicated problem to figure out how much current went through the heart.  But it would not be zero just because there's a lower resistance path.

The whole "path of least resistance" thing is a common misconception.The overall objective of this project is to identify sources of disease resistance in lettuce against Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, two economically important fungal pathogens. Furthermore we will demonstrate how systems biology approaches can be exploited to facilitate breeding of quantitative resistance to ubiquitous pathogens in horticultural crops. Network analysis, along with quantitative genetic studies, will identify novel alleles (and associated markers) for increasing the resistance of lettuce to both B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum.
Pests and Pathogens. The proposal will identify alleles that can be used to increase disease resistance in lettuce against two economically important pathogens (B. cinerea and S. sclerotinia) and demonstrate a novel approach for breeding resistance to plant pathogens. B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum have a similar necrotrophic lifestyle, a similar repertoire of genes involved in pathogenesis and a broad host range causing disease on many horticultural crops. Hence strategies to improve disease resistance against these pathogens will have wide application.
Systems approaches incorporating mathematical and computational modelling. Our novel approach (successfully deployed in the model plant Arabidopsis) uses mathematical network inference from transcriptome data to identify key regulatory genes in the plant defence response. This network analysis will also enhance the identification of candidate genes underlying resistance QTL from traditional genetic approaches.
Broad relevance, tackling a problem spanning a range of horticultural crops. We will investigate whether key defence regulatory genes are conserved across horticultural crops and hence applicable to multiple breeding programs. Crucially we will demonstrate the feasibility of a systems network approach to understanding and improving quantitative disease resistance in non-model organisms. This approach relies on a single data set and hence could be easily applied to other crops and patho-systems.
B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum cause substantial losses on field-grown and protected lettuce crops, an industry worth almost £200M/yr in the UK. B. cinerea is a particular problem post-harvest, whereas S. sclerotiorum can result in up to 50% crop loss pre-harvest. Chemical control is problematic with restrictions on spraying and fungicides being medium-high risk for development of resistance. Development of host resistance is a more sustainable solution, but has been an intransigent problem for breeders. This proposal demonstrates a novel approach to breeding for quantitative disease resistance against these pathogens using systems biology. The development of resistant lettuce varieties will have considerable economic benefits. A 50% reduction in disease would save £10M/yr given an average crop loss of 10%. In addition, 90% of lettuce crops are treated with fungicides with 2-3 sprays per crop targeted at Botrytis and Sclerotinia (equivalent to ~22 000 ha). A 50% reduction in these applications due to deployment of more resistant lettuce varieties would save >£7M/yr given application costs of £150/ha. Reduced crop losses and more efficient resource use would also be of environmental benefit.
Successful demonstration of network analysis for identifying disease resistance alleles and/or conservation of key defence genes across species will provide genes and/or methodology for use in other horticultural crops (such as tomato and Brassica) and dramatically extend the impact and strategic relevance of this proposal.The human voice is ultrasensitive.
Even a minor head cold or a small amount of stress can make you feel like there’s a car alarm going off in your throat.
So if the human voice is responsive to even tiny amounts of change, the shift for someone undergoing something as massive as gender reassignment can be nothing short of cataclysmic.
Elliot Franks, Lucia Lucas and Breanna Sinclairé are three California opera singers who all happen to be transgender.
They have taken enormous risks to live their most authentic lives.
And they’ve navigated one of the most competitive and rigid industries — an industry that has been slow to evolve with the times.
Opera has a long history of gender play, with women performing young male roles on stage for hundreds of years.
Yet this rarefied world, with its strict casting codes and ridiculously high barriers to entry, is probably one of the most cloistered industries around.
"Opera is still a very gendered profession," said Franks, who sang both soprano and mezzo-soprano roles as a professional in the San Francisco Bay Area but now sings in the baritone range. "They want to put you in a box."
According to the research by the National Center for Transgender Equality, one in four transgender people have lost a job due to bias.
