 payments in kind (such as crops wool or milk) which were an agreed proportion of the profit from the manor farm and were granted in support of their parish church and clergy.
At the dissolution of the monasteries in the time of Henry VIII most church land and income was taken from ecclesiastical control and through the crown sold to new secular owners. The assets of Glasney College were sold, together with the tithe entitlements and these in effect became the personal property of the new owners.
By the 19th century the remaining church benefices and tithes had became significant financial instruments which could be bought and sold. Families bought the rights to parishes for their heirs and it was not uncommon for vicars to hold the benefice of a number of parishes, visiting them infrequently, if ever, and possibly installing a curate to satisfy spiritual needs.
By this time the administration of tithes in kind was becoming extremely inefficient and many landowners had already commuted them to a payment instead. This pattern was formalised nationally under the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836, which set in progress a system of commissioners whose task was to record ownership and obligation across the country, a sort of for-runner of the Land Registry. An outcome of this was Tithe Maps which for Feock Parish was published in 1842 and which provides an invaluable record of land ownership. The intriguing patchwork of land holdings reflects the history of the parish from Norman times.
The 1842 Tithe Map, an important document in the history of Feock. Note how much of the land is in the possession of four landowners.
Early place names and settlement patterns
The early names of settlements are still familiar to us today, their Cornish roots having been set in prehistory. Place names of the 16th century are set out below, together with their current spellings and some likely translations:
Trelesick – Trelissick – meaning farm within the bushes or bilberries
Penhal – Penhale – meaning head of the estuary or end of the moor
Trevelle – Trevilla – uncertain meaning, possibly similar to neighbouring Penhale
Nanscageyk – Nancassick – meaning valley of the mares
Harcrak – Harcourt – meaning house above the woods or possibly rocks
Stronguet – Restronguet – meaning valley with deep promontory
Lanffeok – Feock – meaning monastery or religious hermitage of St Fioc
Pylle – Pill – meaning creek
Loo – Loe – meaning pool or pond
Porgwyn – Porthgwidden – meaning whitehaven
Tregoes – Tregew – meaning farm in the hollow or by the best field
Carnan – Carnon – meaning camp on the downs or perhaps rocky place
Tregoose – Tregoose – meaning farm in the woods
Tregie – Tregye – meaning farm of the dog or perhaps within the groves
Killinohan - Killiganoon – meaning house on the heath or within a grove of nut trees
The Cornwall County Council Historic Environment Service website “Flying Through Cornwall's Past” provides an invaluable insight to Cornwall's historic landscape. Examples of field patterns are described within the section dealing with “Decoding the Past” and using these examples it is clear that the fields around Higher Trevilla, the site of the old manor house, are typical of very early settlements, this may also apply to those around Tregye and Tresithick. In contrast the field pattern for land enclosed more recently in the 19th century takes the form of regular rectangular enclosures as can be seen in the area south of Penelewey. The small irregular fields which are common within many areas of Feock may suggest their enclosure throughout the middle to late medieval period.
This aerial photograph shows the fields surrounding Trevilla. The irregular shaped fields fanning out from the central point indicate the likely presence of an early medieval manor house at Trevilla.
This aerial photograph shows the fields surrounding Tregye. The irregular shaped fields fanning out from the central point indicate the likely presence of an early medieval manor house at Tregye.
This aerial photograph shows the fields surrounding Penelewey and Fourturnings. The straight sided fields are a product of much more recent cultivation.
The demise of feudalism was heralded by the Black Death which ravaged the country in the mid 14th century. A third of the population of Europe died in the ensuing tragedy, tipping the balance of power somewhat from landowner towards peasant. By the turn of the 15/16th centuries a new form of land tenancy was replacing the strict manorial system. Land was being leased to tenants for a fixed term often ninety nine years, but limited to the lifetime of the last of three named people. These were often a man, his wife and young child. This new arrangement made the establishing of new properties more straightforward and also appealed to the self reliant and enterprising spirit which has typified Cornwall through the ages, and this system was common in Cornwall until quite recently.
The 1842 Tithe Map, an important document in the history of Feock. Note how much of the land is in the possession of four landowners.
Written by Phil Allen
Title: got a bad one Review: If it worked perfectly, I would like it. However, it arrived slightly damaged (I used super glue instead of going through the return process) and that worked just fine. But now, after just two weeks of having it on my desk and using it approximately 8 hrs/day, the bulb is flashing in and out (I'm assuming to tell me it needs to be replaced). I should have returned it from the start. Is this product review negative?
Answer:
YesISLAMABAD: Finance Minister Ishaq Dar on Tuesday said the Joint Investigation Team (JIT)’s final investigation report on Panama Papers case contained many gaps and flaws, which would soon be challenged in the Supreme Court.
“The opposition should wait for a while as the JIT report is not yet final. Many documents in the report do not contain any signatures,” he said while addressing a joint news conference along with Railways Minister Khawaja Saad Rafique and Special Assistant to Prime Minister Barrister Zafarullah Khan in Islamabad.
Ishaq Dar said the Pakistan Muslim League-N (PML-N) legal team was reviewing the report, and the response would be submitted to the court with arguments and evidences.
He said a narrative was being tried to be built since the report was submitted to the court. He said patience should be observed till the decision, and the democratic process should be allowed to be continued.
Read More: Imran announces to move court against Shehbaz Sharif
Ishaq Dar rejected as baseless the allegations leveled against him about his financial matters. He said all the record of his tax returns and financial matters was available, and will be presented to the court.
He also said there was no offshore company on Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s name.
The JIT has recommended the apex court to file reference against the prime minister and his two sons under NAB Ordinance.
According to ARY News Islamabad Bureau Chief Sabir Shakir,.
JIT acted partially, its report based on ill-intentions: Saad
Speaking on the occasion, Khawaja Saad Rafique said the allegations levelled by the JIT would be responded in the top court.
He said the JIT did not ask any question about the documents submitted to the court. He said the JIT acted partially, and its report was based on ill-intentions.
The minister termed the JIT report part of a conspiracy against the government. He said Chairman Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) Imran Khan whose party received foreign funding was playing the key role in the conspiracy.
Read More: JIT recommends filing reference against PM, his sons in ‘Panamagate’ scandal
Expressing surprise over the hefty JIT report, he said the probing team could not pile such a sizable report in 60 days by even working day and night.
“It seems the report had started been preparing 10 months ago,” he said.
Barrister Zafarulla Khan said the JIT report was being presented as a decision. He said there was a great difference between a court decision and an investigation report.
“Reports like JIT’s are a routine’s matter, it’s not a special phenomena,” he said.
(Reuters) – U.S. oil and natural gas producer Occidental Petroleum Corp on Monday beat third-quarter profit estimates on the back of a surge in production from the Permian Basin and higher oil prices.
U.S. shale oil production from the Permian has nearly doubled in the last three years, while Brent crude touched a four-year high in September.
Occidental said average worldwide realized crude oil prices rose 36 percent to $62.67 per barrel in the third quarter.
The company, which has been investing heavily to boost production in the Permian, said output from its Permian Resources unit surged about 62 percent to 225,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boe/d).
Occidental’s average production rose about 13.5 percent to 681,000 boe/d.
However, the company lowered the top end of its full-year forecast for total output to between 655,000 boe/d and 659,000 boe/d, from 650,000 boe/d and 664,000 boe/d.
Sales in Occidental’s chemical division rose 10.6 percent to $1.19 billion,