It's hard for anyone to break through and make a living as an opera singer, much less a person who doesn't fit in with the industry's mostly rigid gender codes when it comes to casting.
Nevertheless, Sacramento-born-and-raised baritone Lucas, who decided to keep singing with her booming, low-voice type after her physical transition rather than trying to retrain her voice to sing soprano or mezzo roles, is rising to the very top of her profession.
In May, she became the first trans singer to perform a lead role in a classic operatic work in the U.S. when she starred in "Don Giovanni" with the Tulsa Opera in Oklahoma.
In October, she will play a lead role with the English National Opera in London.
Yet Lucas said she often dons fake facial hair and standard menswear for auditions to prove she can play roles that normally go to cisgender male performers.
"A lot of people are really confused because they have 'Ms. Lucia Lucas' on their paperwork as a baritone," Lucas said. "But I'm presenting with a beard in masculine attire."
When it comes to perceptions around gender transition, most people tend to focus on external physical changes.
But taking the male hormone testosterone doesn't only tend to increase body hair and muscle mass. It also lowers the voice.
"Testosterone thickens the vocal folds," said UCSF voice speech pathologist Sarah Schneider, who specializes in working with transgender singers.
But learning a new lower-pitched way of speaking and singing often comes with enormous challenges.
"Some people describe it as feeling locked in," Schneider said. "They're not quite sure how to navigate the lower voice."
Schneider said surgery for lowering vocal pitch exists. But few people go that route, because of the lowering effect of testosterone.
It’s a completely different story for people taking estrogen.
"For trans females, taking female hormones does not actually change the voice," Schneider said.
She said surgery on the vocal folds is a possibility for people who want to sing higher. But it’s a major risk.
"The outcomes are not always predictable," she said. "And we don't know if it's going to impact that accessibility to the upper range."
It's possible to develop a higher speaking and singing register with careful training and consistent practice.
Schneider said the best way to keep the voice healthy through the gender reassignment process is to keep using it — without pushing too hard.
"It's just a matter of looking at it like training," she said. "We work on these different muscle patterns so they feel accessible."
Opera's diversity and inclusivity challenge extends well beyond transgender singers. As an African American, Bay Area soprano Breanna Sinclairé is especially troubled by this reality.
"In the classical world, there are still other issues that we have to deal with first before we get to the transes, because there is a history of racial discrimination," said Sinclairé, who abandoned the tenor range she was mostly forced to sing in while growing up, and has focused on extending her voice upward as a soprano. "It’s not a diverse genre of music. And I don't see many African Americans or many Asian or Latino women playing lead roles."
Opera companies are very slowly starting to address these issues. For example, the San Francisco Opera just launched a new Department of Diversity, Equity and Community.
Most of its efforts are currently geared toward audience outreach. But director general Matthew Shilvock hopes the success of singers like Lucas will pave the way for change on the production side.
Franks, Lucas and Sinclairé don't necessarily consider themselves activists. But each in his or her own way is working to bring about change.
For example, in a recent speech she gave, Lucas said she didn’t once use terms like trans, gay, lesbian or queer.
"Because I wanted to make it an inclusive speech and not an exclusive speech," Lucas said. "When we support each other it's better for everybody."Songwriter, cause, and poet who touched the Billboard Top 100 charts unite my unmarried " Nowhere" off my debut album Love Counseling. I have scored commercials, indie films, and licensed melody to major movement pictures.
I wrote my earliest carol since I was honest 5 years antiquated.
My melody was featured on hazard network television serious including ABC' s Mixology, Fox' s The Mindy Project, and NBC' s Up All Night.
I was born example Maryland and grew up unite a counterpart.
I have shared the gradation unite artists including Marsha Ambrosius, Melanie Fiona, Tank, Raheem Devaughn, Ashford & Simpson, Deborah Cox, Dwele, and beyond.
El criminal de guerra nazi que realizó experimentos médicos inhumanos en pris...
Uno de los pioneros de la música impresionista que fue mejor conocido